Interestingly, expression of proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-a and macrophage inflammatory protein 1a) and macrophage markers (CD68 and EMR1) were not significantly changed between HF-PP and HF-CP despite the reduced adiposity and improved glucose tolerance, whereas they were significantly increased in HF-CP compared with LF-V consistent with other previous findings (28,29,46,47).