what constitutional amendment introduced the concept of equality into the constitution
Right to equal protection


The Right to Equal Protection is a concept that was introduced into the Constitution of the United States during the American Civil War. It is intended to protect the rights provided by the United States Constitution for all individuals regardless of race, ethnicity, gender, etc. It is fundamentally based on the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution, intended to secure rights for former slaves. The Constitution is claimed to uphold racial and gender equality, but until the 1950s, enforcing slavery, segregation, and gender inequality were major aspects of the history
18967865
Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution


Sue White worked to draft the Equal Rights Amendment, a new constitutional amendment that would guarantee equal rights under the law and prohibit discrimination based on sex. The amendment did not have the full support of suffragists, and was opposed by Carrie Catt and the League of Women Voters. The ERA was first introduced into Congress in 1923, but without unified support, it floundered. Congress eventually passed the amendment in 1972, but it failed during ratification. The amendment needs approval by legislatures in three-fourths of the 50 states;
13052099
Croatian War of Independence


agreed upon. Factors in favour of Croatia's preservation of its pre-war borders were the Yugoslav Federal Constitution Amendments of 1971, and the Yugoslav Federal Constitution of 1974. The 1971 amendments introduced a concept that sovereign rights were exercised by the federal units, and that the federation had only the authority specifically transferred to it by the constitution. The 1974 Constitution confirmed and strengthened the principles introduced in 1971. The borders had been defined by demarcation commissions in 1947, pursuant to decisions of AVNOJ in 1943 and 1945 regarding the federal
10538161
History of bisexuality


the Court ruled in a 6–3 decision that the state constitutional amendment in Colorado preventing protected status based upon bisexuality or homosexuality did not satisfy the Equal Protection Clause. The majority opinion in "Romer" stated that the amendment lacked "a rational relationship to legitimate state interests", and the dissent stated that the majority "evidently agrees that 'rational basis'—the normal test for compliance with the Equal Protection Clause—is the governing standard". The state constitutional amendment failed rational basis review. The concept of bisexual pride became more widespread in
11567801
Constitutional amendment


the Constitution of Ethiopia cannot be amended. The Constitution of South Africa can be amended by an Act of Parliament, but special procedures and requirements apply to the passage of constitutional amendments. A bill amending the Constitution must be introduced in the National Assembly, and cannot contain any provisions other than constitutional amendments and directly related matters. At least 30 days before a constitutional amendment bill is introduced in the National Assembly, the person or committee introducing the amendment must publish it for public comment, submit it to the provincial legislatures
17913121
Separation of church and state in the United States


the United States Constitution (Amendment XIV) is one of the post-Civil War amendments, intended to secure rights for former slaves. It includes the due process and equal protection clauses among others. The amendment introduces the concept of incorporation of all relevant federal rights against the states. While it has not been fully implemented, the doctrine of incorporation has been used to ensure, through the Due Process Clause and Privileges and Immunities Clause, the application of most of the rights enumerated in the Bill of Rights to the states.
18038003
Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution


rights from government interference. The Supreme Court has also held that the Due Process Clause contains a prohibition against vague laws and an implied equal protection requirement similar to the Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause. The amendment as proposed by Congress in 1789 reads as follows: On June 8, 1789, Congressman James Madison introduced several proposed constitutional amendments during a speech to the House of Representatives. His draft language that later became the Fifth Amendment was as follows: No person shall be subject, except in cases of impeachment, to more
15335661
Constitution of Singapore


supremacy requires the Constitution to endure in the long term with its main principles largely unchanged. However, in Singapore, this concept has been undermined by numerous major constitutional amendments made after 1979. These amendments, which significantly altered the structure and nature of the government in Singapore, introduced the Group Representation Constituency and Elected President scheme, and inducted NCMPs and NMPs into Parliament. Dicey's third legal criterion for constitutional supremacy is the existence of an authority to pronounce upon the legal validity or constitutionality of laws passed by the nation's law
16460746
Article Five of the United States Constitution


meaning that it does not contain a provision preventing its own amendment. Thus, under Mader's argument, a two-step amendment process could repeal the provision that prevents the equal suffrage provision from being amended, and then repeal the equal suffrage provision itself. Mader contrasts the provision preventing the amendment of equal suffrage with the proposed Corwin Amendment, an unratified constitutional package of unratified constitutional amendment that contain a self-entrenching unamendable provision. Law professor Richard Albert also holds that the equal suffrage provision could be amended through a "double
12968439
Campaign finance reform amendment


resolution to amend the United States Constitution to abolish the doctrines of corporate personhood and money equals political speech. It was introduced by Representative Rick Nolan as on February 23, 2013. It has been re-introduced again as on April 29, 2015, on January 30, 2017. It was reintroduced by Representative Pramila Jayapal as on February 22, 2019. Section 1. "The rights protected by the Constitution of the United States are the rights of natural persons only. Artificial entities, such as corporations, limited liability companies
6462408
Hillary Clinton


constitutional amendment to limit "unaccountable money" in politics. In July 2016, she "committed" to introducing a U.S. constitutional amendment that would result in overturning the 2010 Citizens United decision. On December 7, 2015, in "The New York Times", Clinton presented her detailed plans for regulating Wall Street financial activities. Clinton accepted the scientific consensus on climate change, supports cap-and-trade, and opposed the Keystone XL pipeline. She supported "equal pay for equal work," to address current shortfalls in
19941798
Thirty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland


not require a constitutional amendment and could have been accomplished by an ordinary Act of the Oireachtas. Then-minister Shatter disagreed in November 2013, stating that there was "ample case law" to the effect that "marriage is understood as being between one man and one woman". In January 2015, the wording of the proposed amendment was agreed at a special cabinet meeting and published in the press, and the bill was formally introduced in the Dáil by the Minister for Justice and Equality, Frances Fitzgerald. A separate Children
20006428
One Hundred and Second Amendment of the Constitution of India


