what is it called when stalagmites and stalactites meet
Stalactite


. If they become plugged by debris, water begins flowing over the outside, depositing more calcite and creating the more familiar cone-shaped stalactite. The same water drops that fall from the tip of a stalactite deposit more calcite on the floor below, eventually resulting in a rounded or cone-shaped stalagmite. Unlike stalactites, stalagmites never start out as hollow "soda straws". Given enough time, these formations can meet and fuse to create pillars of calcium carbonate known as a "column". Stalactite formation generally begins
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Stalagmite


concrete structure to form stalactites and stalagmites. Calcium carbonate deposition as a stalagmite occurs when the solution carries the calcium laden leachate solution to the ground under the concrete structure. Carbon dioxide is absorbed into the alkaline leachate solution, which facilitates the chemical reactions to deposit calcium carbonate as a stalagmite. These stalagmites rarely grow taller than a few centimetres. Secondary deposits, which create stalagmites, stalactites, flowstone etc., outside the natural cave environment, are referred to as “calthemites”. These concrete derived secondary deposits cannot be
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Waitomo Glowworm Caves


the rock was exposed to air, it separated and created cracks and weaknesses that allowed for water to flow through them dissolving the limestone and over millions of years large caves were formed. The stalactites, stalagmites, and other cave formations grew from water dripping from the ceiling or flowing over the walls and leaving behind limestone deposits. The stalagmites form upward from the floor while the stalactites form from the ceiling. When these formations connect they are called pillars or columns and if they twist around each other they are called helicti. These
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Tourism in Israel


Herodium, Gamla, Umm el Kanatir, Caesarea, Hamat Tiberias and many more. Avshalom Cave, also known as Soreq Cave or Stalactites Cave, is a 5,000 m2 cave on the western side of Mt.Ye'ela, in the Judean hills, in Israel, unique for its dense concentration of stalactites Some of the stalactites found in the cave are four meters long, and some have been dated as 300,000 years old. Some meet stalagmites to form stone pillars Har Karkom ("Mountain of Saffron", also called Jabal Ideid
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Rimstone


nature. Rimstone is one of the most common cave formations, after flowstone, stalactites, and stalagmites. Rimstone or gours can be formed by the secondary deposits derived from concrete, lime or mortar. These secondary deposits consisting primarily of calcium carbonate, are called calthemites and mimics the shapes and forms of cave speleothems to create stalactites, stalagmites, flowstone and gours. Gours form beneath concrete structures on a floor with a gradual sloping surface or on the side of rounded stalagmites derived from concrete. Most of the calcium carbonate carried by
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Grand Caverns


from 10 a.m. until 5 p.m.; Saturday and Sunday tours run every 45 minutes starting at 9:30 a.m. and continuing until 5 p.m. The cave is developed in Cambrian limestone/dolomite, and is known for its abundance of shield formations. It is also replete with stalactites, stalagmites, columns (where stalactites and stalagmites meet), draperies and other flowstone formations. The most stately room, "Cathedral Hall", is long and over high. It is one of the largest rooms of any cavern in the eastern United States.
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Stalagmite


with lava stalagmites is that once the lava has ceased flowing, so too will the stalagmites cease to grow. This means if the stalagmite were to be broken it would never grow back. Stalagmites in lava tubes are rarer than their stalactite counterparts because during formation the dripping material falls onto still-moving lava floors that absorb or carry the material away. The generic term "lavacicle" has been applied to lava stalactites and stalagmites indiscriminately, and evolved from the word "icicle". A common stalagmite found seasonally or year round
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Stalactite


, sinter, and amberat (crystallized urine of pack rats). A stalactite is not necessarily a speleothem, though speleothems are the most common form of stalactite because of the abundance of limestone caves. The corresponding formation on the floor of the cave is known as a stalagmite. Mnemonics have been developed for which word refers to which type of formation; one is that "stalactite" has a C for "ceiling", and "stalagmite" has a G for "ground". The most common stalactites are speleothems,
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Stalactite


stalagmites indiscriminately and evolved from the word icicle. Like limestone stalactites, they can leave lava drips on the floor that turn into lava stalagmites and may eventually fuse with the corresponding stalactite to form a column. Shark tooth stalactites The shark tooth stalactite is broad and tapering in appearance. It may begin as a small driblet of lava from a semi-solid ceiling, but then grows by accreting layers as successive flows of lava rise and fall in the lava tube, coating and recoating the stalactite with more material. They can vary
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Stalagmite


their stalactite counterparts because warmer air rises to the ceilings of caves and may raise temperatures to above freezing. Ice stalactites may also form corresponding stalagmites below them, and given time, may grow together to form an ice column. Stalactites and stalagmites can also form on concrete ceilings and floors, although they form much more rapidly there than in the natural cave environment. The secondary deposits derived from concrete are the result of concrete degradation, where calcium ions are leached out of the concrete in solution and redeposited on the underside of a
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Stalactite


the freezing of water vapor. Similar to lava stalactites, ice stalactites form very quickly within hours or days. Unlike lava stalactites however, they may grow back as long as water and temperatures are suitable. Ice stalactites can also form under sea ice when saline water is introduced to ocean water. These specific stalactites are referred to as brinicles. Ice stalactites may also form corresponding stalagmites below them and given time may grow together to form an ice column. Stalactites can also form on concrete, and on plumbing where there is a
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Perfume Pagoda


is a stone believed to be the preserved footprint of the Quan Am. From here pilgrims head toward the final destination: Huong Tich Cave. At Huong Tich there are statues of deities, but many pilgrims come to get blessings from the stalactites and stalagmites, many of which are named and have special purposes. Many childless pilgrims seek fertility from Nui Co (the girl) and Nui Cau (the boy), while others visit stalactites and stalagmites thought to give prosperity. Pilgrims often gather under one particular stalactite, which resembles
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Stalactite


force lava to extrude out through small openings that result in hollow, tubular stalactites analogous to the soda straws formed as depositional speleothems in solution caves, The longest known is almost 2 meters in length. These are common in Hawaiian lava tubes and are often associated with a drip stalagmite that forms below as material is carried through the tubular stalactite and piles up on the floor beneath. Sometimes the tubular form collapses near the distal end, most likely when the pressure of escaping gases decreased and still-molten portions of the stalactites deflated
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Alistrati


It's from this point that start different high galleries folly decorated with stalactites and stalagmites. The main branches of the cave are developed to the left and to the right of the entrance starting from a huge chamber, the Teception Chamber of a width of 60 m, a length of 100 m and height of 20-30m. It's in this chamber that nature decided to demonstrate its power in creating ornaments. What fascinates the most is the huge stalactites and those pure white forming draperies. There are other chambers and
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İncirliin Cave


on the fault, is situated higher than the entrance level. In terms of hydrogeology, the cave is in a vadose zone. It remains totally dry but becomes wet by dripping water from the cave ceiling during the rainy period. Generally, the stalactites and stalagmites in the entrance, the "Yarasa Galerisi" ("Bat Gallery"), the "Havuzlu Salon" ("Pond's Room") and the "Gösteri Salonu" are partially fossilized, while the formation of the stalactites, stalagmites, columns and draperies
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Stalactite


carrying most of the CaCO, falls to the cave floor where degassing occurs and CaCO is deposited as a stalagmite. All limestone stalactites begin with a single mineral-laden drop of water. When the drop falls, it deposits the thinnest ring of calcite. Each subsequent drop that forms and falls deposits another calcite ring. Eventually, these rings form a very narrow (≈4 to 5 mm diameter), hollow tube commonly known as a "soda straw" stalactite. Soda straws can grow quite long, but are very fragile
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Cave of El Soplao


, dyed red and white minerals in the area. Stand, rather than stalactites, stalagmites huge, often eccentric, that they tend to join at the end with the roof. Can be seen traces of an earthquake that hit the spot. High gallery which takes its name from its resemblance to a natural forest. The cast and the union of stalactites and stalagmites happen everywhere, creating large and varied columns. As in the Galería of the Cauliflower can be seen traces of an earthquake. Located to the east. It is
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Borra Caves


originates from these caves and flows between the solidified stalactites and stalagmites in the karstic limestones formation, is the cause for the development of the odd shapes of structures. Water percolating from the roof of the caves dissolve limestone and trickle drop by drop to form stalactites at the roof of the cave and then dripping down to the ground form stalagmites. These deposits have developed into interesting forms and structures inside the caves such as Shiva–Parvati, Mother–Child, Rishi’s beard, human brain, mushrooms, crocodile, temple,
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Parque da Cascata


a waterfall and the best way to enter the gorge is following an erosion gully (because the vegetation is inhabited by dangerous snakes, spiders, scorpions etc.!). Following the brook one sees a number of horizontal stalactites and stalagmites that clearly demonstrates that part of the cave has collapsed. Further down, the brook enters another system of caves with more stalactites and stalagmites. Unfortunately, vandalists have destroyed a number of them. The place where the brook wells out of the Serra Santa Helena is a place for practices of
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Kitley Show Cave


the main cave was entered about 1800 when quarry blasting exposed the entrance, although a more contemporaneous account claims that it was first entered in 1834 in similar circumstances. When it was opened it was reported as being "beautifully decorated with stalactites and stalagmites", and that the owner ordered a path be dug through the stalagmitic floor, which exposed the bones of a large animal. By 1905 it had been gated. In 1971 it was opened up as a self-guided show cave, with informational boards, within a nature
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Gruta das Torres


formations. The lava tubes have picturesque formations of stalactites (lavacicles), stalagmites, lava, lava benches and side balls or balls of lava. Considering the large size of the cave, with further scientific studies more faunal species may be discovered. The liquid lava that dripped from the roof of Gruta das Torres has formed into picturesque stalactite and stalagmite and also in several other formations and shapes. Inside the tunnel, it is humid as water drips from the roof and a constant temperature of is recorded throughout the year. However
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Villars Cave


André Leroi-Gourhan and by Brigitte and Gilles Delluc in 1970. The show cave is about 600 metres long and consists of several rooms connected by passageways. The cave system not open to the public continues on different levels for nearly another 13 kilometres. The Villars Cave is therefore together with the Rouffignac Cave the most extensive cave system known in the Dordogne. The not ornate part of the cave beginning right behind the entry excels in beautiful stalactites and stalagmites, pillars (i.e. coalesced stalactites and stalagmites), curtains and draperies of
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Calthemite


concrete, lime, mortar or other manmade calcareous material located above a cave system and the associated hyperalkaline leachate can penetrate into the cave below. An example can be found in the Peak District – Derbyshire, England where pollution from 19th century industrial lime production has leached into the cave system below (e.g. Poole's Cavern) and created speleothems, such as stalactites and stalagmites. The growth rates of calthemite stalactite straws, stalagmites and flowstone etc., is very much dependant on the supply rate and continuity of the saturated leachate solution
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Lava tube


