who sets the size of the us supreme court
Michigan Supreme Court


reduced its size to only four justices, one of whom was the Chief Justice. In 1887, the court was expanded to five justices each serving for ten years. The court was again expanded in 1903 to eight justices serving terms of eight-years. In 1964, the new state constitution set the number of justices on the court at seven. The Supreme Court consists of seven justices who are elected to eight-year terms. Candidates are nominated by political parties and are elected on a nonpartisan ballot. Supreme Court candidates
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Chase Court


Chase's tenure, Congress passed two laws setting the size of the Supreme Court, partly to prevent President Johnson from appointing Supreme Court justices. The Judicial Circuits Act of 1866 provided for the elimination of three seats (to take effect as sitting justices left the court), which would reduce the size of the court from ten justices to seven. Catron died in 1865, and he had not been replaced when the Judicial Circuits Act was passed, so his seat was abolished upon passage of the act. Wayne died in 1867
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Supreme Court of Indiana


the Indiana Statehouse. In 1851 the Supreme Court was reorganized under the new state constitution. The position of justice was changed from an appointed position to an elected one. Judicial terms were changed to six years and the Court's size was set to a minimum of three members and not more than five. The Court's judges quickly became overwhelmed by an ever-increasing caseload. In 1853 the minimum was increased to four members and in 1872 it was increased to five. The Court has remained at a minimum of five justices
20331622
Illinois v. Lidster


checkpoint violated the Fourth Amendment. The trial court rejected the challenge, but the Illinois Appellate Court accepted it, as did the Illinois Supreme Court. Because a decision of the Virginia Supreme Court had reached the opposite conclusion, the US Supreme Court agreed to hear Lidster's case. In "City of Indianapolis v. Edmond", , the US Supreme Court ruled that police checkpoints set up for the purpose of "general crime control" were unreasonable under the Fourth Amendment. Although the Illinois Supreme Court ruled that "Edmond" required
13683555
Appointment and confirmation to the Supreme Court of the United States


vacancy filled by Thomas Todd. Again in 1837, the Court's size was increased to nine, the two new vacancies being filled by John Catron and John McKinley. An 1863 act increased the Court's size to ten, the vacancy being filled by Stephen Johnson Field. Although an 1866 act provided that the Court's size would be thinned from ten to seven through attrition (and which did result in the elimination of two seats while in effect), a final 1869 act interrupted the plan set forth in 1866: the
1216584
Arkansas Supreme Court


by the Governor of Arkansas. The current Arkansas Supreme Court includes: Under the state's first constitution, the Arkansas Supreme Court consisted of three judges including one Chief Justice, and all three of whom were elected by the Arkansas General Assembly. The first judges elected to the court by the Assembly were Daniel Ringo as Chief Justice (who served from 1836 to 1844), Townsend Dickinson (who served until 1842), and Thomas J. Lacy (whose term lasted until 1845). No change to the court's size occurred
11058862
Gallery of United States Supreme Court composition templates


1801 would have reduced the Court's size to five members upon its next vacancy. However, the Judiciary Act of 1802 promptly restored the Court's size to six members before any such vacancy occurred. The Seventh Circuit Act increased their number by one in 1807, and the Eighth and Ninth Circuits Act set the court's size at nine in 1837. The 1863 Tenth Circuit Act added a tenth justice. However, the Judicial Circuits Act of 1866 eliminated the seat then vacant after the death of John Catron, and provided that
19848127
Apple Inc. v. Pepper


petition for writ of certiorari to the Supreme Court in August 2017, posing the question "whether consumers may sue anyone who delivers goods to them for antitrust damages, even when they seek damages based on prices set by third parties who would be the immediate victims of the alleged offense". The US Government filed an amicus brief in support of Apple, arguing that the Ninth Circuit in reversing the District Court's ruling, went against the precedent established by the Supreme Court in "Illinois Brick". The Court agreed to hear
18294611
Supreme Court of Norway


satisfied with the district courts and as courts of appeal the regional courts. The Supreme Court has a committee consisting of three justices who decide what cases shall be tried in the Supreme Court. The same committee decides in procedural questions appealed from the lower courts. Once approved, the case is heard and decided by 5 justices. A case may be decided in grand chamber, set with 11 justices, if the court decides that clear precedence needs to be set. In rare circumstances, a case may be heard in plenary session
17690559
Christine Wheeler


Supreme Courts of Western Australia in 1995 and 1996. Wheeler was appointed to the bench on 30 October 1996, becoming the first female Justice of the Supreme Court of Western Australia. In 2003 Justice Wheeler was one of the three judges of the Court of Criminal Appeal of the Supreme Court of Western Australia who took just ten days to reject the appeal of Andrew Mallard, who had been convicted of murder. In 2005 the High Court of Australia set aside this decision. In 2005 Justice Wheeler was made a judge in the Supreme
21813810
Law of Nauru


; and that "in every civil cause or matter instituted in any Court law and equity shall be administered concurrently". Art.5 specifies that English common law applies only insofar as it is "not repugnant to or inconsistent with the provisions" of any statute law applied in Nauru. In addition to applicable case law inherited from England and Australia, Nauruan case law is primarily based on precedents set in the Supreme Court. Due to the country's small size, Nauru has simply one District Court, with appeals heard by the Supreme
3822742
County of Riverside v. McLaughlin


