who established the first deaf school in america
Indiana School for the Deaf


Indiana School for the Deaf (ISD) is a fully accredited school for the deaf and hard of hearing, located in Indianapolis, Indiana. It won the best deaf school in America in 2011 and 2014 When the first school for the Deaf was established in Indiana, it was not called Indiana School for the Deaf. It was named Willard School, after the founder, William Willard. William Willard was a deaf teacher who taught at Ohio School for the Deaf in Columbus, Ohio. He traveled to Indianapolis in May 1843
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Overbrook School for the Blind


The Overbrook School for the Blind was established in 1832 in Overbrook, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. They produced the first embossed book in America, the Gospel of Mark and the first magazine for the blind. It is one of four approved charter schools—along with the Pennsylvania School for the Deaf, the Western Pennsylvania School for Blind Children, the Western Pennsylvania School for the Deaf—in Pennsylvania for blind and deaf children. It was established in March 1832 by Julius Reinhold Friedlander (1803–1839), a German who had recently come
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William Willard (deaf educator)


considered the "Father of Deaf Education" in America. After he graduated, he taught at a school for the deaf in Columbus, Ohio, which was called Ohio School for the Deaf. There, he met Eliza Young, who was also deaf and a teacher, and married her. Eventually, the both of them traveled to Indianapolis, Indiana, and William proposed the establishment of a school for the Deaf. He and Eliza traveled throughout the state of Indiana on horseback, recruiting potential deaf students in order to form
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Kathmandu Association of the Deaf


Kathmandu Association of the Deaf (or KAD) is a non-governmental organization representing the deaf of Kathmandu, and is a member association of the National Federation of the Deaf Nepal. It is the first such association to be established, and in fact the first association of any kind in Nepal established by disabled people themselves and run under their own leadership and management. 13 young Kathmandu deaf (the first group of students who finished what was to become the Naxal School for the Deaf) established the Deaf Development Club, which
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Clerc Classic


seven years and was rewarded with the position of assistant teacher, in charge of the highest class at the Institution. He eventually moved up as teacher. An event happened in 1816 during Clerc’s eight year of teaching which changed his life forever. He met a young idealist from America, Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet, who was searching for an educational system for the Deaf. Gallaudet then observed Clerc working with students during numerous situations. Gallaudet ultimately asked Clerc to help him established the first school for the Deaf in America. Clerc accepted
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American Sign Language literature


Schools for Deaf children, known as Deaf institutes, are typically the environment in which Deaf children are introduced to their community’s culture, including ASL Literature. The first such institute, the American School for the Deaf (ASD) in Hartford, CT was established in 1817 by Thomas Gallaudet and Laurent Clerc (then called the American Asylum for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb). Since ASD was established as a residential school, the Deaf students who lived there created a new linguistic community as local, regional sign languages
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Naxal School for the Deaf


Naxal School for the Deaf (Nepali: ) is the first school for the deaf established in the (then) Kingdom of Nepal. It was originally established in 1966 in a room in a local hospital by an ENT doctor, but soon moved to its current site in Bal Mandir. Originally, the teaching philosophy was oralist, and when it was first established there was an American Peace Corps volunteer who provided auditory and speech training. A Total Communication approach was adopted starting in 1988. Although the current stated methodology is Bilingualism
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Kansas State School for the Deaf


The Kansas School For the Deaf, is a K-12 school, located in downtown Olathe, Kansas. In 1866, it became the first school for the deaf established in the state of Kansas, and today it remains the largest. Originally named the "Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb", the name has been changed several times to conform to prevailing sensibilities about deafness. Students and staff often refer to the school as "KSD." The school was founded in 1861 by Phillip A. Emery, a deaf person who had
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History of deaf education in the United States


the American School for the Deaf, in 1817. Gallaudet was the director, and Clerc was the first deaf teacher in America. Alice Cogswell was one of the first seven students. For most of the remainder of the century, education of deaf children using sign language, a practice known as manualism, continued to grow. Approximately forty percent of all teachers were deaf. More than thirty schools for the deaf were opened, the majority of which were manual. William Willard was the first deaf superintendent in America and founded Indiana
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History of Nova Scotia


North America. It commemorates the Siege of Sevastopol (1854–1855). The first school for the deaf in Atlantic Canada, the Halifax School for the Deaf, was established on Göttingen St., Halifax (1856). The Halifax School for the Blind was opened on Morris Street in 1871. It was the first residential school for the blind in Canada. Nova Scotians also participated in the Indian Mutiny. Two of the most famous were William Hall (VC) and Sir John Eardley Inglis, both of whom participated in the Siege
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Clerc Classic


. Their efforts paid off with the establishment of the first school for the Deaf in Hartford, Connecticut on April 15, 1817. Clerc taught there for the next 41 years providing lessons in sign language and teacher training. Clerc married a former pupil, Elizabeth Broadman, and fathered four children. Clerc died on July 18, 1869. Deaf people's lives nowadays would not have been possible without Laurent Clerc. As the first Deaf teacher in America, he contributed greatly towards the development of American Sign Language and deaf education.
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Virginia School for the Deaf and the Blind


