when did the first residential school in canada open
Gordon's Indian Residential School


Gordon's Indian Residential School was a boarding school for First Nations students in Punnichy, Saskatchewan, Canada. It was located adjacent to the George Gordon Reserve. Rev. J Reader, C. E. established the school. A part of the Canadian Indian residential school system, it opened as a day school operated by the Anglican Church of Canada in 1876. The government of Canada owned the school from its beginning, and the school was initially known as Gordon School. First Nations C. E. Mr. Settee became the school head in 1880.
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Pelican Lake Indian Residential School


. In 1978, the Pelican Lake Residential School was torn down. Today in its place sits the Pelican Falls First Nations High School and Centre (PFFNHS). PFFNHS services students from 24 First Nation Communities and is controlled by local First Nations. In 2004, the "Pelican Residential School Monument and Memorial Garden" was opened. The monument was funded by both the Aboriginal Healing Fund, and the Department of Indian and Northern Affairs Canada. The opening took place at the Pelican Residential School Monument and Memorial Garden Opening and Healing
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Canadian Indian residential school system


a way to ensure they would not return to their original, nomadic ways of life upon graduation. Although many of these early schools were open for only a short time, efforts persisted. The Mohawk Institute Residential School, the oldest, continuously operated residential school in Canada, opened in 1834 on Six Nations of the Grand River near Brantford, Ontario. Administered by the Anglican Church, the facility opened as the Mechanics' Institute, a day school for boys, in 1828 and became a boarding school four years later when it
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Edgar Dewdney


similar nature did not occur. The failure of the North-West Rebellion caused the government of Canada to impose other regulations on the lives of individuals, such as Indian residential schools. The intended purpose of Indian residential schools were to isolate Indigenous children from the influences of their family in order to effectively assimilate them into Euro- Canadian society. These schools operated within Canada until 1996. They were opened and funded by the Canadian government and were operated by the Catholic church. At these schools, Indigenous children faced extreme physical, emotional
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Pelican Lake Indian Residential School


established in 1926 and officially opened in 1929. The school was one of the approximately three dozen schools operated by the Anglican Church of Canada. It was the state-enforced Indian Residential School for Ojibway and Cree students from both Treaty Three and Treaty Nine territories in northern Ontario and eastern Manitoba. When it initially opened it housed a total of 125 both boys and girls, but this number increased to 150 by the late 1940s. As like most residential schools, the school was designed in a way that the male and female
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Lejac Residential School


Lejac Residential School was part of the Canadian residential school system and one of the 130 boarding schools for First Nations children that operated in Canada between 1874 and 1996. Operated by the Roman Catholic Church under contract with the government of Canada, construction was completed on January 17, 1922, succeeding the school opened in 1917 in Fort Saint James. It was located in an otherwise undeveloped area on the shore of Fraser Lake about half-way between the town of Fraser Lake and the village of Fort Fraser, just off the railway
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Shingwauk Indian Residential School


. On July 31, 1874 the Earl of Dufferin, Governor General of Canada visited the school site and laid the corner stone of what would become the Shingwauk Home. The new school officially opened on August 2, 1875 to 50 students. The school did not have running water or electricity. This building was replaced by the New Shingwauk Hall in 1935. The Shingwauk Home building was not designed to accommodate both male and female students. As a result the Wawanosh Home, a separate girls residential school was established 5 km away
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Shingwauk Indian Residential School


water and electricity that the old Shingwauk Home did not have. New Shingwauk Hall was designed by Roland Gurney Orr the Chief Architect for the Department of Indian Affairs, the building was built in an industrial style that was replicated in many residential schools and government building across Canada. Many of Orr's buildings, including Shingwauk Hall were designed in the Collegiate Gothic style. The architecture of the Shingwauk building is almost identical to other residential schools across Canada - including the Indian Residential School in Edmonton, Alberta, the Kamloops Residential School,
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Battleford Industrial School


The Battleford Industrial School was a Canadian residential school for First Nations children in Battleford, Northwest Territories from 1883-1914. After its closure, many Indigenous children from around the Battlefords were sent to different schools in Saskatchewan, including Thunderchild Residential School at Delmas. Old Government House, built in 1878–1879, was the seat of the Territorial Government from 1878 to 1883 of the Northwest Territories. It became one of the first modern Residential Schools in Canada, opened with the specific aim of assimilating Indigenous people into the society of the settlers
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Spanish Indian Residential Schools


The Spanish Indian Residential Schools were part of the Canadian Indian residential school system and one of the 130 schools for First Nations, Métis, and Inuit children that operated in Canada between 1874 and 1996. Operated by the Jesuits of English Canada, the Daughters of the Heart of Mary and the Government of Canada the residential schools operated in Spanish, Ontario from 1913 to 1965. Prior to the establishment of the residential school in Spanish, Ontario the Jesuits operated a day school at Wiikwemkoong First Nation beginning in 1838. In 1862 the
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Canadian Indian residential school system


at some residential schools in western Canada ranged from 30 to 60 per cent over five years (that is, five years after entry, 30 to 60 per cent of students had died, or 6 to 12 per cent per annum). These statistics did not become public until 1922, when Bryce, who was no longer working for the government, published "The Story of a National Crime: Being a Record of the Health Conditions of the Indians of Canada from 1904 to 1921." In particular, he alleged that
5930081
Public apology


officially apologized to 80,000 former students of residential schools in Canada except Newfoundland, Brunswick and Prince Edward Island. In the 1870’s, federal government forcibly sent over 150,000 aboriginal children to residential schools as part of assimilation policy which aimed for eliminating first nation culture and language and let them learn Canadian official language both English and French. While first nation students in residential schools, they did not receive enough amount and quality of housing, food and clothing.Stephen Harper expressed official apology as follows:“The burden of this experience has been on your
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Kamloops Indian Residential School


