Mycotoxin degradation by fungi and bacteria is a widely investigated topic, especially in the last 10–15 years [21–23], but a deep understanding of which enzyme is directly responsible for mycotoxin degradation and the mechanism involved, is still lacking.
Sample text:```It was shown that cathepsins are also present in other insects, e.g. Helicoverpa armigera (Yang et al., 2006) and Bombyx mori (Gui et al., 2006; Lee et al., 2009) and are involved in programmed cell death during metamorphosis.```
Sample intent: method
Sample text:```It is clear from these results and those from previous studies Bagwell et al. 1998; 2001; Bergholz et al. 2001 that numerous diazotrophs inhabiting the rhizoplanes of salt marsh plants are strongly influenced by specific properties of the plant host and somewhat less influenced by the abiotic…```
Sample intent: result



Sample text:```The sequence of intermediates in the hR photocycle and their interconversions have been the subject of numerous studies (Va´ró et al., 1995a, b; Hazemoto et al., 1984; Zimányi and Lanyi, 1989a, b; Zima´nyi et al., 1989; Spencer and Dewey, 1990; Ames et al., 1992; Dioumaev and Braiman, 1997a).```
Sample intent: method



Sample text:```Our results confi rm previous studies that reached the same conclusion (Boushey et al 1994; Vermeulen et al 2000; Till et al 2005; Marcucci et al 2005).```
Sample intent: result



Sample text:```…is bifunctional: it contributes to FS engulfment and it forms a feeding channel that allows nutrients (and possibly regulatory signals) to be transferred from the MC to the FS during spore assembly (Broder and Pogliano, 2006; Camp and Losick, 2009; Doan et al., 2009; Higgins and Dworkin, 2012).```
Sample intent: method



Sample text:```In the subsequent studies, Yoshida et al. (2004b) and Ishii et al. (2004) confirmed the reversibility of 2,6-dihydroxybenzoate decarboxylase of Rhizobium sp. strain MTP-10005 and R.radiobacter WU-0108, respectively.```
Sample intent: result
Sample text:```The sequence of intermediates in the hR photocycle and their interconversions have been the subject of numerous studies (Va´ró et al., 1995a, b; Hazemoto et al., 1984; Zimányi and Lanyi, 1989a, b; Zima´nyi et al., 1989; Spencer and Dewey, 1990; Ames et al., 1992; Dioumaev and Braiman, 1997a).```
Sample intent: method



Sample text:```Our results confi rm previous studies that reached the same conclusion (Boushey et al 1994; Vermeulen et al 2000; Till et al 2005; Marcucci et al 2005).```
Sample intent: result



Sample text:```Dead individuals were removed, surface sterilized with 5.2% sodium hypochlorite, rinsed twice with sterile water, and plated on potato dextrose agar to confirm that mortality was due to infection by M. anisopliae (Rosengaus et al. 1998).```
Sample intent: background



Sample text:```Isolation of cardiomyocytes by standard enzymatic techniques and patch-clamp recordings were performed as described previously [42].```
Sample intent: background



Sample text:```1996) and then to the effector enzyme, namely phospholipase C-b 2 (PLC-b 2) (Adler et al. 2000).```
Sample intent: method



Sample text:```It was shown that cathepsins are also present in other insects, e.g. Helicoverpa armigera (Yang et al., 2006) and Bombyx mori (Gui et al., 2006; Lee et al., 2009) and are involved in programmed cell death during metamorphosis.```
Sample intent: method



Sample text:```Similar results were obtained for several other plant species in previous studies (peanut, common bean, chestnut, black gram) (Raina et al. 2001; Marotti et al. 2007; Goulao et al. 2001, Souframanien and Gopalakrishna 2004).```
Sample intent: result



Sample text:```They are found on the outer surfaces of cell walls of hyphae and conidia, where they mediate interactions between the fungus and the environment and also between the fungus and host plant roots [34].```
Sample intent: method



Sample text:```germination stimulatory activity by germination bioassays with Striga hermonthica as previously described by Jamil et al. (2010).```
Sample intent: background



Sample text:```In the subsequent studies, Yoshida et al. (2004b) and Ishii et al. (2004) confirmed the reversibility of 2,6-dihydroxybenzoate decarboxylase of Rhizobium sp. strain MTP-10005 and R.radiobacter WU-0108, respectively.```
Sample intent: result