Spike-timing dependent plasticity (STDP) is defined according to previous work Izhikevich [18] as Az e {t=tz when the postsynaptic neuron fires after the pre-synaptic neuron plus its conduction delay and A{ e {t=t{ for the reversed case (Fig.
Sample text:```Although the time-constants of the learning window used in this study were much shorter than those reported for hippocampal neurons by Bi and Poo [27] (viz.```
Sample intent: background
Sample text:```Discrepancies analogous to those between our results and those of simulations have, indeed, recently been observed in the case of the binary perceptron [18], the pspin interaction spin glass [19], and in the case of fluctuating manifolds in random media [20], where dynamically frozen phases were observed in regions of parameter space in which static approaches yielded ergodic phases.```
Sample intent: result



Sample text:```In the last 5 years, it has been published as the most comprehensive study on the distribution of PLCb1 in the mouse brain, showing that it is highly expressed in the somatodendritic compartment of principal neurons of the telencephalon (Fukaya et al., 2008).```
Sample intent: method



Sample text:```When MgTx was applied to the rare cells subsequently shown to express only TTX-sensitive Na current (A-type neurons) (Stansfeld and Wallis 1985; Schild and Kunze 1997; Li and Schild 2007b), there was no change in the duration of the action potential measured at 0 mV (0.74 0.09 vs. 0.76 0.1 ms, n 3,…```
Sample intent: method



Sample text:```The existence of time delay may lead to some more complicated dynamic behaviors such as oscillation, divergence, chaos, instability or other poor performance of the neural networks [6].```
Sample intent: method



Sample text:```These are in keeping with earlier studies on the steadystate response (2, 5, 8), step-function response, (3, 5, 6, 14) and sinusoidal response ( 14) of the various vascular beds.```
Sample intent: result
Sample text:```These results corroborate studies that have demonstrated an enhancement of other types of reward with Dz-specific agonists [6,17,21,52].```
Sample intent: result



Sample text:```The electrode locations, acquired with a post-implantation CT were projected on the T1weighted individual anatomy scan (Hermes et al. 2010).```
Sample intent: background



Sample text:```The present observations support and extend earlier contentions that Parkinson patients prefer to adopt a closedloop control mode, adjusting their movements continuously on the basis of available visual information (Flowers 1976).```
Sample intent: result



Sample text:```In the last 5 years, it has been published as the most comprehensive study on the distribution of PLCb1 in the mouse brain, showing that it is highly expressed in the somatodendritic compartment of principal neurons of the telencephalon (Fukaya et al., 2008).```
Sample intent: method



Sample text:```Discrepancies analogous to those between our results and those of simulations have, indeed, recently been observed in the case of the binary perceptron [18], the pspin interaction spin glass [19], and in the case of fluctuating manifolds in random media [20], where dynamically frozen phases were observed in regions of parameter space in which static approaches yielded ergodic phases.```
Sample intent: result



Sample text:```Although the time-constants of the learning window used in this study were much shorter than those reported for hippocampal neurons by Bi and Poo [27] (viz.```
Sample intent: background



Sample text:```The next communication [2] considered the most general characteristics of the parameter of spa tial EEG synchronization (the average in each of the fre quency bands of the EEG’s coherence value), such as multiplicity, directedness, and reproducibility of varia tions of this parameter owing to the change of state of the subjects.```
Sample intent: method



Sample text:```…(LING)] thalamus (THA), as well as limbic/paralimbic regions [e.g. insula, superior temporal pole and inferior orbitofrontal cortex] (Table 2), which is in accordance with previous findings on functional brain networks constructed using resting-state fMRI (Achard et al., 2006; He et al., 2009b).```
Sample intent: result



Sample text:```The insertion of this time delay is critical because in previous work, it has been shown to allow the development of an inhibitory relationship between the outcome and the stimulus that follows; that is, it allows S1 to predict the absence of subsequent O1 delivery and S2 to predict the absence of subsequent O2 delivery; that is, stimuli trained in such manner exhibit properties (such as retardation) identical to those display by other conditioned inhibitors (Rescorla, 1969; Maier et al., 1976; Delamater et al., 2003).```
Sample intent: method



Sample text:```These are in keeping with earlier studies on the steadystate response (2, 5, 8), step-function response, (3, 5, 6, 14) and sinusoidal response ( 14) of the various vascular beds.```
Sample intent: result