, or tubular variety. Lavacicles are the most common of lava tube speleothems. Drip stalagmites may form under tubular lava stalactites, and the latter may grade into a form known as a tubular lava helictite. A runner is a bead of lava that is extruded from a small opening and then runs down a wall. Lava tubes may also contain mineral deposits that most commonly take the form of crusts or small crystals, and less commonly, as stalactites and stalagmites. Lava tubes can be up to wide, though are often narrower
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Kartchner Caverns State Park


velifer" bats nest in the cave during late spring. Many different cave formations can be found within the caves and the surrounding park. These include cave bacon, helictites, soda straws, stalactites, stalagmites and others. Cave formations like the stalactites and stalagmites grow approximately a 16th of an inch every 100 years. Along the Foothills Loop Trail hike the following plants may be observed: ocotillo, creosote bush, mesquite, desert broom, acacia, wait-a-minute bush, scrub oak, barrel cactus, prickly pear
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Poole's Cavern


in length, and includes chambers named the Roman Chamber, Great Dome, Poached Egg Chamber and Sculpture Chamber. Features of interest include large stalactites/stalagmites called the Flitch of Bacon and Mary Queen of Scots' Pillar, as well as stalagmites with a porous texture and "poached egg" colour, which has been attributed to minerals leached from lime-burning on Grin Low above. Part of the cavern is accessible to wheelchairs. The cave system is believed to extend further, but has not been explored. In 1998 a
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Calthemite


day over several consecutive days, when the leachate drip rate was a constant 11 minutes between drips. When the drip rate is more frequent than one drop per minute, there is no discernible deposition of CaCO at the tip of the stalactite (hence no growth) and the leachate solution falls to the ground where the CaCO is deposited to create a calthemite stalagmite. If the leachate supply to the stalactite straw's tip reduces to a level where the drip rate is greater than approximately 25 to 30 minutes between drops, there is
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Stalactite


impressive is the fact that the stalactite is held on by a section of calcite less than . Stalactites are first mentioned (though not by name) by the Roman natural historian Pliny in a text which also mentions stalagmites and columns and refers to their creation by the dripping of water. The term "stalactite" was coined in the 17th century by the Danish Physician Ole Worm, who coined the Latin word from the Greek word σταλακτός (stalaktos, "dripping") and the Greek suffix -ίτης (-ites, connected with or
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Stalagmite


to which type of formation; one is that "stalactite" has a C for "ceiling", and "stalagmite" has a G for "ground". The most common stalagmites are speleothems, which usually form in limestone caves. Stalagmite formation occurs only under certain pH conditions within the cavern. They form through deposition of calcium carbonate and other minerals, which is precipitated from mineralized water solutions. Limestone is the chief form of calcium carbonate rock, which is dissolved by water that contains carbon dioxide, forming a calcium
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Sai Yok National Park


its waterfalls, including Sai Yok Yai waterfall which flows into the Khwae Noi river. Sai Yok Yai Lek waterfall lies south of Sai Yok Yai along the Khwae Noi. The park also contains numerous caves, the largest of which is Tham Lawa with a length of . This cave complex consists of five large caverns, each containing large stalactites and stalagmites. Another cave system, Tham Daowadueng, is long and was discovered in 1972. Tham Daowadung consists of eight chambers of stalactites and stalagmites. Sai Yok's forest is primarily teak
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Khuean Srinagarindra National Park


Tat. The park contains numerous cave systems. The long Tham Sawan features prehistoric cave paintings. Tham Neramit is dome-like in appearance and features stalactites and stalagmites. Tham Phra Prang, also featuring stalactites and stalagmites, hosts a Buddha image inside. Other caves include Tham Nam Mut and Tham Phra Kho. The park's mountain forests are evergreen and deciduous. Animal species include leopard cat, civet, slow loris, squirrels and bats. Bird life includes green peafowl, osprey, parakeets, kingfishers, orioles and barbets.
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Stalagmite


bicarbonate solution in caverns. The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the water must be greater than the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the cave chamber for conventional stalagmite growth. If stalactites – the ceiling formations – grow long enough to connect with stalagmites on the floor, they form a column. Stalagmites should normally not be touched, since the rock buildup is formed by minerals precipitating out of the water solution onto the existing surface; skin oils can alter the surface tension where the mineral water clings or flows, thus affecting the
5109817
Chaloem Rattanakosin National Park


to be from invading Burmese soldiers at end of the Ayutthaya Kingdom period, have been discovered in the park. On 12 February 1980, Chaloem Rattanakosin was designated Thailand's 17th national park. The park's main attractions are its cave systems. long Tham Than Lot Noi features many large stalactites and stalagmites. Tham Than Lot Yai also features stalactites and stalagmites in addition to being a site where ancient skeletal remains and weapons have been found. Chaloem Rattanakosin also features some waterfalls. Than Thong is a waterfall of 15 levels. Than
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Luray Caverns


Luray Caverns, originally called Luray Cave, is a cave just west of Luray, Virginia, United States, which has drawn many visitors since its discovery in 1878. The cavern system is generously adorned with speleothems such as columns, mud flows, stalactites, stalagmites, flowstone, and mirrored pools. The caverns are perhaps best known for the Great Stalacpipe Organ, a lithophone made from solenoid-fired strikers that tap stalactites of various sizes to produce tones similar to those of xylophones, tuning forks, or bells. Visitors enter
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Rimstone


carbonate deposition as micro-gours occur when the solution drops to the ground under the concrete structure. Carbon dioxide is absorbed into the alkaline leachate solution, which facilitates the chemical reactions to precipitate any calcium carbonate remaining in solution as a stalagmite and micro-gours. This chemical reaction creating calthemites, is different from that which creates speleothems in limestone caves. Secondary deposits, which create stalagmites, stalactites, flowstone, rimstone etc., outside the natural cave environment, are referred to as “calthemites”. These concrete derived secondary
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Alistrati


floors which are still unknown. Very impressive is the big variety of stalactites and stalagmites inside the cave mostly because of the difference of their shapes and their age. The older stalactites are mainly in the galleries which are on the right side of the entrance. On the other hand, the "infant" stalactites on the left side of entrance. The "egg- shaped " and the " Tumour - shaped " are different kinds of formatious. They are dark - coloured and usually found shaped. The " Cauliflower- like" formation
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Flowstone


