who did the us borrow money from in the revolutionary war
John Logan (pioneer)


the state using a combination of currencies from the Netherlands, France, Austria, Prussia, Portugal, Italy, and elsewhere. The situation was complicated when the federal government refused to redeem the paper money issued by the states of Virginia, Pennsylvania, and North Carolina to finance the Revolutionary War, rendering these notes worthless. In the early days of the Commonwealth, tobacco, animal pelts, and land warrants were more useful as currency than paper notes. At times, Logan had to personally borrow money to cover the state's
19128892
Anglo-American loan


loaned an additional US$1.19 billion. The British economy in 1947 was hurt by a provision that called for convertibility into dollars of the wartime sterling balances the British had Borrowed from India and others, but by 1948 Marshall Plan money was flowing that did not have to be repaid. The entire loan was paid off in 2006, after it was extended six years. At the start of the war, Britain had spent the money that they did have in normal payments for materiel under the "US cash-and-carry"
5064526
Eppa Hunton


. His mother's father, William Brent, was a lawyer who had fought in the American Revolutionary War, and had moved his family from the port of Dumfries in Prince William County to Bealeton in Fauquier County for safekeeping during that war. The Prince William county seat, Brentsville (near the county's center), was named for that family. This Eppa Hunton was educated at the private New Baltimore Academy by Rev. John Ogilvie, although family circumstances forced him to borrow money to finish his final year in 1839. After
17470482
War bond


result if a bond drive did poorly. Rather, the regime financed its war efforts by borrowing directly from financial institutions, using short-term war bonds as collateral. German bankers, with no demonstration of resistance, agreed to taking state bonds into their portfolios. Financial institutions transferred their money to the Finance Department in exchange for promissory notes. Through this strategy, 40 million bank and investment accounts were quietly converted into war bonds, providing the Reich government with a continuous supply of money. Likewise, German bank commissioners compelled occupied
15592834
Continental Congress


sign treaties, and settle disputes between the states. It could also borrow or print money, but did not have the power to tax. It helped guide the United States through the final stages of the Revolutionary War, but steeply declined in authority afterward. During peacetime, there were two important, long-lasting acts of the Confederation Congress: Under the Articles of Confederation, the Confederation Congress had little power to compel the individual states to comply with any of its decisions. More and more prospective delegates elected to the Confederation
17530483
Money's Too Tight (to Mention)


the American economy. The lyrics include the lines "the old man that's over the hill", and "did the earth move for you, Nancy?" He wants to borrow money, first from his brother who responds,"Brother I'd like to help you but I'm unable to", then to his "Father, Father, almighty Father" who then responds "Money's too tight to mention". A pastiche of the song was recorded and used as the theme song for the Australian investment television program "
4286751
CIBC Mortgages plc v Pitt


nor did anyone suggest that she should do so. She did not know the amount that was being borrowed. Mr Pitt applied the borrowed moneys to buy shares, apparently in his own name. On 9 October 1986 Mr Pitt charged any securities he had then deposited or thereafter deposited in favour of the Union Bank of Switzerland. It appears that he never liquidated any part of his holding and that he was charging securities he had bought with the moneys borrowed from the plaintiff in order to borrow more moneys to buy more shares.
13993907
Economic history of Brazil


of protection against the interference of the US and from European nations. Brazil's first ambassador to the United States, Joaquim Nabuco, 1905–10, was a partisan of the Monroe Doctrine. Brazil borrowed money from many nations but it was not until after World War One that it actually borrowed substantial amounts from the US. With the outbreak of the First World War, Brazil continued to share the most significant trade with America with a trade that was valued at $154 million. The impact of coffee on the Brazilian economy was much
4470054
Pushing on a string


amount originally created by the central bank. Money is in essence "pulled" from central banks to commercial banks, and then to borrowers. This is the crux of the "pushing on a string" metaphor – that money cannot be "pushed" from the central bank to borrowers if they do not wish to borrow. Alternatively, the process can be seen as borrowers demanding credit from commercial banks, who then borrow base money to provide reserves to back the new bank money: demand for credit "pulls" base
4200984
Benjamin Cudworth Yancey Jr.


He participated in the Virginia campaign, but was subsequently transferred, as colonel, to Georgia in command of state troops. For twenty years he owned a slave who eventually went by the name of Robert Webster, the son of Daniel Webster. He allowed Robert Webster to work in Atlanta during the Civil War, where Webster did quite well financially. After the war, Yancey lost his property and borrowed money from his former slave. In 1867 he was president of the Alabama State Agricultural society, and he served as a trustee
4138561
Everybody Hurts (The Sopranos)


French hostess at Nuovo Vesuvio, Élodie Colbert, and his relationship with Charmaine becomes even more strained. Élodie's brother, Jean-Philippe, asks to borrow $50,000 to buy distribution rights for Armagnac. Artie is sucked in by the deal and tries to borrow money from Ralphie, who refuses because he would not be able to hurt Artie if he did not pay Ralphie back. Later, Tony offers the money himself to Artie and insists that he accept it. As he is leaving Artie's house, Tony takes a
21809607
Pampha Bhusal


like Golda Meir from Israel, Simiravo Bandaranaike from Sri Lanka and Indira Gandhi from India. The social context of those days in the village had made me a revolutionary, a feminist. However, I became very happy when my mother finally gave birth to a boy, my brother. It used to hurt me to see my parents being humiliated by the villagers for not being able to give birth to a boy.” Financially, her family was relatively better off in the village. People used to come to borrow money from
3860312
Returns (economics)