The Kamloops Indian Residential School was part of the Canadian residential school system and one of the 130 schools for First Nations children that operated in Canada between 1874 and 1996. The Kamloops School was opened in 1893 (initially as the Kamloops Industrial School) and continued operation until 1977, located on the traditional territory of the Secwepemc (Secwépemcúl'ecw). Hundreds of Secwepemc children attended the school, often forcibly removed from their homes once attendance became mandatory by law. Children were not allowed to speak their native Secwepemctsin language or practice their own
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Bill Phipps


apologized on behalf of the United Church to Canada's indigenous First Nations for abuse in church-run residential schools earlier in the century, saying in part, "To those individuals who were physically, sexually, and mentally abused as students of the Indian Residential Schools in which The United Church of Canada was involved, I offer you our most sincere apology. You did nothing wrong. You were and are the victims of evil acts that cannot under any circumstances be justified or excused." Following his time as moderator,
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Sto:lo


1763 Royal Proclamation. They created the BC Treaty Commission to help deal with these issues. St Mary’s Residential School was the name of two Indian Residential schools in Mission, BC. It was first operated by Roman Catholic Church of Canada and secondly by the Canadian federal government. The school had approximately 2000 children in attendance with most of them Sto:lo. The school was opened in 1863 as a school of boys housing 42 students its first year. In 1868 a girls section was operated in the main site but was
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Shubenacadie Indian Residential School


European-descent needed to unilaterally, paternalistically fix. The farm of George Gay was purchased for the school and construction began in 1928. The school was the first residential school east of Quebec. It was to be staffed by the Roman Catholic Order Sisters of Charity. The goal at first was to provide education for orphans or neglected children on Maritime reserves. However, just before it opened, Duncan Campbell Scott of Canada's Department of Indian and Northern Affairs, expanded its mandate to be an option to the small day schools
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Mount Elgin Indian Residential School


The Mount Elgin Indian Residential School, also known as the Muncey Institute, was a Canadian Indian Residential School which operated from 1851-1946 in Muncey, Ontario. The Mount Elgin School was established on the land which is now occupied the Chippewas of the Thames First Nation in 1847. The corner stone of the school building was laid on July 17, 1849 and it opened to students in 1851. The school was operated by the Wesleyan Methodist Society and the Department of Indian Affairs. When the school first opened it was on
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Shingwauk Indian Residential School


Shingwauk Indian Residential School was part of the Canadian residential school system and one of the 130 boarding schools for First Nations, Métis, and Inuit children that operated in Canada between 1874 and 1996. Operated by the Anglican Church of Canada and the Government of Canada, the Shingwauk School operated from 1873 to 1970 in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada. Today, Shingwauk Hall, built in 1935, forms the central building of Algoma University. Prior to the establishment of the Shingwauk School smaller school mission schools existed in Sault
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Indigenous literatures in Canada


won the Periodical Marketers of Canada Aboriginal Literature Award for 2015-2016. His book shows knowledge, tact, and humor when addressing issues such as religion, treaties, and residential schools. It gives the reader a better understanding of Canada’s complex history. His book also empathizes the stereotypes and historical events for Indigenous in North America. Richard Wagamese’s book, "Indian Horse", won the Burt Award for First Nations, Metis, and Inuit Literature in 2013. Wagamese's book showcases the terrors of residential schools and
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History of Nova Scotia


North America. It commemorates the Siege of Sevastopol (1854–1855). The first school for the deaf in Atlantic Canada, the Halifax School for the Deaf, was established on Göttingen St., Halifax (1856). The Halifax School for the Blind was opened on Morris Street in 1871. It was the first residential school for the blind in Canada. Nova Scotians also participated in the Indian Mutiny. Two of the most famous were William Hall (VC) and Sir John Eardley Inglis, both of whom participated in the Siege
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Institutional racism


mark to say that fifty percent of the children who passed through these schools did not benefit from the education which they had received therein." While the death rate did decline in later years, death would remain a part of the residential school tradition. The author of that report to the BNA, Dr. P.H. Bryce, was later removed and in 1922 published a pamphlet that came close to calling the governments indifference to the conditions of the Indians in the schools 'manslaughter'. The worst aspect of Canada's residential schools,
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Reconciliation Canada


Reconciliation Canada is a Canadian non-profit group based in Vancouver, Canada. The charity seeks to promote understanding of the Canadian Indian residential school system, which forcibly relocated First Nations, Inuit and Métis children into boarding schools from the late 1800s until the 1960s, as well as the reconciliation process begun by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission. It was started by Chief Robert Joseph and daughter Karen Joseph in 2013. Chief Robert Joseph, a survivor of the residential school system, worked with the Indian Residential School Survivors Society and the
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Burnt Project 1


in 2001, who has been extremely open in including everyone and everything in his music. In 2003, they released their first album, "The Avenue", which included more than eleven musicians - one of which who played the sitar. In 2006, they released their second album, "Hometown", which won the Juno Award for Aboriginal Recording of the Year. In June 2008, the band played a special concert at the Indian Residential School Museum of Canada, which was formerly a residential school itself. The Nanaandawe'iti
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Canadian Indian residential school system


in the residential school system. Archbishop Michael Peers apologized to residential school survivors, on behalf of the Anglican Church of Canada, on August 6, 1993, at the National Native Convocation in Minaki, Ontario. The following year the Presbyterian Church in Canada adopted a confession at its 120th General Assembly in Toronto on June 5, recognizing its role in residential schools and seeking forgiveness. The confession was presented on October 8 during a ceremony in Winnipeg. In 2004, immediately before signing the first Public Safety Protocol with the Assembly of
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Halifax School for the Blind


The Halifax School for the Blind opened on Morris Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia as the Halifax Asylum for the Blind in 1871, the first residential school for the blind in Canada. The founder of the school was Sir Frederick Fraser who was himself visually impaired and had studied at the Perkins School for the Blind in Boston. A private school for the first century of its existence, in 1975 the school became a public institution under the newly created Atlantic Provinces Special Education Authority (APSEA), and it provided free education to
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Shubenacadie Indian Residential School


