why do 2 strokes need an expansion chamber
Expansion chamber


single cycle. The actual gas leaving the pipe during a particular cycle was created two or three cycles earlier. (This is why exhaust gas sampling on two stroke engines is done with a special valve right in the exhaust port. The gas exiting the stinger has had too much resident time and mixing with gas from other cycles causing errors in analysis.) Expansion chambers almost always have turns and curves built into them to accommodate their fit within the engine bay. Gases and waves do not behave in the same way when encountering
9804927
Inertial supercharging effect


. Expansion chambers only work well at a narrow engine speed range which is why two stroke engines are referred to as having a "powerband". Since the early eighties exhaust powervalves have been developed which have the effect of altering the timing and/or volume of the expansion chamber, greatly improving the spread of power of high output two stroke engines. The whole idea behind this effect is that if more pressure is created within the cylinder, the faster the piston will be able to move. The volumetric efficiency is maximized to increase the
19835995
Two-stroke power valve system


closed and the exhaust simply exits into the expansion chamber. A larger expansion chamber allows for more power at lower RPMs because of the extra time needed for the impulse to "bounce" back for the supercharger effect. It was used on their CR motocrossers, GP bikes and MTX, MVX, NS and NSR road bikes. HPP valve. A centrifugal governor opens and closes a two-blade exhaust valve (using over 50 parts) The "V-TACS" - Variable Torque Amplification Chamber System - works differently from the
20400748
Expansion chamber


into the header of the expansion chamber. This effect is mitigated by the port-blocking wave. When the transfer is complete, the piston is on the compression stroke but the exhaust port is still open, an unavoidable problem with the two stroke piston port design. To help prevent the piston pushing fresh mixture out the open exhaust port the strong acoustic wave (produced by the combustion) from the expansion chamber is timed to arrive during the beginning of the compression stroke. The port blocking wave is created by reducing the diameter
9804921
Expansion chamber


On a two-stroke engine, an expansion chamber or tuned pipe is a tuned exhaust system used to enhance its power output by improving its volumetric efficiency. Expansion chambers were invented and successfully manufactured by Limbach, a German engineer, in 1938, to economize fuel in two stroke engines. Germany was running short of petrol, which was at that stage produced using coal and sewage transformation. An unexpected bonus was that the two stroke engines using tuned exhausts produced far more power than if running with a normal silencer. After the
9804914
Two-stroke engine


Kawasaki K.I.P.S., Cagiva C.T.S. or Suzuki AETC systems, or by altering the volume of the exhaust, which changes the resonant frequency of the expansion chamber, such as the Suzuki SAEC and Honda V-TACS system. The result is an engine with better low-speed power without sacrificing high-speed power. However, as power valves are in the hot gas flow they need regular maintenance to perform well. Direct injection has considerable advantages in two-stroke engines, eliminating some of the waste and pollution caused by carbureted two
3668289
Two-stroke power valve system


"ATAC system" and it will only work when it is used in conjunction with a tuned muffler. Tuned mufflers/expansion chambers increase power but only at the RPM they are designed for and can actually cause a power loss outside their tuned RPM. "V-TACS system" takes advantage of using an expansion chamber without losing power outside the expansion chamber's tuned RPM. Within the head and cylinder of the engine, there is a chamber that is sealed by a valve. This sealed chamber is vented onto the exhaust
20400749
Nutating disc engine


used for expansion and exhaust. The compressed air is admitted to an external accumulator, and then into an external combustion chamber before it is admitted to the power side of the disc. The external combustion chamber enables the engine to use diesel fuel in small engine sizes, giving it unique capabilities for unmanned aerial vehicle propulsion and other applications. One significant benefit of the nutating engine is the overlap of the power strokes. Power is transmitted directly to the output shaft, (the crankshaft), completely eliminating the need for complicated linkages
16441940
Two-stroke oil


, the relevant difference is that two-stroke oil must have a much lower ash content. This is required to minimize deposits that tend to form if ash is present in the oil which is burned in the engine's combustion chamber. Additionally a non-2T-specific oil can turn to gum in a matter of days if mixed with gasoline and not immediately consumed. Another important factor is that 4-stroke engines have a different requirement for 'stickiness' than 2-strokes do. Since the 1980s different types of two-stroke oil have been
1239218
Expansion chamber


assistance from the expansion chamber) so the diameter/area over the length of the first portion of the pipe is constant or near constant with a divergence of 0 to 2 degrees which preserves wave energy. This section of the system is called the "header pipe" (the exhaust port length is considered part of the header pipe for measurement purposes). By keeping the header pipe diameter near constant, the energy in the wave is preserved because there is no expansion needed until later in the cycle. The flow leaving the
9804918
Engine braking


rather than throttling air intake and maintaining a constant fuel ratio as gasoline engines do. Since they do not maintain a throttle vacuum, they are not subjected to the same engine braking effects. This is partly why non-turbo diesel-engined vehicles can coast in-gear for longer than an equivalent gasoline engine. The higher compression ratio in diesels means they are harder to start, but once they are running the energy expended in compressing air is regained during the expansion stroke when the compressed air is allowed to "spring"
16148634
Six-stroke engine


above each cylinder. The combustion chamber receives a charge of heated air from the cylinder; the injection of fuel begins an isochoric (constant-volume) burn, which increases the thermal efficiency compared to a burn in the cylinder. The high pressure achieved is then released into the cylinder to work the power or expansion stroke. Meanwhile, a second chamber, which blankets the combustion chamber, has its air content heated to a high degree by heat passing through the cylinder wall. This heated and pressurized air is then used to
15404260
Expansion chamber


