title: Sharon R. Long
text: Sharon Rugel Long (born March 2, 1951) is an American plant biologist. She is the Steere-Pfizer Professor of Biological Science in the Department of Biology at Stanford University, and the Principal Investigator of the Long Laboratory at Stanford.
  
  Long studies the symbiosis between bacteria and plants, in particular the relationship of nitrogen-fixing bacteria to legumes.  Her work has applications for energy conservation and sustainable agriculture.
  She is a 1992 MacArthur Fellows Program recipient, 
  and became a Member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1993.
  
  Early life and education
  Sharon Rugel Long was born on  to Harold Eugene and Florence Jean (Rugel) Long.
  She attended George Washington High School in Denver, Colorado.
  Long spent a year at Harvey Mudd College before becoming one of the first women to attend Caltech in September 1970. She completed a double major in biochemistry and French literature in the Independent Studies Program, and obtained her B.S. in 1973.
  
  Long went on to study biochemistry and genetics at Yale, receiving her Ph.D. in 1979.
  She began her research on plants and symbiosis while a postdoc at Frederick M Ausubels lab at Harvard University.
  
  Career and research
  Long joined the Stanford University faculty in 1982 as an assistant professor, rising to associate professor in 1987, and full professor in 1992.
  From 1994-2001 she was also an Investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
  She currently holds the Steere-Pfizer chair in Biological Sciences at Stanford.
  
  From 1993-1996 she was part of the National Research Councils Committee on Undergraduate Science Education.
  She served as Dean of Humanities and Sciences at Stanford University from 2001 to 2007.
  
  In September 2008 she was identified as one of 5 science advisors for Democratic presidential candidate Barack Obama. In 2011, she was appointed to the President's Committee on the National Medal of Science by President Obama.
  
  Long identified and cloned genes that allow bacteria to find and enter certain plants in which they live symbiotically. She has examined the interactions of Rhizobium bacteria with legumes such as alfalfa, soybeans and peas, in which they enhance nitrogen production. She has genetically modified bacteria to make them more effective at entering host plants and producing nitrogen. Such initiatives may enable farmers to reduce nitrogen fertilizer use and runoff of fertilizer into local water supplies.
  
  Her current research uses molecular, genetic, and biochemical techniques to study the early stages of symbiosis between Sinorhizobium meliloti and its host plants in the genus Medicago. Rhizobium cells recognize and form nodules on their plant hosts. Her group discovered that a flavone (luteolin) derived from alfalfa seed extracts is necessary for activation of nodulation genes (nod ABC) in Sinorhizobium meliloti. They proved that some nod genes encode enzymes that synthesize Nod Factor. They discovered that plant root hair cells show rapid ionic changes including calcium spiking in response to specific Nod Factors. With colleagues, they have identified plant genes for symbiosis, and correlated these with specific stages in nodule development.
  
  Selected publications
  
  Awards and honors
   1984-1989, Presidential Young Investigator Award, National Science Foundation
   1985, Shell Research Foundation Award 
   1989, Charles Albert Shull Award, American Society of Plant Physiology
   1992-1997, MacArthur Foundation Fellowship
   1993, member, National Academy of Sciences
   1994, fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences
   2000, member, American Philosophical Society
   2002, Wilbur Cross Medal in Biology, Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences (highest alumni honor)
   2007, fellow, American Society of Plant Biologists
   2019 Selman A. Waksman Award in Microbiology
   Recognized as a Pioneer Member of the American Society of Plant Biologists.
  
  Personal life
  Long married her college boyfriend Harold James McGee on July 7, 1979 and divorced in 2004. They had two children.
  
  References
  
  Howard Hughes Medical Investigators
  Harvey Mudd College alumni
  California Institute of Technology alumni
  Yale University alumni
  Harvard University alumni
  Stanford University Department of Biology faculty
  Living people
  MacArthur Fellows
  Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
  1951 births
  Members of the American Philosophical Society