title: Dahlgren system
text: One of the modern systems of plant taxonomy, the Dahlgren system was published by monocot specialist Rolf Dahlgren in 1975 and revised in 1977, and  1980. However, he is best known for his two treatises on monocotyledons in 1982  and revised in 1985. His wife Gertrud Dahlgren continued the work after his death.
  
  Dahlgren ranked the dicotyledons and monocotyledons as subclasses of the class of flowering plants (angiosperms) and further divided them into superorders. Originally (1975) he used the suffix -anae, as did Cronquist, to designate these, but in 1980 changed this to -florae in accordance with Thorne. In the 1989 revision, published by his wife, the alternate names Magnoliidae and Liliidae were dropped in favour of Dicotyledon and Monocotyledon, and  the suffix -florae reverted to -anae (e.g. Alismatanae for Alismatiflorae).
  
  Reveal provides an extensive listing of Dahlgren's classification. (Note the synonyms, both nomenclatural and taxonomic, for each name in the system.)
  
  1980 system
  
  Summary
   Class Magnoliopsida (flowering plants (Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta)
   Subclass Magnoliidae (dicotyledons) 24 superorders
   Superorder Magnoliiflorae
   Superorder Nymphaeiflorae 
   Superorder Ranunculiflorae
   Superorder Caryophylliflorae
   Superorder Polygoniflorae
   Superorder Malviflorae
   Superorder Violiflorae
   Superorder Theiflorae
   Superorder Primuliflorae
   Superorder Rosiflorae
   Superorder Podostemiflorae
   Superorder Fabiflorae
   Superorder Proteiflorae
   Superorder Myrtiflorae
   Superorder Rutiflorae
   Superorder Santaliflorae
   Superorder Balanophoriflorae
   Superorder Araliiflorae
   Superorder Asteriflorae
   Superorder Solaniflorae
   Superorder Corniflorae
   Superorder Loasiflorae
   Superorder Gentianiflorae
   Superorder Lamiiflorae
   Subclass Liliidae (monocotyledons) 7 superorders
   Superorder Alismatiflorae
   Superorder Triuridiflorae
   Superorder Ariflorae
   Superorder Liliiflorae
   Superorder Zingiberiflorae
   Superorder Commeliniflorae
   Superorder Areciflorae
  
  Magnoliidae (dicotyledons) 
  