“in custody and suffering injury as a result of the defendants' allegedly unconstitutional action”. This case then went to the U.S. Supreme Court for review. In a 5-4 vote, the Court ruled that suspects who are arrested without a warrant must be provided a probable cause hearing within 48 hours of their arrest, but need not have their probable cause hearing as soon as police complete the administrative steps incident to arrest. Using the precedent set by the "Gerstein" case – in which the Supreme Court ruled that
1614230
William F. Turner


carpetbagger. Turner also had the support of US Supreme Court chief justice Salmon P. Chase and justice Samuel F. Miller. The reappointment was approved by the U.S. Senate on February 6, 1868. The 1868 session of the Supreme Court was held in Tucson without Turner who was probably busy in Prescott with district court cases. The court now had the authority, granted by Congress, to set their own schedule and the two attending judges made adjustments to avoid such conflicts in the future. However, in 1869 none of the three judges
14390927
Rice v. Collins


example, the prosecutor said that Juror 19, another prospective African-American juror, was too youthful despite the fact that she was a grandmother and attempted to use gender as a basis for exclusion. On this basis, the court overturned Collins' conviction. The U.S. Supreme Court granted a writ of certiorari. The Supreme Court held that the Ninth Circuit's "attempt to use a set of debatable inferences to set aside the conclusion" fails to satisfy the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996. The Court unanimously reversed
1805646
List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States


, and fixed the number of justices at six (one chief justice and five associate justices). Since 1789, Congress has occasionally altered the size of the Supreme Court, historically in response to the country's own expansion in size. An 1801 act would have decreased the Court's size to five members upon its next vacancy. However, an 1802 act negated the effects of the 1801 act upon the Court before any such vacancy occurred, maintaining the Court's size at six members. Later legislation increased its size to seven
3027379
Supreme Court of Kenya


retirement age of judges who were appointed under the old Constitution of Kenya, the Supreme Court delivered a ruling which effectively set the retirement age at 70 years, sending the Deputy Chief Justice and one other Supreme Court Judge who had reached 70 on retirement. The following are the current members of the Supreme Court: The first round of the presidential election took place on March 4, 2013. Uhuru Kenyatta was declared the president-elect of Kenya by the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission (IEBC). Raila Odinga challenged this in
18164822
Greenhouse effect (United States Supreme Court)


more influenced by elites than by the public. Regardless of the cause, it is well established that many Supreme Court Justices exhibit sizable shifts in voting patterns over their careers, much more so than would be expected for experienced jurists who are chosen for life service on the nation's highest court. Lawrence Baum found some evidence that supports the effect's existence. However, the research is not definitive at this point in time, as it is hampered by the small sample size of Supreme Court justices in the modern era. Furthermore
16219334
Stengart v. Loving Care Agency, Inc.


appellate court, Loving Care Agency then decided to take the case to the New Jersey Supreme Court for the final ruling. During the New Jersey Supreme Court's hearing of the case, the court set out to determine whether or not Loving Care's computer use policy was sufficient notice that her privacy should be expected while using the company-owned laptop. After hearing the facts of the case and reviewing the previous holdings from the lower courts, the Supreme Court affirmed the decision previously made by the appellate court that Marina Stengart had
7670691
UKSCblog


UKSCblog (The United Kingdom Supreme Court blog) is a law blog dedicated to the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom. The blog is based on the SCOTUSblog in the US which provides commentary and information about the United States Supreme Court. The establishment of the Supreme Court marks an important constitutional change for the UK, and to mark this development, the UKSC Blog has been set up to provide commentary on the court and its judgments. UKSCblog was created by, amongst others, Hugh Tomlinson QC of Matrix Chambers and Dan Tench
19600798
Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937


and 6 months. In the Judiciary Act of 1869 Congress had established that the United States Supreme Court would consist of the Chief Justice and eight associate justices. During Roosevelt's first term the Supreme Court struck down several New Deal measures as being unconstitutional. Roosevelt sought to reverse this by changing the makeup of the court through the appointment of new additional justices who he hoped would rule his legislative initiatives did not exceed the constitutional authority of the government. Since the U.S. Constitution does not define the size of the Supreme Court, Roosevelt
18851708
Abortion in California


200,000 each to set up a student hotline to provide information to women seeking advice and assistance.  The bill was sponsored by  Sen. Connie Leyva. In 1969, the California Supreme Court ruled in favor of abortion rights after hearing an appeal launched by  Dr. Leon Belous, who had been convicted of referring a woman to someone who could provide her with an illegal abortion. In 1969, California's abortion law was declared unconstitutional in "People v. Belous" because it was vague and denied people due process. The US Supreme Court's
14797055
List of nominations to the Supreme Court of the United States


The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest ranking judicial body in the United States. Established by Article III of the Constitution, the Court was organized by the 1st United States Congress through the Judiciary Act of 1789, which specified its original and appellate jurisdiction, created 13 judicial districts, and fixed the size of the Supreme Court at sixone chief justice and five associate justices. During the 19th century, Congress changed the size of the Court on seven occasions, concluding with the Judiciary Act of 1869 which stipulates that the
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Supreme Court of Justice (Austria)


German Reich in March 1938 made the Supreme Court superfluous and, in fact, inconvenient. For one thing, the German judiciary used the same four-tier hierarchy as its Austrian counterpart. The judicial districts served by German and Austrian local, regional, and higher regional courts, respectively, were roughly comparable in size. Decisions of Germany's 28 higher regional courts were appealed to the Reichsgericht in Leipzig; there was no strong reason for an extra appeals court intermediating between the Reichsgericht and the paltry 3 higher regional courts of the
20991976
Washington v. Trump


In a "per curiam" decision, on June 26, 2017, the United States Supreme Court reinstated key provisions narrowed to apply only to foreign nationals who have no "credible claim of a bona fide relationship with a person or entity in the United States" and set case for final consideration in October. The court also granted certiorari and set oral arguments for the fall term. In an unsigned statement the Supreme Court stated that denying entry to foreign nationals abroad who have no connection to the United States "does not burden
13229038
Delimitation Commission of India


programs would not affect their political representation in the Lok Sabha. This had led to wide discrepancies in the size of constituencies, with the largest having over three million electors, and the smallest less than 50,000. The most recent delimitation commission was set up on 12 July 2002 after the 2001 census with Justice Kuldip Singh, a retired Judge of the Supreme Court as its Chairperson. The Commission has submitted its recommendations. On December 2007, the Supreme Court on a petition issued notice to the central government asking reasons for non implementation
20295362
Chief Justice of Sri Lanka