The One Hundred and Second Amendment of the Constitution of India, officially known as the Constitution (One Hundred and Second Amendment) Act, 2018, granted constitutional status to the National Commission on Backward Classes (NCBC). The bill of the Constitution (One Hundred and Second Amendment) Act, 2018 was introduced in the Lok Sabha on 5 April 2017 as the Constitution (One Hundred and Twenty-third Amendment) Bill, 2017. It was introduced by Thawar Chand Gehlot, Minister of Social Justice and Empowerment. The bill
300374
Equal Rights Amendment


The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) is a proposed amendment to the United States Constitution designed to guarantee equal legal rights for all American citizens regardless of sex. It seeks to end the legal distinctions between men and women in terms of divorce, property, employment, and other matters. The ERA was originally written by Alice Paul and Crystal Eastman, and was first introduced in Congress in December 1923. In the early history of the Equal Rights Amendment, middle-class women were largely supportive, while those speaking for the working
14507592
Ninety-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India


The Ninety-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India, officially known as The Constitution (Ninety-fourth Amendment) Act, 2006, made provisions for the appointment of a Minister in charge of tribal welfare in the states of Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand. The bill of "The Constitution (Ninety-fourth Amendment) Act, 2006" was introduced in the Lok Sabha on 1 March 2006 as the "Constitution (One hundred-fifth Amendment) Bill, 2006". It was introduced by Shivraj Patil, then Minister of Home
1811987
Thirty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland


The Thirty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland is an amendment to the Constitution of Ireland which altered the provisions regulating divorce. It removed the constitutional requirement for a defined period of separation before a Court may grant a dissolution of marriage, and eased restrictions on the recognition of foreign divorces. The amendment was effected by an act of the Oireachtas, the Thirty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution (Dissolution of Marriage) Act 2019 (introduced as bill no. 57 of 2016). The bill as introduced did not propose
4565431
Constitution of the Irish Free State


title of Amendment No.1 was the Constitution (Amendment No. 1) Act 1925, Amendment No. 2 was the Constitution (Amendment No. 2) Act 1927, and so forth. The only amendment not to follow this pattern was the Constitution (Removal of Oath) Act 1933. It can be seen that the official numbering of constitutional amendments did not necessarily coincide with the order in which they were adopted. Equally confusing is the fact that there were formally no Amendments No. 18, 19 or 25. In addition
3999415
Presidential Commission on the Status of Women


's labor ties, the report avoided a flat statement about the Equal Rights Amendment. Instead, it stated that constitutional equality between men and women was essential and should be achieved through a Supreme Court decision holding that women were protected by the Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection clause. The Commission stated that because women were already entitled to constitutional protection against discrimination, it did not "now" endorse a constitutional amendment. However, some key members of the Commission said privately that they would support an equal rights amendment if the Court refused
9281701
Constitution of Kosovo


library in Pristina. The constitution was ratified on 9 April and came to effect on 15 June 2008. The Constitution of the Republic of Kosovo can be changed through the amendment process (article 144). Constitutional amendments are added to it, altering its effect. The foreword of the constitution reads: Article 7, ensures the values and freedoms by the rule of law, equality same as respect, gender equality and social justice and the neutrality towards religion by the article 8 of the Constitution. The constitution guides Kosovo's law
19668783
Article Five of the United States Constitution


amendment" process, contrasting the U.S. Constitution with other constitutions that explicitly protect certain provisions from ever being amended and are themselves protected from being amended. Another legal scholar, Akhil Amar, argues that the equal suffrage provision could be amended through a two-step process, but describes that process as a "sly scheme." Some other legal scholars, including Thomas A. Baker and Douglas Linder, have rejected the notion that the equal suffrage provision could ever be amended without the consent of each state. According to constitutional theorist and
12968440
Pregnancy Discrimination Act


pushing to change the language of the PDA to make sure that all gender identities will be protected. Many feminists of all backgrounds argue that all of these issues could be avoided if the constitution were to include the Equal Rights Amendment(ERA).The ERA "was a proposed amendment to the United States Constitution designed to guarantee equal rights for women." It is argued that if the ERA were in place, the Constitution would automatically hold that men and women have equal rights to work and family simultaneously, as sex equality would be a constitutional right
11613280
Second Amendment of the Constitution of India


a) and (b) of clause (1) of Article 81, after the 2nd Amendment, is given below: The bill of "The Constitution (Second Amendment) Act, 1952" was introduced in the Lok Sabha on 18 June 1952, as the "Constitution (Second Amendment) Bill, 1952" (Bill No. 54 of 1952). It was introduced by C.C. Biswas, then Minister of Law and Minority Affairs. The bill sought to amend Article 81 of the Constitution. The full text of
14035296
Constitution of Ukraine


"Introducing Amendments to the Constitution of Ukraine," can only be amended by the parliament of Ukraine on the condition that it is also approved by an All-Ukrainian referendum designated by the President of Ukraine. In May 2012 President Viktor Yanukovych set up the Constitutional Assembly of Ukraine; a special auxiliary agency under the President for drawing up bills of amendments to the Constitution, the president then will introduce them in parliament. On December 8, 2004, the parliament passed Law No. 2222-IV amending the constitution. The law was
14031766
1974 Yugoslav Constitution


citizen could use those freedoms to disrupt the prescribed social system. Finally, Kosovo and Vojvodina, the two constituent provinces of Serbia, received substantially increased autonomy, including "de facto" veto power in the Serbian parliament. The Yugoslav Federal Constitution of 1974 confirmed and strengthened the principles of the Yugoslav Federal Constitution Amendments of 1971, which introduced a concept that sovereign rights were exercised by the federal units, and that the federation had only the authority specifically transferred to it by the constitution. The constitution also proclaimed Josip Broz Tito president
10315830
Ninety-second Amendment of the Constitution of India