to another, is called the interest (f)or the use of money (or stock). It is the compensation which the borrower pays to the lender, for the profit which he has an opportunity of making by the use of the money (or stock). Part of that profit naturally belongs to the borrower, who runs the risk and takes the trouble of employing it; and part to the lender, who affords him the opportunity of making this profit. The interest of money is always a derivative revenue, which
16975143
Money market


money market consists of financial institutions and dealers in money or credit who wish to either borrow or lend. Participants borrow and lend for short periods, typically up to twelve months. Money market trades in short-term financial instruments commonly called "paper". This contrasts with the capital market for longer-term funding, which is supplied by bonds and equity. The core of the money market consists of interbank lending—banks borrowing and lending to each other using commercial paper, repurchase agreements and similar instruments. These instruments are
9303444
Hundred Years' War (1337–1360)


would be lent to Edward. To pay the fees promised to his allies, Edward was also forced to borrow heavily from the great banking houses of Bardi and Peruzzi. Late in 1338, when he had exhausted the funds from the banking houses, William de la Pole, a wealthy merchant, came to the kings rescue by advancing him £110,000. Much of the money that William de la Pole lent the king was raised from other English merchants. Edward also borrowed money from merchants in the Low Countries, who charged extortionate
14804049
Comprehensive Smoking Education Act


above, in 1776 during the American Revolutionary War, tobacco helped finance the revolution by serving as collateral for loans that the Americans borrowed from France. The beginning of the cigarette industry began by the ingenuity of James Bonsack, who created the first cigarette-making machine that allowed his company to mass-produce a cheap, easy-to-use and easy-to-light way for Americans to get their tobacco fix. People no longer had to roll their own smokes with paper or fill their pipes. It was a
14671761
International relations (1919–1939)


against Germany. Britain faced a large debt of money it borrowed from the U.S. to fight the war. The U.S. refused to cancel the debt but in 1923 the British renegotiated its £978 million war debt to the US Treasury by promising regular payments of £34 million for ten years then £40 million for 52 years. The idea was for the US to loan money to Germany, which in turn paid reparations to Britain, which in turn paid off its loans from the US government. In 1931 all German payments ended
19408955
Battle of Heraclea


of conflict with Rome. His ultimate goal was to re-conquer Macedon he had lost in 285 BC, but did not have enough money to recruit soldiers. He planned to help Tarentum, then go to Sicily and attack Carthage. After winning a war against Carthage and capturing south Italy he would have enough money to organise a strong army and capture Macedon. Before he left Epirus, Pyrrhus formed an alliance and borrowed soldiers and money from the pretender to the Macedonian throne, Ptolemy Keraunos. His long-time friend and
4403861
Counterfeit money


art, active in the time of the Emperor Justinian. Rather than executing Alexander the Barber, the Emperor chose to employ his talents in the government's own service. Nations have used counterfeiting as a means of warfare. The idea is to overflow the enemy's economy with fake bank notes, so that the real value of the money plummets. Great Britain did this during the American Revolutionary War to reduce the value of the Continental Dollar. The counterfeiters for the British were known as "shovers", presumably for the ability
14499640
Sister republic


A sister republic () was a republic established by French armies or by local revolutionaries and assisted by the First French Republic during the French Revolutionary Wars. The French Revolution was a period of social and political upheaval in France from 1789 until 1799. The Republicans who overthrew the monarchy were driven by ideas of popular sovereignty, rule of law and representative democracy. The Republicans borrowed ideas and values from Whiggism and Enlightenment philosophers. The French Republic supported the spread of republican principles in Europe, but most of these "sister republics"
21805249
The Wealth of Nations


have read Smith's book. Of War and Public Debts: Smith then goes on to say that even if money was set aside from future revenues to pay for the debts of war, it seldom actually gets used to pay down the debt. Politicians are inclined to spend the money on some other scheme that will win the favour of their constituents. Hence, interest payments rise and war debts continue to grow larger, well beyond the end of the war. Summing up, if governments can borrow without check, then they
17978183
Repurchase agreement


was borrowing money (counter to its charter)—but used the term "matched sale" instead. In India, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) uses repo and reverse repo to increase or decrease money supply in the economy. The rate at which the RBI lends to commercial banks is called the repo rate whereas the rate at which RBI borrows money from commercial banks is called reverse repo rate. In case of inflation, the RBI may increase the repo rate, thus discouraging banks to borrow and reducing the money supply in the
1310295
João Silva (photographer)


UN Operation Lifeline Sudan, offered Joao Silva and Kevin Carter to come to the Sudan and report about the 1993 famine in South Sudan. Silva did see this as a change to work more as war-photographer in the future. He started the arrangements and secured assignments for the expenses of the travel. Silva told Carter about the offer and Carter was also interested in going. To pay for the travel expenses, Carter secured some money from the Associated Press and others, but he also needed to borrow money from Marinovich,
12094757
Capture of Fort Ticonderoga


, and armaments. En route to Boston following news of the events of April 19, he mentioned the fort and its condition to members of Silas Deane's militia. The Connecticut Committee of Correspondence acted on this information; money was "borrowed" from the provincial coffers and recruiters were sent into northwestern Connecticut, western Massachusetts, and the New Hampshire Grants (now Vermont) to raise volunteers for an attack on the fort. John Brown, an American spy from Pittsfield, Massachusetts who had carried correspondence between revolutionary committees in the
19875550
Gert Boyle


it was seized. Her mother was a nurse during World War I. In 1937, when she was 13, her family fled Nazi Germany and immigrated to Portland, Oregon, in the United States; her grandmother who stayed behind died in a concentration camp. When she arrived, she did not speak English. In 1938, her father borrowed money from a relative and purchased the Rosenfeld Hat Company, changing its name to the Columbia Hat Company (after the river). She attended Grant High School in Portland and later graduated
16573430
Second mortgage


amount of money for the borrower to draw from. With this type of loan, the borrower is not required to take any of the money, but they have the right to do so based on their personal requirements. With a line of credit, the lender sets a maximum borrowing limit, which may be increased at the borrower’s request. The borrower is able to borrow and repay the line of credit as many times as they wish. A second mortgage can be used for many expenses, at the discretion of the
14191145
Central bank


specific rate is used) is generally to lend money or borrow money in theoretically unlimited quantities, until the targeted market rate is sufficiently close to the target. Central banks may do so by lending money to and borrowing money from (taking deposits from) a limited number of qualified banks, or by purchasing and selling bonds. As an example of how this functions, the Bank of Canada sets a target overnight rate, and a band of plus or minus 0.25%. Qualified banks borrow from each other within this band,
5775968
Greenville, Orange County, New York


a few other businesses. The oldest settlement in Greenville is Smiths Corners, named after Elijah Smith and founded at the end of the Revolutionary War. Settlement first began in 1750. Building began in 1754 then ceased when money from the Crown was revoked. Building did not resume until the late 1790s. The Town of Greenville separated from Minisink in 1853. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which is land and , or 0.85%, is water. US 6, the
5249083
Opposition to the war in Afghanistan (2001–2014)


including "interest on money borrowed, including interest for money already borrowed and anticipated interest payments on future borrowing." Rep. Braley stated: "The American people – especially at a time when Republicans have been pushing all these budget cuts – are entitled to know what the true costs are." According to estimates near the beginning of 2011, the U.S. war in Afghanistan would cost U.S. taxpayers an $116 billion for that year – nearly twice the amounts being deeply slashed from domestic programs, including key U.S. infrastructure needs such as
17456864
John Chandler


Dearborn, (1751-1829), a future fifth U.S. Secretary of War (1801-1809), who was also an important commander of the Northeast sector at Fort Detroit, in the Old Northwest Territory, but a terrible failure during the War of 1812. On August 27, 1783, Chandler married Mary Whittier, with which he had seven children (three sons and four daughters). After the end of the war, Chandler was both illiterate and without money. However, he borrowed money from Dearborn and bought
15292451
Maria Stuart Collins


-lieutenant in August 1779 and captain in July 1780. In 1781 he joined HMS Courageux in the Channel Squadron. But, with the end of the Revolutionary War, in 1783 David was placed on half-pay and the couple moved to Rochester. In order to maintain a lifestyle worthy of his rank and status, David borrowed money. With the prospect of a long peace, his father, Major-General Arthur Tooker Collins (1718-1793) encouraged David to accept an appointment as Deputy Judge Advocate of the new
20594166
Whitchurch Waterway Trust


1805. The canal company decided to abandon the planned arm to Whitchurch in 1800, but in 1805 was approached by a group of businessmen who wanted to build both the branch and a short extension to Castle Well, so that the terminus was nearer to the centre of the town. The canal company decided that it did not have the powers to delegate construction of the arm to the consortium, and so completed the construction of the original route using money borrowed from the businessmen. It was opened on 6 July 1808. The
12565922
Farmers' Alliance


and railroad regulation. The demands also included a demand for use of silver as legal tender, on the grounds that this would alleviate the contraction in the money supply that led to falling prices and scarcity of credit (see gold standard). The Alliance wanted to change the way Americans worked by pushing for an eight-hour workday. It did away with national banks so private, local banks could be formed. The Alliance wanted an income tax, the freedom to coin its own money and the freedom to borrow money from
17329347
18th-century history of Germany


from 1760–1785 as an enlightened despot, and raised money by hiring soldiers (called "Hessians") to Great Britain to help fight the American Revolutionary War. He combined Enlightenment ideas with Christian values, cameralist plans for central control of the economy, and a militaristic approach to diplomacy. Hanover did not have to support a lavish court: its rulers were also kings of England and resided in London. George III, elector (ruler) from 1760 to 1820, never once visited Hanover. The local nobility who ran the country
13115252
France in the American Revolutionary War


French involvement in the American Revolutionary War began in 1775, when France, a rival of the British Empire, secretly shipped supplies to the Continental Army. A Treaty of Alliance in 1778 soon followed, which led to shipments of money and matériel to the United States. Subsequently, the Spanish Empire and the Dutch Republic also began to send assistance, leaving the British Empire with no allies (excluding the Hessian Soldiers). Spain openly declared war but the Dutch did not. France's help is considered a major, vital,
12576678
Ramsay principle


lawyers formulated a plan to "crystalise" that loss into a deductible form. They did this by entering into a series of (perfectly genuine) inter-group transactions, the overall effect of which was that the loss already incurred became a deductible capital loss on the liquidation of one of the subsidiaries in the group. These transactions were made using Burmah Oil's own money, and were therefore quite different from the pre-arranged, marketed "schemes" using borrowed money in the Ramsay and Eilbeck cases. The judges were
19932568
Financial market


have money to save. They can then lend money from this pool of deposited money to those who seek to borrow. Banks popularly lend money in the form of loans and mortgages. More complex transactions than a simple bank deposit require markets where lenders and their agents can meet borrowers and their agents, and where existing borrowing or lending commitments can be sold on to other parties. A good example of a financial market is a stock exchange. A company can raise money by selling shares to investors and its existing shares can be
19388281
Castle Grande


-through to generate additional loans from Madison. Dean Paul, a friend and business associate of Hale's, borrowed $825,000 from Madison to buy three properties from David Hale. But, Paul never used the money, it went to Hale, who used it to recapitalize his SBIC with matching funds from the SBA. Hale then loaned a $150,000 downpayment to Jim Guy Tucker and business partner, R.D. Randolph, who together bought out a portion of Ward's Castle Grande holdings for $1.2 million. Tucker and Randolph borrowed
4276547
Interest expense


Interest expense relates to the cost of borrowing money. It is the price that a lender charges a borrower for the use of the lender's money. On the income statement, interest expense can represent the cost of borrowing money from banks, bond investors, and other sources. Interest expense is different from operating expense and CAPEX, for it relates to the capital structure of a company, and it is usually tax-deductible. On the income statement, interest income and interest expense are reported separately, or sometimes together under
1240432
Digger slang


These "retreads" were fit enough to return to action and continued the use of terms such as "bint", "backsheesh" for money, "shoofti" for a look around (borrowed via British slang from Arabic), and "guts" for news and information. Several slang words and phrases evolved. What in the First World War had been a "base bludger", someone who hangs around headquarters avoiding the fighting (from "bludger", a British slang name for a pimp, and generally adopted
2254068
Demand Note


did not explicitly grant the power to issue paper currency, it did grant the power to borrow money. Treasury Notes, as a form of debt, were an innovation to help bridge federal financing gaps when the government encountered difficulty selling a sufficient amount of long term bonds, or loan "stock". Treasury Notes were first employed during the War of 1812 and were issued irregularly up through the civil war. Characteristically the issues were not extensive and the "polite fiction" was always maintained that Treasury Notes did not serve as
1562278
Returns (economics)


, if it is not paid from the profit which is made by the use of the money, must be paid from some other source of revenue, unless perhaps the borrower is a spendthrift, who contracts a second debt in order to pay the interest of the first." (Smith) Smith uses the word profit in two different ways here. Is the owner of the money/tractor in his capacity as owner realizing profit or interest? It is certain that the proprietor of the money/tractor is realizing profit as
16975144
History of Germany


. The nobles approved for now they could buy land owned by the peasants. The chief reformer was Baron vom Stein (1757–1831), who was influenced by The Enlightenment, especially the free market ideas of Adam Smith. The end of serfdom raised the personal legal status of the peasantry. A bank was set up so that landowners could borrow government money to buy land from peasants (the peasants were not allowed to use it to borrow money to buy land until 1850). The result was that the large landowners obtained larger
12884609
History of salt


that it caused mass population shifts and exodus, attracted invaders and caused wars. In American history, salt has been a major factor in outcomes of wars. In the Revolutionary War, the British used Loyalists to intercept Revolutionaries' salt shipments and interfere with their ability to preserve food. During the War of 1812, salt brine was used to pay soldiers in the field, as the government was too poor to pay them with money. Before Lewis and Clark set out for the Louisiana Territory, President Jefferson in his address to
15918478
Direct finance


Direct finance is a method of financing where borrowers borrow funds directly from the financial market without using a third party service, such as a financial intermediary. This is different from indirect financing where a financial intermediary takes the money from the lender with an interest rate and lends it to a borrower with a higher interest rate. Direct financing is usually done by borrowers that sell securities and/or shares to raise money and circumvent the high interest rate of financial intermediary(banks). We may regard transactions as direct finance, even when a financial intermediary
622923
Greek War of Independence


in London, consisting of the banker Samson Ricardo, two MPs, Edward Ellice and Sir Francis Burdett and John Cam Hobhouse of the London Greek Committee, who were to use the money to buy warships and other supplies, which would then be handed over to the Greeks. After the Greek government had wasted most of the money from the first loan, the City did not trust them to spend the money from the second loan wisely. The Board of Control used the money to hire the naval hero, Lord Cochrane, to
20686506
The Patriot (2000 film)


of him as barbaric and accounts of his name being used for recruiting and motivation during the Revolutionary War itself. Whereas Tavington is depicted as aristocratic but penniless, Tarleton came from a wealthy Liverpool merchant family. Tarleton did not die in battle or from impalement, as Tavington did in the film. Tarleton died on January 16, 1833, in Leintwardine, Herefordshire, England, at the age of 78, nearly 50 years after the war ended. He outlived Col. Francis Marion who died in 1795, by 38 years.
15490025
Revolutionary terror


, Marxism, Marxism–Leninism and Maoism have all spurred dissidents who have taken to terrorism. Except for a brief period in 1848 and within the Tsarist milieu, Marx did not advocate revolutionary terror, feeling it would be counterproductive. Communist leaders used the idea that terror could serve as the force which Marx said was the "midwife of revolution" and after World War I communist groups continued to use it in attempts to overthrow governments. For Mao Zedong, terrorism was an acceptable tool. After World War II, Marxist–
15012814
Ewen Cameron Bruce


to Ireland and tried by court martial at Waterford on 22 December. Historian and author, Leeson accounts in much detail in his 2011 book "Black & Tans" about Bruce's trial, conviction and subsequent numerous unsuccessful appeals which led to his court martial. Leeson notes that "during the trial the creamery manager admitted that he used the safe for his own money, made unrecorded cash advances to customers, borrowed money from the till for his own use and did not know how much was there on the day of the robbery
7432882
QBE Insurance


years, was Group CEO from 1998 - 2012. Prior to this O’Halloran was Director of Operations from 1994 - 1997, Director of Finance from 1987 - 1994 and Chief Financial Officer from 1982 - 1987. Maintaining a property insurance policy is one of the most common conditions imposed upon anyone who borrows money to purchase a house. If a borrower allows such a policy to lapse, US lenders will purchase force-placed insurance for the property owner (also called lender-placed insurance, or collateral protection insurance) The use of
5152446
Whiskey Rebellion


administration. Historian Carol Berkin argues that the episode in the long run strengthened American nationalism because the people appreciated how well Washington handled the rebels without resorting to tyranny. A new U.S. federal government began operating in 1789, following the ratification of the United States Constitution. The previous central government under the Articles of Confederation had been unable to levy taxes; it had borrowed money to meet expenses and fund the Revolutionary War, accumulating $54 million in debt. The state governments had amassed an additional $25 million in debt. Secretary
13963688
Phu Rieng Do


borrowing from moneylenders. Moreover, it did not help that many of these recruited northerners were driven to destitution in the first place by a money-based capitalist economy. This was an effect of colonialism where cash economy had penetrated the rural economy. Consequently, both land and individual taxes had "to be paid in... solid silver piasters, which peasants often had to acquire solely for this purpose at marked-up rates of exchange from money lenders or landlords." Hence, these peasants had to resort to borrowing at inflated
1545906
Capital call


may wait some time before using the investor's money to buy real estate, either because they are waiting for real estate prices to be favorable, or because they are researching new deals. When they are ready to buy real estate, the fund managers issue a capital call, requiring investors who have committed money to the fund to transfer that money over. The fund might also borrow funds instead of using the investor's money. This allows the fund to benefit from leverage. The financing of the real estate purchase is realized
3820433
Joseph Oladele Sanusi


monetary policy forum in May 2003. He pointed out that debt had risen from 1% of GDP in 1960 to 16.2% in 1980 and 83.6% by the end of 2002. Federal government borrowing from the CBN was causing inflation and exchange rate problems, crowding out private borrowers and thus damping growth. He recommended greater use of the long term capital market rather than the short-term money market, and much greater focus on productive use of the money borrowed to optimise return and avoid building up a problem for future generations
14010540
Cousin Bette


which the adulterous Baron Hulot had won the attentions of the singer Josépha Mirah, also favored by Crevel. Mme. Hulot rejects Crevel's advances. The Baron has so completely lavished money on Josépha that he has borrowed heavily from his Uncle Johann – and, unable to repay the money, the Baron instead arranges a War Department post in Algeria for Johann, with instructions that Johann will be in a situation in that job to embezzle the borrowed money. The Hulots' daughter, Hortense, has begun searching for a husband;
17268226
Pleasant Valley War


and A.J. Daggs were attorneys. They also used their political connections with lawmen, attorneys and judges in Yavapai and Apache counties to help their employees whenever they were arrested during the feud. Fred Wells, another local cattleman, had borrowed a lot of money in Globe, Arizona, to build back his cattle herd and hire more cowboys after some reverses. The Wells clan had no stake in the feud, but Fred's creditors did. Wells was told to join their cowboys in driving off the Tewksbury cattle or forfeit his own
16219475
Post-presidency of Ulysses S. Grant


("Buck") had opened a Wall Street brokerage house with Ferdinand Ward. Ward was regarded as a rising star, and the firm, Grant & Ward, was initially successful. In 1883, Grant joined the firm and invested $100,000 of his own money. The firm's success attracted more investors, who bought securities through them, then used the securities as collateral to borrow money to buy more securities. Grant & Ward then pledged that collateral to borrow more money to trade in securities on the firm's own
3140817
Eurodollar


upper trading floor. That floor is no longer, with the CME having moved over to the CBOT's trading floor and 98% of Eurodollar trading now done electronically. A single Eurodollar future is similar to a forward rate agreement to borrow or lend US$1,000,000 for three months starting on the contract settlement date. Buying the contract is equivalent to lending money, and selling the contract short is equivalent to borrowing money. Consider an investor who agreed to lend US$1,000,000 on a particular date for three months at 5.00% per annum
1662888
Credit card interest


Credit card interest is the principal way in which credit card issuers generate revenue. A card issuer is a bank or credit union that gives a consumer (the cardholder) a card or account number that can be used with various payees to make payments and borrow money from the bank simultaneously. The bank pays the payee and then charges the cardholder interest over the time the money remains borrowed. Banks suffer losses when cardholders do not pay back the borrowed money as agreed. As a result, optimal calculation of interest based on any
18885442
Pandi (film)


ran away at the restaurant. This incident with his father accusing him of taking the money has convinced her that he took her money the other day and ran and also just using her. In the end, it turns out, his elder brother Rajapandi has run away from the house with his lover and with the money. A dejected father is consoled by Pandi, who borrows money from a private money-lender and completes the wedding. Meanwhile, Pandi tries to make amends with Bhuvana, but she won't hear any
13124512
Cabbage roll


to Sweden in 1715, he was followed by some of the Ottoman creditors from whom he had borrowed money to finance his wars. The creditors lived in Stockholm until 1732, and during this time it is most likely that the dolma was introduced in Sweden. The first known Swedish recipe for Oriental dolmas was included in a famous Swedish cookbook written by Cajsa Warg, in 1765. At the end of the recipe, Ms Warg suggested that those who could not afford vine leaves could use preboiled cabbage leaves in their place. In
15876112
Revolutionary committee (Soviet Union)


A revolutionary committee or revkom () were Bolshevik-led organizations in Soviet Russia and other Soviet republics established to serve as provisional governments and temporary Soviet administrations in territories under the control of the Red Army in 1918-1920, during the Russian Civil War and foreign military intervention. The forms of their work were inherited from Military Revolutionary Committees of the Russian Revolution of 1917. The name was borrowed from the history of the French Revolution, where "comités révolutionnaires" were created, the superior ones being the Committee of Public Safety
17250695
Shared appreciation mortgage


the amount of money the borrower would have after selling his or her existing home, and the amount of money the borrower would need to buy a new home, up to 50% of the value of the new home. The loan would be repayable on the sale of the new home, which would probably be on the death of the borrower. The Bank of Scotland did not set up a formal hardship scheme, but said they would look at each individual case on application. The Shared Appreciation Mortgage Action Group (SAMAG
14107245
Credit card interest


credit card companies as an incentive for new customers. The money is then placed in a high interest bank account to make a profit from the interest earned. The borrower (or "stoozer") then pays the money back before the 0% period ends. The borrower does not typically have a real debt to service, but instead uses the money loaned to them to earn interest. Stoozing can also be viewed as a form of arbitrage. The term "rewards program" is a term used by card issuers to refer
18885490
William Greenfield


free himself from the Italian money lenders he exacted aids from the clergy, and borrowed from many church dignitaries in the north of England. As a result of the ongoing war with Scotland York became almost the de facto capital of England, with Parliament being held there in 1298,9 and 1300. The Courts of Justice were also moved to York and did not return to London for seven years. When the attack on the Templars in England began in 1308 Greenfield was favourable to them and so refused to take any part in actions against
62614
Liquidity adjustment facility


