who was involved in the creation of nafta
North American Free Trade Agreement


Americas (LBRA)", U.S. public opinion of NAFTA centers around three issues: NAFTA's impact on the creation or destruction of American jobs, NAFTA's impact on the environment, and NAFTA's impact on immigrants entering the U.S. After President Trump's election in 2016, support for NAFTA has become very polarized between Republicans and Democrats. Donald Trump expressed negative views of NAFTA, calling it "the single worst trade deal ever approved in this country". Republican support for NAFTA has decreased from 43% support in 2008 to
2148526
North American Free Trade Agreement


challenged before a NAFTA extraordinary challenge committee. However, an extraordinary challenge committee does not function as an ordinary appeal. Under NAFTA, it will only vacate or remand a decision if the decision involves a significant and material error that threatens the integrity of the NAFTA dispute settlement system. Since January 2006, no NAFTA party has successfully challenged a Chapter 19 panel's decision before an extraordinary challenge committee. In a "60 Minutes" interview in September 2015, 2016 presidential candidate Donald Trump called NAFTA "the single worst trade deal ever
2148506
Economic policy of the Bill Clinton administration


the first trade treaty concerned with each country's labor laws, albeit with very weak sanctions. NAFTA provided for gradually reduced tariffs and the creation of a free-trading bloc of North American countries–the United States, Canada, and Mexico. Opponents of NAFTA, led by Ross Perot, claimed it would force American companies to move their workforces to Mexico, where they could produce goods with cheaper labor and ship them back to the United States at lower prices. Clinton, however, argued that NAFTA would increase U.S. exports
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Economy of Mexico


the tariff relative to other countries. NAFTA has eliminated all tariffs on goods between the two countries, but for the maquiladora industry significantly increased the tariff rates for goods sourced outside of NAFTA. Given the overall size of trade between Mexico and the United States, there are remarkably few trade disputes, involving relatively small dollar amounts. These disputes are generally settled in WTO or NAFTA panels or through negotiations between the two countries. The most significant areas of friction involve trucking, sugar, high-fructose corn syrup, and a number
19551745
North American Free Trade Agreement


motion pictures which had entered the public domain. U.S. congressional approval for NAFTA would have been impossible without addressing public concerns about NAFTA's environmental impact. The Clinton administration negotiated a side agreement on the environment with Canada and Mexico, the North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation (NAAEC), which led to the creation of the Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC) in 1994. To alleviate concerns that NAFTA, the first regional trade agreement between a developing country and two developed countries, would have negative environmental impacts, the commission was
2148459
US public opinion on the North American Free Trade Agreement


more likely to hold unfavorable views of NAFTA whereas liberal respondents were more likely to hold favorable views of NAFTA. Numerically, a survey done by the Chicago Council on Global Affairs found that 71% of Democrats had a positive view on NAFTA and that 34% of Republicans had a positive view on NAFTA. In the Pew Research Center's survey, 74% of respondents who identified as "liberals" thought that NAFTA was good and that 31% of respondents who identified as "conservatives" had the same view as the liberals
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Effects of NAFTA on Mexico


However, part of the overall goal for both the United States and Mexico in the passing of the Act was reducing migration by stimulating the Mexican economy through the creation of more middle-class jobs. When NAFTA was initially passed, Mexican emigration to the United States surged, though it is unclear whether the Act itself was the direct causal factor in this surge. However, part of this surge can be attributed to the continued economic stagnation in Mexico and the reliance of United States agriculture on low-wage migrant workers. The
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North American Free Trade Agreement


of agency decisions imposing antidumping and countervailing duties are normally heard before the U.S. Court of International Trade, an Article III court. NAFTA parties, however, have the option of appealing the decisions to binational panels composed of five citizens from the two relevant NAFTA countries. The panelists are generally lawyers experienced in international trade law. Since NAFTA does not include substantive provisions concerning AD/CVD, the panel is charged with determining whether final agency determinations involving AD/CVD conform with the country's domestic law. Chapter 19 is an anomaly
2148504
Effects of NAFTA on Mexico


workers. Due to this phenomenon, those who would benefit the most by expressing themselves politically face increased barriers to entry into the political system due to social isolation and lack of influence through wealth. While the primary function of NAFTA did not center on immigration, part of the Act did liberalize temporary immigration to the United States. Initial discussions of NAFTA did not plan for migration, as migration was not seen as related to the overall economic goals of NAFTA, and it was only until later in negotiations that migration was addressed.
15004951
Football in Slovenia


they were soon followed by Hungarians in Lendava (Nafta in 1903) and Germans in Celje (Athletik SK in 1906). The game soon spread among Slovenian high school' students, who founded their own teams in most Slovenian bigger cities, most notable being Hermes in Ljubljana and Jugoslavija in Gorica. In 1911 first Slovenian citizen's football club Ilirija was founded in Ljubljana, which was followed by Slovan two years later. After the end of World War I and the creation of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes,
6742623
Vedran Vinko


Vedran Vinko (born 22 February 1990) is a Slovenian footballer who plays as a forward for Nafta 1903. Vinko started his career playing in the youth team of Nafta Lendava. When he played his debut game for Nafta against Drava Ptuj, he was only 16 years old. He has definitely established himself on the first team in the 2010–11 season, scoring 10 goals in 26 games and being appointed captain of Nafta Lendava, although the team got relegated from the Slovenian PrvaLiga after finishing in the ninth place. On 17 August
12595195
Ross Perot 1992 presidential campaign