of the chamber. This is called the convergent section (or baffle cone). The outgoing acoustic wave hits the narrowing convergent section and reflects back a strong series of acoustic pulses to the cylinder. They arrive in time to block the exhaust port, still open during the beginning of the compression stroke and push back into the cylinder any fresh mixture drawn out into the header of the expansion chamber. The convergent section is made to converge at 16 to 25 degrees, depending on requirements. Combined with the acoustic wave there is
9804922
Lightning


as many as 30. Each re-strike is separated by a relatively large amount of time, typically 40 to 50 milliseconds, as other charged regions in the cloud are discharged in subsequent strokes. Re-strikes often cause a noticeable "strobe light" effect. To understand why multiple return strokes utilize the same lightning channel, one needs to understand the behavior of positive leaders, which a typical ground flash effectively becomes following the negative leader's connection with the ground. Positive leaders decay more rapidly than negative leaders do.
15596948
Inertial supercharging effect


from two-stroke engines is the result of the design of an expansion chamber in the two-stroke exhaust system. Its carefully designed shape and length uses the expanding exhaust gasses to create a vacuum that pulls more exhaust gases (and some of the intake gasses) out of the engine. This is immediately followed by a reflected pressure wave timed to force the extra intake gasses back into the cylinder, thus achieving a greater mass of air/fuel mix in the combustion chamber than possible with conventional induction & exhaust scavenging methods
19835994
Two-stroke power valve system


port when the valve is open. At low RPM this valve is open, this has the effect of increasing the exhaust manifold volume and negating the power loss that would normally be apparent at low RPM with an expansion chamber. At mid RPM the valve is closed, this enables the expansion chamber to work. It is identified by the head and cylinder, being much larger than normal for its displacement, the cylinder wall is also cast with the wording VTACS on it. V-TACS was a foot-operated power valve
20400750
Two-stroke engine


mixture is forced across the top of the piston, where it has a cooling action, and straight out the exhaust pipe. An expansion chamber with a strong reverse pulse will stop this out-going flow. A fundamental difference from typical four-stroke engines is that the two-stroke's crankcase is sealed and forms part of the induction process in gasoline and hot bulb engines. Diesel two-strokes often add a Roots blower or piston pump for scavenging. The reed valve is a simple but highly effective form of check
3668274
Heaven (Andrews novel)


actually want to keep Heaven, as one night (thinking she is asleep), he comes to her and strokes her hair, muttering how soft and beautiful it is. Heaven feigns sleep, and is confused as to why he is finally showing an interest. Then she hears her grandfather interrupt Luke, asking what he is doing in an upset voice. Luke seems defensive and says Heaven is his, and he can do what he wants, but Luke's father tells him no, and that he needs to send Heaven
4912291
Cylinder head


design could give trouble from wear and slop in the chain without frequent maintenance. Early sidevalve engines were in use at a time of simple fuel chemistry, low octane ratings and so required low compression ratios. This made their combustion chamber design less critical and there was less need to design their ports and airflow carefully. One difficulty experienced at this time was that the low compression ratio also implied a low expansion ratio during the power stroke. Exhaust gases were thus still hot, hotter than a contemporary engine, and this led to
7774316
United Nations Trusteeship Council


three-year refurbishment, restoring its original design by Danish architect, Finn Juhl, the chamber was re-opened in 2013. The formal elimination of the Trusteeship Council would require the revision of the UN Charter, which is why it has not been pursued. Other functions for the Trusteeship Council have been considered. The Commission on Global Governance's 1995 report recommends an expansion of the trusteeship council. Their theory is that an international regulatory body is needed to protect environmental integrity and the global commons on the two-thirds of
13357980
Ford 385 engine


Deck height (late block, D9TE): Rod length: Bore spacing Bore x stroke: Chamber size (C8VE/C9VE/D0VE): ~72-75cc Bore x stroke: Chamber size (C8VE/C9VE/D0VE) 75cc Chamber size (D2VE) ~99-100cc Chamber size (D3VE/E8TE): ~93-95cc Chamber size (F3TZ) 89.5-92.5cc 2 valves per cylinder (although labeled 460-4V - "V" stands here for "venturi" and addresses the carburetor capacity) In 1981
19703397
Kodansha Kanji Learner's Dictionary


男 (male), which can be broken down into the up segment 田 (rice field) and the down segment 力 (power). Thus, 男 would be in the second main category (Up-Down), would have five strokes in its up section and two strokes in its down section, giving it a SKIP number of 2-5-2. Again, the up and down sections do not necessarily need to be radicals, and can consist of more than two segments. The kanji 薬 (
10644271
Two-stroke engine


maximum 70% of bore width is possible in racing engines, where rings are changed every few races. Intake duration is between 120 and 160 degrees. Transfer port time is set at a minimum of 26 degrees. The strong low pressure pulse of a racing two-stroke expansion chamber can drop the pressure to -7 PSI when the piston is at bottom dead center, and the transfer ports nearly wide open. One of the reasons for high fuel consumption in two-strokes is that some of the incoming pressurized fuel-air
3668273
Two-stroke engine


