how many judges on the supreme court of the united states
Judge


the judge shall be addressed only as "Your Honor" while in court, and never as "Judge," "Judge (name)," "ma'am," or "sir." This is somewhat unusual as "Judge" and "Judge (name)" or similar forms of address are considered appropriate and respectful in many other courts. The judges of the Supreme Court of the United States, and the judges of the supreme courts of several US states and other countries are called "justices". Justices
1128255
William J. Brennan Award


of the New Jersey Supreme Court United States Senator Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation; Former Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit Attorney General of the United States Chief Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court Associate Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court Chief Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit United States Attorney and Judge of the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey United States Attorney and Judge of
18810225
St. George Tucker


. Law reporter Daniel Call described it as "necessary to every student and practitioner of law in Virginia". Lawyers arguing before the Supreme Court of the United States would frequently cite to Tucker's "Blackstone" - more often than any other commentator until 1827. The United States Supreme Court itself cited Tucker's "Blackstone" frequently, referring to it in over forty cases, many of them significant. Modern lawyers, legal scholars, and judges still refer to this work as an important tool for determining how Americans understood both
20916509
William J. Brennan Award


of Appeals for the Third Circuit Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court Senior Judge of the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey Senior Judge of the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey Senior Judge of the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey Retired Associate Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court Retired Associate Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court Former Dean of the Seton Hall University School of Law Retired New Jersey Superior Court Judge Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the
18810227
William J. Brennan Award


United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit Chief Judge of the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey Senior Judge of the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey United States District Court for the District of New Jersey United States District Court for the District of New Jersey Retired Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court Retired Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court Retired Chief Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court Retired Magistrate Judge for the District Court for the District of New Jersey Chief Judge of the United
18810229
Supreme Court of the United States


Mikva of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, Neil Gorsuch for Judge David B. Sentelle of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia, and Brett Kavanaugh for Judge Walter Stapleton of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit and Judge Alex Kozinski of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. Clerks hired by each of the justices of the Supreme Court are often given considerable leeway in the opinions they draft. "Supreme Court clerkship appeared to be a nonpartisan
13127909
List of federal judges appointed by Thomas Jefferson


Following is a list of all Article III United States federal judges appointed by President Thomas Jefferson during his presidency. In total Jefferson appointed 19 Article III federal judges, including 3 Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States, 7 judges to the United States circuit courts, and 9 judges to the United States district courts. Three of Jefferson's circuit court appointments were to seats that had been created by the Midnight Judges Act, signed by John Adams to allow the appointment of many of his supporters in the closing days of
6522230
Senior status


not occupy seats; instead, their seats become vacant, and the president may appoint new full-time judges to fill their spots. Depending on how heavy a caseload they carry, senior judges remain entitled to maintain a staffed office, including a secretary and one or more law clerks. States having a similar system include Iowa (for judges on the Iowa Court of Appeals), Pennsylvania, and Virginia (for Justices of the Virginia Supreme Court). In the United Kingdom, retired Justices of the Supreme Court of the
13464744
Supreme Court of the United States


or she clerked. With the confirmation of Justice Kavanaugh, for the first time a majority of the Supreme Court is composed of former Supreme Court law clerks (Roberts, Breyer, Kagan, Gorsuch and Kavanaugh). Several current Supreme Court justices have also clerked in the federal courts of appeals: John Roberts for Judge Henry Friendly of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, Justice Samuel Alito for Judge Leonard I. Garth of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, Elena Kagan for Judge Abner J.
13127908
Dissenting opinion


, judges may write an opinion "concurring in part and dissenting in part". In some courts, such as the Supreme Court of the United States, the majority opinion may be broken down into numbered or lettered parts, which allows those judges "dissenting in part" to easily identify which parts they join with the majority, and which sections they do not. In the mid-20th century, it became customary for the members of the U.S. Supreme Court and many state supreme courts to end their dissenting opinions with a variation on
16898669
Feeder judge


Feeder judges are judges in the American federal judiciary whose law clerks are often selected to become clerks for the Supreme Court of the United States. Feeder judges are able to place comparatively many of their clerks on the Supreme Court for a variety of reasons, including personal or ideological relationships with particular justices, prestigious and respected positions in the judiciary, and reputations for attracting and training high-quality clerks. Clerkships for the Supreme Court are highly prized and the most difficult to secure in the American clerking landscape—they have been called
7550256
List of federal judges appointed by Rutherford B. Hayes


Following is a list of all Article III United States federal judges appointed by President Rutherford B. Hayes during his presidency. In total Hayes made 22 Article III federal judicial appointments, including 2 Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States, 4 judges to the United States circuit courts, and 16 judges to the United States district courts. Hayes appointed 2 judges to the United States Court of Claims, an Article I tribunal. Hayes also nominated Stanley Matthews to the Supreme Court, but the United States Senate did not act on
6522238
List of federal judges appointed by Franklin D. Roosevelt


Following is a list of all Article III United States federal judges appointed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt during his presidency. In total Roosevelt appointed 193 Article III federal judges, more than twice as many as the previous record of 79 appointed by Calvin Coolidge. Among them were: nine justices to the Supreme Court of the United States, including the appointment of a sitting associate justice as chief justice, 51 judges to the United States Courts of Appeals, and 133 judges to the United States district courts. Additionally, 13 Article I
5327179
List of federal judges appointed by Abraham Lincoln