Konkani, Meitei and Nepali were included by the 71st Amendment in 1992, raising the total number of languages to 18. The "Constitution (Ninety-second Amendment) Act, 2003", was introduced in the Lok Sabha on 18 August 2003, as the "Constitution (One-hundredth Amendment) Bill, 2003" (Bill No. 63 of 2003). It was introduced by then Deputy Prime Minister Lal Krishna Advani and sought to amend the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution. The full text of the Statement of
15498227
Sixtieth Amendment of the Constitution of India


text of clause(2) of Article 276 of the Constitution, after the 60th Amendment, is given below: The "Constitution (Sixtieth Amendment) Bill, 1988" (Bill No. 100 of 1988) was introduced in the Lok Sabha on 22 August 1988. It was introduced by Ajit Kumar Panja, then Minister of State in the Department of Revenue in the Ministry of Finance. The Bill sought to amend sought to amend article 276 of the Constitution relating to taxes on professions, trades, callings and employments. Section 2
4013245
Des Hanafin


a chief fundraiser of the Fianna Fáil party for many years. In May 2015, he accused equality campaigners in the marriage equality referendum of spreading a "palpable climate of fear", and called for a No vote. He opposed the legalisation of divorce, which was introduced in 1995, and attempted to overturn the referendum result in the Supreme Court, but was refused by the court. An opponent of abortion, Hanafin was one of the promoters of the constitutional amendment that enshrined the legal ban on abortion in the Constitution of
14734639
Constitutional debate in Canada


executive. The Constitution Act, 1982, did not change the divisions of responsibilities between the provincial and the federal legislatures, except for the provincial jurisdiction over natural resources and energy, which was clarified and slightly expanded. A Charter of rights and freedoms was enshrined into the constitution of Canada in 1982. The charter covers fundamental liberties, democratic rights, mobility rights, legal rights, equality rights, language rights and minority language education rights. The 1982 constitutional reform introduced an amendment process that no longer involved the approval of the Parliament
20082015
Same-sex marriage in Costa Rica


La Gaceta" in February 2019. The guidelines were adopted in compliance with the 2018 IACHR ruling. In February 2019, a group of conservative deputies introduced a constitutional amendment to ban same-sex marriage. According to the deputies, the initiative is supported by 150,000 citizens. The bill seeks to amend Article 52 of the Constitution from the current text: "Marriage is the essential basis of the family and rests on the equal rights of the spouses" to "Marriage is the union of a man and a woman, rests
882172
Article Five of the United States Constitution


and remains in effect. It expressly provides that no amendment shall deprive a state of its equal suffrage (representation) in the Senate, as described in , without such states' consent. Designed to seal two compromises reached between delegates to the Constitutional Convention after contentious debates, these are the only explicitly entrenched provisions of the Constitution. Some scholars contend that the guarantee of equal suffrage in the Senate from amendment is itself amendable. Mader holds that the shielding provision can be amended because it is not "self-entrenched,"
12968438
Bolling v. Sharpe


opinion, which ordered desegregation "with all deliberate speed". In "Bolling", the Court did not address school desegregation in the context of the Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause, which applies only to the states, but rather held that school segregation was unconstitutional under the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The Court observed that the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution lacked an Equal Protection Clause, as in the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The Court held, however
14908786
Third Amendment of the Constitution of India


of entry 33 of the Concurrent List, prior to the 3rd Amendment is given below: The bill of "The Constitution (Third Amendment) Act, 1954" was introduced in the Lok Sabha on 6 September 1954, as the "Constitution (Third Amendment) Bill, 1954" (Bill No. 40 of 1954). It was introduced by T. T. Krishnamachari, then Minister of Commerce and Industry. The bill sought to the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution, substituting a new entry for the original entry 33 of List
14035504
Sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India


by all the State Governments. The bill of "The Constitution (Sixth Amendment) Act, 1956" was introduced in the Lok Sabha on 3 May 1956, as the "Constitution (Tenth Amendment) Bill, 1956" (Bill No. 35 of 1956). It was introduced by M.C. Shah, then Minister of Revenue and Civil Expenditure, and sought to amend articles 269, 286 and the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution to remove certain anomalies regarding taxes on inter-State sales and purchases. The object of the
14632356
Forty-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of India


Part III of the Constitution relating to Fundamental Rights. The "Constitution (Forty-seventh Amendment) Act, 1984" was introduced in the Lok Sabha on 19 August 1983 as the "Constitution (Forty-eighth Amendment) Bill, 1983" (Bill No. 94 of 1983). It was introduced by Harinatha Misra, then Minister of State in the Ministry of Rural Development. The Bill sought to add to the Ninth Schedule to the Constitution, 14 additional legislations relating to land reforms, enacted by the States of
3714201
2006 Ukrainian parliamentary election


while the other half were elected in single-mandate constituencies. Following the Orange Revolution and the 2004 presidential elections in December 2004 Ukrainian parliament adopted significant changes (amendments) to the Constitution of Ukraine by introducing concepts of political coalition, coalition government, imperative mandate as well as transferred some power from the President to the parliament, making Ukraine a parliamentary-presidential democracy. Those amendments were to enter into force on 1 January 2006. The new constitutional amendment also abolished single member-districts and replacing them with an increased multi-
20742857
Human Life Amendment


moment of conception, within its jurisdiction, the equal protection of the laws." "Section 2. Neither the United States nor any State shall deprive any human being of life on account of illness, age, or incapacity." "Section 3. Congress and the several States shall have the power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation." Introduced by Rep. G. William Whitehurst (R-VA) on March 13, 1973, under . nb "Section 1. Nothing in this Constitution shall bar any State or
9781639
Limited government


In political philosophy, limited government is where the government is empowered by law from a starting point of having no power, or where governmental power is restricted by law, usually in a written constitution. It is a key concept in the history of liberalism. The United States Constitution presents an example of the federal government not possessing any power except what is delegated to it by the Constitution — with the Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution making explicit that powers not specifically delegated to the federal government are reserved for the people and
2651549
Forty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India


