when did the stock market start in the us
When Did You Start to Stop Seeing Things?


When did You Start to Stop Seeing Things? is the tenth episode of the popular 1969 ITC British television series "Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased)" starring Mike Pratt, Kenneth Cope and Annette Andre. The episode, directed by Jeremy Summers, was first broadcast on 23 November 1969 on the ITV. Jeff is hired by a company based in Metropolis House to find out who is leaking information for use on the stock market. Unfortunately matters are complicated when a financial adviser named Charles Tully is murdered in a car park late
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Advance-Decline Data


analyst at the Cleveland Trust Company. Later James Hughes pioneered the ""Market Breadth Statistics"". In 1931 "Barron's" started to publish Advance-Decline numbers. Advance-Decline data analysis remained in shadow until the early 1960s when Richard Russell (Dow Theory) started to use them in his ""Dow Theory Letters"" and Joseph Granville used them in his ""Granville Market Letter"". Stock considered as advancing stock when it is traded above the previous trading session’s close price. Stock
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S&P/ASX 200


ASX 200 is also "float adjusted", meaning the absolute numerical contribution to the index is relative to the stock's value at the float of the stock. Although the calculation starts with a sum of the market capitalisation of the constituent stocks, it's intended to reflect changes in share price, NOT market capitalisation. Therefore, a called the "Divisor" is used to ensure that the index value only changes when stock prices change, not whenever market capitalisation changes. For example, if a company increases its market capitalisation
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Options strategy


for a period of time. The stock market is much more than ups and downs, buying, selling, calls, and puts. Options give the trader flexibility to really make a change and career out of what some call a dangerous or rigid market or profession. Think of options as the building blocks of strategies for the market. Options have been around since the market started, they just did not have their own spotlight until recently. Bearish options strategies are employed when the options trader expects the underlying stock price to move
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Jesse Lauriston Livermore


down certain calculations he had about future market prices, which he would check for accuracy later. A friend convinced him to put his first actual money on the market by making a bet at a bucket shop, a type of gambling establishment that took bets on stock prices but did not actually buy or sell the stock. He and his friend pocketed $6 profit between them. This was in 1892 when Livermore was only 15. Livermore started to trade on his own in the bucket shops, soon earning more than he did
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Mahoning Coal Railroad


1907 due to the immense amount of freight moving in and out of Youngstown and its nearby coal fields and mills. The MCR was also the LS&MS' only link to the rich coal fields and iron foundries of Pittsburgh and Youngstown. It routinely paid dividends of 100 percent of market value for nearly 30 years at the start of the 20th century. By November 1926, $50 par value MCR stock was trading at $805 a share. When stock did come on the market, wide swings in price occurred. It was
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Popex


Popex was a free Internet-based game in which players, using virtual money, bought "shares" of musicians and bands, similar to a stock market. Upon signing up players were given 5,000 popex pounds to start trading on the stock market. As demand for bands rose and fell, based on their popularity and chart performance, so did their price. The real-time price fluctuations of the artists were shown in the 'control panel' and also by numerous charts on the individual artists' pages. 24hr summaries
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Options Market France


the definitive index for the French stock market replacing the EFX 50. The index was computed from a basket of the 50 most liquid stocks traded on the Paris Stock Exchange, the Paris Bourse. At the time the CAC 40 did not exist yet, the French stock exchange instead published (at the end of each trading day) a trend indicator of the French stock market. The data was computed using the closing value of the 240 largest stocks by market value. The EFX 50 was the first stock index in Paris with
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Trident Microsystems


Trident Microsystems was a fabless semiconductor company that in the 1990s was a well-known supplier of graphics chipsets used in video cards and on motherboards for desktop PCs and laptops. In 2003, it transformed itself into being a supplier of display processors for digital televisions (primarily LCD TVs) and achieved success starting from 2005, at a time when the global LCD TV market started showing strong growth. It filed for bankruptcy protection in January 2012 and the delisting of its common stock from the NASDAQ stock market was announced shortly thereafter.
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The Greed of Man


a television drama starring Adam Cheng, the actor for the character Ting Hai, is aired, the stock market will drop for unexplainable reasons. In 1992 when the series made its debut, the Hong Kong stock market dropped by 1200 points in one month. In 2009 when Cheng starred in "The King of Snooker", the Hang Seng Index fell by 600 points again. Because the ending date of the drama was set in the future, in 1994, when it did happen, the stock market was also in the
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Finnish banking crisis of 1990s


credit to a Virgin Islands hotel project. SKOP's strategy was to use massive short-term credit, readily available from the money market, in order to finance their operations and long-term investments on the stock market and in corporate loans. This was often highly profitable during the boom, but also caused increasing losses when interest rates rose (Helibor exceeding 15% at times), the stock market turned down, and debtors started defaulting on their loans. The director of SKOP, Christopher Wegelius, was charged but was
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Wall Street Crash of 1929


The Wall Street Crash of 1929, also known as the Stock Market Crash of 1929 or the Great Crash, was a major stock market crash that occurred in late October 1929. It started on October 24 ("Black Thursday") and continued until October 29, 1929 ("Black Tuesday"), when share prices on the New York Stock Exchange collapsed. It was the most devastating stock market crash in the history of the United States, when taking into consideration the full extent and duration of its after effects.
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Cornwall Capital


world who did so. This particular trade generated 80 times the initial premium (investment). The founders of Cornwall Capital started a hedge fund in their garage with $110,000 and built it into $120 million when the market crashed. Cornwall Capital was reported to have become in 2013 the largest shareholder of American Pacific Corporation, a NASDAQ listed US company, with close to 15% of the outstanding stock. American Pacific Corporation agreed to nominate Ian Haft for election to its board of directors in order to resolve a potential proxy
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Naveen Soni


