title: Body substance isolation
text: Body substance isolation is a practice of isolating all body substances (blood, urine, feces, tears, etc.) of individuals undergoing medical treatment, particularly emergency medical treatment of those who might be infected with illnesses such as HIV, or hepatitis so as to reduce as much as possible the chances of transmitting these illnesses.  BSI is similar in nature to universal precautions, but goes further in isolating workers from pathogens, including substances now known to carry HIV.
  
  Place of body substance isolation practice in history
  Practice of Universal precautions was introduced in 1985–88. In 1987, the practice of Universal precautions was adjusted by a set of rules known as body substance isolation. In 1996, both practices were replaced by the latest approach known as standard precautions (health care). Nowadays and in isolation, practice of body substance isolation has just historical significance.
  
  Body substance isolation went further than universal precautions in isolating workers from pathogens, including substances now currently known to carry HIV. These pathogens fall into two broad categories, bloodborne (carried in the body fluids) and airborne. The practice of BSI was common in Pre-Hospital care and emergency medical services due to the often unknown nature of the patient and his/her disease or medical conditions. It was a part of the National Standards Curriculum for Prehospital Providers and Firefighters.Types of body substance isolation included:
   Hospital gowns
   Medical gloves
   Shoe covers
   Surgical mask or N95 Respirator
   Safety Glasses
  
  It was postulated that BSI precautions should be practiced in environment where treaters were exposed to bodily fluids, such as:
   blood, semen, preseminal fluid, vaginal secretions, synovial fluid, amniotic fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, pleural fluid, peritoneal fluid, marrow, pericardial fluid, feces, nasal secretions, urine, vomitus, sputum, mucus, cervical mucus, phlegm, saliva, breastmilk, colostrum, and secretions and blood from the umbilical cord
  
  Such infection control techniques that were recommended following the AIDS outbreak in the 1980s. Every patient was treated as if infected and therefore precautions were taken to minimize risk. Other conditions which called for minimizing risks with BSI:
   Diseases with air-borne transmission (e.g., tuberculosis)
   Diseases with droplet transmission (e.g., mumps, rubella, influenza, pertussis)
   Transmission by direct or indirect contact with dried skin (e.g., colonisation with MRSA) or contaminated surfaces
   Prion diseases (e.g., Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease)
  or any combination of the above.
  
  See also 
   Barrier nursing
  
  Footnotes
  
  Further reading 
   
   
  
  Medical hygiene