what are the three main sources of public international law
Nuclear law


exposure to natural sources of radiation." There is, and has been right from its beginning, national law and international law. It is national public law in its constitutional, administrative, criminal and public health aspects. It is national private law as it regulates liability for nuclear damage. It may, by reserving certain kinds of source or other radioactive materials to public property, trespass by public law into what would normally be the field of private law. It is international public law as it creates international intergovernmental organizations, and
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Sources of international law


, the ICJ is also to apply "judicial decisions and the teachings of the most highly qualified publicists of the various nations, as subsidiary means for the determination of rules of law". It is difficult to tell what influence these materials have on the development of the law. Pleadings in cases before the ICJ are often replete with references to case law and to legal literature. The decisions of international and municipal courts and the publications of academics can be referred to, not as a source of law as such, but as
7337824
Alberico Gentili


an opponent of the French humanist jurists like Jacques Cujas, who applied philological methods to the sources of Roman law. Gentili's first book on issues of international law was "De Legationibus Libri Tres", published in 1585. Between 1588 and 1589 Gentili published three booklets collected as "De Jure Belli Commentationes Tres". An enhanced edition appeared under the title "De Jure Belli Libri Tres" in 1598. It is considered his main work and a classic of public international law. The book is praised for its modernity and
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Customary international law


Customary international law is an aspect of international law involving the principle of custom. Along with general principles of law and treaties, custom is considered by the International Court of Justice, jurists, the United Nations, and its member states to be among the primary sources of international law. Many governments accept in principle the existence of customary international law, although there are differing opinions as to what rules are contained in it. In 1950, the International Law Commission listed the following sources as forms of evidence to customary international law:
1028278
Constitution of Singapore


may be grouped into two categories: those that are legally binding and those that are not. Legally binding sources include the text of the Constitution, judicial interpretations of the Constitution, and other statutes. Non-binding sources are influences on constitutional law such as soft law, constitutional conventions, and public international law. Singapore has a written constitution. The text of the Singapore Constitution which took effect from 9 August 1965 was a patchwork of provisions drawn from three statutes: the Constitution of the State of Singapore 1963, the Federal
16460695
Rule of Law in Armed Conflicts Project


terms, is particular to the RULAC Project. The RULAC Project should prove to be a precious source of information for government officials, journalists and more widely for any person interested by the respect of the law in war. The first three Geneva Conventions were revised, expanded, and replaced, and the fourth one was added, in 1949. In addition, there are three additional amendment protocols to the Geneva Convention: ICRC, What is International Humanitarian Law?, Fact Sheet, 2004. ICRC, Basic Rules of the 1949
15113608
New York University Journal of International Law and Politics


Peres, Kofi Annan, and three Justices from the Constitutional Court of South Africa: Arthur Chaskalson, Richard Goldstone, and Albie Sachs. The journal is the creator and publisher of the "Guide to Foreign and International Citation". This international citation manual provides information on the appropriate citation of foreign, multinational, and international sources, including the publications of organizations such as the United Nations and the World Trade Organization. Since 1982, the "New York University Journal of International Law and Politics" hosts an annual symposium on an
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Customary international humanitarian law


Customary international humanitarian law is a body of unwritten rules of public international law, which govern conduct during armed conflict. Customary international law, like international treaty law, is recognized as a primary source of public international law. While international treaties are written agreements by which States establish certain rules, customary international law consists of unwritten rules which derive from “general practice accepted as law”. Therefore, for a rule of international custom to be established, two elements are required: “an objective one, the repeated behaviour of States
16166806
Willamette University College of Law


other secondary legal sources. The three-story structure is attached to the Collins Legal Center and contains study rooms, video rooms, conference rooms, and computer labs, and it is staffed by reference librarians. Additionally, it has special collections in tax law, public international law, and labor law, and it is a Selective Federal Government Documents Depository. Members of the public may access the library when the library is staffed by librarians. Law students also have access to Willamette University's Mark O. Hatfield Library, the Oregon
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Sources of international law


as to the weight that should be attributed to what states do, rather than what they say represents the law. In its most extreme form, this would involve rejecting what states say as practice and relegating it to the status of evidence of "opinio juris". A more moderate version would evaluate what a state says by reference to the occasion on which the statement was made. It is only relatively powerful countries with extensive international contacts and interests that have regular opportunities of contributing by deed to the practice of international law.
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Public rhetoric


internalization and externalization of ideas. As Michael Warner indicates, the ability to exchange ideas is what enables the participatory creation of the public sphere and is, therefore, a source of great power: “Speaking, writing, and thinking involve us-actively and immediately-in a public, and thus in the being of the sovereign. Imagine how powerless people would feel if their commonality and participation were simply defined by pre-given frameworks, by institutions and law, as in other social contexts it is defined through kinship.
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Dire Tladi


Dire Tladi is a professor of international law at the Department of Public Law and the Institute for International and Comparative Law in Africa at the University of Pretoria. He is also extraordinary professor at the Public Law Department of the University of Stellenbosch. He has served as the Principal State Law Adviser for International Law for the South African Department of International Relations and Cooperation and Legal Counsellor to the South Africa Mission to the United Nations. His main academic specializations are in public international law, human rights law, environmental law and international criminal
8755652
Faculty of Law, University of National and World Economy


Private law, Public Law, Criminal Law and International law. The academic body of the Faculty consists of 80 lecturers involving 11 professors, 17 associate professors and 52 non full-tenure lecturers. The main mission of the Faculty is to provide a high-quality training in Law of the students and doctoral students in the educational qualification degree of Master and Doctor. The period of training for master's degree is 11 semesters and completes with the laying of three state exams: Civil Law, Criminal Law and Public Law in accordance
6577817
Judicial system in the United Arab Emirates


