where did idea of democracy develop during the 400s b.c.e
Wels


now the city center. A Bronze Age (after 1700 B.C.E.) cemetery was found in the area of the current airport and dated to the time of the Urnfield Culture (1100-750 B.C.E.). It contained 60 graves with such items as bronze jewelry and food. Swords from the Halstatt Period (750–400 B.C.E.) have been found in the area of Pernau. During the Iron Age La Tène Culture (up to 100 B.C.E.) Celts inhabited the area, leaving behind gold coins, swords, earthenware and iron brooches.
9932474
Bikini Atoll


Carbon-dating placed the age of the artifacts at between 1960-1650, B.C.E. Other discoveries on Bikini and Eneu island were carbon-dated to between 1,000 B.C.E. and 1 B.C.E., and others between 400-1,400 C.E. The first recorded sighting by Europeans was in September 1529 by the Spanish navigator Álvaro de Saavedra on board his ship "La Florida" when trying to return to New Spain, and was charted as "Buenos Jardines" (Good Gardens in Spanish). The Marshalls lacked the wealth to encourage exploitation or mapping
21965944
Social capital


capital did not equate to higher levels of democracy. However, higher levels of social capital led to higher support for democracy. A number of intellectuals in developing countries have argued that the idea of social capital, particularly when connected to certain ideas about civil society, is deeply implicated in contemporary modes of donor and NGO driven imperialism and that it functions, primarily, to blame the poor for their condition. The concept of social capital in a Chinese social context has been closely linked with the concept of "guanxi". An
1833555
Stallings Island


B.C.E., and again from about 1800 B.C.E. to 1400 B.C.E. The site was occupied during the first period by people of the Paris Island (ca. 2500-2200 B.C.E.) and Mill Branch (ca. 2200-1800 B.C.E.) phases, pre-ceramic traditions that harvested large numbers of freshwater mussels. During the second period the site was occupied by people of the Classic Stallings culture, who used decorated pottery. The earliest, undecorated, Stallings ceramics first appeared at other sites while Stallings Island itself was unoccupied. The site
6047693
Mesopotamian military strategy and tactics


The Mesopotamian Civilization had a surprisingly adept grasp of tactics. In fact, they are the first confirmed users of the shield wall tactic later made famous as the Roman "testudo formation". It is unknown who first developed this tactic, but it is thought to have been developed somewhere between 2500 B.C.E and 2000 B.C.E. Another Mesopotamian tactic involved small, well-disciplined spearman formations. Armed with javelins, they were the first effective missile troops, as shown during their war against the Hittites in around 2000 BC. These missile units
16898235
Representative democracy in Singapore


chances of a stable, effective government in between general elections". Singapore was colonized by the British in the 19th century, during which society was ruled according to English law. The result was the transplantation of the Western idea of representative democracy into Singapore's legal system. This idea has taken root and developed tremendously since the end of World War II into what it is today. After Singapore was founded in 1819, she was under the jurisdiction of British rule. For a long time, representative democracy was non-existent
11457952
Hellenistic fortifications


Hellenistic fortifications are defense structures constructed during the Hellenistic Period of ancient Greek civilization (323 - ca. 30 B.C.E.). These included fortification walls, towers, and gates. Expansion of Greek territory during the Hellenistic Period from Alexander the Great's conquests created the necessity to build new fortifications with new settlements. This, combined with developing military technology, led to changes in style of architecture specific to the Hellenistic Period. The Hellenistic Period was the period in Ancient Greek civilization from 323 - ca. 30 B.C.E.. It is marked
435243
Democracy in the Middle East and North Africa