Liquidity adjustment facility (LAF) is a monetary policy which allows banks borrow money through repurchase agreements. LAF is used to aid banks in adjusting the day to day mismatches in liquidity. LAF helps banks to quickly borrow money in case of any emergency or for adjusting in their SLR/CRR requirements. LAF consists of repo (repurchase agreement) and reverse repo operations. Repo or repurchase option is a collaterised lending i.e. banks borrow money from Reserve bank of India to meet short term needs by selling securities to RBI with an agreement
2416190
Battles Without Honor and Humanity: Proxy War


job and that he had already received a large paycheck. Although he disagrees with that last part, Kasahara admitted to having borrowed money from the company to build his house and thus did what he was told. The writer flew to Hiroshima on April 2, 1973 to ask Minō and Takeshi Hattori, second president of the Kyosei-kai, the reasons for the war. He found that the two men each had opposite explanations, but because the films were based on Minō, Kasahara sided with him. Upon following the conflicts
12681890
Pith helmet


popularized the German "Pickelhaube", which may have influenced the distinctive design of the pith helmet. Such developments may have merged with a traditional design from the Philippines, the salakot. The alternative name "salacot" (also written "salakhoff") appears frequently in Spanish and French sources; it comes from the Tagalog word "salacsac" (modern orthography: "salaksak"). During the Philippine–American War, President Emilio Aguinaldo and the Philippine Revolutionary Army used to wear the pith helmet borrowed from the Spaniards alongside
3106787
The Fighting Ground


containing profanity. A thirteen-year-old New Jersey boy named Jonathan is impatient to join the Revolutionary War. His father used to help him train, but now after returning from a battle with a wound in his leg, he is fearful and does not want his son to leave. However, when the war bell rings on 3 April, 1778, Jonathan leaves anyway. He borrows a tavern owner's gun and joins a morning-long march to battle German Hessians. He ends up being taken prisoner. The
19898153
Esther E. Wood


Association Award in 1987. She was inducted into the Maine Women's Hall of Fame in 1994. Wood did not marry. She died on December 1, 2002 at her farmhouse and was buried in the Seaside Cemetery in Blue Hill. Her farmhouse was purchased by novelist Jonathan Lethem, who uses it as a summer home and writes in the same study that Wood did. The Esther Wood Papers, containing her lecture notes on New England history from the 16th century through the American Revolutionary War and American Civil War, and 20th
7184296
Pat Green


an 18-year-old at Texas Tech playing small gigs at bars and clubs around Lubbock. In 1995, Green independently recorded and released a series of albums produced by Lloyd Maines using money borrowed from his parents. Green did not commit fully to his music career until 1997 when his stepfather fired him from his job as a fuel wholesaler. Green had been counting his money from a weekend of singing and his stepfather knew he would need motivation to fully pursue music as a career. After committing to music, Green drew the attention
14193113
Lender option borrower option


Lender option borrower option or lender's option borrower's option (LOBO) is a long term borrowing instrument available in the United Kingdom. They involve periodic interest re-fixings, which incorporates two linked options: They are provided by banks and the loan contract runs for between 40 and 70 years. There is no regulatory body responsible for overseeing their use. Public bodies used to be only able to borrow money through government Public Works Loan Board (PWLB) loans. However borrowing from banks in the form of LOBOs was permitted
7144027
Conscientious objection to military taxation


to COMT. They argue that the legislative proposals that have been proposed so far that would legalize COMT actually would have the paradoxical effect of encouraging more conscientious objectors to pay for more war than before. They point out the ease with which the government can shift money from place to place in its budget, and borrow money when funds are not available. If a conscientious objector who had been unwilling to pay taxes started to pay into a "peace tax fund," this would only mean more money for the government to spend
5128077
High Finance


Wilson, ARP Hodges, the Pikes, the Verger, the Vicar, Frazer, Godfrey and Jones. In the meeting, Mainwaring tracks the £50. Mrs Pike borrowed it from Wilson, who borrowed it from Godfrey, who borrowed it from Frazer. Frazer then withheld his rent from Miss Twelvetrees, who could not make her usual donation to the vicar, who could not pay Jones's meat bill. The meeting hears with horror that Mrs Pike needed the money to pay a huge increase in rent demanded by her landlord
9509409
Chain Bridge Bank


-scale political, non-profit and commercial deposits during the 2008 financial crisis because it had no bad assets  and did not rely on borrowing to fund its operations. “We’re drowning in liquidity because people are pulling money out from other places and depositing it with us,” Fitzgerald told the "Washington Post" in September 2008. The Bank invests most of its deposits in reserves at the Fed or other high quality, liquid assets. “Knowing that campaigns might need to take money out at any time, we
6144410
Yanaki and Milton Manaki


but he was soon released on account of his contacts with high Serbian authorities. Due to the conflicts and wars from 1914 to 1915, the brothers did not produce much work and got into financial trouble. They borrowed money from different clients. When the Serbian army withdrew from Bitola, Bulgarian officers inspected the brothers' atelier and found three shotguns, and although Milton had purchased these, Yanaki was interned in Bulgaria. Yanaki bought property in the Bulgarian village Straja and started breeding horses. Because of the bombing of Bitola in World
9282110
Water privatisation in England and Wales