“justice is the basis of authority”. The United Arab Emirates is essentially a civil law jurisdiction that depends in the first place on Roman, French, Egyptian laws . However, the main source of the Emirati law is the Sharia law. International law is another source of Emirati law, in compliance with the UAE obligations signed in international conventions. Being the highest judicial instance in the UAE does not mean that it applies to the seven Emirates, Dubai and Ras Al Khayma have their own local judicial system. Article 96
4842663
Stockholm International Peace Research Institute


researchers, journalists, organisations and the interested public. The results of the research are disseminated through the publication of books and reports by SIPRI and commissioned authors as well as through symposia and seminars. The Institute has forged its profile by concentrating on present-day realities, providing unbiased facts to states and individuals. SIPRI's main publication, the SIPRI Yearbook, was first published on 12 November 1969. The Yearbook serves as a single authoritative and independent source to which politicians, diplomats and journalists can turn for an account of what
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Anne Hellum


Anne Hellum (born 1952) is a Norwegian jurist. She is Professor of Public Law at the Department of Public and International Law at the University of Oslo Faculty of Law. Her main areas of expertise are anti-discrimination and equality law, women's law, human rights and international development, sociology of law and African legal issues. Since 2000, she is also Director of the Institute of Women's Law, which is part of the Department of Public and International Law. She is also a visiting professor at the
4280362
International law


International law, also known as public international law and law of nations, is the set of rules, norms, and standards generally accepted in relations between nations. It establishes normative guidelines and a common conceptual framework for states to follow across a broad range of domains, including war, diplomacy, trade, and human rights. International law thus provides a mean for states to practice more stable, consistent, and organized international relations. The sources of international law include international custom (general state practice accepted as law), treaties
3785240
Self-defence in international law


Hugo Grotius, the 17th century jurist and father of public international law, stated in his 1625 magnum opus "The Law of War and Peace" that "Most Men assign three Just Causes of War, Defence, the Recovery of what's our own, and Punishment." Article 51 of the UN Charter states the following: "Article 51: Nothing in the present Charter shall impair the inherent right of collective or individual self-defense if an armed attack occurs against a member of the United Nations, until the Security
16937279
International labour law


labour statistics that countries report. Challenges also exist in the usage of data to assess compliance with various international labour standards. As interest continues to grow in the monitoring and enforcement of international labour standards, an assessment, according to the National Research Council, “requires careful analysis of what the core labor standards mean and imply, how to determine when a country is or is not in compliance, what indicators of compliance and which sources of information to use, and limitations of the sources of information.” Standardisation will be necessary
4807236
International Trademark Association


In 1993, the association changed its name to the International Trademark Association. INTA provides services to its members and the public in three main areas: global trademark resources, programs & events, and policy & advocacy. INTA produces digital and print publications, including the "INTA Bulletin" and "The Trademark Reporter", and multijurisdictional databases, such as Country Guides, covering various topics and jurisdictions worldwide. Some resources (focusing on the basics of trademark law) are available to the general public, others (on legal practice
22204672
Benedict Kingsbury


peoples in international law, his professional interests also include global administrative law, the history and theory of international law, and the international law of global governance. His ongoing research programs at NYU involve work on infrastructure as regulation, and on global tech law and global data law. His publications include two books edited with Sir Adam Roberts on the United Nations and Hugo Grotius. "What, How, and Who Should Public International Law Regulate? New Problems of Global Administrative Governance" in the Lecture Series of the United Nations Audiovisual
6122375
Classical Hindu law


law tradition. Atmatusti is defined as being what is pleasing to oneself and is considered by some to be the fourth source of dharma. However, only the law codes of Manu and Yājñavalkya cite atmatusti as the fourth source of law. Most scholars do not recognize atmatusti as a source of dharma within Hindu Law because it does not have the same authority as sruti, smriti, and acara. Atmatusti is used as a last resort where a person may only use it if the first three legitimate sources do not address the issue
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Max Sørensen


Academy of International Law. At the latter he gave two guest lectures on "Le Conseil de l'Europe" (1952) and "Principes de droit international public" (1960). Sørensen married Ellen Jacobsen, daughter of Major-General Carl Jacobsen in 1940. Sørensen published his first legal paper at the age of 19, "La prescription en droit international". "Les sources du droit international" (1946) and his lecture "Principes de droit international public" at the Hague Academy of International Law (1960)
11273484
Riga Graduate School of Law


The LL.M in Public International Law and Human Rights programme is intended for students who are interested in pursuing their professional carriers in international organisations, private law firms, public authorities, or in academia. The programme allows for a combination of courses from three tracks: European Union Law, International Commercial Law, Public International and Human Rights Law. The LL.M. in Transborder Commercial Law programme is designed to focus on practical aspects of transborder trade within the European Union and on international conditions framing European Union trade. It is designed to meet the
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Sources of international law