The Forty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India, officially known as The Constitution (Forty-first Amendment) Act, 1976, raised the age of retirement of the Chairman and members of the State Public Service Commissions from 60 to 62 years, by amending article 316(2) of the Constitution. The relevant amended text of clause (2) of article 316, after the 41st Amendment, is given below: "The Constitution (Forty-first Amendment) Act, 1976" was introduced in the Lok Sabha on 26
15901153
Switzerland


, and then voters must indicate a preference on the ballot in case both proposals are accepted. Constitutional amendments, whether introduced by initiative or in parliament, must be accepted by a double majority of the national popular vote and the cantonal popular votes. The Swiss Confederation consists of 26 cantons: * The cantons are federated states, have a permanent constitutional status and, in comparison with the situation in other countries, a high degree of independence. Under the Federal Constitution, all 26 cantons are equal in status, except that 6
6918481
Jim McGovern (American politician)


's United" case was wrongly decided, and that money does not equal free speech. He elaborated, saying that corporations should not "have the same equality as a regular voter." At first he said that "the Constitution was wrong," but he later said that he had misspoken. On November 15, 2011 McGovern introduced the People's Rights Amendment, a proposal to limit the Constitution's protections to only the rights of natural persons, and not corporations. In January 2012, McGovern promoted his participation in a
5169126
Fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India


House and lapsed on the dissolution of the First Lok Sabha. The government decided to introduce a separate bill to expedite consideration and passing of the amendment to article 3, because it felt that the "Constitution (Fifth Amendment) Bill" would take a very long time to be disposed of, as it sought to amend several articles. In order to achieve this, the "Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Bill, 1955" (Bill No. 63 of 1955) which sought to amend article 3, was introduced in the
14150907
Sixty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India


was extended to 1980 and 1990 by the 23rd and 45th Amendments respectively. The 62nd Amendment extended the period of reservation to 2000. The period of reservation was further extended to 2010 and 2020 by the 79th and 95th Amendments respectively. The full text of Article 334 of the Constitution, after the 62nd Amendment, is given below: The "Constitution (Sixty-second Amendment) Bill, 1989" (Bill No. 26 of 1989) was introduced in the Rajya Sabha on 20 December 1989. It was introduced by Ram
14462265
Abortion in Arkansas


made reforms to their abortion laws, with most of these states providing more detailed medical guidance on when therapeutic abortions could be performed. An amendment in the state constitution in 1988 said, "The policy of Arkansas is to protect the life of every unborn child from conception until birth, to the extent permitted by the Federal Constitution." Two abortion bills were before the state legislature in 1997. AB SB 612 (1997) was introduced by Republican Senator Boozman on March 5, 1997. While in committee, it was amended
14732259
Constitutional amendment


in both chambers of parliament was free to deviate from the terms of the constitution, without itself becoming part of the constitution. This very wide conception of "amendment" eased the rise of Adolf Hitler to power; it was consequently explicitly ruled out in the postwar 1949 constitution, which allows amendments only by explicitly changing the constitution's text. The Constitution of Ethiopia can only be modified by a simple majority of the country's regions, and two-thirds majorities in both houses of the Federal Parliamentary Assembly. Chapter 39 of
17913120
Utah Constitutional Amendment 3


Utah Constitutional Amendment 3 was an amendment to the Utah state constitution that sought to define marriage as a union exclusively between a man and woman. It passed in the November 2, 2004, election, as did similar amendments in ten other states. The amendment, which added Article 1, Section 29, to the Utah Constitution, reads: On December 20, 2013, federal judge Robert J. Shelby of the U.S. District Court for Utah struck down Amendment 3 as unconstitutional under the Due Process and Equal Protection clauses of the U.S.
5572885
Presidency of Abraham Lincoln


the right to vote. Historian Eric Foner notes that no one knows what Lincoln would have done about Reconstruction had he served out his second term, but writes, In December 1863, a proposed constitutional amendment that would outlaw slavery was introduced in Congress; though the Senate voted for the amendment with the necessary two-thirds majority, the amendment did not receive sufficient support in the House. On accepting the 1864 National Union nomination, Lincoln told the party that he would seek to ratify a constitutional amendment that would abolish slavery in
9753174
Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence


amended for the circumstances, which became the 1965 constitution. In the eyes of the Smith administration, this document removed Whitehall's remaining authority over Rhodesia and made Rhodesia a "de jure" independent state. However, the Smith government still professed loyalty to Elizabeth II, and accordingly the document reconstituted Rhodesia as a dominion with Elizabeth as "Queen of Rhodesia". The new constitution created the concept of allegiance to the "Constitution of Rhodesia," and introduced the post of Officer Administering the Government, a viceregal figure empowered to
3224029
Spencer W. Kimball


is included in the LDS Church's edition of the Doctrine and Covenants as Official Declaration 2. In 1972, the US Congress passed the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), which introduced an amendment to the US Constitution guaranteeing that equal rights could not be denied by the federal government or any U.S. state on the basis of gender. Upon becoming church president in late 1973, Kimball initially indicated to media outlets that the LDS Church had no official stand on the amendment and made no comment on it. In July 1974, Belle
14534850
Forty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India


Act, 1984" was introduced in the Lok Sabha on 17 August 1984 as the "Constitution (Fiftieth Amendment) Bill, 1984" (Bill No. 77 of 1984). It was introduced by P.V. Narasimha Rao, then Minister of Home Affairs. The Bill sought to amend article 356 of the Constitution, and insert a new proviso in clause (5) of article 356 of the Constitution in order to provide that in the case of the Proclamation issued by the President on 6 October 1983 with respect to the State
3819895
List of failed amendments to the Constitution of Ireland


