n which article of the us constitution is the leadership of the executive branch authorized
Lagos State Governor


The Lagos State Governor is the head of Lagos State Government. The governor leads the executive branch of the Lagos State Government. This position places its holder in leadership of the state with command authority over the state affairs. The Governor is frequently described to be the number one citizen of the state. Article II of the Constitution of Nigeria vests the executive power of the state in the governor and charges him with the execution of state law, alongside the responsibility of appointing state executive, diplomatic, regulatory, and judicial officers subject
16652628
Kaduna State Governor


The Kaduna State Governor is the head of Kaduna State Government. The governor leads the executive branch of the Kaduna State Government. This position places its holder in leadership of the state with command authority over the state affairs. The Governor is frequently described to be the number one citizen of the state. Article II of the Constitution of Nigeria vests the executive power of the state in the governor and charges him with the execution of state law, alongside the responsibility of appointing state executive, diplomatic, regulatory, and judicial officers subject
16723714
Article One of the United States Constitution


executive agencies as long as it provides an "intelligible principle" which governs the agency's exercise of the delegated regulatory authority. That the power assigned to each branch must remain with that branch, and may be expressed only by that branch, is central to the theory. The nondelegation doctrine is primarily used now as a way of interpreting a congressional delegation of authority narrowly, in that the courts presume Congress intended only to delegate that which it certainly could have, unless it clearly demonstrates it intended to "test the waters"
12967489
Executive order


In the United States, an executive order is a directive issued by the president of the United States that manages operations of the federal government and has the force of law. The legal or constitutional basis for executive orders has multiple sources. Article Two of the United States Constitution gives the president broad executive and enforcement authority to use their discretion to determine how to enforce the law or to otherwise manage the resources and staff of the executive branch. The ability to make such orders is also based on express or implied Acts of Congress
1025723
Constitution of Virginia


provides that no branch may exercise powers that properly belong to the others. Separation between the branches of government is also listed as a right of the people in §5 of Article I. Article IV establishes the basic structure and authority of the Virginia legislature. The legislative power of the state is vested in the Virginia General Assembly, which consists of the Virginia Senate and the Virginia House of Delegates. §17 of Article IV gives the legislature the power to impeach members of the executive and judicial branches. The original §14 of
10824316
Legislative branch of the government of Puerto Rico


The legislative branch of the government of Puerto Rico is responsible for enacting, amending, and repealing the laws of Puerto Rico. Article III of the Constitution of Puerto Rico vests the legislative power on the Legislative Assembly—which together with other agencies form the legislative branch. Article IV vests the executive power on the Governor —whom by its nature forms the executive branch— while Article V vests the judicial power on the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico—which by its nature forms the judicial branch. Although the Constitution does not establish
10697661
Executive order


office. The U.S. Supreme Court has held that all executive orders from the president of the United States must be supported by the Constitution, whether from a clause granting specific power, or by Congress delegating such to the executive branch. Specifically, such orders must be rooted in Article II of the US Constitution or enacted by the congress in statutes. Attempts to block such orders have been successful at times when such orders exceeded the authority of the president or could be better handled through legislation. The Office of the Federal Register is
1025727
Constitution of India


government policy. The executive, legislative and judicial branches of government receive their power from the constitution and are bound by it. With the aid of its constitution, India is governed by a parliamentary system of government with the executive directly accountable to the legislature. The President of India is head of the executive branch, under Articles 52 and 53, with the duty of preserving, protecting and defending the constitution and the law under . Article 74 provides for a Prime Minister as head of the Council of Ministers, which aids and
12904701
Article Two of the United States Constitution


Article Two of the United States Constitution establishes the executive branch of the federal government, which carries out and enforces federal laws. Article Two vests the power of the executive branch in the office of the president of the United States, lays out the procedures for electing and removing the president, and establishes the president's powers and responsibilities. Section 1 of Article Two establishes the positions of the president and the vice president, and sets the term of both offices at four years. Section 1's Vesting Clause declares that the executive
12967606
Cabinet of Nauru


The Cabinet of Nauru is the executive branch of the government of the Republic of Nauru, a small island nation in the Pacific Ocean. Article 17 (1.) of the Constitution of Nauru provides for the "executive authority of Nauru" to be vested in "a Cabinet constituted as provided by this Part" with the "general direction and control of the government of Nauru", specified in Article 17 (2.) as being "collectively responsible" to the Parliament of Nauru. The Cabinet is directly appointed by
2081997
Colombian Constitution of 1991


. This rule will be applicable beginning with the 2018 presidential and congressional elections. The first chapter outlines the three branches of government - the legislative, executive and judicial, in addition to other autonomous and independent entities (Article 113). The legislative branch (Congress, made up of the Senate and Chamber of Representatives) amends the Constitutions, makes the laws and exercises political control over the executive branch and public administration. The President is head of state, head of government and supreme administrative authority; the government is made up
19211073
Unitary executive theory


The unitary executive theory is a theory of US constitutional law holding that the US president possesses the power to control the entire executive branch. The doctrine is rooted in Article Two of the United States Constitution, which vests "the executive power" of the United States in the President. Although that general principle is widely accepted, there is disagreement about the strength and scope of the doctrine. It can be said that some favor a "strongly unitary" executive, while others favor a "weakly unitary" executive. The former
22106655
Article Two of the United States Constitution


, and by the same constituency. The framers' intent was to preserve the independence of the executive branch should the person who was vice president succeed to the duties of the presidency. Under the U.S. Constitution the president and vice president are chosen by electors, under a constitutional grant of authority delegated to the legislatures of the several states. The Constitution reserves the choice of the precise manner for creating electors to the will of the state legislatures. It does not define or delimit what process a state legislature may use to create its
12967621
Constitution of Tunisia


