who was the first chinese historian to separate history from astrology
Records of the Grand Historian


The Records of the Grand Historian, also known by its Chinese name Shiji, is a monumental history of ancient China and the world finished around 94 BC by the Han dynasty official Sima Qian after having been started by his father, Sima Tan, Grand Astrologer to the imperial court. The work covers the world as it was then known to the Chinese and a 2500-year period from the age of the legendary Yellow Emperor to the reign of Emperor Wu of Han in the author's own time. The "Records" has been
16051396
Chinese astrology


two stars on each side of Altair) across the bridge to reunite with their fairy mother. The tai bai fairy acts as the chaperone of these two immortal lovers. Chinese astrology has a close relation with Chinese philosophy which the core values and concepts are originated from Taoism or "Tao". The 60-year cycle consists of two separate cycles interacting with each other. The first is the cycle of ten heavenly stems, namely the Five Elements (in order Wood, Fire, Earth, Metal, and Water) in their Yin
998800
Zou Yan


/Phases (wood, fire, earth, metal, and water). All of Zou Yan's writings have been lost and are only known through quotations in early Chinese texts. The best information comes from his brief biography in the "Records of the Grand Historian" (1st century BC) by Sima Qian. It describes him as a polymath (philosopher, historian, politician, naturalist, geographer, astrologer) who came from the coastal state of Qi (present day Shandong), where he was a member of
5623921
Astrology


method of divination. Though most cultural astrology systems share common roots in ancient philosophies that influenced each other, many use methods that differ from those in the West. These include Hindu astrology (also known as "Indian astrology" and in modern times referred to as "Vedic astrology") and Chinese astrology, both of which have influenced the world's cultural history. Western astrology is a form of divination based on the construction of a horoscope for an exact moment, such as a person's birth. It uses the tropical
1847916
History of astronomy


the 17th century. Chinese astronomers were able to precisely predict eclipses. Much of early Chinese astronomy was for the purpose of timekeeping. The Chinese used a lunisolar calendar, but because the cycles of the Sun and the Moon are different, astronomers often prepared new calendars and made observations for that purpose. Astrological divination was also an important part of astronomy. Astronomers took careful note of "guest stars" which suddenly appeared among the fixed stars. They were the first to record a supernova, in the Astrological Annals of the Houhanshu
14251216
Sima (Chinese surname)


court astrologer, and his son was Sima Qian, the author of "Records of the Grand Historian". In the late Qin dynasty, Sima Ang served as a general in the insurgent Zhao state and joined other rebel forces in overthrowing the Qin dynasty. After the fall of the Qin dynasty, Sima Ang declared himself the king of a separate state, Yin (殷), with its capital in Henei (河內; in present-day Henan). In the early Han dynasty, Sima Ang's kingdom became a
1624379
Sima Tan


Sima Tan (, c. 165 BC – 110 BC) was a Chinese astrologer and historian during the Western Han Dynasty. He studied astronomy with Tang Du, the "I Ching" under Yang He, and Daoism under Master Huang. He held the position of Court Astrologer (太史令) between 140-110 BC. While Sima Tan had begun the "Records of the Grand Historian" ("Shiji"), he died before it was finished. It was left to his son, Sima Qian, to complete.
17267404
Nicholas Campion


Nicholas Campion (born 4 March 1953), is a British astrologer and historian of astrology and cultural astronomy. He is the author of a number of books and currently pursues an academic career. Campion is a former "Daily Mail" astrologer, where he took over from John Naylor, the son of R. H. Naylor, the first sun sign astrologer. He was president of the Astrological Lodge of London from 1985–7 and of the Astrological Association of Great Britain from 1994–99. He published a number of books on the practice of
3708469
Songkran (Thailand)


In 2013, Chiang Mai provincial council decided to defy the government-set holiday by rescheduling the ceremony according to the correct calculation. Following table lists start and end dates of Songkran festival obtained from the formulae discussed above. Chinese zodiac for each year is also given since it is also used in Thai astrology. However, Chinese zodiac in Chinese astrology changes on Lichun, just before the Chinese New Year, in February, while Thai astrology uses the first day of fifth lunar month (roughly new moon in late–March to
10225178
Sima Qian


Sima Qian (; ; c. 145 – c. 86 BC) was a Chinese historian of the early Han dynasty (206AD220). He is considered the father of Chinese historiography for his "Records of the Grand Historian", a general history of China in the "Jizhuanti" style (紀傳體) covering more than two thousand years beginning from the rise of the legendary Yellow Emperor and the formation of the first Chinese polity to the reigning sovereign of Sima Qian's time, Emperor Wu of Han. As the first universal history of
7877942
History of astronomy


Astronomy is the oldest of the natural sciences, dating back to antiquity, with its origins in the religious, mythological, cosmological, calendrical, and astrological beliefs and practices of prehistory: vestiges of these are still found in astrology, a discipline long interwoven with public and governmental astronomy. It was not completely separated in Europe (see astrology and astronomy) during the Copernican Revolution starting in 1543. In some cultures, astronomical data was used for astrological prognostication. The study of astronomy has received financial and social support from many institutions
14251187
History of astrology


, that astrology developed the techniques and practice of natal astrology. In 525 BC Egypt was conquered by the Persians so there is likely to have been some Mesopotamian influence on Egyptian astrology. Arguing in favour of this, historian Tamsyn Barton gives an example of what appears to be Mesopotamian influence on the Egyptian zodiac, which shared two signs – the Balance and the Scorpion, as evidenced in the Dendera Zodiac (in the Greek version the Balance was known as the Scorpion’s Claws). After the occupation by Alexander the Great in
7119642
Chinese influence on Japanese culture