The Virginia School for the Deaf and the Blind, located in Staunton, Virginia, United States, is an institution for educating deaf and blind children, first established in 1839 by an act of the Virginia General Assembly. The school accepts children aged between 2 and 22 and provides residential accommodation for those students aged 5 and over who live outside a 35-mile radius of the school The Virginia Institution for the Deaf, Dumb and Blind, as it was originally named, was first opened in Staunton by the State of Virginia in 1839
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Deaf education in Kenya


for the deaf in Kenya to Dr. Andrew Jackson Foster. Dr. Foster did not establish any schools or churches for the deaf in Kenya. Dr. Foster's work was mainly concentrated in West Africa. In Kenya, Schools for the deaf were started by religious bodies, both Christian and Muslim.. The first school for the deaf in Kenya was Aga Khan in Mombasa started in 1958. Mumias School for the Deaf and Nyangoma School for the deaf were both established by the Catholic church in 1961, followed by Kambui School for the Deaf
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Laurent Clerc


visit the school in Paris. Then in 1816, after a few months with Clerc at the school, Gaulladet invited Clerc to accompany him to the United States. During the trip across the ocean, Clerc learned English from Gallaudet, and Gallaudet learned sign language from Clerc. After arriving in America they worked together to establish the first permanent school for the Deaf in Hartford, Connecticut, which is now known as the American School for the Deaf. Laurent Clerc died at the age of 83 at his home in Hartford. The
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Tokyo School for the Deaf


The , now called the Central School for the Deaf, was the first Deaf educational program to be established in the eastern capital during the Meiji period. The Tokyo School for the Deaf was established in 1880. Initially, the school adopted a manual teaching method, despite international trends towards oralism. In 1915, alumni of the Tokyo School for the Deaf founded the Japanese Association of the Deaf. This organization was the precursor of the Japanese Federation of the Deaf. By the 1930s, the institution had grown to include an elementary
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SMK Pendidikan Khas Persekutuan


establishment of a school for the deaf. In 1954, the Federation School for the Deaf officially opened its doors at No. 47, Northam Road, George Town, Penang. It was the first school for the deaf in Malaya, and offered primary education to deaf students. R.P. Bingham, the Resident Commissioner of Penang, supported the establishment and became the first Chairman of the Board of Governors. Miss J. M. Hickes was appointed as the first principal of the school. At the beginning, the school housed only seven students
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Nepali Sign Language


Nepalese Sign Language may have originated in the first school for the deaf in Nepal, established in Kathmandu in 1966 by an ENT doctor. The school was later moved to a children's home in Naxal. The aim of the school was to teach speech therapy to deaf children to have them learn to speak. Even so, deaf people who went to the school at this time recall using signs with each other during and after school. The oral policy continued until the arrival of the Patricia Ross, who tried to have total
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Herzen University


the house. It was a college for the deaf, the first educational establishment for disabled children in Russia. Here, the first Russian pedagogues for deaf children were educated and their first works on the subject were created. In 1864, a pedagogical seminary was created for countryside students who were to become teachers of public schools and colleges. Four years later, a women's college was established that granted specialisations of a fully trained nurse, village school and kindergarten children. This set the basis for Russian pre-school education.
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History of deaf education in the United States


William Albert, drove his father's desire to create a school for the deaf in America. William Bolling met John Braidwood, a descendant of Thomas Braidwood, after he arrived in America in 1812. Bolling invited Braidwood to stay in his home as Braidwood sorted out a more permanent living arrangement. Braidwood discussed with Bolling his desire to open a school similar to the Braidwood Academy in America. After many setbacks, the Cobbs School was established in 1815. It closed about a year and a half later, in the fall of
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Indiana School for the Deaf


to propose the establishment of a Deaf School. Once he had the support of the General Assembly, he recruited approximately twelve students. He and his wife, Eliza, were teachers. Eventually, the school had grown and a law which was passed in January 1846, officially established the Willard School as the sixth state school for the Deaf and the first Deaf school to provide free education to Deaf and hard of hearing students. The school had actually moved a few times in different locations, when finally, the school was built
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Deaf-community sign language


A deaf-community sign language is a sign language that emerges when deaf people who do not have a common language come together and form a community. This may be a formal situation, such as the establishment of a school for the deaf, or informal, such as migration to cities for employment and the subsequent gathering of deaf people for social purposes. An example of the first is Nicaraguan Sign Language, which emerged when deaf children in Nicaragua were brought together for the first time, and received only oral education; of
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The Learning Center for the Deaf


deaf and hard of hearing students. As the first school for the deaf in Massachusetts to use an bilingual approach of education focusing on both ASL and English, the TLC deviated from the "oral method" of education. During the 1970s, the school created a student-centered curriculum with "open classroom" formats. An initial enrollment of 22 students quickly grew and the school expanded in 1975, with the addition of a preschool program, in 1978, with the establishment of a special needs program for deaf children who have
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Deaf culture


to the entertainment, visual and media arts fields for individuals who are deaf or hard-of-hearing. Daily Moth was established by Alex Abenchuchan in 2017 to make the news accessible for Deaf ASL users. In the United States, the Cobbs School, a deaf school in Virginia, was established in 1815. This school lasted only one and half years due to financial setbacks. American Deaf Community recounts the story of Laurent Clerc, a deaf educator, coming to the United States from France in 1817 to help found the
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Kentucky School for the Deaf


The Kentucky School for the Deaf (KSD), located in Danville, Kentucky, United States, is a school that provides education to deaf and hard-of-hearing children from elementary through high school levels. KSD was established as the Kentucky Asylum for the Tuition of the Deaf and Dumb on April 10, 1823. It was the first state-supported school of its kind in the United States and the first school for the deaf west of the Allegheny Mountains. The deaf were a special concern of General Elias Barbee
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History of deaf education in the United States


instructors who were deaf in many schools for the deaf. In America one of the biggest debates the deaf community had with the institutions was whether to hire more instructors who were deaf instead of hearing. Part of the reason why parents of students who are deaf wanted instructors who were deaf was to allow their children to have a role model, by allowing more instructors who were deaf allowing their children to see a possible future for themselves through their instructors. The almost exclusive use of the pure oral method in deaf education continued well
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Oklahoma School for the Deaf


started a school for deaf children in Guthrie,then the capital of Oklahoma Territory. After the two territories merged to become the state of Oklahoma, in 1907, the Oklahoma School for the Deaf (OSD) was established in Sulphur, Oklahoma. In 1908, classes were held in rented buildings and hotels in the Sulphur business district. Edna Patch was the first graduate of this school in Oklahoma, class of 1907. She later became the first deaf employee of the Oklahoma School for the Deaf. Construction of new school buildings
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Laurent Clerc


