Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment.
Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'.

Text:Based on the results of Pascalis and colleagues (Pascalis et al., 2002; Pascalis et al., 2005), it was predicted that 12-month-olds would fail to reliably discriminate the face of familiarization and a novel face of another unfamiliar Barbary macaque.
Category: