


def        _lowerCamelCase(	lowercase__	)						->	int:

		'''simple docstring'''







		if collection == []:
				return []

		# get some information about the collection
		__lowercase=			len(lowercase__	)
		__lowercase=			max(lowercase__	)
		__lowercase=			min(lowercase__	)

		# create the counting array
		__lowercase=			coll_max + 1 - coll_min
		__lowercase=			[0] * counting_arr_length

		# count how much a number appears in the collection
		for number in collection:
				counting_arr[number - coll_min] += 1

		# sum each position with it's predecessors. now, counting_arr[i] tells
		# us how many elements <= i has in the collection
		for i in range(1   , lowercase__	):
				__lowercase=			counting_arr[i] + counting_arr[i - 1]

		# create the output collection
		__lowercase=			[0] * coll_len

		# place the elements in the output, respecting the original order (stable
		# sort) from end to begin, updating counting_arr
		for i in reversed(range(0   , lowercase__	)	):
				__lowercase=			collection[i]
				counting_arr[collection[i] - coll_min] -= 1

		return ordered







def        _lowerCamelCase(	lowercase__	)						->	List[str]:

		'''simple docstring'''







		return "".join([chr(lowercase__	) for i in counting_sort([ord(lowercase__	) for c in string]	)]	)


if __name__ == "__main__":
	# Test string sort
	assert counting_sort_string('''thisisthestring''') == "eghhiiinrsssttt"

	lowerCAmelCase           =		input('''Enter numbers separated by a comma:\n''').strip()
	lowerCAmelCase           =		[int(item) for item in user_input.split(''',''')]
	print(counting_sort(unsorted))










import inspect
import unittest

import torch
import torch.nn as nn

from accelerate.hooks import (
    AlignDevicesHook,
    ModelHook,
    SequentialHook,
    add_hook_to_module,
    attach_align_device_hook,
    remove_hook_from_module,
    remove_hook_from_submodules,
)
from accelerate.test_utils import require_multi_gpu





class       A    (   nn.Module ):


							def __init__(self					):
									super().__init__()
									__lowercase=			nn.Linear(3      ,				4					)
									__lowercase=			nn.BatchNormad(4					)
									__lowercase=			nn.Linear(4      ,				5					)







							def 			_A       (self      ,				lowerCAmelCase					):
									return self.lineara(self.batchnorm(self.lineara(lowerCAmelCase					)					)					)





class       A    (   A_ ):


							def 			_A       (self      ,				lowerCAmelCase      ,				*lowerCAmelCase      ,				**lowerCAmelCase					):
									return (args[0] + 1,) + args[1:], kwargs





class       A    (   A_ ):


							def 			_A       (self      ,				lowerCAmelCase      ,				lowerCAmelCase					):
									return output + 1





class       A    (   unittest.TestCase ):


							def 			_A       (self					):
									__lowercase=			ModelForTest()
									__lowercase=			ModelHook()

									add_hook_to_module(lowerCAmelCase      ,				lowerCAmelCase					)
									self.assertEqual(test_model._hf_hook      ,				lowerCAmelCase					)
									self.assertTrue(hasattr(lowerCAmelCase      ,				'_old_forward'					)					)

									# Check adding the hook did not change the name or the signature
									self.assertEqual(test_model.forward.__name__      ,				'forward'					)
									self.assertListEqual(list(inspect.signature(test_model.forward					).parameters					)      ,				['x']					)

									remove_hook_from_module(lowerCAmelCase					)
									self.assertFalse(hasattr(lowerCAmelCase      ,				'_hf_hook'					)					)
									self.assertFalse(hasattr(lowerCAmelCase      ,				'_old_forward'					)					)


							def 			_A       (self					):
									__lowercase=			ModelForTest()
									__lowercase=			ModelHook()

									add_hook_to_module(lowerCAmelCase      ,				lowerCAmelCase					)
									add_hook_to_module(lowerCAmelCase      ,				lowerCAmelCase      ,				append=lowerCAmelCase					)

									self.assertEqual(isinstance(test_model._hf_hook      ,				lowerCAmelCase					)      ,				lowerCAmelCase					)
									self.assertEqual(len(test_model._hf_hook.hooks					)      ,				2					)
									self.assertTrue(hasattr(lowerCAmelCase      ,				'_old_forward'					)					)