In the Fall of 2011 there was an Indian Residential Schools Truth and Reconciliation Commission that travelled to various communities in Atlantic Canada. In 2012 a monument to the suffering and injustice created by the school was installed at the education and drug rehabilitation centre on the We’koqma’q First Nation in Whycocomagh, Nova Scotia. Mi’kmaq Grand Chief Ben Sylliboy who went to the school when he was six in 1947 and helped at the unveilling said the monument was needed to remind people not to let such a tragedy happen again. In terms of retaining the
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Mohawk Institute Residential School


The Mohawk Institute Residential School was a Canadian Indian residential school in Brantford, Ontario, Canada. The School operated under the Government of Canada from July 1, 1885 to June 27, 1970. Prior to 1885 the Anglican Church of Canada was involved in the operation of a school and residential school in the same location. Enrollment at the school ranged from 90 to 200 students per year. It was operated by the Anglican Church of Canada from its founding as the "Mechanics' Institute" (a day school for boys on
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St. Michael’s Indian Residential School (Alert Bay)


St. Michael’s Indian Residential School (1929–1975) in Alert Bay, British Columbia, and sometimes referred to as Alert Bay Residential School, was a Canadian residential school operated by the Anglican Church of Canada for First Nations children in the 20th Century. The first residential school in Alert Bay was built in 1882. St. Michael's was constructed in 1929 as a regional facility to serve aboriginal communities from Campbell River to Prince Rupert, British Columbia and closed in 1975. It was built at a cost of about $250,000 by the
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Prince Albert Indian Residential School


Prince Albert Indian Residential School was a Canadian residential school operated by the Anglican Church for First Nations children in Prince Albert, Saskatchewan. It was located on the West Hill of Prince Albert in a former army barracks. Victoria Union Hospital is now adjacent to the former school area to the west. The school was formed in 1951 through the amalgamation of St. Albans Indian Residential School and the All Saints Indian Residential School. Prince Albert Indian Residential School was operated by the Missionary Society of the Church of England in Canada (MSCC)
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First Nations


Canadians as a sensible and beneficial solution to native education, and in some cases, Aboriginal communities specifically requested that a residential school be built. When the system began to closing down in the 1960s, a significant number of communities asked that their school remain open. The last Canadian residential school to close was Gordon Indian Residential School in Saskatchewan, founded in 1889, and closed in 1996. The Christian denominations that operated the schools on behalf of the federal government have expressed regret and issued apologies for their part in a system that
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Michael Cachagee


. Cachagee was on the floor of the House of Commons of Canada when Prime Minister Stephen Harper delivered his 2008 apology to residential school survivors. He was also involved throughout the Settlement Agreement process acting as health support throughout national events held by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. In 2012 through his work at the National Residential School Survivors Society Cachagee called for a review of the Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement and criticized the court process that was related to the agreement. Cachagee was vocally opposed to the destruction of Independent Assessment Process
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Algoma University


building was constructed in Garden River First Nation in 1873 and housed 16 students. It tragically burnt down 6 days later. A new building was erected in Sault Ste. Marie in 1875. The residential school was designed to provide religious instruction and occupational training for First Nation, Inuit and Métis youth. Shingwauk Hall would eventually become part of the broader residential school system across Canada designed to assimilate Canada's Indigenous peoples, straying far from Chief Shingwauk's vision for a teaching wigwam. Students in the residential school system endured poor living
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George Gordon First Nation


chiefs and councillors into office. The George Gordon First Nation was the location of Gordon Indian Residential School, the longest-running residential school in Canada. The Anglican Church of Canada established a day school on Gordon’s Reserve in 1876. It was expanded in 1888 to provide housing to students attending the school. In 1929 the school was destroyed by fire and eventually rebuilt. Problems with water supply and maintenance led to its being closed for much of the time between 1947 and 1953. The school was closed in 1996. Children
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Indigenous peoples in Canada


and "more civilized", thus become assimilated into Canadian society. However, they were often still defined as "non-citizens" by Europeans, and those few who did enfranchise were often met with disappointment. The final government strategy of assimilation, made possible by the Indian Act was the Canadian residential school system: Beginning in 1847 and lasting until 1996, the Canadian government, in partnership with the dominant Christian Churches, ran 130 residential boarding schools across Canada for Aboriginal children, who were forcibly taken from their homes.
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Human rights in Canada


, after extensive hearings, the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples issued "The High Arctic Relocation: A Report on the 1953–55 Relocation". The government paid compensation but has not apologised. The Indian residential schools of Canada were a network of "residential" (boarding) schools for Aboriginal peoples of Canada (First Nations, Métis, and Inuit) funded by the Canadian government's Department of Indian Affairs, and administered by Christian churches, most notably the Catholic Church in Canada and the Anglican Church of Canada. The system had
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Sleeping Children Awake


financing from Lakehead and Thunder Bay Television was established. After its release, the video won a number of awards for its portrayal of the residential school system. The documentary was recognized for its role in combatting racism and religious intolerance. Residential Schools operated in Canada from the 1800s until 1996. These schools were said to be a primary weapon of the government and the missionaries in their attempt to systematically destroy Native culture. Generations of First Nations people were scarred from the effects of their policies. When the video was made, there
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Cree language


of archeological and linguistic evidence puts the Cree as far west as the Peace River Region of Alberta before European contact. Cuthand argues three reasons for the loss of the Cree language. First, residential schools cultivated the prejudice that their language was inferior. While students were still speaking their native language at home, their learning stopped at school. When they left residential schools as adults, they went home and their vocabulary and knowledge of language did not include concepts or forms that an adult speaker who had not been taken to a residential
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Mohawk Institute Residential School


the Mohawk Institute were forced to get a circumcision and their tonsils removed. The following individuals served as principals of the Mohawk Institute during its operation: Following the closure of the Mohawk Institute in 1970 the Woodland Cultural Centre opened on the site in 1972, as an organization focused on research, history, and later the arts. Woodland's cultural and historical interpretation programming utilizes the historic Mohawk Institute building to teach about the history of residential schools in Canada. In 2013 a leak in the roof of the residential school building caused significant
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Official bilingualism in Canada