Louis Laurent Marie Clerc (; 26 December 1785 – 18 July 1869) was a French teacher called "The Apostle of the Deaf in America" and was regarded as the most renowned deaf person in American Deaf History. He was taught by Abbe Sicard and deaf educator Jean Massieu, at the Institution Nationale des Sourds-Muets in Paris. With Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet, he co-founded the first school for the deaf in North America, the Asylum for the Education and Instruction of the Deaf and Dumb, on April 15,
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West Tennessee School for the Deaf


West Tennessee School For the Deaf (WTSD) is a public state-operated elementary school serving deaf students ages two through thirteen. It is an agency of the Division of Special Schools of the Tennessee State Department of Education. It is located in Jackson, Tennessee. As of 2005 the school has about 60 students, who originate from West Tennessee. Prior to the school's establishment, the Tennessee School for the Deaf was the only school for deaf children in Tennessee. In 1972 James McKinney, the speaker of the Tennessee
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Somali Sign Language


Somali Sign Language (SSL) refers to sign language used by the deaf community in Somalia. In the 1980s a school for the deaf was established in the Somali Kenyan town of Wajir by Annalena Tonelli. Students there became fluent in Kenyan Sign Language. In 1997, three graduates from Wajir helped establish the first school for the deaf in Somalia called the Annalena School for the Deaf named after the late Annalena Tonelli, in Borama. One of the teachers at Boroma soon founded a school in Djibouti, and, with a bit
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Detroit Day School for the Deaf


Detroit Day School for the Deaf (DDSD) was a public school for deaf students in Detroit, Michigan for grades Pre-Kindergarten through 8. It was a part of Detroit Public Schools. At the school, the main mode of communication was American Sign Language. When it operated, the school had an early intervention program for children who were hard of hearing and deaf; the program served 300 children. The school was established in 1893. At the time, the common practice in American education was to send deaf children
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Auslan


Deaf immigrants who founded the first schools for the Deaf in Australia — English varieties (from London) in Melbourne and Scottish ones (from Edinburgh) in Sydney, although the relationship between lexical variation in the UK and Australia appears much more complicated than this (some Auslan signs appear similar to signs used in the Newcastle variety of BSL, for example). Before schools were established elsewhere, Deaf children attended one of these two initial schools, and brought signs back to their own states. As schools opened up in each state
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Carol Padden


. As a child, she was reared in Deaf culture: the people with whom she and her family socialized attended both Deaf schools and Deaf clubs. Padden is married to Tom Humphries, who is also Deaf and has co-authored several books with her. She also has one child of her own who is not deaf. "Deaf in America: Voices from A Culture" was a pioneer in Deaf Studies. This book's goal was to "write about people in a new and different way." Padden and
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Family Educational Services Foundation


children of school age – the majority of whom suffer from no educational opportunities. The Deaf Reach Program was established in Pakistan in 1998, initially working informally with deaf youth and young adults. The first Deaf Reach School was established by FESF in Karachi in 2005, and the program has grown rapidly to where there are now seven Deaf Reach Schools and Training Centers located in Karachi, Hyderabad, Sukkur, Nawabshah, and Lahore, with a new large campus in Rashidabad, Tando Allahyar. These schools are providing free education and training
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South Carolina School for the Deaf and Blind


The South Carolina School for the Deaf and the Blind is a school in Spartanburg, South Carolina, United States. It was founded in 1849 by the Reverend Newton Pinckney Walker as a private school for students who were deaf. The School for the Blind was established in 1855, and the school became state funded in 1856. The School for the Multihandicapped was established in 1977, and the school began providing outreach services in the mid 1980s. Walker Hall was designed by noted Charleston architect Edward C. Jones and built about 1857-
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Samuel Thomas Greene


Samuel Thomas Greene (June 11, 1843 – February 17, 1890) was a Deaf American educator and Ontario's first Deaf teacher in 1870 at the Ontario Institution for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb, which later changed to Sir James Whitney School of the Deaf in Belleville, Ontario, Canada. He was born in 1843 in Portland, Maine and attended to America's first Deaf school in Hartford, Connecticut. Samuel Thomas Green was born on June 11, 1843 in Portland, Maine to hearing parents, Jacob and
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Manualism


Manualism is a method of education of deaf students using sign language within the classroom. Manualism arose in the late 18th century with the advent of free public schools for the deaf in Europe. These teaching methods were brought over to the United States where the first school for the deaf was established in 1817. Today manualism methods are used in conjunction with oralism methods in the majority of American deaf schools. The first manual schools were in Paris, France. Abbe de l’Épée, a Catholic priest, encountered two teenage deaf girls while
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Beverly School for the Deaf


Beverly School for the Deaf (Official name: The Children’s Center for Communication/Beverly School for the Deaf (CCCBSD) ) is a school, established in 1876, for students from birth to age twenty-two who are Deaf, Hard-of-Hearing and/or have cochlear implants by providing language that is visually accessible via American Sign Language, written English, speech, and AAC/Assistive Technology. The school also serves students who have language issues caused by conditions such as Autism Spectrum Disorder, Pervasive Developmental Disorders,
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Management of hearing loss


is speaking, whereas a CART system will be preferred for situations where there is a lot of classroom discussion. For those students who are completely Deaf, one of the most common interventions is having the child communicate with a Teacher of Deaf and others through an interpreter using sign language. Deaf school is where all Deaf/Hard of Hearing students enroll together, the usage of sign language at school is regularly. The Deaf schools refers to a school system established by government-sponsored to incorporate Deaf/Hard of Hearing students into
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Deaf education in Kenya