The office of Chief Justice traces its origins back with the founding the Royal Charter of Justice of 1801 (Now this provision are as set out in the Constitution of Sri Lanka) by the United Kingdom. With the establishment of the Supreme Court it was to consist of one principal Judge who shall be called "The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Judicature in the Island of Ceylon" and One other Judge, who was to be called "The Puisne Justice of the Supreme Court of Judicature in the Island of Ceylon"
15134686
Judges of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom


The Judges of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom include the President, the Deputy President, and Justices of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom. The Supreme Court is the highest in the whole of the United Kingdom for civil matters, and for criminal matters from the United Kingdom jurisdictions of England and Wales and Northern Ireland. Judges are appointed by the Queen on the advice of the Prime Minister, who receives recommendations from a selection commission. The number of judges is set by s.23(2) Constitutional Reform Act 2005, which
11405965
Ibrahim al Qosi


three-judge appeals panel overturned Robertson's ruling, setting the commissions back in motion. On November 7, 2005, the US Supreme Court announced that they would be reviewing "Hamdan v. Rumsfeld." Qosi's case was stayed, pending the outcome of "Hamdan v. Rumsfeld." In "Hamdan v. Rumsfeld" (2006), decided in July, the US Supreme Court ruled that the Bush Presidency lacked the constitutional authority to set up the military commissions. Only Congress had the authority to set up military commissions.
15902994
United States courts of appeals


238 (2d Cir. 2004), as a result of the Supreme Court's decision in "Blakely v. Washington", but the Supreme Court dismissed the question. "See" "United States v. Penaranda", 543 U.S. 1117 (2005). The last instance of the Supreme Court accepting a set of questions and answering them was in 1982's "City of Mesquite v. Aladdin's Castle, Inc", 455 US 283 (1982). A court of appeals may convene a Bankruptcy Appellate Panel to hear appeals
20528956
Supreme Court of Nauru


outside the Nauruan parliament that was remitted to it "for hearing according to law" by the High Court after quashing the original decision. The reheard case again imposed increased sentences on the defendants who, with the new Court of Appeals not yet established, have been left with no avenue of appeal, a situation that has been criticised as deeply unfair. As Nauruan law is derived from the English and Australian common law system, precedents set by the Supreme Court are integrated to national law, and the Supreme Court's interpretation of
3758877
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States


the first female justice. There are eight associate justices on the Supreme Court. The justices, ordered by seniority, are: An associate justice who leaves the Supreme Court after attaining the age and meeting the service requirements prescribed by federal statute () may retire rather than resign. After retirement, they keep their title, and by custom may also keep a set of chambers in the Supreme Court building, and employ law clerks. The names of retired associate justices continue to appear alongside those of the active justices in the bound
2655040
Judiciary Act of 1869


courts were normally only staffed by district judges and Supreme Court justices "riding circuit." The salary of the circuit court judgeships created was set at $5,000 a year. In addition, the act stipulated that federal judges (including Supreme Court justices) who had served for ten years or more would receive a pension upon their retirement. The pension was set at the salary of the judge at the time of retirement. A judge had to be at least seventy years old at the time of retirement. There were eight justices
7885413
People v. Anderson


v. Georgia" was currently on the docket of the Supreme Court of the United States and that the court should await its decision before ruling. (The U.S. Supreme Court later ruled in "Furman" that the death penalty—as then practiced in almost all of the states that used it—was unconstitutional.) As it turned out, the U.S. Supreme Court would set aside the question whether the death penalty was "per se" unconstitutional (later in "Gregg v. Georgia" it ruled that the death penalty was constitutional
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Supreme Court of Hawaii


uses only evidence provided in previous trials. The court meets in Aliiōlani Hale in Honolulu. The Hawaii State Supreme Court has original jurisdiction to answer questions of law that have been passed to it from trial courts or the federal court, hear civil cases submitted to the Supreme Court on agreed statements of facts, and decide questions coming from proceedings of writs of mandamus, prohibition, and habeas corpus. The Supreme Court consists of five justices who are initially appointed to ten-year terms by the Governor of Hawaii, who makes his
3190013
Supreme Court of the United Kingdom


the Supreme Court was filled by Lord Clarke (formerly the Master of the Rolls), who was the first Justice to be appointed directly to the Supreme Court. One of the former Law Lords, Lord Neuberger, was appointed to replace Clarke as Master of the Rolls, and so did not move to the new court. Lord Dyson became the 12th and final judge of the Supreme Court on 13 April 2010. In 2010, Queen Elizabeth II granted Justices who are not peers use of the title Lord or Lady, by
15531649
Supreme Court of Norway


also in a regional court (). Nevertheless, the Supreme Court has the prerogative to decide itself which cases of appeal it shall hear. This leads the court to hear cases of principal importance, where clarification is needed or where standards need to be set. Rulings set substantial precedence for the lower courts as well as for the Supreme Court itself. As a subject to Norwegian law, one has no right to be heard in the Supreme Court, as the universal Human Rights article on a fair trial is believed to be
17690558
Cultural assimilation of Native Americans


in Congress continuing to prohibit the sale of liquor to American Indians. The ruling continued to suggest that American Indians needed protection. There were several United States Supreme Court cases during the assimilation era that focused on the sovereignty of American Indian nations. These cases were extremely important in setting precedents for later cases and for legislation dealing with the sovereignty of American Indian nations. "Ex parte Crow Dog" was a US Supreme Court appeal by an Indian who had been found guilty of murder and sentenced to death. The defendant was an
10839165
Supreme Court of Honduras


