title: Prospero Farinacci
text: Prospero Farinacci (1 November 1554 – 31 December 1618) was an Italian Renaissance jurist, lawyer and judge. His Praxis et Theorica Criminalis (Practice and Theory of Criminal Law) was the strongest influence on criminal law in Civil law countries until the Age of Enlightenment. Farinacci defended Beatrice Cenci who was accused of killing her father in the most famous criminal case of the time. As a judge he was known for his harsh sentencing.
  
  Biography 
  
  The son of a Capitoline notary, Farinacci was born in Rome in 1554. He studied law at La Sapienza in Rome, receiving his doctorate in 1567 at the early age of twenty-three. Prospero soon earned himself the reputation as an able advocate. In 1567 he became the general commissioner in the service of the Orsini family of Bracciano. He reached the height of his professional career as the Papal Datario (the officer of the Roman Curia who investigates candidates for papal benefices) under Pope Clement VIII (1592–1605). He went on to become Giureconsulto e Procuratore Fiscale della Camera Apostolica (Consulting Jurist and Tax Attorney for the papal Treasury) under Pope Paul V.
  
  Along with this eminence, he was also a notoriously difficult character with quite a checkered private life. In 1570 he was imprisoned for an unknown crime. In 1582 he was stabbed in the face in a street fight, leaving him with a diagonal scar on the left cheek and a blind left eye. In 1584 he was jailed for the serious crime of bearing arms in public. Whilst he was a staunch prosecutor of sodomites, in 1595 he was himself accused of sodomy with Bernardino Rocchi, a sixteen-year-old page in the Palazzo Altemps, the house of his benefactor. He was excused of the crime by Pope Clement VIII, who famously made a pun on Farinacci's name (which alludes to "flour" in Italian) by claiming that "The flour is good, it's the bag that's bad."
  
  Farinacci was perhaps most famous as the advocate in the scandalous trial for murder, actually patricide, of Beatrice Cenci and her relatives (1599), which ended in their gruesome public beheadings. He played a major role in the defense and although he was not able to save the girl, he did convince the pope to allow the youngest brother, Bernardo, to survive, invoking both the boy's young age and temporary mental infirmity as mitigating factors.
  
  In 1600 Farinacci had a son with a prostitute called Cleria. Ludovico later joined the clergy and in the end became his father's sole heir. Prospero's portrait by Giuseppe Cesari can be found in the Museo nazionale di Castel Sant'Angelo.
  
  Works 
  
  Prospero Farinacci was best known for his legal decisions and opinions which he published in four massive tomes and many editions. His most important works are:
  Praxis et theorica criminalis, 1594–1614. Farinacci's Praxis et Theorica Criminalis exerted a very considerable influence on Western legal culture and became a fundamental reference point in Civil law countries in the modern era. The Praxis was also well known in customary law countries: Sir George Mackenzie of Rosehaugh, writing in Scotland in 1678, drew extensively on Farinacci. The Praxis is most noteworthy as the definitive work on the jurisprudence of torture. Farinacci devoted considerable attention to the use of torture in criminal trials and in general placed severe restrictions on its use.
  
  Notes
  
  Further reading
   
   
   
   Graziosi, Marina, 'Women and Criminal Law: the Notion of Diminished Responsibility in Prospero Farinacci and other Renaissance Jurists', in Women in Italian Renaissance Culture and Society, L. Panizza, ed., Oxford (EHRC), 2000, pp. 166–181.
   Marchisello, Andrea, “Alieni thori violatio”: l'adulterio come delitto carnale in Prospero Farinacci (1544–1618). In Seidel Menchi, Silvana, and Quaglioni, Diego (eds.), Trasgressioni. Seduzione, concubinato, adulterio, bigamia (XIV–XVIII secolo), Bologna: il Mulino, 2004, pp. 133–183.
  
  External links
   
  
  1554 births
  1618 deaths
  Lawyers from Rome
  Scholars of criminal law
  16th-century Italian jurists
  17th-century Italian jurists
  Writers from Rome
  Sapienza University of Rome alumni
  University of Perugia alumni
  Judges from Rome
  17th-century Italian lawyers
  Italian legal scholars
  Italian criminologists