TNFalso upregulated several growth factors and proteins associated with cell cycle progression, but downregulated proteins associated with cell cycle inhibition, including CEBP- (Table 1) (18), cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1C, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2C (p18), growtharrest specific 1 (19,20), and growth-arrest and DNAdamage–inducible- gene (21).