Mikkyō texts which he had gotten during his final trip to Yüeh-chou, China. Professor at Doshisha University, Kazuhiko Miyajima argues that Japan was heavily influenced by Chinese astronomy and astrology. The Japanese learnt about Chinese astronomy first from Koreans, to consequently learning it directly from the Chinese. The influence of astronomy took roots in government offices, as a direct influence of the Chinese model, which became known as "Onmyo no tsukasa". This office was in charge of specific information related to both astronomy and astrology, identical
4848391
History of astrology


to bring Hermetic astrology to Rome was Thrasyllus, who, in the first century CE, acted as the astrologer for the emperor Tiberius. Tiberius was the first emperor reported to have had a court astrologer, although his predecessor Augustus had also used astrology to help legitimise his Imperial rights. In the second century CE, the astrologer Claudius Ptolemy was so obsessed with getting horoscopes accurate that he began the first attempt to make an accurate world map (maps before this were more relativistic or allegorical) so that he could chart the relationship
7119653
Babylonian astronomy


book in Greek on the (rather mythological) history of Babylonia, the "Babyloniaca", for the new ruler Antiochus I; it is said that later he founded a school of astrology on the Greek island of Kos. Another candidate for teaching the Greeks about Babylonian astronomy/astrology was Sudines who was at the court of Attalus I Soter late in the 3rd century BC. Historians have also found evidence that Athens during the late 5th century may have been aware of Babylonian astronomy. astronomers, or astronomical concepts and practices through
18095794
History of astrology


the date when the classical period of Indian astronomy can be said to begin. Besides the theories of Aryabhata in the "Aryabhatiya" and the lost "Arya-siddhānta", there is the "Pancha-Siddhāntika" of Varahamihira. Chinese system is based on astronomy and calendars and its significant development is tied to that of astronomy, which came to flourish during the Han Dynasty (2nd century BC to 2nd century AD). Chinese astrology has a close relation with Chinese philosophy (theory of the three harmony, heaven,
7119673
Nakhon Si Thammarat


. Most historians recognize the Tambralinga Kingdom of Chinese records as a precursor of Nakhon Si Thammarat. The town chronicles of this time are hardly separable from legend, but they do tell of an abandonment and refounding of the town, which would explain the break in history between Tambralinga and Nakhon Si Thammarat. References to a country named Poling appear in Chinese chronicles from the Tang dynasty period down to the early Ming dynasty. Many scholars identify Poling with Maling and Danmaling was one of the member-states of Sanfoqi (the Chinese equivalent
18947291
Gan De


Gan De (; fl. 4th century BC) was a Chinese astronomer/astrologer born in the State of Qi also known as the Lord Gan (Gan Gong). Along with Shi Shen, he is believed to be the first in history known by name to compile a star catalogue, preceded by the anonymous authors of the early Babylonian star catalogues and followed by the Greek Hipparchus who is the first known in the Western tradition to have compiled a star catalogue. Gan De made some of the first detailed observations of Jupiter in
18292737
Islam and astrology


in influencing historical events. The earliest traces of Muslim individuals and therefore an Islamic stance against that of Astrology stems from individuals such as Abd al Jabbar. This stance differentiates from that posed by individuals such as Abu Mashar who sought to justify the causal influence of celestial beings on terrestrial life forms. This is further evidenced by the presence of historical texts such as Kitab al Daraj which are proof of the presence of astrology in early Islam. Yet even before these individuals/texts there existed historians and theologians such as Al Hashimi who
13633847
Jewish views on astrology


-shamayim") in and . Astrologers from Babylon were called "Kasdim/Kasdin" (Chaldeans) in the Book of Daniel. In rabbinic literature, the term "Chaldeans" later was often used as a synonym with those who practiced astrology. For most of the Second Temple period, discussion of the planets in Jewish literature was extremely rare. Some historians hold that astrology slowly made its way into the Jewish community through syncretism with ancient Hellenistic culture. The Sibylline oracles praise the Jewish nation because it "does not meditate
16927853
Serfdom in Tibet controversy


a naturalized Chinese citizen born in Poland who similarly claims the authority of first-hand knowledge, although following the Chinese takeover, supports Chinese rule. There are few academic assessments of the recent history of Tibet. Anthropologist and historian Melvyn Goldstein, who is fluent in Tibetan and has done considerable fieldwork with Tibetans in exile and in Tibet, considers pre-1950 Tibet to have been a feudal theocracy impaired by corrupt and incompetent leaders. It was "de facto" independent of China from 1911 to 1949, but not recognised as "de
11407926
Alan Leo


Society's vast international connections to publish, translate and disseminate his work across Europe and America. Leo, who took the name of his sun-sign as a pseudonym, is credited with starting the movement towards a more psychologically-oriented horoscope analysis in astrology, being the first astrologer to argue for a loose interpretation of possible trends of experience rather than the specific prediction of events. His influence has been described as marking a 'turning point' in horoscope delineation, because, as astrological historian James Holden explains: In 1890
2584565
History of astrology


transmission of astrological theory to Rome. However, our earliest references to demonstrate its arrival in Rome reveal its initial influence upon the lower orders of society, and display concern about uncritical recourse to the ideas of Babylonian 'star-gazers'. Among the Greeks and Romans, Babylonia (also known as Chaldea) became so identified with astrology that 'Chaldean wisdom' came to be a common synonym for divination using planets and stars. The first definite reference to astrology comes from the work of the orator Cato, who in 160
7119651
Horoscope


use local time. Having constructed the horoscope, the astrologer can begin the task of interpreting the chart. This interpretation depends upon which branch of horoscopic astrology is being used. In [[Chinese astrology]], horoscopes are based on the symbolism of the [[Chinese zodiac]], a system of [[Chinese astrology#Wu Xing|elements]] and [[Chinese calendar#12 animals|animals]] associated with each year according to a [[Sexagenary cycle]]. Chinese horoscopes often appear in [[Sun sign astrology|horoscope sections]
18488108
History of Turkey


7th century AD, the Byzantines and the neighboring Sassanids frequently clashed over possession of Anatolia, which significantly exhausted both empires, thus laying the way open for the eventual Muslim conquests from both empires' respective south. Historians generally agree that the first Turkic people lived in a region extending from Central Asia to Siberia. Historically they were established after the 6th century BCE. The earliest separate Turkic peoples appeared on the peripheries of the late Xiongnu confederation about 200 B.C (contemporaneous with the Chinese Han Dynasty). The first mention of Turks
11130977
Chinese astrology