Naveen Soni is an anchor with Zee Business and hosts their stock market and personal finance shows. He is perhaps the oldest and most popular face in Hindi Stock Markets coverage. Soni, a trained Business Economist, did his Post-graduation in Business Economics (MBE) from Kurukshetra University. He started his career in Business Broadcast Journalism with the Delhi-based Jain TV in 2001. He later went to Mumbai to join Nimbus to host stock market shows on Doordarshan. He became known with the investor call-in based programme
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Athens Exchange


derivatives market started trading in August 1999 after Athens Derivatives Exchange (ADEX) and the Athens Derivatives Exchange Clearing House started operations. In 2002 the Athens Stock Exchange and the Athens Derivatives Exchange merged to form the Athens Stock Exchange. After being closed due to the ongoing debt crisis since June 27, 2015, the stock market crashed when the exchange was reopened on 3 August. The overall index lost over 16% of its value with bank stocks losing the maximum allowed 30% on the day's trading. The Athens Stock Exchange
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Panic of 1901


stock. The panic began when the market crashed during the afternoon of May 8. Investors did not see it coming, but by 1:00pm, the decline in the market was beginning to show. First came the gradual decline in Burlington stock. It had been high all morning, but suddenly a sharp weakness came about. Prices of stocks such as St. Paul, Missouri Pacific, and Union Pacific began to fall. Soon enough, the whole market was drowning. Investors who had once held on tightly to their stocks were selling
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Stock market


By the end of October, stock markets in Hong Kong had fallen 45.5%, Australia 41.8%, Spain 31%, the United Kingdom 26.4%, the United States 22.68%, and Canada 22.5%. Black Monday itself was the largest one-day percentage decline in stock market history – the Dow Jones fell by 22.6% in a day. The names "Black Monday" and "Black Tuesday" are also used for October 28–29, 1929, which followed Terrible Thursday—the starting day of the stock market
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Nikita Gokhale


stream whilst also studying to be a CA. Unfortunately she did not pass her IPCC. While studying she started working with Integrated Enterprises (India) Ltd as a Dealer. and Nikita moved to Nagpur for her job in the Stock Market. Later she did a certification in NSE, BSE, Commodity market, and Foreign exchange market. After working as the Regional Head of Punjab in Chandigarh with Integrated Enterprises (India) Ltd, she started a Sub Broking Business with IIFL. Having had a short but successful career, she
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Mean reversion (finance)


In finance, mean reversion is the assumption that a stock's price will tend to move to the average price over time. Using mean reversion in stock price analysis involves both identifying the trading range for a stock and computing the average price using analytical techniques taking into account considerations such as earnings, etc. When the current market price is less than the average price, the stock is considered attractive for purchase, with the expectation that the price will rise. When the current market price is above the average price, the market
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2015–16 Chinese stock market turbulence


resulting in a 6 percent rise in stock markets. Further, around 1,300 total firms, representing 45 percent of the stock market, suspended the trading of stocks starting on 8 July. "Forbes" contributor Jesse Colombo contended that the measures undertaken by the Chinese government, along with cutting the interest rate, "allowing the use of property as collateral for margin loans, and encouraging brokerage firms to buy stocks with cash from the People's Bank of China" caused Chinese stocks to begin surging in mid-July. He argued
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Harshad Mehta


the case. This money was used to drive up the prices of stocks in the stock market. When time came to return the money, the shares were sold for a profit and the BR was retired. The money due to the bank was returned. This went on as long as the stock prices kept going up, and no one had a clue about Mehta's operations. Once the scam was exposed, though, a lot of banks were left holding BRs which did not have any value – the banking system had
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Exchange (organized market)


first to use the stock market to finance companies. The first company to issue stocks and bonds was the Dutch East India Company, introduced in 1602. The London Stock Exchange started operating and listing shares and bonds in 1688. In 1774, the Paris Stock Exchange (founded in 1724), say the courts, must now necessarily be shouted to improve the transparency of operations. In the nineteenth century, the industrial revolution enables rapid development of stock markets, driven by the significant capital requirements for the finance industry and transport.
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Indonesia Stock Exchange


The change is also meant to put it in line with other Asian markets, namely Singapore and Hong Kong stock exchanges. To increase transactions, starting on 2 May 2016 Indonesia Stock Exchange introduced new tick price with a lot as 100 shares as before. Two of the primary stock market indices used to measure and report value changes in representative stock groupings are the Jakarta Composite Index and the Jakarta Islamic Index (JII). The JII was established in 2002 to act as a benchmark in measuring market activities based on Sharia (Islamic
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Joseph DiMenna


reams of data, often going back 50 or more years. Upon graduating from college in 1980, DiMenna stayed with Marty and continued doing more and deeper market research, as well as beginning to work on stock selection techniques. At around this time, DiMenna started to edit a newsletter focusing on stock selection, and also formed a business with Marty that used market timing techniques to trade mutual funds. Having extensive experience with markets and stocks, DiMenna proposed to Zweig in 1983 the idea that they use their skills to build a
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Southdown sheep