United We Stand", and focused his efforts to defeat the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). In 1993, he was involved in a highly publicized debate with Vice President Al Gore on "Larry King Live" over NAFTA. Perot formed the Reform Party of the United States of America in 1995, and ran for president under the party's banner the following year. During the election, he failed to appear in the presidential debates, and finished in third place with about 8% of the vote, behind
7292393
Alex Gossip


was influential in persuading NAFTA to affiliate to the Labour Representation Committee as early as 1903. During the early years of the century, he became increasingly involved in international campaigns, attending the Second International's conferences in 1904 and 1907, and was on the executive of the International Woodworkers' Federation from 1910 until 1922. He was also the first president of the National Council of Socialist Sunday Schools. Gossip opposed World War I, working closely with NAFTA's national organiser, Fred Bramley, to commit the union to his position.
8896633
Economic policy of the Bill Clinton administration


and create new jobs. Clinton while signing the NAFTA bill stated: "...NAFTA means jobs. American jobs, and good-paying American jobs. If I didn't believe that, I wouldn't support this agreement." He convinced many Democrats to join most Republicans in supporting trade agreement and in 1993 the Congress passed the treaty. While economists generally view free trade as an overall positive for the nation's involved, certain groups may be adversely affected, such as manufacturing workers. For example: Officials in the Clinton
14896231
Canadian passport


and have paid their SEVIS registration fees, which enables them to travel to the U.S. under F-1 or J-1 statuses. Under the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), Canadian citizens can legally work in the U.S. under simplified procedure, known as TN status, if their professions are under NAFTA regulations and they have a prearranged full-time or part-time job with a U.S. employer. Obtaining TN status does not involve getting a physical visa, instead the applicant is required to apply and receive TN status with U.S. Customs
16194303
Canada–United States softwood lumber dispute


decided to levy heavy countervailing and anti-dumping duties on lumber imports, citing that the U.S. industry has been harmed by unfair practices. The decision was unanimous for the four-member trade panel, which ruled on the petition filed by the U.S. Lumber Coalition. Canada immediately lodged a legal challenge to the decision under NAFTA's Chapter 19 dispute settlement mechanism, with an official statement declaring that it was "unfair, unwarranted, and troubling." Canada has previously won several NAFTA challenges involving softwood issues in the past. In
6964004
US public opinion on the North American Free Trade Agreement


After it officially went into effect on January 1, 1994, U.S. public opinion on the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) has varied over time. Early public opinion on NAFTA was ambivalent, where a plurality of polled Americans was either unsure about NAFTA or did not have an opinion about NAFTA. As public opinion on NAFTA evolved, there were intermittent shifts in polls and surveys between support and opposition for NAFTA. However, support or opposition to NAFTA was frequently out of a plurality, as there was regularly a significant
10135895
US public opinion on the North American Free Trade Agreement


portion of respondents that were unsure about NAFTA and or did not have a substantial opinion on NAFTA. Notably, during the 2016 presidential election, Donald Trump became a briefly polarizing force on public opinion about NAFTA, where negative views of NAFTA not only proliferated among Republican voters, but also the general population. Broadly, present public opinion on NAFTA is positive, with recent surveys finding that a majority of Americans viewing NAFTA as good for the U.S. economy. However, to note, public opinion towards NAFTA greatly fluctuated when survey data
10135896
Hillary Clinton 2008 presidential primary campaign


a range of remembrances from Clinton administration officials involved at the time. David Gergen and Robert J. Shapiro said she had opposed NAFTA on the merits, as well as for getting too high political priority compared to the Clinton health care reform plan, an assessment that was echoed by biographers Sally Bedell Smith and Carl Bernstein. Others such as Robert Reich recalled only her opposition to the priority and not to the agreement herself. In any case, once her husband had made the decision to support NAFTA, she did publicly support that.
11601063
Effects of NAFTA on Mexico


be revisited, not removed. Elites and free-trade proponents in Mexico have heralded NAFTA as a success on the basis of new foreign investments and the increased stability of the business environment within Mexico. They also push the idea that failures are due to an unwillingness to move on from the past by those affected by NAFTA. Overall, the working class shares a largely negative outlook towards NAFTA, where the elites and free-trade advocates look at NAFTA’s benefits outweighing the detriments. However, the overall belief is that NAFTA
15004958
George H. W. Bush


announced the completion of NAFTA during a White House Rose Garden appearance on August 12, 1992, calling it the "beginning of a new era". The agreement came under heavy scrutiny amongst mainly Democrats, who charged that NAFTA resulted in a loss of American jobs. NAFTA also contained no provisions for labor rights; according to the Bush administration, the trade agreement would generate economic resources necessary to enable Mexico's government to overcome problems of funding and enforcement of its labor laws. Bush needed a renewal of negotiating authority to move
11618015
Foreign policy of the George H. W. Bush administration


of tariffs on products that were traded among the United States, Canada, and Mexico. This would encourage trade among the countries. The treaty also restricted patents, copyrights, and trademarks, and outlined the removal of investment restrictions among the three countries. President Bush announced the completion of NAFTA during a Rose Garden appearance on August 12, 1992, calling it the "beginning of a new era". The agreement came under heavy scrutiny amongst mainly Democrats, who charged that NAFTA resulted in a loss of American jobs. NAFTA
13637226
Labor unions in the United States


not stand for this kind of an agreement, some critics from the labor movement would not settle for any viable alternatives. In response, part of the labor movement wanted to declare their open opposition to the agreement, and to push for NAFTA's rejection in Congress. Ultimately, the ambivalence of labor groups led those within the Administration who supported NAFTA to believe that strengthening NAFTA's labor side agreement too much would cost more votes among Republicans than it would garner among Democrats, and would make it harder for the United States to
18608542
US public opinion on the North American Free Trade Agreement


an opinion on NAFTA, 27% supported NAFTA, and 34% opposed NAFTA. Likewise, this plurality of ambivalence towards NAFTA persisted until the final administration of the poll on November 14, 1993. On the final poll, the plurality of poll respondents were in favor of NAFTA (36%). The known cause of this shift was due to a televised debate on NAFTA that pitted the then Vice President Albert Gore against Ross Perot. The debate was held on November 9, 1993. In terms of positions, Ross
10135899
NK Nafta 1903


