Read the following excerpt from a US court opinion:
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did so, adopting the magistrate’s short opinion. I Illinois law requires that a criminal complaint be sworn. Ill.Rev.Stat. 38 § lll-3(b). Vaughn’s complaint was not properly sworn. Vaughn signed the complaint, but not in the presence of the attesting officer, Sgt. Heatley. Gramenos believes that on this account Vaughn and the police must pay him damages. We will assume that the procedure of attesting the signature out of the presence of the witness violates state law. It does not matter. In a suit under § 1983 the plaintiff must show a violation of the Constitution or laws of the United States, not just a violation of state law. The two are not the same. E.g., Carson v. Block, 790 F.2d 562, 565 (7th Cir.1986) (collecting cases); McKinney v. George, 726 F.2d 1183, 1188-89 (7th Cir.1984) . No principle of federal law makes a properly
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What is the most suitable continuation to the opinion? Your options are:
A. holding a warrantless arrest by a law officer is reasonable under the fourth amendment where there is probable cause to believe that a criminal offense has been or is being committed
B. holding that a warrantless arrest on probable cause does not violate the fourth amendment even if state law required the police to have prior authorization
C. holding that warrantless arrest based on probable cause did not violate the fourth amendment
D. holding that state law is immaterial for fourth amendment search analysis and refusing to suppress evidence obtained illegally under state law after warrantless arrest because the arrest rules that the officers violated were those of state law alone and as we have just concluded it is not the province of the fourth amendment to enforce state law that amendment does not require the exclusion of evidence obtained from a constitutionally permissible arrest
E. holding that a warrantless arrest does not violate the fourth amendment if at the time of the defendants arrest police had probable cause to believe that an offense has been is being or will be committed
Reply with [A, B, C, D, E] only.