Wajir built the Annalena School for the Deaf in Borama, Somali. It was the first school for the deaf ever to be built in Somalia. It was in this school that Somali Sign Language began. Beatrice Anunda established the Humble Hearts School in Kenya in September 2003. It used both KSL and English, making it the first bilingual deaf school in Kenya. Anunda learned KSL from the KSL Research Project of the University of Nairobi. Recently, the Kenyan Piping Company bulldozed the school, though the government claimed it was an
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Halifax School for the Deaf


or George Tait (1828-1904), another deaf Scot, who claimed to have been the driving force behind the establishment of the school. Gray was sacked in 1870 for being intoxicated and for threatening pupils with violence. The first principal of the school was James Scott Hutton, who remained with the school 34 years. William Cunard (son of Sir Samuel Cunard) eventually built a school, which was completed in 1896 and was attended by 90 students. Following the Halifax Explosion, the main building was temporarily closed for
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History of deaf education in the United States


trained in oralism, and agree to keep the teaching methods of the school a secret; Gallaudet refused this. He attended a lecture in France by Abbé Sicard showcasing two successful pupils of Paris' National Institution for Deaf-Mutes, Jean Massieu and Laurent Clerc. Gallaudet spent several months at the school, and he convinced Clerc, a thirty-year-old assistant teacher, to return with him to Hartford, Connecticut. Back in America, they established the Connecticut Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb, which was later named
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Nepali Sign Language


communication introduced into the school in 1985. In 1980, 13 young Kathmandu deaf established the Deaf Welfare Association. This was the first association of any type established by disabled themselves and run under their own leadership & management. Later the name of the organization was changed to Kathmandu Association of the Deaf (KAD). One of the chief goals of KAD was social reform of deaf people with an effort to promote and further develop sign language. At the time sign language was still banned in the deaf school; however, KAD
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Florida School for the Deaf and Blind


one of the few states that had not made provision for the education of children who were deaf/hard of hearing or who had visual impairments. Coleman wrote Governor William D. Bloxham and he replied favorably toward the establishment of such a school. As their correspondence continued, the sum of $20,000 was reached as a minimum appropriation to start the school. In 1883, Florida´s legislature established an institution for the blind and deaf children for two years at $20,000. They requested bids from towns in the state for the location for
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Royal Institute for Deaf and Blind Children


Scottish immigrant Thomas Pattison, who was the school's first teacher. Located at 152 Liverpool St Sydney, the school was originally named the "Deaf and Dumb Institution of New South Wales". From its early days it was open to all deaf children, though many were turned away for lack of resources. Sydney was still a young city at the time, with only 80,000 inhabitants; the University of Sydney had been established a mere ten years prior and public education was in its infancy. The school began to take in
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Emma Garrett


children who entered the school were either born deaf or lost their hearing before acquiring speech, which left Garrett a difficult task of teaching them language. Garrett established this school to be in constant communication and contact with these children from the time they woke up until the time they went to sleep, much like a current boarding school technique, but just for deaf students. Garrett saw the ideal world for a deaf child as 'never having to see another deaf child', leading to her creation and establishment of the Pennsylvania Oral
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Tennessee School for the Deaf


The Tennessee School for the Deaf is a state-operated residential and day school for deaf and hard-of-hearing students ranging from pre-kindergarten to grade 12 and also includes a post-secondary transition program. It is located in Knoxville, Tennessee within the historic Island Home Park neighborhood. The school was established in 1844 as the Tennessee Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb. The first students were enrolled in 1845. The Tennessee School for the Deaf is a part of the Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Association. It fields
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Iowa School for the Deaf


Iowa School for the Deaf is a pre-K to 12th grade school for deaf and hard-of-hearing students located in Council Bluffs, Iowa. It serves students who live in Iowa or Nebraska. The founders of Iowa School for the Deaf were Edmund Booth (1810–1905) and William E. Ijams (1830–1893). In 1854 Ijams opened a private school for the deaf in Iowa City. Following political activity by both men, a public institution was established on January 24, 1855 with the passage of Senate File No
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Ken Testi


working with local musicians until 1974 when he met members of a band from Liverpool College of Art who had taken their name from the building where they rehearsed – Deaf School. Deaf School became the spark that ignited a creative, musical explosion in Liverpool which had seen scant original musical output since The Beatles. During two years of tour management with Deaf School, Testi formed an alliance with Roger Eagle. The two first met in the 1960s at the Magic Village in Manchester. Together they established Eric's Club in Mathew Street,
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Mahant Gurbanta Das School for Deaf & Dumb


Mahant Gurbanta Das School for Deaf & Dumb, also referred to as the MGD School for Deaf & Dumb, is a school for deaf and dumb children in the city of Bathinda in the Panjab. It is run by the District Red Cross Society of Bathinda, and Maninder Kaur is the current principal of the school. Panjabi is the first language of the school. Established in 1999, the school has a total strength of 178 students, including 75 girls. Affiliated with the Punjab School Education Board, the school provides education
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Auslan


and was known as a good storyteller in sign language. Thirty-five years later, in 1860, a school for the Deaf was established by another Deaf Scotsman, Thomas Pattison — the Royal Institute for Deaf and Blind Children in New South Wales. In Victoria just a few weeks later, the Victorian College for the Deaf was founded by a Deaf Englishman, Frederick J Rose, who had been educated at the Old Kent Road School in London. These schools and others had an enormous role in the development of Auslan,
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American School for the Deaf