Nogometni klub Nafta Lendava 1903, commonly referred to as NK Nafta Lendava 1903 or simply Nafta, is a Slovenian football club from Lendava, which currently plays in the Slovenian Second League under the name Nafta 1903. The club was founded in 2012. ND Lendava 1903 is legally not considered to be the successor of NK Nafta Lendava and the statistics and honours of the two clubs are kept separate by the Football Association of Slovenia and the Association of 1. SNL. The club's supporters are called Gorgone Lendava. They also supported
17842538
Political positions of Hillary Clinton


for NAFTA. Clinton has since 2008 repeatedly called for renegotiating the "core labor and environmental standards" of NAFTA. During her 2008 presidential campaign, Clinton repeatedly criticized the NAFTA agreement, despite it being one of the major achievements of her husband's administration. She said, "NAFTA did not do what many had hoped. NAFTA was a mistake to the extent that it did not deliver on what we had hoped it would." She did say that she believed in the underlying idea behind trade agreements such as NAFTA:
7977369
North American Free Trade Agreement


Reagan, who made the idea part of his 1980 presidential campaign. After the signing of the Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement in 1988, the administrations of U.S. President George H. W. Bush, Mexican President Carlos Salinas de Gortari, and Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney agreed to negotiate what became NAFTA. Each submitted the agreement for ratification in their respective capitals in December 1992, but NAFTA faced significant opposition in both the United States and Canada. All three countries ratified NAFTA in 1993 after the addition of two side agreements,
2148447
US public opinion on the North American Free Trade Agreement


respondents were unsure. Later, when the same poll was conducted in 2017, the results demonstrated a positive shift in views on NAFTA, whereas 41% thought that NAFTA was good for the economy, 37% thought that NAFTA was bad for the economy, and 22% were unsure. According to a recent survey conducted by the Pew Research Center, when prompted on whether or not NAFTA was good or bad for the U.S., 56% of all respondents viewed NAFTA as good for the U.S. Similar results were found in a
10135905
Effects of NAFTA on Mexico


for the New York Times indicated that "I thought it [NAFTA] would make my life better, that this agreement would create opportunities for everyone". Public polling in Mexico showed that two out of three people generally view NAFTA as being bad for Mexico. Luis Rubio, a pro-free trade researcher indicated that NAFTA "created the perception that things would get better, but the truth is we have two economies, one of exporting and the other one left behind," indicating that process that was made under NAFTA
15004956
Prosec Mexico


Prosec (Program of Sectoral Promotion) is a program started by the Mexican government after the implementation of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) to overcome the challenges faced by international factories (maquiladoras)) in Mexico resulting from NAFTA article 3. Article 3 states that no NAFTA member can waive or reduce import tariffs conditioned upon the export of the finished good to another NAFTA country. The result was that after Mexico joined NAFTA the tariff rates for many of the raw materials used by maquiladora manufacturing companies would have risen significantly
9113820
Economy of Mexico


other countries, TN status requires no sponsorship, but simply a job offer letter. The overall benefits of NAFTA have been quantified by several economists, whose findings have been reported in several publications like the World Bank's Lessons from NAFTA for LA and the Caribbean, NAFTA's Impact on North America, and NAFTA revisited by the Institute for International Economics. They assess that NAFTA has been positive for Mexico, whose poverty rates have fallen, and real income salaries have risen even after accounting for the 1994–1995 Economic Crisis. Nonetheless,
19551741
NAFTA's effect on United States employment


North American Free Trade Agreement's impact on United States employment has been the object of ongoing debate since the 1994 inception of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) with Canada and Mexico. NAFTA's proponents believe that more jobs were ultimately created in the USA. Opponents see the agreements as having been costly to well-paying American jobs. The economic impacts of NAFTA have been modest. In a 2015 report, the Congressional Research Service summarized multiple studies as follows: "In reality, NAFTA did not cause the huge
2814233
Investor-state dispute settlement


. A notable example of ISDS, which has been in existence for two decades now, is Chapter 11 of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). NAFTA Chapter 11 allows investors of one NAFTA party (Canada, United States or Mexico) to bring claims directly against the government of another NAFTA party before an international arbitral tribunal. Because NAFTA Article 1121 waives the local remedies rule, investors are not required to exhaust local remedies before filing Chapter 11 claims. While this fact has been amply criticized in public, proponents
2093048
International investment agreement


creation of the World Trade Organization (WTO). These were the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), the Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures (TRIMS), and the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). In addition, this era saw the growth of PTIAs, such as regional, interregional or plurilateral agreements, as exemplified in the conclusion of the NAFTA in 1992 and the establishment of the ASEAN Framework Agreement on the ASEAN Investment Area in 1998. These agreements typically
1117716
2012–13 Slovenian PrvaLiga


2011–12 Slovenian Second League, Aluminij, who was promoted directly as the winners of the second division, replacing Nafta. This was the first season for Aluminij in the top division. A total of ten teams constested the league, including nine from the 2011–12 Slovenian PrvaLiga and one promoted from the 2011–12 Slovenian Second League. Winners of the Slovenian second division Aluminij secured direct promotion as champions of the Slovenian Second League. They replaced Nafta Lendava in the top division, who finished at the bottom of the PrvaLiga table, ending their seven
8062447
Effects of NAFTA on Mexico


NAFTA will actually be a reduction in the number of people emigrating as a result of long-term economic gains. Attitudes towards the economic effects of NAFTA in Mexico vary based on class. Among the working class, there is a feeling of confusion towards the Act and the discrepancy between the promises made around the Act and the seeming effects of the Act. In a New York Times article written shortly after the passage of NAFTA demonstrates that among the working class, there was a belief that "there would be more jobs,
15004954
Effects of NAFTA on Mexico


was not shared by all. Owners of large companies that operate in Mexico have even shown more critique towards NAFTA, though they place blame on the Mexican government for failing to "establish policies to protect Mexican businesses". However, in contrast to some of the rhetoric in the United States, Mexicans see NAFTA as being beneficial despite the difficulties due to the linking of the Mexican economy to the United States and the sustained foreign investment. By-and-large, the sentiments amongst the business class is that NAFTA needs to
15004957
Radovan Žerjav