Hesse. ‘The right to have German schools was also granted to the Mennonites who came shortly after Mooll’s unlucky settlers. Many of these reliable industrious farmers left Canada when, after the First World War, this right was rescinded. Learning these facts, one gets the impression that the existence of early German settlers as well as their contributions and loyalty to Canada have been either misrepresented or silenced.’ From 1876 to 1996, the Government of Canada operated the Canadian Indian residential school system which the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of
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Duck Lake, Saskatchewan


Duck Lake is a town in the boreal forest of central Saskatchewan, Canada. Its location is north of Saskatoon and south of Prince Albert on highway 11, in the rural municipality of Duck Lake. Immediately to the north of Duck Lake is the south block of the Nisbet Provincial Forest. It is also the administrative centre of the Beardy's and Okemasis Cree First Nations band government. Duck Lake was home to one of the last operating Residential Schools in Canada, St. Michael's Indian Residential School (Duck Lake Indian Residential School
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Inuktitut


brought the European schooling system over to Canada. The missionaries of the Anglican and Roman Catholic churches were the first ones to deliver education to Inuit in schools. The teachers used the Inuktitut language for instruction and developed writing systems. In 1928 the first residential school for Inuit opened, and English became the language of instruction. As the government's interests in the North increased, it started taking over the education of Inuit. After the end of World War II, English was seen as the language of communication in all domains.
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Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement


federal government. In 2004, an Assembly of First Nations Report on Canada’s Dispute Resolution Plan to Compensate for Abuses in Indian Residential Schools led to discussions to develop a holistic, fair and lasting resolution of the legacy of Indian Residential Schools. On 23 November 2005 the Canadian federal government announced the IRSSA compensation package. It represents the largest class-action lawsuit in Canadian history. On 11 June 2008, Prime Minister Harper "apologized on behalf of the Government of Canada, and all Canadians, for the forcible removal of Aboriginal
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Prince Albert Indian Residential School


until 1969. St. Albans Indian Residential School operated from 1944 to 1951 when it was amalgamated with All Saints to become Prince Albert Indian Residential School. St. Albans replaced the St. Barnabas Indian Residential School at Onion Lake which opened in 1893 and the 1922 building was destroyed by fire in 1943. All Saints Indian Residential School operated from 1948 until 1951 when it was amalgamated with St. Albans to become Prince Albert Indian Residential School. All Saints was previously located in La Ronge, Saskatchewan from 1906 to 1947. Its staff and students were
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University of King's College


The College opened in 1790, and received a Royal Charter from King George III in 1802, becoming Canada's first university. Even though the University of New Brunswick traces its history to King's College at Fredericton, which was established in 1785, it did not initially receive university powers and did not receive a Royal Charter until 1827. Similarly, McGill University traces its origins to 1801 but did not receive a Royal Charter until 1821. The university was generally modeled on older English universities which were residential, tutorial, and closely
911554
St. John's Indian Residential School


graves of the children who died at the first school are a mystery but are likely on the grounds of the first school. As part of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada's missing children residential school cemetery project, archeologists identified 42 grave sites in the cemetery associated with the newer St. John's Residential School building that operated from 1920 to 1948. Students came to St. John's School largely from the Diocese of Moosonee region, including New Bruniswick House, Chapleau Cree, Missanabie Cree First Nation, Fort Albany, Fort Frances
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Mount Elgin Indian Residential School


200 acres which were procured from the Chippewas of the Thames for the purpose of the school. The School initially opened to 13 boarders and a number of day scholars, by 1911 that number had increased to 102. From the 1930s onward the school averaged approximately 1950 students a year. Students came to the school from over 18 Indigenous communities in Ontario and Quebec. In 1925 management of the school transferred to the United Church of Canada's Home Board of Missions. The Mount Elgin School was the only residential school operated by the
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Education in Ontario


action lawsuit between the Government of Canada, residential school survivors, churches involved in running the schools, the Assembly of First Nations, and other Indigenous groups. Since the closure of the schools, different approaches have been taken to dealing with the buildings. In Brantford, the building which once housed the Mohawk Institute Residential School is now part of the Woodland Cultural Centre. Residential schools were federally administered, meaning that the provincial government was not required to meet treaty obligations to Ontario First Nations for education. This saved the provincial government
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Andy Paull


as "Hundred Dollar Charlie," who reportedly gave the last potlatch on Burrard Inlet before it was banned by the Canadian government in 1885. Paull was raised in the village of Stawamus, near Squamish, British Columbia, but later his family moved to the village of Eslha7an in North Vancouver, British Columbia where he began to attend St. Paul's Indian Residential School when it first opened in 1899. After six years at residential school, Paull spent two years learning from local Sḵwxwú7mesh chiefs. Paull's time at residential school was
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Villa Saint Martin


Villa Saint Martin is a centre in Ignatian spirituality run by the Society of Jesus in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It was the first residential spirituality centre in Canada. It was founded in 1913 and opened by the Archbishop of Montreal, Paul Bruchési. It is situated in the east of Pierrefonds-Roxboro next to Saint-Laurent in Montreal on the shore of the Rivière des Prairies. The first residential retreat in Canada happened in 1910 in Boucherville and was organized by Fr. Joseph Archambeault. Three years later a retreat house
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Aboriginal Healing Foundation