. The flowstone forms when thin layers of these deposits build on each other, sometimes developing more rounded shapes as the deposit gets thicker. There are two common forms of flowstones, tufa and travertine. Tufa is usually formed via the precipitation of calcium carbonate, and is spongy or porous in nature. Travertine is a calcium carbonate deposit often formed in creeks or rivers; its nature is laminated, and it includes such structures as stalagmites and stalactites. The deposits may grade into thin sheets called "draperies" or "curtains"
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Witches' Cave


cave, formed by Jurassic sedimentary rock that rose from the ocean as the Andes emerged during the Tertiary. The rock was eroded by underground water currents and vertically fractured. Further erosion occurred at the end of the last Ice Age, when precipitation was much heavier than today. The Witches' Cave is home to many peculiar speleothems (such as stalactites and stalagmites), deep underground water galleries, and large vaulted spaces called Sala de la Virgen ("Virgin Room") and Las Flores ("The Flowers").
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Cleeves Cove


"Cleaves Cove Stalactites and Stalagmites", published by Mr. Elliot Stock in which he provided drawings and a detailed description of these structures within the cave system, many of which have been destroyed. The site was previously known as the 'Elfhouse' or 'Elfhame' the locals at that time believed that these magical creatures had made this their abode. Ness calls the site Glen O'Dusk or the Elf-hame, the caves being the Elf-house. The cave system was formed in Dusk Glen when the waters of the
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Stalagmite


A stalagmite ( or ; from the Greek - ', from - ', "dropping, trickling") is a type of rock formation that rises from the floor of a cave due to the accumulation of material deposited on the floor from ceiling drippings. Stalagmites may be composed of lava, minerals, mud, peat, pitch, sand, sinter and amberat (crystallized urine of pack rats). The corresponding formation hanging down from the ceiling of a cave is a stalactite. Mnemonics have been developed for which word refers
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Timpanogos Cave National Monument


cave features or speleothems can be seen. Among the most interesting are the helictites, which are hollowed, twisted, spiraling straws of deposited calcite or aragonite. They are formed when water travels through the tube and then evaporates, leaving a trace mineral deposit at the end. Other speleothems found in the cave include: cave bacon, cave columns, flowstone, cave popcorn, cave drapery, stalactites and stalagmites. Martin Hansen discovered what became known as Hansen Cave in October 1887, reportedly while cutting timber he tracked cougar footprints high
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Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng National Park


shaped like several fairy-tales. Stalactite and stalagmite columns and walls here create strange sounds like that of gong and drum if they are knocked with the hand. According to British cave scientists, Tiên Sơn cave was created tens of million years ago when a water current holed this limestone mount in Kẻ Bàng. Following a series of landforms and movement of rocks, this mass was levered or lowered, blocking the current and creating what is now Tiên Sơn cave while the underground river redirected its current to Phong Nha cave. Although
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North Dock Tufa


The North Dock Tufa is a small dome-shaped petrified well, with stalactites and stalagmites, tucked away behind the Marine Activities Centre at Sunderland marina. It is notable for being the best example of its kind in the North of England. The North Dock Tufa was discovered behind some old huts in 1992, when Tyne and Wear Development Corporation began work on developing Sunderland marina. Geologists from Sunderland Museum and Sunderland University were called in to take a look and identified it as a “calcareous tufa dome.” Tufa is the
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Carbonic acid


acid, forms two kinds of salts: the carbonates and the bicarbonates. In geology, carbonic acid causes limestone to dissolve, producing calcium bicarbonate, which leads to many limestone features such as stalactites and stalagmites. It was long believed that carbonic acid could not exist as a pure compound. However, in 1991 it was reported that NASA scientists had succeeded in making solid HCO samples. When carbon dioxide dissolves in water it exists in chemical equilibrium with carbonic acid: The hydration equilibrium constant at 25 °C is called K,
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Hülben


then no longer predominantly agricultural municipality should include other figures. The Wellenschildfuß refers to the municipality of origin, which is derived from "hülwe" = pool or lake. The bar is reminiscent of the Knights of Dettingen who had possessions in Hülben. The family of Cudi miles de Tettingen led this crest figure. The "Hülben stalactite cave" was discovered during the construction of national road Bad Urach-Hülben on September 19, 1978, it is a stalactite cave with stalactites and stalagmites. An about 5 m deep shaft leads
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Oregon Caves National Monument and Preserve


dissolving process can create flowstone and dripstone such as stalactites, which hang from cave ceilings like icicles, and stalagmites, cone-shaped masses that form on cave floors, usually directly below stalactites. These structures form when acidic groundwater with a high concentration of dissolved calcite drips slowly from the ceiling of an air-filled cave, becomes less acidic, and leaves some of its calcite behind as a solid precipitate. Oregon Caves includes a variety of cave formations created through precipitation of calcite. Although many of the speleothems in the public
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Cliefden Caves


survey in progress by the Sydney University Speleological Society). Compared with other scientifically studied caves in central-western NSW (Walli, Borenore, Stuart Town & Wellington), Cliefden Caves contain an abundance and great diversity of speleothems (stalagmites & stalactite etc.) most in very good condition, including significant deposits of helictites, rare blue stalactites known from only one other locality in NSW, and very rare polyhedral, monocrystalline stalactites and columns (Osborne, 1978). Some of the sediments at Cliefden Caves, particularly the laminated
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Hinagdanan Cave


threw a stone into the hole, then he heard a splash. Then he built a ladder to get into the cave. They named it Hinagdanan, means "laddered" used to get into the cave's interior. The cave is about 100 metres long of beautiful rock formations. The stalactites and stalagmites stick out from the ceiling and floor of the cave as though trying to meet each other. Inside the cave, there's also a lagoon with a greenish surface produced by the green limestone at the bottom of the pool
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Arkoi


frequently. At the other end of the island, in the direction of Samos, is what is referred to as the 'Italian jail'. Villagers say it was used during World War II as a prison by the Italian army, since from 1912 to 1943 the island was part of the Italian Dodecanese. Also at this end of the island is a cave, which contains a number of stalactite and stalagmite formations. The cave is however difficult to find as the land around it is covered by olive trees and bushes.
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Quadiriki Caves


