Despite the very high human density at its eastern edge, the forest is inside the UMNP and is generally well protected (Rovero et al. 2012); 2) Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve (US, 314 km) which also covers the steep, east-facing escarpment rising from the Kilombero Valley, and is characterized by continuous cover from lowland, deciduous forest to evergreen moist montane forest.