Last chapter, we learned a lot about how to conjugate and use the plain form of the verbs – thank you very much for persevering through it with me!
In this chapter we start to reap some benefits from that study, as learning the plain form paves the way for us to learn the "te form", and with it, how to make requests and talk about things in progress, in other words, talk about what you are or were doing now.
The "te form" is one of the most useful and used forms in Japanese. It is not a proper tense in the sense you normally do not use it by itself, but it can combine with other verb forms to create many tenses and expressions. I have seen being called the gerundive form of Japanese (similar to English -ing) or the connective form of the verb. To keep grammatical lingo to a minimum, though, we will call it simply the "te form".
As you can see, the last verb of the sentence is not used in its te form. Since the te form is not properly a tense, it conveys no information about time; there is no "present" or "past" tense for te-form. The tense form of the last verb – in our example, 出ます – indicates the tense of the sentence.
One hint about speaking: when talking about serial actions, Japanese speakers tend to stress the て, inserting a brief pause between each phrase (when you are just beginning to learn Japanese and cannot quite follow what people are saying, you will often hear something like "…て, …て, …て, …ます).
Of course, you do not need to necessarily build long sentences to use the te form. As long as there are at least two actions being taken, you can use it.
How to make the te form?
Remember we studied the plain form or the dictionary-form last chapter, paying attention how to conjugate each of the three verb groups? Well, good thing you learned it last time, because the make the "te form" is pretty much the same (and if you did not learn it previous time, lucky you – here is another chance to learn it).
Specifically, we create the "te form" from the past affirmative tense of the plain form. If you remember, all verbs in the past affirmative tense end in た (some even call them the "ta form"). Well, to find the te form of a verb, simply substitute that final た of the past affirmative tense for て and you're done!
Ichidan (Group 2) verbs, always simple and reliable. Just like you change the る for た to obtain the past affirmative, you simply substitute it for て for the te form.
Again, group 3 verbs offer us no difficulty this time. Despite being highly irregular, their te form conform to the rules this time – simply substitute た for て.
Finally, the godan (Group 1) verbs and their five different possible verb endings. At least they all follow the same pattern, which means that verbs that in the plain past affirmative end in った become って, いた becomes いて, and so on. Even the irregular verb 行くadheres to this pattern. Finally, note that despite the name "te form", the verbs that ended in いだ or んだ become いで and んで, respectively.
If there are any of you who would like another table to wrap-up the Group 1 verbs, feel free to use the one below, slightly modified from our previous chapter.
As we said in the beginning, the "te form" is one of the most commonly used verb forms in Japanese. Let's explore some of the expressions we will be using it from now on.
First, the te form is often used to make requests. In those cases, we add the word ください (please) after the te form of the verb.
Please note that ください is not used to make questions, so if you would like to say something like "Could you please do this for me?", there is a different expression to use – one that we will study in the next chapter.
Second, the te form can be used to express continuous actions, such as "I am studying" or "She is swimming". Just like we need the verb "to be" in English to form the continuous tense, in Japanese we connect the te form verb to います (to be), or simply put, ~て+います.
Doudou: She is, but she is talking to Tanaka-sensei.
Hiroki: Oh, is that so?
Doudou: Yeah, I am also waiting, you see.
Midori: Kayoko, how are you? What are you doing?
Kayoko: Right now? I am eating ramen. And you?
Midori: I was studying English.
Note in the last sentence above that just like in English, you can say something in the past continuous by simply conjugating the います in the past.
Third, in addition to the continuous tense, you can also use the combination て+います to express the state or situation of someone or something, or to tell what you or someone else does. Please note that differently from the previous examples, the following sentences are not a perfect Japanese – English match, in other words, you would not necessarily use the continuous tense if translating the sentences to English.
Midori: What does your father do, Doudou?
Doudou: My father is an engineer.
Midori: What about your mother?
Doudou: She is also an engineer.
Midori: Really? That is nice.