stalactites and stalagmites. A smaller long cave to the east from the main cave is especially rich in Amerindian petroglyphs. A mythical folk tale relates to a daughter of an Indian chief who fell in love and was imprisoned in the cave as her lover was not acceptable to her father. Her beloved one was imprisoned nearby, in Huliba Cave (Tunnel of Love), but both lovers managed to meet underground. Both reportedly died in the cave and their spirit vanished into heaven through the holes in the roof of the cave.
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Naracoorte Caves National Park


public eye as they are important for scientific research and also for the protection of the caves and their contents. Many of the caves contain spectacular stalactites and stalagmites. The caves, which are located within the boundaries of what is now the national park, were first encountered in 1845 with the discovery of Blanche Cave. In 1885, the Department of Woods and Forests appointed a caretaker due to “the popularity of the caves and their vulnerability to vandalism.” In 1916, the control of the portion of the forest reserve which
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Lapa Terra Ronca


two parts. The first can be visited easily, but the second part requires a tour guide. It's called "Terra Ronca II" or "Malhada", also of gigantic proportions. It has two skylights, one of them called "Araras" and a large gallery called Lovers' Hall decorated with rich stalactites and stalagmites and huge sand dunes crossed by the underground Lapa river. Indeed, geologists working for the state park say that the whole area where the cave is located was sea bottom about 600 million years,
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Bacho Kiro cave


electrical lights since 1964. An underground river has over time carved out the many galleries that contain countless stalactone, stalactite, and stalagmite speleothem formations of great beauty. Galleries and caverns of a long section have been musingly named as a popular description of this fairy-tale underground world. The formations succession: "Bacho Kiro’s Throne, The Dwarfs, The Sleeping Princess, The Throne Hall, The Reception Hall, The Haidouti Meeting-Ground, The Fountain and the Sacrificial Altar". The site has yielded the oldest human
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Dupnisa Cave


. The total length of the Dupnisa Cave is . Two caves, named "Kuru" ("Dry") and "Kız" ("Maiden"), are situated on the upper level running , of which the lower cave, called "Sulu" ("Wet"), is located underneath. The "Kuru" is extremely rich in terms of stalactites, stalagmites, stalagnates and wall dripstones, reaching massive proportions. It is the source of the spring water flowing into Rezve Creek, the frontier between Turkey
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Castellana Caves


floor, the calcite takes the shape of a stalagmite. As time went by, the downwards extension of a stalactite and the progressive growth of the below stalagmite led to the formation of a column. Besides this elementary forms, there is a great number of other concretions such as calcite flowstones, curtains, (which are due to the flowing of water), corals, calcite crystals, (which formed underwater), cave pearls, formed of concentric layers as calcite crystallizes on a nucleus such as a microscopic grain of rock
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Grutas de García


a formation in the cave where a stalagmite connected with a stalactite to form a column. “El salón del aire” (The Air Chamber) exhibits a balcony that is 40 meters high. “El mirador de la mano”, is a stalagmite that formed a shape that resembles a human hand. There are numerous other formations that are fascinating like: “El Nacimiento” (The Nativity), “La Fuente Congelada” (The Frozen Fountain), "La Torre China” (The Chinese Tower), “
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İncirliin Cave


a karst formation. The cave has a wide entrance. It is wide and has a clearance of . It features ponds, giant stalactites and stalagmites. There are many rooms separated from the main gallery by stalactites. The rooms are mostly connected with each other by high passages. The "Gösteri Salonu" (literally "Show Room") in the middle of the cave is elevated below the entrance level. The "Damlataş Galerisi" ("Dripstone Gallery") at the end of the show cave, which was formed
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San Lázaro


of trees embedded in the walls of the cave. The roof can be seen traces of waves of the past. "Tres Cerros" cave located 12 km southeast of Vallemí, the second in the hills of the same name, is well known for its easy access, you can see the old root of a tree and stalactites, stalagmites and columns. The "Holy Cave," in the first hill on the west side of Three Hills, bears this name because in it there is a stalagmite from 45 to 50
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Stalactite


slow leak and calcium, magnesium or other ions in the water supply, although they form much more rapidly there than in the natural cave environment. These secondary deposits, such as stalactites, stalagmites, flowstone and others, which are derived from the lime, mortar or other calcareous material in concrete, outside of the "cave" environment, can not be classified as "speleothems" due to the definition of the term. The term "calthemite" is used to encompass the secondary deposits which mimic the shapes and forms of
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The Land Before Time IV: Journey Through the Mists


he becomes determined to save his grandfather and asks Ali to take him there. She agrees on the condition that Cera, Ducky, Petrie, and Spike do not come along, claiming that they will slow them down. As the two of them make their way, they pass through a cave and a sudden earthshake causes various stalagmites and stalactites to crash down, separating them. Ali returns to the Valley and convinces Littlefoot's friends to help her free him. Meanwhile, Littlefoot tries to find a way out and meets an
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Zbrašov aragonite caves


up to . The aragonite and calcite in the cave is formed mainly by calcium carbonate. This can crystallize in three ways. The first is the mineral calcite, which is the most common and consists of cave fillings, such as stalactites, stalagmites, sinter deposits and valances. There are geyser stalagmites that are conical in shape and several tens of centimeters high. These are not found anywhere else in the world. The second type of calcium carbonite is aragonite. This forms white needle-like crystals. Water and carbon dioxide
5025476
Speedwell Cavern


through, and now it is powered by an electric motor. At the end of the adit, the visitor alights from the boat and walks into the cave to see the fluorspar veins, the stalactites and stalagmites, and the so-called "Bottomless Pit". This pit is an extremely deep vertical shaft, now choked to within of the surface by rock spoil dumped by miners. The original depth of the shaft has been estimated, from the amount of spoil placed in the shaft over the years, at around .
20811370
Talking Rocks Cavern


numerous formations to be viewed up close, including "cave bacon", "curtain", stalagmites, and stalactites. The vertical nature of the cave allows the growth of a formation called "The Cathedral", which is a flowstone and drapery mineral deposit that is approximately 90' tall, and 50' in diameter. The temperature in the cave remains an average 63 degrees throughout the year. The entrance to the cave is accessed through an entrance inside the Rock and Gift Shop. As there is no outside access,
6558781
Eberstadt Stalactite Cave


temperature is constant at year-round, with a humidity of approximately 95%. The age of the cave is estimated at between one and two million years. During this time, all forms of sintering on the walls or on the cave floor have been created, including stalactites (dripping stones hanging from the cave ceiling) and stalagmite drips that grow up from the cave bottom. Visitor access to the cave is by trails, and it is accessible for wheelchair users. It was adapted for high numbers of visitors, with
13125065
Luray Caverns