) is a custom, not a treaty. Certainly, judicial decisions and juristic writings are regarded as auxiliary sources of international law, whereas it is unclear whether the general principles of law recognized by 'civilized nations' should be recognized as a principal or auxiliary source of international law. Nevertheless, treaty, custom, and general principles of law are generally recognized as primary sources of international law. Treaties and conventions are the persuasive source of international law and are considered "hard law." Treaties can play the role of contracts
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International law


this; 'Treaties are like pretty girls, or roses; they last only as long as they last.' For Hans Morgenthau, international law is the weakest and most primitive system of law enforcement. Its decentralised nature makes it similar to the law that prevails in preliterate tribal societies. A monopoly on violence is what makes domestic law enforceable; but between nations, there are multiple competing sources of force. The confusion created by treaty laws, which resemble private contracts between persons, is mitigated only by the relatively small number
3785315
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities


aspects of life. To this end, States Parties should take appropriate measures to ensure that persons with disabilities have access, to the physical environment, to transportation, to information and communications technology, and to other facilities and services open or provided to the public. Accessibility can be grouped into three main groups. 1. physical accessibility 2. service accessibility 3. accessibility to communication and information Article 11 of the Convention affirms that States Parties shall take, in accordance with their obligations under international law, including international humanitarian law and
14415541
Open Source College


Philippine Open Source College is the first institute in Taguig City, Philippines, that teaches open-source technology. The main purpose of this is to make the people aware of the current wide spreading technology, that is free to use and develop for the public. One of the objectives of this institute is to open doors to all information and communication technology students, graduates, and professionals, to make them realized that they have their freedom to use free and open-source software, and what can FOSS do. The main
4936462
Water resources management in the Dominican Republic


different sources is as follows: "Source": Electricity Superintendence Statistics, 2006 The present Water Law, No. 5852 passed in 1962 and modified by laws 281, 238, and 431, established the main aspects of the legal framework for water resources management in the DR, including: (i) water as a public domain (meaning that ownership of water either resides with land owners or is public), (ii) water use concessions system, (iii) priorization of municipal water use, (iv) pollution
17848768
LGBT rights in Romania


prior to 1989 and that homosexuality was only an undesirable product of capitalism, a lifestyle induced by the Western democracies, and not a part of the heteronormative Romanian culture. In 1995, Romania applied for EU membership. As of 1995, it was one of only three countries in Europe that still criminalized homosexuality. Due mainly to strong international pressure, in 1996, the first paragraph of Article 200 was amended and only same-sex sexual activities performed in public or considered a source of public scandal were punished by the law.
5489787
Répertoire International des Sources Musicales


. Around 100 individuals from those working groups catalog the musical sources preserved in their countries. They use a central database that is maintained by the RISM Zentralredaktion (Central Editorial Office) in Frankfurt am Main. Musical sources in RISM publications and contributors in active RISM working groups include the following countries: The RISM Zentralredaktion and the working groups in Germany are projects funded by the Academy of Sciences and Literature in Mainz. The other working groups receive independent funding in their own countries. RISM's main publication is the RISM Catalog, a
12930381
Judiciary of the Czech Republic


bit of a leftover of the communist idea of popularization of justice. The Czech Republic has a legal system of the continental type, rooted in Germanic legal culture. The main source of law is written legislature. Its main areas are systematically codified, mainly in Civil Code and Criminal Code. The form of court proceeding is prescribed in the Codes of Criminal, Civil and Administrative Procedure. The legal force of different Czech legal sources is hierarchical. Court proceedings are oral and public, with exceptions stated by law (juvenile justice etc
6475152
Law


, within the scheme of his dialectic theory of history. The modern dipole state–civil society was reproduced in the theories of Alexis de Tocqueville and Karl Marx. Nowadays in post-modern theory civil society is necessarily a source of law, by being the basis from which people form opinions and lobby for what they believe law should be. As Australian barrister and author Geoffrey Robertson QC wrote of international law, ... one of its primary modern sources is found in the responses of ordinary men and women, and of the non
21743032
United States Pirate Party


, progressives, and radical centrists. Many Pirates explicitly decline to identify with any particular political ideology or philosophy. They are driven to "do what works" rather than being driven by a particular ideology. The Pirate Party's platform originally centered on issues of copyright. "Like its international counterparts, the USPP's main practical concerns are digital intellectual property and privacy laws—specifically, the abolition of a 1998 digital U.S. copyright law, the reduction of copyrights to 14 years (from 95 years after publication, or 70 years
15422555
University of Maine School of Law


on Law and Public Service is held annually, along with the Justice for Women Lecture Series and other lectures and similar events.  The Student Bar Association and other student organizations also offer guest lectures. Maine Law has exchange programs with universities in several other countries, which enable students to experience a semester abroad, during which they gain an international perspective and develop a foundation in international law. The Law School currently offers international exchanges with Cergy-Pontoise University (France), City University of Hong Kong (China),  National University
9693216
Attorneys in Japan


short-answer examination concerning the six laws as well as administrative law. The second stage is a three-day essay examination concerning public law, civil law and criminal law, as well as subjects that can be selected by the examinee (including labor law, environmental law, public international law, and private international law). In addition, a law school requirement was introduced. All bar examination participants must complete a two or three-year graduate law program, and are limited to taking the examination within five years after
19862276
Basque civil law


towns. The Spaniard King Phillip V by means of the New Jurisdictional Decrees abolished the main part of both Public Law institutions and sources in the Spanish territories of Aragon, Valencia, Catalonia and the Balearic Islands. However, the application of their own Civil Law remained, but corseted, due to the aforementioned deletion of their own sources of law. Navarre and the Basque Country did not share the same fate, since these territories were loyal to that Monarch, appointed by Charles II's testament as the successor in the Crown,
11584334
Mazen Abdul-Jawad


viewing. Later, three male friends join him for a discussion on what turns them on. Jawad was arrested on July 31 for publicising vice, after Saudi religious and judicial authorities received what they said were hundreds of complaints from the public regarding the program. A police spokesman in Jeddah said that Abdul Jawad's appearance had violated Saudi Arabia's Islamic Sharia law code and was against Saudi customs. An anonymous source from the Saudi Prosecution and Investigation Commission (PIC) stated that the prosecution might request charging Jawad and the other defendants
967959
RTÉ News and Current Affairs


