the presiding officer of the upper house of a legislature is called the
Speaker (politics)


. In Tennessee, the senators elect a "Speaker of the Senate" who presides over the Tennessee Senate and serves as lieutenant governor. The presiding officer for an upper house of a bicameral legislature usually has a different title, although substantially the same duties. When the upper house is called a senate, the equivalent title is often President of the Senate. Australia, Chile, the United States and many other countries have upper houses with presiding officers titled "president". In several American republics, the vice president of the
7087918
List of Presidents of the Senate of Spain


The President of the Senate is the highest authority of the Senate of Spain, the upper house of the Cortes Generales, the legislative branch of Spain. The President is elected by and among the incumbent senators. The office was established in 1834 by the Royal Statue which structured the legislature as a bicameral parliament with an upper house called House of Peers, formed by high clerics, grandees, other nobles and relevant members of the civil society. The current name of the upper house is "Senate" since 1837 and is currently
16025688
Speaker (politics)


-member presider (who may be of the opposite party), the task of presiding over daily business is typically rotated among junior members of the majority party. In the forty-nine states that have a bicameral legislature, the highest leadership position in the lower house is usually called the "Speaker" and the upper house is usually the "President of the (State) Senate. In Nebraska—the only state with a unicameral legislature—the senators elect one senator to serve as "Speaker of the Nebraska Legislature"
7087917
Government of Oklahoma


other place." Members of the legislature are limited to a combined total of 12 years service in the Oklahoma Legislature, regardless of house. The Oklahoma Senate is the upper house of the state legislature with its 48 seats divided equally among the state's 48 senatorial districts. The state senators serve a four-year staggered term, with half of the senate up for reelection every even numbered year. The presiding officer in the state senate is the lieutenant governor in their role as President of the Senate. By tradition, the
15443674
Southwest Territory


Members of the territorial House of Representatives (the lower chamber of the legislature) were elected in December 1793, and the first House session convened on February 24, 1794. The representatives nominated ten individuals for appointment to the territorial council (the legislature's upper chamber), five of whom— Griffith Rutherford, John Sevier, James Winchester, Stockley Donelson and Parmenas Taylor— were eventually appointed by President Washington. Rutherford was chosen as the council's president. The assembly first convened on August 26, 1794, and called for
6014403
Barbara Prammer


. She worked as a qualified vocational and social education worker and head of the department of women's affairs at the employment agency in Linz. In 1990 she was elected president of the SPÖ women's organisation in Upper Austria and became deputy and vice-president of the Upper Austrian state legislature ("Landtag") one year later. From 1995 until 1997 she served as a member of the Upper Austrian state government in the office of a Minister ("Landesrat") for Housing and Nature Conservation. In 1995 Prammer joined
7173947
List of Speakers of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly


presiding officer of the Council was known as the President. The first President, Sir P. Rajagopalachari was not elected but nominated and took office on December 17, 1920. With the introduction of provincial autonomy in 1937, the Council became the upper chamber of a bicameral legislature. The presiding officer of the Council was called as the "Chairman of the Council". This agreement continued in the Republic of India as well till the Council's abolition in 1986. The Government of India Act of 1935 abolished dyarchy and ensured provincial autonomy
6664745
Wyoming Senate


territorial legislatures and the federal U.S. Senate, the Wyoming Senate can confirm or reject gubernatorial appointments to the state cabinet, commissions, boards, or justices to the Wyoming Supreme Court. Wyoming, along with Arizona, Maine, and Oregon, is one of the four U.S. states to have abolished the Office of the Lieutenant Governor, a position which for most upper houses of state legislatures and indeed for the U.S. Congress (with the Vice President) is the head of the legislative body. Instead, a separate position of Senate President
21069168
South Africa


members and is elected every five years by a system of party-list proportional representation. The National Council of Provinces, the upper house, consists of ninety members, with each of the nine provincial legislatures electing ten members. After each parliamentary election, the National Assembly elects one of its members as President; hence the President serves a term of office the same as that of the Assembly, normally five years. No President may serve more than two terms in office. The President appoints a Deputy President and Ministers, who
10828820
President pro tempore of the Oklahoma Senate


of succession in Oklahoma, behind the lieutenant governor. The president pro tempore’s counterpart in the lower house of the Oklahoma Legislature is the Speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives. Although the president pro tempore is not the only state senator that can serve as a presiding officer, he holds the power to assign the presiding officer in his absence. During session, the presiding officer controls the flow of debate on the Oklahoma Senate floor, decides questions of order, seats the chamber, calls members to order for violating rules,
16823466
Louisiana State Legislature


jurisdiction session convenes at noon on the last Monday in April for no longer than 45 legislative days during a period of 60 days. The legislature also may convene for extraordinary sessions and for veto sessions. The legislature is required to meet in an organizational session, which cannot exceed three days, on the date its members take office. A special session may be called by the Governor or may be convened by the presiding officers of both houses upon a written petition of a majority of the elected members of each house. A
17062390
Lieutenant governor (United States)


and lieutenant governor are elected on the same ticket, ensuring that they come from the same political party. In the remaining 18 states, they are elected separately and, thus, may come from different parties. The lieutenant governor is also frequently the presiding officer of the upper house of the state legislature, similar to the Vice President of the United States. Among the seven states without a separate, full-time office of lieutenant governor, two states have a post of lieutenant governor that is filled by the highest officer of
21082513
Speaker of the Texas House of Representatives


and a record vote is held to determine who the speaker will be. The Secretary of State calls the House to order, and presides over the chamber until a speaker is elected. The speaker is the presiding officer of the House of Representatives. The Texas Constitution requires the House of Representatives, each time a new legislature convenes, to choose one of its own members to serve as Speaker. As presiding officer, the Speaker maintains order during floor debate, recognizing legislators who wish to speak and ruling on procedural matters. The
2771877
Governor (United States)


and West Virginia), if vacated by the removal from office, death, or resignation of the previous governor. Lieutenant governors also serve as unofficial acting state governors in case the incumbent governors are unable to fulfill their duties, and they often serve as presiding officers of the upper houses of state legislatures. But in such cases, they cannot participate in political debates, and they have no vote whenever these houses are not equally divided. States are semi-sovereign republics under the federal government of the United States, and
16495454
List of current members of the Iowa Senate