UK. At that time, Mock started the first and original Olde English Southdown Registry to market this once meat breed to a completely new market for people looking for pets and 4H projects, and he started the "Babydoll" used by the members of the original registry, as well as the few spin-off Babydoll registries. When Mock and his associates were searching for the stock to start the new registry, only adult Babydoll sheep, two years and older, were accepted in the flock, so they could be judged
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Wall Street


sealing off the area to "prevent a repetition of the Wall Street bomb explosion". September 1929 was the peak of the stock market. October 3, 1929 was when the market started to slip, and it continued throughout the week of the 14th. In October 1929, renowned Yale economist Irving Fisher reassured worried investors that their "money was safe" on Wall Street. A few days later, on October 24, stock values plummeted. The stock market crash of 1929 ushered in the Great Depression in which a quarter
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Hang Seng Index


The Hang Seng Index (abbreviated: HSI, ) is a freefloat-adjusted market-capitalization-weighted stock-market index in Hong Kong. It is used to record and monitor daily changes of the largest companies of the Hong Kong stock market and is the main indicator of the overall market performance in Hong Kong. These 50 constituent companies represent about 58% of the capitalisation of the Hong Kong Stock Exchange. HSI was started on November 24, 1969, and is currently compiled and maintained by Hang Seng Indexes Company Limited
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Federico Santa María


he arrived when he was very young. His importance in the sugar market was considerable: he became a major power in the French economy. During World War I he closed down all his businesses, declaring that he did not want to profit from war. He also supported the French Army, donating clothes and weapons for an entire regiment. However, once the war ended, in 1922 he started to purchase important quantities of sugar in the stock market. As analysts later declared that sugar production would be at a deficit that
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Margin (finance)


the Federal Reserve's margin requirement (under Regulation T) limits debt to 50 percent. During the 1920s leverage rates of up to 90 percent debt were not uncommon. When the stock market started to contract, many individuals received margin calls. They had to deliver more money to their brokers or their shares would be sold. Since many individuals did not have the equity to cover their margin positions, their shares were sold, causing further market declines and further margin calls. This was one of the major contributing factors which led
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Treasury stock


A treasury stock or reacquired stock is stock which is bought back by the issuing company, reducing the amount of outstanding stock on the open market ("open market" including insiders' holdings). Stock repurchases are used as a tax efficient method to put cash into shareholders' hands, rather than paying dividends, in jurisdictions that treat capital gains more favorably. Sometimes, companies do it when they feel that their stock is undervalued on the open market. Other times, companies do it to reduce dilution from incentive compensation plans
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Ruislip depot


number of eight-car trains, as the shorter trains did not have sufficient capacity for peak services. Purchase of the 1949 Stock allowed more Central Line trains to be lengthened with displaced trailer cars, and all trains stabled at Ruislip were of eight cars by September 1960, when delivery of 1959 Stock started, replacing the Standard Stock used on the Piccadilly Line. After 19 trains of 1959 Stock had been delivered to the Piccadilly Line, maintenance issues with the Standard Stock resulted in subsequent trains being diverted to the Central Line.
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CASE 30


The CASE 30 is an index of the Cairo & Alexandria Stock Exchange in Egypt. It includes the 30 most active stocks in the Egyptian stock market, weighted to their market capitalization. The index was started with a base level of 1000 as of January 01, 1998. In March 2009, its name has been changed to EGX 30. EGX 30 index value is calculated in local currency terms and denominated in US dollars since 1998. EGX started publishing its dollar denominated index on 1st of March 2009. EGX 30 index includes
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Stock trader


Kerviel, did not date back a long way. Adoboli had executed operations since October 2008 - his failure and subsequent arrest occurred in 2011. Stock speculators and investors usually need a stock broker such as a bank or a brokerage firm to access the stock market. Since the advent of Internet banking, an Internet connection is commonly used to manage positions. Using the Internet, specialized software, and a personal computer, stock speculators/investors make use of technical and fundamental analysis to help them in making decisions. They may use
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FN Model 1949


did not however lead to a sales contract. FN started looking for customers, but the communist states were not an option (as they were required to buy or build Soviet designs). The Western European nations had vast stocks of World War II firearms. They also could get American and British weapons aid, which was inexpensive or free. So FN decided to market to the non-aligned countries, who did not want to commit to Western or Soviet doctrine, which was inevitable when accepting aid. The first contract production
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Stock market


fell in the meantime and losing money if it rose. Exiting a short position by buying back the stock is called "covering". This strategy may also be used by unscrupulous traders in illiquid or thinly traded markets to artificially lower the price of a stock. Hence most markets either prevent short selling or place restrictions on when and how a short sale can occur. The practice of naked shorting is illegal in most (but not all) stock markets. In margin buying, the trader borrows money (at interest) to
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Tokyo Stock Exchange


The Emperor's Birthday. Corporate shares are listed and traded at Tokyo Stock Exchange in several sections: the First Section which started when Tokyo Stock Exchange was re-established in 1949 and includes mainly large companies; the Second Section which started in 1961 and includes mainly mid-sized companies; JASDAQ (established in 1991, acquired by Osaka Stock Exchange in 2010, and absorbed into TSE in 2013) and Mothers (Market of the high-growth and emerging stocks, in Japanese: , established at TSE in 1999) which
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Moonshine by country


run by Al Capone. As early as prohibition, there have been stories of moonshiners using their product as a powerful fuel in their automobiles, usually when evading law-enforcement agencies while delivering their illegal product. The sport of stock car racing got its start when moonshiners would modify their automobiles to outrun federal government revenue agents. Junior Johnson, one of the early stock car racers in the mountains of North Carolina who was associated with running moonshine, has even "gone legitimate" by marketing a legally produced grain alcohol, which
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The Nikkei