Muhammad III as-Sadiq, the new Bey after Muhammad II. The constitution came into effect on 26 April 1861. It was the first written constitution in Arab lands. The text of 114 articles established a constitutional monarchy with a sharing of power between an executive branch consisting of the Bey and a prime minister, with important legislative prerogatives to a Grand Council, creating a type of oligarchy. It established an independent judiciary; however the guardian of the constitution was the legislature which had sovereign authority to review unconstitutional acts by the
3865574
Constitution of Tajikistan


State, the Constitution defines the structure of the government, basic rights, liberties and responsibilities of its citizens, as well as the powers of the legislative, executive and judicial branches. The bicameral Supreme Assembly (the parliament) adopts constitutional laws (Article 61), laws (Article 60) and resolutions (Articles 56-57), while the President adopts decrees and orders (Article 70) and the Cabinet of Ministers (the highest body of the executive branch) adopts resolutions and orders (Article 74). The
19905727
Constitution of Djibouti


The Constitution of Djibouti was ratified in 1992 and amended in 2010. The constitution is divided into 13 titles which together contain 97 articles. Title 1 defines the state and its sovereignty. Article 1 of the constitution ordains Islam as the state religion, assures equality before the law, proclaims democracy and sovereignty, and establishes the official languages of French and Arabic. Article 2 establishes the capital of Djibouti (city) and recognizes the Flag of Djibouti. Article 7 divides the government into three branches: an executive branch, a legislative
4773439
Constitution of Laos


The Constitution of Laos specifies the functions and powers of the government of the Lao People's Democratic Republic, and defines the rights and duties of Laotian citizens. The constitution was adopted on August 14, 1991, sixteen years after the 1975 establishment of the Republic, a period during which the country functioned without a written constitution or published penal and criminal codes. It consists of a Preamble and Articles, and legally establishes a set of authorities that resemble the traditional differentiation among executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government. The
1547763
Article Two of the United States Constitution


the federal government. In addition to separation of powers and equally important to limited government, each independent and sovereign branch also provides checks and balances on the operation and power of the other two branches. The president's executive power is subject to two important limitations. First, the president lacks executive authority explicitly granted to Congress. Hence the president cannot declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, or regulate commerce, even though executives had often wielded such authority in the past. In these instances, Congress retained portions
12967613
2017 Liberal Democrats leadership election


was succeeded by Vince Cable following an uncontested leadership election. The timetable for the leadership election was determined by the party's Federal Executive, under Article 17.4 of the Liberal Democrat constitution. Liberal Democrat leadership elections use the alternative vote (instant runoff) system, with all Liberal Democrat party members being entitled to vote under a "one member, one vote" system. Candidates had to be current Liberal Democrat MPs. Article 17.5 of the Liberal Democrat constitution requires that any candidate wishing to stand must be a Member of Parliament and
9961606
Constitution of Kazakhstan


" are considered one and the same. The government's power is derived from the people and citizens have the right to vote in referendums and free elections. Article 3 establishes provincial government. Representation of the people is a right reserved to the executive and legislative branches. The government is divided between the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. Each branch is prevented from abusing its power by a system of checks and balances. This is the first article to mention constitutional limits on the executive branch. Laws that are in effect
19707681
Constitution of Kosovo


The Constitution of Kosovo (, , "Ustav Kosova"), refers to the supreme law (article 16) of the Republic of Kosovo. Article four of the constitution establishes the rules and separate powers of the three branches of the government. The unicameral Assembly of the Republic exercises the legislative power, the executive branch led by the President and the Prime Minister which are responsible for implementing laws and the judicial system headed by the Supreme Court. The constitution was signed on 7 April 2008 at 13:00 local time at the national
19668782
Scandinavian law


including the Government, by way of the Storting. Stated within Article 3 of the Constitution, the executive power is held by the King, or the Queen. However, according to Article 27, Royal laws are adopted by the King in Council. Such laws are validated by the Prime Minister, the political leadership upon which the constitutional and senatorial responsibility is bestowed. Published by the Faculty of Law in Oslo and Fagbokforlaget, Norges Lover Norway's most comprehensive code of law. It consists of one volume published annually and used
11345664
Guatemalan Institute of Social Security


but it has never done so. The right to Social Security coverage became a constitutional right in Guatemala in Article 100 of the Guatemalan constitution after the constitutional convention of May 1985. The Executive Board of the Guatemalan Institute for Social Security constitutes the highest administrative branch of the Social Security programs in Guatemala. It operates under the auspices of the Ministry of Work and Social Provision but it's an autonomous body which enables to take independent decisions. The President of the Institute is appointed by the executive branch; the first and second vice
14065774
Malolos Constitution


executive branch is directly responsible to the legislative branch. This is further emphasized in Title V, Article 50 and Title VII, Article 56. Title V, Article 50 stated that the National Assembly of Representatives (the unicameral legislature of the Republic) shall have the right of censure and each of the members the right of interpellation. Interpellation is a right granted to representatives to directly question members of the executive branch. In other words, there are Question Periods allotted to each member of the executive branch. While Title VII,
20294964
Đỗ Mười