RTÉ News and Current Affairs (), is the national news service provided by Irish public broadcaster Raidió Teilifís Éireann. Its services include local, national, European and international news, investigative journalism and current affaris programming for RTÉ television, radio, online, podcasts, on-demand and for independent Irish language public broadcateer TG4. It is, by far, the largest and most popular news source in Ireland – with 77% of the Irish public regarding it as their main source of both Irish and international news. It broadcasts
1305783
Knowledge Engine (Wikimedia Foundation)


-related projects and may eventually search other sources of public information such as the U.S. Census Bureau, OpenStreetMap, the Digital Public Library of America, and external sources like Fox News. Wikipedia co-founder Jimmy Wales and the WMF stated that KE will focus on improving search on Wikipedia and related Wikimedia projects. There was extensive debate in respect to what the KE actually is, due to WMF's public statements differing from the leaked internal documents. The leaked internal documents contradicted statements by Jimmy Wales and other Board members. Leaked
1156168
History of international law


The history of international law examines the evolution and development of public international law in both state practice and conceptual understanding. Modern international law developed out of Renaissance Europe and is strongly entwined with the development of western political organisation at that time. The development of European notions of sovereignty and nation states would necessitate the development of methods for interstate relations and standards of behaviour, and these would lay the foundations of what would become international law. However, while the origins of the modern system of international law can be traced back 400 years
6937112
Crimes of War


Crimes of War: What the Public Should Know is a 1999 reference book edited by Roy Gutman and David Rieff that offers a compendium of more than 150 entries of articles and photographs that broadly define "international humanitarian law", a subject that involves most of the legal and political aspects of modern conflict. The 352-page book, published by W.W. Norton, contains 80 photographs, two maps and extensive sources. In this A-to-Z guide, journalists, television reporters and photographers, together with leading legal scholars and military
1973993
Source protection


Source protection, sometimes also referred to as source confidentiality or in the U.S. as the reporter's privilege, is a right accorded to journalists under the laws of many countries, as well as under international law. It prohibits authorities, including the courts, from compelling a journalist to reveal the identity of an anonymous source for a story. The right is based on a recognition that without a strong guarantee of anonymity, many would be deterred from coming forward and sharing information of public interests with journalists. Regardless of whether the right
4265569
HashKeeper


and international law enforcement agencies can be trusted to submit properly categorized hash values. One of the first community sources of "known to be good" hash values was the United States Internal Revenue Service. The first source of "known to be bad" hash values was the Luxembourg Police who contributed hash values of recognized child pornography. HashKeeper is available, free-of-charge, to law enforcement, military and other government agencies throughout the world. It is available to the public by sending a Freedom of Information Act request
22076524
C. Wilfred Jenks


international conferences including: Jenks carried for many years the main responsibility for the ILO's work in international labour standards and human rights. Jenks was "one of the most prominent and prolific writers on international law of his time. His ... "Some constitutional problems of international organization" ... was for long the unrivalled source of instruction on that subject for professionals and academics alike." Jenks was Professor, Hague Academy of International Law in 1950, 1955 and 1966. He was Storrs Lecturer in Jurisprudence, Yale University, 1965.
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Bennington County, Vermont


Technical College also have campuses in downtown Bennington. Bennington County is home to these high schools: Bennington County is home to these local law enforcement agencies: The Bennington County Sheriff's Department and Vermont State Police are two other sources of law enforcement for the county, especially in towns without their own local police departments. The main public transportation provider in Bennington County is the Green Mountain Community Network, whose Green Mountain Express bus system has five local bus routes in and around the town of Bennington and three commuter routes to Manchester;
8275199
Russian cultural property law


an appropriate federal agency publication. This strikes a lot of concerns because who decides and what is an adequate publication, and after the 18 months what happens. In 2009, a Ministry of Culture legal specialist wrote that the passage of the law "would appear as a unilateral Russian rejection of its international obligations and evoke a negative impact on international relations of the Russian Federation with various European governments". Recently, in June 2013, news reports illustrate that the controversy about the appropriation of German artefacts by the USSR, is still
13260043
Armin von Bogdandy


1996). In August 1997, he obtained a professorial chair in Public Law, European Law, and International and Economic Law as well as Philosophy of Law at the University in Frankfurt/Main. From 2001 until 2014, Armin von Bogdandy was a judge – and, from 2006 onwards, the president – at the OECD Nuclear Energy Tribunal in Paris. He became one of the two directors of the Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law in Heidelberg in October 2002. From 2005 until 2008, he was
9179726
Sources of law


, the state legislature may amend its constitution provided certain rules are followed. International law may take precedence over national law, but international law is mainly made up of conventions and treaties that have been ratified; and anything that can be ratified may be denounced later by the national parliament. Although local authorities may feel that they have a democratic mandate to pass bye-laws,the legislative power they wield has been delegated by parliament; and what parliament gives, parliament make later take away. In England, the archetypal common law
16784508
Criminal law


offenses that are mala prohibita are not really crimes at all. Public international law deals extensively and increasingly with criminal conduct that is heinous and ghastly enough to affect entire societies and regions. The formative source of modern international criminal law was the Nuremberg trials following the Second World War in which the leaders of Nazism were prosecuted for their part in genocide and atrocities across Europe. The Nuremberg trials marked the beginning of criminal fault for individuals, where individuals acting on behalf of a government can be tried for violations of international law without the
8986618
International law