the oil company Nafta Lendava. In 1999, he became the head of development in the company, and as of 2004 he became Assistant Director of Nafta Lendava for the technical sector. In 2007, he was appointed Director of Nafta Biodizel, established with the purpose to set up the bio-diesel production within the group of Nafta Lendava. In September 2007, he was appointed Minister of Transport in the center-right government of Janez Janša. In the parliamentary election of 2008, he was elected to the Slovenian National Assembly
7753685
Conference of Montreal


the private sector, international organizations and civil society. The Conference brings together 200 speakers and more than 4,200 people from across the globe every year. The Conference of Montreal was founded in 1995, by Gil Rémillard, at a time when the globalization of the economies was beginning to emerge at an increased rate. With the fall of communism, the success of the "Uruguay round" in 1989, the creation of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1994 and the beginnings of North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
15865663
US public opinion on the North American Free Trade Agreement


by the public as the winner of the debate, ultimately augmenting public support towards NAFTA. In scope, the evolution of public opinion on NAFTA from 1999 to 2015 frequently switched between support and opposition to the policy. Results from a study done by the Program on International Policy Attitudes in the fall of 1999 illustrated that a plurality of Americans (44%) thought that NAFTA was good for the U.S. In contrast, by 2004, a Newsweek Poll indicated that a plurality of Americans (35%) thought that NAFTA was bad
10135901
TN status


and then sets forth the professions agreed upon by the NAFTA member states. The visa category "Professionals Under the North American Free Trade Agreement" (NAFTA), also known as a TN (Treaty NAFTA) visa, is available only to citizens of Canada and Mexico, under the terms of the NAFTA. Starting in 1989 and continuing through 1993, qualifying individuals practicing one of the professions identified in the Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement (CUSFTA) were able to obtain TC status for legal work in the United States
12813052
Effects of NAFTA on Mexico


by increasing development and investment in Mexico. This deal followed a trend of increased neo-liberal policies in Mexico that ultimately made the implementation of NAFTA possible. Placed in the larger context of Mexican economic liberalization, NAFTA represents another step in the historic transformation of the Mexican economy from protectionist to open to trade. The passage of NAFTA represented an important moment for Mexico and the United States, as it represented a tying together of the two economies in a way that had never been done before between two relatively economically unequal countries.
15004940
Effects of NAFTA on Mexico


has remained low, due largely in part to the dominance of foreign driven manufacturing and the stable but low wages that comes with manufacturing jobs. The labor side agreement within NAFTA also affected the ability of workers to organize into unions, which in turn affected the quality of work available for workers. This agreement, along with the rest of NAFTA, made it harder for the Mexican government to neglect following its own labor laws. Furthermore, the passage of NAFTA made it advantageous for established factories and manufacturing plants to move from southern
15004948
Effects of NAFTA on Mexico


heavily subsidized agricultural industry was able to compete with Mexican agriculture following the passage of NAFTA, which affected the ability of Mexican rural farmers to support themselves on farming. According to the Council on Foreign Relations, surging emigration to the United States following the passage of NAFTA could be tied to the loss of Mexican agricultural jobs due to subsidized agriculture in the United States. While it appears that emigration to the United States increased in the short run following the passage of NAFTA, some scholars have argued that the long-term effects of
15004953
Effects of NAFTA on Mexico


and a greater flow of information and goods". Conversely, businesspersons and owners of manufacturing companies held a more optimistic view of NAFTA, believing that "the infrastructure and trade contacts are going to give us the change to sell our products and take advantage of the North American market". More recently, working-class individuals in Mexico share the view that NAFTA has failed on its promises. Wages for manufacturing workers have remained stagnant, and instead of opportunity, many workers see NAFTA as holding back expansion. A worker interviewed
15004955
Effects of NAFTA on Mexico


needs to be fixed and not removed. On September 30, 2018, Trump alongside the two other leaders from the other countries (Canada/Mexico) signed USCMA. That sentiment is shared today by the Mexican elites. Calls from the United States for a repeal of NAFTA have been met with trepidation in Mexico, with the overall belief being that NAFTA should be modernized instead of replaced or even simply removed. Generally, Mexico recognizes NAFTA as not being perfect, but a repeal would sever the economy from the United States which
15004959
North American Free Trade Agreement


mandated to conduct ongoing "ex post" environmental assessment, It created one of the first "ex post" frameworks for environmental assessment of trade liberalization, designed to produce a body of evidence with respect to the initial hypotheses about NAFTA and the environment, such as the concern that NAFTA would create a "race to the bottom" in environmental regulation among the three countries, or that NAFTA would pressure governments to increase their environmental protections. The CEC has held four symposia to evaluate the environmental impacts of NAFTA and commissioned 47 papers
2148460
Jean Chrétien


April 1997 for $60 million in damages. Chrétien phoned President Bill Clinton of the United States in November 1993 to ask him to renegotiate aspects of NAFTA. Clinton bluntly refused, saying that it had been extremely difficult to get Congress to ratify NAFTA, and if NAFTA was renegotiated, then he would have to submit the renegotiated treaty again for ratification, which was not something that he was going to do just for the sake of Chrétien. Clinton informed the Prime Minister that he could either scrap NAFTA or accept it as it
393338
1993 Canadian federal election


the 1993 election was preceded by the agreement on the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). The Liberals opposed NAFTA and promised to try to renegotiate the FTA, but this was not a central campaign theme. The NDP did focus on opposition to NAFTA, but the Canadian people mostly felt that the free trade debate was over. When in office, the Liberals signed on to NAFTA with little opposition. Similarly, while constitutional issues had dominated the national debate for several years, two failed reform proposals led most to support
5551669
North American Free Trade Agreement


and so took power. Mulroney and the PCs had a parliamentary majority and easily passed the 1987 Canada–US FTA and NAFTA bills. However, Mulroney was replaced as Conservative leader and prime minister by Kim Campbell. Campbell led the PC party into the 1993 election where they were decimated by the Liberal Party under Jean Chrétien, who campaigned on a promise to renegotiate or abrogate NAFTA. Chrétien subsequently negotiated two supplemental agreements with Bush, who had subverted the LAC advisory process and worked to "fast track" the signing prior to
2148453
US public opinion on the North American Free Trade Agreement


