Indeed, sex-specific molecular genetic markers have been developed in various organisms with heterogametic sex determination systems (e.g. Carmichael et  al. 2013; Devlin et  al. 2001; Felip et  al. 2005; Fowler and Buonaccorsi 2016; Gamble et al. 2015; Gamble and Zarkower 2014; Griffiths and Orr 1999; Griffiths and Tiwari 1993; Griffiths et al. 1992; Kafkas et al. 2015).