commentaries and compilations of Roman, ecclesiastical, and feudal law, thus creating an organised source of law that could be referenced by different nations. The most famous contributor from the region, Alberico Gentili (1552–1608), is considered a founder of international law, authoring one of the earliest works on the subject, "De Legationibus Libri Tres", in 1585. He wrote several more books on various issues in international law, notably "De jure belli libri tres" ("Three Books on the Law of War")
3785258
Paul Bastid


professor of public international law in Paris. She had studied law and obtained the "doctorat en droit" in 1930. Her thesis won the Goullencourt Prize. They would have three daughters and a son, who died. Suzanne taught public international law at the law faculty of Lyon from 1933 to 1946, then became a professor of international law at the University of Paris and at the Institut d'études politiques de Paris (Paris Institute of Political Studies). She became a highly respected expert on international law. In 1941 Bastid was
3818050
Harvey Rosenfield


. In the fall of 1974, he began a joint degree in law and international affairs at Georgetown University. In 1976, Rosenfield took a $600 internship with his future mentor, Ralph Nader at Public Citizen, a Washington D.C. citizen advocacy group. Three years later, after graduating from Georgetown, Rosenfield began working full-time for Nader's Public Citizen Congress Watch as an energy lobbyist opposing nuclear power in 1979. Rosenfield fought for alternative energy sources and environmental conservation in the wake of the 1979 oil crisis when Congress considered
21661484
John Dugard


Christopher John Robert Dugard (born 23 August 1936 in Fort Beaufort), known as John Dugard, is a South African professor of international law. His main academic specializations are in Roman-Dutch law, public international law, jurisprudence, human rights, criminal procedure and international criminal law. He has served on the International Law Commission, the primary UN institution for the development of international law, and has been active in reporting on human-rights violations by Israel in the Palestinian territories. He has written several books on apartheid
3636519
Sources of international law


genocide, apartheid, slavery and torture. The evidence supporting the emergence of a rule of "jus cogens" will be essentially similar to that required to establish the creation of a new rule of customary international law. Indeed, "jus cogens" could be thought of as a special principle of custom with a superadded "opinions juries". The European Court of Human Rights has stressed the international public policy aspect of the "jus cogens". The scope of general principles of law, to which Article 38(1) of the
7337818
Georgetown University Library


Healy Hall, is one of the few existing cast-iron libraries in the country and still serves its original purpose of storing books. The Williams Law Library is the main library of the Georgetown University Law Center. The Wolff International and Comparative Law Library is housed separately from the Williams Law Library in the Hotung International Law Center Building. Its collection focuses on primary and secondary foreign sources, with materials from Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Great Britain, Ireland, Mexico, New Zealand, Scotland, and South Africa
21264812
Nepal


University. Some fine scholarship has emerged in the post-1990 era. Public health and health care services in Nepal are provided by both the public and private sectors and fare poorly by international standards. According to 2011 census, more than one-third (38.17%) of the total households do not have a toilet. Tap water is the main source of drinking water for 47.78% of households, tube well/hand pump is the main source of drinking water for about 35% of households, while spout, uncovered well/"kuwa"
7276818
Kalam


Qur'an and the Traditions) into some internal harmony". Historian Daniel W. Brown describes "Ahl al-Kalam" as one three main groups in the time around the second century of Islam ("Ahl ar-Ra'y" and "Ahl al-Hadith" being the other two) clashing in polemical disputes over sources of authority in Islamic law. "Ahl al-Kalam" agreed with "Ahl al-Hadith" that the example of Muhammad, the prophet of Islam, was authoritative, but it rejected the authority
9302432
Sources of international law


resolutions as indicative of customary international law. Article 38(1)(d) of the "International Court of Justice Statute" states that the 'teachings of the most highly qualified publicists of the various nations' are also among the 'subsidiary means for the determination of the rules of law'. The scholarly works of prominent jurists are not sources of international law but are essential in developing the rules that are sourced in treaties, custom and the general principles of law. This is accepted practice in the interpretation of international law and was utilized by
7337826
International Fiscal Association


The International Fiscal Association (IFA) was established in 1938 as the only non-governmental and non-sectoral international organisation dealing with fiscal matters. Its headquarters are in the Netherlands The objects of IFA are the study and advancement of international and comparative law in regard to public finance, specifically international and comparative fiscal law and the financial and economic aspects of taxation. IFA hosts annual congresses and produces scientific publications relating to subjects chosen as the main topics of each congress. The subjects chosen for the congresses are chosen in the interest
12522730
An Act to amend Public Law 93-435 with respect to the Northern Mariana Islands


largely on the summary provided by the Congressional Research Service, a public domain source." If enacted H.R. 573 would accomplish two main things. First, to the government of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, it would convey submerged lands surrounding such Islands and extending three geographical miles outward from their coastlines. Second, it would include the Northern Mariana Islands among the islands where the President of the United States may establish naval defensive sea areas and airspace reservations when necessary for national defense. H.R. 573 was introduced into the House
777346
International criminal law


a subset of international law. As such, its sources are the same as those that comprise international law. The classical enumeration of those sources is in Article 38(1) of the 1946 Statute of the International Court of Justice and comprise: treaties, customary international law, general principles of law (and as a subsidiary measure judicial decisions and the most highly qualified juristic writings). The Rome Statute governing the International Criminal Court contains an analogous, though not identical, set of sources that the court may rely on. The prosecution
8130069
International election standards