The constitution reduced the General Secretary's powers and while the constitution referred to him as the party's leader, he had no executive or legislative powers. However, Article 4 enshrines the role of the Communist Party as "the leading force in the State and society", giving the general secretary authority on the overall direction of policy. The 1992 Constitution led to the disappearance of party strongmen such as Lê Duẩn. In the words of Đỗ Mười; "In the leadership over the building of the state apparatus and appointment of
15788033
Supreme executive organ (Austria)


individual. This is done partly for stylistic reasons and partly to avoid ambiguity; the English "organ" is occasionally used as a synonym for "branch of government". Publications specifically about constitutional and administrative law, however, have historically preferred "organ". The Austrian constitution uses the term "supreme executive organ" multiple times but provides neither an intensional nor an extensional definition. Article 19 of the Federal Constitutional Law contains what appears to be a taxative enumeration of supreme executive organs, but this list is universally dismissed as
8217029
Nondelegation doctrine


The doctrine of nondelegation is the theory that one branch of government must not authorize another entity to exercise the power or function which it is constitutionally authorized to exercise itself. It is explicit or implicit in all written constitutions that impose a strict structural separation of powers. It is usually applied in questions of constitutionally improper delegations of powers of any of the three branches of government to either of the other, to the administrative state, or to private entities. Although it is usually constitutional for executive officials to delegate executive powers to executive
3041599
Article One of the United States Constitution


primarily with the states and secondarily with Congress. Second, the clause lodges the power to regulate elections in the respective legislative branches of the states and the federal government, not with the executive or judicial. As authorized by this clause, Congress has set a uniform date for federal elections: the Tuesday following the first Monday in November. Presently, as there are no on-point federal regulations, the states retain the authority to regulate the dates on which other aspects of the election process are held (registration, primary elections
12967534
History of the Patriot Act


for furnishing information to entities outside the executive branch, such as sections 106A and 119, in a manner consistent with the President's constitutional authority to supervise the unitary executive branch and to withhold information the disclosure of which could impair foreign relations, national security, the deliberative processes of the Executive, or the performance of the Executive's constitutional duties" — in other words, he would not feel bound to comply with some of the provisions of the law if they conflicted with other Constitutional laws. This immediately drew a sharp rebuke
15990178
Executive Authority (External Relations) Act 1936


was in a proviso to Article 51, authorising the Executive Council (government) to "avail", for the appointment of diplomats, etc. and for the conclusion of treaties, "of any organ used as a constitutional organ for the like purposes" by any of the other members of the Commonwealth. This authority was made "to the extent and subject to any conditions which may be determined by law"; the Executive Authority (External Relations) Act 1936, signed on the following day, was that law.
6986547
Constitution of Virginia


church incorporation was approved by Virginia voters in November 2006. The fifth Article similarly defines the structure and powers of the executive branch. The Governor of Virginia is invested as the chief executive, though §1 of Article V, provides that the governor may not run for successive terms. The offices of lieutenant governor and attorney general are established as supporting elected constitutional positions. The constitutional powers of the governor include the ability to sign legislation, veto bills (which veto may then be overridden by a two-thirds majority of both
10824318
University of Central Florida Student Government


of the Constitution of the Student Body of the University of Central Florida reads: The Constitution consists of six Articles. The first Article details the jurisdiction of the student government, franchise, and the requirements for referendums. The second, third, and fourth articles embody the doctrine of the separation of powers seen in the federal and state constitutions, whereby the government is divided into three branches: the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary, respectively. The fifth article discusses the Senior Student Affairs Officer, which is a staff
9285097
Presidential reorganization authority


, therefore, left to normal statute law to establish inferior offices and agencies, under the President, by which the government can operate. Despite the broad authority granted by the United States Constitution to the president, he does not have "unilateral and unrestrained authority over the Executive Branch" and "congressional action is required to create Executive Branch departments, to fund them, to determine the nature and scope of their duties and to confirm the appointment of their top leaders". While the president manages the conduct of executive branch offices
18191756
Article Two of the United States Constitution


officers as Congress may authorize to be appointed by the "Courts of Law" or by "the Heads of Departments" with other presidential appointees), Art. II, §2." The president may not prevent a member of the executive branch from performing a ministerial duty lawfully imposed upon him by Congress. (See Marbury v. Madison (1803); and Kendall v. United States ex rel. Stokes (1838).) Nor may the president take an action not authorized either by the Constitution or by a lawful
12967673
Signing statement


the constitutional category can create conundrums for executive branch employees. Political scientist James Pfiffner has written: The president is the head of the executive branch, and in general, executive branch officials are bound to follow his direction. In cases in which a subordinate is ordered to do something illegal, the person can legitimately refuse the order. But if the public administrator is ordered to refuse to execute the law ... because the president has determined that the law infringes on his own interpretation of his constitutional authority, the public administrator faces an
18927285
Article Two of the United States Constitution


though it may later strike down such a law as unconstitutional. A similar construction applies to the executive branch. The president commissions "all the Officers of the United States." These include officers in both military and foreign service. (Under Article I, Section 8, the States have authority for "the Appointment of the Officers . . . of the [State] Militia . . ..") The presidential authority to commission officers had a large impact on the 1803 case "Marbury v. Madison", where outgoing Federalist President
12967678
Human rights in Belarus


while the Belarus Constitution provides for the separation of powers, an independent judiciary and impartial courts (Articles 6 and 60), the government ignores these provisions when it suits its immediate needs; corruption, inefficiency and political interference are prevalent in the judiciary; the government convicts individuals on false and politically motivated charges, and executive and local authorities dictate the outcomes of trials; the judiciary branch lacks independence, and trial outcomes are usually predetermined; judges depend on executive-branch officials for housing; and the criminal-justice system is
9923874
Executive branch of the government of Puerto Rico