Schnürle") loop scavenging after Adolf Schnürle, the German inventor of an early form in the mid-1920s, it became widely adopted in that country during the 1930s and spread further afield after World War II. Loop scavenging is the most common type of fuel/air mixture transfer used on modern two-stroke engines. Suzuki was one of the first manufacturers outside of Europe to adopt loop-scavenged two-stroke engines. This operational feature was used in conjunction with the expansion chamber exhaust developed by German motorcycle manufacturer, MZ and
3668281
Stroke


brain attack and acute ischemic cerebrovascular syndrome (modeled after heart attack and acute coronary syndrome, respectively), to reflect the urgency of stroke symptoms and the need to act swiftly. In an ischemic stroke, blood supply to part of the brain is decreased, leading to dysfunction of the brain tissue in that area. There are four reasons why this might happen: A stroke without an obvious explanation is termed cryptogenic (of unknown origin); this constitutes 30–40% of all ischemic strokes. There are various classification systems for acute
868686
Expansion chamber


a general rise in pressure in the chamber caused by deliberately restricting the outlet with a small tube called the stinger, which acts as a bleeder, emptying the chamber during the compression/power stroke to have it ready for the next cycle. The stinger's length and inside diameter are based on 0.59 to 0.63x the header pipe diameter and its length is equal to 12 times its diameter, depending on the results to be achieved. In a well designed tuned exhaust system, the total increase in pressure is in any case much
9804923
Xin Pi


to me, but because it is an issue of concern to the state. Why do you need to get angry at me?" When Cao Pi ignored him and walked back to his personal chambers, Xin Pi followed him and held on to his sleeve. Cao Pi became so annoyed that he forcefully pulled Xin Pi's hand off his sleeve and retreated into his chambers. When he came out later after a long time, he asked Xin Pi: "Zuozhi, what made you so impatient just now?" Xin
9847139
Diesel engine runaway


is injected into the air "after" it has been compressed in the compression stroke, and due to the high air temperature, the fuel then combusts. The amount of torque the engine produces is manipulated by altering the injected fuel mass only; the more fuel injected, the higher the torque produced. Altering the amount of fuel solely alters the quality of the air-fuel-mixture, and altering the amount of the mixture itself is not required, which is why diesel engines do not need throttle valves. Diesel engines
20039894
Free-piston linear generator


loss, giving the engine a further degree of freedom. The combustion can be two-stroke engine or four-stroke engine. However, a four-stroke requires a much higher intermediate storage of energy, the rotational inertia of the crankshaft, to propel the piston through the four strokes. With the absence of a crankshaft, a gas spring would need to power the piston through the intake, compression and exhaustion stokes. Hence the reason why most of the current research focuses on the two-strokes cycle. Several variations
21264862
Internal combustion engine


rings fitted around its circumference that mostly prevent the gases from leaking into the crankcase or the oil into the combustion chamber. A ventilation system drives the small amount of gas that escapes past the pistons during normal operation (the blow-by gases) out of the crankcase so that it does not accumulate contaminating the oil and creating corrosion. In two-stroke gasoline engines the crankcase is part of the air–fuel path and due to the continuous flow of it they do not need a separate crankcase ventilation system. The cylinder
14567774
Paslode Impulse


Paslode Impulse is a trademarked name for a cordless nail gun. Cordless nail guns do not need an air compressor, manufactured by Paslode. Instead they use what its maker calls a "fuel cell": this is not what is correctly called a fuel cell, but a small metal can filled with pressurized, flammable gas. There is also a battery pack and a high-voltage power supply to deliver a spark. The design resembles a small two stroke engine. The combustion chamber is in two parts and is normally open
3063725
Model engine


as a two-stroke engine uses for lubrication purposes, as most model four-stroke engines — be they glow plug or spark ignition — have no built-in reservoir for motor oil in their crankcase or engine block design. The majority of model engines have used, and continue to use, the two-stroke cycle principle to avoid needing valves in the combustion chamber, but a growing number of model engines use the four-stroke cycle design instead. Both reed valve and rotary valve-type two-strokes are
14317164
Honda CR series


with a 6-speed transmisson, it can be recognized by the expansion chamber on the front of the cylinder where the exhaust is to be attached. The CR250M Elsinore began selling in 1973. It had a two-stroke engine and was one of the first of its class, and set the standard for two-stroke motorcycle development. In 1974 and 1975, the CR250M design changed little. In 1978, Honda revised the CR250M and renamed it the CR250R, the R standing for race. In 1981, Honda
15865461
Expansion chamber


cylinder during most of the blowdown process is sonic or supersonic, and therefore no wave could travel back into the cylinder against that flow. Once the exhaust pressure has fallen to near-atmospheric level, the piston uncovers the transfer ports. At this point energy from the expansion chamber can be used to aid the flow of fresh mixture into the cylinder. To do this, the expansion chamber is increased in diameter so that the out-going acoustic wave (created by the combustion process) creates a reflected vacuum (negative pressure
9804919
Exhaust system


lorries in Britain were usually out of sight underneath the chassis. In a two-stroke engine, such as that used on dirt bikes, a bulge in the exhaust pipe known as an expansion chamber uses the pressure of the exhaust to create a pump that squeezes more air and fuel into the cylinder during the intake stroke. This provides greater power and fuel efficiency. See Kadenacy effect. With an onboard diesel or petrol (gasoline) engine below-decks on marine vessels:- In outboard motors the exhaust system is usually a vertical
10961643
Two-stroke power valve system


in the cylinder above the piston and forces it downward. As the piston passes the midpoint of the downstroke, the exhaust port to the side of the cylinder is uncovered and initiates the flow of burned fuel out into the expansion chamber or muffler through the manifold. The piston then moves downward,where the air-fuel mixture remains from the previous intake-compression stroke. Shortly after the exhaust port is uncovered by the downward travel of the piston, the transfer ports begin to be uncovered. The transfer ports act as a
20400736
Norfolk Regional Center


doing custodial work in the buildings. Although there were cases of genuine serious mental illness among the patients, many would not be considered mentally ill or in need of institutionalization today. In the 19th century, patients were admitted for such reasons as "domestic trouble, disappointment in love, financial trouble, hepatic dullness, heredity, , intemperance, overwork, overstudy, religious excitement, sun stroke, and others." One young girl had been admitted to the asylum because of homesickness. By 1898, expansions of the facility had
14948711
Compound locomotive


