title: Takhtajan system
text: A system of plant taxonomy, the Takhtajan system of plant classification was published by Armen Takhtajan, in several versions from the 1950s onwards. It is usually compared to the Cronquist system. It admits paraphyletic groups.
  
  Systems 
  
  The first classification was published in Russian in 1954,and came to the attention of the rest of the world after publication of an English translation in 1958 as Origin of Angiospermous Plants. Further versions appeared in 1959 (Die Evolution der Angiospermen) and 1966 (Sistema i filogeniia tsvetkovykh rastenii). The latter popularised Takhtajan's system when it appeared in English in 1969 (Flowering plants: Origin and dispersal). A further revision appeared in 1980.
  
  1966 system 
  
   Magnoliophyta (Angiospermae)  p. 51
   Class: Magnoliatae (Dicotyledones) p. 51
   Class: Liliatae (Monocotyledones) p. 461
   Subclass A: Alismidae p. 461
   Subclass B: Liliidae p. 473 (was nom. nov.) 
   Superorder Lilianae p. 473 (was nom. nov.)
   Order Liliales p. 473
   Family Liliaceae p. 474
   Family Xanthorrhoeaceae p. 476
   Family Aphyllanthaceae p. 476
   Family Alliaceae p. 477
   Family Agavaceae p. 478
   Family Amaryllidaceae p. 480
   Family Alstroemeriaceae p. 481
   Family Haemodoraceae p. 482
   Family Hypoxidaceae p. 483
   Family Velloziaceae p. 483
   Family Philesiaceae p. 484
   Family Tecophilaeaceae p. 484
   Family Cyanastraceae p. 485
   Family Asparagaceae p. 486
   Family Smilacaceae p. 487
   Family Stemonaceae p. 487
   Family Dioscoreaceae p. 488
   Family Taccaceae p. 489
   Family Phylydraceae p. 491
   Family Pontederiaceae p. 490
   Order Bromeliales p. 492
   Order Iridales p. 494
   Order Zingiberales  p. 498
   Order Orchidales p. 505
   Superorder Juncanae  p. 510
   Subclass C: Commelinidae p. 461
   Subclass D: Arecidae p. 525
  
  1997 system 
  
  As published in Diversity and Classification of Flowering Plants
   Division Magnoliophyta (2 classes, 17 subclasses, 71 superorders, 232 orders, 589 families
   Class Magnoliopsida Brongn. (1843) (Dicotyledons) 11 subclasses, 55 superorders, 175 orders, 458 families
   Subclass Magnoliidae Novak ex Takht. (1967) 
   Subclass Nymphaeidae J.W. Walker ex Takht. (1997)
   Subclass Nelumbonidae Takht. (1997)
   Subclass Ranunculidae Takht. ex Reveal (1992)
   Subclass Caryophyllidae Takht. (1967)
   Subclass Hamamelididae Takht. (1967)
   Subclass Dilleniidae Takht. ex Reveal & Tahkt. (1993)
   Subclass Rosidae Takht. (1967)
   Subclass Cornidae Frohne & U. Jensen ex Reveal (1994)
   Subclass Asteridae Takht. (1967)
   Subclass Lamiidae Takht. ex Reveal (1993)
    Class Liliopsida Batsch (1802) (Monocotyledons) 6 subclasses, 16 superorders, 57 orders, 131 families
   Subclass Liliidae Takht. (1967)
   Superorder Lilianae Takht. (1967) 14 orders
   Order Melanthiales R. Dahlgren ex Reveal (1992)
   Order Colchicales Dumort. (1829)
   Order Trilliales Takht. (1996)
   Order Liliales Perleb (1826)
   Family Liliaceae Juss., nom. cons. (1789)
   Family Medeolaceae (S. Wats.) Takht. (1987)
   Order Alstroemeriales Hutch. (1934)
   Order Iridales Raf. (1815)
   Order Tecophilaeales Traub ex Reveal (1993)
   Order Burmanniales Heintze (1927) 
   Order Hypoxidales Takht., nom. inval. (1997)
   Order Orchidales Raf. (1815)
   Order Amaryllidales Bromhead (1840)
   Order Asparagales Bromhead (1838)
   Order Xanthorrhoeales Takth., nom. inval. (1997)
   Order Hanguanales R. Dahlgren ex Reveal (1992)
   Superorder Dioscoreanae Takht. ex Reveal & Doweld (1999)
   Subclass Commelinidae Takht. (1967)
   Subclass Arecidae Takht. (1967)
   Subclass Alismatidae Takht. (1967)
   Subclass Triurididae Takht. ex Reveal (1992)
   Subclass Aridae Takht. (1997)
  