   Subclass Magnoliiflorae
   Superorder Magnolianae
   Order Annonales
   Family Annonaceae
   Family Myristicaceae
   Family Eupomatiaceae
   Family Canellaceae
   Family Austrobaileyaceae
   Order Aristolochiales
   Family Aristolochiaceae
   Order Rafflesiales
   Family Rafflesiaceae
   Family Hydnoraceae
   Order Magnoliales
   Family Degeneriaceae
   Family Himantandraceae
   Family Magnoliaceae
   Order Lactoridales
   Family Lactoridaceae
   Order Winterales
   Family Winteraceae
   Order Chloranthales
   Family Chloranthaceae
   Order Illiciales
   Family Illiciaceae
   Family Schisandraceae
   Order Laurales
   Family Amborellaceae
   Family Trimeniaceae
   Family Monimiaceae
   Family Gomortegaceae
   Family Calycanthaceae
   Family Lauraceae
   Order Nelumbonales
   Family Nelumbonaceae
   Superorder Nymphaeiflorae
   Order Piperales
   Family Saururaceae
   Family Piperaceae
   Order Nymphaeales
   Family Cabombaceae
   Family Nymphaeaceae
   Family Ceratophyllaceae
   Superorder Ranunculiflorae
   Order Ranunculales
   Family Lardizabalaceae
   Family Sargentodoxaceae
   Family Menispermaceae
   Family Kingdoniaceae
   Family Circaeasteraceae
   Family Ranunculaceae
   Family Hydrastidaceae
   Family Berberidaceae
   Order Papaverales
   Family Papaveraceae
   Family Fumariaceae
   Superorder Caryophylliflorae
   Order Caryophyllales
   Family Molluginaceae
   Family Caryophyllaceae
   Family Phytolaccaceae
   Family Achatocarpaceae
   Family Agdestidaceae
   Family Basellaceae
   Family Portulacaceae
   Family Stegnospermataceae
   Family Nyctaginaceae
   Family Aizoaceae
   Family Halophytaceae
   Family Cactaceae
   Family Didiereaceae
   Family Hectorellaceae
   Family Chenopodiaceae
   Family Amaranthaceae
   Superorder Polygoniflorae
   Order Polygonales
   Family Polygonaceae
   Superorder Malviflorae
   Order Malvales
   Family Sterculiaceae
   Family Plagiopteraceae
   Family Bixaceae
   Family Cochlospermaceae
   Family Cistaceae
   Family Sphaerosepalaceae
   Family Sarcolaenaceae
   Family Huaceae
   Family Tiliaceae
   Family Dipterocarpaceae
   Family Bombacaceae
   Family Malvaceae
   Order Urticales
   Family Ulmaceae
   Family Moraceae
   Family Cecropiaceae
   Family Barbeyaceae
   Family Cannabaceae
   Family Urticaceae
   Order Euphorbiales
   Family Euphorbiaceae
   Family Simmondsiaceae
   Family Pandaceae
   Family Aextoxicaceae
   Family Dichapetalaceae
   Order Plumbaginales
   Family Plumbaginaceae
   Family Limoniaceae
   Order Thymelaeales
   Family Gonystylaceae
   Family Thymelaeaceae
   Order Rhamnales
   Family Rhamnaceae
   Superorder Violiflorae
   Order Violales
   Family Flacourtiaceae
   Family Berberidopsidaceae
   Family Aphloiaceae
   Family Physenaceae
   Family Passifloraceae
   Family Dipentodontaceae
   Family Peridiscaceae
   Family Scyphostegiaceae
   Family Violaceae
   Family Turneraceae
   Family Malesherbiaceae
   Family Caricaceae
   Order Cucurbitales
   Family Achariaceae
   Family Cucurbitaceae
   Family Begoniaceae
   Family Datiscaceae
   Order Salicales
   Family Salicaceae
   Order Tamaricales
   Family Tamaricaceae
   Family Frankeniaceae
   Order Capparales
   Family Capparaceae
   Family Brassicaceae
   Family Tovariaceae
   Family Resedaceae
   Family Gyrostemonaceae
   Family Bataceae
   Family Moringaceae
   Order Tropaeolales
   Family Tropaeolaceae
   Family Limnanthaceae
   Order Salvadorales
   Family Salvadoraceae
  Superorder Theiflorae
   Order Dilleniales
   Family Dilleniaceae
   Order Paeoniales
   Family Glaucidiaceae
   Family Paeoniaceae
   Order Theales
   Family Stachyuraceae
   Family Pentaphylacaceae
   Family Marcgraviaceae
   Family Quiinaceae
   Family Ancistrocladaceae
   Family Dioncophyllaceae
   Family Nepenthaceae
   Family Medusagynaceae
