what is the low emissions zone in london
London low emission zone


The London Low Emission Zone (LEZ) is a traffic pollution charge scheme with the aim of reducing the exhaust gas emissions of diesel-powered commercial vehicles in London. This scheme was changed to include the Ultra Low Emission Zone (ULEZ), introduced in April 2019. Vehicles that do not conform to various emission standards are charged; the others may enter the controlled zone free of charge. The low emission zone started operating on 4 February 2008 with phased introduction of an increasingly stricter regime until 3 January 2012. The scheme
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Low-emission zone


class. The Mayor of London announced establishment of a low-emission zone which came into effect on 4 February 2008 covering almost all of Greater London - the largest such zone in the world. London currently has levels of air pollution among the worst in Europe and road transport related emissions account for around half of total emissions of PM10 and NOx in the capital. The Low Emission Zone will target emissions of these pollutants from older diesel-engined lorries, buses, coaches, vans, minibuses and other heavy vehicles that are derived
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Ultra–Low Emission Zone


The Ultra–Low Emissions Zone is a fee charged to the most polluting vehicles in Central London. Plans were laid out under Boris Johnson and introduced by Sadiq Khan in April 2019. It led to the number of the worst polluting vehicles dropping from 35,600 to 26,200 and a 20% reduction in emissions in Central London. Plans for an Ultra–Low Emissions Zone were under consideration since 2014 under Mayor Boris Johnson. In February 2017, Mayor Sadiq Khan announced plans to expand the ultra low emission zone (ULEZ) in April
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London low emission zone


such as lorries, buses, and coaches, with diesel engines. Cars were explicitly excluded. The objective of the new scheme is to help London meet its European Union (EU) air pollution obligations—specifically the EU Air Quality Framework Directive—as part of the Mayor's programme to make London the greenest city in the world. Despite some opposition, on 9 May 2007 the Mayor confirmed that he would proceed with a London Low Emission Zone, focused entirely on vehicle emissions, that plans to reduce emissions overall by 16
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Ultra–Low Emission Zone


2019 beyond Central London, one year ahead of schedule. Drivers do not pay both the ULEZ and the previous £10 T-charge, but they are still subject to the London Congestion Charge. The zone was introduced in April 2019 and led to a 20% reduction in emissions by July 2019. The number of the worst polluting vehicles entering the zone each day dropped from 35,578, in March 2019, to 26,195 in April of the same year, after the charge was introduced. The Ultra–Low Emissions Zone has
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London low emission zone


consultation later in the year. The Freight Transport Association welcomed this move in its 3 February press release. The scheme was fully implemented on 3 January 2012. For London Buses, since January 2012 a new Low Emission Zone (LEZ) was adopted, with those older buses selectively phasing out (those with no electronic destination displays and older than 12 years old) and the remaining buses were converted to Euro 3 or 4 standards. The remaining buses began to be upgraded to LECIP EDS. The new Low Emission Zone (LEZ
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London low emission zone


is administered by the Transport for London executive agency within the Greater London Authority. The zone covers most of Greater London (with minor deviations to allow diversionary routes and facilities to turn around without entering the zone and the M25 motorway). The boundary of the zone, which operates 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, is marked by signs. The LEZ emissions standards are based on European emission standards relating to particulate matter (PM), which are emitted by vehicles, which have an effect on health. The
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Clerkenwell


. This links Clerkenwell directly to Luton and Gatwick airports, and destinations including Bedford, Brighton, Cambridge, Luton, Peterborough, and destinations in South London and Kent. Moorgate is also nearby, with Great Northern services linking the area directly to North London and Hertfordshire destinations. Clerkenwell is in the London Congestion Charge Zone, as well as the London Low Emission and Ultra Low Emission Zones. Most roads in Clerkenwell are residential, but several key routes cross Clerkenwell. Goswell Road carries the A1 between the City of London (Barbican
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Air pollution in the United Kingdom


£12.50 per day. Busses pay £100 per day. This follows the London low emission zone plan operating since 2008. The ULEZ was expected to cause a 20% reduction in road traffic emissions and resulted in a drop of the worst polluting vehicles entering the zone each day from 35,578 in March to 26,195 in April after the charge was introduced. A poll in April 2019 by YouGov found that 72% of Londoners supported using emissions charging to tackle both air pollution and congestion. The zone will be extended to the North
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Low emission buses in London


Wright SRM double-deckers. By 2020, Transport for London has committed to the use of electric or hydrogen buses for all 300 single decker buses in Central London, and the use of hybrid buses for all 3,000 double decker buses in the same area. This is part of the Ultra Low Emissions Zone scheme. By Autumn 2016 all-electric IrIzar i2e buses, with planned end-of-life battery management, will be introduced on routes 507 and 521 in central London. These vehicles will operate for fourteen to sixteen
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London congestion charge


helps to reduce high traffic flow and minimise air and noise pollution in the central London area and raise investment funds for London's transport system. The standard charge is £11.50 for each day, for each non-exempt vehicle driven within the zone, with a penalty of between £65 and £195 levied for non-payment. In July 2013 the Ultra Low Emission Discount (ULED) introduced more stringent emission standards that limit the free access to the congestion charge zone to all-electric cars, some plug-in
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London low emission zone


levied to drive within Central London on top of the £11.50 congestion charge. The ULEZ, which went into effect in April 2019, covers the same area as the T-charge but applies 24/7, 365 days a year, with charges of £12.50 a day for cars, vans and motorcycles, and £100 a day for lorries, buses and coaches. The ULEZ caused a 20% reduction in emissions and resulted in a drop of the worst polluting vehicles entering the zone each day from 35,578 to 26,195. The
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Road pricing


and rejected during 2007-2008, including the Manchester congestion charge Planned emissions based charges in London cancelled following the 2008 Mayoral election. A 'Western Extension' was added to the London scheme in 2007 but then removed in January 2011. The London low emission zone was introduced in stages between 2008 and 2012 with an aim of reducing the pollution emissions of diesel-powered commercial vehicles in London. UK wide road pricing for large goods vehicles, which was first proposed in 2000 before being dropped and then revived in 2012. Approved
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Ultra–Low Emission Zone


been described as one of the most radical anti-pollution policies in the world. A poll in April 2019 by YouGov found that 72% of Londoners supported using emissions charging to tackle both air pollution and congestion. However, the Federation of Small Businesses said that many small firms were "very worried about the future of their businesses" as a result of the "additional cost burden". The £12.50 charge applies 24 hours a day every day of the year, and is based on European emission standards: The zone
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London low emission zone