International election standards are a set of principles and implementation guidelines for elections which have basis in the public international human rights law instruments. Sources of these standards are international (universal and regional) treaties, international customary law, political commitments, internationally agreed principles of good practice adopted by governmental and non-governmental organisations. International treaty standards are agreements made by states voluntarily. Treaty monitoring body is responsible for monitoring the compliance of these standards. The most important treaty in setting the fundamental standards in elections is considered to be the International
8989372
Treaty Clause


in a more restricted legal sense than in international law. U.S. law distinguishes what it calls "treaties" from "congressional-executive agreements" and "executive agreements". All three classes are considered treaties under international law; they are distinct only from the perspective of internal United States law. Distinctions among the three concern their method of ratification: by two-thirds of the Senate, by the normal legislative process, or by the President alone, respectively. The Treaty Clause empowers the President to make or enter into treaties
13217132
United Kingdom competition law


the UK has three main tasks. The Competition and Markets Authority enforces competition law on behalf of the public. It merged the Office of Fair Trading with the Competition Commission after the Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013 Part 3. Consumer welfare and the public interest are the main objective of competition law, including industrial policy, regional development, protection of the environment and the running of public services. Competition law is closely connected with law on deregulation of access to markets, state aids and subsidies, the privatisation of state owned assets
21348326
Price Media Law Moot Court Competition


The Price Media Law Moot Court Competition or Price Moot in short, is an annual international moot court competition. Described as a competition "for raising the profile of freedom of expression by bringing informed and effective debate and discussion on significant issues of information flows and technology to many parts of the world", the Price Moot focuses on international media law and related human rights such as freedom of expression, freedom of religion, freedom of association, and various facets of privacy. The main sources of law engaged include the Universal Declaration
3249593
Frederick K. Cox International Law Center


blog, established in September 2005, is a source of expert advice on war crimes trials such as the trial of Saddam Hussein. It features essays by a panel of experts on developments related to major war crimes trials, as well as newspaper articles, and documents related to the tribunals. The Frederick K. Cox International Law Center contributes, together with Public International Law & Policy Group, to the preparation of "War Crimes Prosecution Watch", a biweekly compilation of official documents and articles about the investigation and prosecution of war crimes
15626737
State Audit Office of the Republic of Latvia


and efficient use of conducting audits in accordance with International Standards on Auditing. The main goal of the State Audit Office while conducting the audits in accordance with the international audit standards and international regulations of Supreme Audit Institutions is to assess whether the public property has been handled in lawful, compliant, efficient and effective way as well as to provide recommendations to address the found deficiencies. According to the Law of the State Audit Office the audits can address the actions of any public person which has been responsible for handling of public finances.
21893918
Queen's University Faculty of Law


around the world. The international law certificate program is split into three streams: International Public Law, International Business Law and Comparative International Law, and is open to accredited law schools in Canada and the United States and international universities with which Queen's is an exchange partner. Taking advantage of the ISC's location, the International Law Spring Program includes a number of field trips to international institutions in Europe including the World Trade Organization in Geneva, the Canadian Mission to the European Union in Brussels, the International Criminal Tribunal in the
15224483
Sources of international law


International law also known as "law of nations" is the name of a body of rules which regulate the conduct of sovereign states in their relations with one another. Sources of international law include treaties, international customs, general principles of law as recognized by civilized nations, the decisions of national and lower courts, and scholarly writings. They are the materials and processes out of which the rules and principles regulating the international community are developed. They have been influenced by a range of political and legal theories. The sources of
7337797
Cross-border insolvency


as Mexico and South Africa. The basic concept of the Model Law is to establish what the "main proceedings" are in relation to any international insolvency. All other proceedings are referred to as the "non-main proceedings". The main proceedings are commenced where the debtor has its centre of main interest, or "COMI". Non-main proceedings may be commenced in any place where the debtor has a commercial establishment. The Model Law does not require reciprocity between states, but focuses upon (i) ensuring
4021510
Raidió Teilifís Éireann


, the largest and most popular news source in Ireland – with 77% of the Irish public regarding it as their main source of both Irish and international news. It broadcasts in both the Irish and English languages, as well as Irish Sign Language. RTÉ News and Current Affairs provides a range of national and international news and current affairs programming in Ireland. The organisation is also a source of commentary on current affairs. RTÉ News is based at the RTÉ Television Complex at Montrose in Donnybrook, Dublin, Ireland. However,
19264136
Law


covers contract, tort and property). In civil law systems, contract and tort fall under a general law of obligations, while trusts law is dealt with under statutory regimes or international conventions. International, constitutional and administrative law, criminal law, contract, tort, property law and trusts are regarded as the "traditional core subjects", although there are many further disciplines. International law can refer to three things: public international law, private international law or conflict of laws and the law of supranational organisations. Constitutional and
21743035
International labour law


International labour law is the body of rules spanning public and private international law which concern the rights and duties of employees, employers, trade unions and governments in regulating the workplace. The International Labour Organization and the World Trade Organization have been the main international bodies involved in reforming labour markets. The International Monetary Fund and the World Bank have indirectly driven changes in labour policy by demanding structural adjustment conditions for receiving loans or grants. Issues regarding Conflict of laws arise, determined by national courts, when people work in more than one
4807170
Cornell Law School