. Stalactites are reflected in the water making them appear to be stalagmites. This illusion is often so convincing that people are unable to see the real bottom. It looks quite deep, as the stalactites are higher above the water, but at its deepest point the water is only around deep. The lake is connected to a spring that continues deeper into the caverns. The Wishing Well is a green pond with coins deep at the bottom. Like Dream Lake, the well also gives an illusion, however it is reversed.
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Karaca Cave


and colours, including stalactites, stalagmites, and travertines. There are also many cave roses located on certain of the travertines and stalagmites. Some of the dripstone pools are very large - particularly those in the inner parts of the cave, which range up to in depth. The travertines vary in colour from white to dark blue, revealing the presence of high levels of iron and magnesium minerals in the cave waters. The cave system is disposed more or less in a level plane and consists of four interconnected caverns. Two of
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Crystal Cavern


. Cave formations included "onyx crusts and rosettes", stalactites and stalagmites, and "a petrified waterfall". Two named formations were the "Capitol Dome", part of a wall resembling the United States Capitol dome, and the "Family Loft", a high recess containing two large columns along with smaller stalagmites. Siliceous dolomite extruded from the walls and at one point formed a bridge. This was formed by a solution channel (a void in the limestone which allows passage of water) above and below the dolomite
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Calthemite


shear off the drop's surface tension and be pushed onto the outside of the straw stalactite, thus increasing the outside diameter and creating minute irregularities. If the drip rate is quicker than one drop per minute, most of the CaCO will be carried to the ground, still in solution. The leachate solution then has a chance to absorb CO from the atmosphere (or degas CO depending on reaction) and deposit the CaCO on the ground as a stalagmite. In most locations within manmade concrete structures, calthemite stalagmites only grow to
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Borra Caves


The Borra Caves, also called "Borra Guhalu", are located on the East Coast of India, in the Ananthagiri hills of the Araku Valley (with hill ranges' elevation varying from ) of the Visakhapatnam district in Andhra Pradesh. The caves, one of the largest in the country, at an elevation of about , distinctly exhibit a variety of speleothems ranging in size and irregularly shaped stalactites and stalagmites. The caves are basically karstic limestone structures extending to a depth of , and are considered the deepest caves in India.
16330659
Grotta Regina del Carso


cave formations (stalactites, stalagmites, columns, etc.), including a high stalactite in the Hall of San Michele. Next to the second room, a deep pit leads to a small lake in its bottom part. There are other small lakes, dropping bowls and gours into the cave. The innermost part of Grotta Regina consists of a meandering and muddy gallery, ending with a deep pit, after that the farthest point from the entrance is reached. A secondary branch leads to the "Queen's Idol" (
16249452
Caves of Arcy-sur-Cure


. The lowest parts of the caves are regularly filled with water. One finds there stalagmites, stalactites, columns, draperies and the "Virgin's room". One of the lakes shows a remarkable phenomenon of limestone deposit that covers the surface of the water, falls to the bottom then periodically comes back up to the surface. This phenomenon is still poorly understood, but does not seem directly due to bacteria. Some parts of this phenomenon are akin to calcite rafts. The stalactites grow at the noticeable rate of about every
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Cerje Cave


. Varieties of the speleothems that developed in the cave include stalactites, stalagmites, helictites, wave draperies, cave corals and crystal flowers. The cave is especially noted for its helictities or the cave roses, which are actually stalactites that have a central canal with twig-like or spiral projections that appear to defy gravity. They can have many forms and those in Cerje cave are rose-like, as they spread in all directions due to the air currents. Cave roses, like the ones formed in the cave are not
6047168
Crystal Grottoes


, being long, wide, and high. At each end it is pinched out by mud flows and narrowing of the passage. This room originally contained a considerable number of formations, but quarrying operations and clearing of passages have removed them except along the west wall where flowstone and stalactites are abundant. The passages are continuously lined or covered by formations. Delicate draperies, bacon, and columns predominate. The colors are generally pure white or buff with occasional deeper tints. The passages forming Fairyland are studded with stalactites and stalagmites of
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Ohio Caverns


: iron oxide formations; manganese dioxide formations; calcite formations: stalactites, stalagmites, columns, flowstone, soda straws, and helictites; and Dual Formations. Dual Formations are extremely rare. The Ohio Caverns is the only known cave in North America and one of very few in the world known to have Dual Formations. A Dual Formation is characterized as being a formation growing on another formation. In the Palace of the Gods, there are calcite stalactites growing on the ends of iron oxide formations. The Jewel Room once helped
7984195
Villars Cave


a south-southeasterly direction and therefore meets up again with the right-hand branch just before the great balcony. On the right hand side of the entry passage the scratch marks of cave bears can be seen. Also some painted dots and traits can be noticed either occurring individually or grouped in clusters. This first room along the right-hand passageway can be reached right after the crossing via a descending slope. It contains besides very beautiful stalactites and stalagmites also two fairly big "saucers" which have given it its name
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Tolantongo


wall of the canyon. The larger grotto is classified as a karst cave, and was closed for a short time in 2004 due to a roof collapse. Inside this cave, the temperature rises noticeably and it is filled with stalactites and stalagmites. Just outside the main grotto are rimstone pools in which visitors can wallow in the shallow river as the water rushes past. The “tunnel” is called this due to its shape; narrow and about 15 meters long. Visitors inside the tunnel are showered by warm water that sprays
10627977
Magura Cave


it. The main gallery is composed of six chambers, variously sized; the largest one, the so-called "Arc Hall", is long, wide and high, including impressive natural vaults, speleothems, spectacular stalactites and stalagmites, named "The Poplar", "The Pipe Organ", "The Oriental City" and "The Cactus". The very spacious site also allows for music concerts to be held during Christmas and Easter. Bones from different prehistoric species like cave bear, cave hyena, fox,
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Basey, Samar