The Nikkei, , is Nikkei, Inc.'s flagship publication and the world's largest financial newspaper, with a daily circulation exceeding three million. The Nikkei 225, a stock market index for the Tokyo Stock Exchange, has been calculated by the newspaper since 1950. The roots of the Nikkei started with an in-house newspaper department of Mitsui & Company in 1876 when it started publication of "Chugai Bukka Shimpo" (literally "Domestic and Foreign Commodity Price Newspaper"), a weekly market-quotation bulletin. The department
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Election stock market


When poll leads are discounted using statistical techniques, they find that poll-based forecasts outperform vote-share market prices. A critical feature for the proper functioning of election stock markets is market liquidity. As prediction markets function through aggregation of beliefs and opinions into market prices, high trading volume and/or a continuous stream of new investments are essential for prices to provide an accurate forecast of the election outcome. Signs that liquidity is lacking in an election stock market include wide spreads (large differences between bid and ask prices) and arbitrage
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Asset price channel


3) real estate prices. Changes in these asset prices affect investment and consumption decisions of both firms and households and therefore central banks often use it as an instrument of monetary policy. Fluctuations in the stock market have important impacts on the economy, so also when influenced by Central Bank monetary policies. Transmission mechanisms involving the stock market have their results on the economy in three different ways. Firstly through their effects on investment in the stock market, for which stock prices are a determining factor. Secondly, changes in stock prices
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Beta (finance)


the market when the market goes down and up twice as much as the market when the market goes up. Stock B, on the other hand, goes down twice as much as the market when the market goes down and up half as much as the market when the market goes up. Most investors would label stock B as more risky. In fact, stock A has better return in every possible case. However, according to the capital asset pricing model, stock A and B would have the same beta, meaning
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Stock market simulator


indexes. Stock market games are often used for educational purposes to teach potential stock traders and future stock brokers how to trade stocks. Stock market games can also be used for entertainment purposes and to engage in fantasy trading competitions. Some stock market games are not based on financial markets at all. These virtual stock markets are often based on things like sports or entertainment 'stocks'. Players are asked to invest in a particular sports team for example. If the team is doing well, the stock goes up and if the
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Sibiu Stock Exchange


2013 Sibex signs the partnership agreement with OPCOM (Romanian Gas and Electricity Market Operator) for the development and launching of the power derivatives on Sibex financial derivatives regulated market. Sibex started to trade futures contract on US stocks, for the first time in Romania. February 2014- Sibex signed the partnership agreement with ATHEX Group incorporating: the Provision of clearing services from ATHEX Group’s Clearing House “ATHEXClear” under EMIR requirements, use of ATHEX Group multi-exchange trading platform (OASIS) by SIBEX along with ATHEX and Cyprus Stock Exchange
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Economics of terrorism


impact the Israeli economy, they used the Israeli stock market as an indicator for the effectiveness of a counter-terrorism assassination. They found that the market improved following assassinations of senior military leaders of terrorist organisations and declined following assassinations of senior political figures in terrorist organisations. Consequently, they argue that the assassination of the former is effective, but the assassination of the latter is counterproductive. They also found that the assassination of low ranking terrorists did not significantly impact the stock market. Berrebi, Benmelech and Klor examined the effectiveness of
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William Lazonick


century New Economy companies used the speculative stock market to attract finance in the form of venture capital, which could realize returns through a quick IPO on NASDAQ. These New Economy companies also used the speculative stock market to attract labor partially compensated with stock options to engage in innovative product development. When they became profitable, these companies became obsessed with boosting their stock prices through massive stock repurchases. Meanwhile, led by IBM and Hewlett-Packard, Old Economy companies made the transition to the New Economy business model, but in the
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Chris Sacca


company during law school, and when the venture proved unsuccessful he used the remaining funds to start trading on the stock market. By leveraging trades for significant amounts (discovering a flaw in the software of online trading brokers in 1998) he managed to turn $10–20 thousand dollars into $12 million by 2000. Eventually, when the market crashed, Sacca found himself in debt with a four million dollar negative balance. He negotiated to have it reduced to $2.125 million and had repaid it by February 2005. In 2000 Sacca
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Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008


occurred early on in the House. Many members of Congress, including the House of Representatives, did not support the plan initially, mainly conservative free-market Republicans and liberal anti-corporate Democrats. Alabama Republican Spencer Bachus has called the proposal "a gun to our head." On September 19, 2008, when news of the bailout proposal emerged, the U.S. stock market rose by 3%. Foreign stock markets also surged, and foreign currencies corrected slightly, after having dropped earlier in the month. The value of
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FTSE AIM 100 Index


The FTSE AIM 100 Index is a stock market index of the top 100 companies on the London Stock Exchange's Alternative Investment Market weighted by market capitalisation. It comprises a range of businesses ranging from young, venture capital-backed start-ups to well-established, mature organisations looking to expand. AIM 100 companies must have their primary listing on the Alternative Investment Market, and are required to meet various eligibility criteria. The index may contain companies that are also included in the FTSE AIM UK 50 Index. When the London
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Shanghai-Hong Kong Stock Connect