the new 15 Supreme Court members from this list. Following months of political wrangling that dominated news in Honduras, the National Congress selected 15 new judges to ascend to the Supreme Court of Justice shortly before midnight on January 25, 2009, as the previous court’s term was set to expire that same day. The final issue was an attempt by the executive branch to re-elect a sitting member of the court who wasn’t on the slate of 45 candidates, Sonia Marlina Dubón de Flores. The standoff included alleged threats
14354400
United States Supreme Court Building


included cleaning, removal of debris, and restoration. In 2012 scaffolding encased the west façade printed with a full-size photograph of the façade. The project was completed in 2013. The Supreme Court Building's facilities include: Originally built as a storage area, the gym was converted to its current state in the late 1940s, although who is responsible for the transformation is not known. Some have said that it was at the suggestion of architect Cass Gilbert, Jr. who took over many of his father's projects after he
14788301
Edward E. Lane


voted for legislation allowing the governor (then Thomas B. Stanley)to close schools rather than allow their desegregation pursuant to court order. When federal courts and the Virginia Supreme Court invalidated first the overt aspects of Massive Resistance such as the Stanley plan, and the United States Supreme Court later required equal size legislative districts in Davis v. Mann, Lane evolved. He later expressed regret for his previous support of Massive Resistance. In 1977, Lane (who had been the most popular among Richmond's delegates in the previous election) became the Democratic
4852763
Supreme Electoral Court of Costa Rica


The Tribunal Supremo de Elecciones de Costa Rica (Supreme Electoral Court of Costa Rica) is the supreme election commission of the Republic of Costa Rica. The Electoral Court was established in 1949 by the present Constitution of Costa Rica. The Electoral Court is independent of any other body and consists of three judges appointed by the Supreme Court of Justice to serve six-year terms. During the election period, the size of Electoral Court is expanded to five judges. Since its establishment, the Electoral Court has provided for transparent elections and
16686938
List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States by court composition


The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest ranking judicial body in the United States. Established by Article III of the Constitution, the detailed structure of the Court was laid down by the 1st United States Congress in 1789. Congress specified the Court's original and appellate jurisdiction, created 13 judicial districts, and fixed the initial size of the Supreme Court. The number of justices on the Supreme Court was changed six times before settling at the present total of nine in 1869. A total of 114 justices have served on
21390126
Unsuccessful nominations to the Supreme Court of the United States


The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest ranking judicial body in the United States. Established by Article III of the Constitution, the detailed structure of the Court was laid down by the 1st United States Congress in 1789. Congress specified the Court's original and appellate jurisdiction, created 13 judicial districts, and fixed the initial size of the Supreme Court. The number of justices on the Supreme Court changed six times before settling at the present total of nine in 1869. A total of 114 justices have served on the
10690688
History of the Supreme Court of Canada


a basement, two additional storeys, and an attic, which nearly doubled the size of the courthouse facilities. The Court occupied this building until 1949, when they moved into a purpose-built building on Wellington Street, west of Parliament. In the early days all cases could be appealed from the Supreme Court of Canada to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in London. As well, cases could bypass the Supreme Court and go directly to London from the provincial courts of appeal. The decisions of the Supreme Court on
21530533
East Redmond, Washington


fourth-class towns to a size of ; the town did not meet the minimum population of 300 required for the status; and the incorporation vote had taken place outside of the proposed town, in neighboring Redmond. East Redmond's government, then conducting a regular election, appealed to the State Supreme Court, who heard the case in early 1965. The State Supreme Court affirmed the Superior Court's decision on July 1, 1965, declaring that the town was illegally incorporated and thus invalid. East Redmond became the second town
16882763
Blanket primary


moderate voters who do not identify strongly with either party. The system also has potential for tactical voting: Voters opposed to one party might disingenuously choose a weaker candidate from that party, setting the candidate up to lose in the general election. In 2000 the Supreme Court of the United States struck down California's blanket primary in "California Democratic Party v. Jones". Similar systems used by Washington and Alaska were also struck down in subsequent Supreme Court cases. The traditional blanket primary survives in a different form, known as the
16452484
Supreme Court of the United Kingdom


granted by the College of Arms, the interior of the Latin and Greek letters are gold and white, respectively), and displays a simplified version of the crown (also in black) and larger, stylised versions of the floral emblems; this modified version of the badge is featured on the new Supreme Court website, as well as in the forms that will be used by the Supreme Court. A further variant omits the crown entirely and is featured prominently throughout the building. Another emblem is formed from a more abstract set
15531657
Constitution of New Hampshire


House, much like the British House of Commons and the United States House of Representatives. Articles 11 (formerly 10) and 11-a provide that representative districts are set by statute. Redistricting is often litigated. In 2002, the state supreme court dictated the districts. Article 11 was last amended in 2006 to provide that towns whose size entitles them to one representative will have their own representative, but to allow the use of floterial districts spanning several towns or wards to achieve greater precision. Article 15, Compensation of the Legislature,
3157872
Courthouse facility dog


Victim Law Institute suggests that this jury instruction regarding the presence of the dog in the courtroom be provided to the jurors before deliberations to overcome unfair prejudice to either the defense or prosecution. “Testifying in court is an unfamiliar and stressful event for most people; these dogs are used in a courthouse setting to help reduce witness anxiety and are available to any witness who requests one.” In the 2013 Washington state Supreme Court case State v Dye, the court found that it was not unduly prejudicial for facility dog Ellie who was
15310564
Supreme Court of Pakistan


the Supreme Court of Pakistan came when the first set of the Constitution of Pakistan was promulgated on 23 March 1956. The ratification of the Constitution of Pakistan reestablished the Supreme Court in 1956, replacing the name "Federal Court" to "Supreme Court", initially had its seat in Karachi where the Sindh High Court exists now. In successive years, the Supreme Court was moved to Lahore High Court until the Supreme Court was permanently moved into its new building constructed in Islamabad in 1964. Although the Supreme Court was established pursuant
11184633
List of Justices of the Supreme Court of Canada by seat