Chinese astrology is based on the traditional astronomy and calendars. Chinese astrology came to flourish during the Han Dynasty (2nd century BC to 2nd century AD). Chinese astrology has a close relation with Chinese philosophy (theory of the three harmony: heaven, earth, and water), and uses the principles of yin and yang and concepts that are not found in Western astrology, such as the Wu Xing (five-phase), the 10 Celestial stems, the 12 Earthly Branches, the lunisolar calendar (moon calendar and
998794
History of the Chinese Americans in Los Angeles


Historically there has been a population of Chinese Americans in Los Angeles and the Los Angeles Metropolitan Area. As of 2010, there were 393,488 Chinese Americans in Los Angeles County, 4.0% of the county's population, and 66,782 Chinese Americans in the city of Los Angeles (1.8% of the total population). The historian William Mason stated that the first Chinese in Los Angeles were Ah Luce and Ah Fou, who arrived in 1850. In his memoirs, Harris Newmark stated that the first Chinese person was the servant of
10495303
Universal history


was the first Chinese historian to attempt a universal history—from the earliest mythological origins of his civilization to his present day—in his "Records of the Grand Historian". Although his generation was the first in China to discover the existence of kingdoms in Central Asia and India, his work did not attempt to cover the history of these regions. The "universal chronicle" traces history from the beginning of the world up to the present and was an especially popular genre of historiography in medieval Western Europe. The universal chronicle
3885909
Claude de Visdelou


the Chinese concerning God and the spirit", Hong Kong, 1852, 10). His most trustworthy works deal with the history of the Tartars. He collected from Chinese historians unique documents on the peoples of Central Asia and Eastern Asia: Huns, Tatars, Mongols, and Turks. His researches on this subject were first published as supplement to Herbelot's "Bibliothèque orientale" (1779). However, they must have assisted Joseph de Guignes in his history of the Huns, for the geographer Anville who had handled all
10253223
History of medicine


. Supported by the Foreign Missions Board of the Presbyterian Church (US) she in 1902 founded the first medical college for women in China, the Hackett Medical College for Women, in Guangzhou. When reading the Chinese classics, it is important for scholars to examine these works from the Chinese perspective. Historians have noted two key aspects of Chinese medical history: understanding conceptual differences when translating the term "shén", and observing the history from the perspective of cosmology rather than biology. In Chinese classical texts, the term "
14424526
Korean nationalist historiography


of "Japanese imperialistic historiography" ("Ilche sagwan") to "annihilate the Korean people" ("minjok malsal"). Shin Chaeho strove to make "Korea" a primary, bounded unit of East Asian history, which he believed had been distorted by Confucian historians who measured Koreans by a graduation between Chinese and barbarian. Archaeologists in both North and South Korea have claimed, contrary to earlier scholarship, that Korea experienced a bronze age culture separate from that of China, with artifacts resembling those in Siberia and Manchuria
17805481
Planets in astrology


tradition. The planets in Hindu astrology are known as the Navagraha or "nine realms". In Chinese astrology, the planets are associated with the life forces of yin and yang and the five elements, which play an important role in the Chinese form of geomancy known as Feng Shui. Astrologers differ on the signs associated with each planet's exaltation. This table shows the astrological planets (as distinct from the astronomical) and the Greek and Roman deities associated with them. In most cases, the English name for planets derives
10239303
Óc Eo


. Óc Eo has been regarded as belonging to the historical kingdom of Funan (扶南) that flourished in the Mekong Delta between the 2nd century BC and the 12th century CE. The kingdom of Funan is known to us from the works of ancient Chinese historians, especially writers of dynastic histories, who in turn drew from the testimony of Chinese diplomats and travellers, and of foreign (including Funanese) embassies to the Chinese imperial courts. Indeed, the name "Funan" itself is an artifact of the Chinese histories, and
18708238
Chinese astrology


sun, Chinese astronomers divided the celestial circle into 12 sections, and rounded it to 12 years (from 11.86). Jupiter is associated with the constellation "Sheti" (- Boötes) and is sometimes called Sheti. A system of computing one's fate and destiny based on one's birthday, birth season, and birth hours, known as Zi Wei Dou Shu (), or Purple Star Astrology, is still used regularly in modern-day Chinese astrology to divine one's fortune. The 28 Chinese constellations, "
998797
Horoscopic astrology


Eastern and Western traditions. Mundane astrology (also known as political astrology) is the application of astrology to world affairs and world events, taking its name from the Roman word "Mundus", meaning ""the World"". Mundane astrology is a branch of Judicial astrology and is widely believed by astrological historians to be the most ancient branch of astrology. Many modern and ancient mundane astrologers also believe correlations exist between geological phenomena (such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, etc.) and astronomical phenomena (the movement of
18641363
Lunar station


covers two or three. The Chinese system groups houses into four groups related to the seasons. The concept of lunar stations is thought to originate in Babylonian astronomy. In his "A History of Western Astrology", Jim Tester explains that they appear in Hellenistic astrology in the 2nd-century list of fixed stars in the "Katarchai" by Maximus (the poet and astrologer, not to be confounded with Maximus of Tyre), the Arabic lists by Alchandri and Haly Abenragel, and a similar Coptic list with Greek names.
786359
Chronica Polonorum (1519)


Chronica Polonorum (, ) by Maciej Miechowita is a treaty about Polish history and geography written in Latin by a Polish renaissance scholar, professor of Jagiellonian University, historian, geographer, royal physician of king Zygmunt I the Old and astrologer, Maciej of Miechów. "Chronica Polonorum" was first published in 1519. The Chronicle describes the history of Poland. It is based on the earlier work of Jan Długosz, supplementing its content with the events leading to the accession of Sigismund the Old to the throne. Although the first edition
18410746
Chinese historiography


as the father of Chinese historiography. The "Twenty-Four Histories" (二十四史), the official histories of the dynasties considered legitimate by imperial Chinese historians, all copied Sima Qian's format. Typically, rulers initiating a new dynasty would employ scholars to compile a final history from the annals and records of the previous one. The "Shitong" (史通) was the first Chinese work about historiography. It was compiled by Liu Zhiji between 708 and 710 AD. The book describes the general pattern of the official dynastic
7417128
History of rockets