The American School for the Deaf (ASD) is the oldest permanent school for the deaf in the United States. It was founded April 15, 1817, in West Hartford, Connecticut, by Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet, Dr. Mason Cogswell, and Laurent Clerc and became a state-supported school later that year. It was also the second and present site of Hubbard’s school. The first deaf school in the United States was short-lived: established in 1815 by Col. William Bolling of Goochland, Virginia, in nearby
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Deaf education in Kenya


which was started by the Presbyterian Church of East Africa (PCEA) in 1963. There then followed a number of schools established by churches, these included Tumu Tumu School for the Deaf in 1970 established by the PCEA, the Methodist Church also started Kaaga School for the Deaf, and the Anglican Church started Maseno School for the Deaf. Another school for the deaf - Kapsabet School for the Deaf was started by the African Inland Church. All these were pioneer schools by their respective churches long before Andrew Foster visited Kenya for the
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Halifax School for the Deaf


The Halifax School for the Deaf (The Deaf and Dumb Institution, Halifax) was an institution in Halifax, Nova Scotia that opened on August the 4th, 1856. It was the first school of the deaf in Atlantic Canada. (The Halifax School for the Blind was opened on Morris Street in 1871.) There was later a dispute over who the true founder was, William Gray (1806-1881), a deaf Scottish immigrant who was the first teacher in the back room of a house in Argyle Street,
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History of deaf education in the United States


see their oral schools and who wished to model them. In 1880, an event called the Second International Congress on Education of the Deaf (which, despite the name, was actually the first) took place. The Second International Congress was an international meeting of deaf educators from at least seven countries. There were five delegates from America and around 164 delegates total in attendance. The Congress was planned and organized by a committee created by the Pereire Society, a group that was against sign language. More than half of the
18047958
Sign language


America. Deaf-community sign languages, on the other hand, arise where deaf people come together to form their own communities. These include school sign, such as Nicaraguan Sign Language, which develop in the student bodies of deaf schools which do not use sign as a language of instruction, as well as community languages such as Bamako Sign Language, which arise where generally uneducated deaf people congregate in urban centers for employment. At first, Deaf-community sign languages are not generally known by the hearing population, in many
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Louisiana School for the Deaf


The Louisiana School for the Deaf is a state school for deaf and hard-of-hearing students in Louisiana, located in Baton Rouge, the state capital. It was established in 1852 as a joint school for blind students. In 1860, its first purpose-built facility was completed and admired as an elegant monument to philanthropy. The schools were divided in 1898, and in 1908, Louisiana School for the Deaf was renamed. Construction of facilities has continued over the years. In 1978, black students were absorbed when
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Thomas Braidwood


Thomas Braidwood (1715–1806) was a Scottish educator, significant in the history of deaf education. He was the founder of Britain's first school for the deaf. The fourth child of Thomas Braidwood and Agnes Meek, Braidwood was born in 1715 at Hillhead Farm, Covington, South Lanarkshire, Scotland. Braidwood originally established himself as a writing teacher, instructing the children of the wealthy at his home in the Canongate in Edinburgh. In 1760, he accepted his first deaf pupil, Charles Shirreff (1749–1829), who later became
5250626
Black American Sign Language


others did not. After the foundation and success of the American School for the Deaf, many other institutions for the deaf were founded throughout the country. Since schools, particularly in the South, were segregated, many Southern states created separate schools or departments for Black deaf children. The first school established for Black deaf children below the Mason–Dixon line opened in the District of Columbia in 1857; it remained segregated until 1958. The last Southern state to create an institution for Black deaf children was Louisiana in 1938. Black
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Scranton State School for the Deaf


Scranton State School for the Deaf was a residential school for the deaf established in 1880 in Scranton, Pennsylvania, United States. Its students ranged in age from 3 to 18. At the end of the 2008-09 school year, the school was turned over from state management to the Western Pennsylvania School for the Deaf. The new school was renamed Scranton School for Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Children. Reverend Jacob Koehler established the school in 1880. In 1913, by authority of a state legislative act, the
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Kenyan Sign Language


profession in Kenya and to provide quality Interpretation services for Deaf Kenyans. It was established in September 2000. KSLIA is working on becoming a member of WASLI World Association of Sign Language Interpreters. Humble Hearts School in Nairobi, Kisii School for the Deaf and Kenya Christian School for the Deaf at Oyugis use KSL as the language of instruction. Humble Hearts School is Kenya's first sign bilingual school where KSL and English are taught on an equal par. Kedowa School for the Deaf in Kericho District also uses KSL for instruction, and
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History of deaf education in the United States


the deaf and dumb". Until the 1890s, deaf education in the United States was limited to children, but Lillie Eginton Warren and her assistant, Edward B. Nichie, expanded the teaching to adults. After the Congress, deaf education in America changed. Manualists, those who advocated for sign language usage, were effectively "kicked out" and replaced with teachers who used the pure oral method. Deaf teachers were removed from the profession and replaced with hearing ones. Most schools switched to the oral method or were created as
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Ijamsville, Maryland


leader, and former forty-niner named Isaac T. McComas. Other important residents of the period included a Mrs. Eliza Ijams, who was inspired by her two deaf children (Mary and Plummer III) to become involved with the Maryland School for the Deaf located in nearby Frederick City. Plummer Ijams's granddaughter, Mollie Ijams, was a member of the school's first graduating class. Another local school, the Glenellen Academy, was established in 1874 by Professor Herbert Thompson and his wife Ellen. The school's annual tuition was
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History of Halifax (former city)


-martial, the Articles of War, discipline and punishments, promotion of non-commissioned officers, military accounts and pay and messing. After Confederation, a military school was opened in Halifax to conduct officer training for cavalry, infantry and artillery. In 1870–71, Canadian militia staff replaced the British regulars who were recalled from overseas station. The first school for the deaf in Atlantic Canada, the Halifax School for the Deaf, was established on Göttingen Street, Halifax (1856). The Halifax School for the Blind was opened
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Kenyan Sign Language