. As of now, there are two accessible studies about public opinion on NAFTA. One study by Jeffery E. Cohen investigated whether or not NAFTA was a case of presidential responsiveness to public opinion. The other study by Eric M. Uslaner inquired into whether or not the case of NAFTA was representative of how public opinion may shift in response to major events. Fundamentally, at its core, both studies attempt to validate whether or not—with different methods of examination—public opinion on NAFTA could be validated as a comparable case study
10135908
Mažeikiai


. Williams International facing financial problems sold Mažeikių Nafta to Yukos. After Yukos' bankruptcy, the Lithuanian government and Polish company PKN Orlen signed a sale agreement of Mažeikių Nafta in 2006. Also Yukos International UK B.V. signed a sale agreement with PKN Orlen, selling its Mažeikių Nafta shares to the Polish company. The buyout was finalized on 15 December 2006, with USD 1,492,000,000 being paid by PKN Orlen to Yukos International, and USD 851,828,900.31 to the Lithuanian Government. In 2004, Mažeikių Nafta financed the construction of New church of Saint
14031361
Effects of NAFTA on Mexico


out of the lower classes. Thus, wages, employment, attitudes, and migration all present essential areas of analyses to understand effects NAFTA has had on the Mexican economy. The overall economic effects of NAFTA on the Mexican economy have been mild in light of the promises made about the deal when it was being negotiated. Economic growth has been steady at around two percent, but that growth is far from the growth the deal was supposed to bring. However, NAFTA has boosted foreign investment in Mexico, and it has allowed
15004938
Effects of NAFTA on Mexico


Mexico to boost exports which now compose a large portion of the Mexican GDP. NAFTA has had a mild effect on employment, and wages have largely remained static over the years that NAFTA has been in place. Finally, Mexicans overall have a critical view towards the trade deal, but are generally opposed to a complete repeal of the law. For more information: North American Free Trade Agreement When NAFTA was being developed to include Mexico, the developers of the deal presented it as way to create more middle class jobs in Mexico
15004939
Effects of NAFTA on Mexico


The economic growth of Mexico has remained steady between 1.2 and 2.5 percent since the passage of NAFTA, far from the large-scale growth NAFTA was supposed to lead to. This economic growth has not translated in the wage growth that would create higher wages and reduce inequality. However, Mexican trade underwent a rapid increase since NAFTA was put into place, with exports increasing from 8.56 percent of Mexican GDP in 1993 to 36.95 percent in 2013. This increase in exports led to a decrease in the Mexican trade deficit. The United
15004941
Effects of NAFTA on Mexico


(a 25-fold increase). Three-quarters of FDI was delegated to the production of processed foods - sales of processed foods expanded by 5-10% per year between 1995 and 2003. NAFTA also facilitated multi-national alliances with existing domestic companies, resulting in an explosive growth of chain supermarkets and convenience stores from fewer than 700 pre-NAFTA to 3,850 in 1997 and 5,729 in 2004. A decade of NAFTA saw food retail in Mexico dominated by supermarkets, discounters, and convenience stores (55%) while smaller
15004962
North American Free Trade Agreement


found that Mexico's welfare increased by 1.31% as a result of the NAFTA tariff reductions, and that Mexico's intra-bloc trade increased by 118%. Inequality and poverty fell in the most globalization-affected regions of Mexico. 2013 and 2015 studies show that Mexican small farmers benefitted more from NAFTA than large-scale farmers. NAFTA has also been credited with the rise of the Mexican middle class. A Tufts University study found that NAFTA lowered the average cost of basic necessities in Mexico by up to 50%.
2148474
North American Free Trade Agreement


it easier for Mexico to transform to a real democracy and become a country that views itself as North American. This has boosted cooperation between the United States and Mexico. Economists generally agree that the United States economy benefited overall from NAFTA as it increased trade. In a 2012 survey of top economists, 95% said that, on average, U.S. citizens benefited from NAFTA while no economist surveyed said that NAFTA hurt US citizens, on average. A 2001 "Journal of Economic Perspectives" review found that NAFTA was a net benefit
2148476
NK Nafta Lendava


Nogometni klub Nafta Lendava (), commonly referred to as NK Nafta Lendava or simply Nafta, was a Slovenian football club, which played in the town of Lendava. They were founded as Lendvai Football Egyesület in 1903 during Hungarian administration. They were regarded as the oldest Slovenian football club until they filled for bankruptcy and were dissolved following the 2011–12 Slovenian PrvaLiga season. The club played in the Yugoslav First League for one season, in 1946–47. The club went bankrupt in 2012 and was refounded as ND Lendava 1903. ND Lendava
21524580
Anthony DePalma (author)


debate over NAFTA, the Zapatista uprising, the assassination of the ruling party presidential candidate, the 1994-95 peso crisis, and the advent of democracy in Mexico. DePalma was named bureau chief in Toronto, Canada, in 1996. In Canada, he covered natural disasters, the Quebec sovereignty movement, political issues and the creation of the Arctic territory of Nunavut. In 2000, DePalma was named International Business Correspondent for The Times, covering North, Central and South America. His first book, "Here: A Biography
13005688
Charro Days


, a three-day "Washington Park" street party with popular rock, country and Tejano performers, was added in 1986. Moreover, it is worth mentioning that the first president of the Mr. Amigo Association was the former president of Mexico, Miguel Alemán Valdés. During the creation of NAFTA agreement in 1988-1989, Congressman Solomon Ortiz presented the Mr. Amigo Association with the Mr. Amigo Review Award for the distinction of being one of the first organizations to extend friendship and mutual understanding between the United States and Mexico. The
3948212
North American Free Trade Agreement


to $1.2 trillion in 2011, while the AFL–CIO blames the agreement for sending 700,000 American manufacturing jobs to Mexico over that time. University of California, San Diego economics professor Gordon Hanson has said that NAFTA helped the US compete against China and therefore saved US jobs. While some jobs were lost to Mexico as a result of NAFTA, considerably more would have been lost to China if not for NAFTA. The US had a trade surplus with NAFTA countries of $28.3 billion for services in 2009 and a trade deficit
2148479
North American Free Trade Agreement