Argentina' (tested around the same time in Argentina). Proponents of simple expansion argue that use of early cut-off in the cylinder thus expanding small quantities of steam at each piston stroke obviates the need for the complication and initial expense of compounding and indeed multi-cylinder single expansion – this is an ongoing debate. There are many configurations, but two basic types can be defined, according to how HP and LP piston strokes are phased and hence whether the HP exhaust is able to pass directly from HP to LP
12120279
Compound steam engine


-open regulator and early cut-off, the latter being set via the reversing gear. A locomotive operating at very early cut-off of steam (e.g. at 15% of the piston stroke) allows maximum expansion of the steam, with less wasted energy at the end of the stroke. Superheating eliminates the condensation and rapid loss of pressure that would otherwise occur with such expansion. Large American locomotives used 2 cross-compound steam-driven air compressors, eg the Westinghouse 8 1/2" 150-D, for the train brakes
3870763
Kel-Tec RFB


change in the production process intended as preventative measures against potential gun control legislation. The rifle first shipped to distributors in the first week of March 2009 and was first seen at the 2007 SHOT Show. The RFB is a semi-automatic firearm chambered for 7.62×51mm NATO/.308 Winchester ammunition. The RFB uses metric FAL magazines, which insert straight into the magazine well and do not need to rock into place. It has a short-stroke gas piston operating system. The rifle uses a patented forward-ejection system via a tube
13055121
Cagiva Mito


, four-stroke "" DOHC single, courtesy of Husqvarna. Replacing the two-stroke's expansion chamber exhaust is a tiny, seemingly unbaffled system, its exit just visible at the rear of the underside fairing. With forged alloy wheels it weighs in at - just more than the Mito 125. In 1998, Cagiva added a naked equivalent to the Mito Evo, named the Planet which bears some resemblance to the Ducati Monster. The Planet, unlike the Aprilia Tuono, has been given all new fairings including a fuel
13485257
MV Agusta 500 Four


), would be particularly problematic for the four-stroke MV Agusta. Two-stroke were easier to dampen without sacrificing performance with a revision to the expansion chamber. The four-cylinder MV Agusta was measured at between 125 and 130 dB(A) on unrestricted exhaust pipes. Read and Agostini drove with earplugs to endure the noise. Although they had obtained the first two places in the previous year's world championship, the opposition for the MV Agustas was becoming stronger. The FIM had committed to long races. The two-
16875383
Atkinson cycle


the intake manifold. This "simulated" Atkinson cycle is most notably used in the Toyota 1NZ-FXE engine from the early Prius. The effective compression ratio is reduced—for the time the air is escaping the cylinder freely rather than being compressed—but the "expansion" ratio is unchanged (i.e., the compression ratio is smaller than the expansion ratio). The goal of the modern Atkinson cycle is to make the pressure in the combustion chamber at the end of the power stroke equal to atmospheric pressure. When this
1735400
History of the motorcycle


"slash-5" series for model year 1970. From the 1960s through the 1990s, small two-stroke motorcycles were popular worldwide, partly as a result of the pioneering work of the East German Daniel Zimmermann (rotary disc valve) and MZ's Walter Kaaden who developed the two-stroke expansion chamber in the 1950s. These ideas were taken up by Suzuki when Ernst Degner, the MZ engineer and rider, defected to the West on 13 September 1961 after retiring from the 125cc Swedish Grand Prix at Kristianstad. Degner, an
1609340
Suzuki


success in two-stroke competition was the East German Grand Prix racer Ernst Degner, who defected to the West in 1961, bringing with him expertise in two-stroke engines from the East German manufacturer MZ. The secrets Degner brought with him were the work of Walter Kaaden, who combined three crucial technologies for the first time: the boost port, the expansion chamber, and the rotary valve. Suzuki hired Degner, and he won the 50 cc class FIM road racing World Championship for them in the 1962 season. Suzuki
21517944
Two-stroke engine


Walter Kaaden. Loop scavenging, disc valves and expansion chambers worked in a highly coordinated way to significantly increase the power output of two-stroke engines, particularly from the Japanese manufacturers Suzuki, Yamaha and Kawasaki. Suzuki and Yamaha enjoyed success in grand Prix motorcycle racing in the 1960s due in no small way to the increased power afforded by loop scavenging. An additional benefit of loop scavenging was the piston could be made nearly flat or slightly dome shaped, which allowed the piston to be appreciably lighter and stronger, and consequently to
3668282
Anklebiters


atmosphere "perfect for psyching yourself up before leaving the house for a nerve-wracking night on the town". MTV Buzzworthy says "A fuzzy, scrappy track that starts in The Strokes' garage and kicks away the haters: "Why do you care what people think?" Williams rips. Good question. Turn this one up loud enough and for 2 minutes and 17 seconds, you won't." "Billboard" Magazine elaborated on the title's meaning, saying that "the hip-hop community refers to
12852489
Variable cycle three-stroke engine


be termed as 3 stroke. In reality it is a 2 stroke engine. The term "three-stroke" indicates that, to quote from the patent, "total cycle displacement (of) the engine equals approximately three expansion ratios". Thermal engine wherein the firing of gases is provided by controlled ignition, by compression up to the self ignition temperature, by compression under controlled pressure comprising a head-cylinder, a cylinder and a crankcase of the same type as the two stroke engine The aim of the invention is
5492296
Ignition timing


expansion should occur. In a vast majority of cases, the angle will be described as a certain angle advanced "before top dead center" (BTDC). Advancing the spark BTDC means that the spark is energized prior to the point where the combustion chamber reaches its minimum size, since the purpose of the power stroke in the engine is to force the combustion chamber to expand. Sparks occurring after top dead center (ATDC) are usually counter-productive (producing wasted spark, back-fire, engine knock, etc
12783286
Expansion valve (steam engine)