Chinese navy. Rocket launchers known as "wasp nests" were ordered by the Ming army in 1380. The American historian Frank H. Winter proposed in "The Proceedings of the Twentieth and Twenty-First History Symposia of the International Academy of Astronautics" that southern China and the Laotian community rocket festivals might have been key in the subsequent spread of rocketry in the Orient. The Chinese fire arrow was adopted by the Mongols in northern China, who employed Chinese rocketry experts as mercenaries in the Mongol army. Rockets are thought to have
21557693
Li Xueqin


Li Xueqin (, 28 March 1933 – 24 February 2019) was a Chinese historian, archaeologist, and palaeographer, who was widely considered the most important Chinese historian of his time. He served as Director of the Institute of History of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Professor and Director of the Institute of Sinology of Tsinghua University, Chairman of the Pre-Qin History Association of China, and Director of the Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project. Li was born 28 March 1933 in Beijing, Republic of China.
15666838
History of Chinese Australians


with Chinese heritage have left their mark on Australian History. Some historians have theorised that Northern Indigenous Australians may even have had dealings with Chinese traders or come across Chinese goods particularly through trepanging. Sir Joseph Banks was of the opinion that any British colony in Australia could be populated by 'useful inhabitants from China'. The first official undisputed link between China and Australia comes from the very beginning of the colony of New South Wales. The First Fleet ships, Scarborough, Charlotte and Lady Penrhyn, after dropping off their convict load
22043969
Imperial Twilight


Imperial Twilight: The Opium War and the End of China's Last Golden Age is a history book by Stephen R. Platt relating the events during the lead-up to the First Opium War of 1839–1842. The book was well-received by critics, who were generally supportive of the conclusions Platt reached in the book. "Imperial Twilight" was written by Stephen R. Platt, a historian and professor of Chinese history at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst. Platt had previously written a number of books concerning Chinese history. The
16155133
General History of the Zhuang


General History of the Zhuang (Traditional Chinese: 壯族通史; Simplified Chinese: 壮族通史; pinyin: Zhuàngzú tōng shi) is an academic book which relatively systematic and comprehensive response Zhuang history written by Chinese historian Huang Xianfan. The first draft completed in 1981 and after finishing by Huang Xian Fan’s students published by the Guangxi National Press in 1988. The work won the 1990 Highest Prize for Social Sciences of the Guangxi. "It is the first General History of the Zhuang in Chinese history and considered is the most innovative, scientific
17414414
History of medicine


from a cosmology perspective, historians better understand Chinese medical and social classifications such as gender, which was defined by a domination or remission of yang in terms of yin. These two distinctions are imperative when analyzing the history of traditional Chinese medical science. A majority of Chinese medical history written after the classical canons comes in the form of primary source case studies where academic physicians record the illness of a particular person and the healing techniques used, as well as their effectiveness. Historians have noted that Chinese scholars wrote these studies instead of
14424529
Silke Ackermann


Silke M. Ackermann () (born 1950) is a German museum curator and historian of science who is currently the Director of the Museum of the History of Science at Oxford University. Ackermann studied History and Oriental Languages at the University of Frankfurt in Germany. After working for the "Regesta Imperii" Project, she wrote an MA thesis on the 13th-century mathematician, astronomer and astrologer Michael Scot entitled ""Michael Scot: a universal scholar of the 13th century: Sources of his life - Tradition of his works"
13726959
History of Xinjiang


first reference to the nomadic Yuezhi was in 645 BC by Guan Zhong in his Guanzi 管子 (Guanzi Essays: 73: 78: 80: 81). He described the Yuzhi 禺氏, or Niuzhi 牛氏, as a people from the north-west who supplied jade to the Chinese from the nearby mountains of Yuzhi 禺氏 at Gansu. The nomadic tribes of the Yuezhi are documented in Chinese historical accounts, in particular the 2nd–1st century BC "Records of the Great Historian", or "Shiji", by Sima Qian.
22165954
Thomas Hyde


had even acquired Chinese from the Chinese Jesuit Michael Shen Fu-Tsung, while his writings are the best testimony to his mastery of Turkish, Arabic, Syriac, Persian, Hebrew and Malay. In his chief work, "Historia religionis veterum Persarum" (1700) [The History of the religion of ancient Persia], he made the first attempt to correct from Oriental sources the errors of the Greek and Roman historians who had described the religion of the ancient Persians. He identified Zoroaster as a religious reformer. In this
9076373
Fengjian


like Zhang Zai and Su Xun were enthusiastic about its restoration and spoke of it in a perhaps oversimplifying admiration, invoking Mencius's frequent praise of the system. Marxist historians in China have described Chinese ancient society as largely feudal. Fengjian is particularly important to Marxist historiographical interpretation of Chinese history in China, from a slave society to a feudal society. The first to propose the use of this term for the Chinese society was Marxist historian and one of the leading writers of 20th-century China, Guo Moruo in the 1930s.
14524998
Sima Qian


the world as it was known to the ancient Chinese, the "Records of the Grand Historian" served as a model for official history-writing for subsequent Chinese dynasties and the Chinese cultural sphere (Korea, Vietnam, Japan) up until the 20th century. Sima Qian's father Sima Tan (司馬談) first conceived of the ambitious project of writing a complete history of China, but only completed some preparatory sketches at the time of his death. After inheriting his father's position as court historian in the imperial court,
7877943
Yellow Emperor


who were then worshiped at Yong. The figure of Huangdi had appeared sporadically in Warring States texts. Sima Qian's "Shiji" (or "Records of the Grand Historian", completed around 94 BCE) was the first work to turn these fragments of myths into a systematic and consistent narrative of the Yellow Emperor's "career". The "Shiji"'s account was extremely influential in shaping how the Chinese viewed the origin of their history. The "Shiji" begins its chronological account of Chinese history with the life
4824002
An Zuozhang