The Constitution of Ireland has been amended 32 times since its adoption in 1937. Numerous other amendment bills have been introduced in Dáil Éireann but were not enacted. These include government bills passed by the Dáil and Seanad but rejected at referendum; bills which the government introduced but later decided not to proceed with; and the rest were private member's bills (PMBs), usually introduced by opposition TDs. No amendment PMBs passed second stage until 2015. A new bill to amend the constitution is usually named with the ordinal number next
13517546
United States Bill of Rights


the impulses of interest and passion". Historians continue to debate the degree to which Madison considered the amendments of the Bill of Rights necessary, and to what degree he considered them politically expedient; in the outline of his address, he wrote, "Bill of Rights—useful—not essential—". On the occasion of his April 30, 1789 inauguration as the nation's first president, George Washington addressed the subject of amending the Constitution. He urged the legislators, James Madison introduced a series of Constitutional amendments in
9428826
Senate (Netherlands)


not count on sufficient support. However, reform came in 1922, five years after a constitutional amendment that introduced universal male suffrage and proportional representation to the House of Representatives. The constitutional amendment of 1922 brought proportional representation to the Senate as well. Rather than the seats being distributed among the provinces, the provinces were now organised into four groups of roughly equal population, each electing twelve or thirteen Senators under party-list proportional representation. The term of Senators was decreased to six years, with two of the four groups electing
17664302
Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India


to the Directive Principles of State Policy over the Fundamental Rights of individuals respectively. This respectively amends mostly of whole constitution, hence is called as mini constitution. Then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi set up a committee in 1976 under the Chairmanship of then Minister of External Affairs Swaran Singh "to study the question of amendment of the Constitution in the light of experience". The bill for the "Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976" was introduced in the Lok Sabha on 1 September 1976, as the "Constitution
4406373
Hugo Black


of contraceptives. Black said "It belittles that [Fourth] Amendment to talk about it as though it protects nothing but 'privacy' ... 'privacy' is a broad, abstract, and ambiguous concept ... The constitutional right of privacy is not found in the Constitution." Justice Black rejected reliance on what he called the "mysterious and uncertain" concept of natural law. According to Black that theory was vague and arbitrary, and merely allowed judges to impose their personal views on the nation. Instead, he argued that
17645910
Equal Rights Amendment


or constitutional amendments providing that equal rights under the law shall not be denied because of sex. Most of these provisions mirror the broad language of the ERA, while the wording in others resembles the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. The 1879 Constitution of California contains the earliest state equal rights provision on record. Narrowly written, it limits the equal rights conferred to "entering or pursuing a business, profession, vocation, or employment". Near the end of the 19th century two more states, Wyoming (1890)
14507671
First Amendment of the Constitution of India


The Constitution (First Amendment) Act, 1951, enacted in 1951, made several changes to the Fundamental Rights provisions of the constitution. It provided against abuse of freedom of speech and expression, validation of "zamindari" abolition laws, and clarified that the right to equality does not bar the enactment of laws which provide "special consideration" for weaker sections of society. The formal title of the amendment is the Constitution (First Amendment) Act, 1951. It was moved by the then Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal
6087012
Seventy-ninth Amendment of the Constitution of India


was extended to 1980, 1990, and 2000 by the 23rd, 45th and 62nd Amendments respectively. The 79th Amendment extended this period to 2010. The period of reservation was further extended to 2020 by the 95th Amendment. The full text of Article 334 of the Constitution, after the 79th Amendment, is given below: The bill of "The Constitution (Seventy-ninth Amendment) Act, 1999" was introduced in the Lok Sabha on 26 October 1999, as the "Constitution (Eighty-fourth Amendment) Bill,
14462328
1911 California Proposition 7


Proposition 7 of 1911 (or Senate Constitutional Amendment No. 22) was an amendment of the Constitution of California that introduced, for the first time, the initiative and the optional referendum. Prior to 1911 the only form of direct democracy in California was the compulsory referendum. Since the first state constitution was enacted in 1849, it has been obligatory for constitutional amendments and certain other measures to be approved by voters in a referendum in order to become law. Proposition 7 introduced a form of optional (or facultative) referendum on
6971101
Equal Protection Clause


of the amendment by the former Confederate states was imposed as a condition of their acceptance back into the Union. With the return to originalist interpretations of the Constitution, many wonder what was intended by the framers of the reconstruction amendments at the time of their ratification. The 13th amendment abolished slavery but to what extent it protected other rights was unclear. After the 13th amendment the South began to institute black codes which were restrictive laws seeking to keep Black Americans in a position of inferiority. The 14th amendment was ratified by nervous Republicans
6194221
Constitution of North Dakota


The Constitution of North Dakota is the most basic legal document in the U.S. State of North Dakota. It consists of a preamble and thirteen articles. Amendments to the North Dakota Constitution have always required the approval of a majority of voters. Between 1889 and 1914, the power to propose amendments to the Constitution rested with the North Dakota Legislative Assembly. In 1914, the voter constitutional initiative was introduced; between 1914 and 2012, 74 initiated amendments were considered by North Dakota voters. North Dakota's constitution was amended in 2012 to
15927684
Liberal feminism


social security and education for women especially needs to be guaranteed by the U.S. Constitution. Three years after women won the right to vote, the Equal Right Amendment (ERA) was introduced in Congress by Senator Curtis and Representative Anthony, both Republicans. This amendment stated that civil rights cannot be denied on the basis of one's sex. It was authored by Alice Paul, head of the National Women's Party, who led the suffrage campaign. Through the efforts of Alice Paul, the Amendment was introduced into each session
15097733
William Meade Fishback


building his practice into one of the most prosperous in western Arkansas. Fishback was a delegate to the 1874 Arkansas Constitutional Convention. He served as a member of the Arkansas House of Representatives from 1871 to 1881. He introduced what came to be known as the "Fishback Amendment", now known as Amendment 1 (codified as Article 20) of the Arkansas Constitution. This amendment prohibited the state authorities from paying the Holford railroad aid and levee bonds. Failure to pay the Holford debt created credit problems for the state that lasted
9599291
Wyandotte Constitution


a result of her efforts, women gained the rights to own property and to participate in school district elections. In addition, the constitution assured that the state would provide for women's equal rights "in the possession of their children." The previous proposed state constitutions were the Topeka Constitution of 1855, the Lecompton Constitution of 1857 and the Leavenworth Constitution of 1858. Amended many times (including a universal suffrage amendment in 1912), the Wyandotte Constitution is still the . Slavery is prohibited: "SEC. 6. There
19663399
Eleventh Amendment of the Constitution of India


be challenged on the ground of the existence of any vacancy for whatever reason in the appropriate electoral college. The full text of clause (1) of article 66, after the 11th Amendment is given below: The "Constitution (Eleventh Amendment) Bill, 1961" (Bill No. 66 of 1961) was introduced in the Lok Sabha on 30 November 1961. It was introduced by Ashoke Kumar Sen, then Minister of Law, and sought to amend articles 66 and 71 of the Constitution. The full text of the
14838213
Twenty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India