The Aboriginal Healing Foundation was established in 1998 as an Indigenous managed, non-profit corporation dedicated to responding to the legacy of residential schools in Canada and the associated community health impacts. Funding for the Aboriginal Healing Foundation ceased in 2014. The Aboriginal Healing Foundation was created on March 30, 1998. It was established following consultations with residential school survivors, the Assembly of First Nations, the Inuit Tapirisat of Canada, the Congress of Aboriginal Peoples, the Métis National Council, and the Native Women's Association of Canada. The
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Indian hospital


to evacuate infected individuals to the south of Canada and invest in facilities there. Several sanatoria, referred to as Indian Hospitals, were opened in Ontario and Quebec to accept evacuees, such as the Moose Factory Indian Hospital, opened in 1949, to "isolate the disease" on an island. The first state-run Indian Hospital was Charles Camsell Indian Hospital in Edmonton, opened in 1946 after converting an Indian residential school into a medical facility. By 1960, there were 22 federally-fun Indian hospitals. Most estimate that
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Canadian Indian residential school system


and finances under federal control. As explained by the TRC, the Act "made Indians wards of the state, unable to vote in provincial or federal elections or enter the professions if they did not surrender their status, and severely limited their freedom to participate in spiritual and cultural practices". The by Governor General Charles Bagot, entitled "Report on the affairs of the Indians in Canada". Referred to as the Bagot Report, it is seen as the foundational document for the federal residential school system. It was supported
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Children of Shingwauk Alumni Association


communities, reconciliation ,and residential schools. The 2017 Algoma University statement on the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada drew heavily on the experience of the CSAA and committed the University to marking the history of the survivors of the Shingwauk Residential School. In 2003 CSAA became a founding partner of the National Residential School Survivor Society, a national organization which provided a survivor advocacy voice during the Indian Residential School Settlement Agreement process. In the following year the CSAA was selected by Indian Residential Schools Resolutions Canada to act as the Ontario site for
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Aboriginal Healing Foundation


mission of the Aboriginal Healing Foundation was to foster sustainable healing strategies in Indigenous communities in Canada that begin to address the impacts of the residential school system. The Foundation was initially provided with $350 million of funding from the Canadian government to care out this work with residential school survivors and Indigenous communities across Canada. The Foundation was designed as an organization to be responsible for the management of the Canada government's healing strategy related to residential schools. This strategy was part of the "Gathering Strength, Canada's Aboriginal Action Plan"
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Indigenous literatures in Canada


boy’s residential school experience and their feelings of isolation and hope. Melanie Florence’s debut book "Missing Nimâmâ" won the award in 2016. The book is the first children’s book to explicitly address the controversy of Canada’s missing and murdered indigenous women. The story follows a young daughter who was left behind and the bond she shares with her mother through Cree culture and language. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, or TRC, is an organization whose focus is to recognize the impact of Canadian residential schools on
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History of education in Canada


The history of education in Canada covers schooling from elementary through university, plus the ideas of educators, plus the policies of national and provincial governments. In 1957, Charles Phillips divided the history of public schooling in Canada into four periods or stages: For the current situation, see Education in Canada. For the First Nations history, see Canadian Indian residential school system. The first schools in New France were operated by the Catholic church (as indeed were schools in France itself). In the early nineteenth century the colonial governments
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Orange Shirt Day


at a legacy of the St. Joseph Mission (SJM) residential school commemoration event held in Williams Lake, British Columbia, Canada, in the spring of 2013. On her first day at residential school Phyllis had her new orange shirt taken away from her. Phyllis' experience is used today to teach students about residential schools and their assimilation practices. The date of September 30 was chosen for the annual event because it is the time of year in which Indigenous children were historically taken from their homes to residential schools. The event
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Shubenacadie Indian Residential School


Mi’kmaq language, in 2014, 55% of Mi’kmaq homes use at least some Mi’kmaq language, 33% of children can speak the language. For the Maliseet, the situation is much worse with only 60 people left for whom their own language is their mother tongue. The Nova Scotia government and the Mi’kmaq community have made the Mi’kmaq Kina’ matnewey, which is the most successful First Nation Education Program in Canada. In 1982, the first Mi’kmaq operated school opened in Nova Scotia. By 1997, all education for Mi’kmaq on
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Sir John A. Macdonald Collegiate Institute


designed by the architectural firm, Gordon S. Adamson and Associates. The school building, originally named "O'Sullivan Secondary School", was constructed in 1963 and opened in the fall of 1964 when there was only farmland around it, and as the population in the area grew, so did the school. During construction, O'Sullivan was renamed to "Sir John A. Macdonald Collegiate Institute", after Canada's first prime minister, Sir John A. Macdonald, in which the colors red, black, white and purple were chosen, with
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Marion Ironquill Meadmore


in 1936 on the Peepeekisis First Nation Reserve near Balcarres, Saskatchewan, Canada to Helen and Joseph Ironquill. Her mother was of Cree heritage and her father was Ojibwa. She grew up on her family's farm and attended school ten months of the year at a residential school twelve miles away because there was no school available locally. She graduated from Birtle Collegeate, a parochial institution which left her with a feeling that she did not belong in either the aboriginal world or the non-native world. At the age of 16
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Orange Shirt Day


Orange Shirt Day is an event that started in 2013. It was designed to educate people and promote awareness about the Indian residential school system and the impact this system had on Indigenous communities for more than a century in Canada. It is held annually on September 30 in Canadian communities with students and staff being encouraged to wear an orange shirt to school that day. Orange Shirt Day began in 2013 as a result of residential school survivor Phyllis Jack Webstad discussing her experience when she arrived at a residential school. Webstad shared her story
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The Japanese School Singapore


closed the school. When the Japanese occupied Singapore, the government opened the Shonan First People’s School. In 1945 the British re-took Singapore and closed the Shonan school. A Japanese school facility opened in 1964 at what is now the Newton Post Office on Bukit Timah Road. It closed in July 1966. In September 1966 the Japanese government officially re-established the Japanese school with 3 teachers and 27 students. At first it had only primary school and was located in a residential building in Dalvey Estate. This facility
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First Nations


yet not accepted into mainstream Canadian culture. Former students are now routinely referred to as "survivors". Not all Aboriginal children attended residential schools. During the period in which the schools operated, more than a third of indigenous children attended federal day schools, and about a third received no schooling at all. It is however the residential school system that receives much of the blame for the various problems and challenges facing Canada's indigenous people today. During the years in which the residential schools operated, they were regarded by most
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Canadian Indian residential school system