   Family Caryocaraceae
   Family Strasburgeriaceae
   Family Ochnaceae
   Family Chrysobalanaceae
   Family Oncothecaceae
   Family Scytopetalaceae
   Family Theaceae
   Family Bonnetiaceae
   Family Clusiaceae
   Family Elatinaceae
   Order Lecythidales
   Family Lecythidaceae
   Superorder Primuliflorae
   Order Primulales
   Family Myrsinaceae
   Family Aegicerataceae
   Family Theophrastaceae
   Family Primulaceae
   Family Coridaceae
   Order Ebenales
   Family Sapotaceae
   Family Styracaceae
   Family Lissocarpaceae
   Family Ebenaceae
   Superorder Rosiflorae
   Order Trochodendrales
   Family Trochodendraceae
   Family Tetracentraceae
   Order Cercidiphyllales
   Family Cercidiphyllaceae
   Family Eupteleaceae
   Order Hamamelidales
   Family Hamamelidaceae
   Family Platanaceae
   Family Myrothamnaceae
   Order Balanopales
   Family Balanopaceae
   Order Fagales
   Family Nothofagaceae
   Family Fagaceae
   Family Corylaceae
   Family Betulaceae
   Order Juglandales
   Family Rhoipteleaceae
   Family Juglandaceae
   Order Myricales
   Family Myricaceae
   Order Casuarinales
   Family Casuarinaceae
   Order Buxales
   Family Buxaceae
   Family Daphniphyllaceae
   Family Didymelaceae
   Order Geissolomatales
   Family Geissolomataceae
   Order Cunoniales
   Family Cunoniaceae
   Family Baueraceae
   Family Brunelliaceae
   Family Davidsoniaceae
   Family Eucryphiaceae
   Family Bruniaceae
   Family Grubbiaceae
   Order Saxifragales
   Family Saxifragaceae
   Family Francoaceae
   Family Greyiaceae
   Family Brexiaceae
   Family Grossulariaceae
   Family Iteaceae
   Family Cephalotaceae
   Family Crassulaceae
   Order Droserales
   Family Droseraceae
   Family Lepuropetalaceae
   Family Parnassiaceae
   Order Rosales
   Family Rosaceae
   Family Neuradaceae
   Family Malaceae
   Family Amygdalaceae
   Family Anisophylleaceae
   Family Crossosomataceae
   Family Surianaceae
   Family Rhabdodendraceae
   Order Gunnerales
   Family Gunneraceae
   Superorder Podostemiflorae
   Order Podostemales
   Family Podostemaceae (including Tristichaceae)
   Superorder Fabiflorae
   Order Fabales
   Family Mimosaceae
   Family Caesalpiniaceae
   Family Fabaceae
   Superorder Proteiflorae
   Order Proteales
   Family Proteaceae
   Order Elaeagnales
   Family Elaeagnaceae
   Superorder Myrtiflorae
   Order Myrtales
   Family Psiloxylaceae
   Family Heteropyxidaceae
   Family Myrtaceae
   Family Onagraceae
   Family Trapaceae
   Family Lythraceae
   Family Combretaceae
   Family Melastomataceae
   Family Memecylaceae
   Family Crypteroniaceae
   Family Oliniaceae
   Family Penaeaceae
   Family Rhynchocalycaceae
   Family Alzateaceae
   Order Haloragales
   Family Haloragaceae
   Superorder Rutiflorae 
   Order Sapindales
   Family Coriariaceae
   Family Anacardiaceae
   Family Leitneriaceae
   Family Podoaceae
   Family Sapindaceae
   Family Hippocastanaceae
   Family Aceraceae
   Family Akaniaceae
   Family Bretschneideraceae
   Family Emblingiaceae
   Family Staphyleaceae
   Family Melianthaceae
   Family Sabiaceae
   Family Meliosmaceae
   Family Connaraceae
   Order Rutales
   Family Rutaceae
   Family Ptaeroxylaceae
   Family Cneoraceae
   Family Simaroubaceae
   Family Tepuianthaceae
   Family Burseraceae
   Family Meliaceae
   Order Polygalales
   Family Malpighiaceae
   Family Trigoniaceae
   Family Vochysiaceae
   Family Polygalaceae
   Family Krameriaceae
   Order Geraniales
   Family Zygophyllaceae
   Family Nitrariaceae
   Family Peganaceae
   Family Balanitaceae
   Family Erythroxylaceae
   Family Humiriaceae
   Family Linaceae
   Family Ctenolophonaceae
   Family Ixonanthaceae
   Family Lepidobotryaceae
   Family Oxalidaceae (including Averrhoaceae)
   Family Geraniaceae
   Family Dirachmaceae
   Family Ledocarpaceae