NAFTA reduced pollution emitted by the US manufacturing sector: "On average, nearly two-thirds of the reductions in PM and SO emissions from the U.S. manufacturing sector between 1994 and 1998 can be attributed to trade liberalization following NAFTA." According to the Sierra Club, NAFTA contributed to large-scale, export-oriented farming, which led to the increased use of fossil fuels, pesticides and GMO. NAFTA also contributed to environmentally destructive mining practices in Mexico. It prevented Canada from effectively regulating its tar sands industry, and
2148486
NAFTA's effect on United States employment


driven by technological change, however, and that employment growth in the 1990s would have been even greater without NAFTA. Proponents reject the claims of some that the free trade agreement is destroying the manufacturing industry and causing displacement of workers in that industry. The rate of job loss due to plant closings, a typical argument against NAFTA, showed little deviation from previous periods. Also, US industrial production, in which manufacturing makes up 78%, saw an increase of 49% from 1993–2005. The period prior to NAFTA, 1982–1993
2814242
Presidency of George H. W. Bush


NAFTA) with Mexico. In addition to lowering tariffs, the proposed treaty would restrict patents, copyrights, and trademarks. In 1991, Bush sought fast track authority, which grants the president the power to submit an international trade agreement to Congress without the possibility of amendment. Despite congressional opposition led by House Majority Leader Dick Gephardt, both houses of Congress voted to grant Bush fast track authority. NAFTA was signed in December 1992, after Bush lost re-election, but President Clinton won ratification of NAFTA in 1993. NAFTA
8095446
Thomas R. Donahue


regressive effect” and noted, “The jobs that are most easily exported to Mexico are not those of probate attorneys, stockbrokers, economists, and editorial writers; they are the jobs of assembly-line workers and others who can least afford a massive disruption of their work lives.” The AFL-CIO was certainly not the only opponent of NAFTA. Others included Ross Perot (among the most vocal critics of NAFTA), the Sierra Club, Greenpeace, Friends of the Earth, the National Farmers Union, the National
21013180
Effects of NAFTA on Mexico


the passage of NAFTA, largely due to the increased competition from United States agriculture. During the time following the passage of NAFTA, internal manufacturing employment fell by 44,000 while employment at foreign-owned manufacturing firms grew by approximately half a million jobs. Overall employment growth remained sluggish following the passage of NAFTA. Additionally, the opening up of the Mexican market decreased internal industrial production, as more international firms imported cheaper components into Mexico to use at assembly plants; despite increased manufacturing, firms used fewer Mexican components. Labor productivity growth
15004947
Kryptonita


an alternative world, Superman has not been raised as a child in the United States, but instead in La Matanza ("The Slaughter" in Spanish), a working-class urban area near Buenos Aires, where he and the other members of the Justice League (Flash, Wonder Woman, Green Lantern, Hawkgirl, Batman and Martian Manhunter) have grown up to be antiheroes. Superman becomes known as "Nafta Super", and together with his friends they form the Nafta Super Gang, who rob banks and help
10678826
Bureau of International Labor Affairs


, during the administration of President Harry S. Truman under the direction of Lewis B. Schwellenbach as a means to formally institutionalize the international directives of the Department of Labor. Since its creation, ILAB has helped pass the Trade Agreements Act of 1979, aided the introduction of the United States of America into the International Labour Organization (ILO), and administered the North American Agreement on Labor Cooperation (NAALC), the portion of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) which dealt with trade relations and required the establishment of a
11110022
North American Union


a union among Canada, Mexico and the United States of America, some including the Caribbean, the Central American and the South American countries, have been proposed, such as the North American Technate. Following the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the Maastricht Treaty going into effect there was speculation about the formation of a North American Union, similar to the European Union created by Maastricht, being a possible future step for the region. Several proposals for continental integration of North America advocated the creation of a union styled
15166427
Colonia (United States)


environmental impacts of promoting free trade. In order to ensure that NAFTA would pass, the Clinton Administration pushed for NAAEC as a side agreement specifically to aid border environmental issues. From NAAEC came the creation of the Commission on Environmental Cooperation (CEC), an institution providing a forum for environmental-law enforcement disputes to be resolved. Scholars generally agree that the NAAEC's diction is ambiguous and does not clearly define the authority that the organization has; it is also unclear whether violators are obligated to respond to inquiries made by the
16091697
Hella (company)


creation of a global distribution network in the 1960s resulted in the company developing one of the largest distribution networks in the industry, including its own subsidiaries and partners in numerous markets worldwide. In 1961, for example, the first foreign production plant was founded in Mentone, Australia. Today Hella has more than 100 places of location in over 35 countries and is operating in the economic region of Europe, NAFTA/South America, Africa and Asia/Pacific. Since the early 1990s Hella is also part of several Joint Ventures with
19012090
List of special economic zones


were less vocal about the injustices. This not only took jobs from the locals, one of the key goals behind creating the special economic zones, but also had deleterious effects on future movements to unionize the factories. The creation of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1994 had significant impacts on the SEZss of Jamaica and can be seen as one of the main reasons for the closure of the Kingston site. Before this agreement, the United States had held a monopoly over the factory spaces, since the Caribbean
19609118
Competition (companies)


and Trade (GATT) became the World Trade Organization (WTO), formally creating a platform to settle unfair trade practice disputes and a global judiciary system to address violations and enforce trade agreements. Creation of the WTO strengthened the international dispute settlement system that had operated in the preceding multilateral GATT mechanism. That year, 1994, also saw the installment of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which opened markets across the United States, Canada, and Mexico. In recent years, the concept of competition has emerged
3036361
Sombrero Festival