, 2006. Following a legal process, including an examination of the IRSSA by the courts of the provinces and territories of Canada, an "opt-out" period occurred. During this time, the former students of residential schools could reject the agreement if they did not agree with its dispositions. This opt-out period ended on August 20, 2007, with about 350 former students opting out. The IRSSA was the largest class action settlement in Canadian history. By December 2012, a total of $1.62billion was paid
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History of the Sri Lankan cricket team


Sangakkara led the Sri Lankan side. In group A, Sri Lanka played with Pakistan, Australia, New Zealand, Zimbabwe, Canada and Kenya. They started off their tournament against minnows Canada. They won the toss and elected to bat first. Canada bowled well in the early overs, but did not get a wicket, as openers Tharanga and Dilshan reached 50 runs. When the first wicket did fall, it was a run-out when the batsmen had a mix-up with the score at 63, and Tharanga
8132764
Rebecca Jamieson


Canada. Rebecca Jamieson was born in Michigan, in the Eel Clan of the Tuscarora people. When she was 2 years old, her family moved to Six Nations of the Grand River in Ontario, the most-populous First Nations reserve in Canada. During the time of the Canadian Indian residential school system, which sought to assimilate aboriginal children, Jamieson found that her people were not represented in the school lessons. This sent a message to her that the reality she was being taught mattered more than her life at home.
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St. Mary's Indian Residential School


St. Mary's Indian Residential School was the name of two Indian residential schools in Mission, British Columbia. The first was operated by the Roman Catholic Church of Canada, and the second was operated by the Canadian federal government. Approximately 2,000 children attended the schools while they were in operation, most of them , many of whom reported experiences that were abusive. However, despite the numerous personal accounts of students who suffered abuse at the school, there is no acknowledgement of this on any of the plaques at the site. St.
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Shirley Fletcher Horn


Shirley Fletcher Horn is the first chancellor of Algoma University. Born in Chapleau, Ontario Horn attended the St. John's Indian Residential School (Chapleau, Ontario) and the Shingwauk Indian Residential School (Sault Ste Marie, Ontario). She is well known for her advocacy work relating to the legacy of residential schools in Canada. She is a member of Missanabie Cree First Nation and she served as Missanabie's Chief for six years. Horn was taken from her family home at the age of five and sent to the St. John
20198467
Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada


Canadian commission heard primarily from former students. Hymie Rubenstein, a retired professor of anthropology, and Rodney A. Clifton, professor emeritus of education and a residential school supervisor in the 1960s, held that, while the residential school program had been harmful to many students, the commission had shown "indifference to robust evidence gathering, comparative or contextual data, and cause-effect relationships," which resulted in the commission's report telling "a skewed and partial story". The Truth and Reconciliation Report did not compare its findings with
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Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement


a "long-term, broad-based policy approach in response to the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples which included the "Statement of Reconciliation: Learning from the Past," in which the "Government of Canada recognizes and apologizes to those who experienced physical and sexual abuse at Indian residential schools and acknowledges its role in the development and administration of residential schools." In 2001, the federal Office of Indian Residential Schools Resolution Canada was created to manage and resolve the large number of abuse claims filed by former students against the
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St. Paul’s Indian Residential School


, medical experimentation, malnutrition, and neglect. The fatality rate in residential schools consistently sat between 40-60% for the duration of their existence in Canada, deaths were often covered up as cases pneumonia, with most records of the victims since destroyed. The St Paul’s Indian Residential School was torn down in 1959. The site was turned over to the Catholic Arch-Diocese, a Catholic School Board which supervised the building of St Thomas Aquinas Catholic High School on the grounds. First Nations students were allowed to attend
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Salluit


mission was established, closing some twenty years later, but followed by an Anglican mission in 1955. The Government of Canada opened a day school in 1957. As more public services were being delivered, Inuit settled around the small village. The first residential houses were built in 1959 and ten years later a co-operative store was established by its residents. Salluit legally became a municipality in 1979. Since 1996, the police services in Salluit are provided by the Kativik Regional Police Force. The Kativik School Board operates two schools
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Canadian Indian residential school system


Truth and Reconciliation program, as well as an individual Common Experience Payment (CEP). Any person who could be verified as having resided at a federally run Indian residential school in Canada was entitled to a CEP. The amount of compensation was based on the number of years a particular former student resided at the residential schools: $10,000 for the first year attended (from one night residing there to a full school year) plus $3,000 for every year thereafter. The IRSSA also included the Independent Assessment Process (IAP)
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Assembly of First Nations


against their will. In 1972, the NIB's policy paper "Indian Control of Indian Education" was generally accepted by federal government and the NIB gained national recognition for the issue of Indigenous education in Canada. Undoubtedly, this was one of the last steps in ending the Canadian Residential School System, long opposed by Indigenous people, but also a first step in the push for Indigenous self-governance. In 1973, the Calder case decision was issued. "You have more rights than I thought you did," Prime
13772689
Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada


The Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada (TRC; ) was a truth and reconciliation commission active in Canada from 2008 to 2015, organized by the parties of the Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement. The Commission was officially established on June 2, 2008 with the purpose of documenting the history and lasting impacts of the Canadian Indian residential school system on Indigenous students and their families. It provided residential school survivors an opportunity to share their experiences during public and private meetings held across the country. In June 2015, the TRC released an
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Brantford


of Hope Foundation's online media collection: "Where are the Children? Healing the Legacy of the Residential Schools". In June of 1945, Brantford became the first city in Canada to fluoridate its water supply. Brantford generated controversy in 2010 when its city council expropriated and demolished 41 historic downtown buildings on the south side of its main street, Colborne Street. The buildings constituted one of the longest blocks of pre-Confederation architecture in Canada, and included one of Ontario's first grocery stores and an early 1890s office of
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Canadian Indian residential school system