The Iowa Senate is the upper house of the Iowa General Assembly, the legislature of the U.S. state of Iowa. One State Senator is elected from each of the state's 50 electoral districts, with each Senate district containing two House of Representatives districts. The 2019-21 term is part of the 88th General Assembly. , 18 of those seats are held by Democrats and 32 by Republicans. The presiding officer is the President of the Senate, who is chosen by the majority party and elected by the Senate. In addition
11298588
Constitution of South Africa


. Parliament consists of two houses, the National Assembly (the lower house), which is directly elected by the people, and the National Council of Provinces (the upper house), which is elected by the provincial legislatures. The Chapter defines the principles governing the election and dissolution of the houses, qualifications for membership of Parliament, quorum requirements, procedures for the election of presiding officers, and the powers and privileges and immunities of Parliament and its members. It lays down the process for enacting bills into law; different
5283652
Constitution of New Hampshire


fixes the pay for General Court members at $200 per term (two years) and $250 for the presiding officers. Legislators also receive mileage for "actual daily attendance on legislative days, but not after the legislature shall have been in session for 45 legislative days or after the first day of July following the annual assembly of the legislature." Articles 25 - 40, excluding 28 which was repealed in 1976, define the role and makeup of The Senate, the upper house of the General Court. This section is
3157873
East New Jersey Provincial Council


provided that all members had been summoned. The Governor or Deputy Governor was to be President of Council. If a vacancy occurred in the Governor's office due to death or absence from East Jersey, the Council was authorized to appoint a president. This occurred after the death of Gov. Andrew Hamilton on 20 April 1703 when Lewis Morris became president until the arrival of Governor Cornbury and the establishment of the new government. The Provincial Council was the upper house of the colonial legislature, and as such was a distant predecessor to the
2206400
History of Irish legislatures


formed by Irish MPs elected to the British House of Commons, who assembled in Dublin in January 1919. Dáil Éireann operated under a temporary constitution, called the Dáil Constitution, which created a prime minister called the President of Dáil Éireann (also known as Príomh Aire) and a ministry called the Aireacht. The prime ministerial office was updated to a headship of state, called President of the Republic, in August 1921. The Dáil met in two locations, in the Round Room of the Mansion House, and later in the
5413308
Speaker of the North Carolina House of Representatives


The Speaker of the North Carolina House of Representatives is the presiding officer of one of the houses of the North Carolina General Assembly. The Speaker is elected by the members of the house when they convene for their regular session in January of each odd-numbered year. Perhaps the most important duty of the Speaker is to appoint members and chairs of the various standing committees of the House. The office evolved from the office of Speaker of the lower house of the legislature in the Province of Carolina, called the House of Burgesses
12776788
Indiana Territory


fifty acres of land elected representatives to the lower house of the territorial legislature. In addition, the Congress, and later, the president with congressional approval, appointed five adult males who owned at least five hundred acres of land to the upper house of the territorial legislature from a list of ten candidates that the lower house submitted for consideration. In the semi-legislative phase of government, the upper and lower houses could legislate for the territory, but the territorial governor retained absolute veto power. When the territory reached a population
9136310
Oklahoma Senate


The Oklahoma Senate is the upper house of the two houses of the Legislature of Oklahoma, the other being the Oklahoma House of Representatives. The total number of senators is set at 48 by the Oklahoma Constitution. Senators approve or reject gubernatorial appointments, and contribute to the creation of both state law and an annual state budget. Every ten years, they aid in drawing new boundaries for Oklahoma's electoral districts. The Oklahoma Senate also serves as a court of impeachment. The presiding officer of the Senate is the Lieutenant Governor of
3284763
Florida House of Representatives


Legislature has opted to start in January in order to allow lawmakers to be home with their families during school spring breaks, and to give more time ahead of the legislative elections in the Fall. On the fourteenth day following each general election, the Legislature meets for an organizational session to organize and select officers. Special legislative sessions may be called by the governor, by a joint proclamation of the Senate president and House speaker, or by a three-fifths vote of all legislators. During any special session the Legislature may only
3040482
Philippine Commission


in 1902; this enshrined into law the Commission's legislative and executive authority. As stipulated in the Philippine Organic Act, the bicameral Philippine Legislature was established in 1907, with the Commission as the upper house and the elected Philippine Assembly acting as lower house. The Jones Act of 1916 ended the Commission, replacing it with an elected Philippine Senate as the Legislature's upper house. On January 20, 1899, President McKinley appointed the First Philippine Commission (the Schurman Commission), a five-person group headed by Dr. Jacob
18027797
List of governors of New Jersey


colonies and was admitted as a state on December 18, 1787. Prior to declaring its independence, New Jersey was a colony of the Kingdom of Great Britain. The first New Jersey State Constitution, ratified in 1776, provided that a governor be elected annually by the state legislature, the members of which were selected by the several counties. Under this constitution, the governor was president of the upper house of the legislature, then called the Legislative Council. The 1844 constitution provided for a popular vote to elect the governor,
911814
Myanmar


accountable to the legislature), with 25% of the legislators appointed by the military and the rest elected in general elections. The legislature, called the Pyidaungsu Hluttaw, is bicameral and made up of two houses: the 224-seat upper house Amyotha Hluttaw (House of Nationalities) and the 440-seat lower house Pyithu Hluttaw (House of Representatives). The upper house consists of 224 members, of whom 168 are directly elected and 56 are appointed by the Burmese Armed Forces. The lower house consists of 440 members, of whom 330
19662428
Cathaoirleach


Cathaoirleach (; Irish for chairperson; plural: "Cathaoirligh") is the title of the chair (or presiding officer) of Seanad Éireann, the sixty-member upper house of the Oireachtas, the legislature of Ireland. The current Cathaoirleach, who has held the office since 8 June 2016, is Fianna Fáil Senator Denis O'Donovan. The Cathaoirleach is the sole judge of order, and has a range of powers and functions, namely: The Cathaoirleach is also an member of the Presidential Commission, which performs the powers and functions
16942226
Oregon State Senate


, that had restricted State Senators to two terms (eight years) on procedural grounds. Like certain other upper houses of state and territorial legislatures and the federal U.S. Senate, the State Senate can confirm or reject gubernatorial appointments to state departments, commissions, boards, and other state governmental agencies. The current Senate President is Peter Courtney of Salem. Oregon, along with Arizona, Maine, and Wyoming, is one of the four U.S. states to not have the Office of the Lieutenant Governor, a position which for most upper
12523593
New Jersey Provincial Council


in New Jersey would, by virtue of his seniority, be President of Council. If there was no lieutenant governor, it was he who would succeed if a vacancy occurred in the Governor's office due to death or absence from New Jersey. In 1733 the Crown decreed that the Surveyor General of His Majesty's Customs would be seated as Councillor Extraordinary, but would be excluded from succession to the Presidency. The Provincial Council was the upper house of the colonial legislature, and as such was a predecessor to the modern New
14662974
Government of Michigan


upper house, and the House of Representatives, the lower house. Article IV of the Michigan Constitution, adopted in 1963, defines the role of the legislature and how it is to be constituted. Legislative acts are published in the official "Acts of the Legislature" and codified in the "Michigan Compiled Laws". The Michigan Legislature meets in the Michigan State Capitol in Lansing, Michigan. Michigan is one of ten states to have a full-time legislature. The State officers compensation commission, consisting of seven governor appointed
18611020
President of the Senate of the Philippines


2011. In the Senate, he supervises the committees and attended its hearings and meetings if necessary and such committee reports are being submitted to his/her office. The Senate was created on 1916 with the abolition of the Philippine Commission as the upper house with the Philippine Assembly as the lower house. The Senate and the House of Representatives comprised the Philippine Legislature (PL). Representation was by senatorial district; Manuel L. Quezon was elected senator from the now-defunct 5th Legislative District. All Senators from 1941 onwards were elected
1140376
Minnesota Senate


The Minnesota Senate is the upper house of the Legislature of the U.S. state of Minnesota. At 67 members, half as many as the Minnesota House of Representatives, it is the largest upper house of any U.S. state legislature. Floor sessions are held in the west wing of the State Capitol in Saint Paul. Committee hearings, as well as offices for senators and staff, are located north of the State Capitol in the Minnesota Senate Building. Due to the restoration process of the State Capitol taking place since 2014, the Senate
15598407
Meshech Weare


a brief interval, Weare was elected chairman of the Committee of Safety and served in this capacity throughout the Revolution. In addition to being New Hampshire's first "President", Weare was chief justice of the state's highest court the "Superior Court of Judicature" from 1776 to 1782. He also served as presiding officer of the Council, then part of the upper house of the legislature. He managed to hold that position throughout the American Revolution. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts
10592653
Indirect election


An indirect election is an election in which voters do not choose between candidates for an office, but elect people who then choose. It is one of the oldest forms of elections, and is still used today for many presidents, cabinets, upper houses, and supranational legislatures. Presidents and prime ministers can be indirectly elected by parliaments or by a special body convened solely for that purpose. The election of the executive government in most parliamentary systems is indirect: elect the parliamentarians, who then elect the government including most prominently the
6524381
2nd Oklahoma Legislature


term by a Jim Crow law passed by the legislature. Previous: 1st Legislature • Next: 3rd Legislature Lieutenant Governor George W. Bellamy continued to serve as the first President of the Senate, which gave him a tie-breaking vote and allowed him to serve as a presiding officer. J. C. Graham was elected as the second President pro tempore of the Oklahoma Senate, giving him the authority to organize the state senate and serve as a presiding officer. Ben Wilson served as the second Speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives.
8973763
Impeachment in the United States


office until a trial is held. That trial, and their removal from office if convicted, is separate from the act of impeachment itself. Analogous to a trial before a judge and jury, these proceedings are (where the legislature is bicameral) conducted by upper house of the legislature, which at the federal level is the Senate. Impeachment may occur at the federal level or the state level. The federal House can impeach federal officials, and each state's legislature can impeach state officials, including the governor, in accordance
21753265
President of the Louisiana State Senate


The President of the Louisiana State Senate is the highest-ranking member of the Louisiana State Senate. As presiding officer, he or she convenes session and calls members to order, but can designate another state senator to preside in his or her place. The Louisiana state senate president is fifth in gubernatorial line of succession in Louisiana. The president's counterpart in the lower house of the Louisiana Legislature is the Speaker of the Louisiana House of Representatives. The Louisiana Constitution of 1812 did not provide for a lieutenant governor to preside over
19591280
U.S. state


of two chambers: a lower house (termed the House of Representatives, State Assembly, General Assembly or House of Delegates) and a smaller upper house, always termed the Senate. The exception is the unicameral Nebraska Legislature, which has only a single chamber. Most states have a part-time legislature (traditionally called a citizen legislature). Ten state legislatures are considered full-time; these bodies are more similar to the U.S. Congress than are the others. Members of each state's legislature are chosen by direct election
13616249
Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)


dissolve the upper house, and gets it attested in both houses of parliament and then signed by the president into law. Only Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Telangana, and Uttar Pradesh have their upper houses in existence with 6 year term, J&K also has 6 year term lower house. All other states have abolished the upper house by the above-mentioned method, as the upper house causes unnecessary problems and issues. The most important function of the legislature is law making. The state
12999473
4th Oklahoma Legislature


McAlester served as the President of the Senate and C.B. Kendrick served as the President pro tempore of the Oklahoma Senate. J. H. Maxey served as Speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives. Previous: 3rd Legislature • Next: 5th Legislature Lieutenant Governor James Jackson McAlester served as the President of the Senate, which gave him a tie-breaking vote and allowed him to serve as a presiding officer. C.B. Kendrick was elected by state senators to serve as the President pro tempore of the Oklahoma Senate, the primary presiding officer of the
9181047
Oklahoma Legislature


a leader of the House and the leader of the majority party. He is the presiding officer of the House, but may appoint another member to serve as the presiding officer in his absence. The presiding officer sits in a chair in the front of the House chamber. The powers of the presiding officer are extensive; one important power is that of controlling the order in which members of the House speak. No member may make a speech or a motion unless he or she has first been recognized by the presiding officer.
20440244
List of abolished upper houses


This is a list of abolished upper houses of bicameral legislatures and parliaments at national and lower levels of government. The reasons for abolition include removal of unelected houses, under-representation of ethnic/religious minorities, under-representation of women, cost-cutting in government expenditure, longer and unlimited terms in office (leading to accusations of monarchism), and to speed up the process of legislation due to upper house scrutiny. The Legislative Council of Queensland was the upper house of the Parliament of Queensland and was entirely appointed by
19955613
Special session


or emergencies such as war or natural disaster. Who calls a special session varies - by vote of the legislature during regular session, by the executive, or by the legislature's speaker or presiding officer. The United Nations has both special sessions and emergency special sessions. In the United States of America, Article II, Section 3 of the United States Constitution gives the President of the United States the power to "on extraordinary occasions, convene both Houses or either of them." This power exists for urgent or extraordinary situations
3399845
Separation of powers under the United States Constitution


for the government created by the U.S. Constitution. Some U.S. states did not observe a strict separation of powers in the 18th century. In New Jersey, the Governor also functioned as a member of the state's highest court and as the presiding officer of one house of the New Jersey Legislature. The President of Delaware was a member of the Court of Appeals; the presiding officers of the two houses of the state legislature also served in the executive department as Vice Presidents. In both Delaware and Pennsylvania, members of the executive
19761096
Government of the Marshall Islands


the President and the Presidential Cabinet, which consists of ten ministers appointed by the President with the approval of the Nitijela. The current Presidential Cabinet is as follows: The legislative branch of the government of the Marshall Islands consists of the Legislature ("Nitijela") with an advisory council of high chiefs. Legislative power lies with the Nitijela. The upper house of Parliament called the Council of Iroij, is an advisory body comprising twelve tribal chiefs. The Nitijela has 33 members, elected for a four-year term in 19
5454509
Seanad Éireann


Seanad Éireann (; "Senate of Ireland") is the upper house of the Oireachtas (the Irish legislature), which also comprises the President of Ireland and Dáil Éireann (the lower house). It is commonly called the Seanad or Senate and its members senators ("seanadóirí" in Irish, singular: "seanadóir"). Unlike Dáil Éireann, it is not directly elected but consists of a mixture of members chosen by various methods. Its powers are much weaker than those of the Dáil and it can only delay
20855097
18th Oklahoma Legislature


Oklahoma House of Representatives. Previous: 17th Legislature • Next: 19th Legislature As Lieutenant Governor of Oklahoma, James E. Berry served as the President of the Senate, giving him a tie-breaking vote and the authority to serve as the presiding officer. H. M. Curnutt of Barnsdall, Oklahoma, was elected by state senators to serve as the President pro tempore of the Oklahoma Senate, which gave him the authority to organize the Oklahoma Senate and to serve as the presiding officer. The Democratic caucus held the majority of seats in
8400406
Legislative assembly


of the previous colonial parliaments, whether the full legislature or a lower house. In a number of jurisdictions, the name House of Assembly is used instead. It is one of the main names used in everyday speech for parliament in many countries. In India, the lower house or only house of each constituent state's legislature is called the State Legislative Assembly, or Vidhan Sabha. The same name is also used for the lower house of the legislatures for two of the Union territories, Delhi and Puducherry. The upper house
5267416
1892 Legislative Session of the Hawaiian Kingdom


of Aliʻiōlani Hale in Honolulu. The legislature met as a unicameral body composed of the upper House of Nobles and the lower House of Representatives with Noble John Smith Walker presiding as President of the Legislative Assembly and Noble John Kauhane as Vice-President. The body included politicians of Native Hawaiian descent, Euro-American descent, mixed Hawaiian and Euro-American descent, and even two members of Asian-Hawaiian descent. The appointed cabinet ministers also had the right to participate as ex-officio members of the legislature with the right
3794863
Queensland


the Legislative Council was abolished by the Labor members' "suicide squad", so called because they were appointed for the purpose of voting to abolish their own offices. The Parliament is housed in the 19th-century Parliament House and 20th-century Parliamentary Annexe in Brisbane. The state's politics are traditionally regarded as being conservative relative to other states. There are several factors that differentiate Queensland's government from other Australian states. The legislature has no upper house. For a large portion of its history, the state was under
13795921
List of abolished upper houses


the only state in the United States to have a unicameral legislature, which it achieved when it abolished its lower house instead of the upper house in 1934. During the governorship of Jesse Ventura in Minnesota, he called for the state to have a unicameral legislature. Costa Rica (1847-1871 and 1919), Bahia, Ceará, Pernambuco, São Paulo (1930), Croatia (2001), Denmark (1953), Egypt (2013), Greece (1935), Hungary, South Korea (1960),
19955617
Florida Legislature


with their families during school spring breaks, and to give more time ahead of the legislative elections in the Fall. On the fourteenth day following each General Election, the Legislature meets for an Organizational Session to organize and select officers. Special Legislative Sessions may be called by the Governor, by a joint proclamation of the Senate President and House Speaker, or by a three-fifths vote of all Legislators. During any Special Session the Legislature may only address legislative business that is within the purview of the purpose or purposes stated in
2447957
Washington State Legislature


The Washington State Legislature is the state legislature of the U.S. state of Washington. It is a bipartisan, bicameral body, composed of the lower Washington House of Representatives, composed of 98 Representatives, and the upper Washington State Senate, with 49 Senators plus the Lieutenant Governor acting as President. The state is divided into 49 legislative districts, each of which elect one senator and two representatives. The State Legislature meets in the Legislative Building at the Washington State Capitol in Olympia. As of January 2019, Democrats control both houses of
2560962
Edmund W. Wells


, and real estate. In 1882 he purchased a portion of the Bank of Arizona, a firm he served as vice president of from 1883 till 1911 and as president from 1911 till 1928. The growth of these business interests were such that Wells was occasionally called "Arizona's first millionaire" and by the time the territory gained statehood he was believed to be the richest man in Arizona. In 1879, Wells was elected as a member of the Council (upper house) in the 10th Arizona Territorial Legislature. He earned
2779667
19th Oklahoma Legislature


Legislature As Lieutenant Governor of Oklahoma, James E. Berry served as the President of the Senate, giving him a tie-breaking vote and allowing him to serve as the presiding officer in ceremonial instances or during joint session. Tom Anglin served as the primary presiding officer, or President Pro Tempore of the Oklahoma Senate. He was a former Speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives, during the term of Governor William H. Murray. The Oklahoma Democratic Party held 93 seats in the Oklahoma House of Representatives in 1943, allowing them to
8400348
6th Oklahoma Legislature


. Previous: 5th Legislature • Next: 7th Legislature Lieutenant Governor Martin E. Trapp served as the President of the Senate, which gave him a tie-breaking vote and allowed him to serve as a presiding officer. C.W. Board was elected by state senators to serve as the President pro tempore of the Oklahoma Senate, the primary presiding officer of the Oklahoma Senate. Paul Nesbitt of McAlester, Oklahoma, served as Speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives and Tom L. Waldrep of Shawnee, Oklahoma, served as Speaker Pro Tempore.
9276100
Government of California


Legislature is the state legislature. It is a bicameral body consisting of the California State Assembly, the lower house with 80 members, and the California State Senate, the upper house with 40 members. Members of the Assembly serve two-year terms; members of the Senate serve four-year terms, with half of the seats up for election on alternate (two year) election cycles. The Speaker of the California State Assembly presides over the State Assembly. The Lieutenant Governor is the "ex officio" President of the
16794562
Elections in the Democratic Republic of the Congo


Direct elections in the Democratic Republic of the Congo occur for the Presidency, National Assembly (lower house of the legislature), and provincial assemblies. The Senate, the upper house of the legislature, is elected indirectly by members of the provincial assemblies. The 1960 elections, held just before independence, saw Patrice Lumumba become prime minister and Joseph Kasavubu president. In 1965 Mobutu Sese Seko seized power and declared himself president. He ruled until 1997 when Laurent Kabila seized power after the First Congo War. When Laurent Kabila was killed
343485
South Carolina General Assembly


The South Carolina General Assembly, also called the South Carolina Legislature, is the state legislature of the U.S. state of South Carolina. The legislature is bicameral and consists of the lower South Carolina House of Representatives and the upper South Carolina Senate. Altogether, the General Assembly consists of 170 members. The legislature convenes at the State House in Columbia. Prior to the 1964 federal "Reynolds v. Sims" decision by the U.S. Supreme Court, the House of Representatives was apportioned so that each county had a number of representatives based on
1083736
Constitution of Liberia


the presidential appointment of a new Vice President, with the consent of both houses of the Legislature, in the event of the vacancy of the office. Furthermore, the Constitution provides that in the event of the assumption of the presidency by the Vice President in the event of the President's death, resignation, incapacity or removal, the Vice President will be not considered to have served a term in office for the purpose of term limits. The Constitution grants legislative power to the Legislature of Liberia. Few changes were made to
4869607
7th Oklahoma Legislature