The executive branch of the government of Puerto Rico is responsible for executing the laws of Puerto Rico, as well as causing them to be executed. Article IV of the Constitution of Puerto Rico vests the executive power on the Governor—whom by its nature forms the executive branch. The Constitution also establishes that the Secretary of State should serve as acting governor when the Governor is unable to perform his duties. The Secretary of State, therefore, performs an equivalent role to that of a Lieutenant Governor in United States politics. The
10635559
Constitution of South Korea


of Korean Provisional Government, which was promulgated in 1919. It made the name of the country as ‘Republic of Korea’, and it is made up of the preamble of 10 articles. The provisional charter of Korea became the primary spirit of current Constitution, which is stipulated in the preamble of Constitution of South Korea. Provisional Charter of Korea Consisting of a preamble, 130 articles, and supplementary provisions, the Constitution provides for an executive branch headed by a president and an appointed prime minister, a unicameral legislature called the
5343271
Government of Argentina


, which hosts the national capital, the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires (which is conurbated into the province of Buenos Aires). Each of the provinces has its own constitution, laws, authorities, form of government, etc., though these must first and foremost comply with the national constitution and laws. The government of each province has three branches. The Executive, Legislative and Judiciary. The Executive branch is led by a governor. The Legislative Branch may be organized as a unicameral or a bicameral system (that is
18615660
Constitution of Madagascar


the country's High Transitional Authority, eligible to stand in presidential elections. The Third Republic received its first expression of popular support and legitimacy on August 19, 1992, when the constitutional framework constructed by the National Conference was approved by more than 75 percent of those voting in a popular referendum (the constitution took effect on September 12). On this date, the people overwhelmingly approved a new constitution consisting of 149 articles that provided for the separation of powers among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government; the
19621304
1964 Constitution of Afghanistan


the government lent a provisional character to the constitution. At least seventy articles required parliamentary legislation in order for them to take effect. The constitution's democratic features were especially provisional. Ample authority was retained for the executive branch to slow, halt or reverse legislation. Nor was caution only displayed toward would-be overweening legislators. The most notorious provision in the constitution was its prohibition of official or political activity by any member of the royal family other than the monarch. The implications of this clause would soon haunt the constitutionalists.
3623676
Constitution of Indiana


day document, which was enacted in 1851, is the state's second constitution. It supersedes Indiana's 1816 constitution and has had numerous amendments since its adoption. Indiana's constitution is composed of a preamble, articles, and amendments. Among other provisions, it specifies a republican form of government (pursuant to Article IV, Section 4, of the U.S. Constitution) consisting of three branches: executive (including administration), legislative, and judicial. The state constitution also includes a bill of rights, grants suffrage and regulates
9947497
Judiciary of Somalia


among 17 new attorneys attached to the office within the Ministry of Justice. According to Article 105 of the constitution, the courts have judicial authority. The judicial structure is, in turn, regulated by a parliamentary law. Article 106 establishes the functional independence of the judiciary from the federal government's other executive and legislative branches, subject only to the law. A judge cannot be legally pursued in civil or criminal proceedings for exercising a judicial function. Authorization to search a judge or his or her home must also first be
3981048
Bank Markazi v. Peterson


', and in such 'inferior Courts'" as Congress may establish. This judicial power extends "to all Cases, in Law and Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United States, and Treaties made, or which shall be made, under their Authority." The Chief Justice explained that there are three types of unconstitutional restrictions on the power of the judiciary. "'Congress cannot vest review of the decisions of Article III courts in officials of the Executive Branch'", or "
13264250
Executive Council of the Irish Free State


" was sometimes used. The Free State constitution provided that executive authority would be vested in the King and exercised by his Governor-General, who would appoint an Executive Council to "aid and advise" him. However, under Article 51 this power was only exercisable "in accordance with the law, practice and constitutional usage governing the exercise of the Executive Authority in the case of the Dominion of Canada". In practice this meant that, as in Canada, the Governor-General was in most cases required to act
11595940
Egyptian Constitutional Declaration of 2011


members, not to exceed 10. Article 33: Immediately upon election, the People's Assembly Council will assume the authority to legislate and determine the public policy of the state, the general plan for economic and social development, and the public budget of the state. It will also oversee the work of the executive branch. Article 34: Terms of the People's Assembly Council will be five years starting from the date of its first assembly. Article 35: The Shoura Council will be composed of a number of members determined
566551
Constitution of North Carolina


to its governor. The governor is vested with all executive authority in Article III. The duties of the governor are defined as is the process of succession, should the governor die or become incapacitated. Holders of the governor office are limited to two consecutive terms. The Council of State, a cabinet-like body, is filled with eight popularly elected officials, in addition to the governor and lieutenant governor. This article also defines and mandates a balanced budget. Article IV defines the make-up the judicial branch of the
8980653
Constitution of Michigan


Article V has a total of 30 sections which outline the powers and duties of officers in the executive branch of state government. The executive power of the state is vested in the governor. Section 2 limits the number of state executive departments to 20 which may be reorganized by the governor by executive order (the Legislature has the power to disapprove of a reorganization within 60 days). The head of each department is required to be a single person appointed by the governor, except where the constitution or law provides for a board
21107003
Federal government of the United States


The executive branch, under Article II of the Constitution, consists of the president and those to whom the president's powers are delegated. The president is both the head of state and government, as well as the military commander-in-chief and chief diplomat. The president, according to the Constitution, must "take care that the laws be faithfully executed", and "preserve, protect and defend the Constitution". The president presides over the executive branch of the federal government, an organization numbering about 5 million
18918601
Constitution of Puerto Rico


Constitution. The remainder of the document consists of nine articles: Article One establishes the new government for the island, which shall bear the name of "Commonwealth of Puerto Rico". It declares that the source of the power of the government emanates from the people. The following three sections of the Article establish the Republican form of government of the island, divided into three branches (legislative, executive and judicial) and specifies the territorial jurisdiction of the document as well as the seat of the new government, which shall be
16258202
Constitution of New Hampshire