% by 2012. The LEZ came into operation on 4 February 2008 with a phased introduction of further provisions as increasingly tough emissions standards apply. Vehicles registered after October 2001 are generally compliant with the first stages of the zone when Euro 3 engine compliance was the mandatory requirement. The regulations were tightened in July 2008 with more vehicles types included. On 2 February 2009 the Mayor of London, Boris Johnson, announced his intention to cancel the third phase of the LEZ covering vans from 2010, subject to the outcome of a public
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London low emission zone


conditions. The lowest band, "Band A", is for vehicles with a calculated CO value of up to 100 g/km, the highest band, "Band G", is for vehicles with a CO value of greater than 225 g/km. These results were to be used to determine which band each vehicle falls into. The resulting figures were described by the editor-in-chief of "What Car?" magazine as "deeply flawed". Under the proposed modifications to the scheme, vehicles
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Motoring taxation in the United Kingdom


that is, emissions of  225 g/km of CO. Electric zero-emissions vehicles are already exempt from the charge. The London low emission zone, a pollution charge scheme, was introduced between February 2008 and January 2012 covering nearly all of Greater London Payment of the LEZ charge is in addition to any congestion charge required. In 2003 the Dartford Crossing construction debt was paid off, which should have resulted in the scrapping of the toll fee to cross. However, the government decided to continue to charge most crossing users
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Low-emission zone


A low-emission zone (LEZ) is a defined area where access by some polluting vehicles is restricted or deterred with the aim of improving the air quality. This may favour vehicles such as (certain) alternative fuel vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, or zero-emission vehicles such as all-electric vehicles. A zero-emission zone (ZEZ) is a LEZ where only zero-emission vehicles (ZEVs) are allowed. In such areas, all internal combustion engine vehicles are banned; this includes hybrid vehicles.
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London low emission zone


falling into Band A would have a reduced, or even zero charge, whilst those in Band G would be charged at £25 per day. Certain categories of vehicle, such as electric vehicles, are already exempt from the charge. These proposals were put out to public consultation in August 2007. In early 2006, consultations began on another charging scheme for motor vehicles entering London. Under this new scheme, a daily charge would be applied to the vehicles responsible for most of London's road traffic emissions, commercial vehicles—
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Gainsborough, Lincolnshire


for the local bus company. They have expanded into a manufacturing company that specialises in the large stainless steel exhaust systems fitted to buses and commercial vehicles. They are also building low-emission catalytic systems for the London low emission zone. Beside Riverside Walk are the Whitton's Mill flats, which won the Royal Town Planning Institute award for the East Midlands. Marshall's Yard also received an award for regeneration. West Lindsey District Council used to have their main offices at the Guildhall on Lord Street, but in January 2008,
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Sadiq Khan


at Gatwick Airport, stating that to do so would bring "substantial economic benefits" to London. Khan launched a "No Nights Sleeping Rough" taskforce to tackle youth homelessness in London in October 2016. Khan has called air pollution “the biggest public health emergency of a generation.” In 2017, he announced plans to establish an "Ultra-Low Emissions Zone (ULEZ)" across London that would charge owners of the most polluting cars a fine of £12.50 per day. The zone was introduced in 2019 in
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London congestion charge


(CC Auto Pay) (with a £10 registration fee) which allowed users to nominate up to five vehicles with all fees being automatically debited from a nominated bank account at the end of each month. In the lead-up to the 2012 London mayoral election Johnson announced that he would give the Metropolitan Police access to cameras used to monitor vehicles travelling in the London congestion charge zone and the region-wide low emission zone, to help detect crime and would ensure that automatic number-plate recognition (ANPR) was
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Road pricing


by Mayor Boris Johnson in April 2013, the Ultra Low Emission Discount (ULED) went into effect on 1 July 2013, substituting the Greener Vehicle Discount. The ULED introduced more stringent emission standards that limited the free access to the congestion charge zone to electric cars, some plug-in hybrids, and any car or van that emits 75g/km or less of CO and meets the Euro 5 emission standards for air quality. The measure was designed to curb the growing number of diesel vehicles on London's roads. The
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Congestion pricing


April 2013, the Ultra Low Emission Discount (ULED) went into effect on 1 July 2013. The ULED introduced more stringent emission standards that limit the free access to the congestion charge zone to all-electric cars, some plug-in hybrids, and any car or van that emits 75g/km or less of CO and meets the Euro 5 emission standards for air quality. The measure was designed to curb the growing number of diesel vehicles on London's roads. About 20,000 owners of vehicles registered for the Greener Vehicle
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London low emission zone


that there were 1,000 premature deaths and a further 1,000 hospital admissions annually due to poor air quality from all causes. Towards the end of 2006, the Mayor of London, Ken Livingstone, proposed changing the congestion charge fee, from being a flat rate for all qualifying vehicles, to being based on Vehicle Excise Duty (VED) bands. VED bands for new vehicles are based on the results of a laboratory test, designed to calculate the theoretical potential emissions of the vehicle in grammes of CO per kilometre travelled, under ideal
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London low emission zone


were different from the forthcoming Euro 5 requirements as well suggesting the scheme did not do anything to help reduce CO emissions. The Road Haulage Association opposed the scheme, stating the costs to hauliers and benefits to the environment did not justify its introduction. Schools and St. John Ambulance have expressed concern about the additional costs that the scheme will bring them, particularly in light of the restricted budgets they operate under. London First, a business organisation, criticised aspects of the scheme with relation to the categorisation of vehicles, but supported the
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Volkswagen emissions scandal


