title: Andrey Markov
text: Andrey Andreyevich Markov (14 June 1856 – 20 July 1922) was a Russian mathematician best known for his work on stochastic processes. A primary subject of his research later became known as the Markov chain. He was also a strong, close to master-level chess player.
  
  Markov and his younger brother Vladimir Andreevich Markov (1871–1897) proved the Markov brothers' inequality.
  His son, another Andrey Andreyevich Markov (1903–1979), was also a notable mathematician, making contributions to constructive mathematics and recursive function theory.
  
  Biography 
  Andrey Markov was born on 14 June 1856 in Russia. He attended the St. Petersburg Grammar School, where some teachers saw him as a rebellious student. In his academics he performed poorly in most subjects other than mathematics.  Later in life he attended Saint Petersburg Imperial University (now Saint Petersburg State University). Among his teachers were Yulian Sokhotski (differential calculus, higher algebra), Konstantin Posse (analytic geometry), Yegor Zolotarev (integral calculus), Pafnuty Chebyshev (number theory and probability theory), Aleksandr Korkin (ordinary and partial differential equations), Mikhail Okatov (mechanism theory), Osip Somov (mechanics), and Nikolai Budajev (descriptive and higher geometry).  He completed his studies at the university and was later asked if he would like to stay and have a career as a Mathematician. He later taught at high schools and continued his own mathematical studies. In this time he found a practical use for his mathematical skills. He figured out that he could use chains to model the alliteration of vowels and consonants in Russian literature. He also contributed to many other mathematical aspects in his time. He died at age 66 on 20 July 1922.
  
  Timeline 
  In 1877, Markov was awarded a gold medal for his outstanding solution of the problem
  
  About Integration of Differential Equations by Continued Fractions with an Application to the Equation .
  
  During the following year, he passed the candidate's examinations, and he remained at the university to prepare for a lecturer's position.
  
  In April 1880, Markov defended his master's thesis "On the Binary Square Forms with Positive Determinant", which was directed by Aleksandr Korkin and Yegor Zolotarev. Four years later in 1884, he defended his doctoral thesis titled "On Certain Applications of the Algebraic Continuous Fractions".
  
  His pedagogical work began after the defense of his master's thesis in autumn 1880. As a privatdozent he lectured on differential and integral calculus. Later he lectured alternately on "introduction to analysis", probability theory (succeeding Chebyshev, who had left the university in 1882) and the calculus of differences. From 1895 through 1905 he also lectured in differential calculus.
  
  One year after the defense of his doctoral thesis, Markov was appointed extraordinary professor (1886) and in the same year he was elected adjunct to the Academy of Sciences. In 1890, after the death of Viktor Bunyakovsky, Markov became an extraordinary member of the academy. His promotion to an ordinary professor of St. Petersburg University followed in the fall of 1894.
  
  In 1896, Markov was elected an ordinary member of the academy as the successor of Chebyshev. In 1905, he was appointed merited professor and was granted the right to retire, which he did immediately. Until 1910, however, he continued to lecture in the calculus of differences.
  
  In connection with student riots in 1908, professors and lecturers of St. Petersburg University were ordered to monitor their students. Markov refused to accept this decree, and he wrote an explanation in which he declined to be an "agent of the governance". Markov was removed from further teaching duties at St. Petersburg University, and hence he decided to retire from the university.
  
  Markov was an atheist. In 1912, he responded to Leo Tolstoy's excommunication from the Russian Orthodox Church by requesting his own excommunication. The Church complied with his request.
  
  In 1913, the council of St. Petersburg elected nine scientists honorary members of the university. Markov was among them, but his election was not affirmed by the minister of education. The affirmation only occurred four years later, after the February Revolution in 1917. Markov then resumed his teaching activities and lectured on probability theory and the calculus of differences until his death in 1922.
  
  See also 
  
   List of things named after Andrey Markov
   Chebyshev–Markov–Stieltjes inequalities
   Gauss–Markov theorem
   Gauss–Markov process
   Hidden Markov model
   Markov blanket
   Markov chain
   Markov decision process
   Markov's inequality
   Markov brothers' inequality
   Markov information source
   Markov network
   Markov number
   Markov property
   Markov process
   Stochastic matrix (also known as Markov matrix)
   Subjunctive possibility
  
  Notes
  
  References
  
  Further reading 
   
   А. А. Марков. "Распространение закона больших чисел на величины, зависящие друг от друга". "Известия Физико-математического общества при Казанском университете", 2-я серия, том 15, с. 135–156, 1906.
   A. A. Markov.  "Extension of the limit theorems of probability theory to a sum of variables connected in a chain". reprinted in Appendix B of: R. Howard.  Dynamic Probabilistic Systems, volume 1: Markov Chains. John Wiley and Sons, 1971.
  
  External links 
  
   
  
  Markov, Andrei Andreyevich
  Markov, Andrei Andreyevich
  19th-century mathematicians from the Russian Empire
  20th-century Russian mathematicians
  Russian atheists
  Former Russian Orthodox Christians
  Probability theorists
  Saint Petersburg State University alumni
  Full members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
  Full Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1917–1925)
  People from Ryazan
  Russian statisticians
  Russian scientists