Following is a list of all Article III United States federal judges appointed by President Abraham Lincoln during his presidency. In total Lincoln appointed 32 Article III federal judges, including 4 Associate Justices and 1 Chief Justice to the Supreme Court of the United States, and 27 judges to the United States district courts. Lincoln appointed no judges to the United States circuit courts during his time in office. In 1863, the United States Circuit Court for the District of Columbia, which had existed since 1801, was abolished. The Supreme Court
6522236
Government of Missouri


Court. Seven judges sit on the Supreme Court of Missouri, which meets in the state capital, Jefferson City. Unlike the life tenure appointments of federal judges (including the Supreme Court of the United States), state supreme court judges hold the judicial bench for 12 years, as do judges of the Court of Appeals. Circuit Court judges have terms of six years and Associate Circuit Court judges have terms of four years. There are no term limits for judges, though there is a mandatory retirement age of 70 years.
15708431
United States courts of appeals


or assigned judges (except that under some circumstances, a senior judge may participate in an en banc hearing when he or she participated at an earlier stage of the same case). Because of the large number of Appellate Judges in the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals (29), only ten judges, chosen at random, and the Chief Judge hear "en banc" cases. Many decades ago, certain classes of federal court cases held the right of an automatic appeal to the Supreme Court of the United States. That
20528952
List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States


, many justices who left the Court voluntarily did so by retiring from the Court without leaving the federal judiciary altogether. A retired justice, according to the United States Code, is no longer a member of the Supreme Court, but remains eligible to serve by designation as a judge of a U.S. Court of Appeals or District Court, and many retired justices have served in these capacities. Historically, the average length of service on the Court has been less than 15 years. However, since 1970 the average length of service has
3027381
List of the first LGBT holders of political offices in the United States


, 2011); Sabrina McKenna (Supreme Court of Hawaii, 2011); Beth Robinson (Vermont Supreme Court, 2011). Benjamin Cruz of Guam was the first openly gay judge of a territorial supreme court; he came out in 1995 and was appointed to the Supreme Court of Guam in 1997. Cruz served as associate justice from 1997 to 1999 and as chief justice from 1999 until his retirement in 2001. The first openly bisexual judge in the United States is Mike Jacobs, a state court judge in DeKalb County,
21288717
List of federal judges appointed by Ulysses S. Grant


Following is a list of all Article III United States federal judges appointed by President Ulysses S. Grant during his presidency. In total Grant appointed 46 Article III federal judges, making him the first President to appoint more federal judges than George Washington. Grant's appointments included 4 Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States, 10 judges to the United States circuit courts, and 32 judges to the United States district courts. Grant also appointed Edwin M. Stanton to the Supreme Court in 1869; Stanton was confirmed and his commission was
6522237
Supremely Partisan


Supremely Partisan: How Raw Politics Tips the Scales in the United States Supreme Court is a non-fiction book by James D. Zirin published by Rowman & Littlefield on September 15, 2016. In the book, Zirin argues that the Supreme Court has become dangerously partisan. According to Supreme Court correspondent Dahlia Lithwick, Zirin argues persuasively that "the current (2016) court is as dangerously partisan as it can be, asserting that it is “a court of law in many cases, and a political court in many others,
19402124
List of federal judges appointed by James K. Polk


Following is a list of all Article III United States federal judges appointed by President James K. Polk during his presidency. In total Polk appointed 10 Article III federal judges, including 2 Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States, 1 judge to the United States Circuit Court of the District of Columbia, and 7 judges to the United States district courts. Polk faced some obstacles in seating Justices on the Supreme Court. After Henry Baldwin's death in April 1844, Polk nominated James Buchanan for the seat, but Buchanan declined
8327059
Loren A. Smith


July 11, 1985, and entered duty on September 12, 1985. He was designated Chief Judge on January 14, 1986, also by President Reagan. After serving 15 years as Chief Judge, Judge Smith took senior status on July 11, 2000. Judge Smith is author of the following: He is a member of the Bars of the Supreme Court of Illinois; U.S. Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces; United States Court of Appeals, D.C. Circuit; United States Supreme Court; United States Court of Appeals for
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List of federal judges appointed by John Tyler


Following is a list of all Article III United States federal judges appointed by President John Tyler during his presidency. In total Tyler appointed 7 Article III federal judges, including 1 Justice to the Supreme Court of the United States and 6 judges to the United States district courts. Two vacancies occurred on the Supreme Court during Tyler's presidency, as Justices Smith Thompson and Henry Baldwin died in 1843 and 1844, respectively. Tyler put forward five men for Supreme Court confirmation a total of nine times. John C. Spencer, Reuben Walworth
11667855
List of federal judges appointed by Lyndon B. Johnson


Following is a list of all Article III United States federal judges appointed by President Lyndon B. Johnson during his presidency. In total Johnson appointed 184 Article III federal judges, including 2 Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States, 41 judges to the United States Courts of Appeals, 128 judges to the United States district courts, 1 judge to the United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals, 4 judges to the United States Court of Claims and 8 judges to the United States Customs Court. One of Johnson's appointees
5327146
List of federal judges appointed by Dwight D. Eisenhower


Following is a list of all Article III United States federal judges appointed by President Dwight D. Eisenhower during his presidency. In total Eisenhower appointed 184 Article III federal judges, including 5 Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States (including one Chief Justice), 45 judges to the United States Courts of Appeals, 129 judges to the United States district courts, 2 judges to the United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals, 2 judges to the United States Court of Claims and 1 judge to the United States Customs Court
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Chief justice


of Session, who is also Lord Justice General of Scotland. These three judges are not, though, part of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom, which operates across all three jurisdictions and is headed by the President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom. The chief justice can be selected in many ways, but, in many nations, the position is given to the most senior justice of the court, while, in the United States, it is often the President's most important political nomination, subject to
3402996
Richard C. Howe