". London Assembly member Stephen Knight suggested on 1 November 2015 that diesel vehicles should either be banned in the future, or face stringent tests before being allowed to enter London's low-emissions zone. The city's deputy mayor for the environment, Matthew Pencharz, responded that such measures could lead to serious economic problems. Major car manufacturers, including Toyota, GM, PSA Peugeot Citroen, Renault, Mazda, Daimler (Mercedes Benz), and Honda, issued press statements reaffirming their vehicles' compliance with all regulations and
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Greater London


part of Greater London outside the motorway is North Ockendon, the furthest land unit from its centre. The majority of Greater London forms the London low emission zone. The London postal district does not cover all of Greater London. The Mayor of London is a directly elected politician who, along with the London Assembly, is responsible for the strategic government of Greater London. For elections to the London Assembly, London is divided into 14 constituencies, each formed from two or three boroughs. The City of London forms part of the
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London congestion charge


a proposal to end the Greener Vehicle Discount that benefited mainly vehicles with small diesel engines, that avoid the charge because their engines produce emissions of less than 100 g/km of CO. The proposal was approved by Mayor Boris Johnson in April 2013 and the Ultra Low Emission Discount (ULED), went into effect on 1 July 2013. The ULED introduced more stringent emission standards that limit the free access to the congestion charge zone to all-electric cars, some plug-in hybrids, and any car or van that
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Transport in London


2017 for vehicles that do not meet . These older polluting vehicles pay an extra £10 charge on top of the congestion charge to drive within the Congestion Charge Zone. In April 2019, the T-charge was replaced by the Ultra-Low Emission Zone, which applies to vehicles which do not meet Euro 4 standards for petrol and Euro 6 for diesel and operate 24/7. The zone will be extended to the North and South Circular from 2021 so that it would cover an area containing 3.8 million people. Once the zone
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Low-emission zone


Date First Registration before 1 January 2001; and Delivery vans and passenger cars running on petrol/LPG with a Date First Registration before 1 July 1992. In Utrecht this applies only to diesel vehicles with a Date First Registration before 1 January 2001. The cities of Gothenburg, Lund, Malmö, Helsingborg, Mölndal, Uppsala, Umeå and Stockholm have low-emission zones. Heavy trucks and buses with compression ignited engines (mainly Diesel engines) may not be allowed inside the environmental zones depending on their age and on their emission
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Stratford, London


between the City and Stratford, whilst the A12 to the south carries traffic to the A13 and Canary Wharf. Transport for London (TfL) are responsible for the A11 and A12 roads. Stratford High Street is numbered the A118, which runs from Bow Interchange to Ilford and Romford. The A112 is a north-south route through Stratford, which ultimately terminates near Chingford in the north (via Leyton and Walthamstow) and London City Airport in the south. All roads in Stratford are part of London's Low Emission Zone.
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South Circular Road, London


. Caroline Pidgeon, deputy chair of the London Assembly's Transport Committee, responded, "It doesn't make sense and it won't add up – [there's a] £30bn estimate, but I'm sure it'll cost at least double that, and the reality is we'll lose homes around these roads and so on." The South Circular will become part of the London Ultra–Low Emission Zone boundary in 2021, meaning a daily charge of £12.50 for cars/vans/motorcycles and £100
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London low emission zone


following vehicles are not charged: Non-GB registered vehicles that meet the required LEZ standards will need to register with TfL; most compliant GB registered vehicles do not. Owners of vehicles that do not meet the above requirements have a number of options: The zone is monitored using automatic number plate reading cameras (ANPR) to record number plates. Vehicles entering or moving around the zone are checked against the records of the DVLA to enable TfL to pursue owners of vehicles for which the charge has not been paid. For vehicles
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London congestion charge


hybrids, and any vehicle that emits 75g/km or less of CO and meets the for air quality. On 8 April 2019, the Ultra–Low Emission Zone (ULEZ) was introduced, which applies 24/7 to vehicles which do not meet the emissions standards: for petrol vehicles, and Euro 6 or VI for diesel and large vehicles. From 2021, the ULEZ will be extended to the North and South Circular. The ULEZ replaced the T-charge (toxicity charge) which applied to Euro 4 vehicles. From
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Low-emission zone


Only all-electric vehicles are allowed in a ZEZ, along with walking and cycling and fully electric public transport vehicles, e.g. trams, electric buses etc. there are about 250 low-emission zones (LEZ), which help meet EU health-based air quality limit values. This means that vehicles may be banned from a LEZ, or in some cases charged if they enter a LEZ when their emissions are over a set level. Different vehicles may be regulated, depending on local conditions. All LEZs apply to heavy
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Low-emission zone


from lorries and vans such as motor caravans and motorised horse boxes. There will be a phased introduction of the scheme from 4 February 2008 through to January 2012. Different vehicles will be affected over time and increasingly tougher emissions standards will apply. Norwich and Oxford have also introduced low-emission zones. Denmark and Italy also have LEZs. Denmark for vehicles over 3.5T and Italy for all vehicles. Since the end of 2015, the Hong Kong Government has designated three major junctions in Central, Causeway Bay and Mong Kok as
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London low emission zone


registered outside of Great Britain, an international debt recovery agency is used to obtain unpaid charges and fines. The scheme is operated on a day-to-day basis by IBM. Since 1993 the London Air Quality Network of King's College London has coordinated the monitoring of air pollution across 30 London boroughs and Heathrow, and has noted that in 2005–06 almost all road and curbside monitoring sites across greater London exceeded the annual average limits for nitrogen dioxide of 40 μgmformula_1 (21 ppb), with eleven sites exceeding the hourly limits
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Chevrolet Volt