] KSL is not generally used in the classrooms of Kenya's 35 residential boarding schools for deaf students, despite it being their main language, and reportedly literacy in English and Swahili is very low among the deaf community. Since the first deaf schools were established in the 1960s, the teaching staff rarely (if ever) included a deaf person, until a government program in the 1990s (spearheaded by the Kenya National Association of the Deaf) saw two deaf individuals trained and employed as teachers. However, the program is now
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Rhode Island School for the Deaf


Rhode Island School for the Deaf (RISD) is a school for deaf students in Rhode Island, United States, established in 1876. The school was founded on the initiative of the parents of Jeanie Lippitt, who became deaf due to scarlet fever when she was four years old in 1856. Her mother, Mary Ann Lippitt, taught Jeanie to communicate through lip reading and speaking. Jeanie’s father, Henry Lippitt, became governor of Rhode Island in 1875. During these years, Jeanie visited the Rhode Island State house to
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Charles-Michel de l'Épée


around the world. Laurent Clerc, a deaf pupil of the Paris school, went on to co-found the first school for the deaf in North America and brought with him the sign language that formed the basis of modern American Sign Language, including the signs of the ASL alphabet. Some deaf schools in Germany and the UK that were contemporaries of the Abbé de l'Épée's Paris School used an oralist approach emphasising speech and lip reading, in contrast to his belief in manualism. Their methods were closely guarded secrets, and
9711139
Pedro Ponce de León


Dom Pedro Ponce de Leon, O.S.B., (1520–1584) was a Spanish Benedictine monk who is often credited as being "the first teacher for the deaf". Ponce de Leon established a school for the deaf at the San Salvador Monastery in Oña. His students were almost all children of wealthy aristocrats who could afford private tutoring. His work with deaf children focused on helping them to learn how to speak language audibly. He also instructed children in writing and in simple gestures. Ponce de Leon is not known to have developed
14729784
Texas School for the Deaf


support themselves because the school was unable to pay salaries to the teachers. Around 1868 the school was renamed to the Texas Deaf and Dumb Institution. Around that time the law regarding who appoints the superintendent changed; now the governor of Texas had the power to directly appoint the superintendent. In 1871 the name was changed to Texas Institution for the Deaf and Dumb. A State of Printing office was established at the TSD in 1876. The institution's name changed again to Texas Deaf and Dumb Asylum around 1877. Originally TSD only
18540844
American Sign Language


Clerc, the first teacher at ASD, taught using French Sign Language (LSF), which itself had developed in the Parisian school for the deaf established in 1755. From this situation of language contact, a new language emerged, now known as ASL. More schools for the deaf were founded after ASD, and knowledge of ASL spread to these schools. In addition, the rise of Deaf community organizations bolstered the continued use of ASL. Societies such as the National Association of the Deaf and the National Fraternal Society of the
861392
Tom Clerc


Tom Clerc is a fictional deaf superhero appearing in "Sign Gene", the world’s first film about deaf superheroes. Tom is Italian American and comes from a long lineage of deaf families ranging back to the 1800 and is descendant from Laurent Clerc, French deaf teacher that established the first deaf school in the US along with Thomas Gallaudet. For the first time deaf people were able to get together and therefore gave birth to American Sign Language, thus, Laurent Clerc is also known as the “Father of American Sign Language
16015501
Mason Fitch Cogswell


and bring back methods in instruction for the deaf. Gallaudet first traveled to England, where an oral method was generally used, but was unable to gain access to instruction methods. He then traveled to France, where the educational system instead focused on use of French Sign Language as an instructional method. He eventually traveled back with French teacher Laurent Clerc who brought French Sign Language to the United States. With their return, Cogswell assisted in the founding of the first permanent school for the deaf in North America in Hartford, Connecticut
2908088
History of deaf education in the United States


early nineteenth centuries, many wealthy colonists sent their deaf children to Europe to receive schooling. The best known deaf educational institution was the Braidwood Academy in Edinburgh, Scotland, established in 1760 by Thomas Braidwood as the "Academy for the Deaf and Dumb." The Braidwood Academy was an expensive private oral school that was very secretive about its methods, only sharing their methodology with a few select people. The Bolling family, who lived in Virginia, were the most prominent colonists to send their deaf children to the Braidwood Academy.
18047944
Old French Sign Language


Old French Sign Language is the language of the deaf community in 18th-century Paris at the time of the establishment of the first deaf schools. The earliest records of the language are in the work of the Abbé de l'Épée, who stumbled across two sisters communicating in signs and, through them, became aware of a signing community of 200 deaf Parisians. Records of the language they used are scant. Épée saw their signing as beautiful but primitive, and rather than studying or recording it, he set about developing his own
20884498
Delaware School for the Deaf


Sterck became concerned that Delaware's children had to be educated out of state as there was no school for the deaf in Delaware. Through the efforts of Sterck and others, in 1929 she opened a one-room school for seven students in Grace Church in Wilmington, Delaware. In 1930, Sterck purchased a house at 1414 Van Buren Street in Wilmington where she established a school on the first floor and private residence on the second. The school was incorporated in 1933 to become the Delaware School for Deaf Children, Inc. Sterck
6047718
Japanese Sign Language


to the Japanese Association for Sign Language Studies , the estimate number of JSL users is around 60,000 in Japan. Little is known about sign language and the deaf community before the Edo period. In 1862, the Tokugawa shogunate dispatched envoys to various European schools for the deaf but the first school for the deaf was not established until 1878 in Kyōto. Until 1948, deaf children were not required to attend school or to receive a formal education. In the second half of the 20th century, a subtle cultural change in views about
7817377
Rhode Island School for the Deaf


