when did the jury system start in australia
Ad Standards (Australia)


Ad Standards manages the complaint resolution process of the advertising self-regulation system in Australia. It functions as secretariat for the Ad Standards Community Panel and the Ad Standards Industry Jury – the two independent bodies were established to determine consumer and competitive complaints against the advertising self-regulatory Codes. The advertising self-regulation system is funded by a levy on advertising in Australia. Ad Standards was established in 1998 by the Advertising industry to regulate complaints about advertising in Australia. It started as the Advertising Standards Bureau (ASB) but was
1179709
Australia and weapons of mass destruction


Reference specifically excluded the consideration of military applications of nuclear materials. The dump idea was abandoned after "Two-thirds of a citizens' jury rejected the Nuclear Fuel Cycle Royal Commission's findings and reported it did not want South Australia to store high-level nuclear waste "under any circumstances". Australia is considered a "nuclear capable state". Like virtually every other developed nation and most larger developing nations, Australia has weapons systems which could be used to deliver nuclear weapons to its neighbours, if nuclear weapons were developed
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Hung jury


A hung jury or deadlocked jury is a judicial jury that cannot agree upon a verdict after extended deliberation and is unable to reach the required unanimity or supermajority. This situation can occur only in common law legal systems, because civil law systems either do not use juries at all or provide that the defendant is automatically acquitted if the majority or supermajority required for conviction is not reached during a single, solemn vote. In Australia, it used to be the case in criminal trials, that a unanimous verdict must be reached,
14553
Scottsboro Boys


the electric chair might as well be abolished." The defense made no closing argument, nor did it address the sentencing of the death penalty for their clients. The Court started the next case while the jury was still deliberating the first. The first jury deliberated less than two hours before returning a guilty verdict and imposed the death sentence on both Weems and Norris. The trial for Haywood Patterson occurred while the Norris and Weems cases were still under consideration by the jury. When the jury returned its verdict from the first trial
6382168
Myles Jury


From there he started his own MMA Affiliate system teaching wrestling, striking, and jiu-jitsu for MMA; Jury Jiu Jitsu. Myles Jury had two stints on the Ultimate Fighter. His first stint was on TUF 13, when he tore his ACL in the first episode and was sidelined for a year without being able to train. But he was able to compete on TUF 15 as was one of the 32 Lightweight fighters announced by the UFC to participate in the first live season of The Ultimate Fighter reality show. Jury
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Jury duty


up pay is required only for the first ten days of jury service - however the laws of Victoria, Queensland and Western Australia extend the make-up pay requirement for the entire duration of the jury service. The jury system in New South Wales is administered by the Jury Services Branch of the Office of the Sheriff of New South Wales, an office in the New South Wales Department of Attorney General and Justice, and operates in accordance with the "Jury Act 1977" and "Jury Amendment Act 2010". These laws
16481381
Jury trial


. The NSW Constitution Act of 1828 effectively terminated trial by jury for criminal matters. Jury trials for criminal matters revived with the passing of the Jury Trials Amending Act of 1833 (NSW) (2 William IV No 12). The "voir dire" system of examining the jury pool before selection is not permitted in Australia as it violates the privacy of jurors. Therefore, though it exists, the right to challenge for cause during jury selection cannot be employed much. Peremptory challenges are usually based on the hunches of
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David Marshall (Singaporean politician)


before the war began. After the war ended Marshall spent time with his family in Australia, before returning to Singapore in 1946. He became a successful and prominent criminal lawyer. Known for his sharp eloquence and imposing stance, Marshall claimed that he had secured 99 acquittals out of 100 cases he defended for murder during Singapore's period of having trial by jury. When Lee Kuan Yew later abolished Singapore's jury system (1969), he cited Marshall's record as an illustration of its "inadequacy". In April 1955
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Eurovision Song Contest


disagreed on the winner on five occasions, in 2011, 2015, 2016, 2018 and 2019. 2011 winner Azerbaijan won only the televotes (jury votes were won by Italy) and 2015 winner Sweden won only the jury votes (televotes were won by Italy). In 2016, Ukraine did not win either the jury vote or the televote, but won the contest with the highest combined vote. The televote was won by Russia and the jury vote by Australia. In 2018, eventual winner Israel won the televote but only
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Grand juries in the United States


other 49 states; it has a civil law legal system rather than a common law system. The start of a grand jury may be attributed to an 1805 enactment of a law requiring all "crimes, offenses and misdemeanors [to] be taken, intended and construed according to and in conformity with the common law of England." Provisions for a grand jury are spelled out in "Article V Section § 34 (a)" of the Louisiana Constitution of 1974 which states a grand jury shall consist of twelve members of
18115412
Porque te vas


"Porque te vas" () is a song performed by the singer Jeanette and written by José Luis Perales that remained relatively unknown at the start of 1974. Only when the song was used in Carlos Saura's 1976 film "Cría Cuervos" ("Raising Crows"), and the film went on to be honored at the Cannes Film Festival (Jury grand prize) and the Berlin Film Festival (Jury special prize), did the song become internationally known and a hit. In Austria it reached number 13,
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Black v The Queen (1993)


