title: Protestation at Speyer
text: On 19 April 1529, six princes and representatives of 14 Imperial Free Cities petitioned the Imperial Diet at Speyer against an imperial ban of Martin Luther, as well as the proscription of his works and teachings, and called for the unhindered spread of the evangelical faith.
  
  The "Protestants"
  
  The Six Princes
  John the Steadfast of Wettin, Elector of Saxony
  George the Pious of Hohenzollern, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach 
  Ernest I the Confessor of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Duke of Lüneburg-Celle and his brother
  Francis, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Duke of Gifhorn
  Philip I the Magnanimous, Landgrave of Hesse
  Wolfgang of Ascania, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen
  
  The 14 Imperial Free Cities
  Strassburg
  Augsburg
  Ulm
  Konstanz
  Lindau
  Memmingen
  Kempten
  Nördlingen
  Heilbronn
  Reutlingen
  Isny
  St. Gallen
  Weissenburg 
  Windsheim
  
  "Protestants" withdrawing their initial support
  Cologne
  Frankfurt am Main
  
  Cause
  
  Eight years earlier, Martin Luther was banned by the Holy Roman Empire at the Diet of Worms of 1521. Emperor Charles V wanted to end the religious unrest between the Catholic majority and the evangelical minority at the Second Diet of Speyer. Lutheran Heresy and the resulting religious strife did not figure in his political plans.
  
  The Edict of Worms had been suspended in 1526 when the Diet of Speyer decided that every prince should hold whichever religious beliefs he could justify before his King and God.
  
  Three years after the Diet of 1526, on the 1 March 1529, Charles V announced the second Diet of Speyer. He again let himself be represented by his brother Ferdinand, since he could not personally appear due to the ongoing war with France.
  
  In his opening address, Ferdinand gave the decision of the Emperor: the annulment of the Diet's decision in 1526, recognition of "great mistakes and misunderstanding", and the threat of Imperial ban against "seduction by false beliefs". Until clarification from another council all further new developments would remain forbidden. He also made further declarations:
  
  <blockquote>"Those that until now have followed the Edict of Worms should continue to do so. In the areas where this has been deviated from, there shall be no further new developments and no-one shall be refused Mass. Finally, the sects which contradict the sacrament of the true body and blood, shall absolutely not be tolerated, no more than the Anabaptists."</blockquote>
  
  On 19 April, the majority of representatives accepted the revocation of the 1526 edict. The evangelicals were told that they should yield "to the fair and proper decisions" of the majority. At this point the evangelical princes left the hall. When they returned somewhat later, Ferdinand wanted to leave the hall and refused to listen to them. So their objection was read out: they protested against the decision of the majority, to undo the decision of the 1526 Reichstag. Ferdinand demanded that they "accept and obey the decision".
  
  The Protestant delegates refused to be bound by secular authority in matters of faith. On 20 April they presented the "Letter of Protestation", which Ferdinand refused to accept. Therefore, it did not come to be read out, but was printed and made public.
  
  The "Letter of Protestation" was signed by Johann, Elector of Saxony, Georg, Margrave of Brandenburg, Ernst, Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg, Philipp, Landgrave of Hesse, and Wolfgang, Prince of Anhalt.
  
  At the final sitting of the Diet on 24 April, the "decision of the Diet" was once more read out, but no word was said of the protest by the evangelical princes. In response the councils of the evangelical princes and the agents of the Free Cities met on 25 April and drew up a Instrumentum Appellationis, in which complaints against the decision of the Diet were once more summarised. This text was brought to the Holy Roman Emperor by an embassy. Since this Diet in Speyer the adherents of the reform movement became known as "Protestants", and thus the protestation of the Princes and Free Cities has been seen as the birth of Protestantism.
  
   The decision of the Reichstag was protested by 
  
  Elector John the Steadfast of Saxony 
  Gregor Brück (Pontanus), Chancellor of Elector John
  Philipp Melanchthon, companion of Elector John 
  Simon Grynaeus, companion of Philipp Melanchthon
  Johann Agricola, chaplain of Elector John
  Landgrave Phillip of Hesse
  Erhard Schnepf, chaplain of Philip of Hesse
  Margrave George of Brandenburg-Anhalt
  Duke Ernst of Braunschweig-Lüneburg
  Duke Franz of Braunschweig-Lüneburg
  Johann Förster, Chancellor of Dukes Franz and Ernst of Braunschweig-Lüneburg
  Prince Wolfgang of Anhalt
  Count William of Fürstenberg
  Bürgermeister Christoph Tetzel, representative of Nürnberg
  Bürgermeister Christoph Kreß, representative of Nürnberg
  Bürgermeister Bernhard B(P)aumgärtner, representative of Nürnberg
  Councillor Jakob Sturm, representative of Straßburg
  Guildmaster Matthias, clergyman, representative of Straßburg
  Bürgermeister Bernhard Besserer, representative of Ulm
  Bürgermeister Sebastian Hagelstein, representative of Windsheim
  Bürgermeister Josef Weiß, representative of Reutlingen
  
   The decision of the Reichstag was voted for by 
  
  Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, 
  Ferdinand, imperial commissioner and representative of Charles V
  Grand Chancellor Bernhard Cles, Bishop of Trent, imperial commissioner
  Freiherr Georg Truchsess von Waldburg, vice-regent of King Ferdinand
  Dr. Johann Faber, canon of Konstanz and Basel
  Probst Balthasar von Waldkirch, imperial commissioner
  Frederick II, Elector Palatine, imperial commissioner
  William IV, Duke of Bavaria, imperial commissioner
  Leonhard von Eck, chancellor of Duke Wilhelm IV. of Bavaria
  Louis X, Duke of Bavaria
  Eric I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, imperial commissioner
  
  See also
  Approximate original German of the Protestation of 19 April on p. 50 of the edition ed. J. Ney; original German of the Appellation of 25 April on p. 27 of the edition ed. J. Ney.  "Approximate original," I say, because according to Ney, “The protesting princes retained apparently no copy of the Protestation written down in a hurry and handed over to the Reichstag.  For this reason , only the ‘approximate’ content of the Protestation handed over on the 19 April could be included in the Instrument of Appellation" (Ney, p. 50, note 1; cf. Ney, pp. 12 ff.).  According to Eike Wolgast's entry in the Oxford encyclopedia of the Reformation'' ("Speyer, Protestation of"), "On 12 April 1529 the evangelical rulers submitted a written declaration to the diet that constituted an early draft of the subsequent protestation. . . . On 19 April . . . the first protestation followed.  It was rejected.  Accordingly, the evangelical estates presented a second protestation on 20 April which repeated the previous day's arguments in greater detail. . . . The protestation received legal status through the appeal that the Protestant princes and imperial cities lodged before two notaries in Speyer on 25 April 1529.  This appeal contained a report on the proceedings between majority and minority and all important documents.  The text was immediately disseminted in print," etc. (vol. 4, p. 104).
   An English translation of the Protestation.
  Speyer Memorial Church, consecrated in 1904 in honor of the Protestation.
  
  References
  
  Speyer 
  1529 in Christianity
  1529 in politics
  1529 in the Holy Roman Empire
  History of Rhineland-Palatinate
  Reformation in Germany