An Zuozhang (; 10 January 1927 – 20 February 2019) was a Chinese historian who specialized in ancient Chinese history and the regional history of Shandong. A lifelong professor of Shandong Normal University, he was considered in China as a leading expert in the history of Qin and Han dynasties. An was born on 10 January 1927 in Cao County, Shandong, Republic of China. After graduating from the Department of History of Cheeloo University in 1951, he served as a faculty member in the history department of Shandong Normal University until his
4165319
History of astrology


the Western Satrap Saka king Rudradaman I. Indian astronomy and astrology developed together. The earliest treatise on jyotish, the Bhrigu Samhita, dates from the Vedic era. The sage Bhrigu is one of the Saptarshi, the seven sages who assisted in the creation of the universe. Written on pages of tree bark, the Samhita (Compilation) is said to contain five million horoscopes comprising all who have lived in the past or will live in the future. The first named authors writing treatises on astronomy are from the 5th century AD,
7119672
Planets in astrology


associated Saturn with the liberal art of "astronomia" (astronomy and astrology). In Chinese astrology, Saturn is ruled by the element earth, which is warm, generous, and co-operative. In Indian astrology, Saturn is called Shani or "Sani", representing a noteworthy career and longevity. He is also the bringer of obstacles and hardship. Since the invention of the telescope, Western astrology has incorporated Uranus, Neptune, Ceres, Pluto, and other bodies into its methodology. The Indian and Chinese astrologies
10239341
Chinese historiography


, Fu Sinian, and Tsiang Tingfu, who were PhDs from Columbia University; and Chen Yinke, who conducted his investigations into medieval Chinese history in both Europe and the United States. Other historians, such as Qian Mu, who was trained largely through independent study, were more conservative but remained innovative in their response to world trends. In the 1920s, wide-ranging scholars, such as Guo Moruo, adapted Marxism in order to portray China as a nation among nations, rather than having an exotic and isolated history.
7417132
Korean nationalist historiography


for their origin myth, as well as by the Mongols, and the mountains are considered sacred in Han Chinese culture as well. This nationalist identification of Changbai/Baekdu with Koreans was cemented by the operation of Korean independence movement partisans operating from the Chinese border and retroactively legitimized with reference to the history of the Gojoseon and Balhae states. The Chinese civilizational connection to ancient Korea continues to be attacked by North Korean historians, who allege that the history of Gija Joseon was "viciously distorted by the feudal ruling class, the [
17805477
Politics in the British Isles


isles. The recent trend of using an "archipelago" perspective in scholarship of history, politics and identity was initiated by historian J. G. A. Pocock in the 1970s. He coined the term "Atlantic archipelago" as a replacement for "British Isles", and he pressed his fellow historians to reconsider two issues linked to the future of British history. First, he urged historians of the British Isles to move away from histories of the Three Kingdoms (Scotland, Ireland, England) as separate entities, and he called for
3078223
Chuang Chi-fa


Chuang Chi-fa (also known as Zhuang Jifa; ; born 24 May 1936) is a Taiwanese historian who studies Chinese history, in particular Manchu history. Chuang is one of the few linguistics researchers with a mastery of the Manchu language. His 1982 book "Qing Gaozong shiquan wugong yanjiu" (researching the Qianlong Emperor's "Ten Great Campaigns") was called a "tour de force" by Yingcong Dai of William Paterson University. With Ch’en Chieh-hsien he was one of the first historians to research the
10927314
Judy Yung


the University of Washington Press in 2014. From 1981 to 1983, with a federal grant from the Women’s Educational Equity Program, Yung directed the Chinese Women of America Research Project, resulting in the first traveling exhibit on the history of Chinese American women and the book, "Chinese Women of America: A Pictorial History". She then returned to graduate school to hone her research skills as a historian. Upon receiving her Ph.D. in Ethnic Studies, Yung was hired to establish an Asian American Studies program at the University of
5121657
The Chinese Historical Review


The Chinese Historical Review is a biannual peer-reviewed academic journal published by Taylor & Francis on behalf of Chinese Historians in the United States. The journal publishes original research on the history of China in every period, China's historical relations with the world, the historical experiences of the overseas Chinese, as well as comparative and transnational studies of history and social sciences. The journal was established in 1987 as "The Historians" and renamed "The Chinese Historians" in 1989, obtaining its current name in 2004. The editor
15592327
History of Jin


The History of Jin (Jin Shi) is a Chinese historical text, one of the "Twenty Four Histories", which details the history of the Jin dynasty founded by the Jurchens in northern China. It was compiled by the Yuan dynasty historian and minister Toqto'a. Although the Jin dynasty was destroyed by the Mongols in 1234, the initiative for writing a dynastic history - in accordance with Chinese political traditions - was only begun under Kublai Khan, who had decided to embrace Chinese political norms and found the Yuan dynasty. In
15458943
Tanka people


people. The Tanka's ancestors had been pushed to the southern coast by Chinese peasants who took over their land. During the British colonial era in Hong Kong, the Tanka were considered a separate ethnic group from the Punti, Hakka, and Hoklo. Punti is another name for Cantonese (it means "local"), who came from mainly Guangdong districts. The Hakka and Hoklo are not considered as Puntis. The Tanka have been compared to the She people by some historians, practising Han Chinese culture, while being an
251284
Historian


influence. Strabo ( – ) was an important exponent of the Greco-Roman tradition of combining geography with history, presenting a descriptive history of peoples and places known to his era. Livy ( – ) records the rise of Rome from city-state to empire. His speculation about what would have happened if Alexander the Great had marched against Rome represents the first known instance of alternate history. In Chinese historiography, the "Classic of History" is one of the Five Classics of Chinese classic texts and one of the earliest
13330209
Astrology