Black v The Queen is a decision of the High Court of Australia. In the first trial, Black was found guilty of two crimes of arson by a jury but only after the trial judge had directed the jurors make a majority decision. On appeal to the High Court of Australia, the decision was set aside, and a new trial ordered. The majority ruling found that judge did not instruct the jury appropriately in relation the flaws in the police interviews. They found that the trial judge should have told them to scrutinise
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Voting at the Eurovision Song Contest


vote during the performances, but this was rescinded for the 2012 contest. Since the 2006 contest, the presenters use a special phrase to start the televoting process known as "Europe, start voting now!". This also applies to Australia since 2015. When everything is all done, "Europe, stop voting now!" is used to signal the end of the process. The BBC contacted regional juries by telephone to choose the 1956 winners, and the European Broadcasting Union (producers of the contest) later began contacting
12823673
Sam Sheppard


among other factors, that a "carnival atmosphere" had permeated the trial, and that the trial judge, Edward J. Blythin, who had died in 1958, was biased against Sheppard because Judge Blythin had refused to sequester the jury, did not order the jury to ignore and disregard media reports of the case, and when speaking to newspaper columnist Dorothy Kilgallen shortly before the trial started said, "Well, he's guilty as hell. There's no question about it." Sheppard served ten years of his sentence.
7058025
Brent A. Jones


an autoimmune disease. Eventually, he graduated from California State University, Northridge, where he received a bachelor of science in business administration. He received a juris doctor from the Pepperdine University School of Law. He passed the California Bar exam. Jones started his career as a lawyer. According to his campaign website, he "did the preliminary legal work and assisted in raising start-up capital for Light Point Systems," a private company which "provides solar technology for hand held electronics" out of Ventura, California.
20251482
New Amsterdam judicial system


language at the Mayor’s Court until well into the 1670s, and records were kept in Dutch and English until 1673. One could say that the only real change was the introduction of the English concept of jury trials. Several authors have suggested that the Dutch did not appreciate the concept of trial by jury. Traditionally, the Dutch courts relied heavily on arbitrators and referees. It is suggested that the Dutch community in the New York area withdrew from the changed legal system that was now dominated by English juries, and instead turned
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Jury system in Hong Kong


The practice of trial by jury has a long history in Hong Kong. Like most jurisdictions with jury trial, this tradition was introduced into Hong Kong when it became a British colony. The Ordinance for the Regulation of Jurors and Juries was first enacted in 1845. Ever since then, the practice of trial by jury has been important part of Hong Kong’s judicial system. This is also recognised in the Basic Law, Article 86: "The principle of trial by jury previously practised in Hong Kong shall be maintained."
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Jury nullification


normal verdict when a jury is convinced of innocence and the "not proven" verdict is only used when the jury is not certain of innocence or guilt. Standard jury trial practice in the United States during the Founding Era and for several decades afterward was to argue all issues of law in the presence of the jury, so that the jury heard the same arguments the bench did in reaching his rulings on motions. This is evidenced by such decisions as the 1839 case "Stettinius v. U.S.", in which it was held
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Grand juries in the United States


for the grand jury system. Occasionally, grand juries go aggressively beyond the control of the prosecuting attorney. When the grand jury does so the situation is called a "runaway" grand jury. Runaway grand juries sometimes happen in government corruption or organized crime cases if the grand jury comes to believe that the prosecutor himself has been improperly influenced. Such cases were common in the 19th century but have become infrequent since the 1930s. The 1935 Runaway Grand Jury in New York County was investigating gambling and mobster Dutch Schultz when jury members
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Jury trial


a hallowed principle but a practice that ensures that one class of people don't sit in judgement over another and the public have confidence in an open and representative justice system." The trial started in 2010, with the four defendants convicted on the 31 March 2010 by Mr Justice Treacy at the Old Bailey. In Scots law the jury system has some similarities with England but some important differences; in particular, there are juries of 15 in criminal trials, with verdicts by simple majority. In Northern Ireland, the role of
16491584
Education in Luxembourg


the Luxembourgish juries was relatively low in the beginning, but increased steadily to reach 50% in 1901-1902. Results did not improve over the next few years. Some contemporaries saw this as a result of inherent flaws in the Luxembourgish system: the exams did not take into account the subject matter taught in the universities, and the examiners themselves were not up to speed with the latest research. The composition of the exam juries was problematic: without a university, the country did not have enough qualified teachers of an academic
8736472
All-white jury


1935), that blacks may not be excluded systematically from jury service. Despite "Norris", the practice of excluding blacks from juries did not disappear. In 1985, the Supreme Court in "Batson v. Kentucky" addressed a situation where a prosecutor had used his peremptory challenges to strike all four blacks from a jury and obtained a conviction against the black defendant. The defendant was not able to demonstrate that the state's court system systematically excluded blacks from juries but nonetheless raised due process and equal protection arguments in his particular
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Te Aitu-o-te-rangi Jury


whaler arrived at the island - John Milsome Jury - and fell in love with Te Aitu, as she did with him. They fled the island together by boat, they rowed all the way back to Wairararapa, not long after, Te Rauparaha started his chase but could not catch the couple. She married the Englishman and started a family with him in the Wairarapa region which is within the borders of her tribal land. Her eldest child was Hoani Te Whatahoro Jury who was a prominent political leader involved in the creation of
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Nik Richie


for online speech. The Jones civil case was heard by a Kentucky jury on January 22–25, 2013. After two days of deliberation, the jury was unable to reach a verdict. On January 25, 2013, the court found the jury was deadlocked resulting in a mistrial. Subsequent media reports explained that although the hung jury failed to reach a verdict, "Jurors did unanimously agree that thedirty.com's operator, Nik Richie, did not act with malice when he posted the submissions. That means jurors would not have awarded Jones
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Grand jury


its grand jury from its administrative parent between 1763 and 1769, Nova Scotia, as did Sunbury County when it was split off in 1784 to become the Colony of New Brunswick. The Colony of British Columbia, when it was formed on 2 August 1858, instituted a grand jury, along with the Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands (1853–1863) and the Colony of Vancouver Island (1848–1866) when the latter were absorbed by the former. Old courthouses with the two jury boxes necessary to accommodate the 24 jurors of a grand
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Australia in the Eurovision Song Contest