The Supreme Court of Canada is the highest court of Canada. It was established by the Parliament of Canada through the Supreme and Exchequer Court Act of 1875, as authorized by Section 101 of the "Constitution Act, 1867". Since 1949, the Court has been the final court of appeal in the Canadian justice system. (Previously, it had functioned as an intermediate appellate court subject to appeal to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in the United Kingdom.) Parliament initially fixed the size of the Court at six
10569043
McCleary v. Washington


billion. They also passed three major reform bills in an attempt to further comply with the McCleary ruling. Despite these changes, the Supreme Court did not find the State in compliance. On January 9, 2014 the Supreme Court issued an order setting a deadline of April 30, 2014 for the legislature to come up with an adequate funding plan. On August 13th, 2015, the Supreme Court ordered a $100,000 a day fine. This money was to be placed in a special account that would be used to benefit public
4863063
James Moore Wayne


order to prevent President Andrew Johnson from appointing any justices, Congress passed the Judicial Circuits Act in 1866, eliminating three of the 10 seats from the Supreme Court as they became vacant, and thus reducing the size of the court to seven justices. The vacancy caused by the death of Justice John Catron in 1865 had not been filled, so upon Wayne's death there were eight justices on the court. In 1869 Congress passed the Circuit Judges Act, setting the court at nine members. With Wayne's and Catron's seats
20916761
Supreme Court of the United States


but his successor (Millard Fillmore) also made a Supreme Court nomination before the end of that term. Andrew Johnson, who became president after the assassination of Abraham Lincoln, was denied the opportunity to appoint a justice by a reduction in the size of the Court. Jimmy Carter is the only person elected president to have left office after at least one full term without having the opportunity to appoint a justice. Somewhat similarly, presidents James Monroe, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and George W. Bush each served a full term without an
13127823
Carlos Fayt


academic life. Three of his 35 books are on the subject of Peronism. Fayt was appointed to the Supreme Court by the new democratic government of President Raúl Alfonsín in 1983, despite never having served as a judge. In the 1990s, when President Carlos Menem had increased the size of the Court and appointed several sympathetic Justices, Fayt was one of those who generally opposed the majority view. Fayt is the longest serving Supreme Court Justice in Argentina ever. He had previously been approached by President Arturo Illia in the 1960s to
7567043
The Honourable


to people who contributes to promote the history , culture and research to develop the country. Also the leaders of Organizations such as Museums , Religious movement are also conferred the title Honourable , The Honourable or Hon. abbreviation. The Chief Justice, Judges of Appeal, and Justices of the Supreme Court, and the Presiding Judge and District Judges of the State Courts are conventionally addressed in formal settings using the honorific "The Honourable". The use of the honorific "the Honourable" to refer to the Prime Minister, Ministers,
20945447
Appointment and confirmation to the Supreme Court of the United States


Court's size shall be nine, the legally prescribed full strength which has stood ever since. Consequently, one final seat was created and filled by Joseph Bradley. President Franklin D. Roosevelt attempted to expand the Court in 1937, seeking to appoint an additional justice for each incumbent justice who reached the age of 70 years and 6 months and refused retirement; under Roosevelt's proposal, such appointments would continue until the Court reached a maximum size of 15 justices. Ostensibly, the proposal was made to ease the burdens of the docket
1216585
Harlan County, Kentucky


August 19, 1782. At the time of his death, Harlan was engaged to Sarah Caldwell, who later married his brother James and was the grandmother of U.S. Supreme Court Justice John Marshall Harlan. The county was reduced in size when Letcher County was formed in 1842 using a part of Harlan's territory; it was further reduced when Bell County was formed on August 1, 1867, from parts of it and Knox County. Its present size was attained in 1878 when its northwestern part was partitioned to form Leslie County.
11193432
British Supreme Court for China


housed in the British Consulate compound. From 1865 to 1871 cases were heard using the rooms that had been used by the consular court. In 1871 a dedicated court building to stand at the back of the consulate building facing on to Yuanmingyuan Road was opened. In 1913 the building was expanded to add a Police Court (on the ground floor) and a second court (on the first floor) immediately south of the main court room. Rooms of similar size were built to the north for consular offices. The building still
17124831
George W. Bush 2000 presidential campaign


support of Bush were used in attacks as he acknowledged that a re-inspection or recount of ballots may be required in cases of extremely close elections. The Supreme Court overturned the decision of the Florida Supreme Court that allowed manual vote recounts to proceed after a November 14 ballot-certification deadline set by that state's legislature stating that "after reviewing the opinion of the Florida Supreme Court, we find 'that there is considerable uncertainty as to the precise grounds for the decision,'" and more appeals made by the Gore
4466579
Seneca Haselton


Decisions for the Vermont Supreme Court (1900-1902), in 1902 he was appointed to the court as an Associate Justice. Haselton served until 1906, when the size of the Supreme Court was reduced. From 1906 to 1908, he served as Chief Judge of the newly-created Vermont Superior Court. In what came to be a custom that lasted until the 1970s, the chief judge was chosen by seniority from the Superior Court judges, and advanced to the Supreme Court when a vacancy arose. In 1908, Haselton
16060033
Franklin D. Roosevelt


during his second term after the court overturned many of his programs, including NIRA. The more conservative members of the court upheld the principles of the Lochner era, which saw numerous economic regulations struck down on the basis of freedom of contract. Roosevelt proposed the Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937, which would have allowed him to appoint an additional Justice for each incumbent Justice over the age of 70; in 1937, there were six Supreme Court Justices over the age of 70. The size of the Court had been set at
10781818
Supreme court