, either as exhaust valves for LP cylinders or as inlet valves in conjunction with trip- or cam valve gear. Where gridiron valves are used as secondary valves, they were commonly mounted on the inlet side of the valve chamber for the primary slide valve. They were driven by a separate valve gear, usually a separate eccentric set in advance of the main eccentric. When operating, the additional advance moves the gridiron valve to apply cut-off ahead of the main valve. To vary the expansion they provide, the stroke of
11575498
Model aircraft


generate a great deal of noise, requiring substantially-sized expansion chamber mufflers to reduce their noise output, of both tuned exhaust and non-tuned varieties. Glow engines which operate on the four-stroke cycle, whether using ordinary poppet valves or occasionally rotary valves offer superior fuel-efficiency (power-output per fuel-consumption), but deliver less power than two-stroke engines of the same displacement – yet, often because the power they deliver is more suited to turning somewhat larger diameter propellers for lighter weight,
4113478
Morris Wilkins


, they ran into a corner. In order to make the turn, they needed to distort the shape a bit. When they finally got the bath through, they realized it reflected a heart shape... perfect for a couples resort." In 1969 Wilkins and O'Brien sold Cove Haven to Caesars World of Las Vegas. Wilkins said, "We had more business than we knew what to do with but had no money for expansion. We had to look for somebody with deep pockets; that's why we sold to Caesars
19602492
Cyclone Waste Heat Engine


. The expansion stroke of the steam engine covers piston travel from top dead center to bottom dead center. When the piston reverses to return to top dead center, an exhaust valve needs to open so that the expanded steam from the previous stroke can be released from the cylinder. The WHE engine has an exhaust valve in each piston actuated by a protrusion on the connecting rod (see figure to right). On the exhaust stroke the angle of the connecting rod causes it to open the piston valve, allowing expanded steam to
10496607
Two-stroke power valve system


RPM power, as well as enable the engine to produce a lot of high RPM power, a power valve system is used. All power valve systems vary the duration of the exhaust port open time, which gives the engine usable low end power combined with excellent top end power. Manufacturers have also included sub exhaust chambers that extend the 'tuned length' of the expansion chamber. Power valve actuation can be by mechanical (RPM dependent) or electric (servo motor) means increasingly with electronic control. Electronic control offers a
20400740
Palatal expansion


results in a large gap between the patient's 2 top front teeth, often known as diastema. This gap is closed naturally and the teeth may overlap which leads to braces being needed. Some may develop a large space while others do not develop a space at all. It usually takes a week or two for one to adjust to eating and speaking after first receiving the rapid palatal expander. This process requires patients to turn the expansion screw themselves to tighten up the expander. For expansion that is not managed by the patient
11625750
Tim Kaine


sentence in June 2008, that of Percy Levar Walton to life imprisonment without parole on grounds of mental incompetence, writing that "one cannot reasonably conclude that Walton is fully aware of the punishment he is about to suffer and why he is to suffer it" and thus executing him would be unconstitutional. Kaine vetoed a number of bills to expand the death sentence to more crimes, saying: "I do not believe that further expansion of the death penalty is necessary to protect human life or provide for public safety needs.
6335347
Lafayette Home Hospital


the need for improvement and expansion at both facilities. The reason why the hospitals needed to be modernized: expansion and growth in the community, especially with new industries and a growing student population at Purdue. The more than $3 million campaign was launched with four goals in mind: to address the existing shortage of hospital beds; the greater demand for beds and other hospital facilities that would accompany population growth; the need for replacement of outmoded facilities; and the improvements necessary for the hospitals to keep pace with the continuing advancements
15612480
Dust collector


for more efficient collect. Advantages: 1) simple construction and low cost 2) maintenance free 3) collects particles without need of water. Disadvantages: 1) low efficiency 2) large space required. Baffle chambers use a fixed baffle plate that causes the conveying gas stream to make a sudden change of direction. Large-diameter particles do not follow the gas stream but continue into a dead air space and settle. Baffle chambers are used as precleaners Centrifugal collectors use cyclonic action to separate dust particles from the gas stream.
14262957
2 m Bubble Chamber (CERN)


three years later and in 1964 the chamber was finally commissioned. This chamber was devoted to the study of interaction mechanisms of high-energy particles and the investigation of the properties of their excited states. The bubble chamber was filled with 1150 litres of liquid hydrogen and was expanded by a piston placed at the top. The chamber had vertical windows, a magnet made up of copper coils which generated a field of 1.7 T and the whole apparatus weighted more than 700 tons. The expansion system of the 2 m bubble chamber allowed
2379666
Amplified piezoelectric actuator


also be accomplished by using rigid struts connected by flexure bearings. This separation allows inverted geometries, allowing either contraction or expansion of the output even if the dominant motion of the piezo is expansion. Actuators of this type can have a stroke of 2 mm. In diamond shaped amplifiers, using 4 piezo crystals instead of one increases control of movement, particularly in changing temperatures. More movers result in more force at similar displacement. Another method of amplifying the piezo stroke is to use a lever arm, which can be a primary
14181048
Six-stroke engine


steam engine, with the Otto cycle cylinders being the high-pressure stage and the shared cylinder the low pressure stage. The operation of the engine is thus: The designers consider this to be a five-stroke design, regarding the simultaneous HP exhaust stroke and LP expansion stroke as a single stroke. This design provides higher fuel efficiency due to the higher overall expansion ratio of the combined cylinders. Expansion ratios comparable to diesel engines can be achieved, while still using gasoline (petrol) fuel. Five-stroke engines allegedly
15404274
Medley swimming


the four strokes. The main difference is the turning technique needed at the transition from one stroke to the next stroke. Each section has to be completed as described by the stroke rules of this section. The butterfly stroke section has to be ended with both hands touching the wall at the same time, but has to leave the wall on the back for backstroke. Swimmers may do this by pulling the knees underneath of their body after touching the wall with both hands, and then rolling backwards on their back, or swinging
11048785
Tongyeong International Music Festival