consisted of Amanda Pelman (Chair), Richard Wilkins, Danielle Spencer and Jake Stone. Although Australia's participation in 2015 was announced as a one-off event, it was confirmed on 17 November 2015 that Australia would participate in the 2016 contest. Unlike in 2015, Australia did not receive automatic qualification. On 7 October 2015, it was announced that Australia would make its debut at the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2015 after SBS was invited to perform in the contest. The 2016 Australian jury consisted of Monica Trapaga (Chair
2899484
Lingo (Dutch game show)


the jury) was replaced by JP (Jan Peter Pellemans). Thus, the hosts of the show from pilot to present include: On July 30, 2014, it was announced that "Lingo" would stop producing new episodes starting in September 2014 due to declining ratings. The final episode aired on October 2, 2014. At each episode of "Lingo" there is a jury check to see if each called word exists. Since 2000, the jury also did the announcing for the show. The show's jury
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Australia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2016


by the songwriters David Musumeci and Anthony Egizii. Voting during the three shows was conducted under a new system that involved each country now awarding two sets of points from 1–8, 10 and 12: one from their professional jury and the other from televoting. Each nation's jury consisted of five music industry professionals who are citizens of the country they represent, with their names published before the contest to ensure transparency. This jury judged each entry based on: vocal capacity; the stage performance; the song's composition and originality;
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Jury instructions


Jury instructions are the set of legal rules that jurors ought follow when deciding a case. Jury instructions are given to the jury by the jury instructor, who usually reads them aloud to the jury. They are often the subject of discussion of the case, how they will decide who is guilty, and are given by the judge in order to make sure their interests are represented and nothing prejudicial is said. They are a type of jury control procedure. Under the American judicial system, juries are often the trier of fact
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Upper Yarra Reservoir


Upper Yarra Reservoir was granted in the early 1940s but due to World War II work did not start until 1948. When the Upper Yarra Reservoir was completed the total storage capacity of Melbourne's system was tripled to nearly 300,000 megalitres. Upper Yarra Reservoir has a capacity of and was completed in 1957, initially for the purpose of preventing flooding downstream. Upper Yarra Reservoir is also supplied by water transferred from the Thomson River Dam. As of January 2007, severe drought in south-eastern Australia had resulted in low water levels in
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Judgment notwithstanding verdict


the lack of evidence on that key point and reform the judgment. Reversal of a jury's verdict by a judge occurs when the judge believes that there were insufficient facts on which to base the jury's verdict, or that the verdict did not correctly apply the law. This procedure is similar to a situation in which a judge orders a jury to arrive at a particular verdict, called a directed verdict. A judgment notwithstanding the verdict is occasionally made when a jury refuses to follow a judge's instruction to arrive at a
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Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting


of Brussels. In the Belgian criminal justice system, an assize court is a non-permanent court that holds jury trials on the most serious crimes. A few weeks before the actual start of the trial, a preliminary hearing took place on 20 December 2018, during which the list of witnesses to be heard in the case was decided on. The defence attorneys of Nemmouche as well as Nemmouche himself opposed having his family members testify during the trial. According to Nemmouche's defence, this was because "Mr Nemmouche did not
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Assize of Clarendon


hundred—or, should knights not be present, by the oath of twelve lawful freemen." These proceedings did much to transfer power out of the hands of local barons and into the hands of the royal court and its judges. In 1215, moreover, the Fourth Lateran Council forbade clergymen from participating in trial by ordeal. After this date, trials after indictment by the grand jury were conducted by juries as well. The large changes wrought in the English system of justice did not go unchallenged. The dispute over jurisdiction
14043187
Case of the Dean of St Asaph


the society Shipley was able to secure the services of Thomas Erskine KC as his barrister. Shipley was tried in 1784 by Mr Justice Buller and a specially convened jury at Shrewsbury. Edward Bearcroft, counsel for the prosecution, argued that on the basis of the existing system the jury could not decide on the nature of the pamphlet, while Erskine argued not only that they could, but that the material did not constitute seditious libel, containing as it did "a solemn protest against all sedition". Persuaded by Erskine's arguments
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1944 (song)


voted the entry by Australia first with 320 points, and the televote voted the entry by Russia first with 361 points. The televoting result for Ukraine, of 323 points, however, was sufficient, when added to their jury score of 211 points, to put them in first place, with a grand total of 534 points, leaving Australia second and Russia third. Prior to the Ukrainian national selection finals, "1944" received 8.33 out of 10 points from a jury of Eurovision blog "Wiwibloggs", the highest score
2386098
R v Bourke


the evidence that the accused, at the time when he committed the crime, was under the influence of liquor. The presiding judge, in directing the jury, asked them to answer the following questions: Did the accused commit The judge directed the jury that, if they answered one of the questions in the affirmative, they were also to answer the following question: Was the accused unconscious of what he was doing at the time he did it? The jury brought in the following verdict: "We find the accused guilty
2312597
Jury