Shanghai-Hong Kong Stock Connect () is a cross-boundary investment channel that connects the Shanghai Stock Exchange and the Hong Kong Stock Exchange. Under the program, investors in each market are able to trade shares on the other market using their local brokers and clearing houses. Chinese Premier Li Keqiang announced the programme on 10 April 2014. The scheme launched on 17 November 2014. Mutual market access was raised as early as January 2013 when Charles Li, the chief executive of HKEx, announced it as an objective in the
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Manufacturing in the United States


of goods from China is a result rather than a cause. The US stock market also ended a sustained fourteen year bubble in 2001, and the ensuing job loss pushed a significant portion of US population below the poverty line. "The Economist" reported in January 2017 that manufacturing historically created good paying jobs for workers without a college education, particularly for men. The jobs paid well enough so that women did not have to work when they had young children. Unions were strong and owners did not want to risk strikes in
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Angola Stock Exchange and Derivatives


the Angola Stock Exchange to open in early 2009 has been further delayed, with current indications that it was scheduled to open in 2010, with the intention to list 10 companies. However in July 2013, Archer Mangueira, chairman of the Capital Markets Commission of Angola, said that Angola plans to start the Angola Stock Exchange trading on 2016. On December 19, 2014, the Capital Market in Angola started. BODIVA (Angola Securities and Debt Stock Exchange, in English) received the secondary public debt market, and it is
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Stock market


of 1929, the stock market crash of 1973–4, the Black Monday of 1987, the Dot-com bubble of 2000, and the Stock Market Crash of 2008. One of the most famous stock market crashes started October 24, 1929, on Black Thursday. The Dow Jones Industrial Average lost 50% during this stock market crash. It was the beginning of the Great Depression. Another famous crash took place on October 19, 1987 – Black Monday. The crash began in Hong Kong and quickly spread around the world.
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Fed model


came up with is that investors collectively suffer from 'money illusion'. A number of questions remain unanswered. Why was the relationship observed in the US and not in most other international markets? Do investors in the US (the world's largest equity market) suffer more from 'illusions' than investors in for example Austria and Finland? Why did the relationship not exist in the US before 1980 (or 1965) and why did the equilibrium break down during the 2008 crisis? And if government bonds and stocks are competing
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Moscow Interbank Currency Exchange


turnover of the leading stock exchanges in the Russian stock market. In 2011 MICEX merged with Russian Trading System creating Moscow Exchange. MICEX started with currency auctions in November 1989 as an initiative by the "Foreign trade and investment bank of the USSR". Thus, for the first time the market ruble exchange rate to dollar was established. In January 1992 it became the main platform for carrying out currency transactions for banks and enterprises. Until July 1992 the rate in the Moscow Interbank Stock Exchange was used by the Central Bank for
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San Francisco Curb Exchange


, and would be the third security markets in the city. The new Curb Exchange was created to take over the "splendid plant on Bush Street of the old Mining Exchange." The Curb Exchange started activities on January 2, 1928, using the unlisted securities formerly on the SF Stock and Bond Exchange. Per the agreement behind the formation of the curb market, all members of the SF Stock and Bond Exchange held memberships in both the new Stock Exchange and the new curb exchange. The Curb had an authorized 100 charter
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United States bear market of 2007–09


officers to certify the accuracy of financial statements caused capital flight away from the U.S. stock market. Later in 2008, Paul said that the government bailouts of badly run corporations was rewarding bad behavior and punishing good behavior, and that it prevented resources from being allocated away from inefficient uses to more productive uses, and that this lowered the overall amount of wealth across the entire economy. In March 2009 White House budget director Peter Orszag said, "Job losses began in January 2008. The stock market started declining October 2007... This
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At-the-market offering


can be used for a variety of purposes. A higher stock price means a greater amount of money can be raised. The issuing company is able to raise this kind of capital on an as-needed basis with the option to refrain from offering shares if the available prices on a particular day are unsatisfactory. ATM offerings can be started and stopped at any point, and they can also become more aggressive by selling more shares and raising more money when there is an opportunity in the market or additional need by the issuing company
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Charles Dow


stocks. Dow also developed the Dow theory, which stated that a relationship existed between stock market trends and other business activity. Dow felt that if the industrial average and the railroad average both moved in the same direction, it meant that a meaningful economic shift was occurring. He also concluded that if both indexes reached a new high, it signaled a bull market was under way. Dow did not believe that his ideas should be used as the only forecaster of market ups and downs. He thought they should be only one
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Jefferies Group


started with $30,000 in borrowed capital, which Boyd Jefferies used to purchase a seat on the Pacific Coast Stock Exchange. In the early years, the firm was a successful trader and pioneer in what would be called the "third market", which allowed for the trading of listed stocks directly between institutional investors in an over-the-counter style, providing liquidity and anonymity to buyers. In addition to its third market niche, Jefferies pioneered use of the split commissions in 1964. By 1965, Jefferies had joined the
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Fama–French three-factor model


. However, the size and book/market ratio themselves are not in the model. For this reason, there is academic debate about the meaning of the last two factors. The traditional asset pricing model, known formally as the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) uses only one variable to describe the returns of a portfolio or stock with the returns of the market as a whole. In contrast, the Fama–French model uses three variables. Fama and French started with the observation that two classes of stocks have tended
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Stock market prediction


value. Even one of the most famous and successful investors, Warren Buffett, rebutted the Efficient Market Hypothesis in 1984 during his speech at Columbia University. Intrinsic value (true value) is the perceived or calculated value of a company, including tangible and intangible factors, using fundamental analysis. It's also frequently called fundamental value. It is used for comparison with the company's market value and finding out whether is the company undervalued on the stock market or not. When calculating it, the investor looks at both the qualitative
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Reactive destocking


to start freeing up cash by active destocking, so reducing their stocks. When the customers of a company start active destocking it is experienced by said company as lower demand and said company will respond by doing reactive destocking. End markets also responded by going down, but slower and in most markets not so strongly. The drop in end market plus the active and reactive destocking created a giant damped wave, the so-called Lehman wave. When a company takes an active destocking decision, said company expresses the wish to reduce
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Souk Al-Manakh stock market crash


market, which was dominated by several older wealthy families who traded, largely among themselves, in very large blocks of stock. The Souk Al-Manakh soon became the market for the new investor and, in the end, for many old investors as well. Share dealings using postdated checks created a huge unregulated expansion of credit. The crash of the unofficial stock market finally came in August 1982, when a dealer presented a postdated check from a young Passport Office employee for payment and it bounced. A house of cards collapsed
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Fill or kill