convince members of the General Assembly to establish a school for deaf children. Henry’s political endorsements allowed Jeanie’s wishes to come true in 1877 when the General Assembly passed a bill to found a deaf school. The Rhode Island School for the Deaf is still functioning today in 2018. 1876-1879: Providence Day School for the Deaf 1880-1888: Rhode Island School for the Deaf 1889-1892: State School for the Deaf 1895-1930: Rhode Island Institute for the Deaf 1931-present: Rhode Island School for the
557127
Gallaudet University


swell the ranks of the school. Gallaudet gave a lengthy account of his travels to Europe and was very critical of the extent to which speech is taught to deaf children in European schools for the deaf. Nevertheless, he recommended that a limited amount of speech training be afforded to deaf students in America to those who show they can benefit. His travels took him to: Doncaster, England; Birmingham, England; Manchester, England; Liverpool, England; Glasgow, Scotland; Belfast, Ireland (Belfast, Northern Ireland)
14349104
Deaf education


) was established by William Bolling and John Braidwood and the [[American School for the Deaf|Connecticut Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb]] (a [[manualism|manual]] school) was established by [[Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet]] and [[Laurent Clerc]]. When the Cobbs School closed in 1816, the manual method (which used [[American Sign Language]]) became common in deaf schools for most of the rest of the century. During the late 1800s schools began using the oral method,
10057691
American Sign Language literature


This includes works translated from English into ASL as well as original narratives.ASL stories spread across different regions in America when different Deaf institutes gathered for events, such as sports. This process allows budding storytellers to practice their craft in front of new audiences. Following their school years, Deaf community members from different schools may see each other again at Deaf community gatherings, where storytellers may be called on to perform their narratives. Despite the success of Deaf education during the first part of the 19th century, by the 1860s the
19535887
Maryland School for the Deaf


The Maryland School for the Deaf is a school that provides free public education to deaf and hard-of-hearing Maryland residents, from birth to age 21. The school was established at Frederick, Maryland in 1868 (Chapter 247, Acts of 1867; Chapter 409, Acts of 1868). The original buildings for the school were the Hessian Barracks, used during the Revolutionary War to detain Hessian mercenaries who were hired by the British. The buildings were used by Lewis and Clark to store supplies before their famous expedition began
411582
Kurdish Sign Language


Kurdish Sign Language (ZHK, from Kurdish "Zmani Hêmay Kurdi") is the deaf sign language of the Kurds of northern Iraq. There are three dialects, associated with the three Kurdish schools for the deaf in Sulaymaniyah, Erbil and Duhok. It is unintelligible with Iraqi Sign Language. ZHK may have originated with the establishment of the first Kurdish school for the deaf in Sulaymaniyah in 1982. The first teachers at that school apparently did not know Iraqi Sign Language, so it would seem that ZHK does not descend from ISL
20541436
History of deaf education in the United States


deaf people held doctorates; however, since the protest, the number of deaf people pursuing and earning advanced degrees has steadily increased. Also, schools for the deaf across America have had “mini DPNs” where students demanded deaf superintendents and senior administrators. In addition, collegiate programs were created in other countries that did not previously have them (such as Japan, Sweden, and South Africa). Deaf President Now not only affected deaf education in America, but it also affected deaf education worldwide. In 1990, cochlear implants
18047970
History of deaf education in the United States


The history of deaf education in the United States began in the early 1800s when the Cobbs School of Virginia, an oral school, was established by William Bolling and John Braidwood, and the Connecticut Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb, a manual school, was established by Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet and Laurent Clerc. When the Cobbs School closed in 1816, the manual method, which used American Sign Language, became commonplace in deaf schools for most of the remainder of the century. In the late 1800s, schools began to use the
18047942
North Dakota School for the Deaf


attend the school in Sioux Falls, South Dakota. Because of poor roads, great distances, meager railroads, and general financial inability, few of the North Dakota children could attend the South Dakota School for the Deaf. In the fall of 1889 Anson R. Spear, a deaf man from Minneapolis, Minnesota, came to North Dakota to establish a school for the deaf. Mr. Spear's political backers, Senator Swanston and Representative McCormick, introduced a bill in the Legislature for the immediate establishment for the proposed school in Devils Lake
16583258
Charles-Michel de l'Épée


his gestures rather than understanding the meaning. What distinguished the Abbé de L'Épée from educators of the deaf before him, and ensured his place in history, is that he allowed his methods and classrooms to be available to the public and other educators. As a result of his openness as much as his successes, his methods would become so influential that their mark is still apparent in deaf education today. L'Épée also established teacher-training programmes for foreigners who would take his methods back to their countries and who established numerous deaf schools
9711138
Penang Sign Language


Penang Sign Language was developed in Malaysia by deaf children, outside the classroom, when oralism was predominant. It is now mainly used by older people, although many younger people can understand it. Penang Sign Language began when the first school for the deaf, Federation School for the Deaf (FSD), was established by Lady Templer, the wife of the British High Commissioner in Malaya, in 1954. Deaf students went to FSD, to learn oral skills, not sign language. However, the students would sign by themselves
2193393
Festival for Cinema of the Deaf


The Festival for Cinema of the Deaf was founded by Joshua Flanders who founded and ran the Chicago Institute for the Moving Image (CIMI), a not-for-profit film organization, and was the first deaf film festival in North America. Their mission is to open the doors to the millions of deaf and hard-of-hearing people worldwide so they may enjoy and understand movies in the theater. They have created a forum for deaf writers, actors and directors to showcase their work under the heading of Deaf Cinema
6356536
The Reich Family


the deaf and deafness. His inspiration and drive came from an acquaintance he had with a deaf man who “was educated, well brought up, and could speak.” Reich saw how having a good education positively affected his acquaintance life that he was determined to “make complete, worthy, happy people of the deaf.” While attending the Royal Institution of the Deaf he noticed that Jewish children were denied admission into the school. That drove him to establish a Jewish institution for deaf children along with his inspiration that came
4955784
Parkash Memorial Deaf & Dumb School