-but-one (i.e. 11–1 or 10–1) in criminal cases and three-quarters (i.e. 9–3 or 9–2) in civil cases. Juries existed in Norway as early as the year 800, and perhaps even earlier. They brought the jury system to England and Scotland. Juries were phased out as late as the 17th century, when Norway´s central government was in Copenhagen, Denmark. Though Norway and Denmark had different legal systems throughout their personal union (1387–1536), and later under the governmental union (1536–1814),
1128355
José Martínez Morote


level. In 2008, Martínez earned a mention by the jury of the Culture and Sport at the annual award ceremony for the Federation of Employers of Albacete (FEDA). Morote started competing in athletics when he was 16 years old. Prior to taking up the sport, he was involved with football but switched to athletics after a teacher suggested his speed with the ball was better suited for athletics. He has competed in international competitions in Tunisia, Hungary, Sweden, Australia, France, Prague, Brazil and China. Locally
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Australia in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2017


based on: vocal capacity; the stage performance; the song's composition and originality; and the overall impression by the act. In addition, no member of a national jury could be related in any way to any of the competing acts in such a way that they cannot vote impartially and independently. The first phase of the online voting will start on 24 November 2017 when a recap of all the rehearsal performances will be shown on junioreurovision.tv before the viewers can vote. After this, voters will also have the option
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Australia in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2015


acts in such a way that they cannot vote impartially and independently. The individual rankings of each jury member were released one month after the final. Following the release of the full split voting by the EBU after the conclusion of the competition, it was revealed that Australia had placed thirteenth with the public televote and seventh with the jury vote. In the public vote, Australia scored 32 points, while with the jury vote, Australia scored 67 points. Below is a breakdown of points awarded to Australia and awarded by Australia
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Jury


jury panel begin deliberations. When an insufficient number of summoned jurors appear in court to handle a matter, the law in many jurisdictions empowers the jury commissioner or other official convening the jury to involuntarily impress bystanders in the vicinity of the place where the jury is to be convened to serve on the jury. The modern jury evolved out of the ancient custom of many ancient Germanic tribes whereby a group of men of good character was used to investigate crimes and judge the accused. The same custom evolved into the vehmic court system in
1128281
Trial of George Zimmerman


the defense could tell the jury that Martin had a small amount of marijuana in his system at the time of his death. Assistant State Attorney John Guy argued that it was a backdoor attack on Martin's character, while defense attorney Don West argued that an expert will tell the jury that the amount was enough to create "some level of impairment". Although admissible, the defense ultimately did not present this information to the jury, and it was not put into evidence. The prosecution made a thirty-minute opening statement
956696
Douglas Crabbe


Court of Australia, which found that the judge at the original trial had erred in his summing up to the jury and the convictions were set aside and a retrial ordered. The Crown then appealed that decision to the High Court of Australia, but this was dismissed. Crabbe pleaded not guilty at his second trial which was held in the Darwin Supreme Court in 1985. This trial concluded on 7 October 1985 when a second jury convicted him on all five counts of murder. Crabbe was again sentenced to five consecutive terms of life
11038649
Waste management in Australia


), catalysed the reforms of the British health system, but these did not promptly affect the Australian administrations. In the colony, proper hygienic practices -including waste management-, only started in the late years of the 19th century. This shift was partly due to the change in the administration nature of the colonies, which prior to that moment had limited the participation of the public in their affairs. Eventually, a more democratic and representative system was put into effect. The waste classification system prior to federation in 1901 was not formalised
16025283
Women's field hockey in Australia


New South Wales competed. An interstate competition was held to determine the national champions starting in 1946. In the period between 1946 and 1967, Western Australia's team claimed sole victory in all but five years. Those years they did not win sole victory include 1948 where they shared the top with New South Wales, 1954 when New South Wales won, 1956 when the competition was not held, 1961 when Queensland won, and 1965 when they shared victory with South Australia. State sides have historically been very competitive, making national
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John Van Buren


legal system rested on lawbreakers being punished and that finding a man innocent because of insanity would cause the system to crumble. In his addresses to the jury, he explained the cause and effect of finding Freeman guilty. The prosecution did everything they could to show the jury that Freeman was in fact sane and should be found guilty and face the death penalty. Race was a huge factor: Freeman's mother was Native American and his father was black. It was argued he was a product of the mixing of two inferior races
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Grand jury


method of trial proved very popular, but was resented by conservatives. Eventually, conservative elements in the colony were successful in having these innovations suppressed by the Australian Courts Act 1828 (UK). George Forbes, a member of the Legislative Council, unsuccessfully moved for the reintroduction of grand juries in 1858, but this was thwarted by the Attorney-General and the Chief Justice. In South Australia and Western Australia, grand juries existed for longer periods of time. In South Australia, the first grand jury sat on 13 May
12534165
Australia in the Eurovision Song Contest


on 9 February 2019, with a 50/50 say between an Australian jury and a televote to determine who will represent Australia at the 2019 contest in Tel Aviv, Israel. "Eurovision: Australia Decides" was hosted in Gold Coast, Queensland by Myf Warhurst and Joel Creasey. The winner was Kate Miller-Heidke with the song "Zero Gravity". Electric Fields, who were the runner-up in Australia Decides, were selected as the announcers of Australia's jury points. The 2019 jury comprises comedian Mark Humphries, Christine
2899488
State of Missouri v. Celia, a Slave


that the jury be instructed that the words "any woman" included enslaved women, and that Celia should not be convicted if they believed that she had been attempting to resist rape when she had killed Newsom. Judge Hall did not accept these proposed instructions, and they were not delivered to the jury. The instructions that were actually given to the jury did not address the motive for Celia's crime at all, or allow for an acquittal based on the idea that she would have been justified in using physical force to resist
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Denmark in the Eurovision Song Contest 2018


performed fifteenth in the grand final, following the Czech Republic and preceding Australia. As with their semi, they received a poor score from the international juries, finishing in twentieth place with 38 points (although they did receive full marks from the Hungarian jury). However, they turned it around by coming fifth with the televote, adding 188 points to their score and allowing them to finish in ninth place with 226 points. This marked Denmark's first appearance in the top ten since their hosting in 2014, where Basim's
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Vehicle registration plates of Australia