the Supreme Administrative Court respectively function as the highest courts of the land. The Supreme Administrative Court considers cases concerning disputes between individuals and administrative organs, as well as disputes among administrative organs, while the Supreme Court considers all other cases. The judges are appointed by the Government. In most cases, the Supreme Courts will only grant leave to appeal a case ("prövningstillstånd") if the case involves setting a precedent in the interpretation of the law. Exceptions are issues where the Supreme Court is the court of first instance
13163914
Pennsylvania's congressional districts


is estimated to have a partisan balance of 10 Republican-leaning and 8 Democratic-leaning seats. The court-mandated map was set to apply beginning with the primary elections on May 15, 2018. Republican lawmakers in the state asked for a stay from the United States Supreme Court and brought suit in federal court, seeking an injunction against using the court-drawn map in the upcoming congressional elections. Both attempts failed on March 19, 2018, following rulings by the Supreme Court and a Pennsylvania federal district court. The
8948790
Judges of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom


established the Court, but may be increased by the Queen through an Order in Council under s.23(3). There are currently 12 positions: one President, one Deputy President, and 10 Justices. Judges of the Court who are not already peers are granted the style "Lord" or "Lady" for life. The Constitutional Reform Act 2005 sets out conditions for appointment as a President, Deputy President or Justice of the Court. That person must have held high judicial office (judge of the Supreme Court, English High Court
11405966
Rogers v. Okin


an adjudication of incompetence. It also rejected the trial court's holding that voluntary patients could refuse medication, stating that a voluntary patient who wished to refuse treatment should leave the hospital. The state appealed on a writ of certiorari the US Supreme Court for review The Supreme Court granted certiorari but then remanded the case back to the Court of Appeals in the light of Richard Roe. The American Psychological Association submitted a brief supporting the plaintiffs to the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts. The Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court decision was consistent with its
21533911
Society of Solicitors in the Supreme Courts of Scotland


The Society of Solicitors in the Supreme Courts of Scotland is a voluntary professional association of solicitors in Scotland representing those lawyers who practise in and around the College of Justice. The College of Justice comprises Scotland's two supreme courts: the Court of Session and the High Court of Justiciary. Members use the abbreviation "SSC" after their names. The society was founded in January 1784 and incorporated by Royal Charter in 1797. It owes its origin to the recognition that there required to be formal regulation of those who had sufficient legal
21688774
List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States


members in 1807, to nine in 1837, and to ten in 1863. An 1866 act was to have reduced the Court's size from ten members to seven upon its next three vacancies, and two vacancies did occur during this period. However, before a third vacancy occurred, the Judiciary Act of 1869 intervened, restoring the Court's size to nine members, where it has remained since. While the justices of the Supreme Court are appointed for life, many have retired or resigned. Beginning in the early 20th century
3027380
Family law in British Columbia


Court, the person who starts a court proceeding is called the "applicant"; in the Supreme Court, this person is the "claimant". Once a court proceeding has started, the person whom the proceeding has been brought against can answer the claims being made and make new claims. In the Provincial Court, this answer is called a Reply. In the Supreme Court, two court forms can be used: a Response to Family Claim and a Counterclaim. In the Provincial Court and in the Supreme Court, the
3139967
Supreme Court of Cyprus


whom acts as the court president. Supreme Court Judges are appointed by the President of the Republic on the recommendation of the Supreme Court and retire at the age of 68. Due to the constitutional crisis of 1963 and the Turkish invasion of 1974, the judicial system deviates from the system set forth in the Constitution. The Supreme Court has absorbed the responsibilities of the Constitutional Supreme Court and the High Court and therefore acts as the ultimate authority in civil, criminal, administrative, and constitutional matters. This allows the court to rule
20208496
Supreme Court of the Czech Republic


The Supreme Court of the Czech Republic ("") is the court of highest appeal for almost all legal cases heard in the Czech Republic. As set forth in the Constitution of the Czech Republic, however, cases of constitutionality, administrative law and political jurisdiction are heard by other courts. Along with the Supreme Administrative and Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court forms a triumvirate of courts at the summit of the Czech judiciary. It is situated on Burešova Street 20, Brno. The Supreme Court sits in panels consisting of a
7147924
Food and Fuel Control Act


consequences the next year when Palmer's attempts to deport radicals were frustrated by the Department of Labor. Palmer used the Act again in April 1919 against 38 of the leaders of a walkout by railroad workers. The amended Act's attempt to limit profits was found unconstitutional in February 1920 by a federal court that found its language "vague, indefinite, and uncertain." The Supreme Court struck down the provisions of the Act that allowed the Food Administrator to set maximum prices and fine those who violated the levels he set in 1921
17076995
Appointment and confirmation to the Supreme Court of the United States


justice, died. This vacancy was filled by current chief justice John Roberts. Less commonly, though with historical precedent, vacancies may occur as a result of Congress changing the size of the Court. Because the Constitution does not specify the Court's size, it was left to Congress to determine the matter through law, and a small number of statutes have legally changed the size of the Court throughout its history. Changing the Court's size can have the effect of changing the seats on the Court; a newly created seat
1216582
White people


classification that was used in parts of the United States. It is a colloquial term for a set of laws passed by 18 U.S. states between 1910 and 1931, many as a consequence of "Plessy v. Ferguson", a Supreme Court decision that upheld the concept of racial segregation by accepting a "separate but equal" argument. The set of laws was finally declared unconstitutional in 1967, when the Supreme Court ruled on anti-miscegenation laws while hearing "Loving v. Virginia", which also found that Virginia's Racial Integrity
4637375
Subramanian Swamy


dismissed by the Delhi High Court on 17 January 2012. The court refused to give any direction to the Election Commission to bring back paper-ballot system or use of printed receipts. The Commission argued that the use of paper is not feasible due to the huge size of Indian electorate. The court further asked the Election Commission to "immediately begin a process of wider consultations" and the Parliament "to go into this question in depth and decide". On 22 January 2013 the Election Commission informed the Supreme Court that it
15319186
Article Three of the United States Constitution