] was looking for". On May 29, 2017, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau asked the current Pope Francis for a public apology to all survivors of the residential school system, rather than the expression of sorrow issued in 2009. The request aligned with the Truth and Reconciliation Commission's call for "a formal apology issued by the Pope to the survivors of the residential school system for the spiritual, cultural, emotional, physical and sexual abuse of Canada's First Nations, Inuit and Métis peoples". Trudeau invited the Pope
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Canadian Indian residential school system


three industrial schools and the first, Battleford Industrial School, opened on December 1 of that year. By 1900 there were 61 schools in operation. The government began purchasing church-run boarding schools in the 1920s. During this period capital costs associated with the schools were assumed by the government, leaving administrative and instructional duties to church officials. The hope was that minimizing facility expenditures would allow church administrators to provide higher quality instruction and support to the students in their care. Although the government was willing to, and did,
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Shubenacadie Indian Residential School


The Shubenacadie Indian Residential School was part of the Canadian Indian residential school system and was located in Shubenacadie, Nova Scotia. It was the only one in Atlantic Canada and children from across the region were placed in the institution. The schools were funded through Indian Affairs and the Catholic Church. The institution was like an orphanage, which were the forerunners of contemporary child protection and welfare services. The first children arrived on February 5, 1930 and the institution was closed after 37 years on June 22, 1967. Approximately 10%
4966807
Aga Khan Academies


. The Academy's Junior School opened in August 2011. The Senior School and the residential program for senior students opened in 2012, with the first class graduating in 2014. Since September 6, 2012, the Aga Khan Academy, Hyderabad has been designated as an International Baccalaureate World School when the Diploma Programme was accredited. The Middle Years Programme and the Primary Years Programme were authorised in 2014. The third Aga Khan Academy opened in Maputo, Mozambique in 2013 with the lower grades of the Junior School. The full Academy is
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Canadian Indian residential school system


was accompanied at the meeting by a delegation of Indigenous peoples from Canada funded by Indian and Northern Affairs Canada. Following the meeting, the Vatican released an official expression of sorrow on the church's role in residential schools: His Holiness [i.e. the Pope] recalled that since the earliest days of her presence in Canada, the Church, particularly through her missionary personnel, has closely accompanied the Indigenous peoples. Given the sufferings that some Indigenous children experienced in the Canadian Residential School system, the Holy Father expressed his sorrow at the
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Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada


2013 Spring Report of the Auditor General of Canada, a key part of the TRC mandate included "creating as complete a historical record as possible of the residential school system and legacy." It was also tasked with preserving collected records documenting the residential school system and those created over the course of the commission's work for future management at a national research centre. While undertaking this task the TRC spent six years travelling to different parts of Canada to hear the testimony of more than 6,500 witnesses including residential school survivors and others impacted
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Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada


initiative. It was developed as part of a legal settlement, the Indian Residential School Settlement Agreement, between various residential school survivor groups, the Assembly of First Nations, various Church bodies and Canada. As such, the TRC had no powers of subpoena, no power to offer known perpetrators of abuse the possibility of amnesty in exchange for honest testimony about any abuses that may have been committed. Further, the commission could not explicitly 'name names' or accuse individuals; perpetrators held accountable via the commission. Therefore, the
9920697
Staybridge Suites


Staybridge Suites is an all-suite, residential-style brand of hotels within the InterContinental Hotels Group (IHG). The brand targets extended-stay and corporate travelers. There are over 200 Staybridge Suites hotels open in the United States, Canada, Mexico, Europe and South America. The first Staybridge Suites opened in Alpharetta, Georgia, U.S. in 1998. In 2004, Staybridge Suites reached 75 hotels with addition of Eatontown, New Jersey. When the 132-suite Staybridge Suites Liverpool hotel (owned by Cycas Hospitality) opened in
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Saint John's School of Alberta


, dining room, and laundry (using the machines, sorting,and distributing). The school had 60 students from grades 7 to 12 when it closed, down from the 106 boys capacity. Tuition fees as listed on the school's website ranged from about $9,000 for day students to $23,000 for residential students. In 2007–08, 80% of the enrollment was residential. The school was run by a religious order called the Company of the Cross, which was a lay order of the Anglican Church of Canada,
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St. John's Indian Residential School


The St. John's Indian Residential School, also known as the Chapleau Indian Residential School, was a Canadian Indian Residential School operated by the Anglican Church of Canada from 1907 to 1948 in Chapleau, Ontario. The original residential school in Chapleau was operated by the Anglican Diocese of Moosonee from 1907 to 1920. In 1920 the school's administration was taken over by the Department of Indian Affairs. The school was built to accommodate 40 students, and in 1919 it was expanded to accommodate 45. The residential school was located on 153
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Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement


the Indian Residential Schools Truth and Reconciliation Commission was relaunched by then-Governor General Michaëlle Jean with Justice Murray Sinclair, an Ojibway-Canadian judge, First Nations lawyer, as the chair. By August 2012, the federal government had released over 941,000 documents to the TRC related to residential schools. On 31 March 1998 in response to the RCAP and as part of Gathering Strength—Canada's Aboriginal Action Plan, the federal government established the Aboriginal Healing Foundation, "Aboriginal-managed, national, Ottawa-based, not-
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Garnet Wolseley, 1st Viscount Wolseley