The Indian techniques may also have been augmented with some of the Babylonian techniques. Chinese astrology has a close relation with Chinese philosophy (theory of the three harmonies: heaven, earth and man) and uses concepts such as yin and yang, the Five phases, the 10 Celestial stems, the 12 Earthly Branches, and shichen (時辰 a form of timekeeping used for religious purposes). The early use of Chinese astrology was mainly confined to political astrology, the observation of unusual phenomena, identification of portents and the selection of
1847922
James Cahill (art historian)


researched and cataloged Chinese paintings. In 1960 he published "Chinese Painting", which became a classic text that was required reading in Chinese art history classes for decades. In 1973, he was one of the first American art historians to visit China after President Richard Nixon's historic meeting with Chairman Mao Zedong the year before. At a Chinese art symposium in the 1960s, Cahill proposed the theory that notable Ming dynasty Chinese painters were influenced by Western art. His theory was denounced by Chinese academics at the time, but has
8526363
History of astrology


Ptolemy's work the "Tetrabiblos" laid the basis of the Western astrological tradition, and as a source of later reference is said to have "enjoyed almost the authority of a Bible among the astrological writers of a thousand years or more". It was one of the first astrological texts to be circulated in Medieval Europe after being translated from Arabic into Latin by Plato of Tivoli (Tiburtinus) in Spain, 1138. According to Firmicus Maternus (4th century), the system of horoscopic astrology was given early on to an
7119646
Li Yingshi


Li Yingshi (, referred to by Jesuits as Li Paul; fl. ca. 1600) was a Ming Chinese military officer and a renowned mathematician, astrologer and "feng shui" expert, who was among the first Chinese literati to become Christian. Converted to Catholicism by Matteo Ricci and Diego de Pantoja, the first two Jesuits to establish themselves in Beijing, he became a zealous Christian, and was instrumental in the advancement of Catholicism in China. Li Yingshi was a member of the Chinese literati class. He commanded a
7527304
Arcturus


". or "حارس الشمال" "ħāris al-shamāl’" "the keeper of north". Arcturus was once again called by its classical name from the Renaissance onwards. In Chinese astronomy, Arcturus is called "Da Jiao" (), because it is the brightest star in the Chinese constellation called "Jiao Xiu" (). Later it became a part of another constellation "Kang Xiu" (). In Indian Astrology or Vedic Astrology or Sidereal Astrology, Arcturus is called "Swati" which is
2897894
History of the Uyghur people


people, is an issue of contention between Uyghur nationalists and the Chinese authority. Uyghur historians viewed the Uyghurs as the original inhabitants of Xinjiang with a long history. Uyghur politician and historian Muhemmed Imin Bughra wrote in his book "A history of East Turkestan", stressing the Turkic aspects of his people, that the Turks have a 9000-year history, while historian Turgun Almas incorporated discoveries of Tarim mummies to conclude that Uyghurs have over 6400 years of history, and the World Uyghur Congress claimed a 4,000-year history. Chinese historians however generally
19605031
Ethnic minorities in China


were Chinese or a separate "ethnic minority", and the factors which lead to either classification. It tackled the question of why Muslims who were Chinese were considered a different race from other Chinese, and the separate question of whether all Muslims in China were united into one race. The first problem was posed with a comparison to Chinese Buddhists, who were not considered a separate race. It concluded that the reason Chinese Muslims were considered separate was because of different factors like religion, culture, military feudalism, and that considering
19386008
Berossus


worship of Marduk in Seleucid lands. Pure history writing "per se" was not a Babylonian concern, and Josephus testifies to Berossus' reputation as an astrologer. The excerpts quoted recount mythology and history that relate to Old Testament concerns. As historian and archaeologist W.G. Lambert observes: "Of course Berossus may have written other works which are not quoted by Josephus and Eusebius because they lacked any Biblical interest". Lambert finds some statements in the Latin writers so clearly erroneous that it renders doubtful whether the writers had first-hand
9762274
History of astrology


describes how the gods revealed to him in a dream the constellations that would be most favourable for the planned construction of a temple. However, controversy attends the question of whether they were genuinely recorded at the time or merely ascribed to ancient rulers by posterity. The oldest undisputed evidence of the use of astrology as an integrated system of knowledge is therefore attributed to the records that emerge from the first dynasty of Mesopotamia (1950-1651 BC). Babylonian astrology was the first organized system of astrology, arising in the 2nd millennium
7119634
History of astrology


amongst the astronomers of the time, "scarcely anyone attempted a serious refutation in the light of the new principles" and in fact astronomers "were reluctant to give up the emotional satisfaction provided by a coherent and interrelated universe". By the 18th century the intellectual investment which had previously maintained astrology's standing was largely abandoned. Historian of science Ann Geneva writes: The earliest use of the term "" is in the sense of a Vedanga, an auxiliary discipline of Vedic religion. The only work of this class to have
7119669
Chinese astrology


medicine and divination, astrology and alchemy. The 5 classical planets are associated with the Wu Xing: According to Chinese astrology, a person's destiny can be determined by the position of the major planets at the person's birth along with the positions of the Sun, Moon, comets, the person's time of birth, and zodiac Sign. The system of the twelve-year cycle of animal signs was built from observations of the orbit of Jupiter (the Year Star; ). Following the orbit of Jupiter around the
998796
Superstition in India


, former chairman of Indian Space Research Organisation, has criticised astrology noting that astrology is more popular than astronomy, which may be affecting India's recognition in science. Meera Nanda, historian and author, has written that India cannot become a superpower in science, unless it eradicates its various superstitions including astrology. Others who have criticised astrology include, Jayant Narlikar (astrophysicist),P. M Bhargava (founder of Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology), Ram Puniyani (former IIT professor) and Yash Pal (physicist and educator). Ashis
774773
History of Go


tool after the ancient Chinese Emperor Yao (2356–2255 BCE) designed it for his son, Danzhu , to learn discipline, concentration, and balance. Another suggested genesis for the game is that Chinese warlords and generals used pieces of stone to map attacking positions. Other plausible theories relate Go equipment to divination or flood control. Go's early history is debated, but there are myths about its existence, one of which assuming that Go was an ancient fortune telling device used by Chinese astrologers to simulate the universe's relationship to an
3993598
John Addey (astrologer)