Richard C. Howe (born January 20, 1924) is a Utah former politician and judge. At the time of his retirement in 2003, he was the only person in Utah history to serve as a member of the State House of Representatives, the State Senate, and the State Supreme Court. He served on the Utah Supreme Court from 1980 to 2002, and was the Chief Justice of the Utah Supreme Court from 1998 to April 2002. Born in South Cottonwood, Utah, Howe attended Woodstock Elementary School in Murray,
17545934
List of United States federal judges by longevity of service


Appeals for the Seventh Circuit from November 2, 1970 to December 19, 1975, and thereafter served on the Supreme Court until assuming senior status on June 29, 2010, just four months short of 40 years of active federal judicial service. Justice Stephen Johnson Field served on the Supreme Court for 34 years, following 6 years on the California Supreme Court, for 40 years of mixed state and federal judicial service. Only one intermediate appellate court judge has served more than 40 years actively, however many have eclipsed that timespan through
9460908
William J. Brennan Award


States District Court for the District of New Jersey Senior Judge of the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey United States District Court for the District of New Jersey Retired Judge of the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit Chief Judge of the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of New Jersey United States Attorney for the District of New Jersey Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for
18810230
Associate justice


the United States, judicial panels are non-hierarchical, so an associate judge has the same responsibilities with respect to cases as the chief judge. An associate judge usually has fewer or different administrative responsibilities than the chief. On the Supreme Court of the United States, the most junior associate justice (currently Justice Brett Kavanaugh), has the task of answering the door when the Justices are in private conference. There are eight Associate Justices on the United States Supreme Court, and three associate justices on the Supreme Court of the
3402992
List of federal judges appointed by Bill Clinton


Following is a list of all Article III United States federal judges appointed by President Bill Clinton during his presidency. In total Clinton appointed 378 Article III federal judges, including two Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States, 66 judges to the United States Courts of Appeals, 305 judges to the United States district courts and 5 judges to the United States Court of International Trade. Additionally, 8 Article I federal judge appointments are listed, including 1 judge to the United States Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims and 7 judges
4981602
List of Oregon judges


by the United States Congress. Congress then created a three judge supreme court for the territory. In 1859, the territory became the state of Oregon, with the Oregon Supreme Court remaining, eventually expanded to seven justices. In 1969, the state of Oregon created an intermediate level appeals court. Judges from the Oregon Court of Appeals decide cases appealed from the Oregon Circuit Court. The court has a total of thirteen judgeships. Upon Oregon's entry into the Union, the federal government created the United States District Court for the
43084
List of federal judges appointed by Andrew Jackson


Following is a list of all Article III United States federal judges appointed by President Andrew Jackson during his term of office. In total Jackson appointed 23 Article III federal judges: 5 Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States and 18 judges to the United States district courts. John Catron was nominated to the United States Supreme Court by President Jackson on the final day of his presidency, March 3, 1837. The United States Senate confirmed the nomination on March 8, 1837 and President Martin Van Buren issued his commission,
6522232
List of federal judges appointed by Benjamin Harrison


Following is a list of all Article III United States federal judges appointed by President Benjamin Harrison during his presidency. In total Harrison appointed 42 Article III federal judges, including 4 Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States, 12 judges to the United States courts of appeals and United States circuit courts and 26 judges to the United States district courts. Additionally, Harrison appointed 1 judge to the United States Court of Claims and 10 members to the Board of General Appraisers (later the United States Customs Court), both Article
6522240
List of federal judges appointed by John F. Kennedy


Following is a list of all Article III United States federal judges appointed by President John F. Kennedy during his presidency. In total Kennedy appointed 126 Article III federal judges, including 2 Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States, 20 judges to the United States Courts of Appeals, 102 judges to the United States district courts, 1 judge to the United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals and 1 judge to the United States Court of Claims. Two of Kennedy's District Judge appointees, Andrew Augustine Caffrey and Cyrus Nils
5327150
List of federal judges appointed by Herbert Hoover


Following is a list of all Article III United States federal judges appointed by President Herbert Hoover during his presidency. In total Hoover appointed 62 Article III federal judges: three Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States (including one chief justice), 16 judges to the United States Courts of Appeals, and 43 judges to the United States district courts. Additionally, 7 Article I federal judge appointments are listed, including 1 judge to the United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals, 3 judges to the United States Court
6522256
Circuit assignments in the Marshall Court


Riding circuit was one of the responsibilities of U.S. Supreme Court justices during the Marshall Court (1801–1835). Under the Judiciary Act of 1801, the United States federal judicial districts were divided into six (and later seven) United States circuit courts—one for each justice. Rather than appointing separate circuit judges (with the exception of the brief interlude under the soon-repealed Midnight Judges Act), the circuit courts were staffed by a combination of the resident United States district court judges from that district and the Supreme Court justice
1295011
Loren Miller (judge)


. In 1966, Judge Miller wrote "The Petitioners: The Story of the Supreme Court of the United States and the Negro", a book that recounts the vital role of the U.S. Supreme Court in shaping the lives of African Americans in the United States. This is a chronicle of what the Supreme Court has said and done in respect of the rights of Negroes, slave and free, between 1789 and 1965. As a "ward" of the U. S. Supreme Court for the last 100 years, the Negro has
15503942
List of federal judges appointed by Martin Van Buren