Doudou: What does your mother do?
Midori: She is a housewife.
Midori: Of course she is married!
Kayoko: Hiroki, you lived in São Paulo, right?
Hiroki: Yeah, that is right.
Kayoko: Where do you live now?
Hiroki: I live in Osaka.
Doudou: Tomorrow is the teacher's birthday, right?
As you can see, when translated to English, none of the verbs above use the present or past continuous tense. For example, the last sentence in the last example is translated simply as "I know", not as "I am knowing". This is because the ています construction can indicate not only one is doing right now but also one's state or situation, such as "I am married" or "I am an engineer". In that last sentence, one could think that Hiroki expresses that he is currently in the "state of knowing". By the way, because the verb to know basically implies to either be in a state of knowing or not, it is often used in the ています form.
Lastly, remember that because Japanese does not have something corresponding to the participle of the verb, a sentence like リンゴを食べています could be interpreted as both "I am eating an apple" and "I have eaten apples", or even "I have been eating apples", depending on context.
Rewrite the dialogues below, using the te form.
We will again try a learn-by-pattern approach to Kanji in this chapter. Some students really appreciate this method because it helps them to make connections between characters and to memorise the Kanji. Others feel overwhelmed by the amount of similar looking Kanji and may get intimidated. What type are you? Let us know through your messages!
This regal-looking Kanji means "king" "ruler" (by the way, is it really regal-looking, or it is just how I came to see it?). There is basically only one reading for it, おう, appearing in words such as 王子(おうじ) (prince), 女王(じょおう) (queen), and – early spoiler – 王国(おうこく) (kingdom). In any case, we are learning this Kanji here as it will be the stepping stone for the next ones.
This very similar-looking Kanji originally meant "jade". When I first learned it, I was told that jade symbolised power and wealth, being therefore the "jewel of kings". I was later told that this story is apocryphal, but that did not stop me connecting the words.
In any way, today in addition to jade (ぎょく), this kanji is most commonly used to refer to ball (たま), globe, beads or egg, being used in words such as 玉(たま)ねぎ (onion) , 目玉(めだま) (eyeball), お年玉(としだま) (New Year's money gift) and, somewhat unavoidably, 金玉(きんたま) (testicles). Yes, Japanese calls its testicles "golden balls".
Now we are progressing to a very commonly used Kanji. If 王 means king and 玉 symbolically means power, what do we have when we put borders on power? A "country, state" – in Japanese, くに. If you ever go to Japan and you are not of East Asian ancestry, one of the questions you will hear the most is お国(くに)どちらですか?, which means "where/what is your country?" (where do you come from?).
The Chinese reading, こく, appears in many very common words, such as 国際(こくさい) (international), 国民(こくみん) (citizen), 外国人(がいこくじん) (foreigner), 国連(こくれん) (United Nations) and 国家(こっか) (state, nation).
If we add a small tick to "king" character, we end up with this Kanji, that means "master" or "lord", in Japanese, ぬし. Another common Japanese reading of this word is おも, mainly appearing in the adverb 主に (mainly, primarily – you see what I did there). The Chinese reading is しゅ, appearing in words such as 主食(しゅしょく) (staple food), 民主 (みんしゅ, democracy) or 主義 (しゅぎ, doctrine, -ism as in capitalism or communism).
Particularly contentious today is the word 主人(しゅじん), meaning "master" as well as "husband", especially when contrasted to 主婦(しゅふ) (housewife), whose second Kanji, 婦, is basically the Kanji for "woman" (女) and "broom" (帚) together. Some people point to words like this to argue that Japanese is an intrinsically chauvinist language; I prefer to believe that the permanence of Kanji (words change, Kanji remain) helps to make these power relations more obvious and therefore easier to fight against.
By adding the radical for person next to the character for master, we get this Kanji means "to dwell, to live" as well as "dwelling" – and after all, isn't every man and woman a master in their own house? The verb "to live" is 住(す)む, while dwelling or residence is 住(す)まい.