Schwabe, who would soon serve as the first Republican Speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives. Lieutenant Governor Martin E. Trapp served as the President of the Senate, R. L. Davidson served as the President pro tempore of the Oklahoma Senate, and Tom Waldrep served as Speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives. Previous: 6th Legislature • Next: 8th Legislature Lieutenant Governor Martin E. Trapp served as the President of the Senate, which gave him a tie-breaking vote and allowed him to serve as a presiding officer. R.L. Davidson
9276117
Constitutional Convention (United States)


came to be known as the Virginia Plan, also known as the Large State Plan. For this reason, James Madison is sometimes called the Father of the Constitution. Presented by Virginia governor Edmund Randolph on May 29, 1787, the Virginia Plan proposed a very powerful bicameral legislature. Both houses of the legislature would be determined proportionately. The lower house would be elected by the people, and the upper house would be elected by the lower house. The executive would exist solely to ensure that the will of the legislature was
17333418
State governments of the United States


majority of states (26), the state legislature is simply called "Legislature". Another 19 states call their legislature "General Assembly". Two states (Oregon and North Dakota) use the term "Legislative Assembly", while another two (Massachusetts and New Hampshire) use the term "General Court". In the 49 bicameral legislatures, the upper house is called the "Senate". Until 1964, state senators were generally elected from districts that were not necessarily equal in population. In some cases state senate
21402480
Vidhan Bhavan, Lucknow


hall and the walls of the staircases are embellished with paintings. The main chamber of the building is octagonal in shape with a domed roof. A separate chamber for the upper house was constructed between 1935 and 1937. The buildings of both houses are connected by veranda with offices on both sides. Articles 168 to 212 in Part VI of the constitution of India deal with the organisation, composition, duration, officers, procedures, privileges, powers and so on of the state legislature. The Uttar Pradesh Legislature (Vidhan Bhavan)
7587523
Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada


The Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada was the lower house of the legislature for the Province of Canada, which consisted of the former provinces of Lower Canada, then known as Canada East and later the province of Quebec, and Upper Canada, then known as Canada West and later the province of Ontario. It was created by The Union Act of 1840. Canada East and Canada West each elected 42 members to the assembly. The upper house of the legislature was called the Legislative Council. The first session of parliament began
21650540
Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey


governor" who was the president of the Provincial Council (also called the "Governor's Council")—the upper house of the colonial legislature. The council presidency was an honorary ceremonial post given to the council's oldest member. Richard Ingoldesby (d. 1719), a British army captain who was dispatched to New York to restore royal authority in New York after Leisler's Rebellion, was commissioned as the Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey and New York in November 1702. Ingoldesby served under the colony's first royal governor, Edward Hyde, Lord
18641558
New Jersey Legislature


Assembly is headed by a Speaker, while the Senate is headed by a President. Each house also has a Majority Leader, a Minority Leader, assistant Leaders, and whips. The members of the New Jersey Legislature are chosen from 40 electoral districts. Each district elects one Senator and two Assemblymen. New Jersey is one of only seven U.S. states (with Arizona, Idaho, Maryland, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Washington) in which districts for the upper and lower house of the legislature are coterminous. Districts are
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Legislature


marginal seat". A legislature may debate and vote upon bills as a single unit, or it may be composed of multiple separate assemblies, called by various names including "legislative chambers", "debate chambers", and "houses", which debate and vote separately and have distinct powers. A legislature which operates as a single unit is unicameral, one divided into two chambers is bicameral, and one divided into three chambers is tricameral. In bicameral legislatures, one chamber is usually considered the upper house, while the
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Plurinational Legislative Assembly


The Plurinational Legislative Assembly () is the national legislature of Bolivia, placed in La Paz, the country's seat of government. The assembly is bicameral, consisting of a lower house (the Chamber of Deputies or "Cámara de Diputados)" and an upper house (the Senate, or "Cámara de Senadores)". The Vice President of Bolivia also serves as the President of the Plurinational Legislative Assembly. Each house elects its own directorate: a President, first and second Vice Presidents, and three or four Secretaries
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House of Representatives


House of Representatives is the name of legislative bodies in many countries and sub-national entitles. In many countries, the House of Representatives is the lower house of a bicameral legislature, with the corresponding upper house often called a "Senate". In some countries, the House of Representatives is the sole chamber of a unicameral legislature. The functioning of a house of representatives can vary greatly from country to country, and depends on whether a country has a parliamentary or a presidential system. Members of a House of Representatives are
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Lower house


A lower house is one of two chambers of a bicameral legislature, the other chamber being the upper house. Despite its official position "below" the upper house, in many legislatures worldwide, the lower house has come to wield more power. The lower house typically is the larger of the two chambers, i.e. its members are more numerous. A legislature composed of only one house is described as unicameral. In comparison with the upper house, lower houses frequently display certain characteristics (though they vary per jurisdiction). Many
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Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives


The Speaker of the House of Representatives is the presiding officer of the House of Representatives, the lower house of the Parliament of Australia. The presiding officer in the upper house is the President of the Senate. The office of Speaker was created by section 35 of the Constitution of Australia. The authors of the Constitution intended that the House of Representatives should as nearly as possible be modelled on the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. The Speaker is the presiding officer of House of Representatives debates, determining which members may speak
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List of governors of New Jersey


who no longer presided over the upper house of the legislature, now called the Senate. The 1844 constitution also lengthened the governor's term to three years, set to start on the third Tuesday in January following an election, and barred governors from succeeding themselves. The 1947 constitution extended terms to four years, and limits governors from being elected to more than two consecutive terms, though they can run again after a third term has passed. The 1776 constitution provided that the vice-president of the Legislative Council would act as
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1st Oklahoma Legislature


Speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives. Henry S. Johnston, who had served as the presiding officer of the state constitutional convention, was elected to serve as the first President pro tempore of the Oklahoma Senate. Next: 2nd Legislature With the Democratic caucus controlling the Oklahoma Senate, Henry S. Johnston of Perry, Oklahoma, was selected to serve as the first President pro tempore of the Oklahoma Senate. Johnston had served as the presiding officer of the state constitutional convention. Lieutenant Governor George W. Bellamy served as the President of the
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Taft Commission


unincorporated island territory.) The act provided that future appointments of the civil governor, vice-governor, members the Philippine Commission, and heads of Executive Departments shall be made by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. The act also provided for the establishment of a bicameral legislature composed of a lower house, the Philippine Assembly, which would be popularly elected, and an upper house consisting of the Philippine Commission. The two houses would share legislative powers, although the upper house alone would pass
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Senate of Nigeria