  2009 system 
  
  As published in Flowering Plants
   Phylum Magnoliophyta (flowering plants) Cronquist, Takht. & Zimmerm. ex Reveal (1996)
    Class Magnoliopsida Brongn. (1843) (Dicotyledons) p. 7
   Subclass I. Magnoliidae p. 11
   Superorder Nymphaeanae
   Superorder Magnolianae
   Superorder Lauranae
   Superorder Piperanae
   Superorder Rafflesianae
   Subclass II. Ranunculidae p. 69
   Superorder Proteanae
   Superorder Ranunculanae
   Subclass III. Hamamelididae p. 101
   Superorder Hamamelidanae
   Superorder Juglandanae
   Subclass IV. Caryophyllidae p. 129
   Superorder Caryophyllanae
   Superorder Polygonanae
   Superorder Nepenthanae
   Subclass V. Dilleniidae p. 167
   Superorder Dillenianae
   Superorder Ericanae
   Superorder Violanae
   Superorder Capparanae
   Superorder Malvanae
   Superorder Euphorbianae
   Subclass VI. Rosidae p. 293
   Superorder Rosanae
   Superorder Myrtanae
   Superorder Fabanae
   Superorder Rutanae
   Superorder Celastranae
   Superorder Santalanae
   Superorder Balanophoranae
   Superorder Rhamnanae
   Subclass VII. Asteridae p. 435
   Superorder Cornanae
   Superorder Asperanae
   Subclass VIII. Lamiidae p. 511
   Superorder Lamianae
    Class Liliopsida Scop. (1760) (Monocotyledons) p. 595
   Subclass I: Alismatidae p. 589
   Superorder Petrosavianae
   Superorder Alismatanae
   Superorder Aranae
   Subclass II: Liliidae Takht. (1966) p. 625
   Superorder Lilianae Takht. (1966)
   Order Melanthiales R. Dahlgren ex Reveal (1992)
   Order Trilliales Takht. (1996)
   Order Liliales Perleb (1826)
   1. Family Campynemataceae
   2. Family Colchicaceae
   3. Family Tricyrtidaceae
   4. Family Scoliopaceae p. 634
   5. Family Calochortaceae p. 634
   6. Family Liliaceae Juss., nom. cons. (1789) p. 634
   7. Family Medeolaceae (S. Wats.) Takht. (1987) p. 634
   Order Burmanniales
   Order Alstroemeriales Hutch. (1934)
   Order Smilacales
   Order Orchidales
   Order Iridales
   Order Amaryllidales
   Order Asparagales
   Superorder Pandananae
   Superorder Dioscoreanae Takht., nom. inval. (1997)
   Superorder Arecanae
   Subclass III: Arecidae p. 693
   Superorder Arecanae
   Subclass IV: Commelinidae p. 699
   Superorder Bromelianae
   Superorder Zingiberanae
   Superorder Commelinanae
   Superorder Juncanae
   Superorder Poanae
  
  References
  
  Bibliography 
  
   
   
   
   
   
  
   Works by Takhtajan
  
  External links
   Takhtajan system at CSDL, Texas.  Also, at the Norton Brown Herbarium, Maryland (with an extensive listing of synonyms, both nomenclatural and taxonomic, for each name in the system): 1, 2, 3
   Angiosperm Classification according to Armen Takhtajan, 1966
  
  system, Takhtajan