is seen as making manifest the great eternal ideas – Platonic Forms – in ordered cosmic periods. James Holden, in his "History of Horoscopic Astrology", writes that Addey's theory of Harmonics "excited some enthusiasm when it was first announced, but it has not found favor with most astrologers", adding however that most horoscope programs can calculate harmonics if desired. "Astrology Critics", reviewing Addey's "Harmonics in Astrology" (1976), writes that the book starts from the fact that even basic issues such
14580056
History of the French in Holyoke


stairway. At the turn of the 20th century it was still described by historian Alfred Copeland, who published a multi-volume history of Hampden County, as "the most serious disaster in Holyoke history and never can be forgotten". While the first generations of French-Canadians and French remained separated from Holyoke's establishment by culture, language, and status, throughout the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries they gradually integrated with the community in civic, commercial, and social life. At the turn of the 20th
15555709
History of the Uyghur people


Symbols of Mu, published 1933 by James Churchward. To this sculpture he reports: "The city has been destroyed about 18,000 to 20,000 years ago - Chinese records say 19,000 years ago - is probably the oldest record of man being created with the dual principle." Many historians traced the ancestry of the Uyghur tribe to the Altaic pastoralists called Tiele (Tura in Uyghur), who lived in the valleys south of Lake Baikal and around the Yenisei River. The Tiele first appear in history AD 357 under the Chinese ethnonym "
19605036
Zhang Hongjie (writer)


Zhang Hongjie (; born April 1972) is a Chinese writer and historian who works in the Institute of Qing History, Renmin University of China. He is a member of the China Writers Association. Zhang was born in Jianchang County, Liaoning in April 1972. He completed his bachelor's degree in economic in Dongbei University of Finance and Economics. He earned his doctor's degree in history from the Institute of Chinese Historical Geography, Fudan University. He did post-doctoral research at the Department of History, Tsinghua University. In
7675082
Astrological sign


Chinese astrological signs operate on cycles of years, lunar months, and two-hour periods of the day (also known as "shichen"). A particular feature of the Chinese zodiac is its operation in a 60-year cycle in combination with the Five Phases of Chinese astrology (Wood, Fire, Metal, Water and Earth). Nevertheless, some researches say that there is an obvious relationship between the Chinese 12-year cycle and zodiac constellations: each year of the cycle corresponds to a certain disposal of Jupiter. For example,
2027116
Mimi Gardner Gates


Mary "Mimi" Gates (née Gardner; born July 30, 1943) is an American art historian who is the recent Director of the Seattle Art Museum. In 1996, she married Bill Gates Sr., father of Bill Gates. Gates holds a B.A. degree in art history from Stanford University, a certificate with honors in Chinese language and culture from the École Nationale des Langues Orientales Vivantes in Paris, an M.A. degree in Oriental and Chinese Studies from the University of Iowa, and a Ph.D. degree in Art History from
4429295
Astrology


posterity. The oldest undisputed evidence of the use of astrology as an integrated system of knowledge is therefore attributed to the records of the first dynasty of Mesopotamia (1950–1651 BCE). This astrology had some parallels with Hellenistic Greek (western) astrology, including the zodiac, a norming point near 9 degrees in Aries, the trine aspect, planetary exaltations, and the dodekatemoria (the twelve divisions of 30 degrees each). The Babylonians viewed celestial events as possible signs rather than as causes of physical events. The system of Chinese
1847892
The Chinese State in Ming Society


The Chinese State in Ming Society is a history book which investigates the role of the state in China in the Ming dynasty (from 1368 to 1644 in the late Imperial Chinese era); the interface between the state and society, and the effect of the state on ordinary people. The book is written by Timothy Brook, a distinguished Canadian historian who specializes in the study of China (Sinology). "The Chinese State in Ming Society " is set in the Ming dynasty, an era in which there was much "
5459287
Gonghe Regency


The Gonghe Regency () was an interregnum period in Chinese history from 841 to 828 BC, after King Li of Zhou was exiled by his nobles until the ascension of his son, King Xuan of Zhou. ("The Cambridge History of Ancient China" gives the starting date as 842.) According to the Han Dynasty historian Sima Qian (who interpreted "Gonghe" as 'joint harmony' in his "Records of the Grand Historian"), during the Gonghe regency, the Zhou Dynasty was ruled jointly by two
16039897
History of rockets


than rockets used in China at the time. The terminology used by al-Rammah indicates a Chinese origin for the gunpowder weapons he wrote about, such as rockets and fire lances. Ibn al-Baitar, an Arab from Spain who had immigrated to Egypt, described saltpeter as "snow of China" ( ). Al-Baytar died in 1248. The earlier Arab historians called saltpeter "Chinese snow" and " Chinese salt." The Arabs used the name "Chinese arrows" to refer to rockets. The Arabs
21557695
Pamela Kyle Crossley


and that Chinese historians using non-Chinese documents and dealing with the history of Qing empire conquests were the real targets. Crossley was a co-author of "The Earth and its Peoples," which was a revolutionary text in 1997. She was invited to write "What is Global History?" in a Polity Press series of short texts introducing historical genres to undergraduates. It is a study of "narrative strategies" used by historians from many cultures, over history, to attempt to tell "a story without a
13479840
Official history


, the Rikshistoriograf in Sweden from 1618, the Historiographer Royal in England from 1660 and the Historiographer Royal in Scotland from 1681; the Scottish post is still in existence. Each book in the "Twenty-Four Histories" records the official history of a Chinese dynasty. Sixteen of the histories were written between the 7th and 15th centuries. The first is "Records of the Grand Historian", authored by Sima Qian in the Han Dynasty and the last is "History of Ming" in 1735. The official histories were compiled
17504701
Baishui County