Vesting Clauses of Article One and Article Two, Article Three's Vesting Clause establishes the separation of powers between the three branches of government. Section 1 authorizes the creation of inferior courts, but does not require it; the first inferior federal courts were established shortly after the ratification of the Constitution with the Judiciary Act of 1789. Section 1 also establishes that federal judges do not face term limits, and that an individual judge's salary may not be decreased. Article Three does not set the size of the Supreme Court or establish
12968348
Kohn v. McNulta


action was made out against the receiver, set aside the verdict of the jury, and dismissed the petition. The intervenor appealed to the Supreme Court. The Court held that a person should not receive compensation for injuries sustained when he is experienced in his work and there is no evidence of negligence or extenuating circumstances. Kohn had argued that the Company was negligent in exposing Kohn to cars that were different from the ones he was used to handling. The Court disagreed, reasoning that he was a mature and experienced man who should
21440005
Al Odah v. United States


Circuit Court for D.C. and gave authority over these cases to the CSRT and military commission system set up by the Department of Defense. In January 2006, government lawyers moved to dismiss pending habeas cases, arguing that the DTA should be applied retroactively. The affected cases included "Al Odah" and "Boumediene" at the US circuit court level, and "Hamdan v. Rumsfeld" at the level of the Supreme Court. On June 29, 2006, the Supreme Court ruled in "Hamdan" that the DTA cannot be
14602149
Public Education in Mississippi


The Mississippi Board of Education has nine appointed members, and they appoint the State Superintendent of Education who sets educational policies and oversees the Mississippi Department of Education. The Mississippi Governor appoints one member of the Board of Education from Mississippi's Northern Supreme Court District, one from the Central Supreme Court District, one from the Southern Supreme Court District, one employed school administrator, and one employed public school teacher. The Lieutenant Governor appoints two members-at-large, and the Speaker of the Mississippi House of Representatives appoints two members
5948342
Gallery of United States Supreme Court composition templates


The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest ranking judicial body in the United States. Established by Article III of the Constitution, the detailed structure of the Court was laid down by the 1st United States Congress in 1789. Congress, through the Judiciary Act of 1789, specified the Court's original and appellate jurisdiction, created 13 judicial districts, and fixed the initial size of the Supreme Court at six members. The number of justices on the Court changed several times over the ensuing 80 years. The Judiciary Act of
19848126
New Mexico Supreme Court


, the New Mexico Supreme Court announced that it would assume oversight of pro bono legal work for the poor by setting up committees in court districts across New Mexico. This had been recommended by a report on equal access to justice that was authored by a court-appointed panel. The Supreme Court hears appeals from lower courts, typically those on appeal from the New Mexico Court of Appeals. The Supreme Court also hears direct appeals from trial courts in the three circumstances: The Supreme Court also has jurisdiction over challenged elections, and
16246548
English law


Council in London. For a long period, the British Dominions used London's Privy Council as their final appeal court, although one by one they eventually established their local supreme court. New Zealand was the last Dominion to abandon the Privy Council, setting up its own Supreme Court in 2004. Even after independence, many former British colonies in the Commonwealth continued to use the Privy Council, as it offered a readily available high-grade service. In particular, several Caribbean island nations found the Privy Council advantageous. Britain is
5142717
List of Justices of the Idaho Supreme Court


Following is a list of Justices of the Idaho Supreme Court. Idaho was made a territory on March 4, 1863, and the first justices of the Territorial Supreme Court were appointed by President Abraham Lincoln. Following statehood in 1890, the state constitution provided for three justices. By an amendment in 1919, the number was increased and fixed at five, composed of a chief justice and four associate justices, which commenced in January 1921 and remains the present size of the court. The first female justice on the court was Linda
14424156
Federal Corrupt Practices Act


disclosure to the public, and it set no penalties for failure to comply. The law did not regulate total contributions, which encouraged parties and donors to set up multiple committees and make multiple donations, all under $100, to evade the law's limits. Enforcement was left up to Congress, which rarely acted. The US Supreme Court upheld the reporting requirements in "Burroughs v. U.S." 290 U.S. 534 (1934). In 1941, the Supreme Court, in "United States v. Classic," 313 U.S. 299
3179608
Racial quota


be set instead. A 1979 Supreme Court case, "United Steelworkers v. Weber", found that private employers could set rigid numerical quotas, if they chose to do so. In 1980, the Supreme Court found that a 10% racial quota for federal contractors was permitted. Then in 1991, President George H. W. Bush made an attempt to abolish affirmative action altogether, maintaining that "any regulation, rule, enforcement practice or other aspect of these programs that mandates, encourages, or otherwise involves the use of quotas,
4861205
Arizona


One is based in Phoenix, consists of sixteen judges, and has jurisdiction in the Western and Northern regions of the state, along with the greater Phoenix area. Division Two is based in Tucson, consists of six judges, and has jurisdiction over the Southern regions of the state, including the Tucson area. Judges are selected in a method similar to the one used for state supreme court justices. Each county of Arizona has a superior court, the size and organization of which are varied and generally depend on the size of
21763208
Greenhouse effect (United States Supreme Court)


The Greenhouse Effect is a theory of Supreme Court justices' behavior, first proposed by Hoover Institution economist Thomas Sowell and popularized by D.C. Court of Appeals Senior Judge Laurence Silberman in a speech to The Federalist Society in 1992. Here, the word "Greenhouse" refers to Linda Greenhouse, a Pulitzer Prize winning reporter who covered the Supreme Court for the "New York Times" for 40 years. Silberman used the term to postulate a tendency of conservative Supreme Court Justices to vote with the liberals more often as their careers progress due
16219326
Rancho Bolsa de Tomales


back to the District Court for re-examination. The District Court again confirmed the grant, a group of squatters who had been living on the ranch appealed the decision and the case went back to US Supreme Court. The US Supreme Court found "the production of a fraudulent and false certificate of approval signed by the governor and secretary who signed the grant and proved by the same witnesses in the same way that the grant was proved, affords (in the absence of explanatory evidence,) strong ground for believing all the
19899093
Cooper v. Aaron