Nations documents, as well as a large collection of World Law Reform commission materials. Microfiche records and briefs for the United States Supreme Court, the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit and D.C. Circuit, and the New York State Court of Appeals are also collected. The library also has a large collection of international, foreign, and comparative law, with the main focus being on the Commonwealth of Nations and Europe. Along with this, there are also collections of public international law and international trade law. A
17511119
Proposed directive on the patentability of computer-implemented inventions


large and small." The proposal provoked public disagreement by diverse opponents of software patents, who argued that software patents were neither economically desirable nor mandated by international law. The FFII and the EuroLinux Alliance played key roles in co-ordinating this campaign, which drew support from some free software and open source programmers, some academics, some small business groups, and some proprietary software developers. Many of these organisations expressed concern over what they saw as abuses of the software patent system in the USA, and argued that although some
2075766
Notary public


if ordered or requested to by a judge, prepare certain notarial legal documents, in accordance with law, to be returned and filed with that court of law. Maine Notaries Public are appointed by the Secretary of State to serve a seven-year term. In 1981, the process to merge the office of Justice of the Peace into that of Notary Public began, with all the duties of a Justice of the Peace fully transferred to a Notary Public in 1988. Because of this, Maine is one of three states (
1711303
Sources of sharia


, he argued, would undermine the predictability and uniformity of a sound legal system. Imam Malik accepted "qiyas" as a valid source of legislation. For him, if a parallel could be established between the effective cause of a law in the primary sources and a new case, then analogical deduction could be viable tool. Malik, however, went beyond his adherence to "strict analogy" and proposed pronouncements on the basis of what jurists considered was "public good". Abu Hanifa developed a new source known as juristic
7840730
Estanislao Zeballos


for its collection of legal doctrine on Public International Law. Other projects that had significant impact were related to agriculture, irrigation, sanitary conveniences, meat trade, road construction and growth of shipping under the national flag. In 1918 he was appointed Dean of the Faculty of Law, University of Buenos Aires, where he was Professor of International Private Law for 24 years. He systematized what he called the "Argentine Theory of Private Human Law", which was adopted by the International Law Association in 1922. One of the original
15368200
Potential cultural impact of extraterrestrial contact


have been drawn up detailing a course of action for scientists and governments after extraterrestrial contact. Post-detection protocols must address three issues: what to do in the first weeks after receiving a message from an extraterrestrial source; whether or not to send a reply; and analyzing the long-term consequences of the message received. No post-detection protocol, however, is binding under national or international law, and Dominik and Zarnecki consider the protocols likely to be ignored if contact occurs. One of the first post-detection
11305523
To amend the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998 to include the desecration of cemeteries among the many forms of violations of the right to religious freedom


religion. The Act was signed into law by President Bill Clinton on October 27, 1998. "This summary is based largely on the summary provided by the Congressional Research Service, a public domain source." H.R. 4028 would amend the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998 to include the desecration of cemeteries among the forms of violations of the right to religious freedom in many countries around the world. "This summary is based largely on the summary provided by the Congressional Budget Office, a public domain source." H.R. 4028 would
2479926
Sources of international law


The principal means of contribution to state practice for the majority of states will be at meetings of international organizations, particularly the UN General Assembly, by voting and otherwise expressing their view on matters under consideration. Moreover, there are circumstances in which what states say may be the only evidence of their view as to what conduct is required in a particular situation. The notion of practice establishing a customary rule implies that the practice is followed regularly, or that such state practice must be "common, consistent and concordant". Given
7337809
Leonardo Nemer Caldeira Brant


have held important international events such as Congresses and Seminars. Furthermore, the Center has coordinated several profound studies on specific areas of International Law. Brant also founded the Brazilian Yearbook of International Law (BYIL), in 2006. He is the Chief editor of the periodical, which is published in several foreign languages and distributed to the largest and most relevant Universities and international academic centers. Its main goal is to establish in the country an annual publication engaged in the promotion and consolidation of the Latin-American view of International Law
8211426
International Institute of Humanitarian Law


examine the more burning issues concerning the promotion of, respect for and development of international humanitarian law with an eye to the future. Almost forty years of meetings and intense academic activity addressing the main topics of humanitarian law, under the auspices of the Institute, have created what has universally become known as “humanitarian dialogue in the spirit of Sanremo”. The Institute has become increasingly involved in research activities, study and analysis. It publishes texts, essays and monographs that aim to contribute to the awareness of issues relevant to international
21973571
Legal awareness


even in times of austerity.' Founded in 1992 by Peter Martin and Tom Bruce, Legal Information Institute (LII) a non-profit, public service of Cornell Law School that provides no-cost access to current American and international legal research sources online at law.cornell.edu is a pioneer in the delivery of legal information online. LII was the first law site developed on the internet. Public service of Cornell Law School promotes Legal Information Institute which in turn promotes Free Access to Law Movement and work on principles adopted at Montral declaration
1295045
Larry Catá Backer


Governance Through Private Global Investment "Georgetown Journal of International Law, Vol. 41, No. 2, 2009" The Rule of Law, the Chinese Communist Party, and Ideological Campaigns: Sange Daibiao (the 'Three Represents'), Socialist Rule of Law, and Modern Chinese Constitutionalism "Journal of Transnational Law and Contemporary Problems, Vol. 16, No. 1, 2006" Multinational Corporations as Objects and Sources of Transnational Regulation ILSA "Journal of International & Comparative Law, Vol. 14, No. 2,
885006
Comext


the imports, exports and the trade balance of the EU, its Member States and the euro zone. Data Statistics relating to the international trade represent an important source of data for many decision makers of the public and private sectors on national or international levels. Examples : Data collection Traditionally, customs records are the main source of statistical data on international trade. Following the adoption of the Single Market on 1993, customs formalities between Member States were removed, and so a new data collection system, Intrastat, was set up for
18115999
David Crane (lawyer)