. Margaret Thatcher's Conservative government, which had been elected in 1979, had curtailed the RWAs ability to borrow money they deemed necessary for capital projects. Daniel Okun said: "Before, they could borrow money everywhere easily. They could get money at very good rates. Restrictions on external borrowing prevented the [RWAs] from getting capital. They were considered ineffective because they could not borrow money. Thatcher prevented them from borrowing and then blamed them for not building." When the European Union introduced stricter legislation on river,
3226712
Miriam Rothschild


first westward train but, unable to pay, had to borrow money from a Hungarian passenger who commented "This is the proudest moment of my life. Never did I think that I should be asked to lend money to a Rothschild!" Her father died when she was 15 and she became closer to her uncle. She was educated at home until the age of 17, when she demanded to go to school. She thence attended evening classes in zoology at Chelsea College of Science and Technology and classes during the day in
16467657
Little Fuzhou


Alan Man Sin Lau, the leader of the Fukien American Association, gained a status like Benny Ong did with the Cantonese. The Fuk Ching gang members are often the workers of the Snakehead gang where they would be the ones to collect money from the illegal Fuzhou immigrants who owed money to the Snakeheads, which they had borrowed to come over to the United States. Sometimes, the Fuk Ching gang members would hold the migrants hostage and even violently beat them until they paid up the loans they owed. Although the Fuzhou Gangs
21630279
Pierre Basson


catching and killing birds. He also cut down cats' legs to see how they curled from the pain. As an adult, Basson lent money to people. Borrowers had to nominate themselves as beneficiaries for their insurance policies, after which he killed them between 13 February 1903, until 22 January 1906, to claim money. Basson's first victim was his brother Jasper, who drowned on a fishing trip on February 4, 1903. Jasper's body was never found and the insurance company initially did not want to pay the
9924270
Reserve Bank of India


RBI increased the repo rate from 6% to 6.25% in June 2018. As the name suggest, reverse repo rate is just the opposite of repo rate. Reverse repo rate is the short term borrowing rate at which RBI borrows money from banks. The reserve bank uses this tool when it feels there is too much money floating in the banking system. An increase in the reverse repo rate means that the banks will get a higher rate of interest from RBI. As a result, banks prefer to lend their money to
1928227
Samuel Cranston


had a detrimental effect on the merchants, best summarized by historian Samuel G. Arnold, "Thus commenced in Rhode Island a system of paper money issues fraught with disaster to the commercial interests of the Colony, whose baleful influence was to extend over nearly a century, distracting alike the political, financial, and even the social condition of the people, and which was to be the occasion of most bitter partisan strife long after the Revolutionary War had left us an independent State." Cranston, who had approved the first paper money
20343237
Civic-military dictatorship of Uruguay


The regime's promises to improve the economy were dashed by the global crisis caused by the 1973 oil crisis. Uruguay started borrowing money from international lenders, chiefly from the US. Opening of the small local economy to global corporations and financial institutions ruined local Uruguayan companies, who could no longer compete. The regime was forced to borrow even more and cut budget expenditures. By 1981, the country of 3 million people owed US$4 billion. Bordaberry, whose political career was notable for opportunism, became a greater advocate of dictatorship
10192399
Fernão Mendes Pinto


Pinto was shipwrecked. He may have resorted to cannibalism before submitting to slavery in order to secure passage out of the swampy Java shore. Pinto was bought by a Celebes merchant and resold to the King of Kalapa who returned him to Sunda. Using borrowed money, Pinto bought passage to Siam where he encountered the King of Siam at war. Pinto's writings contribute to the historical record of the war. On 22 September 1558, Pinto returned to Portugal. Fame preceded him in Western Europe due to one of his letters being
7045363
Speculative attack


to the sudden depreciation of the currency. Taking out a loan allows the investor to borrow a large sum of money from the nation’s central bank and convert the money at the fixed exchange rate into a foreign currency. As the massive outflow depletes the war chest or forces the nation to abandon the fixed exchange rate, investors are able to convert their foreign currency back at a significantly higher rate. For example, an investor borrows 100X and converts it to 100Y at the fixed exchange rate of 1X to 1Y. If the nation
16159494
Rancho Azusa de Dalton


United States following the Mexican-American War, the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo provided that the land grants would be honored. After filing his claim for Rancho Azusa de Dalton with the Public Land Commission, as required by the Land Act of 1851, Dalton disagreed with the 1860 US survey by Henry Hancock, and borrowed money from J. S. Slauson to fight the case through the courts. The courts decided against him after 24 years of litigation. Consequently, in 1885, Dalton turned Rancho Azusa over to Slauson, who deeded
4305003
Commissary notes


notes remained in circulation despite Congressional attempts to improve credit through a reduction in the money supply. Given the revolutionary army’s lack of supplies when compared to the British, the Continental Congress recognized the need to impress certain goods and, in late 1776, allowed General George Washington to seize necessary supplies. Although the federal government did not initially endorse the states’ use of impressments, it later gave state governments great liberties to demand goods and services from local populations. The departments of the quartermaster and commissary-general, who were
20925842
Present value


use money from a lender. For example, when an individual takes out a bank loan, the individual is charged interest. Alternatively, when an individual deposits money into a bank, the money earns interest. In this case, the bank is the borrower of the funds and is responsible for crediting interest to the account holder. Similarly, when an individual invests in a company (through corporate bonds, or through stock), the company is borrowing funds, and must pay interest to the individual (in the form of
16505998
Economic history of the United States