   Family Vivianiaceae
   Family Biebersteiniaceae
   Order Linales (incorporated into Geraniales)
   Family Linaceae
   Family Humiriaceae
   Family Ctenolophonaceae
   Family Ixonanthaceae
   Family Erythroxylaceae
   Family Lepidobotryaceae
   Family Oxalidaceae
   Order Celastrales
   Family Stackhousiaceae
   Family Lophopyxidaceae
   Family Cardiopteridaceae
   Family Corynocarpaceae
   Family Celastraceae
   Order Rhizophorales
   Family Rhizophoraceae
   Family Elaeocarpaceae
   Order Balsaminales
   Family Balsaminaceae
   Superorder Santaliflorae
   Order Santalales
   Family Olacaceae
   Family Opiliaceae
   Family Loranthaceae
   Family Medusandraceae
   Family Misodendraceae
   Family Eremolepidaceae
   Family Santalaceae
   Family Viscaceae
   Superorder Balanophoriflorae
   Order Balanophorales
   Family Cynomoriaceae
   Family Balanophoraceae
   Superorder Araliiflorae
   Order Pittosporales
   Family Pittosporaceae
   Family Tremandraceae
   Family Byblidaceae
   Order Araliales
   Family Araliaceae
   Family Apiaceae
   Superorder Asteriflorae
   Order Campanulales
   Family Pentaphragmataceae
   Family Campanulaceae
   Family Lobeliaceae
   Order Asterales
   Family Asteraceae
   Superorder Solaniflorae
   Order Solanales
   Family Solanaceae
   Family Sclerophylacaceae
   Family Goetzeaceae
   Family Convolvulaceae
   Family Cuscutaceae
   Family Cobaeaceae
   Family Polemoniaceae
   Order Boraginales
   Family Hydrophyllaceae
   Family Ehretiaceae
   Family Boraginaceae
   Family Lennoaceae
   Family Hoplestigmataceae
   Superorder Corniflorae
   Order Fouquieriales
   Family Fouquieriaceae
   Order Ericales
   Family Actinidiaceae
   Family Clethraceae
   Family Cyrillaceae
   Family Ericaceae
   Family Empetraceae
   Family Monotropaceae
   Family Pyrolaceae
   Family Epacridaceae
   Order Eucommiales
   Family Eucommiaceae
   Order Sarraceniales
   Family Sarraceniaceae
   Order Cornales
   Family Garryaceae
   Family Alangiaceae
   Family Nyssaceae
   Family Cornaceae
   Family Roridulaceae
   Family Davidiaceae
   Family Escalloniaceae
   Family Helwingiaceae
   Family Torricelliaceae
   Family Aucubaceae
   Family Aralidiaceae
   Family Diapensiaceae
   Family Phellinaceae
   Family Aquifoliaceae
   Family Paracryphiaceae
   Family Sphenostemonaceae
   Family Symplocaceae
   Family Icacinaceae
   Family Montiniaceae
   Family Columelliaceae
   Family Stylidiaceae (including Donatiaceae)
   Family Alseuosmiaceae
   Family Hydrangeaceae
   Family Sambucaceae
   Family Viburnaceae
   Family Menyanthaceae
   Family Adoxaceae
   Family Phyllonomaceae
   Family Tribelaceae
   Family Eremosynaceae
   Family Pterostemonaceae
   Family Tetracarpaeaceae
   Order Dipsacales
   Family Caprifoliaceae
   Family Valerianaceae
   Family Dipsacaceae
   Family Morinaceae
   Family Calyceraceae
   Superorder Loasiflorae
   Order Loasales
   Family Loasaceae
   Superorder Gentianiflorae
   Order Goodeniales
   Family Goodeniaceae
   Order Oleales
   Family Oleaceae
   Order Gentianales
   Family Desfontainiaceae
   Family Loganiaceae
   Family Dialypetalanthaceae
   Family Rubiaceae
   Family Theligonaceae
   Family Gentianaceae
   Family Saccifoliaceae
   Family Apocynaceae
   Family Asclepiadaceae
   Superorder Lamiiflorae
   Order Lamiales
   Family Retziaceae
   Family Stilbaceae
   Family Buddlejaceae
   Family Scrophulariaceae
   Family Myoporaceae
   Family Globulariaceae
   Family Plantaginaceae
   Family Lentibulariaceae
   Family Pedaliaceae
   Family Trapellaceae
   Family Martyniaceae
   Family Gesneriaceae
   Family Bignoniaceae
   Family Acanthaceae
   Family Verbenaceae
   Family Lamiaceae
   Family Callitrichaceae
   Order Hydrostachyales
   Family Hydrostachyaceae
   Order Hippuridales
   Family Hippuridaceae
  