Fest, a three-day "Washington Park" street party with popular rock, country and Tejano performers, was added in 1986. Moreover, it is worth mentioning that the first president of the Mr. Amigo Association was the former president of Mexico, Miguel Alemán Valdés. During the creation of NAFTA agreement in 1988-1989, Congressman Solomon Ortiz presented the Mr. Amigo Association with the Mr. Amigo Review Award for the distinction of being one of the first organizations to extend friendship and mutual understanding between the United States and Mexico.
3948346
Intellectual property law in Mexico


New Law of Industrial property was issued. It is the current law that has been thoroughly reviewed and modified, especially to conciliate with North American standards in the process of the NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement). According to Mexican law named “Ley de propiedad industrial” (issued in 1991 and thoroughly modified for NAFTA standards) the author or the person who creates an invention, a utility model or an industrial design has the right to exclusively exploit it for his benefit by himself or by someone authorized by him.
5208531
Mike Gravel


Agreement (NAFTA) during his 2008 candidacy, calling it unfair and economically harmful and needing renegotiation. Gravel believed that NAFTA was the "root cause" of illegal migration to the U.S. He favored a guest worker program and "setting up naturalization procedures that would fairly bring immigrants into legal status." In a 2007 interview, Gravel identified himself as "very much of a globalist" who believed in open markets and open borders and condemned the scapegoating of undocumented immigrants. Gravel also said that he favored eliminating the cap on H1B
5611309
United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement


is a terrific deal for all of us.” Trade experts have differed in opinion on whether the shift in trade terms are significant enough to warrant this shift in perspective from the White House. Former US Trade Representative to former US president Bill Clinton, Mickey Kantor, who oversaw the signing of NAFTA, said, “It’s really the original NAFTA.” Representatives from the American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO) have criticized the labor standards in the USCMA as unenforceable and toothless. Senator
8529393
James P. Moore Jr.


into the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). He also was one of the senior negotiators in launching the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations which led to the creation of the World Trade Organization (WTO). In 1988 he was named the chief negotiator for the United States and worked with a team of forty U.S. officials across different departments and agencies in concluding what would become the last trade and economic agreement between the United States and the Soviet Union. He worked closely with Secretary of Commerce C. William Verity, the
18650414
Dominican Republic–Central America Free Trade Agreement


on January 1, 2009. The goal of the agreement is the creation of a free trade area similar to NAFTA, which currently encompasses the United States, Canada, and Mexico. CAFTA-DR is also seen as a stepping stone towards the FTAA, another (more ambitious) free trade agreement that would encompass all the South American and Caribbean nations as well as those of North and Central America except Cuba. Canada is negotiating a similar treaty called the Canada–Central American Free Trade Agreement. Once passed by the countries
9200099
North American Free Trade Agreement


put on the table have little or no support from the U.S. business and agriculture community. It isn't clear who they're intended to benefit", said John Murphy, vice-president of the U.S. Chamber of Commerce. Pat Roberts, the senior US senator from Kansas, called for an outcry against Trump anti-NAFTA moves, saying the "issues affect real jobs, real lives and real people". Kansas is a major agricultural exporter, and farm groups warn that just threatening to leave NAFTA might cause buyers to
2148514
North American Competitiveness Council


the North American Competitiveness Council, its mandate or its meetings. In fact, the only mainstream North American source to write about the NACC has been Canada's Maclean's magazine, which ran a story on September 13 by Luiza Savage called "Meet NAFTA 2.0." Savage described the NACC as a "cherry-picked group of executives who were whisked to Cancún in March by the leaders of Canada, the U.S. and Mexico, and asked to come up with a plan for taking North American integration beyond NAFTA." She
2197960
Visa policy of the United States


a limit of 200 S visas a year. A law enforcement agency can then submit an application for resident alien status i.e., a green card on behalf of the witness or informant once the individual has completed the terms and conditions of his or her S visa. NAFTA Professional (TN) visa allows citizens of Canada and Mexico whose profession is on the NAFTA list and who must hold a bachelor's degree to work in the United States on a prearranged job. Canadian citizens usually do not require a visa to work under the
6390299
Naphtha


Estonian "nafta", the Russian word нефть ("neft'") and the Persian "naft" () mean "crude oil". Also, in Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Finland, Italy, Serbia, Slovenia, "nafta" (нафта in Cyrillic) is colloquially used to indicate diesel fuel and crude oil. In the Czech Republic and Slovakia, "nafta" was historically used for both diesel fuel and crude oil, but its use for crude oil is now obsolete and
14447829
North American Free Trade Agreement


to replace NAFTA with the United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement (USMCA). NAFTA will remain in force, pending the ratification of the USMCA. The impetus for a North American free trade zone began with U.S. President Ronald Reagan, who made the idea part of his campaign when he announced his candidacy for the presidency in November 1979. Canada and the United States signed the Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement (FTA) in 1988, and shortly afterward Mexican President Carlos Salinas de Gortari decided to approach US president George
2148450
North American Free Trade Agreement


extend TN status granted earlier). According to the International Organization for Migration, deaths of migrants have been on the rise worldwide with 5,604 deaths in 2016. An increased number of undocumented farmworkers in California may be due to the initial passing of NAFTA Canadian authorities estimated that on December 1, 2006, 24,830 U.S. citizens and 15,219 Mexican citizens were in Canada as "foreign workers". These numbers include both entrants under NAFTA and those who entered under other provisions of Canadian immigration law. New entries of foreign workers in 2006 totalled
2148490
Rush Limbaugh