Starting 1 July 2018, a new system was implemented in New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Australian Capital Territory and Tasmania. Victoria joined the scheme on 1 October 2018. Western Australia and the Northern Territory did not participate, hence owners has transitioned from the old FIRS scheme to the state based plates. The format now in use are: FB-12AA in Black on white reflection base, and blue band legend with the words NATIONAL HEAVY VEHICLE imprinted on it. XQ-12AA is for Trucks while YQ-12AA is for Trailers. In
14131276
Singapore Short Film Awards


City That Freezed – Joo Chon Lin The Forest Spirits – Studio.MB Special Mention: Contained for Sound Design The jury released a statement that read, “Sound design is more than just putting music into a film. It involves a sound scape. Knowing when you need sound or music, when you do not need it, when it is enough is all sound design. All in service of the film. The jury regrets that they did not see this application of sound design in the nominated films” The jury gave
19938598
Jury


confidence in the coroner's finding where there might otherwise be a controversy. In practice, coroner's juries are most often convened in order to avoid the appearance of impropriety by one governmental official in the criminal justice system toward another if no charges are filed against the person causing the death, when a governmental party such as a law enforcement officer is involved in the death. Serving on a jury is normally compulsory for individuals who are qualified for jury service. A jury is intended to be an impartial panel capable of reaching a
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Jury


criminal indictments, particularly when the grand jury investigation involves a public scandal. Historically, grand juries were sometimes used in American law to serve a purpose similar to an investigatory commission. Both Article III of the U.S. Constitution and the Sixth Amendment require that criminal cases be tried by a jury. Originally this applied only to federal courts. However, the Fourteenth Amendment extended this mandate to the states. Although the Constitution originally did not require a jury for civil cases, this led to an uproar which was followed by adoption of the
1128376
Hung jury


to introduce supermajority verdicts to allow juries to convict defendants without unanimous agreements amongst the jurors. Hence, a 12-member jury that would otherwise be deadlocked at 11 for conviction and 1 against, would be recorded as a guilty verdict. The rationale for majority verdicts usually includes arguments involving so-called 'rogue jurors' who unreasonably impede the course of justice. Opponents of majority verdicts argue that it undermines public confidence in criminal justice systems and results in a higher number of individuals convicted of crimes they did not commit. In United States
14564
1st AACTA International Awards


" The purpose of the Academy was to raise the profile of Australian film and television in Australia and abroad, and to change the way it rewards talent from its previous jury system, to the more recognised and understood elements of foreign film organisations. The president of the awards is Australian actor Geoffrey Rush. By 8 November 2011, the Academy announced plans for an international awards program, which would hand out awards to films regardless of geography. The winners are determined by a jury of Australian screen practitioners, in five categories:
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Jury duty


. In the United States, there have also been Fifth Amendment challenges and medical privacy (e.g., HIPAA) objections to this. Australia uses an adversarial system, and potential jurors are randomly selected from an electoral roll. Jurors receive a small payment for each day of attendance. Employers are also required to pay their employees "make-up pay", that is, the usual pay the employee would have earned from working, less the jury duty payment received from the state. Under the National Employment Standards, make-
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Comprehensive school


than it is to Scotland. When the first comprehensive schools appeared in the 1950s, the Australian Government started to transition to comprehensive schooling which has been expanding and improving ever since. Prior to the transition into comprehensive schooling systems, primary and secondary state schools regularly measured students' academic merit based on their performance in public examinations. The state of Western Australia was the first to replace many multilateral school systems, proceeding with Queensland, and finally South Australia and Victoria. The Australian education system is organised through three compulsory school types.
13570674
Canecutters Memorial


While many Italians arrived in North Queensland before the First World War, Italian immigration peaked in the years following the war. At this time conditions in Italy were such that many looked abroad to start a new life. Australia became a favoured destination in the 1920s when the United States moved to restrict immigration from Italy. The Australian and Italian Governments agreed on a chain migration system, where Italians already resident in Australia nominated relatives and fellow villagers, leading to the development of a chain immigration system. As a result of this system
7942075
Michał Szpak


half of the second Eurovision semi-final. Following his live semi-final performance of "Color of Your Life" he made it through to the grand final. On 14 May he performed 12th in the running order between the Eurovision contestants from France and Australia. All in all, Szpak won 3rd place from the public tele-voting and ended up benefiting from the new voting system. Despite being in second to last place with the juries, he leapt from seven points to 229 when public votes were added, and
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Jury


." The resulting Wantage Code formally recognized legal customs that were part of the Danelaw. The testimonial concept can also be traced to Normandy before 1066 when a jury of nobles was established to decide land disputes. In this manner, the Duke, being the largest land owner, could not act as a judge in his own case. One of the earliest antecedents of modern jury systems is the jury in ancient Greece, including the city-state of Athens, where records of jury courts date back to 500 BCE. These
1128288
Fully Informed Jury Association


at not being able to shift FIJA's focus toward preparing attorneys to pursue jury nullification. Conrad rebutted that the organization needed to teach the importance of the jury system as a whole, not merely the nullification doctrine. FIJA has been condemned as a threat to the system of rule of law rather than rule of men. According to Erick J. Haynie, "it is highly questionable whether jurors should be instructed to 'make' the law when a legislative body has already done the job for them. Congress and the state legislatures
4810416
Aughanduff