traveling urban areas or restricted zones, such as the European low emission zones or to allow the Ampera to qualify for an exemption of the London congestion charge The 2013 model year Volt included the "Hold Drive" button to allow drivers to conserve battery-pack energy for use at a particular time of their choice. General Motors production target for 2012 was to manufacture 10,000 Amperas for sale in Europe, 6,000 destined for Opel and 4,000 for Vauxhall in the UK, plus an additional 2,000 Volts were to be made available for the
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Michèle Dix


the London Low Emission Zone. She was promoted to managing director of planning in 2007 with responsibilities for planning the future transport needs of London, coordinating local plans and developing major transportation schemes. On 5 February 2015 she was made managing director of Crossrail 2, a proposed £27 billion high-capacity rail line to connect Surrey and Hertfordshire with London and provide additional capacity to the rail network. Dix was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2015 New Year Honours for services to transport in
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Road pricing


diesel and petrol vehicles registered before 2006, and the levy is expected to affect up to 10,000 vehicles. London Mayor Sadiq Khan announced the introduction of the scheme on 17 February 2017 after London achieved record air pollution levels in January 2017, and the city was put on very high pollution alert for the first time ever, as cold and stationary weather failed to clear toxic pollutants emitted mainly by diesel vehicles. The Mayor also announced plans to expand the London ultra low emission zone (ULEZ) beyond Central London a year earlier than
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Congestion pricing


after London achieved record air pollution levels the previous month, and the city was put on very high pollution alert for the first time ever, as cold and stationary weather failed to clear toxic pollutants emitted mainly by diesel vehicles. On April 8, 2019, the T-charge was expanded into the Ultra Low Emission Zone (ULEZ). The zone, which currently covers the City and the City of Westminster, will be extended on 25 October 2021 to cover the entire area between the North and South Circular boundary roads.
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London low emission zone


principle. The scheme has been supported by the British Lung Foundation and the British Heart Foundation. In February 2017, London Mayor Sadiq Khan announced the introduction of a new £10 toxicity charge, known as T-charge to be introduced from 23 October 2017, after London suffered record air pollution levels in January 2017, and the city was put on very high pollution alert for the first time ever, as cold and stationary weather failed to clear toxic pollutants emitted mainly by diesel vehicles. The T-charge is to be
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London congestion charge


people-moving capacity. Whilst TfL is responsible for the scheme, the operation is sub-contracted to a number of outside companies. Since 2009, IBM has been responsible for the day-to-day operation of the charging system, whilst Siemens Traffic Solutions provides and operates the physical enforcement infrastructure. Transport for London announced that from 2009 IBM would operate the charge, along with the London low emission zone under contract. The scheme makes use of purpose-built automatic number plate recognition (ANPR) cameras, manufactured by
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Road pricing


small number of cities and urban roads, and the notable schemes include the Electronic Road Pricing in Singapore, the London congestion charge, the Stockholm congestion tax, the Milan Area C, and High-occupancy toll lanes in the United States. Examples of pollution pricing schemes include the London low emission zone and the discontinued Ecopass in Milan. In some European countries there is a period-based charge for the use of motorways and expressways, based on a vignette or sticker attached to a vehicle, and in a few countries vignettes
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London low emission zone


of 200 μgmformula_1 (105 ppb) on at least 18 occasions each. In 2000 one measuring site exceeded EU limits for air pollution, pollution rose for two years prior to 2007. The Green Party reported that nine sites in London exceeded the EU limits for air pollution in 2007. The A23 at Brixton suffered the most consistently high levels for more than two-fifths of the period. Carbon monoxide levels had reduced rapidly during the late 1990s and been relatively stable since 2002. In 2007 Transport for London (TfL) estimated
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Nicky Gavron


up of the world's largest cities. In 2006, "Business Week Magazine" cited her, along with Ken Livingstone, as one of the twenty most important people in the world in the battle against greenhouse gas emissions. The magazine said that "[She aims] to turn London into a model of a sustainable future for all the world's great cities." In the same year she called for a new Clean Air Act – a Low Carbon Act to fight climate change. She envisioned low carbon zones being rolled
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Air pollution in the United Kingdom


is regularly overburdened in winter. , approximately 4.5 million children in the UK (one in three) is growing up in a town or city with unsafe levels of particulate pollution. In 2019 toxic air leads to the premature deaths of at least 40,000 people a year in the UK – 9,000 in London – and it leaves hundreds of thousands more suffering serious long-term health problems. London mayor Sadiq Khan launched the ultra low emissions zone (ULEZ) in April 2019 which involves a charge on older diesel and petrol cars with
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London Fire Brigade


replacing the older-generation (currently used) Mercedes-Benz Atego pump appliances with brand new Mercedes-Benz Ategos which include new features such as: an improved 'crew cab' for the comfort and safety of firefighters, new high-pressure hoses which can deliver twice as much water as previous models, a brand new electronically-controlled pump, and a more economical and environment-friendly EURO VI engine, which will be compatible with London's low-emission zones. In 2017, 52 initial appliance orders are being
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Volvo Olympian


for long. Only two buses from London United survived for rail replacement services. In 2008, the Low Emission Zone puts a final class of the Volvo Olympians in London. Metroline quit Volvo Olympians service in June 2008, displaced by Alexander Dennis Enviro200Darts. Some of them went to Ensignbus for rail replacement work. In April 2000, Singapore Bus Services had sent two Volvo Olympians, one to Nottingham and one to Metroline. Metroline replaced the tropical windows and the doors with British standard products and reregistered it. It was the first
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Low emission buses in London


vehicles would reduce CO emissions by around 200,000 tonnes per year. Other low-emission buses have also been used in London. Three hydrogen fuel cell powered buses were used on route 25 from 2004, but have since been withdrawn; eight are now operating on route RV1. An ethanol fuelled double-decker bus was operated by Transdev London in 2008 and 2009. The first hybrid buses to enter service in London were six Wright Electrocity single-deckers. These were ordered in March 2005 to operate on route 360. The buses
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Road pricing in the United Kingdom