									# Check adding the hook did not change the name or the signature
									self.assertEqual(test_model.forward.__name__      ,				'forward'					)
									self.assertListEqual(list(inspect.signature(test_model.forward					).parameters					)      ,				['x']					)

									remove_hook_from_module(lowerCAmelCase					)
									self.assertFalse(hasattr(lowerCAmelCase      ,				'_hf_hook'					)					)
									self.assertFalse(hasattr(lowerCAmelCase      ,				'_old_forward'					)					)


							def 			_A       (self					):
									__lowercase=			ModelForTest()
									__lowercase=			torch.randn(2      ,				3					)
									__lowercase=			test_model(x + 1					)
									__lowercase=			test_model(x + 2					)

									__lowercase=			PreForwardHook()
									add_hook_to_module(lowerCAmelCase      ,				lowerCAmelCase					)
									__lowercase=			test_model(lowerCAmelCase					)
									self.assertTrue(torch.allclose(lowerCAmelCase      ,				lowerCAmelCase      ,				atol=1E-5					)					)

									# Attaching a hook to a model when it already has one replaces, does not chain
									__lowercase=			PreForwardHook()
									add_hook_to_module(lowerCAmelCase      ,				lowerCAmelCase					)
									__lowercase=			test_model(lowerCAmelCase					)
									self.assertTrue(torch.allclose(lowerCAmelCase      ,				lowerCAmelCase      ,				atol=1E-5					)					)

									# You need to use the sequential hook to chain two or more hooks
									__lowercase=			SequentialHook(PreForwardHook()      ,				PreForwardHook()					)
									add_hook_to_module(lowerCAmelCase      ,				lowerCAmelCase					)

									__lowercase=			test_model(lowerCAmelCase					)
									assert torch.allclose(lowerCAmelCase      ,				lowerCAmelCase      ,				atol=1E-5					)


							def 			_A       (self					):
									__lowercase=			ModelForTest()
									__lowercase=			torch.randn(2      ,				3					)
									__lowercase=			test_model(lowerCAmelCase					)

									__lowercase=			PostForwardHook()
									add_hook_to_module(lowerCAmelCase      ,				lowerCAmelCase					)
									__lowercase=			test_model(lowerCAmelCase					)
									self.assertTrue(torch.allclose(lowerCAmelCase      ,				output + 1      ,				atol=1E-5					)					)

									# Attaching a hook to a model when it already has one replaces, does not chain
									__lowercase=			PostForwardHook()
									add_hook_to_module(lowerCAmelCase      ,				lowerCAmelCase					)
									__lowercase=			test_model(lowerCAmelCase					)
									self.assertTrue(torch.allclose(lowerCAmelCase      ,				output + 1      ,				atol=1E-5					)					)

									# You need to use the sequential hook to chain two or more hooks
									__lowercase=			SequentialHook(PostForwardHook()      ,				PostForwardHook()					)
									add_hook_to_module(lowerCAmelCase      ,				lowerCAmelCase					)

									__lowercase=			test_model(lowerCAmelCase					)
									assert torch.allclose(lowerCAmelCase      ,				output + 2      ,				atol=1E-5					)


							def 			_A       (self					):
									__lowercase=			ModelForTest()
									__lowercase=			torch.randn(2      ,				3					)
									__lowercase=			test_model(lowerCAmelCase					)

									__lowercase=			PostForwardHook()
									add_hook_to_module(lowerCAmelCase      ,				lowerCAmelCase					)
									__lowercase=			test_model(lowerCAmelCase					)
									self.assertTrue(torch.allclose(lowerCAmelCase      ,				output + 1					)					)
									self.assertTrue(outputa.requires_grad					)