. There is no "ey" sound in the Waray-Waray language. Basay is from the Waray word "mabaysay", meaning "beautiful". Basey is politically subdivided into 51 barangays. In 1957, the sitio of Cancoral was converted into the barrio of Roxas. The town of Basey is famous for its beautiful Sohoton Caves, whose inner chamber features stalactites, stalagmites, and an underground river. The town is also known for artistically woven decorative mats called "Banig". Tourists buy these mats as souvenir items
6758719
Grotta Gigante


La Verna cave in the south west of France was opened to tourists, measuring . The cave contains many large stalactites and stalagmites, many of exceptional beauty. A feature of the stalagmites is their "dish-pile" appearance, formed by water dropping from up to above and depositing calcium carbonate over a wide area. The enormous hall is high, long and wide. A steep path with atmospheric electric lighting allows the visitor to spend about 45 minutes in this underground space, with its rich calcite concretions, the highest of
1186879
Azokh Cave


. During the archeological excavations conducted in 1973 for the first time, 20 tools like axe belonging to Mousterian were found in the lower stratum of the third layer. These were the one of the rarest findings of the Mousterian excavations, because these tools were characterising Acheulean period. The overall thickness of the third stratum was 90–145 cm. The fourth layer consists of dark-brown clay soil. There are small rock fractures on the strata. These fractures are made of stalagmites, stalactites, stalagmitic pieces. No material culture examples from
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Phong Nha Cave


”, the “Fairy Caves”, the “Royal Court”, and the “Buddha”. Phong Nha cave is 7729 m long but tourists can only penetrate to a distance of 1500 m.and contains several grottoes or chamber, including the Bi Ky grottoes. Its cave system features underground passageways and river caves filled with stalactites and stalagmites. The stalagmites that used to stand at the cave’s entrance apparently inspired its name: Phong Nha means ‘Wind and Teeth’. Phong Nha is famous for its rock formation that bear
14063672
Sterling Ruby


suggested that layers of gang tagging in Los Angeles, evidence of clashes over territory, eventually turn abstract, ceasing to have a clear order, and in the end losing their original meanings and authority. Urethane sculptures The artist has created a series of large, poured urethane sculptures, collectively titled "Monument Stalagmites", in blood red, intense blacks, and other vibrant colors. These sculptures, which can be up to eighteen feet tall, resemble the stalactites and stalagmites that can be found in caves. The pieces are created
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Nombre de Dios Grottoes


, such as zinc, iron, and sulfur have accumulated in walls. Over the course of 5 Million years, extended periods of water seepage have caused the formation of countless and often very illustrious speleotherms (Stalagmites and Stalactites). Some are bizarrely recognizable and as in many other places, these have been popularly named, like the "La Torre de Pisa" (Leaning Tower of Pisa) and "El Quixote", a stalagmite shape that resembles the side view portrait of Miguel de Cervantes' famous novel character Don Quixote
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Eberstadt Stalactite Cave


used as a show cave and is one of the attractions of the "Geo-Nature park Bergstrasse-Odenwald". The cave entrance is angled several times and in some instances only high, and has halls up to high. It lies in the lower Muschelkalk and contains rich stalactite ornaments such as slender and cone-like stalagmites and sinterflags, sinterterraces and crystals. As the cave was closed after its discovery and guided tours have only used electric light, the dripstones have been preserved are mostly still chalk-white; this
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Buchen


years old. Since 1973 tourists have been shown round it. (It forms part of the Geo-Naturpark Bergstrasse-Odenwald). It contains a rich range of stalactites, including very slender examples and extremely conical stalagmites, flags of calc-sinter, terraces of calc-sinter and crystals. Since the cave remained sealed after its discovery and tours took place from the very beginning using electric light, the stalactites are still predominantly as white as chalk, as opposed to most of the older German caves that are shown to
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Balch Cave


quarried away and by the end of the 1960s, major sections were destroyed. An exploration in December 1961 found a series of decorated rifts, mainly of sparkling flowstone, with a grotto fillet with pure white stalactites and pillars and a set of "organ pipes" about wide and high. A further visit in January 1962 explored the fourth chamber which is richly ornamented with white and cream flowstone, several narrow curtains, and miscellaneous white stalactites, and the fifth and sixth chambers with multiple Stalagmite formations. In the subsequent years continued
191118
Gruta Rei do Mato


large chambers with numerous stalactites, stalagmites and rimstone dams. In the "Rarities Hall" are nearly identical parallel columns, formed by the calcium carbonate crystals of calcite. These columns are more than high and in diameter. In the nearby Parque da Cascata is a collapsed karst crater which can be recognised by some stalactites that are oriented horizontally as a result of the collapse. In a small cave next to the Gruta Rei do Mato, 4,000 to 6,000 year old cave paintings were discovered, as well as skeletal remains of the
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Alistrati


their height is quite the same 8-10m. From the reception chamber and towards the left, emerges a second passage, quite parallel to the first. In this gallery there are even some red stalagmites which are called "The flames". The height of these formations reaches 35 m. Somewhere in this passages the two main passages join each other and continue with an always increasing width and height while from the ceiling one can see suspended huge and majestic stalactites of a height of 15 m. Inside the cave there are countless
10375136
Castellana Caves