- Mr O'Shaughnessy Q.C. - informed the jury that "the action was wholly unsustainable, and he submitted that when the jury heard the facts they would give a verdict which should put an end to actions of this kind", the "Irish Times" reports that the jury found that the defendant did promise to marry the plaintiff, and awarded damages to her totaling one farthing. Finally, 19th-century reports also record what must be one of the most tragic and bizarre episodes in the area's history when, in June
2217981
Alexis de Tocqueville


great nations in the world, which starting from different points, seem to be advancing toward the same goal: the Russians and the Anglo-Americans. [...] Each seems called by some secret design of Providence one day to hold in its hands the destinies of half the world". Tocqueville believed that the American jury system was particularly important in educating citizens in self-government and rule of law. He often expressed how the civil jury system was one of the most effective showcases of democracy because it connected citizens with
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Australia (continent)


. This was to be the location for the new colony. Phillip described Sydney Cove as being "without exception the finest harbour in the world". In 1883, the Colony of Queensland tried to annex the southern half of eastern New Guinea, but the British government did not approve. The Commonwealth of Australia came into being when the Federal Constitution was proclaimed by the Governor-General, Lord Hopetoun, on 1 January 1901. From that point a system of federalism in Australia came into operation, entailing the establishment of an
15113644
SCADA


health and safety. Such an attack has already occurred, carried out on Maroochy Shire Council's sewage control system in Queensland, Australia. Shortly after a contractor installed a SCADA system in January 2000, system components began to function erratically. Pumps did not run when needed and alarms were not reported. More critically, sewage flooded a nearby park and contaminated an open surface-water drainage ditch and flowed 500 meters to a tidal canal. The SCADA system was directing sewage valves to open when the design protocol should have kept them
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Police jury


Jury is akin to the commissions or councils that govern counties in most other states. Police juries range in size, depending on the population of the parish, from three to fifteen. Many parishes are quite rural and therefore have small police juries. Wide latitude is given to organize and administer the police jury's business. Like other elections in Louisiana, parish elections typically occur in odd-numbered years, and use the open primary system. When the United States first organized present-day Louisiana as the Territory of Orleans in
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Grand jury


1837, but they were abolished in 1852. In Western Australia, by the Grand Jury Abolition Act Amendment Act 1883 (WA), grand juries were abolished (section 4: A Grand Jury shall not be summoned for the Supreme Court of Western Australia, nor for any General Quarter Sessions for the said Colony). The Australian state of Victoria maintained, until 2009, provisions for a grand jury in the Crimes Act 1958 under section 354 indictments, which had been used on rare occasions by individuals to bring other persons to
12534166
Eurovision Song Contest 2016


The United Kingdom and Ukraine both would have failed to receive any points from the Danish jury. While the overall result was not affected, the margin between second-placed Australia and first-placed Ukraine would have been reduced from 23 points to nine. A petition was started on Change.org on 15 May 2016 calling on the EBU and the contest's organisers to void the final results in view of the fact that the overall winner only placed second in both the jury and televote. The EBU responded that Ukraine "is, and
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HMAS Adelaide (L01)


HMAS "Adelaide" (L01) is the second of two "Canberra"-class landing helicopter dock (LHD) ships of the Royal Australian Navy (RAN). Construction of the ship started at Navantia's Spanish shipyard with steel-cutting in February 2010. The ship was laid down in February 2011, and launched on 4 July 2012. Delivery to Australia for fitting out at BAE Systems Australia's facilities in Victoria was scheduled for 2013, but did not occur until early 2014. Despite construction delays and predictions the ship was commissioned
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Waste management in Australia


Works (MMBW). The scheme that would have reformed the usage (at that time comprehensive of both freshwater supply and sewerage disposal) of Melbourne's Yarra river waters was launched during the depression which hit the city during the 1890s. The initial debt and difficulties did not stop its creation, and the building processes started in 1892. By the end of the century, most sewage in Australia flowed underground and sewerage systems were integrated in the urban complexes. Professions like rat-catcher and scavenger were fully established and supported recycling
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Paul Winchell


. Winchell started "negotiating with Metromedia in 1970 to syndicate the 305 color segments of the show" but nothing came of it. Finally, "Winchell offered to purchase the tapes outright for $100,000. Metromedia responded with an ultimatum...: Agree on a syndication plan or the tapes will be destroyed." When Winchell did not agree, Metromedia carried out with its threat and the tapes were erased and destroyed. Winchell sued Metromedia and in 1986 a jury awarded him "$3.8 million for the value of the tapes and
17989893
Mitigating factor


, and subsequently the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals in "Bigby v. Dretke", remanded cases in which the jury instructions in death penalty cases did not ask the jury to consider as mitigating factors the defendant's mental health, saying that the jury be instructed to consider mitigating factors when answering unrelated questions. The Supreme Court's rulings have broadened the definition of mitigating evidence in the United States and systematically removed the procedural barriers to jury consideration and weight of that evidence. The effect of these decisions is to broaden the definition of
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Juris Doctor


the 19th century, the first being the Doctor of Medicine in 1807, but the professional law degree took more time. At the time the legal system in the United States was still in development as the educational institutions were developing. The status of the legal profession was at that time still ambiguous; therefore, the development of the legal degree took much time. Even when some universities offered training in law, they did not offer a degree. Because in the United States there were no Inns of Court, and the English
19443997
Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution


in 1987, when the Court held that members of the militia in actual service may be tried for any offense without indictments. The grand jury indictment clause of the Fifth Amendment has not been incorporated under the Fourteenth Amendment. This means that the grand jury requirement applies only to felony charges in the federal court system. While many states "do" employ grand juries, no defendant has a Fifth Amendment right to a grand jury for criminal charges in state court. States are free to abolish grand juries, and many (though
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Pong Su incident