									__lowercase=			True
									__lowercase=			test_model(lowerCAmelCase					)
									self.assertFalse(outputa.requires_grad					)


							@require_multi_gpu
							def 			_A       (self					):
									__lowercase=			ModelForTest()
									# Everything is on CPU
									self.assertEqual(model.lineara.weight.device      ,				torch.device('cpu'					)					)
									self.assertEqual(model.batchnorm.weight.device      ,				torch.device('cpu'					)					)
									self.assertEqual(model.lineara.weight.device      ,				torch.device('cpu'					)					)

									# This will move each submodule on different devices
									add_hook_to_module(model.lineara      ,				AlignDevicesHook(execution_device=0					)					)
									add_hook_to_module(model.batchnorm      ,				AlignDevicesHook(execution_device=0					)					)
									add_hook_to_module(model.lineara      ,				AlignDevicesHook(execution_device=1					)					)

									self.assertEqual(model.lineara.weight.device      ,				torch.device(0					)					)
									self.assertEqual(model.batchnorm.weight.device      ,				torch.device(0					)					)
									self.assertEqual(model.batchnorm.running_mean.device      ,				torch.device(0					)					)
									self.assertEqual(model.lineara.weight.device      ,				torch.device(1					)					)

									# We can still make a forward pass. The input does not need to be on any particular device
									__lowercase=			torch.randn(2      ,				3					)
									__lowercase=			model(lowerCAmelCase					)
									self.assertEqual(output.device      ,				torch.device(1					)					)

									# We can add a general hook to put back output on same device as input.
									add_hook_to_module(lowerCAmelCase      ,				AlignDevicesHook(io_same_device=lowerCAmelCase					)					)
									__lowercase=			torch.randn(2      ,				3					).to(0					)
									__lowercase=			model(lowerCAmelCase					)
									self.assertEqual(output.device      ,				torch.device(0					)					)


							def 			_A       (self					):
									__lowercase=			ModelForTest()

									# Everything is on CPU
									self.assertEqual(model.lineara.weight.device      ,				torch.device('cpu'					)					)
									self.assertEqual(model.batchnorm.weight.device      ,				torch.device('cpu'					)					)
									self.assertEqual(model.lineara.weight.device      ,				torch.device('cpu'					)					)

									# This will move each submodule on different devices
									__lowercase=			{'execution_device': 0 if torch.cuda.is_available() else 'cpu', 'offload': True}

									add_hook_to_module(model.lineara      ,				AlignDevicesHook(**lowerCAmelCase					)					)
									add_hook_to_module(model.batchnorm      ,				AlignDevicesHook(**lowerCAmelCase					)					)
									add_hook_to_module(model.lineara      ,				AlignDevicesHook(**lowerCAmelCase					)					)

									# Parameters have been offloaded, so on the meta device
									self.assertEqual(model.lineara.weight.device      ,				torch.device('meta'					)					)
									self.assertEqual(model.batchnorm.weight.device      ,				torch.device('meta'					)					)
									self.assertEqual(model.lineara.weight.device      ,				torch.device('meta'					)					)
									# Buffers are not included in the offload by default, so are on the execution device
									__lowercase=			torch.device(hook_kwargs['execution_device']					)
									self.assertEqual(model.batchnorm.running_mean.device      ,				lowerCAmelCase					)

									__lowercase=			torch.randn(2      ,				3					)
									__lowercase=			model(lowerCAmelCase					)
									self.assertEqual(output.device      ,				lowerCAmelCase					)

									# Removing hooks loads back the weights in the model.
									remove_hook_from_module(model.lineara					)
									remove_hook_from_module(model.batchnorm					)
									remove_hook_from_module(model.lineara					)
									self.assertEqual(model.lineara.weight.device      ,				torch.device('cpu'					)					)
									self.assertEqual(model.batchnorm.weight.device      ,				torch.device('cpu'					)					)
									self.assertEqual(model.lineara.weight.device      ,				torch.device('cpu'					)					)