New Hampshire Supreme Court to preside over the impeachment hearings involving the Governor, but not have a vote. Articles 41 - 59 define the roles and selection of the Executive Branch. The Governor of the State of New Hampshire (originally styled "President") is the supreme executive magistrate and is titled "His Excellency". The Governor is given the sole authority to command the New Hampshire National Guard and sole right to sign or veto bills and resolutions passed by the General Court and is charged with the "faithful execution of
3157875
Politics of Peru


Previously a rubberstamp body, Peru's unicameral Congress is emerging as a strong counterbalance to the once-dominant executive branch, with increased oversight and investigative powers. The executive branch and Congress are attempting to reform the judicial branch, antiquated and rife with corruption. During the government of Fujimori the 1979 Constitution was changed after the Fujimori's self-coup where the president dissolved the Congress and established the new 1993 Constitution. One of the changes to the 1979 Constitution was the possibility of the president's immediate reelection (112 article)
3897235
Turkish Constitution of 1961


authorized agencies as prescribed by the principles laid forth in the Constitution. The right to exercise such sovereignty shall not be delegated to any one person, group or class. No person or agency shall exercise any state authority, which does not derive its origin from the Constitution. Article 5 - Legislative power is vested in the Grand National Assembly. This power shall not be delegated. Article 6 - The executive function shall be carried out by the President of the Republic and the Council of Ministers within the framework of law. Article
4513748
Article 10 of the Constitution of Malaysia


Part II of the Constitution, the freedoms of speech, association and assembly are easily abridged by both the executive and legislative branches of the government. Most of these freedoms, such as freedom from slavery, double jeopardy, etc., are not subjected to the same exclusions as set out in Article 10(2), (3) and (4). Instead, they are rights which are guaranteed without any qualification. The rights of Article 10 are subject to the exclusions of the aforementioned clauses. Under Articles 149 and 150
9493435
Article Six of the United States Constitution


but though enacted in the execution of acknowledged State powers, interfere with, or are contrary to the laws of Congress, made in pursuance of the Constitution, or some treaty made under the authority of the United States. In every such case, the act of Congress, or the treaty, is supreme; and the law of the State, though enacted in the exercise of powers not controverted, must yield to it." "Reid v. Covert" (1957) ruled that no branch of the United States Government can
12968453
Constitution of Kuwait


before the law. The Constitution of the State of Kuwait is composed of 183 articles divided into five chapters: The head of the state is the Emir, the Commander of the Military of Kuwait, who has extensive competencies, who along with his cabinet constitutes the executive branch. The Emir is also part of the legislative branch along with the National Assembly of Kuwait. The National Assembly has 50 seats, elected equally from 5 districts. The parliament can be dismissed by the Constitutional Court and the Emir, which is usually followed
4752620
Scandinavian law


Constitution in 1814 and holds the position of the second oldest hand-written Constitution in the world which is still in use. The Constitution consists of a set of Norwegian laws based upon the legal principles of sovereignty, the separation and division of powers and universal human rights. The Constitution forms three distinctive branches of government, including: Article 49 and 75 of the Constitution highlight the principles of sovereignty whereby it states that the people of Norway issue laws, make decisions regarding the states' funds, impose taxes and supervise authorities,
11345663
Constitution of Georgia (U.S. state)


from office and powers and duties of those boards and their members. Article Five describes the Executive Branch of Georgia's government. This Article is made up of four Sections. Section I details the election of the Governor and Lieutenant Governor. Section II lists the duties and powers of the Governor. Section III discusses other elected officials and Section IV discusses the disability of executive officers and how to go about choosing a successor should an executive officer become permanently disabled. Article Six describes the Judicial Branch of Georgia's government. This Article
8786396
Colombian Constitution of 1991


notably judges), ceremonial (receiving foreign dignitaries) and political control (control of the executive). One of the significant changes introduced by the 1991 Constitution was the election of the Senate in a single national constituency, rather than by individual department. The 1991 Constitution also democratized the legislative process, by creating possibilities for a large number of citizens or local elected officials to initiate a bill or constitutional amendment project before Congress. The seventh title of the Constitution, in articles 188 through 227, establishes the executive branch, which
19211079
History of Virginia on stamps


of Westport, Connecticut. The first written U.S. constitution was the Articles of Confederation. Under the Articles, Virginia ceded its claim to territory north of the Ohio River to the United States Government to form the Northwest Territory. There was no independent executive branch or judicial branch, only Congress. The Constitution of the United States was written in an effort to form a more effective national government, with George Washington elected unanimously to be the president of the Constitutional Convention, and James Madison known as the "Father of the Constitution"
16631835
Constitution of Pakistan


law and orders, and also the constitutional structure and establishment of the institutions and the country's armed forces. The first three chapters establish the rules, mandate, and separate powers of the three branches of the government: a bicameral legislature; an executive branch governed by the Prime Minister as chief executive; and an apex federal judiciary headed by Supreme Court. The Constitution designates the President of Pakistan as a ceremonial Head of State who is to represent the unity of the state. The first six articles of the constitution outline the
9599221
Laws of the Constitution of Selangor 1959