He descended to the floor, and then he ventured out to a corridor that disappeared into the darkness and then he found himself in a passage half hidden by stalactites and stalagmites and finally in a huge cave, later called "Cave of the Monuments". This cavern was so huge that his acetylene lamp could not light the vault and the walls and so he decided to come back two days later to continue his exploration. This time Anelli was helped by a bold worker from Castellana, Vito Matarrese. Together they descended into
22050428
Belum Caves


The Belum Caves is the largest and longest cave system open to the public on the Indian subcontinent, known for its speleothems, such as stalactite and stalagmite formations. The Belum Caves have long passages, galleries, spacious caverns with fresh water and siphons. This cave system was formed over the course of tens of thousands of years by the constant flow of underground water. The cave system reaches its deepest point ( from entrance level) at the point known as "Pataalaganga". In Telugu language, it is called " Belum
22060624
Jeita Grotto


to visitors via a specially conceived walkway; access to the remainder of the cave was restricted to prevent ecological damage which may occur due to the flocking tourists. The upper cave contains a great concentration of a variety of crystallized formations such as stalactites, stalagmites, columns, mushrooms, ponds, curtains and draperies. The upper gallery is famous for its formations, lit by an effective lighting system. It is entered through a long concrete tunnel. The part accessible by visitors has three huge chambers. The first is called the White
264650
Drežnička Gradina


of Potpeće. Its main entrance, tall, is the largest of all caves on the Balkans. Apart from the main, upper entrance for tourists, there is a smaller, lower entrance into an underground lake, which overflows in rainy seasons, creating an intermittent water flow called "Petnica", flowing into Đetinja river. The upper hall has lightened tourist trail, long, reachable by a circular staircase of over 700 stairs. The hall with stalactites and stalagmites is still geologically active, and is protected from outer atmosphere by
5096392
Craighead Caverns


Craighead Caverns is an extensive cave system located in between Sweetwater and Madisonville, Tennessee. It is best known for containing the United States' largest and the world's second largest non-subglacial underground lake, The Lost Sea. In addition to the lake, the caverns contain an abundance of crystal clusters called anthodites, stalactites, stalagmites, and a waterfall. Located in the foothills of the Great Smoky Mountains, the caverns are named after their former owner, a Cherokee native American, Chief Craighead. The caverns were formerly used
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Cave


. These include flowstones, stalactites, stalagmites, helictites, soda straws and columns. These secondary mineral deposits in caves are called "speleothems". The portions of a solutional cave that are below the water table or the local level of the groundwater will be flooded. Lechuguilla Cave in New Mexico and nearby Carlsbad Cavern are now believed to be examples of another type of solutional cave. They were formed by HS (hydrogen sulfide) gas rising from below, where reservoirs of oil give off sulfurous fumes. This gas mixes with
5878860
Treak Cliff Cavern


in the Treak Cliff Cavern, but percolating water from the cave has been dye-tested and found to emerge at the Russet Well beside Peakshole Water near Peak Cavern in Castleton, taking between 13 and 20 hours to travel the distance. Since their original formation, the caverns have been decorated by the formation of flowstone, stalagmites and stalactites. Two stalagmite samples from the Aladdin's Cave section of the Treak Cliff Cavern have been found, by means of radioactive dating, to date back 111,000 years, proving the cave itself is
12144635
Gruta do Janelão


meters long. In the northwest of the state of Minas Gerais, the left bank of the Rio Sao Francisco shows a set of caves and archaeological sites with cave paintings scattered on a ten feet wall which stand out in bold and striking colors and a doline is the big window through which a panoramic view over the entrance of the cave and its first two of many skylights that would spread over the next 3.5 km of the path with interesting stalagmite and stalactite formations appearing along the way, with the biggest stalagmite ever recorded mesuaring
16489422
Mae Wa National Park


waterfall originating from Doi Prae Luang mountain and whose waters eventually join the Wang River. The park features numerous cave systems including Tham Phra Chedi, notable for hosting a pagoda-shaped stalagmite, and Tham Nampha Pha Ngam, a large cave also featuring stalagmites and stalactites. The park features numerous forest types, including deciduous, deciduous dipterocarp, evergreen and coniferous forest. Tree species include Burmese ebony, "Lagerstroemia calyculata", "Dalbergia oliveri", "Afzelia xylocarpa", "Takian", "Anisoptera costata", "
17759773
Kanger Ghati National Park


to 31 October during rainy season. The cave needs removal of debris before tourist season. Kailash Caves are located in the Kanger Valley National Park area near Mikulwada. The caves are located around 40 km from Jagdalpur. Discovered recently in 1993, the caves are around 250 meters long and are situated at an altitude of 40 meters above the ground level. It features stalactite and stalagmite formations that offer stunning sight. Access to the cave is through a narrow opening and at the end of the cave is a huge stalagmite formation in
8326431
Gosu Cave


the guardian of the cave. While it has an entire length of 5.4 km/17,716 ft, visitors are limited to exploring up to 1.7 km/5,577 ft of the cave. The main branch of Gosu Cave is 1,200 m/3,937 ft long. It features a variety of spectacular speleothems: stalactites, stalagmites, columns, cave coral, cave pearls, cave shields, draperies, and aragonite crystals. The main chamber has a series of majestic 10m/33 ft long stalactites. The cave is open to the public every day year-round, and gets
21645861
Petralona cave


effort to find a water source he found a small cleft on the slopes of Mount Katsika. Two men were lowered down and later described a large number of chambers and corridors, totaling 8 to 10 meters high with rich and beautiful formations of speleothems (stalactites and stalagmites). The cave developed during the Mesozoic (Jurassic) limestone, its sediments are divided into several stratigraphic levels. "The rock formations resemble giant cactus, pink pearls, sturdy columns or delicate curtains, and in several places water ponds are fed by stalactite
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