A fill or kill (FOK) order is "an order to buy or sell a stock that must be executed immediately"—a few seconds, customarily—in its entirety; otherwise, the entire order is cancelled; no partial fulfillments are allowed. Characterized as "extreme orders", FOK orders are "most commonly used when your order is for a large quantity of stock and is usually a market or limit order that requires immediate execution". They are also used when several unlinked markets are available for the same asset, in
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Underweight (stock market)


In financial markets, underweight is a term used when rating stock. A rating system may be three-tiered: "overweight," "equal weight", and "underweight", or five-tiered: "buy", "overweight", "hold", "underweight", and "sell". Also used are "outperform", "neutral", "underperform", and "buy", "accumulate", "hold", "reduce", and "sell". If
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Algorithmic trading


, etc. When the current market price is less than the average price, the stock is considered attractive for purchase, with the expectation that the price will rise. When the current market price is above the average price, the market price is expected to fall. In other words, deviations from the average price are expected to revert to the average. The standard deviation of the most recent prices (e.g., the last 20) is often used as a buy or sell indicator. Stock reporting services (such as Yahoo
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Stock market index future


In finance, a stock market index future is a cash-settled futures contract on the value of a particular stock market index, such as the S&P 500. The turnover for the global market in exchange-traded equity index futures is notionally valued, for 2008, by the Bank for International Settlements at USD 130 "trillion". Stock index futures are used for hedging, trading, and investments. Index futures are also used as leading indicators to determine market sentiment. Hedging using stock index futures could involve hedging against a
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Kagi chart


direction occurs only when a specific amount is reached. The Kagi chart was originally developed in Japan during the 1870s when the Japanese stock market started trading. It was used for tracking the price movement of rice and found use in determining the general levels of supply and demand for certain assets. Kagi charts look similar to swing charts and do not have a time axis. A Kagi chart is created with a series of vertical lines connected by short horizontal lines. The thickness and direction of the lines is based on the price of
19995151
Alternative public offering


or liabilities. When the private company and public shell merge, the combined entity thereafter trades under the previously private company’s name rather than the shell company’s name as it did before. What differentiates an APO from a reverse merger is the simultaneous PIPE raise. A PIPE is when a publicly traded company sells its stock to investors in a privately negotiated transaction. The stock is normally sold at a discount to current market value and investors are normally acquiring unregistered “restricted” stock. The typical PIPE investor is an institutional investor
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Pump and dump


manner. Instead of first buying the stock, and then artificially raising its price before selling, in a "short and distort" the scammer first short-sells the stock, and then artificially "lowers" the price, using the same techniques as the pump and dump but using criticism or negative predictions regarding the stock. The scammer then covers their short position when they buy back the stock at a lower price. This tactic is commonly used by institutions and brokers to dupe individual traders in the Korean stock market, as
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Angebilt Hotel


a banquet was hosted there by the Orlando reo dealership. Entertainment at that banquet included vocal renditions of “The Sweetheart of Sigma Chi” and “Yes, Sir, That’s My Baby.” When the stock market on Wall Street crashed in 1929, the Great Depression started, but the Angebilt managed to stay open throughout the depression. By the late 1960s, it started to fall into hard times due to urban decay. Prostitutes, transients, and drifters often stayed there and the top floor and rooftop ballroom were used
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Jessie Paul


Jessie Paul is a marketing expert, founder and CEO of the marketing advisory firm Paul Writer Strategic Advisory, public speaker and the author of the book "No Money Marketing". She was formerly Chief Marketing Officer of Wipro IT Business and Global Brand Manager at Infosys Technologies Ltd. She is also an independent director in the board of directors with SQS India BFSI Limited, public company listed in both Bombay Stock Exchange(BSE) and NSE. She started her education at a convent in Delhi, did 2nd to 5th grade in Sydney, Australia
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Treasury stock


assets, which are used to buy back shares. On the balance sheet, treasury stock is listed under shareholders' equity as a negative number. The accounts may be called "Treasury stock" or "equity reduction". One way of accounting for treasury stock is with the cost method. In this method, the paid-in capital account is reduced in the balance sheet when the treasury stock is bought. When the treasury stock is sold back on the open market, the paid-in capital is either debited or
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Order matching system


works in auction state is at the market open when a number of orders have built up. Electronic order matching was introduced in the early 1980s in the United States to supplement open outcry trading (for example the then Mid West Stock Exchange (now the Chicago Stock Exchange) launched the "MAX system, becoming one of the first stock exchanges to provide fully automated order execution" in 1982). There are a variety of algorithms for auction trading, which is used before the market opens, on market close etc. However
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BlogShares


BlogShares was an online stock market for blogs, in which participants speculated on the future of individual blogs. The website operated similar to how a real stock exchange works. In BlogShares, blogs were like companies, and inbound links were the assets that drove valuations. When members first joined the website, they were given 500 BlogShare dollars. The website did not have an End of Day, which is the end of the trading day in financial markets—players could trade at any time. Several common strategies were adopted by BlogShares
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Stock market prediction


most portfolios managed by professional stock predictors do not outperform the market average return after accounting for the managers' fees. While the efficient market hypothesis finds favor among financial academics, its critics point to instances in which actual market experience differs from the prediction-of-unpredictability the hypothesis implies. A large industry has grown up around the implication proposition that some analysts can predict stocks better than others; ironically that would be impossible under the Efficient Markets Hypothesis if the stock prediction industry did not offer something its customers believed to be of
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Colne