Following is a list of all Article III United States federal judges appointed by President Martin Van Buren during his presidency. In total Van Buren appointed 11 Article III federal judges, including 3 Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States and 8 judges to the United States district courts. John Catron was nominated to the United States Supreme Court by President Andrew Jackson on the final day of his presidency, March 3, 1837. The United States Senate confirmed the nomination on March 8, 1837 and President Van Buren issued his commission
7201432
Rita v. United States


Rita v. United States, 551 U.S. 338 (2007), was a United States Supreme Court case that clarified how federal courts of appeals should implement the remedy for the Sixth Amendment violation identified in "United States v. Booker". In "Booker", the Court held that because the Federal Sentencing Guidelines were mandatory and binding on judges in criminal cases, the Sixth Amendment required that any fact necessary to impose a sentence above the top of the authorized Guidelines range must be found by a jury beyond a reasonable doubt. The
18193091
United States federal judge


over different regions of the United States, and 94 United States district courts. Every judge appointed to such a court may be categorized as a federal judge; such positions include the chief justice and associate justices of the Supreme Court, circuit judges of the courts of appeals, and district judges of the United States district courts. All of these judges described thus far are referred to sometimes as "Article III judges" because they exercise the judicial power vested in the judicial branch of the federal government by Article III of the U.S.
10189457
Oregon Supreme Court


border of Mexican control California. In 1848, when the Oregon Territory was created by the United States Congress, William P. Bryant was appointed as the first judge of the Oregon Supreme Court. Justices in the territorial period were appointed by the President of the United States. In those early days of the court, the justices would "ride circuit" in addition to their appellate court functions. Riding circuit involved acting as appeals court judges around the state in addition to the supreme court functions of ultimate appeal, a common practice in
3173396
List of federal judges appointed by Grover Cleveland


Following is a list of all Article III United States federal judges appointed by President Grover Cleveland during his presidency. In total Cleveland appointed 45 Article III federal judges, including 4 Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States (including 1 Chief Justice), 11 judges to the United States courts of appeals and United States circuit courts and 30 judges to the United States district courts. Additionally, Cleveland appointed 2 judges to the United States Court of Claims, an Article I tribunal. The Judiciary Act of 1891, approved March
6522244
List of federal judges appointed by Harry S. Truman


Following is a list of all Article III United States federal judges appointed by President Harry S. Truman during his presidency. In total Truman appointed 133 Article III federal judges, including 4 Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States (including one Chief Justice), 27 judges to the United States Courts of Appeals, and 102 judges to the United States district courts. Additionally, 9 Article I federal judge appointments are listed, including 3 judges to the United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals, 2 judges to the United
5327173
Abraham Lincoln


. Democrat Stephen Johnson Field, a previous California Supreme Court justice, provided geographic and political balance. Finally, Lincoln's Treasury Secretary, Salmon P. Chase, became Chief Justice. Lincoln believed Chase was an able jurist, would support Reconstruction legislation, and that his appointment united the Republican Party. Lincoln appointed 32 federal judges, including four Associate Justices and one Chief Justice to the Supreme Court of the United States, and 27 judges to the United States district courts. Lincoln appointed no judges to the United States circuit courts during
507
Britt Grant


President Donald Trump as a potential nominee to the Supreme Court of the United States. On August 3, 2018, her service on the state supreme court was terminated due to her elevation to the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit. On April 10, 2018, President Donald Trump nominated Grant to serve as a United States Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit. She was nominated to the seat vacated by Judge Julie E. Carnes, who assumed senior status on June 18, 2018
11292754
List of federal judges appointed by Richard Nixon


Following is a list of all Article III United States federal judges appointed by President Richard Nixon during his presidency. In total Nixon appointed 235 Article III federal judges, surpassing the previous record of 193 set by Franklin D. Roosevelt. Among these were 4 Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States (including 1 Chief Justice), 45 judges to the United States Courts of Appeals, 179 judges to the United States district courts, 3 judges to the United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals, 3 judges to the United
5327138
History of Davenport, Iowa


restore the river to its original capacity for all purposes of navigation. The judge declared the bridge a nuisance and ordered the Mississippi and Missouri Railroad to remove the three piers and their superstructure that lay on the Iowa side. The judge reasoned that if this bridge was not stopped, many other bridges would follow. The piers were not torn out, because the railroad company appealed the case to the United States Supreme Court. The Supreme Court, reversed the decision of the district court and allowed the bridge to remain. Just before
10437364
Filiberto Ojeda Ríos


as well as another one in which the FBI searched the homes of independence supporters affiliated with Los Macheteros. A US District Court judge ruled against the Puerto Rico Department of Justice. The case was subsequently appealed to a federal appeals court which ruled that "disclosing information on the Ojeda raid 'would reveal how the FBI goes about capturing a fugitive who is believed to be dangerous.' " The Commonwealth Government then took the case to the United States Supreme Court but "the Supreme Court...refused to consider [the] lawsuit
21984723
Government of Texas


most complex in the United States, with many layers and many overlapping jurisdictions. Texas has two courts of last resort: the Texas Supreme Court, which hears civil cases, and the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals. Except in the case of some municipal benches, partisan elections choose all of the judges at all levels of the judiciary; the governor fills vacancies by appointment. All members of the Texas Supreme Court and the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals are elected statewide. The Municipal Courts are the most active courts, with the
12028009
List of federal judges appointed by William McKinley