, Meitei (Manipuri) and Nepali. The 92nd Amendment, added Bodo, Dogri, Santhali and Maithali in 2004, raising the total number of languages to 22. The "Constitution (Twenty-first Amendment) Bill, 1967" (Bill No. 1 of 1967) was introduced in the Rajya Sabha on 20 March 1967. It was introduced by Yashwantrao Chavan, then Minister of Home Affairs, and sought to amend the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution to include Sindhi as one of the languages listed in the schedule.
15497524
Ninety-fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India


reservation was extended to 1980, 1990, 2000 and 2010 by the 23rd, 45th, 62nd and 79th Amendments respectively. The 95th Amendment extended the period of reservation to 2020. The full text of Article 334 of the Constitution, after the 95th Amendment, is given below: The bill of "The Constitution (Ninety-fifth Amendment) Act, 2009" was introduced in the Rajya Sabha on 30 July 2009 as the "Constitution (One Hundred and Ninth Amendment) Bill, 2009" (Bill No. XX of
14409090
Non-constituency Member of Parliament


MP") by virtue of provisions in the Constitution and the Parliamentary Elections Act enabling the unsuccessful candidates who have performed the best to be accorded the status. The MP is so called because he or she does not represent any constituency (or electoral division) in Parliament. The NCMP scheme was introduced on 22 August 1984 by the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment) Act 1984 and the Parliamentary Elections (Amendment) Act 1984. Under Article 39(1)(b) of the Constitution which was introduced by the constitutional amendment Act,
8393752
Secularism in the Republic of Ireland


Fifteenth Amendment of the Constitution Act referendum of 1995 to remove the constitutional prohibition on divorce meant the right for divorce was signed into law in 1996, despite the Catholic Church's strong disinclination towards the amendment. In 1993 homosexual acts was decriminalized in Ireland. In 2015, LGBT rights activism brought about an amendment to the Constitution of Ireland in terms of marriage laws. The Thirty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution (Marriage Equality) Act 2015 meant that the prohibition of same-sex marriage was abolished and marriage between two persons without
6673569
Sixty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India


first Amendment) Act, 1988" was introduced in the Lok Sabha on 13 December 1988, as the "Constitution (Sixty-second Amendment) Bill, 1988" (Bill No. 129 of 1988). It was introduced by B. Shankaranand, then Minister of Water Resources. The bill sought to amend Article 326 of the Constitution, relating to elections to the Lok Sabha and to the Legislative Assemblies of States based on adult suffrage. The full text of the Statement of Objects and Reasons appended to the bill is given
13851397
Eighteenth Amendment of the Constitution of India


. Both bills contained exactly the same text. The "Constitution (Twentieth Amendment) Bill, 1966" (Bill No. 39 of 1966) was introduced in the Lok Sabha on 25 July 1966. It was introduced by C. R. Pattabhi Raman, then Minister of State in the Ministry of Law, and sought to amend article 3 just like the "Constitution (Nineteenth Amendment) Bill, 1966". The full text of the Statement of Objects and Reasons appended to the bill is given below: The bill was debated
15013110
Seventy-first Amendment of the Constitution of India


Bodo, Dogri, Santhali and Maithili were included in the Eighth Schedule in 2004, through the 92nd Amendment, raising the total number of languages to 22. The "Constitution (Seventy-first Amendment) Act, 1992", was introduced in Lok Sabha on 20 August 1992, as the "Constitution (Seventy-eighth Amendment) Bill, 1992" (Bill No. 142 of 1992). It was introduced by Shankarrao Chavan, then Minister of Home Affairs, and sought to include Konkani, Meitei and Nepali languages
15497856
Forty-third Amendment of the Constitution of India


Amendment) Act, 1977 was introduced in the Lok Sabha (House of the People) on 16December 1977 as the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Bill, 1977. It was introduced by Shanti Bhushan, Minister of Law, Justice and Company Affairs. The bill sought to amend Articles 145, 228 and 366, and omit Articles 31D, 32A, 131A, 144A, 226A and 228A of the constitution. The bill was debated by the Lok Sabha on 19 and 20 December, and was passed on 20December, after
17089670
Section 25 of the Constitution of Australia


was proposed in the 1891 constitutional convention by Andrew Inglis Clark, the then Tasmanian Attorney-General. Clark adapted the wording from section 2 of the Fourteenth Amendment to the US Constitution, which was introduced in 1868 following the US Civil War and intended to deter states from excluding certain races from voting. Unlike section 25, however, the US provision made no direct reference to race. At the time what became section 25 was introduced to the draft there was not intended to be a separate federal franchise. Rather, those permitted
4880976
Nels Ackerson


a staff position in the U.S. Senate to serve under the leadership of Indiana Senator Birch Bayh, a member of the Senate Committee on the Judiciary and Chairman of the Subcommittee on the Constitution. Ackerson held the positions of Chief Counsel and Executive Director of the Senate Subcommittee on the Constitution. Equal Rights Amendment: As Chief Counsel, Ackerson was a leading Senate staff member to assist with Senate consideration and passage of the Equal Rights Amendment. The Equal Rights Amendment (or ERA) would have ensured equal rights of women under all provisions
19964886
Twenty-fifth Amendment of the Constitution Bill 2001


