def 			lowercase_				(			_lowerCamelCase							:       dict):
    lowercase__ :   Optional[Any]    					=				set()
    # edges = list of graph's edges
    lowercase__ :   Tuple    					=				get_edges(_lowerCamelCase)

    # While there are still elements in edges list, take an arbitrary edge
    # (from_node, to_node) and add his extremity to chosen_vertices and then
    # remove all arcs adjacent to the from_node and to_node
    while edges:
        lowercase__					,   lowercase__ :   str    					=				edges.pop()
        chosen_vertices.add(_lowerCamelCase)
        chosen_vertices.add(_lowerCamelCase)
        for edge in edges.copy():
            if from_node in edge or to_node in edge:
                edges.discard(_lowerCamelCase)
    return chosen_vertices

def 			lowercase_				(			_lowerCamelCase							:       dict):
    lowercase__ :   Tuple    					=				set()
    for from_node, to_nodes in graph.items():
        for to_node in to_nodes:
            edges.add((from_node, to_node))
    return edges


if __name__ == "__main__":
      import doctest

      doctest.testmod()

      # graph = {0: [1, 3], 1: [0, 3], 2: [0, 3, 4], 3: [0, 1, 2], 4: [2, 3]}
      # print(f"Matching vertex cover:\n{matching_min_vertex_cover(graph)}")










import numpy

# List of input, output pairs
UpperCAmelCase	:	str		     =       (
    ((5, 2, 3), 15),
    ((6, 5, 9), 25),
    ((11, 12, 13), 41),
    ((1, 1, 1), 8),
    ((11, 12, 13), 41),
)
UpperCAmelCase	:	Optional[int]		     =       (((515, 22, 13), 555), ((61, 35, 49), 150))
UpperCAmelCase	:	str		     =       [2, 4, 1, 5]
UpperCAmelCase	:	List[str]		     =       len(train_data)
UpperCAmelCase	:	Dict		     =       0.0_0_9
def      _A       (		SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE     :   Tuple       ,       SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE     :   Tuple="train"						):





  """simple docstring"""



  return calculate_hypothesis_value(SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE       ,       SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE						) - output(
      SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE       ,       SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE						)
def      _A       (		SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE     :   Tuple						):





  """simple docstring"""



  a__	:					Tuple										=0
  for i in range(len(SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE						) - 1						):
    hyp_val += data_input_tuple[i] * parameter_vector[i + 1]
  hyp_val += parameter_vector[0]
  return hyp_val
def      _A       (		SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE     :   Dict       ,       SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE     :   Dict						):





  """simple docstring"""



  if data_set == "train":
    return train_data[example_no][1]
  elif data_set == "test":
    return test_data[example_no][1]
  return None
def      _A       (		SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE     :   Optional[Any]       ,       SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE     :   Tuple						):





  """simple docstring"""



  if data_set == "train":
    return _hypothesis_value(train_data[example_no][0]						)
  elif data_set == "test":
    return _hypothesis_value(test_data[example_no][0]						)
  return None
def      _A       (		SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE     :   Union[str, Any]       ,       SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE     :   int=m						):





  """simple docstring"""



  a__	:					Any										=0
  for i in range(SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE						):
    if index == -1:
      summation_value += _error(SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE						)
    else:
      summation_value += _error(SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE						) * train_data[i][0][index]
  return summation_value
def      _A       (		SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE     :   int						):





  """simple docstring"""



  a__	:					Any										=summation_of_cost_derivative(SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE       ,       SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE						) / m
  return cost_derivative_value
def      _A       (		):





  """simple docstring"""



  global parameter_vector
  # Tune these values to set a tolerance value for predicted output
  a__	:					Dict										=0.0_0_0_0_0_2
  a__	:					Union[str, Any]										=0
  a__	:					Any										=0
  while True:
    j += 1
    a__	:					Any										=[0, 0, 0, 0]
    for i in range(0       ,       len(SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE						)						):
      a__	:					Tuple										=get_cost_derivative(i - 1						)
      a__	:					List[Any]										=(
          parameter_vector[i] - LEARNING_RATE * cost_derivative
      )
    if numpy.allclose(
        SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE       ,       SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE       ,       atol=SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE       ,       rtol=SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE       ,       ):
      break
    a__	:					Optional[Any]										=temp_parameter_vector
  print(("Number of iterations:", j)						)
def      _A       (		):





  """simple docstring"""



  for i in range(len(SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE						)						):
    print(("Actual output value:", output(SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE       ,       "test"						))						)
    print(("Hypothesis output:", calculate_hypothesis_value(SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE       ,       "test"						))						)


if __name__ == "__main__":
     run_gradient_descent()
     print("""\nTesting gradient descent for a linear hypothesis function.\n""")
     test_gradient_descent()