Road pricing in the United Kingdom used to be limited to conventional tolls in some bridges, tunnels and also for some major roads during the period of the Turnpike trusts. The term road pricing itself only came into common use however with publication of the Smeed Report in 1964 which considered how to implement congestion charging in urban areas as a transport demand management method to reduce traffic congestion. Road pricing schemes in place in the UK as of 2012 include road congestion pricing in London and Durham; the London low emission zone which is a
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Leyland Titan (B15)


were eventually whittled down. Amid a small ceremony, the last one, T1018 was retired from route 40 on 19 June 2003. In London, the low emission zone saw the last Blue Triangle and Sullivan Buses Titans withdrawn; the Big Bus Company had completely replaced all its Titans by June 2009. Outside London, just a few now remain in service, particularly with independent operators. BrightBus in South Yorkshire and Nu-Venture in Kent had substantial fleets but now only a couple remain. Stagecoach, who acquired a large number
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Green Line routes X1 and X10


introduction of the London low emission zone also meant that a significant amount of money would have had to be spent on either modifying their existing fleet of coaches to make them comply or on purchasing new vehicles. Passenger numbers were also in decline, as the parallel rail line service increased in reliability. Free travel reduced revenue further, as for every pensioner travelling free under the government's national scheme, Stephensons were only reimbursed 50% of the fare. Rainham based Swallow Coach Company introduced three express services from east Essex into London as
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Not-To-Exceed


low. According to the US EPA there are technical limitations of NTE under limited operating conditions which have caused the EPA to "carve-out" (see graphs above) certain portions of the NTE zone to allow for these deficiencies. Excerpts as follows: NTE zone was defined by a desire to have a homogeneous emissions limit. Carve-outs within that zone exclude certain areas of operation from NTE consideration or limit how much emissions from that operation can contribute to an NTE result, deficiencies allow temporary exceedences of the NTE standards
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Wimbledon Stadium


at Wimbledon until the event moved to Foxhall Stadium in 2008. This was due to the introduction of the London low emission zone which made it too expensive for the transporters to travel to the venue. Wimbledon Stadium was the scene for part of the music video for the Queen song "Bicycle Race", in which 65 professional female models, all nude, rode on bikes around the stadium. Banger racing at the stadium was featured in the ITV police series "The Sweeney". The story was entitled "Contact Breaker"
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Driving in Singapore


for entering the area during certain non-peak times. The LTA also implemented the Low Emission Zone to deter air pollution at various roads, as part of the change of law. The cost of parking in many upgraded car parks can be deducted from the CashCard inserted in the IU of the vehicle, thus eliminating the need for the car park to have an attendant. Although the cost of parking (which is published) is variable, parking costs tend to be much less expensive compared to London and New York. For
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Replacement window


" low-e, also called High Performance low-e, are testing for even lower SHGC ratings, making the windows suitable for even the hottest southern climate (mostly cooling) zones. Also notable are new interior surface low-e coatings that provide very low u-values that are comparable to triple pane windows, often in the low 20s. Combining these two low-emissivity coatings can make a dual pane window exceed every Energy Star climate zone in the US. Other options include triple-glazing (a third
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London congestion charge


was originally commissioned by Transport for London which indicated that the proposed new system would reduce CO emissions in central London by 2,200 tonnes by 2012, but would increase CO emissions by 182,000 tonnes in outer London, due to drivers of more polluting vehicles avoiding congestion charge zones. A spokesman Transport for London stated that the methodology used by King's was "less robust and accurate than TfL's methodology" and that their findings suggested reductions of up to 5,000 tonnes of CO by 2009. They claimed that King's College agreed with these
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Low emission buses in London


Hybrid electric buses use a combination of an electric battery pack and a diesel engine to provide power, and produce around 40% less carbon dioxide (CO) emissions than traditional diesel engined buses. Energy generated during braking is used to charge the batteries of hybrid vehicles. Transport is responsible for around 20% of London's CO emissions; buses make up 5% of the transport total. The city has set a target of a 20% reduction in emissions by the year 2020. Converting London's entire bus fleet to hybrid
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Leytonstone


foot of the M11 motorway to Cambridge but within the ring formed by the North Circular and South Circular Roads. The Mayor of London has announced that the capital’s Ultra-Low Emission Zone (ULEZ) will be expanded up to the North and South Circular boundary in 2021. Leytonstone schools include: Thames Water supplies Leytonstones' water. EDF Energy Networks is the Distribution network operator licensed to distribute electricity from the transmission grid to homes and businesses in Leytonstone. Whipps Cross University Hospital, on Whipps Cross road, is a University
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Kamkorp


Monorail system in Nilai, Malaysia. The monorail was constructed over a 6-month period and operated for over 9 years. Ecotive Ltd, part of the Kamkorp Group of Companies, became the new owners of the Metrocab brand in 2004, collaborating with R&D Company Frazer-Nash Research Ltd to design and develop a Metrocab taxi for greener and more sustainable transport in compliance with the upcoming Ultra-Low Emission Zone in London. In 2014 the Metrocab became the world’s first REE Taxi licensed by any major metropolitan area in the world,
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Frankfurt


the west, the A3 in the south and the A661 in the north-east form a ring road around the inner city districts and define a Low-emission zone ("Umweltzone"; established in 2008), meaning that vehicles have to meet certain emission criteria to enter the zone. The streets of central Frankfurt are usually congested with cars during rush hour. Some areas, especially around the shopping streets Zeil, Goethestraße and Freßgass, are pedestrian-only streets. Car parks are located throughout the city and especially in
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Low-emission zone


