title: Anglophone pronunciation of foreign languages
text: The following is a list of common non-native pronunciations that English speakers make when trying to speak foreign languages. Many of these are due to transfer of phonological rules from English to the new language as well as differences in grammar and syntax that they encounter.
  
  This article uses International Phonetic Alphabet pronunciation. See Help:IPA pronunciation key and IPA chart for English for an introduction.
  
  Esperanto 
  
  English speakers tend to assimilate  to  before  or , as well  to  before  or , neither of which occurs in "strictly regular" Esperanto. However, since Zamenhof himself recognized this type of assimilation, there is debate over whether this is actually an error.
  Speakers tend to pronounce Esperanto  as , the vowel of pay. 
  Speakers tend to reduce unstressed vowels.
  Speakers tend to pronounce  as  or otherwise have a hard time pronouncing it.  This sort of difficulty is behind the gradual shift from  to  (see Esperanto phonology#Loss of phonemic ĥ).
  Speakers tend to pronounce the rhotic consonant as , rather than an alveolar trill.  Speakers of non-rhotic accents tend to mute the r when at end of a word or before a consonant.
  Other pronunciation difficulties are related to spelling pronunciations of digraphs. The digraph  represents , though speakers may substitute  or . The digraph  represents , though speakers may mute the . The  in the digraph  is always pronounced.
  
  German 
  
   One of the most difficult is German  as it is further forward in the mouth than in varieties of Standard English so that speakers may pronounce German geht as if it were English gate.
   Similarly, speakers may pronounce German  with the vowel of goat so that ohne is pronounced .
   Speakers tend to have difficulty with the front rounded vowels, , , , and  (written  and ).
   Speakers have some difficulty with German , which may be pronounced as  or . Equally,  may be pronounced as , though this is less problematic since the same realisation is also used by some native speakers.
   Speakers have difficulty with the two sounds represented by  ( and ) in German, particularly the latter. Often both are replaced with ; replacement of  with  is also common.
   Speakers may have trouble pronouncing German  as a clear l in positions where it is a dark l in English (that is, in the syllable coda).
  
  Mandarin Chinese 
  
  English speakers have difficulty with the 4 lexical tones of Mandarin Chinese.
  
  Russian 
  
   Some speakers have difficulty with the trilled  in Russian, especially the palatalized  since neither are sounds of English.
   Non-rhotic speakers, even after learning the rolled-r, are prone to omit  in such Russian words as удар  ('blow') and горка  ('hillock').
   Depending on the speaker's dialect, they may have difficulty with "dark l"  (that is, velarized , which in Russian contrasts with a palatalized ) in positions other than in the syllable coda.
   Difficulty with Russian vowels:
   Most English speakers have no  (although it is an allophone in some dialects, see weak vowel merger) and speakers generally have difficulty producing the sound. They may instead produce .
   Speakers may replace  with the diphthong in day.  e.g.  instead of  дело ('affair').
   Speakers are likely to diphthongize , making сижу   ('I sit') sound more like .  Some speakers may also universally front it to .
   Speakers may also diphthongize  in a similar fashion, especially in open syllables.
   Speakers may have difficulty with Russian , pronouncing it as either  or .
   It is likely that speakers will make the second element of Russian diphthongs insufficiently close, making them resemble English diphthongs (e.g.,  instead of ) or pronounce it too long.
   Speakers may pronounce  as  in closed syllables так ('so') and  in open syllables два ('two').
   Speakers may also have difficulty with the Russian vowel reduction system as well as other allophonic vowels.
   Tendency to reverse the distribution of  and . English speakers tend to pronounce  in the pretonic position, right where  is required in Russian, while they pronounce  in pre-pretonic positions, where  occurs. Thus, speakers may say  голова ('head') as  instead of  and сторона ('side') as  instead of .
   There are no cues to indicate correct stress in Russian. Speakers must memorize where primary and secondary stress resides in each word and are likely to make mistakes.
   Speakers tend to fail to geminate double consonants.
  
  Serbo-Croatian 
  
   Speakers may have a difficulty with Serbo-Croatian pitch accent and vowel length. This rarely leads to loss of intelligibility as long as the word stress is correct.
   Speakers may transfer vowel length from English, producing longer vowels before voiced consonants (such as  or ) and shorter vowels before the voiceless ones (such as  or ) - see pre-fortis clipping. In Serbo-Croatian, vowels can be long or short in any environment; in fact, there are minimal pairs based only on length: compare grad  ('city') with grad  ('hail').
   If speakers learn to produce correct vowel length, they may diphthongize long  to  instead of the correct .
   Speakers may incorrectly reduce unstressed vowels to , yielding pronunciations such as  instead of  for lepota ('beauty'). In Serbo-Croatian, vowels do not change their quality in unstressed positions.
   Voiced consonants () can be only partially  rather than fully voiced .
   Similarly,  (which phonologically is an approximant and therefore not the voiced counterpart of ) can also be realized as a partially voiced fricative  instead of a fully voiced weak fricative .
   Speakers may incorrectly realize the voiceless stops  as aspirated .
   Speakers may realize  as alveolar  rather than dental .
   Speakers may incorrectly transfer allophones of English  to Serbo-Croatian, yielding pronunciations such as  instead of  for čuti ('to hear') or  instead of  for njutn ('newton'), all of which sound strange to native ears and might not even be understood as belonging to the  phoneme, potentially leading to a serious loss of intelligibility.
   Speakers may have a difficulty distinguishing  from . This does not lead to loss of intelligibility as many natives merge them as well.
   Speakers who try to distinguish  from  may realize the former with inappropriate palatalization, i.e. as palato-alveolar  instead of flat postalveolar (laminal retroflex) .
   The same applies to , which can be realized as  instead of .
   Speakers may realize  as glottal , rather than a weak velar fricative .
   The palatal sounds  may be realized as sequences .
   Instead of a trill ,  can be realized as a postalveolar approximant .
    preceded within the same word by a vowel (as in gaj  ('grove')) can be articulated with an insufficiently raised tongue ( instead of  or ).
  
  Spanish 
  
   Substitution of  for .
   "R-coloration" of vowels, especially at the end of infinitives.
  
  See also 
   Accent reduction
   Non-native pronunciations of English
  
  References
  
  Bibliography 
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
  
  Phonology
  Language acquisition
  Language comparison
  Linguistic error