									# Now test with buffers included in the offload
									__lowercase=			{
									    'execution_device': 0 if torch.cuda.is_available() else 'cpu',
									    'offload': True,
									    'offload_buffers': True,
									}

									add_hook_to_module(model.lineara      ,				AlignDevicesHook(**lowerCAmelCase					)					)
									add_hook_to_module(model.batchnorm      ,				AlignDevicesHook(**lowerCAmelCase					)					)
									add_hook_to_module(model.lineara      ,				AlignDevicesHook(**lowerCAmelCase					)					)

									# Parameters have been offloaded, so on the meta device, buffers included
									self.assertEqual(model.lineara.weight.device      ,				torch.device('meta'					)					)
									self.assertEqual(model.batchnorm.weight.device      ,				torch.device('meta'					)					)
									self.assertEqual(model.lineara.weight.device      ,				torch.device('meta'					)					)
									self.assertEqual(model.batchnorm.running_mean.device      ,				torch.device('meta'					)					)

									__lowercase=			torch.randn(2      ,				3					)
									__lowercase=			model(lowerCAmelCase					)
									self.assertEqual(output.device      ,				lowerCAmelCase					)

									# Removing hooks loads back the weights in the model.
									remove_hook_from_module(model.lineara					)
									remove_hook_from_module(model.batchnorm					)
									remove_hook_from_module(model.lineara					)
									self.assertEqual(model.lineara.weight.device      ,				torch.device('cpu'					)					)
									self.assertEqual(model.batchnorm.weight.device      ,				torch.device('cpu'					)					)
									self.assertEqual(model.lineara.weight.device      ,				torch.device('cpu'					)					)


							def 			_A       (self					):
									__lowercase=			ModelForTest()

									# Everything is on CPU
									self.assertEqual(model.lineara.weight.device      ,				torch.device('cpu'					)					)
									self.assertEqual(model.batchnorm.weight.device      ,				torch.device('cpu'					)					)
									self.assertEqual(model.lineara.weight.device      ,				torch.device('cpu'					)					)

									# This will move each submodule on different devices
									__lowercase=			0 if torch.cuda.is_available() else 'cpu'
									attach_align_device_hook(lowerCAmelCase      ,				execution_device=lowerCAmelCase      ,				offload=lowerCAmelCase					)

									# Parameters have been offloaded, so on the meta device
									self.assertEqual(model.lineara.weight.device      ,				torch.device('meta'					)					)
									self.assertEqual(model.batchnorm.weight.device      ,				torch.device('meta'					)					)
									self.assertEqual(model.lineara.weight.device      ,				torch.device('meta'					)					)
									# Buffers are not included in the offload by default, so are on the execution device
									__lowercase=			torch.device(lowerCAmelCase					)
									self.assertEqual(model.batchnorm.running_mean.device      ,				lowerCAmelCase					)

									__lowercase=			torch.randn(2      ,				3					)
									__lowercase=			model(lowerCAmelCase					)
									self.assertEqual(output.device      ,				lowerCAmelCase					)

									# Removing hooks loads back the weights in the model.
									remove_hook_from_submodules(lowerCAmelCase					)
									self.assertEqual(model.lineara.weight.device      ,				torch.device('cpu'					)					)
									self.assertEqual(model.batchnorm.weight.device      ,				torch.device('cpu'					)					)
									self.assertEqual(model.lineara.weight.device      ,				torch.device('cpu'					)					)

									# Now test with buffers included in the offload
									attach_align_device_hook(lowerCAmelCase      ,				execution_device=lowerCAmelCase      ,				offload=lowerCAmelCase      ,				offload_buffers=lowerCAmelCase					)