Following is a list of all Article III United States federal judges appointed by President William McKinley during his presidency. In total McKinley appointed 35 Article III federal judges, including 1 Justice to the Supreme Court of the United States, 6 judges to the United States Courts of Appeals, and 28 judges to the United States district courts. Additionally, McKinley appointed 3 members of the Article I tribunal Board of General Appraisers (later the United States Customs Court). From the establishment of the United States courts of appeals on June 16
6522247
Contempt of court


prosecuted in the name of, or on behalf of, the United States.'" This stance is not universally agreed with by other areas of the legal world, and there have been many calls to have contempt cases to be tried by jury, rather than by judge, as a potential conflict of interest rising from a judge both accusing and sentencing the defendant. At least one Supreme Court Justice has made calls for jury trials to replace judge trials on contempt cases. The United States Marshals Service is the agency component that
7478007
List of people who have served in all three branches of the United States federal government


and twenty-four garnered their judicial branch service in district court judgeships alone. Two of the Supreme Court Justices on the list had previously served on federal circuit courts. For thirty-three of the members of the list, their judicial appointment was also their final point of service. One Supreme Court justice, two Circuit Court judges and seven District Court judges resigned from the bench to take posts in the executive branch and one Circuit Court judge and four District Court judges resigned from the bench to join the United States Senate.
17201885
Shanghai International Settlement


in many cases acted like a judge. In 1927, a Provisional Court was established with a sole Chinese judge presiding. In 1930, Chinese Special Courts were established which had jurisdiction over all non treaty power individuals and companies in the Settlement. Two countries, Britain and the United States established formal court systems in China to try cases. The British Supreme Court for China and Japan was established in 1865 and located in its own building in the British Consulate compound and the United States Court for China was established in the US Consulate
1708626
List of the first LGBT holders of political offices in the United States


). Obama also appointed the first openly LGBT judge of a federal court of appeals, Todd M. Hughes of the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. The first openly LGBT justice of a state supreme court was Rives Kistler, appointed to the Oregon Supreme Court in 2003, and retained by voters the following year. The next gay or lesbian state supreme court justices were Virginia Linder (Oregon Supreme Court, 2006); Monica Márquez (Colorado Supreme Court, 2010); Barbara Lenk (Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court
21288716
List of federal judges appointed by George H. W. Bush


Following is a list of all Article III United States federal judges appointed by President George H. W. Bush during his presidency. All information is derived from the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a public-domain publication of the Federal Judicial Center. In total Bush appointed 193 Article III federal judges, including 2 Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States, 42 judges to the United States Courts of Appeals, 148 judges to the United States district courts and 1 judge to the United States Court of International Trade. In his
4982203
List of federal judges appointed by Gerald Ford


Following is a list of all Article III United States federal judges appointed by President Gerald Ford during his presidency. In total Ford appointed 65 Article III federal judges, including 1 Justice to the Supreme Court of the United States, 12 judges to the United States Courts of Appeals, and 52 judges to the United States district courts. One of Ford's appointees, Gerald Bard Tjoflat of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit, remains in active service whilst two appellate judges and seven district judges remain on senior status
5327125
List of federal judges appointed by George W. Bush


Following is a list of United States federal judges appointed by President George W. Bush during his presidency, including all Judges appointed under Article III and a partial list of Judges appointed under Article I. In total Bush appointed 327 Article III federal judges, including 2 Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States (including one Chief Justice), 62 judges to the United States Courts of Appeals, 261 judges to the United States district courts and 2 judges to the United States Court of International Trade. Additionally, he made appointments to
4981385
John Howard Ferguson


. Ferguson found Plessy guilty of not leaving a ""white"" car and declared the Separate Car Act was in this case constitutional. Plessy then appealed the case to the Louisiana Supreme Court, which affirmed the decision that the Louisiana law was constitutional. Plessy petitioned for a writ of error from the Supreme Court of the United States where Judge John Howard Ferguson was named in the case brought before the United States Supreme Court because he had been named in the petition to the Louisiana Supreme Court. Judge John Howard Ferguson died
18078862
United States territorial court


authority to decide petitioners' appeals or be appointed to a United States Court of Appeals. The U.S. Supreme Court case "Nguyen v. United States", 540 U.S. 935 (2003), presented the question of whether a panel of the Court of Appeals consisting of two Article III judges and one Article IV judge had the authority to decide petitioners' appeals. The U.S. Supreme court declared that it did not. There is no federal court in the territory of American Samoa. Matters of federal law arising in American Samoa have generally
7253517
Rosemary Barkett


Rosemary Barkett (born August 29, 1939) is a Judge of the Iran–United States Claims Tribunal. Previously, she served as a United States Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit. Prior to her nomination for that post, she was Chief Justice of the Florida Supreme Court. Born in Mexico to parents who were emigrants from Syria, she is recognized as the first woman, Arab American, and Hispanic judge (of Syrian descent) on the Florida Supreme Court—contrasting with Justice
8324247
List of federal judges appointed by William Howard Taft


Following is a list of all Article III United States federal judges appointed by President William Howard Taft during his presidency. In total Taft appointed 57 Article III federal judges, among them were: six justices to the Supreme Court of the United States, including the appointment of a sitting associate justice as chief justice, 13 judges to the United States Courts of Appeals, and 38 judges to the United States district courts. Taft also appointed judges to various specialty courts, including 5 appointees to the Article III United States Commerce Court,
6522249
Consuelo Callahan


Monterey, California and was presented by Dean Deanell Reece Tacha of the Pepperdine University School of Law; Dean Tacha was a retired judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit and current president of the American Inns of Court Foundation. On September 20, 2005, the "New York Times" named Callahan as a George W. Bush Supreme Court candidate for United States Supreme Court justice, to replace Sandra Day O'Connor. She was supported by some Democrats and the Congressional Hispanic Caucus as being more moderate than many of
16734351
List of Oregon judges