Australia on 24 June 2004. Four senior crew members were kept in Australia to face a jury trial: All four crew members pleaded not guilty at the beginning of their trial in August 2005. The prosecution case against the four North Korean officers was that they would not have allowed their ship to be stopped in the position it was if they were not aware that the real purpose of their voyage was to smuggle the heroin. The prosecution did not allege any official involvement of the North Korean government, only the officers on board
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Deliberation


than power-struggle as the basis for their vote. In countries with a jury system, the jury's deliberation in criminal matters can involve both rendering a verdict and determining the appropriate sentence. In civil cases, the jury decision is whether to agree with the plaintiff or the defendant and rendering a resolution binding actions by the parties based on the results of the trial. Typically, a jury must come to a unanimous decision before delivering a verdict; however, there are exceptions. When a unanimous decision is not reached and
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Australia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2016


and the overall impression by the act. In addition, no member of a national jury was permitted to be related in any way to any of the competing acts in such a way that they cannot vote impartially and independently. The individual rankings of each jury member as well as the nation's televoting results were released shortly after the grand final. Below is a breakdown of points awarded to Australia and awarded by Australia in the second semi-final and grand final of the contest, and the breakdown of the jury voting
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History of broadcasting in Australia


of systems and let the market decide. Australia did not follow that path and selected a particular system. Sadly, sales of AM stereo receivers in Australia were miniscule. Australian AM stations did deploy the technology for the next decade, but this seemed mainly to be able to promote the theory rather than the practice. Most AM stereo exciters had been switched off by 2000 and none are now operating. Commencing in the mid-1980s, the Department of Communications reviewed all commercial and community radio stations in Australia in consultation with individual stations and
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Jukebox Jury (horse)


Jukebox Jury (foaled 15 February 2006) is an Irish-bred, British-trained Thoroughbred racehorse and sire. A successful and durable international campaigner, he won important races in each of his four seasons of racing and competed in Britain, France, Germany, Canada, Dubai, Ireland and Australia. As a two-year-old in 2008 he showed great promise as he won the Royal Lodge Stakes and was placed in the Racing Post Trophy and Prix La Rochette. He had a delayed start to his second campaign
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Second Party System


Jefferson when he removed Federalist office-holders after becoming president. Also, Jackson did not out the entire civil service. At the end of his term, Jackson had only dismissed less than twenty percent of the original civil service. While Jackson did not start the spoils system, he did encourage its growth and it became a central feature of the Second Party System, as well as the Third Party System, until it ended in the 1890s. As one historian explains: "Although Jackson dismissed far fewer government employees than most
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Daniel Mannix


In Australia at this time, the Irish Catholics were commonly treated with disdain by the English and Scottish majority (who were mostly Anglicans and Presbyterians respectively) and also as potentially disloyal. Mannix was regarded with suspicion from the start and his militant advocacy on behalf of a separate Roman Catholic school system, in defiance of the general acceptance of a secular school system, made him immediately a figure of controversy. In 1914 Australia entered World War I on the side of the United Kingdom and when Mannix denounced the war as "just
3397671
2012 Man Booker Prize


Jury chair Peter Stothard did not explicitly criticise his predecessors, conceding that "[o]bviously there was a row last year, which was probably rather exaggerated like most rows are." Yet he made it clear that literary quality had been at the core of the jury's decisions when choosing the shortlist. "I'm afraid quite a lot of what counts for criticism these days is of that sort: how many stars did it get? Did I have a good time? Would my children like it? It is opinion masquerading
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Eurovision Song Contest 2012


system would revert the format used most recently in the 2009 Contest, in which the phone and SMS lines opened for a fifteen-minute window after all songs had been performed, instead of opening before the show starts, which was the system used between 2010 and 2011. The results format of each show remained the same with each country's votes being decided on a 50:50 split between televoting and a national jury. Each participating country had their own national jury, which consisted of five professional members of the music industry. Under
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Survivor (franchise)


, those eliminated start to form the jury, who sit in on all subsequent Tribal Councils but otherwise do not participate. When only two or three castaways remain, those castaways attend the Final Tribal Council, where the jury is given the opportunity to ask them questions. After this, the jury members then vote to decide which of the remaining castaways should be declared the Sole Survivor and be awarded the grand prize. Episodes typically cover the events that occurred over two to three days since the start of the game or previous Tribal
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Rachel Bugg


train there in 2012. Bugg is tall. Bugg dives in the 10m synchronised platform diving and 10 metre individual event. She started participating in diving when she was twelve years old, switching sports from gymnastics. When she first started in the sport, she did not enjoy it. She is a member of Diving South Australia's diving club and has a diving scholarship with the Australian Institute of Sport. , she is trained by Hui Tong in Brisbane at the Brisbane Aquatic Centre. Bugg quit diving prior to the start
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Pleasant Pruitt


farmer explained that he had been cleaning and loading his shotgun in the rear of the house, when the weapon accidentally fired. Naomi, who was in the summer kitchen, was struck and instantaneously killed. This claim did not satisfy the neighbors, whom recalled the first wife's death, and demanded that the authorities start an official investigation into the matter. Pruitt was arrested, but since there was no clear motive, and the fact that the couple lived happily together, the jury considered that the two deaths were mere strange
19227543
2010 America's Cup


of moveable ballast had to be on board when the boat was measured and that it had to be equally distributed laterally, but that no other restrictions would apply. On the same date, the Jury decided that SNG, as organizing authority, did have the right to set the start time; that the Race Officer would have the discretion to determine whether weather conditions on any given day were safe and fair so that racing could take place; and that GGYC's wind detection equipment was allowed. It ordered the Notice of Race
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National Highway (Australia)