partnership Gilbert and Sullivan, deliberately modelled the character of Major-General Stanley in the operetta "The Pirates of Penzance" on Wolseley, as did George Grossmith, the actor who first created the role in the opening theatrical run. In another of Gilbert and Sullivan's operettas, "Patience", Colonel Calverley praises Wolseley in the phrase: "Skill of Sir Garnet in thrashing a cannibal". The residential areas of Wolseley in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, located in the west central part of the city and of Wolseley
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Sixties Scoop


hand of the residential school staff. The lasting cultural impact on First Nations families and communities has been widespread and extensive. Residential schools systematically undermined Aboriginal culture across Canada and disrupted families for generations, severing the ties through which Aboriginal culture is taught and sustained, and contributing to a general loss of language and culture. Because they were removed from their families, many students grew up without experiencing a nurturing family life and without the knowledge and skills to raise their own families. The devastating effects of the residential schools are far-
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Duncan Wallace


at risk the continued existence of the Diocese of Qu'Appelle. During the 19th and early 20th centuries, the federal government had a policy of encouraging residential schools for children of Canadian First Nations, which were administered primarily by the Roman Catholic, Anglican and United Churches. While the purpose of the schools was to assist children of First Nations to integrate in Canada, in actuality, there was a large amount of child abuse, including sexual abuse. In the 1990s, survivors of the residential schools began lawsuits against the federal government and
20146828
2011 Cricket World Cup Group A


ten-wicket win. Sri Lanka, one of the co-hosts started off their tournament against minnows Canada. The Sri Lankans won the toss and elected to bat first. Canada bowled well in the early overs, but did not get a wicket, as openers Upul Tharanga and Tillakaratne Dilshan reached 50 runs. When the first wicket did fall, it was a run-out when the batsmen had a mix-up with the score at 63, and Tharanga was dismissed. Dilshan got to his half-century,
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First Nations


at the residential schools. In many schools, students were not allowed to speak their Indigenous languages or practice any of their own customs, and thus lost their sense of identity, inevitably driving a cultural wedge between children and their family. By 1920, attendance at some sort of school was mandatory for Aboriginal children in Canada. The Indian Act made education compulsory, and where there were no federal days schools—or, in later decades, a provincial public school—a residential school was the only choice. Enrolment statistics indicate
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James Gladstone


James Gladstone (; May 21, 1887 – September 4, 1971) was a Canadian politician who became the first status Indian to be appointed to the Senate of Canada. Gladstone was a Cree by birth but was adopted by the Blood Reserve on which he was born; the Blood belonged to the Blackfoot Confederacy. He attended St. Paul's Indian Residential School, an Anglican mission school on his reserve, until 1903, when he moved to an Indian industrial school in Calgary and apprenticed as a printer, interning at "The Calgary
5359272
Chanie Wenjack


Chanie "Charlie" Wenjack (January 19, 1954October 23, 1966) was an Ojibwe (Anishinaabe) First Nations boy who ran away from Cecilia Jeffrey Indian Residential School where he boarded for three years while attending residential school in Kenora, Ontario, Canada. He died of hunger and exposure at Farlane, Ontario while trying to walk 600 km (370 mi) back to his home, Ogoki Post on the Marten Falls Reserve. His ordeal and his death brought attention to the treatment of children in the Canadian Indian Residential School
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Catholic Church sexual abuse cases in Canada


24 counts of indecent assault, one of unlawful confinement, two of buggery, three of unlawful sexual intercourse, one of sexual assault and one of bestiality" that he committed during his time in the priesthood. By 1912, thousands of First Nations children attended residential schools, many of which were run by the Catholic Church. In 1990, Manitoba leader Phil Fontaine revealed that he had been sexually and physically abused in a Catholic residential school. He claimed that sexual abuse was common in residential schools in general. "In my
21489179
Kill the Indian, Save the Man: The Genocidal Impact of American Indian Residential Schools


essay divided into several chapters. It is titled "Genocide by Any Other Name – American Indian Residential Schools in Context." The opening sequence defines Churchill's terms of reference by analyzing the meaning of genocide according to Raphael Lemkin. The ECOSOC Genocide Convention – Churchill writes – was ratified in Canada in 1952 and in the US in 1986 with notable objections to changes from nine other signatories. Both countries remained in violation of the convention in the following decades through the government-sponsored relocation and sterilization programs. In the next chapter
21483171
Missing and murdered Indigenous women


trauma caused by abuses under Canada's residential school system also likely plays a role. Indigenous women are between 3 and 3.5 times more likely to be victims of violent crime than other women, and the violence they face is often more severe. One of the most significant findings of the June 2019 report, "National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls" was that there was no "reliable estimate of the numbers of missing and murdered Indigenous women, girls, and 2SLGBTQQIA persons in Canada." Canada did not
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Sleeping Children Awake


of the Assembly of First Nations and a residential school survivor, was quoted at the opening of the video stating that "first step in healing is disclosure." This opening quote was intended to establish the theme and purpose of the documentary. "Sleeping Children Awake" was one of the earliest independent feature documentaries to be broadcast about the history of the residential school system. The subject had received little coverage up to this point, and the experiences of the people who attended the schools had rarely been documented. The video features
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Charles Frederick Fraser


Sir Charles Frederick Fraser ( b. 4 Jan. 1850 in Windsor, N.S., d. 5 July 1925 in Halifax) established the Halifax School for the Blind, the first residential school for the blind in Atlantic Canada. He became blind through an accident at age 7 and then went to study at Perkins School for the Blind in Boston. He was a member of the North British Society. When Fraser was 7 years old, he was whittling a stick with a pocket knife. It slipped and hit his eye. Neither his physician
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Education in Ontario


of the larger Canadian Indian residential school system which spanned Canada. Notably, Egerton Ryerson, who is often celebrated for creating the free public education system in Ontario, was also a key architect of the residential school system. Many residential schools in Ontario were located in the North where Indigenous communities had either been forcibly relocated or pushed by encroaching colonists. However, the schools existed across the province. Increased attention has been brought to this suppressed history by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada which resulted from the settlement of a class
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