This is a list of Oregon judges that have served within the confines of the United States in the state of Oregon, as well as people from Oregon that have served in federal courts outside of the state. These include judges that served prior to statehood on February 14, 1859, including the judges of the Provisional Government of Oregon. Those listed include judges of the Oregon Supreme Court, the Oregon Tax Court, and the Oregon Court of Appeals at the state level. Judges for the United States District Court for the District
43081
Plurality opinion


A plurality opinion is in certain legal systems the opinion from a group of judges, often in an appellate court, in which no single opinion supports a majority of the court. The plurality opinion did not receive the support of more than half the justices, but received more support than any other opinion, excluding those dissenting from the holding of the court. In "Marks v. United States", 430 U.S. 188 (1977), the Supreme Court of the United States explained how the holding of a case should be viewed
11252297
Judicial appointment history for United States federal courts


The appointment of federal judges for United States federal courts has become viewed as a political process in the last several decades. The tables below provide the composition of the Supreme and the Courts of Appeals at the end of each four year presidential term, as well as the District Courts at the current time, categorizing the judges by the presidential term during which they were nominated for their seat. As of October 6, 2018, of the 9 seats on the Supreme Court, 5 are filled by judges appointed by a Republican president
4008916
United States v. Lawrence


United States v. Lawrence, 3 U.S. (3 Dall.) 42 (1795), was a United States Supreme Court case determining that the Supreme Court cannot normally compel a federal trial judge to proceed in a case which he feels is lacking sufficient evidence to proceed. In the case, the court held: Where a judge of the district court, acting in his judicial capacity, determined that evidence was not sufficient to authorize him to proceed in a case before him, this Court has no power to compel him to
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Judiciary Act of 1869


The Judiciary Act of 1869, sometimes called the Circuit Judges Act of 1869, a United States statute, provided that the Supreme Court of the United States would consist of the chief justice of the United States and eight associate justices, established separate judgeships for the U.S. circuit courts, and for the first time included a provision allowing federal judges to retire without losing their salary. This is the most recent legislation altering the size of the Supreme Court. In addition, it stipulated that each of the nine circuit courts of the United
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Howard Phillips (politician)


to the United States Supreme Court. According to Phillips, "People say you can't tell how a Supreme Court nominee will turn out once on the bench. I respectfully disagree. In most cases, it's very clear. I opposed the nomination of Sandra Day O'Connor because it was very clear that she had a pro-abortion record in the Arizona State Senate and as a judge in Arizona. She was also allied with Planned Parenthood." In 1990, Phillips opposed the first President Bush's nomination of David Souter
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Marilyn Warren


Supreme Court of Victoria. A representative of the Victorian Bar, giving Warren the customary welcome to new judges, said "We at the Bar look forward to the days of the Warren Supreme Court in this State," alluding to the high reputation of the Supreme Court of the United States under Earl Warren, and recognising Warren's own talent. As a judge, Warren presided over cases in all of the court's lists, but particularly the Commercial List, of which she was the judge in charge from 2000. Warren
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Judge


of the Supreme Court of the United States and Justices of other courts are addressed as "Justice (name)." The Chief Justice of the United States is formally addressed as "Mr. Chief Justice" but also may be identified and addressed as "Chief Justice (name)". The justices of the supreme courts usually hold higher offices than any other judges in a jurisdiction, including a justice of the peace, a judge who holds police court in some jurisdictions and who may also try small claims and misdemeanors. However
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List of federal judges appointed by Ronald Reagan


Following is a list of all Article III United States federal judges appointed by President Ronald Reagan during his presidency. In total Reagan appointed: four justices to the Supreme Court of the United States, including the appointment of a sitting associate justice as chief justice, 83 judges to the United States Courts of Appeals, 290 judges to the United States District Courts and 6 judges to the United States Court of International Trade. Reagan's total of 383 Article III judicial appointments is the most by any President. In addition to these appointments
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Judiciary of Alaska


and the only other courts that may reverse or modify those decisions are the United States federal courts. The Supreme Court hears appeals from lower state courts and also administers the state's judicial system. The Alaska Supreme Court is required to hear appeals in civil cases in the first instance and is not able to exercise its discretion whether to consider appeals previously heard by other appellate courts. The Alaska Court of Appeals is the intermediary court of appeals and is composed of a chief judge and two associate judges. The chief judge of the
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List of federal judges appointed by Donald Trump


This is a comprehensive list of all Article III and Article IV United States federal judges appointed by Donald Trump during his presidency, as well as a partial list of Article I federal judicial appointments, excluding appointments to the District of Columbia judiciary. , the United States Senate has confirmed 146 Article III judges nominated by President Trump, including 2 Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States, 43 judges for the United States Courts of Appeals, 99 judges for the United States District Courts, and 2 judges for the United
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Aharon Barak


a total revolution in the judicial thinking which characterized the Supreme Court of previous generations, and this has given it the reputation of the most activist court in the world, causing both admiration and criticism. In practice, in many respects the Supreme Court under Barak has become an alternate government. Among critics of Barak's judicial activism are former President of the Supreme Court of Israel Moshe Landau, Ruth Gavison, and Richard Posner. Posner, a judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit and authority on jurisprudence
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Lethal injection