Chamber Orchestra, was the main character of this new era. It is said that Alexander Liebreich will officially take office from TIMF 2011 but his researching activity towards a new way of TIMF programming has already begun. Why would the Foundation need a new artistic director although they have managed to do without one for the last decade? - Three reasons have been found. First, long after the benchmarking research on other reputed festivals, the Foundation has realized that no reformation of planning inevitably leads any Festival to discourage itself into maintaining bargaining
11505795
0 + 2 = 1


packaged with four demos and released as the "0 + 2 = 1 ½" compilation in 2010. Each of these five outtakes appeared on subsequent Nomeansno releases: "Cats, Sex, and Nazis" and "I Need You" on "Why Do They Call Me Mr. Happy?" (1993), "Blinding Light" on "" (1994), and "Lost" on "The Worldhood of the World (As Such)" (1995). The album was issued on CD, LP,
9118570
Solomon Asch


obscure of Asch's major ideas, in large part because it has not been cited frequently (Levine, 1999), but is none-the-less important because it speaks to the power of group influence. In the 1980s, Asch was disappointed and concerned by the direction social psychology was taking. He wrote, "Why do I sense, together with the current expansion, a shrinking of vision, an expansion of surface rather than depth, a failure of imagination?...Why is not social psychology more exciting, more
7692631
Enduro motorcycle


series. Such 4-strokes tended to be effectively "sporty trail bikes" rather than de-tuned scramblers, but their much improved fuel economy (compared to 2-strokes) meant that they could complete lengthy laps of thirty miles or more without refuelling. This obviated the need for a back-up team to man refueling stops, allowing 4-stroke clubmen to compete without a support entourage. MX racing bikes have often been used as platforms for building enduro bikes. This was partially driven by the conversion of MX from 2-stroke to 4-stroke engine designs
12151044
Denial: Why Business Leaders Fail to Look Facts in the Face---and What to Do About It


Denial is a book by Richard S. Tedlow that highlights issues within business leadership. The book has two parts. The first portion highlights companies that have struggled to solve matters within their respective businesses while the second part features firms that successfully overcame obstacles. Some of these examples include matters within the Ford Motor Company and their need for product expansion as well as the DuPont Company in Delaware. The book was published in 2010 by Portfolio ( ) and, according to WorldCat, is in 565 libraries. A Chinese translation was published as
14938018
Expansion chamber


local speed of sound. Sometimes these secondary wave reflections can inhibit the desired goal of more power. It is useful to keep in mind that although the waves traverse the entire expansion chamber over each cycle, the actual gases leaving the cylinder during a particular cycle do not. The gas flows and stops intermittently and the wave continues on to the end of the pipe. The hot gases leaving the port form a "slug" which fills the header pipe and remains there for the duration of that cycle. This causes a high
9804925
Ask the StoryBots


questions, like “Why is the sky blue?” or “Why do I need to brush my teeth?” They deliver their answer at the end of each episode in the form of a musical video. "Ask the StoryBots" made its first-season debut with six half-hour episodes. Its second season premiered August 24, 2018 and includes eight half-hour episodes. Its third season will premiere on August 2, 2019 and will include eight half-hour episodes. In Southeast Asia, the series
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Körting Hannover


industrial burners) – became ever more sophisticated. In contrast, the motor- and turbine-engineering declined and were ultimately abandoned. In 1900 Ernst Körting filed patents for a novel design of gas engine. This engine had a single water cooled piston that was double acting, i.e. the cylinder had combustion chambers at either end. As the engine was a 2-stroke this gave it continuous power strokes, much as a double acting steam engine. The lack of continuous power strokes in internal combustion engines was perceived by those used to steam as
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Vacuum engine


the pressure of the piston chamber. After the valve closes, the piston undergoes an adiabatic process during the downward stroke. Once the piston reaches the bottom of its stroke, the chamber is cooled either by the surrounding air or water, and the resulting Qout forces the pressure in the piston to decrease. The system then undergoes another adiabatic compression of the gas in the chamber, which is subsequently released by the valve at the top of the cylinder's stroke, while simultaneously allowing new heated gas to enter the chamber. One
16555376
Honda EXP-2


The Honda EXP-2 was an off-road experimental prototype motorcycle, designed in 1995, with a fuel injected two-stroke engine. It was intended to serve global markets that still relied heavily on two-stroke technology, but to comply with increasingly strict emissions laws. With the utilization of a redesigned exhaust port valve and the ARC (Advanced Radical Combustion) system engaged, the engine would produce a pre-ignited combustion effect at low throttle that would completely burn all fuel in the chamber compared to how a conventional two-
5782001
Six-stroke engine


returned to Bath and the Museum of Bath at Work. Leonard Dyer invented a six-stroke internal combustion water-injection engine in 1915, very similar to Crower's design (see below). A dozen more similar patents have been issued since. Dyer's six-stroke engine features: The Bajulaz six-stroke engine is similar to a regular combustion engine in design. There are, however, modifications to the cylinder head, with two supplementary fixed-capacity chambers: a combustion chamber and an air-preheating chamber
15404259
Panama Canal expansion project


canal locks). When the lock moves a ship upward, the chamber is closed, and the water from the basin at level 4 is let into the chamber, filling slice 5. Then basin level 3 fills level 4, and basin 2 fills level 3. Next, from levels 2 and 1 are filled from Gatun Lake, "costing" a volume of instead of over the chamber area (2/5 of the elevation height). The ship is now at the level of Gatun Lake and can cross it. According
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Rocketdyne J-2


and cost less than the Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME). Design differences include the removal of beryllium, modern electronics, a centrifugal turbo pump versus the axial turbo pump of the J-2, a different chamber and nozzle expansion ratios, a channel-walled combustion chamber versus the tube-welded chamber of the J-2, a redesign of all the electronics, supersonic injection and the use of 21st-century joining techniques. On July 16, 2007 NASA officially announced the award to Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne, Inc. of a $
15857146
Atmos clock