The Senate is the upper chamber of the Nigeria's bicameral legislature, the National Assembly of Nigeria. The National Assembly (popularly referred to as NASS) is the nation's highest legislature. Whose power is to make laws, is summarized in chapter one, section four of the 1999 Nigerian Constitution. It consists of 109 senators: the 36 states are each divided in 3 senatorial districts each electing one senator; the Federal Capital Territory elects only one senator. The President of the Senate is the presiding officer of the Senate,
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Florida Senate


day following each General Election, the Legislature meets for an Organizational Session to organize and select officers. Special Legislative Sessions may be called by the Governor, by a joint proclamation of the Senate President and House Speaker, or by a three-fifths vote of all Legislators. During any Special Session the Legislature may only address legislative business that is within the purview of the purpose or purposes stated in the Special Session Proclamation. The Florida Senate is authorized by the Florida Constitution to create and amend the laws of the U.S. state of
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National Assembly of Quebec


The National Assembly of Quebec () is the legislative body of the province of Quebec in Canada. Legislators are called MNAs (Members of the National Assembly; ). The Queen in Right of Quebec, represented by the Lieutenant Governor of Quebec and the National Assembly compose the Legislature of Quebec, which operates in a fashion similar to those of other Westminster-style parliamentary systems. The National Assembly was formerly the lower house of Quebec's legislature and was then called the Legislative Assembly of Quebec. In 1968, the upper house
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Upper house


them are nominated by the President of India. Similarly, at the state level, one-third of the members of the State Legislative Council (Vidhan Parishad) are nominated by local governments, one-third by sitting legislators, and the rest are elected by select members of the electorate. The United States Senate was chosen by the State legislatures until the passage of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913. The upper house may be directly elected but in different proportions to the lower house - for example, the Senate of Australia and
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National Assembly of Quebec


, the Legislative Council, was abolished and the remaining house was renamed. The office of President of the National Assembly is equivalent to speaker in other legislatures. The Coalition Avenir Québec currently has the most seats in the Assembly following the 2018 Quebec general election. The Legislative Assembly was created in Lower Canada by the Constitutional Act of 1791. It was abolished from 1841 to 1867 under the 1840 Act of Union, which merged Upper Canada and Lower Canada into a single colony named the Province of Canada. The Constitution Act, 1867
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Ralph Wilcox


body. The following year he returned representing what had become Washington County, but was not selected as speaker. In 1853 he returned to the legislature serving as president of the upper chamber Council. From 1856 until 1858 Ralph Wilcox served as a registrar for the U. S. Land Office in Oregon City, and then as county judge in Washington County from 1858 to 1862. In 1862 he returned to state politics and was elected as a representative to the Oregon House of Representatives as a Republican from Washington County. Also, from 1862
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Oregon Territory


, and a three-judge supreme court. Judges on the court also sat as trial level judges as they rode circuit across the territory. All of these offices were filled by appointment by the President of the United States. The two-chamber Oregon Territorial Legislature was responsible for passing laws, with seats in both the upper-chamber council and lower-chamber house of representatives filled by local elections held each year. Taxation took the form of an annual property tax of 0.25% for territorial purposes with an additional county tax
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Chamber of Deputies (Italy)


dei Deputati") performs the role of speaker of the house and is elected during the first session after the election. During this time the prerogatives of speaker are assumed by the vice president of Chamber of Deputies of the previous legislature who was elected first. If two were elected simultaneously, the oldest deputy serves as president of Chamber of Deputies. The President of Chamber of Deputies has also the role of President during the Parliament joint sessions, when the upper and lower houses have to vote together. This a list of Presidents
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Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)


in Union Territories: the Delhi Legislative Assembly and Puducherry Legislative Assembly. In states where there are two houses there is a State Legislative Council (Vidhan Parishad) and a State Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha). In such a case, the Legislative Council is the upper house, while Legislative Assembly is a the lower house of the state legislature. The Governor shall not be a member of the Legislature or Parliament, shall not hold any office of profit, and shall be entitled to emoluments and allowances. (Article 158 of
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Legislature XV of Italy


The Legislature XV of Italy () started on 28 April 2006 and ended on 28 April 2008. Its composition resulted from the election of 9–10 April 2006, called after President Ciampi dissolved the houses on 11 February 2006, at the end of the previous legislature. This legislature was the second shortest in the history of the Italian Republic, lasting exactly two years, and ending when President Giorgio Napolitano dissolved the houses on 6 February 2008, after a vote of no confidence on the incumbent Prodi Cabinet. The election was the first
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Somalia


Prime Minister to act as head of government. The Federal Parliament of Somalia is the national parliament of Somalia. The bicameral National Legislature consists of the House of the People (lower house) and the Senate (upper house), whose members are elected to serve four-year terms, The parliament elects the President, Speaker of Parliament and Deputy Speakers. It also has the authority to pass and veto laws. On 10 September 2012, parliament elected Hassan Sheikh Mohamud as the new President of Somalia. President Mohamud later appointed
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Hawaii Senate


The Hawaii Senate is the upper house of the Hawaii State Legislature. It consists of twenty-five members elected from an equal number of constituent districts across the islands and is led by the President of the Senate, elected from the membership of the body, currently Ron Kouchi. The forerunner of the Hawaii Senate during the government of the Kingdom of Hawaii was the House of Nobles originated in 1840. In 1894 the Constitution of the Republic of Hawaii renamed the upper house the present senate. Senators are elected to four-year
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Hawaii State Legislature