  1982 system (monocotyledons)
  
  Summary 
  Six superorders
  Superorder Alismatiflorae
  Superorder Ariflorae
  Superorder Liliiflorae
  Superorder Zingiberiflorae
  Superorder Commeliniflorae
  Superorder Areciflorae
  
  Details 
   Superorder Alismatiflorae 5 orders
   Superorder Ariflorae 1 order
   Order Arales
   Superorder Liliiflorae 11 orders
   Order Dioscoreales
   Order Taccales
   Order Asparagales
   Family Smilacaceae
   Family Petermanniaceae
   Family Philesiaceae
   Family Convallariaceae
   Family Asparagaceae
   Family Herreriaceae
   Family Dracaenaceae
   Family Doryanthaceae
   Family Dasypogonaceae
   Family Phormiaceae
   Family Xanthorrhoeaceae
   Family Agavaceae
   Family Hypoxidaceae
   Family Asphodelaceae
   Family Aphyllanthaceae
   Family Dianellaceae
   Family Tecophilaeaceae
   Family Cyanastraceae
   Family Eriospermaceae
   Family Hemerocallidaceae
   Family Funkiaceae
   Family Hyacinthaceae
   Family Alliaceae
   Family Amaryllidaceae
   Order Liliales
   Family Iridaceae
   Family Geosiridaceae
   Family Colchicaceae
   Family Alstroemeriaceae
   Family Tricyrtidaceae
   Family Calochortaceae
   Family Liliaceae
   Family Melanthiaceae
   Order Burmanniales
   Order Orchidales
   Order Pontederiales
   Order Haemodorales
   Order Philydrales
   Order Velloziales
   Order Bromeliales
   Superorder Zingiberiflorae 1 order
   Order Zingiberales
   Superorder Commeliniflorae 8 orders
   Superorder Areciflorae 3 orders
  
  1985 system (monocotyledons)
  
  Summary 
  Ten superorders
  Superorder Liliiflorae
  Superorder Ariflorae
  Superorder Triuridiflorae
  Superorder Alismatiflorae
  Superorder Bromeliiflorae
  Superorder Zingiberiflorae
  Superorder Commeliniflorae
  Superorder Cyclanthiflorae
  Superorder Areciflorae
  Superorder Pandaniflorae
  