The Twenty-fifth Amendment of the Constitution (Protection of Human Life in Pregnancy) Bill 2001 (bill no. 48 of 2001) was a proposed amendment to the Constitution of Ireland to tighten the constitutional ban on abortion. It would have removed the threat of suicide as a grounds for legal abortion in the state, as well as introducing new penalties for anyone performing an abortion, by giving constitutional status to legislation proposed to be enacted after the amendment. It was narrowly rejected in a referendum held on 6 March 2002,
21224545
Amendment


it delivered once a week. Usually Contracts also are categorized for their promotion in a nation, such as the Treaty of Versailles. Constitutions are often amended when people change their minds about what the government should do. Some of the most famous constitutional amendments are the First Amendment to the United States Constitution which added the freedom of speech, religion, press, and protest, the third Amendment to the Constitution of Ireland, which let Ireland join the European Union, and the amendment of the German constitution as part of the German
12580348
Stephen Broden


speaker for the Tea Party movement and advocates for a return to what he considers proper Constitutional principles in government and the Judeo-Christian values that he claims undergird the founding of the United States of America. He supports an individual's right to bear arms, which he claims emanates from the Second Amendment, and a broad conception of the Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Broden has been a recurring political commentator on Fox News Channel, including appearances on the Glenn Beck show. He was awarded "Champion of the Republican
16537299
Thirty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland


The Thirty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution (Marriage Equality) Act 2015 (previously bill no. 5 of 2015) amended the Constitution of Ireland to permit marriage to be contracted by two persons without distinction as to their sex. Prior to the enactment, the Constitution was assumed to contain an implicit prohibition on same-sex marriage in the Republic of Ireland. It was approved at a referendum on 22 May 2015 by 62% of voters on a turnout of 61%. This was the first time that a state legalised
20006422
Hillary Clinton 2016 presidential campaign


July 2016, she has "committed" to introducing a U.S. constitutional amendment that would result in overturning the 2010 Citizens United decision. She believes in equal pay for equal work, to address current shortfalls in how much women are paid to do the same jobs men do. Clinton has explicitly focused on family issues and supports universal preschool. On LGBT rights, she supports the right to same-sex marriage enshrined in the constitution. Clinton holds that allowing undocumented immigrants to have a path to citizenship "s at its heart a
5604165
Twenty-second Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan


The Twenty-second Amendment of the Constitution of Pakistan, officially known as the Constitution (Twenty-second Amendment) Act, 2016, sets to amend the procedure for the appointment, qualifications and other prerequisites for the chief election commissioner (CEC) and four members of the Election Commission of Pakistan (ECP). The "Constitution (Twenty-second Amendment) Bill, 2016" was introduced in the National Assembly of Pakistan by Zahid Hamid, then Minister for Law and Justice. The full text of the Statement of Objects
11596587
Constitution of the Philippines


, and at least three percent of registered voters within each district (called a People's Initiative. All amendments must be ratified in a national referendum. The Constitution also contains several other provisions enumerating various state policies including, i.e., the affirmation of labor "as a primary social economic force" (Section 14, Article II); the equal protection of "the life of the mother and the life of the unborn from conception" (Section 12, Article II); the "Filipino family as the foundation of the
13384397
Iowa


suffrage in Iowa. Although Iowa supported the Federal Equal Rights Amendment, in 1980 and 1992 Iowa voters rejected an Equal Rights Amendment to the state constitution. Iowa did add the word "women" to the Iowa Constitution in 1998. After Amendment, it reads: "All men and women are, by nature, free and equal, and have certain inalienable rights – among which are those of enjoying and defending life and liberty, acquiring, possessing and protecting property, and pursuing and obtaining safety and happiness." In May
74958
Equal Rights Amendment


place subject to its jurisdiction." On March 8, 2011, the 100th anniversary of International Women's Day, Representative Tammy Baldwin (D-Wisconsin) introduced legislation (H.J. Res. 47) to remove the congressionally imposed deadline for ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment. The resolution had 56 cosponsors. The resolution was referred to the Subcommittee on the Constitution by the House Committee on the Judiciary. The Subcommittee failed to vote on the resolution, and as such, the resolution died in subcommittee when the 112th Congress ended in
14507667
Government of Alabama


of an appropriation bill without vetoing the entire bill. In this event, only the vetoed item of the appropriation bill is returned to the house of origin for reconsideration by the Legislature. The remainder of the bill becomes law. Sometimes what the legislature wishes to accomplish cannot be done simply by the passage of a bill, but rather requires amending the Constitution. A bill or joint resolution is accordingly drafted to propose an appropriate amendment to the Constitution. This bill or joint resolution is introduced in the same manner as other bills
15774045
Military history of Japan


Japan to amend the Japanese Constitution so that Japan can have an official and normal military with offensive capabilities to share an equal burden of national security duties. This was prevented by an anti-war sentiment among the populace and politicians. In May 2017, Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe set a 2020 deadline for revising the Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution, a clause in the national Constitution of Japan outlawing war as a means to settle international disputes involving the state. This charter was written by the United States. What distinguishes Japan
4922095
Constitution of Tennessee


than "no" votes and must equal "a majority of all the citizens of the state voting for governor." Under the convention method, the legislature can put on any ballot the question of whether to call a constitutional convention. The question must state whether the convention is limited (to make amendments to the existing constitution) or unlimited (to propose an entirely new constitution). If the convention is limited, the question must state the provisions of the current constitution that are to be subject to amendment, and the
3211376
Unsuccessful attempts to amend the Canadian Constitution


Since the Constitution of Canada was patriated, in 1982, only ten minor Amendments to the Constitution of Canada have been passed. There have, however, been a number of unsuccessful attempts to amend the Constitution in accordance with its amending formula. On April 18, 1983, Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau expressed support for entrenching property rights in the Constitution, but only if debate were limited to a single day. The debate became engulfed in partisan tactics and eleven days later the Progressive Conservative Opposition introduced a motion of non-confidence in
16456174
Article 12 of the Constitution of Singapore