, he will continue to exercise his function as the head of religion of the state. Article 49 states that the state seal must be kept by the Sultan and the seal must be used in all occasion that needs sealing. The state seal must bear the inscription "Mohor Kerajaan Negeri Selangor", and words "State of Selangor Public Seal". Article 50 provides that the executive authority of the state is vested in the Sultan. He can exercise his authority unless provided otherwise by the Federal Constitution or the state constitution.
10932470
Philippine Executive Order 464


the Hello Garci scandal. It also comes a week after National Security Adviser Norberto Gonzales appeared in a Senate hearing regarding the contract of the government with the Washington-based law firm Venable LLP. Arroyo revoked the order on March 5, 2008. To justify the constitutionality of the decree, President Arroyo invoked "the constitutional guarantees of the separation of powers of the Executive Branch, Legislative and Judicial branches of government" and cited Article VI Section 22 of the Philippine Constitution, which permits department heads, cabinet members and other officials
20329951
Constitutional Court of Croatia


, and it is therefore often colloquially referred to as a "fourth branch of government", alongside the traditional model of tripartite separation of powers into the executive (Government/President of the Republic), legislative (Parliament) and judicial (Supreme Court) branches. According to the Articles 126-132 of the Croatian Constitution, Constitutional Court shall: "Act of Supplements and Alterations to the Law on Public Gathering" stipulated that no public gatherings could be held within 100 meters of buildings in which the Croatian Parliament, President
20145975
Michigan


6, 2018, the state electorate voted to pass Proposal 2 that amended the state constitution to create a independent redistrict commission. Michigan is governed as a republic, with three branches of government: the executive branch consisting of the Governor of Michigan and the other independently elected constitutional officers; the legislative branch consisting of the House of Representatives and Senate; and the judicial branch. The Michigan Constitution allows for the direct participation of the electorate by statutory initiative and referendum, recall, and constitutional initiative and referral (Article II, §
19193613
List of countries by system of government


confidence during its term which has a fixed duration. These are systems in which the head of state is a constitutional monarch; the existence of their office and their ability to exercise their authority is established and restrained or held back by constitutional law. Systems in which a prime minister is the active head of the executive branch of government. In some cases the prime minister is also leader of the legislature, in other cases the executive branch is clearly separated from legislature although the entire cabinet or individual ministers must step down in the
16258818
Government of Singapore


Parliament sufficient to enable the party (or coalition) to form the Cabinet of Singapore – this is the sense intended when it is said that a political party "forms the Government". The Constitution of the Republic of Singapore uses the word "Government" to mean the Executive branch, made up of the President and the Cabinet. This article describes the Government of Singapore in this technical sense, as well as selected aspects of the Executive branch of the Government. On 30 January 1819 Sir Stamford Raffles, an Englishman who
12943154
Constitution of the British Virgin Islands


position. The fourth chapter, which is made up of articles 46-61, sets out the structure and composition of the Executive. Article 46 provides that executive authority is vested in the British Monarch, and exercised through the Governor. The remainder of the Chapter sets out the appointment of Cabinet, which is constituted by the Premier, four other Ministers, and the Attorney General "ex officio". The Premier is appointed by the Governor as the head of the largest party in the House of Assembly. Other Ministers are
16724674
Foreign trade of the United States


imports from developing countries. Over time, and under carefully prescribed circumstances, Congress has delegated some of its trade authority to the Executive Branch. Congress, however, has, in some cases, kept tight reins on the use of this authority by requiring that certain trade laws and programs be renewed; and by requiring the Executive Branch to issue reports to Congress to monitor the implementation of the trade laws and programs. The authority of Congress to regulate international trade is set out in Article I, Section 8, Paragraph 1 of
21759526
Constitution of the United States


The Constitution of the United States is the supreme law of the United States of America. The Constitution, originally comprising seven articles, delineates the national frame of government. Its first three articles embody the doctrine of the separation of powers, whereby the federal government is divided into three branches: the legislative, consisting of the bicameral Congress (Article One); the executive, consisting of the president (Article Two); and the judicial, consisting of the Supreme Court and other federal courts (Article Three). Articles Four
12967344
Constitution of the United States


not itself within the enumerated powers. Chief Justice Marshall clarified: "Let the end be legitimate, let it be within the scope of the Constitution, and all means which are appropriate, which are plainly adapted to that end, which are not prohibited, but consist with the letter and spirit of the Constitution, are Constitutional." Article Two describes the office, qualifications, and duties of the President of the United States and the Vice President. The President is head of the executive branch of the federal government, as
12967383
Signing statement


140 over eight years. George W. Bush's 130 signing statements contain at least 1,100 challenges. The signing statement associated with the Detainee Treatment Act of 2005, prohibiting cruel, inhumane, and degrading treatment of detainees in U.S. custody attracted controversy: The executive branch shall construe... the Act, relating to detainees, in a manner consistent with the constitutional authority of the President to supervise the unitary executive branch and as Commander in Chief and consistent with the constitutional limitations on the judicial power... The use of signing statements that fall into
18927284
Constitution of Italy


capability. Also, Article 54 states that every citizen has the duty to be loyal to the Republic and to uphold its Constitution and laws. Elected officials have the duty to fulfil their functions with discipline and honour, taking an oath to that effect in those cases established by law. Power is divided among the executive, the legislative and judicial branches; the Constitution establishes the balancing and interaction of these branches, rather than their rigid separation. Article 55 establishes the Parliament as a bicameral entity, consisting of the Chamber of Deputies
1845784
Executive branch of the government of Puerto Rico


Today, the executive branch is composed of fifteen executive departments each headed by a Secretary. Article IV of the Constitution of Puerto Rico vests the executive power on the Governor. The Governor has a duty to enforce state laws, to convene the Legislative Assembly, the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Legislative Assembly, to appoint government officers, to appoint Justices, and to grant pardons. Puerto Rico does not have a post for lieutenant governor but the Secretary of State performs an equivalent role. Article IV of
10635561
South Ossetia