Forest date from this period; forests in those times being hunting grounds for royals and other nobles. St Bartholomew's Church dates from before 1122 when the town's market was located in the churchyard. The churchyard used to house the market cross and wooden stocks on wheels and people were placed in these on market days. The stocks are now located in the nearby library. The market cross is in Market Street. The town developed in two parts: Colne, on top of the ridge; and Waterside, at the base
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Working Group on Financial Markets


their legal mandate. Charles Biderman, head of TrimTabs Investment Research, which tracks money flow in the equities market, suspected that following the 2008 financial crisis the Federal Reserve or U.S. government was supporting the stock market. He stated that "If the money to boost stock prices did not come from the traditional players, it had to have come from somewhere else" and "Why not support the stock market as well? Moreover, several officials have suggested the government should support stock prices." In August 2005, Sprott Asset
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United States debt-ceiling crisis of 2011


called for international supervision over the issue of US dollar. The downgrade started a sell-off in every major stock market index around the world, threatening a stock market crash in the international markets. The G7 finance ministers scheduled a meeting to discuss the "global financial crisis that concerns all countries". Politically, the crisis caused support for the Republican Party to drop, whose support for the debt-ceiling deal was needed as it controlled the House. The party saw its approval ratings drop from 41 percent in July to
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Portfolio insurance


Portfolio insurance is a method of hedging a portfolio of stocks against the market risk by short selling stock index futures. This hedging technique is frequently used by institutional investors when the market direction is uncertain or volatile. Short selling index futures can offset any downturns, but it also hinders any gains. Portfolio insurance is an investment strategy where various financial instruments such as equities and debts and derivatives are combined in such a way that degradation of portfolio value is protected. It is a dynamic hedging strategy which uses stock index futures. It
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Stock market bubble


A stock market bubble is a type of economic bubble taking place in stock markets when market participants drive stock prices above their value in relation to some system of stock valuation. Behavioral finance theory attributes stock market bubbles to cognitive biases that lead to groupthink and herd behavior. Bubbles occur not only in real-world markets, with their inherent uncertainty and noise, but also in highly predictable experimental markets. In the laboratory, uncertainty is eliminated and calculating the expected returns should be a simple mathematical exercise, because participants are endowed with
16442781
NASDAQ


founded in 1971 by the National Association of Securities Dealers (NASD), which divested itself of Nasdaq in a series of sales in 2000 and 2001. The Nasdaq Stock Market is owned and operated by Nasdaq, Inc., the stock of which was listed on its own securities exchange on July 2, 2002, under the ticker symbol . The Nasdaq Stock Market began trading on February 8, 1971. It was the world's first electronic stock market. At first, it was merely a "quotation system" and did not
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Teddy Sagi


. The company is listed on the Alternative Investment Market (AIM) of the London Stock Exchange. In late 2012 Sagi acquired the start-up company Crossrider for $US 37M. The company went public on AIM at a value of $US 250M. It is an application distribution and digital products platform. In 2015 Sagi acquired the start-up company Stucco Media for $US 43M. The acquisition was made by Market Tech, and the company is now owned by him. Stucco Media develops eCommerce website technology. Also in 2015,
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Khartoum Stock Exchange


The 1982 Act to establish KSE did not succeed. However, a serious step was taken in 1992 to establish KSE which led to the formation of KSE’s board. It was in 1994 that KSE gained its independent legal entity after the endorsement of KSE Act. In 1994 the primary market activities started and the secondary market stated early in 1995. The classifications of listed companies began in 1999. In 2001 Shahama certificates were introduced in KSE. Khartoum index was declared in 2003. In 2007, KSE joined Africa Market Union.
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Richard James Wilkinson


." Wilkinson resolved that the Straits Settlements Government would buy F.M.S. tin at a fixed price, which stabilised the market, and Malaya's finances, at a time when the metal market in London closed down owing to the war. The smelting companies by then had acknowledged that there was a limit to their ability to purchase ore, when there did not appear to be any market to sell to. The Straits Government also decided to make advances to companies against stock, or other securities, averting the fear and anxiety being experienced
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Order (exchange)


once the price of the stock reaches a specified price, known as the stop price. When the stop price is reached, a stop order becomes a market order. A buy–stop order is entered at a stop price above the current market price. Investors generally use a buy stop order to limit a loss or to protect a profit on a stock that they have sold short. A sell–stop order is entered at a stop price below the current market price. Investors generally use a sell–stop order to
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Stock option expensing


generally issue stock options with exercise prices which are equal to the market price, the expense under this method is generally zero. The fair-value method uses either the price on a market or calculates the value using a mathematical formula such as the Black-Scholes model, which requires various assumptions as inputs. This method is now required under accounting rules. In 2002, another method was suggested: expensing the options at the difference between the market price and the strike price when the options are exercised, and not expensing options
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La Paz Stock Exchange


generate liquidity for the distinct participants of the stock market. Project for the Incorporation of the SMEs to the Stock market The Bolsa Boliviana de Valores has come developing concrete actions to establish alternatives for the incorporation of the SMEs to the market of capitals, is so to finals of the year 2011 the Stock exchange signed an agreement of cooperation with the BID-FOMIN, giving start to the project designated “Incorporation of SMEs to the Market of Capitals” . The project has like general aim contribute to the strengthening, depth, and
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Advance–decline line