Carta of 1215 which states: "To none will we sell, to none will we deny, to none will we delay right or justice." Article 12(1) of the Constitution bears a strong resemblance to the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution which prohibits any state from denying "to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws", and to Article 14 of the Constitution of India which bars the state from denying "to any person equality before the law or the equal
3569743
Twelfth Amendment of the Constitution of South Africa


The Twelfth Amendment of the Constitution of South Africa (formally the Constitution Twelfth Amendment Act of 2005) altered the boundaries of seven of South Africa's nine provinces. It also redefined all of the provinces' geographical areas in terms of the areas of district and metropolitan municipalities, and repealed the provisions introduced by the Third Amendment that allowed municipal areas to cross provincial boundaries. A number of the boundary changes were highly controversial and led to popular protest and court challenges. Before the Twelfth Amendment, the Constitution defined the provincial boundaries by
10635925
Thirty-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland


The Thirty-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland (previously bill no. 87 of 2018) is an amendment to the constitution of Ireland which removed the offence of publishing or uttering blasphemous matter. The amendment to the constitution was proposed in Dáil Éireann, passed by the Oireachtas, and approved by the people in a referendum. The bill was introduced to the Oireachtas on 13 July 2018 by the Fine Gael minority coalition government. A referendum was held on 26 October, on the same date as the presidential election. A
21830825
Fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India


reorganisation of the states at any time. The "Constitution (Fifth Amendment) Bill, 1955" (Bill No. 60 of 1955) was introduced in the Lok Sabha on 21 November 1955. It was introduced by C.C. Biswas, then Minister of Law and Minority Affairs, and sought to amend Articles 3, 100, 101, 103, 148, 189, 190, 192, 276, 297, 311, 316 and 319 of the Constitution. However, the bill could not be taken up for consideration by the
14150906
Twentieth Amendment of the Constitution of India


introduced in the Lok Sabha on 25 November 1966, as the "Constitution (Twenty-third Amendment) Bill, 1966 "(Bill No. 89 of 1966). It was introduced by Yashwantrao Chavan, then Minister of Home Affairs, and sought to insert a new article 233A in the Constitution. The full text of the Statement of Objects and Reasons appended to the bill is given below: The Bill was debated and passed by the Lok Sabha on 3 December 1966, with only formal amendments to replace the word "
15445802
Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India


Court on any ground". It also declared that there would be no limitation whatever on the constituent power of Parliament to amend the Constitution. The 42nd Amendment also restricted the power of the courts to issue stay orders or injunctions. The 42nd Amendment revoked the courts' power to determine what constituted an office of profit. A new article 228A was inserted in the Constitution which would give High Courts the authority to "determine all questions as to the constitutional validity of any State law". The amendment's fifty-nine clauses
4406382
Constitution of Bangladesh


to amend the constitution. After winning the 1973 general election, the Awami League government often flouted constitutional rules and principles. The government received strong criticism from the Bangladeshi press, including both Bengali and English newspapers. The Committee for Civil Liberties and Legal Aid was formed to defend the constitution. The Awami League enacted three constitutional amendments between 1973 and 1975. The most drastic amendment was in January 1975. It introduced a one party state and a presidential government, while the judiciary's independence was greatly curtailed. Constitutional rule was suspended
2012640
Constitution of the United States


, Five and Six embody concepts of federalism, describing the rights and responsibilities of state governments, the states in relationship to the federal government, and the shared process of constitutional amendment. Article Seven establishes the procedure subsequently used by the thirteen States to ratify it. It is regarded as the oldest written and codified national constitution in force. Since the Constitution came into force in 1789, it has been amended 27 times, including an amendment to repeal a previous one, in order to meet the needs of a nation that has
12967345
Eighth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland


The Eighth Amendment of the Constitution Act 1983 amended the Constitution of Ireland by inserting a subsection recognising the equal right to life of the pregnant woman and the unborn. Abortion had been subject to criminal penalty in Ireland since 1861; the amendment ensured that legislation or judicial interpretation would be restricted to allowing abortion in circumstances where the life of a pregnant woman was at risk. It was approved by referendum on 7 September 1983 and signed into law on 7 October 1983. The amendment was adopted during the Fine Gael–Labour Party coalition
9963461
Twenty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India


Table appended to Paragraph 20 of the Sixth Schedule and such number of other members of that Assembly as may be specified in the order. The "Constitution (Twenty-second Amendment) Bill, 1968", (Bill No. 113 of 1968) was introduced in the Lok Sabha on 10 December 1968. It was introduced by Yashwantrao Chavan, then Minister of Home Affairs, and sought to amend article 275 and insert new articles 244A and 371B in the Constitution. The full text of the Statement of Objects and Reasons appended
15609665
Constitutional amendment


, by a two-thirds absolute supermajority, submit to the voters at a general election the question whether to call a convention to revise the Constitution. If the majority of the voters vote yes on that question, within six months the Legislature shall provide for the convention. Delegates to a constitutional convention shall be voters elected from districts as nearly equal in population as may be practicable. The constitution does not provide any rules for the operation of the constitutional convention. With the initiative method, an amendment is proposed by a petition
17913132
Constitution of Singapore


5(2A) and 5A themselves. Article 5A was introduced to deal with non-core constitutional amendments. The Article enables the President to veto proposed constitutional amendments that directly or indirectly circumvent or curtail the discretionary powers conferred on him by the Constitution. However, the power to veto is not absolute as the President may, acting on the Cabinet's advice, refer the matter to a constitutional tribunal under Article 100 for its opinion on whether a proposed amendment indeed has this effect. If the tribunal's view is different from the President
16460761
Entrenched clause


disputed act was seen as an individual decision in violation of then-effective constitutional procedure regulating early elections. Article 226 of the Constitution of Egypt, defining the amendment procedure, ends with an entrenched clause stating that "In all cases, texts pertaining to the re-election of the president of the republic or the principles of freedom and equality stipulated in this Constitution may not be amended, unless the amendment brings more guarantees." This clause failed to block the 2019 amendments that replaced "a president cannot be re-
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