. On September 25, 2007, the United States Supreme Court agreed to hear a lethal-injection challenge arising from Kentucky, "Baze v. Rees". In Baze, the Supreme Court addressed whether Kentucky's particular lethal-injection procedure (using the standard three-drug protocol) comports with the Eighth Amendment; it also determined the proper legal standard by which lethal-injection challenges in general should be judged, all in an effort to bring some uniformity to how these claims are handled by the lower courts. Although uncertainty
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United States v. Washington


court and at the Washington Supreme Court. Washington Attorney General Slade Gorton, representing the state of Washington, supported the position of the private concerns and opposed the position of the United States and the tribes. The United States Supreme Court granted "certiorari" and vacated the decision of the Washington Supreme Court. Justice John Paul Stevens announced the decision of the Court, which upheld Judge Boldt's order and overturned the rulings of the state courts. Stevens made it explicitly clear that Boldt could issue the orders he did, stating "
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Supreme Courtship


Supreme Courtship is a 2008 novel by Christopher Buckley, which tells the story of a "Judge Judy"-style TV judge nominated to the Supreme Court of the United States. After several failed attempts to seek Senate approval for his Supreme Court nominations, perpetually unpopular President Donald P. Vanderdamp (nicknamed "Don Veto" by Congress) decides to get even by nominating Judge Pepper Cartwright, star of "Courtroom Six" and America's most popular TV judge, to the Supreme Court. Soon, Cartwright finds herself in the middle of a Constitutional
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John Marshall Harlan (1899–1971)


was nominated by President Dwight D. Eisenhower on January 13, 1954, to a seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit vacated by Judge Augustus Noble Hand. Harlan knew this court well, as he had often appeared before it and was friendly with many of the judges. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on February 9, 1954, and received his commission on the next day. His service terminated on March 27, 1955, due to his elevation to the Supreme Court. Harlan was nominated
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Biographical Directory of Federal Judges


The Biographical Directory of Federal Judges is a publication of the Federal Judicial Center providing basic biographical information on all past and present United States federal court Article III judges (those federal judges with life tenure). These include justices of the Supreme Court of the United States and judges of United States courts of appeals, district courts, and the now-obsolete circuit courts. The "Biographical Directory" is available online in searchable format. Biographical information provided for each judge includes birth and death dates, educational background, a summary of
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John C. Yoder


District Court judge from 1976 to 1980—Yoder was the youngest person ever elected as judge in the United States. Yoder was selected and served 1980-1981 as a judicial fellow with the United States Supreme Court and subsequently served (1981-1983) as special assistant to the Chief Justice (Burger) of the United States Supreme Court. He then served (1983-1984), at the appointment of President Ronald Reagan, as the first director of the Asset Forfeiture Office within the United States Department of Justice. NOTE: In
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List of federal judges appointed by James A. Garfield


Despite his short tenure in office, James A. Garfield appointed 5 Article III United States federal judges including 1 Justice to the Supreme Court of the United States and 1 judge to the United States circuit courts and 3 judges to the United States district courts. Garfield shared the appointment of Addison Brown with his successor, Chester A. Arthur, with Garfield placing him on the bench via a recess appointment and Arthur later nominating him to the same seat and issuing his commission. Garfield appointed 1 judge to the United States Court of Claims,
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List of federal judges appointed by Woodrow Wilson


Following is a list of all Article III United States federal judges appointed by President Woodrow Wilson during his presidency. In total Wilson appointed 75 Article III federal judges, including 3 Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States, 20 judges to the United States Courts of Appeals, and 52 judges to the United States district courts. Wilson made additional appointments to Article I tribunals. He made 4 appointments to the United States Court of Customs Appeals. He also made 4 appointments to the Board of General Appraisers, the forerunner of
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Winters v. United States


that is set by it for United States Supreme Court cases that would follow it. "Arizona v. California" was a set of 11 United States Supreme Court cases dealing with water rights. These cases took place between the years of 1931 and 2006. The initial question of this case was to determine how much water from the Colorado river Arizona was entitled to. Many western states became involved in the debate over the rights of the water from the Colorado River, and finally the United States government became involved stating that several federal
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Amy, Vicky, and Andy Child Pornography Victim Assistance Act of 2018


cases trying to apply the "Paroline" factors are below. In "United States v. Crisostomi", a district court judge in Rhode Island explained:In this Court’s opinion, while some of the "Paroline" factors are determinable with some precision, a number of other factors are virtually unknown and unknowable, regardless of the detail available in the record. For example, how is a district judge to make a 'reliable estimate of the broader number of offenses involved” when even the U.S. Supreme Court admits parenthetically that
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Oregon Supreme Court


) that have retired from a state court. Only former Supreme Court justices, elected Oregon circuit court judges, or elected Oregon Court of Appeals judges can be assigned to temporary service on the Supreme Court. The court can appoint retired judges, lawyers, and other judges to serve temporarily as judges at any level in Oregon. They can also appoint senior judges to serve on any state court at or below the highest level of court that judge had served on before retirement or resignation. The state supreme court is responsible for admitting
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Government of the District of Columbia


to review all final orders, judgments, and specified interlocutory orders of the associate judges of the Superior Court, to review decisions of administrative agencies, boards, and commissions of the District government, and to answer questions of law presented by the Supreme Court of the United States, a United States court of appeals, or the highest appellate court of any state. The court consists of a chief judge and eight associate judges. The court is assisted by the service of retired judges who have been recommended and approved as senior judges
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Supreme court


judge in the House of Lords. The Supreme Court of the United States, established in 1789, is the highest federal court in the United States, with powers of judicial review first asserted in "Calder v. Bull" (1798) in Justice Iredell's dissenting opinion. The power was later given binding authority by Justice Marshall in "Marbury v. Madison" (1803). There are currently nine seats on the US Supreme Court. Each U.S. state has its own state supreme court, which is the highest authority interpreting that
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List of federal judges appointed by Calvin Coolidge