Atmos is the brand name of a mechanical torsion pendulum clock manufactured by Jaeger-LeCoultre in Switzerland which does not need to be wound manually. It gets the energy it needs to run from temperature and atmospheric pressure changes in the environment, and can run for years without human intervention. The clock is driven by a mainspring, which is wound by the expansion and contraction of liquid and gaseous ethyl chloride in an internal hermetically sealed bellows. The ethyl chloride vaporises into an expansion chamber as the temperature rises, compressing a spiral spring
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New Jersey Chamber of Commerce


firm K&L Gates in Newark, featured Lieutenant Governor Kim Guadagno, in her role as secretary of state, ratifying the document. “I need all of you to do what you are doing today - getting together, talking, networking and supporting a great institution like the New Jersey Chamber,” Guadagno said. “The only way we can fix the problems we have in New Jersey is by putting people back to work … and we need your help.” The New Jersey Chamber of Commerce’s Walk to Washington and Congressional
1045352
Panama Canal expansion project


meant that this water supply issue needed to be addressed. Three basins are associated with each lock chamber. The volume lost per cycle is two-fifths of the "moving water" chamber volume. The other three-fifths is reused. An equal savings of water, based on the same principle, could be reached by adding more lock chambers. Constructing a stair of eight chambers (instead of three) to elevate would use an water slice per cycle. However, this would require ships to travel through eight locks,
15593898
J-2X


the successor to the Constellation program. The engine is intended to be more efficient and simpler to build than its J-2 ancestor, and cost less than the RS-25 Space Shuttle Main Engine. Differences in the new engine include the removal of beryllium, a centrifugal turbo pump versus the axial turbo pump of the J-2, different chamber and nozzle expansion ratios, a channel-walled combustion chamber versus the tube-welded chamber of the J-2, a redesign of all the electronics, a gas generator and supersonic main injector based on the RS-68
10175986
SS Monterey (1897)


loading and unloading of the cargo. In addition, the ship was fitted with refrigerating machinery and insulated chambers to carry dairy produce and chilled meat. As built, the ship was long (between perpendiculars) and abeam, a mean draft of . "Monterey" was assessed at and and had deadweight of approximately 8,185. The vessel had a steel hull, and a single 661 nhp triple-expansion steam engine, with cylinders of , and diameter with a stroke, that drove a single screw propeller, and moved the ship
4733265
New Perspective on Paul


equivalent to "lack of human effort", the word seems to imply and require human effort. The interpretation of Paul's writings that we need "faithfully" to obey God's commands is quite different from one which sees him saying that we need to have "faith" that he will do everything for us. This is also argued to explain why James was adamant that "faith without works is dead" and that "a man is justified by works, and not by faith alone" (Js. 2:24)
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BIA 10-2474


expected to return to the trial facility on 11 January which is why it did not re-consent all volunteers. CHU informed Biotrial at 10:00 am on 11 January that the man had likely had a stroke, at which point the trial was halted, though it was not known whether the stroke had anything to do with the study drug. This was after further doses had been given to the other volunteers (at 8:00 am that morning). Biotrial's statement offered no comment on the time taken between the trial halt at
16615983
MPEG LA


Court for the Central District of California dismissed the suit with prejudice on November 29, 2010. David Balto, who is a former policy director at the Federal Trade Commission, has used the MPEG-2 patent pool as an example of why patent pools need more scrutiny so that they do not suppress innovation. The MPEG-2 patent pool began with 100 patents in 1997 and since then additional patents have been added. As of 2013 the number of active/expired patents in the MPEG-2 patent pool is over 1,000. The MPEG-2 license agreement states
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SS Mount Temple


modern machinery fitted for quick loading and unloading of the cargo. In addition, the ship was fitted with refrigerating machinery and insulated chambers to carry dairy produce and chilled meat. As built, the ship was long (between perpendiculars) and abeam, a depth of . "Mount Temple" was originally assessed at and and had deadweight of approximately 11,200. The vessel had a steel hull, and two 694 nhp triple-expansion steam engine, with cylinders of , and diameter with a stroke, that drove two screw propellers,
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Thermal expansion


causes uneven expansion which again causes thermal stress and this might lead to fracture. Ceramics need to be joined or work in concert with a wide range of materials and therefore their expansion must be matched to the application. Because glazes need to be firmly attached to the underlying porcelain (or other body type) their thermal expansion must be tuned to 'fit' the body so that crazing or shivering do not occur. Good example of products whose thermal expansion is the key to their success are CorningWare and the spark plug. The
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Water gun


. The limitation of this design is the need for a large number of strokes to pressurize a larger reservoir. As well, poorly sealed reservoirs would render a water gun useless. Moreover, these water guns cannot be refilled unless emptied and depressurized. Opening a pressurized reservoir blaster while there is pressure remaining in the system can result in copious local water spray or even an unexpected launch of the water gun and/or reservoir out of one's hands. The air-based separate pressure chamber or firing chamber system works on the same
6826342
Opposed-piston engine


dates at least back as far as 1914, as a 2-stroke petrol engine referred to as the "Simpson's balanced two-stroke" was described in "The Motor Cycle" magazine of this date. This design used crankcase compression, and used one piston to uncover the transfer port, and another to open the exhaust port allowing the fresh charge to flow from one end of the cylinder to the other, thereby avoiding the need for deflector crowns for pistons used in most 2-strokes at that time. The levers operating the pistons
3651771
Atkinson cycle