vehicles, some to diesel vans, others also to diesel and petrol cars; in Italy, motor cycles and three-wheelers are also liable to control. A publicly funded website run by a network of cities and ministries operating or preparing LEZs gives up-to-date information on LEZs, such as which cities have LEZs, the vehicle types affected, the required emissions standards and their application dates. In Germany, an LEZ is called an environmental zone ("Umweltzone"). There are currently 47 LEZs in operation
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Road space rationing


emissions control, such as low emission zone or traffic limited zones as used in Europe. Access regulations have often been found to be effective, in reducing congestion, traffic and pollution. Road space rationing based on license numbers has been implemented in cities such as Athens (1982), Santiago, Chile (1986 and extended 2001), México City (1989), Metro Manila (1995), São Paulo (1997), Bogotá, Colombia (1998), La Paz, Bolivia (2003), San José,
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Mercedes-Benz Vito


their engine power output: currently the 109 has , the 111 has , the 115 has , and the 120 has . Blue-efficiency technology is optional. The vehicles have a new 6-speed manual gearbox gear ratios designed for fuel economy. The second generation Vitos are Euro 3 compliant (additionally Euro 4 compliant as of November 2006) and exempt from the Low Emission Zone in London, which requires commercial vehicles (vans) to reach at least Euro 3 standard from October 2010. In August 2008, a variant of the Vito
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London low emission zone


) rules will be carried out from 2015, thus allowing all the Euro II vehicles and Euro III without catalytic standards to be removed. In July 2016 the last bus not meeting the standards was withdrawn. Applicable vehicles over the implementation phase: The scheme was opposed during the consultation phase by a range of stake holders: The Freight Transport Association proposed an alternative scheme, reliant on a replacement cycle of vehicles, with lorries over 8 years old being liable, with higher years for other vehicles. They also stated that the standards
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Bus preservation in the United Kingdom


less than 8 people are carried in the vehicle. For licences gained after 1997 and buses under 30 years old, the rules are more complex. Depending on circumstances, operators of preserved buses may need to fit their vehicle with an analogue or digital tachograph. All commercial operation (not on a scheduled bus route) requires a tachograph. Drivers operating preserved buses for "non-commercial carriage of passengers" are exempt from the Driver Certificate of Professional Competence (Driver CPC) regulations. With regard to the London low emission zone
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List of tribunals in the United Kingdom


's certificate, an air traffic controller’s licence, approval for a person to provide an air traffic control service, a certificate of airworthiness or a permit to fly, approval of equipment for use on board an aircraft or in the provision of an air traffic control service, a maintenance engineer’s licence and a pilot’s licence. Parking adjudicators hear parking appeals against fixed penalty notices issued for parking, bus lane and various traffic sign contraventions within Greater London. Road User Charging Adjudicators hear appeals against congestion charging and low emission zone
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Emission standard


of years after the EU, Turkey adopted Euro 6 for new types of light duty vehicles (LDV) and new types of passenger cars. Turkey is planning to use the Worldwide harmonized light vehicles test procedure (WLTP). However despite these tailpipe emission standards for new vehicle types there are many older diesel vehicles, no low-emission zones and no national limit on PM2.5 particulates so local pollution, including from older vehicles, is still a major health risk in some cities, such as Ankara. Concentrations of PM2.5 are 41
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Greenhouse gas emissions by Turkey


aviation are not taxed. More than three quarters of road transport emissions are from diesel. Although gasoline and diesel fuel (except possibly agricultural diesel) prices are above the G20 average and electricity is subsidized there are a relatively tiny proportion of charging stations and electric cars. there were no low-emission zones in any Turkish cities, although enabling regulations were introduced in 2019. The rate of special consumption tax (a sales tax on luxuries such as private cars) and (annual) motor vehicle tax is lower for electric cars
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Greenhouse gas emissions by Turkey


to one-time setup costs. She said that compared to Italy and Greece, Turkey has not invested enough in solar and wind power. Although health would be the primary benefit of cutting air pollution in Turkey GHG emission reduction would be a co-benefit of: a low emission zone for Istanbul traffic, and stopping the distribution of free coal for residential heating. Co-benefits of climate change mitigation are being researched: increasing the share of renewable energy could make the country more energy independent and increase employment. Most renewable
8216473
Berlin's Environmental Zone


Berlin’s Environmental Zone, also known as Berlin’s Umweltzone, refers to a region within the city of Berlin and has been deemed a low-emissions zone. This zone permits only vehicles that have an environmental badge, or a green sticker, to enter. The policy was put into place in January 2008 due to the high density of Berlin’s inner city being affected by pollutants such as fine dust (PM 10) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) threatening human health. The pollution from vehicles highly affects human health in
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Berlin Ringbahn


south into a "Westring" (Western Ring) and an "Ostring" (Eastern Ring). These four sections served as tariff zones of the railway Berlin suburban fare structure before the previous world war. Today, the Ringbahn is the boundary of the "A" zone in the Verkehrsverbund Berlin-Brandenburg transport association's fare structure, and the road traffic control zone for the low emissions established on 1 January 2008. In 1851 the "Königliche Bahnhofs-Verbindungsbahn" (Royal Station Connection Railway) was completed between the
10153503
Sustainable Transport Award


private vehicle traffic by 20 percent and a nine percent reduction in carbon dioxide emissions. London is the largest city to adopt congestion pricing, and its success has inspired cities around the globe. In 2007, London expanded on the success of its groundbreaking 2003 congestion pricing plan with a doubling of the congestion zone, increased fees for motor vehicles, and new citywide emission-based tolls that are spurring more rapid adoption of cleaner, fuel efficient vehicles. The new pricing causes a 21 perfect drop in congestion, 70,000 fewer vehicles entering
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London congestion charge


emissions and resulted in a drop of the worst polluting vehicles entering the zone each day from 35,578 to 26,195. The zone will be extended to the North and South Circular from 2021. TfL can and does suspend the congestion charge either in a small local area to cope with incidents and if directed to do so by a police officer. The congestion charge was suspended on 7 and 8 July 2005 in response to the terrorist attacks on London Transport. The congestion charge was also suspended on 2 February 2009, in response to an
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Hubble Deep Field


emissions, to facilitate later studies at many wavelengths of the objects in the deep field, and also needed to be in a region with a low background infrared 'cirrus', the diffuse, wispy infrared emission believed to be caused by warm dust grains in cool clouds of hydrogen gas (H I regions). These criteria restricted the field of potential target areas. It was decided that the target should be in Hubble's 'continuous viewing zones' (CVZs)—the areas of sky which are not occulted by the Earth or the
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Hybrid electric vehicle