conclusion that "the inflation and financial crisis of the 1830s had their origin in events largely beyond President Jackson's control and would have taken place whether or not he had acted as he did vis-a-vis the Second Bank of the U.S." The War of 1812 was financed by borrowing, by new issues of private bank notes and by an inflation in prices of 15%. The government was a very poor manager during the war, with delays in payments and confusion, as the Treasury took in money months after
1543659
Crowdfunding


borrower's credit risk and interest rate. Investors buy securities in a fund which makes the loans to individual borrowers or bundles of borrowers. Investors make money from interest on the unsecured loans; the system operators make money by taking a percentage of the loan and a loan servicing fee. In 2009, institutional investors entered the P2P lending arena; for example in 2013, Google invested $125 million in Lending Club. In 2014 in the US, P2P lending totalled about $5 billion. In 2014 in the UK, P2P
6183858
Kevi Rite Jaish


which his brother, Jignesh promises that he'll arrange for the money. Jignesh borrows money from anti-social elements, who are now threatening him unless he returns the money soon. In a party arranged by Kevin, one of his friends warns Aayushi about Kevin, saying that he is not a reliable man and is going to the US by using someone else's sponsorship papers. When drunk, Aayushi warns Harish about Kevin, but Harish dismisses her concerns. One day, Harish finds out about the illegal racket Chainani is
19306358
Aglamesis Bro's


the community of Greek refugees from the Balkan Wars who had settled around West Fifth Street in downtown Cincinnati. The brothers worked at a confectionery, Coston's Confectionery, saving money to open their own confectionery business. In 1908, with money borrowed on good faith, they opened their first ice cream parlor in Norwood, Ohio, called Aglamesis Bros. Ice Cream Parlor & Candy Shoppe. In 1913, they opened another parlor in nearby Oakley, Cincinnati. The building housing the parlor was one of the first buildings on Oakley Square,
15236715
Prisoners of war in the American Revolutionary War


to dissuade troops from deserting, but it largely failed. Many of the prisoners who escaped captivity took American women with them and reared families. A large number of Hessians remained in the US after the war was over because they married American women. Between the time of the Siege of Yorktown (1781) and the signing of the Treaty of Paris (1783), many of the convention troops, by then mostly Germans, escaped and took up permanent residence in the United States. The American government did not have the means
5169796
Elgin, New Brunswick


Construction to Elgin was assisted by the community, which borrowed $13,000 (1874 value) from the county as an incentive. Among other settlers, in the first half of the nineteenth century, the town attracted fugitive African-American slaves who had escaped from the United States. The Crown had resettled Black Loyalists in Nova Scotia after the American Revolutionary War. These general statistics are the newest ones available from 1996 Population in 1996 1,027 ~ 738,133 Population Break-Down for the Parish of Elgin Total - All persons 1,030 ~ 530
20765636
Financial costs of the American Revolutionary War


’s greatest asset. Because it did not possess the power to tax the colonists, the Continental Congress printed money at a rapid rate to fund the army’s expenses and pay off its loans from foreign nations. As a result, the colonies experienced severe inflation and depreciation of the Continental dollar. The colonists also had great difficulty in financing a wartime effort against the British southern campaign, not effectively halting the British destruction until the battle of Yorktown in 1781. When war ended in 1783, American negotiations, monetary policies and government
1614851
Funding Circle


make money from the interest charged on purchased loans while Funding Circle makes money by charging borrowers an origination fee on each funded loan and by charging investors an annual servicing fee on the unpaid principal balance of outstanding loans. Within the UK, until September 2017, Funding Circle permitted lenders to either use an autobidding feature, or to manually choose who to lend money to. In September 2017, Funding Circle withdrew the manual choice functionality. Unlike a savings account, investments with Funding Circle are not guaranteed and may lose money if the
17892810
James v. United States (1961)


for tax evasion, and claimed in his defense that embezzled funds did not constitute taxable income. His argument was that just as the receipt of loan proceeds is not taxable to the borrower (because of the borrower's corresponding obligation to repay the loan), the person who embezzles money should not be treated as having received income, since that person is legally obligated to return those funds to their rightful owner. Indeed, Eugene James pointed out, the Supreme Court had previously made such a determination in "Commissioner v. Wilcox"
12853803
Jewish Board of Guardians (United Kingdom)


. ""Money was almost never used and the Board considered cash relief an ultimate last resort."" The Board established a loans committee that oversaw the distributions by the charity. ""In its first 17 years the Board provided 1767 loans totaling £226322". Despite their wish to keep them low, loans given by the Board did increase. One of the initial reliefs given by the Board was the loaning of sewing machines. ""These machines were lent to deserving borrowers, who paid for them in installments
13996752
Natural borrowing limit


the budget constraint she faces. In other words, she cannot consume more than the net of the income, amount of money she borrows, and debt repayment. However, if she could borrow any amount money she needs ("i.e." absence of the borrowing limit), obviously she will borrow infinite amount of money and consume infinitely as well. To rule out such situation and Ponzi schemes, and to make above consumers problem more interesting, there has to be a borrowing limit. Such restriction will prevent her from
7620987
The Def Leppard E.P.


sleeve rear cover. Without Tony Kenning, the band needed a drummer for the session, so Frank Noon was borrowed from The Next Band for the weekend. According to Elliott, the EP cost £148.50 to record (), money which he had borrowed from his father. This provided an initial print run of 1,000 copies that the band would use in a concerted effort to get noticed. Released in January 1979, the single was sold for £1 () at shows and was handed out to anyone who could help
8348915