  Details
  
  Liliiflorae 
   Superorder Liliiflorae 6 orders p. 107
   Order Dioscoreales
   Family Trichopodaceae
   Family Dioscoreaceae
   Family Taccaceae
   Family Stemonaceae
   Family Trilliaceae
   Family Smilacaceae
   Family Petermanniaceae
   Order Asparagales
   Family Philesiaceae
   Family Luzuriagaceae
   Family Convallariaceae
   Family Asparagaceae
   Family Ruscaceae
   Family Herreriaceae
   Family Dracaenaceae
   Family Nolinaceae
   Family Asteliaceae
   Family Hanguanaceae
   Family Dasypogonaceae
   Family Calectasiaceae
   Family Blandfordiaceae
   Family Xanthorrhoeaceae
   Family Agavaceae
   Family Hypoxidaceae
   Family Tecophilaeaceae
   Family Cyanastraceae
   Family Eriospermaceae
   Family Ixioliriaceae
   Family Phormiaceae
   Family Doryanthaceae
   Family Hemerocallidaceae
   Family Asphodelaceae
   Family Anthericaceae
   Family Aphyllanthaceae
   Family Funkiaceae
   Family Hyacinthaceae
   Family Alliaceae
   Family Amaryllidaceae
   Tribe Amaryllideae
   Tribe Hippeastrae
   Tribe Lycoridae
   Tribe Stenomesseae
   Tribe Eucharideae
   Tribe Pancratieae
   Tribe Narcisseae
   Tribe Galantheae
   Order Melanthiales
   Family Melanthiaceae
   Family Campynemaceae
   Order Burmanniales
   Family Burmanniaceae
   Family Thismiaceae
   Family Corsiaceae
   Order Liliales
   Family Alstroemeriaceae
   Family Colchicaceae
   Family Uvulariaceae
   Family Calochortaceae
   Family Liliaceae
   Family Geosiridaceae
   Family Iridaceae
   Order Orchids
   Family Apostasiaceae
   Family Cypripediaceae
   Family Orchidaceae
  
  Ariflorae 
   Superorder Ariflorae 1 order p. 275
   Order Arales
   Family Araceae
   Family Lemnaceae
  
  Triuridiflorae 
   Superorder Triuridiflorae 1 order p. 287
   Order Triuridales
   Family Triuridaceae
  
  Alismatiflorae 
   Superorder Alismatiflorae 2 orders p. 292
   Order Alismatales
   Family Aponogetonaceae
   Family Butomaceae
   Family Limnocharitaceae
   Family Alismataceae
   Family Hydrocharitaceae
   Order Najadales
   Family Scheuchzeriaceae
   Family Juncaginaceae
   Family Potamogetonaceae
   Family Posidoniaceae
   Family Zosteraceae
   Family Zannichelliaceae
   Family Cymodoceaceae
   Family Najadaceae
  
  Bromeliiflorae 
   Superorder Bromeliflorae 6 orders p. 323
   Order Velloziales
   Family Velloziaceae
   Order Bromeliales
   Family Bromeliaceae
   Order Philydrales
   Family Philydraceae
   Order Haemodorales
   Family Haemodoraceae
   Order Pontederiales
   Family Pontederiaceae
   Order Typhales
   Family Sparganiaceae
   Family Typhaceae
  
  Zingiberiflorae 
   Superorder Zingiberiflorae 1 order p. 350
   Order Zingiberales
   Family Lowiaceae
   Family Musaceae
   Family Heliconiaceae
   Family Strelitziaceae
   Family Zingiberaceae
   Family Costaceae
   Family Cannaceae
   Family Marantaceae
  
  Commeliniflorae 
   Superorder Commeliniflorae 4 orders p. 374
   Order Commelinales
   Family Commelinaceae
   Family Mayacaceae
   Family Xyridaceae
   Family Rapateaceae
   Family Eriocaulaceae
   Order Hydatellales
   Family Hydatellaceae
   Order Cyperales
   Family Juncaceae
   Family Thurniaceae
   Family Cyperaceae
   Order Poales
   Family Flagellariaceae
   Family Joinvilleaceae
   Family Poaceae
   Family Ecdeiocolaceae
   Family Anarthriaceae
   Family Restionaceae
   Family Centrolepidaceae
  
  Cyclanthiflorae 
   Superorder Cyclanthiflorae 1 order p. 461
   Order Cyclanthales
   Family Cyclanthaceae
  
  Areciflorae 
   Superorder Areciflorae 1 order p. 467
   Order Arecales
   Family Arecaceae
  
  Pandaniflorae 
   Superorder Pandaniflorae  1 order p. 480
   Order Pandanales
   Family Pandanaceae
  
  Notes
  
  References
  
  Bibliography 
  
   
   
   , in 
   
   
   
     Additional excerpts
  
  system, Dahlgren