"Eco cars". Drivers of HEVs in the United Kingdom benefit from the lowest band of vehicle excise duty (car tax), which is based on carbon dioxide emissions. In central London, these vehicles are also exempt from the £11.5 daily London congestion charge. Due to their low levels of regulated emissions, the greenest cars are eligible for 100% discount under the incentive system. To be eligible the car had to be on the Power Shift Register. , these included the cleanest LPG and natural gas cars and
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Low-emission zone


or in planning in Germany. The cities of Berlin, Cologne and Hanover started LEZs in their respective central city areas on 1 January 2008. LEZs also came into effect in the cities of Mannheim and Stuttgart on 1 March 2008. More cities followed in the years after. Rotterdam and Utrecht have LEZs. In Rotterdam this applies to trucks with a diesel engine that fall under stages Euro-I, Euro-II and Euro-III of the EU emission standards; delivery vans and passenger cars with a diesel engine with a
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Super ultra-low emission vehicle


Super ultra-low emissions vehicle (SULEV) is a U.S. classification for passenger vehicle emissions. The classification is based on producing 90% fewer emissions than the average gasoline powered vehicle. The SULEV standard is stricter than the standard for LEV (Low Emission Vehicle) and ULEV (Ultra-Low Emissions Vehicle), however not as strict as PZEV (Partial Zero Emission Vehicle) which meets the SULEV standard for tailpipe emissions, but has zero instead of reduced evaporative emissions. Examples of vehicles delivering SULEV emissions performance include: In
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Electronic toll collection


; London in 2003 and extended in 2007 (see London congestion charge); Stockholm, tested in 2006 and made the charge permanent in 2007 (see Stockholm congestion tax); and in Valletta, the capital city of Malta, since May 2007. In January 2008, Milan began a one-year trial program called Ecopass, a pollution pricing program in which low-emission-standard vehicles pay a user fee; alternative fuel vehicles and vehicles using conventional fuels but compliant with the Euro IV emission standard are exempted. The
7571580
Replacement window


silver, and is applied to cool glass in an electro-magnetic vacuum sputter chamber. Spectrally selective low emissivity glass is very sensitive to oxygen and therefore has to be sealed in an insulated glass unit before it begins to oxidize. It scratches easily and is sensitive to pH, making it difficult to manufacture. It produces low u-values, both winter and night, and low summer daytime solar heat gain ratings, making it a preferred coating in mixed climate zones. Introduced in the mid 2000s, newer "triple silver
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Plug-in electric vehicles in the United Kingdom


issued in April 2015. The eligible ultra-low emission vehicles (ULEVs) must meet criteria in one of three categories depending on emission levels ( emissions bands between 50 and 75g/km) and zero-emission-capable mileage with a minimum all-electric range of . Hydrogen fuel cell cars are also eligible for the grant. The updated scheme went into effect on 1 March 2016. A price cap is in place, with all Category 1 plug-in vehicles eligible for the full grant no matter what their purchase
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Stuttgart


, Cologne and Hanover, on 1 March 2008 a Low Emission Zone (LEZ) came into effect in Stuttgart with the aim of improving air quality. This affects all vehicles entering the Stuttgart 'Environmental zone' ("Umweltzone"), including vehicles from abroad. Stuttgart has a light rail system known as the Stuttgart Stadtbahn. In the city center and densely built-up areas, the Stadtbahn runs underground. Stations are signposted with a 'U' symbol, which stands for "Untergrundbahn" (underground rail).
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Plug-in electric vehicles in the United Kingdom


the Euro 5 standard for air quality, such as the Audi A3 Sportback e-tron, BMW i8, Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV (passenger and van variants), Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid, and Volkswagen Golf GTE. The original Greener Vehicle Discount was substituted by the Ultra Low Emission Discount (ULED) scheme that went into effect on 1 July 2013. The ULED introduced more stringent emission standards that limited the free access to the congestion charge zone to any car or van that emits 75g/km or less
6431284
London to Brighton events


has since merged with the Classic Mini club called MMPE&PSHE (the Mini-sota Minis Pizza Eating & Psychiatric Self-Help Association). The new club is called Minnesota United Minis (M.U.M.) and the tradition of the New London to New Brighton run is still going strong in 2016. The London to Brighton Land Rover Run is an annual gathering of Land Rover enthusiasts organised by the South London and Surrey Land Rover Club. The event started at Crystal Palace Park until an extension of the London Emissions Zone forced it to move
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Clean Development Mechanism


a new low of 1.36 euros a metric tonne on the London ICE Futures Europe exchange. In October 2012 Thomson Reuters Point Carbon calculated that the oversupply of units from the Clean Development Mechanism and Joint Implementation would be 1,400 million units for the period up to 2020 and Point Carbon predicted that Certified Emission Reduction (CER) prices would to drop from €2 to 50 cents. On 12 December 2012 CER prices reached another record low of 31 cents. "Bloomberg" reported that Certified Emission Reduction prices had declined by 92 percent to
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Berlin's Environmental Zone


shows what type of pollutant your vehicle is in order to be used in the environmental zone. If the driver or passenger does not obey to have this sticker on their vehicle within any environmental zones in Germany they have to pay a fine. In addition to the grave effects on human health, these toxins also affect our planet. These harmful substances have been directly linked to the Earths overall increase in temperature over recent decade’s, which is also referred to as climate change, or global warming. The emissions that vehicles release
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London to Brighton Veteran Car Run