Hawaii State Legislature is a part-time body and legislators often have active careers outside of government. Members of both houses vote to select presiding officers from within their ranks, such as the Speaker of the House and the President of the Senate. These positions are customarily held by members of the majority party in each chamber. The Lieutenant Governor of Hawaii, who also serves as Hawaii's equivalent of a Secretary of State, is entirely removed from the legislative process. Each session of the state legislature lasts for two years,
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Oklahoma Legislature


" or "no," and the presiding officer announces the result. The Oklahoma Constitution, however, requires a recorded vote on the demand of one-fifth of the members present. If the result of the voice vote is unclear, or if the matter is controversial, a recorded vote usually ensues. The Senate uses roll call votes; a clerk calls out the names of all the senators, each senator stating "aye" or "no" when his name is announced. The House reserves roll call votes for
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Puerto Rico


and lack full protection under the United States Constitution. Puerto Rico's head of state is the president of the United States. The government of Puerto Rico, based on the formal republican system, is composed of three branches: the executive, legislative, and judicial branch. The executive branch is headed by the governor, currently Ricky Rosselló. The legislative branch consists of a bicameral legislature called the Legislative Assembly, made up of a Senate as its upper chamber and a House of Representatives as its lower chamber. The Senate is
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Indiana Territory


circuit courts. James Noble was appointed to replace Sparks following Sparks' death in early 1815. When the Indiana Territory entered its second or semi-legislative phase of government in 1805, territorial inhabitants were allowed to elect representatives to the lower house of its bicameral legislature. President Jefferson delegated the task of choosing the five members of the Legislative Council (upper house of the legislature) to the governor, who chose from a list of ten candidates provided by the lower house. After the formation of the new legislative body, each
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2019 Democratic Republic of the Congo Senate election


Elections were held in the Democratic Republic of the Congo for 108 seats of the country's Senate on 14 March 2019. Former DRC President Joseph Kabila, who stepped down from office in January 2019 following the inauguration of the recently elected Félix Tshisekedi, has also joined the upper house of the legislature as a senator for life, for a total of 109 seats. The Senate is elected indirectly by the 780 members of the provincial assemblies. This Senate election was postponed one year from an earlier date in June 2012 and another year
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Elections by country


For each "de jure" and "de facto" sovereign state and dependent territory an article on elections in that entity has been included and information on the way the head of state, head of government, and the legislature is selected. Merged cells for "head of state" and "head of government" indicate the office is the same for that country; merged cells for "lower house" and "upper house" indicate a unicameral legislature. The linked articles include the results of the elections. For a chronological
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Upper house


An upper house is one of two chambers of a bicameral legislature (or one of three chambers of a tricameral legislature), the other chamber being the lower house. The house formally designated as the upper house is usually smaller and often has more restricted power than the lower house. Examples of upper houses in countries include the Australian Senate, Brazil's Senado Federal, the Canadian Senate, France's Sénat, Germany's Bundesrat, India's Rajya Sabha, Ireland's Seanad, Malaysia's Dewan Negara, Myanmar's Amyotha Hluttaw
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Elections in Myanmar


Myanmar is a unitary republic, with elected representatives at the national and, state or region levels. On the national level, the head of state, the President, is elected indirectly through an Electoral College. According to the 2008 constitution, the term durations of the legislature, the President, and the Cabinet are five years. Voting occurred in all constituencies, excluding seats appointed by the military, to select Members of Assembly to seats in both the upper house (the House of Nationalities) and the lower house (the
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Federal Assembly (Russia)


The Federal Assembly () is the national legislature of the Russian Federation, according to the Constitution of Russian Federation (1993). It was preceded by the Supreme Soviet. It consists of the State Duma, which is the lower house, and the Federation Council, which is the upper house. Both houses are located in Moscow. The Chairman of the Federation Council is the third most important position after the President and the Prime Minister. In the case that both the President and the Prime Minister are incapacitated, the Chairman
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Alexander Muddiman


Department of the Government of India. He became Secretary in 1915. In 1919 he was appointed president of the Council of State, the upper house of the new Indian Legislature. In March 1924 he was appointed Home Member of the Government of India and Leader of the Legislative Assembly, the lower house of the Legislature. At the end of 1927 he was appointed Governor of the United Provinces, but he was already a sick man and in July 1928 he died of heart failure at Naini Tal. Muddiman was appointed Companion of
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Legislature XIII of Italy


The Legislature XIII of Italy () lasted from 9 May 1996 until 29 May 2001. Its composition was the one resulting from the general election of 21 April 1996. The election was called by President Scalfaro after the technocratic government of Lamberto Dini lost its support in the Parliament in 1995. President Scalfaro dissolved the houses of Parliament on 16 February 1996. The legislature ended after completing its five-year-long natural course, when President Ciampi dissolved the houses on 8 March 2001. The number of elected deputies is 630.
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New Brunswick Legislature


the leader of the party with the most seats is asked by the Lieutenant Governor to form a government who then becomes Premier of New Brunswick and appoints an Executive Council of New Brunswick. The premier is New Brunswick 's head of government, while the Lieutenant Governor represents Canada's head of state Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada. The legislature was originally bicameral, with an upper house called the Legislative Council of New Brunswick. That house was abolished in 1891. Following is a list of the 58 times the legislature has been convened
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Arkansas General Assembly


The Arkansas General Assembly is the state legislature of the U.S. state of Arkansas. The legislature is a bicameral body composed of the upper house Arkansas Senate with 35 members, and the lower Arkansas House of Representatives with 100 members. All 135 representatives and state senators represent an equal amount of constituent districts. The General Assembly convenes on the second Monday of every other year. A session lasts for 60 days unless the legislature votes to extend it. The Governor of Arkansas can issue a "call" for a special session during the
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