, it was constitutionally impermissible under the Equal Protection Clause to maintain law and order by depriving the black students of their equal rights under the law. More importantly, the Court held that since the Supremacy Clause of Article VI made the US Constitution the supreme law of the land and "Marbury v. Madison" (1803) made the Supreme Court the final interpreter of the Constitution, the precedent set forth in "Brown v. Board of Education" is the supreme law of the land and is therefore binding on all the states,
492463
Judicial panel


A judicial panel is a set of judges who sit together to hear a cause of action, most frequently an appeal from a ruling of a trial court judge. Panels are used in contrast to single-judge appeals, and hearings, which involves all of the judges of that court. Most national supreme courts sit as panels. In the United States, most federal appellate cases are heard by three-judge panels. The governing statute, 28 U.S.C. § 46(c), provides: Cases and controversies shall be heard and determined
21260208
Supreme Court of Pakistan


drafting the second set of the Constitution of Pakistan which incorporated the liberal ideas with the important Islamic provisions. In 1960, President Ayub Khan appointed Justice Alvin Robert Cornelius who took much liberal approach in his jurisprudence when deciding cases on fundamental rights against the executive overreach. Justice Cornelius led Supreme Court's verdicts on many constitutional cases were carefully sided with the Islamic ideas but provided much broader role of liberal ideas to safeguard the fundamental rights ordinary citizens while being critical of the state emergency. In 1968, the Supreme Court greatly divided when
11184648
M.L.B. v. S.L.J.


, only criminal cases. The case was then brought to the Supreme Court, where M.L.B. held that an inability to pay court fees should not be decisive of something as precious as parental rights. She used the guidelines set out in the due process and equal protection clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment to fight her case. The Supreme Court decided in the petitioner's favor and stated that in matters regarding parental rights, a court may not stop a party from appealing the case based on financial means. Because this ruling extended "in
20521624
National Socialist Party of America v. Village of Skokie


the Village's ordinance was declared unconstitutional, first by the district court and then by divided vote of the Seventh Circuit court of appeals. Over a published dissent by Justice Blackmun (joined by Justice White) giving a detailed history of the case and an overview of the issues involved, the U.S. Supreme Court denied further review. In the summer of 1978, in response to the Supreme Court's decision, some Holocaust survivors set up a museum on the Main Street of Skokie to commemorate those who had died in the concentration camps
4198001
Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins


by simply moving to another state or reincorporating there (if a party was a corporation). In the worst cases a party who had lost in the state supreme court would simply begin all over again in federal courts; since the federal district court had its "own" set of common law rules, it could hold it was not bound by the state supreme court ruling. This practice was mentioned in dissent by Justice Holmes in "Brown and Yellow Taxicab". The facts of "Erie" itself were an example of
4599078
Willard W. Miles


chairman of the House Judiciary Committee. Miles served in the Vermont House until 1905, when he was appointed as an Associate Justice of the Vermont Supreme Court. He served until 1906, when a newly-enacted law reduced the size of the court and eliminated his seat. When his position on the Supreme Court was eliminated, Miles was appointed a judge of the Vermont Superior Court. He served in this position until 1917, when he was again appointed to the state Supreme Court. He served as an Associate Justice until 1923
16060081
Supreme court


statutory private jurisdictions, such as professional and academic bodies. (The Constitutional Reform Act also renamed the "Supreme Court of Judicature of Northern Ireland" to the Court of Judicature, and the rarely cited "Supreme Court of Judicature for England and Wales" as the Senior Courts of England and Wales). The Supreme Court was set up in 2009; until then the House of Lords was the ultimate court in addition to being a legislative body, and the Lord Chancellor, with legislative and executive functions, was also a senior
13163886
General Dynamics Corp. v. United States


1.45 billion. Boeing, which had merged with McDonnell Douglas, and General Dynamics vowed to appeal the ruling. In September 2010, the U.S. Supreme Court said it would hear the arguments of the two companies that the government canceled the project improperly and that the use of a state secrets claim by the U.S. prevented them from mounting an effective defense. In May 2011, the Supreme Court set aside the Appeals Court decision and returned the case to federal circuit court. The court unanimously held that "when litigation would end up disclosing
2186804
Supreme Court of Fiji


Supreme Court are binding on all subordinate courts. At its own discretion, the Supreme Court may review any judgement or decision that it has previously rendered. Section 123 authorised the President of Fiji, on the advice of the Cabinet, to ask the Supreme Court to rule on actual or potential disagreements pertaining to the Constitution. The Supreme Court is required to pronounce its opinion in open court. The Supreme Court consists of the Chief Justice, who is also the President of the Supreme Court, all Justices of Appeal (who are
3933891
SEC v. Chenery Corp. (1943)


Securities and Exchange Commission v. Chenery Corporation, 318 U.S. 80 (1943), is a United States Supreme Court case. It is often referred to as Chenery I, as four years later the case was before the Supreme Court a second time in Chenery II. Chenery I set out what is known as the "Chenery" Doctrine, a basic principle of U.S. administrative law that an agency may not defend an administrative decision on new grounds not set forth by the agency in its original decision. The respondents, who were officers
18101509
Faisalabad Three


Faisalabad is the home of Salafi University, a religious institution, supported by donations, that provides free room and board to international students — a number of these have been captured on suspicion of being tied to terrorism. In the summer of 2006 the United States Supreme Court ruled that the United States President lacked the constitutional authority to set up military commissions. The Supreme Court ruled that only the United States Congress had the authority to set up military commissions. All ten captives who had faced charges before the Presidentially authorized military commissions had
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