Sensitivity of modulation of muscle contraction by TNRNFLRFamide is similar in C. productus and C. borealis
FLRFamides have previously been shown to increase nerve-evoked contraction and/or induce myogenic activity in crustacean stomatogastric muscles (Meyrand and Marder 1991), including those of Cancer borealis (Jorge-Rivera and Marder 1996).
Sample text:```Secondly, this effect was shown to be selectively due to CCK2 activation (Ladurelle et al. 1997) through mechanisms involving δ-opioid (Daugé et al. 1999) and D1-dopamine receptors (Ladurelle et al. 1993) that could be blocked by the selective antagonists naltrindole (a δ antagonist), and SCH23,390.```
Sample intent: method
Sample text:```Illustra PuReTaq ReadyTo-Go PCR beads (0.5 ml tubes, GE healthcare) were used to amplify DTL, SLFN5, TRIM47, WRAP53 and CHN1 transcripts (denaturing at 94uC for 30 s, annealing at 58uC for 1 min and elongation at 72uC for 2 min, 25‚Äì35 cycles).```
Sample intent: background



Sample text:```Further studies are still needed to exclude other purines such as ATP and related nucleotides, due to their significant release from bladder urothelium [8,9], and since ATP in some species can inhibit or relax the bladder [33–35].```
Sample intent: method



Sample text:```Our results confi rm previous studies that reached the same conclusion (Boushey et al 1994; Vermeulen et al 2000; Till et al 2005; Marcucci et al 2005).```
Sample intent: result



Sample text:```The lower abundance of fish at impacted reaches detected in our study agrees with the results of other authors, who in some cases found four times higher biomass at control reaches (Kube cka et al. 1997; Almod ovar & Nicola 1999).```
Sample intent: result



Sample text:```germination stimulatory activity by germination bioassays with Striga hermonthica as previously described by Jamil et al. (2010).```
Sample intent: background
Sample text:```In line with previous results (3, 19, 20, 30), we found that during muscle contraction ERK1/2 phosphorylation was increased and was not affected by CaMKII inhibition.```
Sample intent: result



Sample text:```Further studies are still needed to exclude other purines such as ATP and related nucleotides, due to their significant release from bladder urothelium [8,9], and since ATP in some species can inhibit or relax the bladder [33–35].```
Sample intent: method



Sample text:```Illustra PuReTaq ReadyTo-Go PCR beads (0.5 ml tubes, GE healthcare) were used to amplify DTL, SLFN5, TRIM47, WRAP53 and CHN1 transcripts (denaturing at 94uC for 30 s, annealing at 58uC for 1 min and elongation at 72uC for 2 min, 25‚Äì35 cycles).```
Sample intent: background



Sample text:```Instead of using the single fuzzless locus mutant developed mapping populations (Rong et al. 2005, 2007; Zhang et al. 2005; Guo et al. 2006; Wan et al. 2007), the common female parent line of the two F2 populations we developed combined at least two fuzzless loci (N1 and n2, and probably n3) (Turley and Kloth 2002).```
Sample intent: background



Sample text:```When MgTx was applied to the rare cells subsequently shown to express only TTX-sensitive Na current (A-type neurons) (Stansfeld and Wallis 1985; Schild and Kunze 1997; Li and Schild 2007b), there was no change in the duration of the action potential measured at 0 mV (0.74 0.09 vs. 0.76 0.1 ms, n 3,…```
Sample intent: method



Sample text:```The ¬¨¬µ-opioid receptor agonist morphine also induced inhibitory effects in both assays, in accordance with previous reports describing the opiate-mediated inhibition of the BSL evoked in mice by excitatory amino acids and neurokinins (Aanonsen et al. 1987; Takahasi et al. 1987; Wilcox 1988).```
Sample intent: result



Sample text:```Our results confi rm previous studies that reached the same conclusion (Boushey et al 1994; Vermeulen et al 2000; Till et al 2005; Marcucci et al 2005).```
Sample intent: result



Sample text:```germination stimulatory activity by germination bioassays with Striga hermonthica as previously described by Jamil et al. (2010).```
Sample intent: background



Sample text:```Secondly, this effect was shown to be selectively due to CCK2 activation (Ladurelle et al. 1997) through mechanisms involving δ-opioid (Daugé et al. 1999) and D1-dopamine receptors (Ladurelle et al. 1993) that could be blocked by the selective antagonists naltrindole (a δ antagonist), and SCH23,390.```
Sample intent: method



Sample text:```Basal ATP concentrations in the bulk medium of unstimulated CFs are low, but the concentrations of released nucleotides near the cell surface may be sufficient to activate adjacent P2Y receptors and contribute to basal signaling (48, 49).```
Sample intent: method