2010 the RAC launched the Brighton to London Future Car Challenge, following the same route as the veteran car run, but starting in Brighton and finishing at Regent Street, London – and taking place of the day prior to the veteran run. The event is intended to showcase low energy impact vehicles of various technologies – Electric, Hybrid and Low-Emission ICE (Internal Combustion Engine). Participants compete to minimise energy consumption using "road legal" vehicles in "real world" conditions. The results of the inaugural 2010 event
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Booster (electric power)


types of London Underground stock (e.g. London Underground O Stock) were fitted with Metadynes. These were four-brush electrical machines which differed from the reversible boosters described above. When cathode ray tubes were the standard for television receivers, after many years of service the tube would lose brightness, due to low electron emission in the electron gun assembly of each tube. A small "booster" transformer could be added to a set experiencing such symptoms; it would raise the voltage applied to the filament slightly, which would increase emission
20153354
Ultra-low-emission vehicle


An ultra-low-emission vehicle (ULEV) is a motor vehicle that emits extremely low levels of motor vehicle emissions compared to other vehicles. In some jurisdictions it is defined in law; low and ultra low emission vehicles may be given tax or other advantages, while high emission vehicles may suffer restrictions or additional taxation. California defines a ULEV as a vehicle that has been verified by the California Air Resources Board (CARB), United States to emit 50% less polluting emissions than the average for new cars released in
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Leonberg


(stop name: Rutesheim). A number of bus lines belonging to local and Stuttgart networks (VVS) also travel through or terminate in Leonberg. Leonberg has been a Low Emission Zone (LEZ) since March 2008, following the suit of other German cities. This affects all vehicles entering the borough of Leonberg "Environmental zone" ("Umweltzone"), including vehicles from abroad. All types of schools common to Germany are found in Leonberg: The district of Böblingen funds a vocational college plus the Karl-Georg
3481821
London congestion charge


results and were making revisions to their report. The congestion charge remained an issue during the run up to the 2008 mayoral election. Boris Johnson, the Conservative Party candidate said he would look at a graduated charging scheme, would consult on whether to reduce the size of the charging zone and would not introduce the proposed emissions based charging system. Brian Paddick, the Liberal Democrat candidate, suggested exempting delivery vehicles from the charge. Johnson was elected and immediately announced that the emissions based charges would not be implemented. Following his election
12040418
Replacement window


window manufacturers. Two main types of Low-Emissivity Glass are pyrolytic, or "hard coat", and spectrally selective, or "soft coat". Pyrolitic glass is made mostly of tin oxides and is applied to "hot" float plate glass as it is cooling. Pyrolytic Low-e glass is extremely durable and gives glazing a lower u-value, or heat loss rating, than clear glass, making it ideal for northern Energy Star climate zones. Spectrally selective glass is made of various metal oxides, mostly
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Boride


superconductors, diamagnetic, paramagnetic, ferromagnetic or anti-ferromagnetic. They are mostly stable and refractory. Some metallic dodecaborides contain boron icosahedra, others (for example yttrium, zirconium and uranium) have the boron atoms arranged in cuboctahedra. LaB is an inert refractory compound, used in hot cathodes because of its low work function which gives it a high rate of thermionic emission of electrons; YB crystals, grown by an indirect-heating floating zone method, are used as monochromators for low-energy synchrotron X-rays. The
7536597
Berlin's Environmental Zone


Berlin and surrounding areas, as well as a very high contribution to greenhouse gas emissions and the effect that has on the rest of the planet. It was brought to the forefront in 2002 that Berlin was not falling within the emission limits of these toxins that were set out by the World Health Organization for Europe and Copenhagen. Part of the Berlin Governments’ additional measures to mitigate this issue, was the Environmental Zone. The Environmental Zone is part of Berlin’s Air Quality Plan to reduce the emissions from vehicles focusing specifically on
19917714
London bid for the 2012 Summer Olympics


and only 22% from the rest of the UK and Europe. Organizers hoped to use low- or no-emission vehicles to transport Olympic athletes and officials. As of the time of the bid, projections for the cost of the 2012 Olympics were low. The bid team believed that London could end the Games with a surplus of more than £100 million. The organising committee laid out the following figures: The revenue for the games was also projected: While this projection seemed reasonable, many were adamant about the actual costs
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Berlin's Environmental Zone


system is controlled through what is called ‘environment bandage classification’ which categorizes cars based on the emissions they release. To attain an environmental badge, your vehicle must meet certain exhaust standards. There are four pollutant classes for diesel, and two for petrol, all based on the European emission standards set by The World Health Organization for Europe and Copenhagen. There are 6 stages ranging from Euro 1, which was released in 1993, to Euro 6, which was released in 2014, each one becoming more stringent each year.
19917716
Congestion pricing in New York City


measures that would raise nearly $1.8 billion to mass transit projects to induce less driving through better transit service. On January 31, 2008, the New York City Traffic Congestion Mitigation Commission approved a plan for congestion pricing, which was passed by a vote of 13 to 2. Some changes over Mayor Bloomberg's original proposal were introduced, such as reducing the congestion zone, no charges for vehicles which stay within the zone, and a discount for low-emission trucks. The commission estimated that revenues from the congestion charge will
10223043
American Honda Motor Company


two-passenger car which was the first hybrid automobile available with a 6-speed manual transmission. American Honda has also been active in the deployment of low-emissions vehicles in the U.S., including the first gasoline-powered vehicles to meet California's Low-Emission Vehicle (LEV), Ultra-Low Emission Vehicle (ULEV), and Super Ultra-Low Emission Vehicle (SULEV) exhaust emissions requirements. As of 2011, Honda is the sole automaker in America marketing a mass-produced natural gas vehicle, the Civic GX
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