Vienna on 27 October 2005. On 6 December, the OSCE Ministerial Council in Ljubljana adopted a resolution supporting the Georgian peace plan which was subsequently rejected by the South Ossetian "de facto" authorities. Under Article 46 of the Constitution, the president of the Republic of South Ossetia is head of state and head of the executive branch of government. The president of RSO is elected by direct popular vote for five years. Since 21 April 2017, the position is held by Anatoliy Bibilov who won a contested election running against the
13889722
Wiki-constitutionalism


Wiki-constitutionalism is a neologism coined by political analyst Daniel Lansberg-Rodriguez in a 2010 article for "The New Republic". The term describes the phenomenon in which national governments, particularly in Latin America, rewrite their constitutions completely every few years, a habit which Lansberg-Rodriguez argues usually leads to overly strengthened executives as other branches of government will lack "the institutional legitimacy, memory, relationships, and mandate necessary to govern independently." The term itself is an amalgam of constitution and the "ever-morphing articles
20845742
Constitution of Malaysia


is a political doctrine, coined by the French political thinker Baron de Montesquieu, under which the legislative, executive and judicial branches of the government are kept entirely separate and distinct and that the Federal Constitution does have some features of this doctrine but not always (for example, Malaysian Ministers are both executives and legislators, which is inconsistent with the doctrine of separation of powers). Article 149 gives power to the Parliament to pass special laws to stop or prevent any actual or threatened action by a large body of persons which Parliament
4784664
Separation of powers under the United States Constitution


this. He uses implied powers to issue executive orders and enter into treaties with foreign nations. The executive branch uses inherent powers to establish executive privilege, which means that they can enforce statutes and laws already passed by Congress. They can also enforce the Constitution and treaties that were previously made by other branches of government. The system of checks and balances makes it so that no one branch of government has more power than another and cannot overthrow another. It creates a balance of power that is necessary for a government to
19761119
Hopi


the surrounding land that was annexed by the Navajo reservation, which is the largest in the country. On October 24, 1936, the Hopi people ratified a Constitution. That Constitution created a unicameral government where all powers are vested in a Tribal Council. While there is an executive branch (tribal chairman and vice chairman) and judicial branch, their powers are limited under the Hopi Constitution. The traditional powers and authority of the Hopi Villages were preserved in the 1936 Constitution. Today, the Hopi Reservation is entirely surrounded by the
12896898
Constitution of the Republic of Texas


, J.Res. 1, enacted December 29, 1845, ). The Constitution of the Republic of Texas contains nine portions, six Articles, Schedule, General Provisions, and Declaration of Rights. Article I establishes the three branches of government, Legislative, Executive, and Judicial. It contains sections that define in greater detail the Legislative branch. The Legislature is defined as a Senate and House of Representatives that are to be called The Congress of the Republic of Texas. Members of the House are to be chosen on the first
4803657
Elverum Authorization


is of historical significance because it allowed the Norwegian executive branch to "assert" legitimacy – even while in exile. The authorization is controversial in that it constituted a complete abandonment of the legislative powers in Norway during the war. The issue was brought to the Supreme Court of Norway, which ruled that the authorization was legitimate and valid. Critics have stated that the authorization was invalid because there was no constitutional basis for the Storting to dissolve itself in such a manner. These critics also claim that Section 17 – which was invoked
953356
Article One of the United States Constitution


, or engaging in war without the consent of Congress. Section 1 is a vesting clause that bestows federal legislative power exclusively to Congress. Similar clauses are found in Articles II and III. The former confers executive power upon the President alone, and the latter grants judicial power solely to the federal judiciary. These three articles create a separation of powers among the three branches of the federal government. This separation of powers, by which each department may exercise only its own constitutional powers and no others, is fundamental to the idea
12967487
Wyoming Constitution


among the three branches. Article 3 describes the Legislature. Article 4 describes the executive branch. Article 5 describes the judiciary. Article 6 deals with suffrage and elections. Article 7 deals with education, state institutions, health and morals, and state buildings. Article 8 deals with irrigation and water rights. Article 9 deals with mining. Article 10 deals with corporations. Article 11 describes the boundaries of the state. Article 12 deals with counties. Article 13 deals with municipalities. Article 14 deals with miscellaneous officials. Article 15
18472610
Costa Rican Constitution of 1859


the many defects of form and substance of the 1848 Constitution. The Assembly discussed it with relative speed. Finally, on December 26, the Assembly approved the new Political Constitution, which was signed by President Montealegre the following day and published without delay. The Political Constitution of 1859 consisted of 142 articles distributed in eleven titles. The Constitution of 1859 worked satisfactorily for several years, which contributed to the prohibition of the successive re-election of the President and the appropriate balance that was established between the Legislative and Executive branches,
8040409
Constitution of India


or states). The courts are expected to remain unaffected by pressure exerted by other branches of the state, citizens or interest groups. An independent judiciary has been held as a basic feature of the constitution, which cannot be changed by the legislature or the executive. Judicial review was adopted by the constitution of India from judicial review in the United States. In the Indian constitution, judicial review is dealt with in . The constitution is the supreme power of the nation, and governs all laws. According to Article 13
12904711
President of the United States


, Section 1 of the Constitution, bolstered by Article I, Section 8, puts all lawmaking power in Congress's hands, and Article 1, Section 6, Clause 2 prevents the president (and all other executive branch officers) from simultaneously being a member of Congress. The president or other officials of the executive branch may draft legislation and then ask senators or representatives to introduce these drafts into Congress. The president can further influence the legislative branch through constitutionally (e.g. ) or statutorily mandated periodic reports to Congress. These reports
4571586
Separation of powers


are divided by exercising different functions, and the executive and legislative powers are separated in origin by separate elections and the judiciary is kept independent, each branch controls the actions of others and balances its powers in some way. In the United States Constitution, Article 1 Section I gives Congress only those "legislative powers herein granted" and proceeds to list those permissible actions in Article I Section 8, while Section 9 lists actions that are prohibited for Congress. The vesting clause in Article II places no limits on the Executive branch,
8890775
Government of Pakistan