Following is a list of all Article III United States federal judges appointed by President Calvin Coolidge during his presidency. In total, Coolidge appointed 82 Article III federal judges, surpassing the previous record of 75 appointed by Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson. These included one Justice to the Supreme Court of the United States, 17 judges to the United States Courts of Appeals, and 64 judges to the United States district courts. Coolidge appointed judges to various Article I specialty courts as well, including Genevieve R. Cline, who became the first
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Immigration reform in the United States


deferred action. Judge Carolyn Dineen King dissented, arguing that prosecutorial discretion makes the case non-justiciable, and that there had been "no justification" for the circuit court's delay in ruling. On 20 November 2015, the United States Department of Justice appealed directly to the United States Supreme Court. On January 19, 2016, the Supreme Court agreed to review the case. In "United States v. Texas", the Supreme Court deadlocked 4-4 on June 23, leaving in place the appeals court ruling blocking
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Glidden Co. v. Zdanok


Glidden Co. v. Zdanok (consolidated with Lurk v. United States), 370 U.S. 530 (1962), is a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held that judges of the Court of Claims and the Court of Customs and Patent Appeals were judges created under Article III of the Constitution (also known as "Article III judges"). As such, it was permissible for the Chief Justice of the United States under 28 U.S.C. § 293(a) to designate judges from the Court of Claims and the Court of Customs
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Presidency of William McKinley


too closely associated with railroad interests and lacked the qualifications of a Supreme Court justice. Despite the objections, McKenna's nomination was approved unanimously. McKenna responded to the criticism of his legal education by taking some courses at Columbia Law School for several months before taking his seat. McKenna served on the court until 1925, often taking centrist positions between more conservative and more progressive judges. Along with his Supreme Court appointment, McKinley appointed six judges to the United States Courts of Appeals, and 28 judges to the United States district courts
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Constitution of Oklahoma


the Oklahoma Court of Impeachment (charged with removal all elected officials from office) and the Oklahoma Court on the Judiciary (charged with reviewing Justices and Judges). The Article continues to further describe how Justices and Judges are selected, and how and under what circumstances Justices and Judges are removed from office. Article Eight states that all state elected offices, including Supreme Court Justices, are subject to impeachment for wilful neglect of duty, corruption in office, habitual drunkenness, incompetency, or any offense involving moral turpitude committed while in
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List of federal judges appointed by John Adams


Following is a list of all Article III federal judges appointed by John Adams. In total, John Adams appointed 22 Article III United States federal judges during his tenure (1797–1801) as President of the United States. Of these, 3 were appointments to the Supreme Court of the United States, 15 were to the United States circuit courts, and 4 to the United States district courts. Thirteen of the fifteen circuit court judges appointed by Adams were to positions created at the end of his tenure in office, in the Judiciary
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United States district court


judges and Supreme Court Justices, can also sit in a district court upon assignment by the chief judge of the circuit or by the Chief Justice of the United States. The number of judges in each district court (and the structure of the judicial system generally) is set by Congress in the United States Code. The President appoints the federal judges for terms of good behavior (subject to the advice and consent of the Senate), so the nominees often share at least some of his or her convictions. In states represented
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U.S. state


trial court is called the Supreme Court; appeals are then taken to the Supreme Court's Appellate Division, and from there to the Court of Appeals. State court systems provide general courts with broad jurisdiction. The overwhelming majority of criminal and civil cases in the United States are heard in state courts. The annual number of cases filed in state courts are around 30,000,000 and the number of judges in state courts is about 30,000—by comparison, federal courts see some 1,000,000 filed cases with about 1700 judges. Most states base their legal system
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Brenner v. Manson


was an Article III court, and thus one as to which the Supreme Court had "certiorari" jurisdiction. For many years, almost until the eve of the "Manson" case, the Solicitor General had opposed petitions for "certiorari" by disappointed patent applicants on the basis that the CCPA was an Article I court to which the Supreme Court's "certiorari" jurisdiction did not extend. In "Lurk v. United States", however, the Court held that judges of the CCPA (as well as those of the
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Midnight Judges Act


The Midnight Judges Act (also known as the Judiciary Act of 1801; , and officially An act to provide for the more convenient organization of the Courts of the United States) represented an effort to solve an issue in the U.S. Supreme Court during the early 19th century. There was concern, beginning in 1789, about the system that required the Justices of the Supreme Court to "ride circuit" and reiterate decisions made in the appellate level courts. The Supreme Court Justices had often voiced concern and suggested that the judges of
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United States federal judge


In the United States, the title of federal judge means a judge (pursuant to Article Three of the United States Constitution) appointed by the president of the United States and confirmed by the United States Senate pursuant to the Appointments Clause in Article II of the United States Constitution. In addition to the Supreme Court of the United States, whose existence and some aspects of whose jurisdiction are beyond the constitutional power of Congress to alter, Congress has established 13 courts of appeals (also called "circuit courts") with appellate jurisdiction
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Burton v. United States


jury that the earlier requested instructions stood on the same footing as the other instructions. The Court held that this was reversible error. Harlan also dissented from this ground for reversal, arguing that Burton was not substantially prejudiced. Further, the Court disapproved of the judge's having asked the jury for the proportions of their deadlock (even though he did not ask how many were for conviction and how many were for acquittal). In "Brasfield v. United States" (1926), citing "Burton", the Court held
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