Law students, Crane started Impunity Watch, an online publication which seeks to inform the world of human rights violations in real-time. Another Syracuse University College of Law project is the Syria Accountability Project (SAP). SAP was begun in 2011 as a project of Crane’s International Legal Practice course at SU Law and now involves 50 SU law students. SAP works collectively with several international organizations to provide impartial analysis of open source materials so that President Bashar al-Assad and his subordinates—as well as members of the
8701199
Sources of international law


the 1920 Statute of the Permanent Court of International Justice, and was later preserved in Article 38(1) of the 1946 Statute of the International Court of Justice. On the question of preference between sources of international law, rules established by treaty will take preference if such an instrument exists. It is also argued however that international treaties and international custom are sources of international law of equal validity; this is that new custom may supersede older treaties and new treaties may override older custom. Also, "jus cogens" (peremptory norm
7337800
University of Maryland, Baltimore


University of Maryland School of Law. The Marshall Law Library is found inside the law school's building, accessible through the main entrance. The Thurgood Marshall Law Library contains over 400,000 volumes of Anglo-American legal materials as well as outstanding international and foreign law collections. Extensive collections of both primary sources and secondary materials such as treatises are available. The library is open to all faculty, staff and students on the campuses of the University System of Maryland; University of Maryland School of Law alumni; attorneys; and members of
19660615
Sources of international law


international law can be found in Article 38.1 of the Statute. This portfolio of sources was extracted from Article 38 of the original world court's constitutive statute. Article 38 (1) of the Statute of the International Court of Justice is generally recognized as a definitive statement of the sources of international law. It requires the Court to apply, among other things, (a) international conventions, whether general or particular, establishing rules expressly recognized by the contesting states; (b) international custom, as evidence of a general
7337798
Maritime boundary


regimes in customary international law, including research and analysis based on The study of treaties on maritime boundaries is important as (a) as a source of general or particular international law; (b) as evidence of existing customary law; and (c) as evidence of the emerging development of custom. The development of "customary law" affects all nations. The attention accorded this subject has evolved beyond formerly-conventional norms like the three-mile limit. Multilateral treaties and documents describing the baselines of countries can be found
9841941
Two-gospel hypothesis


This hypothesis is the most serious alternative to the two-source hypothesis. Its main advantages over the two-source hypothesis include the fact that it relies not just on internal evidence, that it does not require lost sources like the Q document, and that it is supported by the view of the early Church. Unlike the two-source hypothesis, the two-gospel hypothesis concludes that the traditional accounts of the gospels (order and date of publication, as well as authorship) are accurate. A further development of the
1968140
Access to public information in Croatia


obliged to publish on the Internet the following relevant information: laws and other regulations in their field of activity, including draft proposals of laws; general acts and decisions affecting the interests of beneficiaries; annual plans, programmes, strategies and financial reports referring to the work of public authority bodies; information on budget, financing sources and subsidies; information on their internal organisation; notes and conclusions from official sessions; information on public procurement and tenders; information on the way of exercising rights of access to and re-use of information
12728545
Thilo Marauhn


at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University in Frankfurt am Main. In 2000, Marauhn was habilitated by this university with a thesis on “Reconstruction of fundamental social rights as a norm category”. After his first professorship at the University of Strathclyde (Glasgow) in August 2001, he was appointed to the C4 professorship for Public Law, International Law and European Law at the department of law of the Justus Liebig University (JLU). From 2006 to 2009, Marauhn was dean of the department. His research focuses on International Law
11485696
Judiciary of the Maldives


that after Islam the Islamic Shari’ah gradually became the main source of laws in the country. However, many years after Islam, the ‘poorube roodin’ still played an important part in the judicial system. Historical sources also say that the king was himself an authority. His decrees were treated as law and were implemented through the judicial system. During the first century after Islam the judiciary, therefore, underwent a radical change, with a completely alien system of law being introduced. The years which followed saw the operation of three
7555502
Tobias Asser


Court of Arbitration, which was established as a result of the Hague Peace Conference of 1899 (the Pious Fund of the Californias Case). He also took a hand in the establishment of what would become the Hague Academy of International Law, though he did not live to see its foundation. Asser died on 29 July 1913 in The Hague. A research institute in the fields of Private and Public International Law, European Law and International Commercial Arbitration is named after Tobias Michael Carel Asser. This is the T.M.C. Asser Instituut,
15584968
Sources of international law


are dependent upon their provisions being regarded as representing customary international law and, by this indirect route, as binding upon non-parties. This outcome is possible in a number of ways: Pursuant to Chapter XVI, Article 103 of the United Nations Charter, the obligations under the United Nations Charter overrides the terms of any other treaty. Meanwhile, its Preamble affirms establishment of the obligations out of treaties and source of international law. Article 38(1)(b) of the ICJ Statute refers to "international custom" as a source of international
7337805
Sources of law


discretionary. Equity's main achievements are: trusts, charities, probate, & equitable remedies. There are a number of equitable maxims, such as: “He who comes to equity must come with clean hands”. Parliamentary Conventions (UK mainly) "(not to be confused with International Conventions)" Parliamentary Conventions are not strict rules of law, but their breach may lead to breach of law. They typically are found within the English legal system, and they help compensate for the UK's lack of a single
16784515
International law


of sources. However, the language of Article 38 does not explicitly hold such a hierarchy, and the decisions of the international courts and tribunals do not support such a strict hierarchy. By contrast, Article 21 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court clearly defines a hierarchy of applicable law (or sources of international law). International treaty law comprises obligations expressly and voluntarily accepted by states between themselves in treaties. Where there are disputes about the exact meaning and application of national laws, it is the responsibility of the
3785275