title: Tihamah
text: Tihamah or Tihama ( ) refers to the Red Sea coastal plain of the Arabian Peninsula from the Gulf of Aqaba to the Bab el Mandeb.
  
  Etymology
  Tihāmat is the Proto-Semitic language's term for 'sea'. Tiamat (or Tehom, in masculine form) was the ancient Mesopotamian god of the sea and of chaos. The word appears in the Hebrew Bible as təhōm (Genesis 1:2), meaning "primordial ocean, abyss".
  
  History
  
  Era of Muhammad
  
  During the era of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, many military expeditions took place here including the Battle of Hamra al-Asad and caravan raids. Beginning in January 623 CE, some of the Muslims resorted to the tradition of raiding the Meccan caravans that traveled along the eastern coast of the Red Sea from Mecca to the Syrian region. 
  
  While at Ḥamra' al-Asad (), Muhammad made an agreement with Mabad al-Khuzaah at Tihamah, in which Mabad pledged not to conceal anything from him. Mabad was then sent to Mecca to dissuade Abu Sufyan ibn Harb from fighting. In Mecca, Mabad met with Abu Sufyan and exaggerated that Muhammad had gathered a great force to fight Abu Sufyan. Abu Sufyan and his companions were planning a massive and decisive attack on Medina to finish off the Muslims once and for all. Hearing Mabad's talk of the great military strength of Muhammad, Abu Sufyan retreated from his plan of an immediate attack on the Muslims. In this fashion Muhammad successfully managed to prevent the massive onslaught the Meccans were planning.
  
  Geography
  
  The region is sometimes subdivided into two parts, Tihāmat Al-Ḥijaz (; northern part) and Tihāmat ʿAsīr (; southern part). The Yemeni part () is an extension of Tihamat ʿAsir. The plain is constricted and attains its greatest widths, , south of Medina and Mecca. The cities of Yanbu, Jeddah and Al Qunfudhah are located in the Hijazi part of the Tihamah. The Asiri-Yemeni part of the Tihami plain includes the cities of Jizan and Al Hudaydah. The temperatures in Tihamah are probably some of the hottest on earth. Tihamah in Arabic means severe heat and lack of wind.
  
  Flora
  
  The extensive sandy coastal plain (the Tihamah) is a hot and inhospitable area parallel to the Red Sea, and most of it, north of Zabid (Yemen), is devoid of trees. However, in a few places there is dense shrub composed almost exclusively of Vachellia flava and it may be assumed that this was originally the dominant natural vegetation of the Tihamah. Salvadora persica occurs in thickets, and there are odd trees of Balanites aegyptiaca and colonies of wild doum palm (Hyphaene thebaica), as well as planted date palms (Phoenix dactylifera).
  
  Archaeology
  Over sixteen megalithic menhirs were discovered by Edward Keall, director of the Royal Ontario Museum's Canadian Archaeological Mission near the village of Al-Mutaynah () in the Tihami area. The stones were made of granite and weighted up to . Three of the upright stones measured around  tall with one fallen being over  in length. Copper tools suggested to date to the same era as the construction of the stones were dated to around 2400 to 1800 BCE. An even more archaic lithic industry was found along with pottery sherds that were dated between 1200 and 800 BCE.
  
  See also
   Tihamah Region, a federal region in Yemen
   Harrat al-Sham or the Black Desert
   Idrisid Emirate of Asir
   Kingdom of Hejaz
   List of battles of Muhammad
   Najahid dynasty
   Najd
   Rasulid dynasty
   Sulaymanids
   Sarat Mountains
   'Asir Mountains
   Fifa Mountains
   Hijaz Mountains
   Midian Mountains
  
  References
  
  Further reading
  
  External links
  
  Megalithic monuments in the Middle East
  Geography of Saudi Arabia
  Landforms of Saudi Arabia
  Plains of Asia
  Historical regions in Saudi Arabia
  Historical regions
  Tiamat