The advance–decline line is a stock market technical indicator used by investors to measure the number of individual stocks participating in a market rise or fall. As price changes of large stocks can have a disproportionate effect on capitalization weighted stock market indices such as the S&P 500, the NYSE Composite Index, and the NASDAQ Composite index, it can be useful to know how broadly this movement extends into the larger universe of smaller stocks. Since market indexes represent a group of stocks, they do not present the whole picture of the
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Tendency of the rate of profit to fall


"PIMs may typically overstate the gross capital stock because of a failure to account for changing cyclical or accelerating rates of retirements". Although he is not a Marxist, Thomas Piketty usefully discusses many problems with the PIM. Unlike orthodox classical revolutionary Marxist academics, Piketty and Zucman did not use the PIM method to get a measure of the capital stock, but instead used book values and corporate equity at market value. Remuneration packages for corporate officers, including stock options and profit-sharing, have been included under "compensation of
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Uncompensated risk


In investments, uncompensated risk is the level of additional risk for which no additional returns are generated and when taking systematic withdrawals make the probability of failure unacceptably high. Thus, looking solely at the US Market, investing in the Total Stock Market would present you with compensated risk since you own a representative weighted average of the entire market. You are "compensated" for taking on risk in your portfolio by higher expected returns. When you invest in stocks, you have higher risk than with bonds. But you expect a higher
15271915
Andrew Mellon


discount rate to six percent. The higher rate failed to curb speculation, and the activity on the stock market continued to grow. In October 1929, the New York Stock Exchange suffered the worst crash in its history in what was called "Black Tuesday". As the vast majority of Americans did not own shares in the stock market, the crash did not immediately have disastrous effects on the U.S. economy as a whole. Mellon had little sympathy for the speculators who lost their money, and he was philosophically opposed to an
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London Underground 1956 Stock


30 March 1962. Visually, they were very similar to the 1956 stock, the obvious difference being that the earlier stock had five lights on the front, which were used to display the destination of the train, and the later stock had two headlights. When the 1956 stock was delivered, it was numbered in a series starting at 40000, but when the 1959 units arrived, they were numbered from 1012 upwards, leaving space for the 1956 stock to be inserted at the start of the sequence once they had been modified
3685456
New York Stock Exchange


exclusively for securities trading, which previously had been taking place at the Tontine Coffee House. Several locations were used between 1817 and 1865, when the present location was adopted. The invention of the electrical telegraph consolidated markets, and New York's market rose to dominance over Philadelphia after weathering some market panics better than other alternatives. The Open Board of Stock Brokers was established in 1864 as a competitor to the NYSE. With 354 members, the Open Board of Stock Brokers rivaled the NYSE in membership (which had 533) "
1764916
Kistler Group


company was founded by Walter P. Kistler and Hans Conrad Sonderegger in 1959 as the Kistler Instrument Corporation, but the enterprise started in 1950 when Kistler patented a charge amplifier he developed. Hans Conrad Sonderegger is the father of the current (2010) CEO. In 1959 the company became active on the stock market. Since 1961 the company started the in-house production of charge amplifiers and the development of other sensors. The company made several major innovations, some of which would be put to use in the Apollo manned spaceflights,
17756538
Stock market crash


. George Soros said in late October 1987, 'Mr. Robert Prechter's reversal proved to be the crack that started the avalanche'. Research at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology suggests that there is evidence the frequency of stock market crashes follows an inverse cubic power law. This and other studies such as Prof. Didier Sornette's work suggest that stock market crashes are a sign of self-organized criticality in financial markets. In 1963, Mandelbrot proposed that instead of following a strict random walk, stock price variations executed a Lévy flight
16324454
Bucharest Stock Exchange


first international company listed on the regulated market. Subsequently, Bucharest Stock Exchange has experienced a continuous development and is now established as the main stock exchange in Romania. In 2010, Bucharest Stock Exchange listed on its own spot regulated market under the symbol BVB. In 2010, the Alternative trading system was launched by BVB for SMEs and start-up companies wanting to raise capital from the market. At the end of 2014, it was announced that the equities segment of the ATS market will be re-launched under a new
18501359
Stock market crash


, did not lead to a bear market. Likewise, the Japanese bear market of the 1990s occurred over several years without any notable crashes. Tulip Mania (in the mid-1630s) is often considered to be the first recorded speculative bubble. Historically, early stock market bubbles and crashes have also their roots in socio-politico-economic activities of the 17th-century Dutch Republic (the birthplace of the world's first formal stock exchange and market), the Dutch East India Company (the world's first formally listed public company
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Chitra Ramkrishna


Chitra Ramkrishna (born 1963) was the first woman managing director and chief executive officer of the National Stock Exchange (NSE), an institution founded in the early 1990s to reform the capital market in India, and now ranking as the world's largest exchange in cash market trades and as one of the top three exchanges in index and stock derivatives. Starting out as a chartered accountant, her first brush with finance came in 1985 when she joined the project finance division of Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBI). Ramkrishna
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Eddie Stobart Logistics


company regained a public listing in April 2017, when its shares were floated on the Alternative Investment Market of the London Stock Exchange, reducing the Stobart Group's stake to 12.5%. The company is listed on the Alternative Investment Market of the London Stock Exchange. Stobart Group still retains a stake of 11.8% as of March 2019. The largest overall shareholder is now Woodford Asset Management who holds 25.00% of the company. The business was started by Eddie Stobart in the late 1940s as an agricultural business in Cumbria. His
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