While grounded in the work of Kurt Lewin (Bray, Lee, Smith & Yorks, 2000) and Paulo Freire (1970), modern versions of PAR draw from an eclectic range of ideas including pragmatism, phenomenology, critical theory and humanistic psychology (Bray et al.).
Sample text:```A large part of Shannon’s seminal work [16] is devoted to both theoretical and practical aspects of products, and his invocation of the pastry dough mixing analogy [16, p.```
Sample intent: method
Sample text:```For example, Kawato et al. (1990) suggested that movement trajectories can be projected using critical via-points through which the trajectory has to pass at a certain time, rather than in terms of the moment-by-moment dynamics of the implemented movement trajectory. Optimal trajectories can then be learnt by applying local optimising principles for getting from one via-point to the next. In this way, impoverished predictions can be used to monitor rich implementations. In the same way, language users might predict particularly crucial aspects of an utterance, but the aspects that they predict will depend on the circumstances. More generally, Meyer & Hagoort question the value of predicting one’s own utterance. They argue that prediction is useful when it is likely to differ from the actual event. This is the case when predicting another person’s behaviour or when the result of one’s action is uncertain (e.g., moving in a strong wind). But they argue that people are confident about their own speech. Meyer & Hagoort admit that they will tend to be less confident in dialogue, and we agree. But more important, we argue that the behaviour of the production implementer is not fully determined by the production command, because the complex processes involved in production are subject to internal (“neural”) noise or priming (i.e., influences that may not be a result of the production command). Assuming that these sources of noise do not necessarily affect forward modelling as well, predicted speech may differ from actual speech. In addition, prediction is useful even if the behaviour is fully predictable, because it allows the actor to plan future behaviour on the basis of the prediction. In fact, we made such a proposal in relation to the order of heavy and light phrases (see sect. 3.1, target article). Hartsuiker claims that our account incorrectly predicts an early competitor effect in Huettig and Hartsuiker (2010). His claim is based on the assumption that Response/Pickering & Garrod: An integrated theory of language production and comprehension```
Sample intent: method



Sample text:```Following the experimental design proposed in Yannakakis and Hallam (2007c) and Yannakakis et al. (2008) for effectively capturing the level of entertainment, the test-bed game under investigation is played in variants.```
Sample intent: background



Sample text:```…with several action-based models of selective action that suggest turning one’s visual attention to an object or location in space may be the same process as preparing a movement to that object/location (e.g., Rizzolatti et al.1994; Tipper et al.1992; Welsh and Elliott 2004b; Welsh et al.1999).```
Sample intent: background



Sample text:```The literature describes substantial variation in dentists’ assessments of clinical, community, and behavioral factors that influence their decisions to provide a particular restorative treatment for their patients (21-23).```
Sample intent: method



Sample text:```A large part of Shannon’s seminal work [16] is devoted to both theoretical and practical aspects of products, and his invocation of the pastry dough mixing analogy [16, p.```
Sample intent: method
Sample text:```These models are not specified and observe a single phenomenon from different points of view (Maxfield et al., 2002; Parker et al., 2009).```
Sample intent: method



Sample text:```…(LING)] thalamus (THA), as well as limbic/paralimbic regions [e.g. insula, superior temporal pole and inferior orbitofrontal cortex] (Table 2), which is in accordance with previous findings on functional brain networks constructed using resting-state fMRI (Achard et al., 2006; He et al., 2009b).```
Sample intent: result



Sample text:```Following the experimental design proposed in Yannakakis and Hallam (2007c) and Yannakakis et al. (2008) for effectively capturing the level of entertainment, the test-bed game under investigation is played in variants.```
Sample intent: background



Sample text:```For example, Kawato et al. (1990) suggested that movement trajectories can be projected using critical via-points through which the trajectory has to pass at a certain time, rather than in terms of the moment-by-moment dynamics of the implemented movement trajectory. Optimal trajectories can then be learnt by applying local optimising principles for getting from one via-point to the next. In this way, impoverished predictions can be used to monitor rich implementations. In the same way, language users might predict particularly crucial aspects of an utterance, but the aspects that they predict will depend on the circumstances. More generally, Meyer & Hagoort question the value of predicting one’s own utterance. They argue that prediction is useful when it is likely to differ from the actual event. This is the case when predicting another person’s behaviour or when the result of one’s action is uncertain (e.g., moving in a strong wind). But they argue that people are confident about their own speech. Meyer & Hagoort admit that they will tend to be less confident in dialogue, and we agree. But more important, we argue that the behaviour of the production implementer is not fully determined by the production command, because the complex processes involved in production are subject to internal (“neural”) noise or priming (i.e., influences that may not be a result of the production command). Assuming that these sources of noise do not necessarily affect forward modelling as well, predicted speech may differ from actual speech. In addition, prediction is useful even if the behaviour is fully predictable, because it allows the actor to plan future behaviour on the basis of the prediction. In fact, we made such a proposal in relation to the order of heavy and light phrases (see sect. 3.1, target article). Hartsuiker claims that our account incorrectly predicts an early competitor effect in Huettig and Hartsuiker (2010). His claim is based on the assumption that Response/Pickering & Garrod: An integrated theory of language production and comprehension```
Sample intent: method



Sample text:```The methodology is primarily influenced by the Grounded Theory approach, which has been used successfully in previous studies (Jones, 2004; Orlikowski & Iacono, 2001).```
Sample intent: background



Sample text:```A large part of Shannon’s seminal work [16] is devoted to both theoretical and practical aspects of products, and his invocation of the pastry dough mixing analogy [16, p.```
Sample intent: method



Sample text:```Here we analyse the sustainability of the initiative over a 32-month period of operations, using a modified version of a framework developed by Sarriot et al. (2004a).```
Sample intent: background



Sample text:```Our results confi rm previous studies that reached the same conclusion (Boushey et al 1994; Vermeulen et al 2000; Till et al 2005; Marcucci et al 2005).```
Sample intent: result



Sample text:```Discrepancies analogous to those between our results and those of simulations have, indeed, recently been observed in the case of the binary perceptron [18], the pspin interaction spin glass [19], and in the case of fluctuating manifolds in random media [20], where dynamically frozen phases were observed in regions of parameter space in which static approaches yielded ergodic phases.```
Sample intent: result



Sample text:```5 concentrations were computed for each participant using a hierarchical spatiotemporal model fit with a pragmatic estimation procedure described elsewhere [30,31].```
Sample intent: background