									# Parameters have been offloaded, so on the meta device, buffers included
									self.assertEqual(model.lineara.weight.device      ,				torch.device('meta'					)					)
									self.assertEqual(model.batchnorm.weight.device      ,				torch.device('meta'					)					)
									self.assertEqual(model.lineara.weight.device      ,				torch.device('meta'					)					)
									self.assertEqual(model.batchnorm.running_mean.device      ,				torch.device('meta'					)					)

									__lowercase=			torch.randn(2      ,				3					)
									__lowercase=			model(lowerCAmelCase					)
									self.assertEqual(output.device      ,				lowerCAmelCase					)

									# Removing hooks loads back the weights in the model.
									remove_hook_from_submodules(lowerCAmelCase					)
									self.assertEqual(model.lineara.weight.device      ,				torch.device('cpu'					)					)
									self.assertEqual(model.batchnorm.weight.device      ,				torch.device('cpu'					)					)
									self.assertEqual(model.lineara.weight.device      ,				torch.device('cpu'					)					)







							def 			_A       (self					):
									__lowercase=			ModelForTest()

									# Everything is on CPU
									self.assertEqual(model.lineara.weight.device      ,				torch.device('cpu'					)					)
									self.assertEqual(model.batchnorm.weight.device      ,				torch.device('cpu'					)					)
									self.assertEqual(model.lineara.weight.device      ,				torch.device('cpu'					)					)

									# This will move each submodule on different devices
									__lowercase=			0 if torch.cuda.is_available() else 'cpu'
									attach_align_device_hook(
									    lowerCAmelCase      ,				execution_device=lowerCAmelCase      ,				offload=lowerCAmelCase      ,				weights_map=model.state_dict()					)

									# Parameters have been offloaded, so on the meta device
									self.assertEqual(model.lineara.weight.device      ,				torch.device('meta'					)					)
									self.assertEqual(model.batchnorm.weight.device      ,				torch.device('meta'					)					)
									self.assertEqual(model.lineara.weight.device      ,				torch.device('meta'					)					)
									# Buffers are not included in the offload by default, so are on the execution device
									__lowercase=			torch.device(lowerCAmelCase					)
									self.assertEqual(model.batchnorm.running_mean.device      ,				lowerCAmelCase					)

									__lowercase=			torch.randn(2      ,				3					)
									__lowercase=			model(lowerCAmelCase					)
									self.assertEqual(output.device      ,				lowerCAmelCase					)

									# Removing hooks loads back the weights in the model.
									remove_hook_from_submodules(lowerCAmelCase					)
									self.assertEqual(model.lineara.weight.device      ,				torch.device('cpu'					)					)
									self.assertEqual(model.batchnorm.weight.device      ,				torch.device('cpu'					)					)
									self.assertEqual(model.lineara.weight.device      ,				torch.device('cpu'					)					)

									# Now test with buffers included in the offload
									attach_align_device_hook(
									    lowerCAmelCase      ,				execution_device=lowerCAmelCase      ,				offload=lowerCAmelCase      ,				weights_map=model.state_dict()      ,				offload_buffers=lowerCAmelCase      ,				)

									# Parameters have been offloaded, so on the meta device, buffers included
									self.assertEqual(model.lineara.weight.device      ,				torch.device('meta'					)					)
									self.assertEqual(model.batchnorm.weight.device      ,				torch.device('meta'					)					)
									self.assertEqual(model.lineara.weight.device      ,				torch.device('meta'					)					)
									self.assertEqual(model.batchnorm.running_mean.device      ,				torch.device('meta'					)					)

									__lowercase=			torch.randn(2      ,				3					)
									__lowercase=			model(lowerCAmelCase					)
									self.assertEqual(output.device      ,				lowerCAmelCase					)

									# Removing hooks loads back the weights in the model.
									remove_hook_from_submodules(lowerCAmelCase					)
									self.assertEqual(model.lineara.weight.device      ,				torch.device('cpu'					)					)
									self.assertEqual(model.batchnorm.weight.device      ,				torch.device('cpu'					)					)
									self.assertEqual(model.lineara.weight.device      ,				torch.device('cpu'					)					)