, the birthplace of Cang Jie, a famed figure in ancient Chinese history who was scribe and historian for the Yellow Emperor and is credited with the creation of Chinese characters. The village's name, Shiguan 史官, means “Historian”. Dukang Township produces the "Du Kang" brand of Chinese baijiu, so named for the legendary figure Du Kang, a Xia Dynasty man credited with the invention of liquor in China. Though not fully referenced in classical literature, Du Kang was famously lauded in verse by Three Kingdoms general
16579751
Astrology


who continue to have faith in astrology have been characterised as doing so "...in spite of the fact that there is no verified scientific basis for their beliefs, and indeed that there is strong evidence to the contrary." Confirmation bias is a form of cognitive bias, a psychological factor that contributes to belief in astrology. Astrology believers tend to selectively remember predictions that turn out to be true, and do not remember those that turn out false. Another, separate, form of confirmation bias also plays a role, where
1847931
Ancient history


East of Persia, was the Indus River Valley civilization which organized cities neatly on grid patterns. However the Indus River Valley civilization diminished after 1900 BC and was later replaced with Indo-Ayran peoples who established Vedic Culture. The beginning of the Shang dynasty emerged in China in this period, and there was evidence of a fully developed Chinese writing system. The Shang Dynasty is the first Chinese regime recognized by western scholars though Chinese historians insist that the Xia Dynasty preceded it. The Shang Dynasty practiced forced labor to complete public projects
6233739
History of astrology


rose just before sunrise for ten days. When they became part of the astrology of the Hellenistic Age, each decan was associated with ten degrees of the zodiac. Texts from the 2nd century BC list predictions relating to the positions of planets in zodiac signs at the time of the rising of certain decans, particularly Sothis. The earliest Zodiac found in Egypt dates to the 1st century BC, the Dendera Zodiac. Particularly important in the development of horoscopic astrology was the astrologer and astronomer Ptolemy, who lived in Alexandria in Egypt.
7119645
History of East Asia


of fireworks ("Chinese flowers") and rockets ("Chinese arrows"). Persians called saltpeter "Chinese salt" or "salt from Chinese salt marshes" ( ). Historian Ahmad Y. al-Hassan argues – "contra" the general notion – that the Chinese technology passed through Arabic alchemy and chemistry before the 13th century. Gunpowder arrived in India by the mid-14th century, but could have been introduced by the Mongols perhaps as early as the mid-13th century. The first known movable type system was invented in China
17000373
Anthony E. Clark


Anthony Eugene Clark (born 12 March 1967) is an American Sinologist, historian, and writer who has authored dozens of books, articles, and other publications in the fields of Sino-Western, Sino-Missionary, and ancient Chinese history. He is the Edward B. Lindaman Endowed Chair and a professor of Chinese history at Whitworth University. He previously taught courses on Chinese history, culture, and literature at the University of Oregon, and The University of Alabama. His most widely read books are "China's Saints:
15667235
Chinese astrology


heavenly bodies, the stars in the sky form the basis of many fairy tales. For example, the Summer Triangle is the trio of the cowherd (Altair), the weaving maiden fairy (Vega), and the "tai bai" fairy (Deneb). The two forbidden lovers were separated by the silvery river (the Milky Way). Each year on the seventh day of the seventh month in the Chinese calendar, the birds form a bridge across the Milky Way. The cowherd carries their two sons (the
998799
History of the Ming dynasty


of this grandeur size had ever been assembled before. To service seven different tributary missions abroad, the Nanjing shipyards constructed two thousand vessels from 1403 to 1419, which included the large Chinese treasure ships that measured 112 m (370 ft) to 134 m (440 ft) in length and 45 m (150 ft) to 54 m (180 ft) in width. The first voyage from 1405 to 1407 contained 317 vessels with a staff of 70 eunuchs, 180 medical personnel, 5 astrologers, and 300 military officers commanding
5693736
Sun sign astrology


other, using traditional rules to divine meanings for each sign separately. Because the Moon has the fastest apparent movement of all the heavenly bodies, it is often used as the main indicator of daily trends for sun sign astrology forecasts. Although William Lilly in the 17th century was the first newspaper astrologer, sun sign astrology was not invented until 1930. The astrologer R. H. Naylor was claimed by his newspaper to have predicted the crash of the R101 airship. This led to pressure on Naylor to come up with a simplified system of
17635849
Broken Arrow War


the first in the Broken Arrow War series. Teresa's zodiac sign is Capricorn (astrology), and her Chinese sign is the Tiger (zodiac). Rob LE's zodiac sign is Aries (astrology), and his Chinese sign is the Rat (zodiac). He likes fishing, woodworking,RPG, reading, and stargazing. Rob is the father of two and a dog lover. He was born and raised in Sask, Canada. Together they live in Sask, Canada, where they continue to write.
4153612
Chinese Canadians in the Greater Toronto Area


. In Toronto ethnic Chinese who immigrated from Vietnam formed community organizations separate from those of the Kinh people. The Chinese Benevolent Association (CBA) mediated between the Chinese community and the Toronto city government and within the Chinese community, and it stated that it represented the entire Chinese community. The CBA, which had its headquarters at the intersection of Elizabeth Street and Hagerman Street, was originally created in regards to Chinese political developments during the late Qing Dynasty. In much of its history it was allied to the Kuomintang. The Chinese
2906395
Early Irish astrology


It is unclear whether a form of Early Irish astrology existed prior to contact with Western astrology, as the earliest Irish language sources are simply translations from standard Western sources. Historian Peter Berresford Ellis argues that although there is evidence of the development of Irish astrology from the 7th Century AD onwards, anything earlier is left to conjecture based on continental Celtic artifacts like the Coligny calendar. While the pre-Celtic megaliths in Ireland are often aligned with solar and lunar phenomena, no evidence has been found for the type of planetary symbol system
13435897
Economic history of Vietnam


the time under the Chinese domination, approximately 1053 years. The first domination was happening from 207 BC to 29 AD. A brief independent period followed with the coronation of female sister kings Trung Trac, Trung Nhi, which ended in 43 AD. The second Chinese domination was the period from 43-544 AD. The coronation of Lý Nam Đế had gained the control of Vietnam from the Chinese hands for about 60-year Vietnam before the third Chinese domination, 603-907 AD. Historians tell us that the slavery regime was still
14276937