The National Highway (part of the National Land Transport Network) is a system of roads connecting all mainland states and territories of Australia, and is the major network of highways and motorways connecting Australia's capital cities and major regional centres. National funding for roads began in the 1920s, with the federal government contributing to major roads managed by the state and territory governments. However, the Federal Government did not completely fund any roads until 1974, when the Whitlam Government introduced the "National Roads Act 1974". Under the act
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George Dancis


Juris "George" Dancis (born 25 November 1931) is an Australian former basketball player of Latvian descent who represented Australia at the 1956 Summer Olympics. Born in Latvia, Juris was raised in the Riga district of Vecāķi. Juris is married to Liesma, and they have a son, Pēteris. Juris' younger brother, Miķelis Dancis, was also a member of the Australian Basketball team. Dancis and his family reside in Adelaide, South Australia. In 2006, Dancis was inducted into the Australian Basketball Hall of Fame.
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Court of Disputed Returns (Queensland)


of Australia or, on appeal, in the High Court of Australia. The Court's jurisdiction over disputed electoral returns can be traced to the practices of the United Kingdom Parliament. There were disputes between the Chancery Court and the House of Commons as to which body had the authority to determine who was rightly elected to Parliament. In 1770, the Grenville Act 1770 (UK) established a form of jury system in which a Select Committee of the House of Commons handled the determination of these disputes. Later, a committee of
15743806
Italy in the Eurovision Song Contest


(Raphael Gualazzi in and Mahmood in ) and Il Volo finishing third in . Il Volo won the televoting, receiving votes from all countries, but the juries placed them sixth. Since the introduction of the 50/50 voting system in 2009, this was the first time that the winner of the viewers vote did not win the contest. Italy has withdrawn from the Eurovision Song Contest a number of times. The first withdrawal was in 1981, when RAI stated that interest had diminished in the country. This absence continued through the following
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Italy in the Eurovision Song Contest


7th respectively). This trend had a stop when Emma Marrone, selected internally, ended in 21st place, worst position ever of an Italian entry. In 2015, winners of Sanremo Il Volo finished third with 292 points, behind Sweden and Russia. Italy placed first in the televote with 366 points, but sixth in the jury vote. Since the introduction of the 50/50 split vote voting system, this was the first time that the winner of the televote did not win the contest. Francesca Michielin, selected among competitors of
7438402
Eurovision Song Contest


" country to win the contest since the rule was made in 2000, when Lena Meyer-Landrut won the 2010 Contest. Turkey withdrew from the 2013 Contest with the status of the "Big Five" being one of the reasons cited. They also did not participate in the following 6 years of contests (2014–19) for similar reasons, as well as stating their opposition to the 50/50 jury and televoting system that began being applied in the final of the 2009 Contest. The Big Four/Five countries pay approximately five to
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Thomas C. T. Crain


to look into the Arnold Rothstein murder and it adjourned saying it could not solve the case. In 1930, he convened a grand jury to investigate job buying Magistrate George F. Ewald. When the jury did not indict, Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt convened a jury and got an indictment. In 1930, he announced a war against rackets which produced few results. Charges were filed against him for general negligence, urging his removal. This was common procedure by Anti-Tammany reformers since the precedent of 1900 when Governor Theodore Roosevelt removed
16250759
Janelle Patton


Justice Mark Weinberg, to prevent any dilution of the limited potential jury pool in Norfolk Island. On 1 March 2007, McNeill told the Supreme Court, "I did not kill Janelle Patton", "I did not abduct her" and "I did not see Janelle Patton that day". He said he could not recall what he had told police earlier, but "would have admitted to anything" due to his mental health problems. The trial ended on 9 March 2007 when the 11-person jury returned a guilty verdict
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Australia–Philippines relations


Philippine Government and its communities when it comes to preparing for, coping with and recovering from, and responding to natural disasters. Australia's aid program helped the Philippines with multi-hazard and risk mapping, updates to land use and contingency plans and zoning ordinances, establishment of early warning systems and emergency management teams in high-risk areas, monetary aid and humanitarian relief. The following are humanitarian efforts by Australia starting from 2003: 2003 - Australia provided a housing project to victims of the Guinsaugon landslide. AusAID donated PhP37.3 million
14281865
Jury


on social conformity suggests, individuals tend to lose their sense of individuality when faced with powerful group forces (i.e., normative influence; informational influence; interpersonal influence). This raises the question if the effectiveness of jury decision-making compromised by individuals’ tendencies to conform to the normative transmissions of a group. Since a clear archetype for determining guilt does not exist, the criminal justice system must rely on rulings handed down by juries. Even after a decision has been made, it is virtually impossible to know whether a jury
1128426
Jury system in Hong Kong


good reasons for that, they should contact and apply for exemption with the Registrar within two weeks from the time when they receive the notice of service. Moreover, the Registrar publishes the list of jurors in the "Gazette" and in one English and one Chinese newspaper. Provided in Section 25(4) of the Jury Ordinance, the jury shall consist of not less than five persons in any civil or criminal trial or coroner's inquest. Accordingly, criminal cases are normally tried by a seven-person jury. From time to
12440570
Kimberley Joseph


When Kimberley was three years old, the family moved to Australia's Gold Coast, where she attended St Hilda's School for the next nine years. The family travelled extensively in Europe, and Kimberley attended a private school in Montreux, Switzerland for four years. While there, she learned to speak French and Spanish. When she returned to Australia, she started a degree in arts and commerce at Bond University, though did not complete it. At the age of 19, Joseph dropped out of University after getting the part
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