The Government of Pakistan () is a federal government established by the Constitution of Pakistan as a constituted governing authority of the four provinces of a proclaimed and established by the parliamentary democratic republic, constitutionally called the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Effecting the Westminster system for governing the state, the government is mainly composed of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches, in which all powers are vested by the Constitution in the Parliament, the Prime Minister and the Supreme Court. The powers and duties of these branches are further defined by
9160325
Federation Council (Russia)


after its successful passage, elections for the Council were to be franchised solely to territorial authorities, with one senator elected from the subject's legislature, and the other by the subject's executive branch. This later was codified in 1995 when the Council's first term expired. The constitution, however, did not specify "how" senators were to be elected. By 1995, using this constitutional anomaly, regional executives could sit "ex officio" in both their own regional executive posts "and" within the Federation Council.
7218546
Law of the United States


their own state constitutions, state governments, and state courts. All states have a legislative branch which enacts state statutes, an executive branch that promulgates state regulations pursuant to statutory authorization, and a judicial branch that applies, interprets, and occasionally overturns both state statutes and regulations, as well as local ordinances. They retain plenary power to make laws covering anything not preempted by the federal Constitution, federal statutes, or international treaties ratified by the federal Senate. Normally, state supreme courts are the final interpreters of state constitutions and
14726138
Nondelegation doctrine


of government ordained by the constitution" while holding that the tariff-setting authority delegated in the McKinley Act "was not the making of law," but rather empowered the executive branch to serve as a "mere agent" of Congress. During the 1930s, Congress provided the executive branch with wide powers to combat the Great Depression. The Supreme Court case of "Panama Refining v. Ryan", 293 U.S. 388 (1935) involved the National Industrial Recovery Act, which included a provision granting the President the authority to prohibit
3041608
Sedition Act (Singapore)


" towards Article 14 goes against the venerable tradition of limited government and constitutional supremacy enshrined in Article 4 of the Constitution, and accords too much deference to the legislative and executive branches of government. Moreover, the phrase "necessary or expedient" arguably should not be interpreted disjunctively, which would only require the State to show that a restriction imposed by Parliament is either "necessary" or "expedient". Since expedience is easily satisfied, this allows for too lenient a standard of judicial review. Such a reading would make the
13579066
U.S. Congress in relation to the president and Supreme Court


branches of the federal government. The authors of the Constitution expected the greater power to lie with Congress as described in Article One. The influence of Congress on the presidency has varied from one period to another; the degree of power depending largely on the leadership of the Congress, political influence by the president, or other members of congress and the boldness of the president's initiatives. Under the first half-dozen presidents, power seems to have been evenly divided between the president and Congress, in part because early presidents largely
19698909
Sovereign immunity


to judge the executive authority: "The courts of justice shall be empowered to decide any question relating to the scope of the executive's authority; though any person wishing to question such authority shall not, by taking the case to the courts of justice, avoid temporary compliance with orders given by the executive authority." Furthermore, no other member of the royal family can be prosecuted for any crime under Article 25 of the old absolutist constitution Lex Regia (The King's Law), currently still valid, which states.
9614144
Constitution of Croatia


ownership, conservation of nature and the environment, the rule of law, and a democratic multiparty system are the highest values of the constitutional order of the Republic of Croatia and the ground for interpretation of the Constitution. Article 4 states that the government shall be organized on the principle of separation of powers into the legislative, executive and judicial branches, but limited by the right to local and regional self-government guaranteed by this Constitution. Article 12 states that the official language is Croatian in the Latin script and that in some
17373465
Michael Hayden (general)


advice from the White House that building the database was supported by Article Two of the United States Constitution executive branch powers (in which the President must "take care that the laws be faithfully executed"), overriding legislative branch statutes forbidding warrantless surveillance of domestic calls, which included the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA). Previously, this action would have required a warrant from a FISA court. The stated purpose of the database was to eavesdrop on international communications between persons within the U.S. and individuals and groups overseas in order
21761182
Federal government of Brazil


to "Brasília" commonly being used as a metonym for the federal government of Brazil. Brazil is a federal presidential constitutional republic, which is based on a representative democracy. The federal government has three independent branches: executive, legislative, and judicial. The Federal Constitution is the supreme law of Brazil. It is the foundation and source of the legal authority underlying the existence of Brazil and the federal government. It provides the framework for the organization of the Brazilian government and for the relationship of the federal government to the states
19235112
1852 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom


appoint the head of any executive office. The amended article would now only give the King the authority to remove the head of an executive office as well as to demand written information from any department head or officer regarding the oversight of their office. Article 4 amended the 43rd article of the constitution. The original constitution stated that any Chief of Rank as appointed by the King would have the title "highness". The amendment removed this title and instead declared that any Chief of Rank would be known by their birth title or
14723165
Federal agency (Germany)


Federal agencies in Germany are established to assist the country's executive branch on the federal level according to Article 86 of the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany ("Grundgesetz"). They are hierarchically organized on four levels: According to Article 83 of the "Grundgesetz", federal laws are generally enforced by the executive branch of the German states, except for laws referring to those explicit items that are enumerated in the constitution itself. Therefore, the establishment of middle-level and low-level federal agencies is
21846986