producing power every revolution yet he preserved all of the efficiency of his "Cycle Engine" having a proportionally short compression stroke and a longer expansion stroke. The Utilite operates much like a standard two-stroke except that the exhaust port is located at about the middle of the stroke. During the expansion/power stroke, a cam-operated valve (which remains closed until the piston nears the end of the stroke) prevents pressure from escaping as the piston moves past the exhaust port. The exhaust valve is opened near the
1735397
Death Takes a Holiday (musical)


scale of killing and death, he confronts a girl who has been in a car accident and he cannot take her because her potency of life is so strong. He sends her back into the world and resolves that he finally needs to know why people hate him so. Why do they dread him, why are they afraid of him, why do they cling to life, why is that important? And so, with Death tantalized by taking a few days off, nobody will die on the earth because he's
17425817
Maureen Cain


as a product of their entire environment and an area needing more work. Chapter 1 – “Background” Cain's major themes in “Society and the Policeman’s Role” were 1. The organisation and behaviour of the police and 2. Clarifying the explanation of behaviour in terms of pressures and definitions. Cain looks specifically at 1. Citizens rights and Officer Discretion – What type of power the police actually possess? 2. Why Police operate and what they can do – What is the role of the police? 3.
11614317
List of Big Time Rush characters


to do was beat up a boy. She is originally nine years old in the pilot, later turns 10 in early Season 1 in the series, and later turns 11 in early-Season 2 in the series. She is very clever and has excellent business senses, which is why the boys often need her for their plans. She is a good sister to Kendall and the boys, helping them out whenever needed. It is shown that the other boys in the band look at Katie as their own little sister too
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Wankel engine


each has a gap to allow for expansion. The sealing at the apexes of the Wankel rotor is less critical, because leakage is between adjacent chambers on adjacent strokes of the cycle, rather than to the mainshaft case. Although sealing has improved over the years, the less-than-effective sealing of the Wankel, which is mostly due to lack of lubrication, remains factor reducing its efficiency. In a Wankel engine, the fuel-air mixture cannot be pre-stored because there are consecutive intake cycles. The
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Tippmann C-3


by the shooter, the bolt moves back to allow one paintball to fall into the breech. As the shooter returns the pump to the forward position, completing the pumpstroke, propane is drawn into the combustion chamber. The bolt also moves forward, sealing the breech, and bringing the paintball into the firing position. After the pump stroke, the shooter pulls the trigger, causing a spark and igniting the propane. The resulting expansion of gases forces a piston forward, which in turn compresses air behind the ball, propelling the
15926669
Laser Inertial Fusion Energy


the entire target chamber was designed to be easily rolled out of the center of the building on rails to the maintenance building where it could be rebuilt. The chamber was expected to last four years, and be replaced in one month. The optical system is decoupled from the chamber, which isolates it from vibrations during operation and means that the beamlines themselves do not have to be realigned after chamber replacement. The plant had a peak generation capability, or nameplate capacity, of about 400 MWe, with design features to allow expansion
13272412
Vacuum chamber


harder resins, a vacuum chamber is required. A small vacuum chamber is needed for de-airing (eliminating air bubbles) for materials prior to their setting. The process is fairly straightforward. The casting or molding material is mixed according to the manufacturers directions. Since the material may expand 4–5 times under a vacuum, the mixing container must be large enough to hold a volume of four to five times the amount of the original material that is being vacuumed to allow for the expansion; if not, it will spill over
3161562
Subaru 360


and Ugly." The nameplate "360" derived from its tax-limited engine displacement: 356 cc. The 360 featured an air-cooled, 2-stroke inline 2-cylinder 356 cc engine mounted transversely at the rear, and was introduced March 3, 1958. As with the two-stroke Saab 93s and other small two-stroke gas engines, oil was needed to be pre-mixed with gas, with the fuel tank lid serving as a measuring cup. In 1964, the "Subarumatic" lubrication system provided automatic mixing
11913235
Wankel engine


brought closer to and then away from the wall of the housing, compressing and expanding the combustion chamber like the strokes of a piston in a reciprocating piston engine. The power vector of the combustion stage goes through the center of the offset lobe. While a four-stroke piston engine completes one combustion stroke per cylinder for every two rotations of the crankshaft (that is, one-half power stroke per crankshaft rotation per cylinder), each combustion chamber in the Wankel generates one combustion stroke per driveshaft rotation, i.e. one power
14668525
Scott Stringer


including Stringer's "$2 million to renovate the old High Line trestle and create an immensely popular park - and another $150,000 for a database of senior citizens". In July 2009, Stringer's deputy press secretary resigned under pressure after posting disparaging comments about President Obama on her Facebook page. The incident let the "New York Post" to ask: "Why does Stringer need a deputy press secretary" in addition to "a press secretary and a communications director; what the hell do they do for a living
9216676
Component parts of internal combustion engines


known as a power stroke. A Wankel engine has a triangular rotor that orbits in an epitrochoidal (figure 8 shape) chamber around an eccentric shaft. The four phases of operation (intake, compression, power, and exhaust) take place in what is effectively a moving, variable-volume chamber. All four-stroke internal combustion engines employ valves to control the admittance of fuel and air into the combustion chamber. Two-stroke engines use ports in the cylinder bore, covered and uncovered by the piston, though there
5095893
Clare Chambers (philosopher)


to Marion Smiley, Chambers' use of the notion of an unjust process social construction "to justify, as well as to limit, prohibition, provides us with a whole new and productive way of using the state to promote gender equality," and she argues that a particular virtue of Chambers' work is that it "makes clear why we do not have to choose between gender equality and autonomy in our efforts to prevent harm in the lives of women and all others." In her 2017 book "Against Marriage:
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