The Chinese reading is じゅう, appearing in very common words such as 住所(じゅうしょ) (address), 住宅(じゅうたく) (residence), 住民票(じゅうみんひょう) (certificate of residence, a very important document if you ever live in Japan) and 永住者(えいじゅうしゃ) (permanent resident of a country).
Now we start the second group of characters we will study in this chapter. This Kanji means "temple", in Japanese, てら. It is also used in some surnames, such as 寺田(てらだ) (Terada). As a suffix, it is normally read as じ, such as in world-famous 金閣寺(きんかくじ) (Kinkaku-ji or Golden Pavilion Temple in Kyoto). Note that the top part of this Kanji is basically 土 (land, earth).
By adding the radical for "person" next to the character for temple you would be excused to think priest or monk, but actually, this is the Kanji for samurai. As such, you already know its Japanese reading – さむらい. The Chinese reading is also じ, but today it only appears in rarely used words (we are talking about "acolyte", "lady-in-waiting", etc.). This will not be a Kanji you will normally see, but at least you can now read all those tattoos and shirts around the world.
Devilishly similar to the previous character – but notice there is now a second stroke on top of the "person" radical –, this Kanji means "to wait". It makes some sense if you think that samurai were expected to wait upon their masters. In any case, we use this Kanji in some verbs, like 待(ま) (to wait), 待(ま)たせる (to keep someone waiting) and 待(ま)ち合(あわ)せる (to rendezvous).
It is also used in some set phrases, like お待(ま)たせしました (sorry to keep you waiting) and お待(ま)ちしております (I am looking forward to it). The Chinese reading, differently from the previous characters, is たい. Finally, we use it in some common words, like 待合室(まちあいしつ) (waiting room), 期待(きたい) (hope, anticipation) and 招待(しょうたい) (invitation).
This Kanji means "to hold, to have". Not only it is very similar to the previous character (we swap the "person" radical for the "hand" one), the Japanese reading is also almost the same: 持(も) (to carry, to possess, to keep). The Chinese reading is, again, じ.
Common words and expressions with this character include 金持(かねも) (rich person, literally "person holding money/gold"), 興味(きょうみ)を持(も)つ (to have an interest), 持(も)ち主(ぬし) (owner), and the ubiquitous 気持(きも)ち (feeling, sensation; often spoken as an interjection, meaning "nice!" or "this feels good").
Our next Kanji means "time, hour". This time, left to the temple radical we have the sun (日); just like sun can also mean day, here it indicates the passage of time. The Japanese reading – and the Japanese word for "time" – is とき. This reading also appear in the adverb 時々(ときどき) (sometimes; the "々" indicates repetition of the previous character).
Its Chinese reading, once again, is じ; we use this reading when we want to mean hour, such as 1時(いちじ), 4時(よんじ) or 9時(くじ).
When you are referring to length of time rather than an specific moment in time (in other words, when you want to say "I studied for one hour" rather than "I studied from 1pm), we add the Kanji 間(かん): 3時間(さんじかん), 7時間(ななじかん). Finally, other words using this Kanji include 時期(じき) (season, period), 時代(じだい) (epoch, era), and 同時(どうじ) (simultaneous).
Our final Kanji means "special". The radical to the left of temple, this time, means "cow"; and no, I have no idea of why cow + temple means special (I once saw a "special sacred cow at the temple" mnemonic, which I believe to be trying too hard. Not everything has to make sense, I guess).
This Kanji is special, though, in the sense that it has but one reading: とく. We commonly use this character in the adverb 特(とく)に (particularly, especially), but you might also see the words 特別(とくべつ) (special), 特徴(とくちょう) (feature, trait), 特大(とくだい) (extra-large), and, if you ever get a train in Japan, 特急(とっきゅう) (limited express train) – but in this case, be aware you might need to pay for a 特急券(とっきゅうけん) (limited express ticket) separately.