Parkash Memorial Deaf & Dumb School, also referred to as the PM Deaf and Dumb School, is a school for deaf-mute children in the city of Ropar in the Panjab. It is run by the Parkash Memorial Deaf and Dumb Handicapped Welfare Society [Regd.], and Mrs Adarsh Sharma is the current principal of the school. Panjabi is the primary language of the school. Established in 2007, the school has 178 students, including 75 girls. Affiliated with the Punjab School Education Board, the school provides education
2834836
The Learning Center for the Deaf


(ASL) as well as written English in the classroom, while also campaigning for ASL to be accepted as a language in America. Philip served as a variety of different important positions over her lifetime that helped promote and support the deaf community and deaf education including her position as the Bilingual Bicultural Coordinator at TLC. This is where she was able to advance the curriculum of instruction and education by establishing the use of both ASL and written English. Her contributions to TLC was able to give hope to the many who questioned incorporating
14366285
Deaf rights movement


from many alumni, faculty, staff and friends, protested the Board of Trustees' continued appointments of hearing presidents over highly qualified deaf candidates in an institution established to serve the deaf. There have been many individuals who have made advancements in the deaf community. These individuals have been both deaf or hearing. A few of the most recognizable names include: Alexander Graham Bell, who is known for the invention of the telephone but to the Deaf, is seen as a villain of sorts; Heather Whitestone, the first deaf Miss
8916299
Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet


The Reverend Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet, LL.D.,(December 10, 1787 – September 10, 1851) was an American educator. Along with Laurent Clerc and Mason Cogswell, he co-founded the first institution for the education of the deaf in North America, and he became its first principal. When opened on April 15, 1817, it was called the "Connecticut Asylum (at Hartford) for the Education and Instruction of Deaf and Dumb Persons," but it is now known as the American School for the Deaf. He attended Yale
2982726
Bilingual–bicultural education


for Deaf Children in Framingham was able to convince Marie Philip to begin a new career as Special Assistant to the Director for Implementation of Bilingual/Bicultural Policies. After 2 years, Marie agreed to take on the full-time position of Bilingual Bicultural Coordinator, which she held from 1988. Marie Philip led the school into (Bi-Bi) education system, The Learning Center for the Deaf became first (Bi-Bi) Deaf School in America. On September 24, 2018: Carey M. Ballard published a thirty minute
17059971
Flemish Sign Language


Flemish Sign Language (, VGT) is the deaf sign language of Belgium. VGT and French Belgian Sign Language are very closely related, but now generally recognized as distinct languages. VGT is estimated to include around 6,000 sign-language users (Loots et al., 2003). When the first deaf schools were established in Flanders, the teachers were directly or indirectly influenced by the methods used at the Paris deaf school (and consequently by French Sign Language). They either followed training programs in Paris or in two deaf
11689419
The Learning Center for the Deaf


where he spent 30 years teaching and educating deaf and hard of hearing students. When TLC was first established, Kopas, contributed to the school by being a part of the growth of the school in the deaf communities in both the city of Boston and throughout the nation. Kopas had been a teacher for over 50 years before his retirement in 2001, at TLC. Kopas died in 2014. Marie Jean Philip was an educator, advocate, storyteller and friend in the deaf community. She educated children using both American Sign Language
14366284
Deutscher Gehörlosen-Sportverband


In the mid-19th century, a group of gymnasts, bowlers and chess players met to form teams. With the establishment of the "" (Berlin Deaf Gymnastics Association) on 18 October 1888, the foundation was laid for the organization of deaf athletes. The group added women's and children's divisions in 1896. A key figure in the development of the was Albert Gutzmann, the first director of a school for the deaf-mute in Germany. Other teams followed the lead of the , and established associations throughout Germany.
10730515
Oralism


in history as "the dark ages for deaf education in America". Hearing educators who could not sign replaced deaf teachers and, by the mid-20th century, eighty percent of American secondary schools for the deaf used the oral method exclusively. Some strategies, such as Total Communication or SimCom, saw classes conducted in a mixture of spoken and signed English with the teacher signing along, in English word order as they delivered their lecture. For example, "is" "was" and "the", which are not used
7357833
Texas Blind, Deaf, and Orphan School


Texas Blind, Deaf, and Orphan School was a school for blind and deaf black people in Austin, Texas. Throughout its history, the school served only black students and had black teachers; whites attended the Texas School for the Deaf (TSD) and the Texas School for the Blind and Visually Impaired (TSBVI). The 18th Texas Legislature established the school in 1887 and spent $50,000 to acquire the site and build the facility. The school, originally named the Texas Deaf, Dumb, and Blind Institute for Colored
21350703
Martha's Vineyard Sign Language


Bay Colony in British America in the early 17th century, and many of their descendants later settled on Martha's Vineyard. The first deaf person known to have settled there was Jonathan Lambert, a carpenter and farmer, who moved there with his wife—who was not deaf—in 1694. By 1710, the migration had virtually ceased, and the endogamous community that was created contained a high incidence of hereditary deafness that persisted for over 200 years. In the town of Chilmark, which had the highest concentration of deaf people
12725976
Northampton, Massachusetts


its dissolution (and later in a house on Park Street until 1857). In 1851 opera singer Jenny Lind, the "Swedish Nightingale", declared Northampton to be the "Paradise of America", from which Northampton took its nickname "The Paradise City". Clarke Schools for Hearing and Speech (formerly the Clarke School for the Deaf) was founded in Northampton in 1867. It was the United States' first permanent oral school for the deaf. Alexander Graham Bell and Grace Coolidge have served as heads of school.
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