Limbaugh speculated that evidence of Iraqi weapons of mass destruction had been fabricated by the U.S. intelligence community to embarrass President Bush. In 1993, Limbaugh supported the North American Free Trade Agreement, joking in response to claims that it would lead to a transfer of unskilled labor to Mexico that this would only leave the United States with better jobs. During a 1993 televised debate against H. Ross Perot over NAFTA, Vice President Al Gore complimented Limbaugh as one of the "distinguished Americans" who pushed NAFTA forward in spite of the intense animosity
5786109
Economic policy of the Bill Clinton administration


crisis. Clinton presided over the following economic results, measured from January 1993 to December 2000, with alternate dates as indicated: Clinton has been heavily criticized for overseeing the creation of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which made it more affordable for manufacturing companies to outsource jobs to foreign countries and then import their product back to the United States. Some liberals and progressives believe that Clinton did not do enough to reverse the trends toward widening income and wealth inequality that began in the late 1970s and 1980s. The
14896241
Husein Cumber


billion railroad loan application, and implemented the U.S.-Mexico NAFTA trucking program on behalf of Secretary Mary Peters. Cumber was instrumental in the USDOT disaster response to the I-35W Mississippi River bridge. Cumber's tenure at USDOT also included work on the creation of a new discretionary grant program to address traffic congestion throughout the U.S.- a program very similar to today's TIGER discretionary grant program; the near bankruptcy of the Highway Trust Fund; several major aviation safety issues that included the grounding of part of Southwest Airlines and American Airlines' fleets for failure
9518092
Fiat 626


626N ("N" for "Nafta", the Italian for diesel). This was followed by a slightly longer wheelbase version the 626NL (from "Nafta Lungo" - "diesel long"). The military version for the Italian Army and the Italian Air Force was the 626NLM (for "Nafta Lungo Militare") A reliable workhorse, the FIAT 626 became the standard Italian medium truck and operated on all fronts. France ordered 1,650 trucks; 700 had been delivered by the time Italy declared war on June 10
179007
ORLEN Lietuva


The project began in 1995 when the company Būtingės Nafta was established for the purpose of constructing and operating the Terminal. In 1998, Būtingės Nafta was merged into Mažeikių Nafta. The first tanker was loaded in Būtingė in the summer of 1999 and took on board a shipment of YUKOS crude oil. The Terminal can export up to 14 million tons of crude oil a year but can also function as an import terminal. During the construction of the facility, an environmental monitoring program was introduced that includes tests of sea and ground waters
13749826
Effects of NAFTA on Mexico


The North American Free Trade Agreement of 1994's effects on Mexico have long been overshadowed by the debate on the Agreement's effects on the economy of the United States. As a key partner in the agreement, the effects that NAFTA has had on the Mexican economy is essential to understanding NAFTA on a whole. A key factor in this discussion is the way the Agreement was presented to Mexico; namely, that it would increase development of the Mexican economy by providing more middle class jobs that would enable more Mexicans to lift themselves
15004937
Effects of NAFTA on Mexico


played a role in changes in employment. Upon passage, NAFTA did bring benefits to Mexico, such as more private investment, but it failed initially to create the jobs that were promised. NAFTA was passed during a time of recession in Mexico, which contributed to the minimal effect of the Act. Additionally, liberalization of trade as a result of the Act contributed to the loss of "nearly two million" agricultural jobs as a result of competition from the highly subsidized U.S. agricultural industry. Overall, unemployment in Mexico rose following
15004946
Effects of NAFTA on Mexico


would have far worse outcomes than either leaving it in place or renegotiating it. Current President Peña Nieto has made calls for the deal to be revisited in order to update it for the modern Mexican economy since the original deal could not account for the new sectors that have emerged since the passage of NAFTA. Workers and researchers today agree that the promises of NAFTA are falling short, but by-and-large they are not calling for a repeal, favoring a modernization or renegotiations to update the deal and fix the issues in
15004960
North American Free Trade Agreement


jobs, and good-paying American jobs. If I didn't believe that, I wouldn't support this agreement." NAFTA then replaced the previous Canada-US FTA. The goal of NAFTA was to eliminate barriers to trade and investment between the U.S., Canada and Mexico. The implementation of NAFTA on January 1, 1994, brought the immediate elimination of tariffs on more than one-half of Mexico's exports to the U.S. and more than one-third of U.S. exports to Mexico. Within 10 years of the
2148456
NAFTA's effect on United States employment


U.S. was the destination of 69.2% of Mexico’s exports and the U.S. accounted for 74% of Mexico’s imports. In 2013, the U.S. was the destination of 78.8% of exports and accounted for 49.1% of the imports to the country. The agricultural and manufacturing industrial sectors were the hardest hit areas by NAFTA According to the Economic Policy Institute, an American think tank which receives significant funding from labor unions, the rise in the trade deficit with Mexico alone since NAFTA was enacted led to the net displacement of 682,900
2814236
United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement


) and the Accord Canada–États-Unis–Mexique (ACEUM) in French; and in Mexico, it is called the Tratado entre México, Estados Unidos y Canadá (T-MEC). The agreement is sometimes referred to as "New NAFTA" in reference to the previous trilateral agreement it is meant to supersede, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). The Agreement is the result of a 2017–2018 renegotiation of NAFTA by its member states, which informally agreed to the terms on September 30, 2018
8529366
TN status


Canada, Mexico, and the United States negotiated a regional free trade agreement, which came to be known as NAFTA, during the 1980s. The leaders of the three nations signed the agreement in their respective capitals on December 17, 1992. After approval by the US House and US Senate, President Bill Clinton signed NAFTA into law on December 8, 1993, and the agreement went into effect on January 1, 1994. NAFTA included an Appendix 1603.D.1 that required each of the member-states to institute laws and regulations for
12813049
FK Venta


in the first league, but another as FK Nafta appeared in the 2nd Latvian league. In 1996 Venta finished in the 1st league lower than Nafta. After the 1996 season Venta and Nafta merged into FK Ventspils which got a promotion to Virslīga (thanks to decline of playing in Virslīga by FK Vecrīga). Later Ventspils emerged as a new football club under the name of Venta. In 2004 they finished second in the Latvian 1. līga and played playoffs against the team that finished 7th in the league above them (Virslīga
18463217
Latin America–United States relations


force in 1994. Opposition to both NAFTA and ALCA was symbolized during this time by the Zapatista Army of National Liberation insurrection, headed by Subcomandante Marcos, which became active on the day that NAFTA went into force (1 January 1994) and declared itself to be in explicit opposition to the ideology of globalization or neoliberalism, which NAFTA symbolized. The political context evolved again in the 2000s, with the election in several South American countries of socialist governments. This "pink tide" thus saw the successive elections of Hugo Chávez in
18602753