Alliance, the winner of the recent elections in Iraq, is a coalition including many religious parties. Historically Iranians were ruled by an absolute monarchy for several thousand years, at least since the time of the Achaemenid Empire (550 B.C.E.) until the Constitutional Revolution in the early 20th century. The Constitutional Revolution in 1906 replaced the absolute monarchy with a constitutional monarchy. The constitution went under several revisions during the following decades. During World War II Iran stayed neutral but in 1941 the Allies (the USSR and Great Britain) invaded
13352540
E-democracy


the decision-makers. Greater public participation in the collaboration of ideas and policies makes decision-making is more democratic. ICT also promotes the idea of pluralism within a democracy, bringing new issues and perspectives. Regular citizens become potential producers of political value and commentary, for example, by creating individual blogs and websites. The online political sphere can work together, like ABCNews did with their Campaign Watchdog effort, where citizens by the polls reported any rule violations perpetrated by any candidate's party. In 2000, Candidate's for
17664773
Democracy (journal)


Contrasting themselves with "National Review's" William F. Buckley, Baer and Cherny proclaim their journal will "stand athwart history and yell, Forward!" The editors put forward "Democracy" as "a place where ideas can be developed and important debates can be spurred" at a "time when American politics has grown profoundly unserious." Baer told "The Hill" “We think that the party is rich in tactics and poor in ideas. What we really need for long-term success is deep, serious thinking
4731441
History of democracy


; but during the medieval period guild democracies did evolve. Early institutions included: Historian Jack Weatherford has argued that the ideas leading to the United States Constitution and democracy derived from various indigenous peoples of the Americas including the Iroquois. Weatherford claimed this democracy was founded between the years 1000–1450, and lasted several hundred years, and that the U.S. democratic system was continually changed and improved by the influence of Native Americans throughout North America. Temple University professor of anthropology and an authority on the culture and history of the Northern Iroquois Elizabeth Tooker
2358020
Democratic development in Hong Kong


, and other democratizing reforms that Beijing fears might loosen its control." During the 1996 election a 400-member Selection Committee (推選委員會) voted for a Chief Executive to govern Hong Kong after 1997. Pro-democracy activists, including Emily Lau, Andrew Cheng and Lee Cheuk-yan, insisted this threatened Hong Kong's welfare by denying the city full democracy. A "Tomb of democracy" was established outside the building, with activists shouting "oppose the phony election". The activists were dragged away by the police and detained
5051825
Steve Chalke


democratic process has become far more passive and is now dominated by the idea of representation, where elected representatives (e.g. MP's) are held responsible for delivering the needs of those who voted, or who did not vote, for them. Westminster is the seat of representative democracy. Our society needs to invent new forms and practices that combine representative with participative democracy. The two can and indeed must meet. And the crucial point regarding the relationship between the two – between representative and participative democracy – is that the activity of
22051240
Palmistry


progressed to Greece where Anaxagoras practiced it. Aristotle (384–322 B.C.E.) discovered a treatise on the subject of palmistry on an altar of Hermes, which he then presented to Alexander the Great (356–323 B.C.E.), who took great interest in examining the character of his officers by analyzing the lines on their hands. During the Middle Ages the art of palmistry was actively suppressed by the Catholic Church as pagan superstition. In Renaissance magic, palmistry (known as "chiromancy") was classified as one of the seven "forbidden arts
4922106
Tel Be'er Sheva


during wars against the Amalekites. However, on the basis of interregional comparisons and recent radiocarbon evidence, this settlement phase probably belongs in the late–10th or 9th century B.C.E. The best preserved layout of the Iron II city may be reconstructed from Stratum II, which dates to the late 8th century B.C.E. during the Iron IIB. At this time, the city was destroyed in a conflagration, possibly during the campaign of Sennacherib in 701 B.C.E. Reconstructed plans of the city suggest that Beer-sheba was planned as a coherent entity with areas for
6575417
Dōtaku


emergency bells (such as a watch tower’s bell); intended especially in cases of invasion, particularly invaders from the Korean peninsula. When sentinels spotted invaders, they loudly rang the dōtaku as an alarm, so that people could hide themselves or their possession, and to alert warriors to prepare themselves to repel the enemy. There is a dotaku museum devoted to the bells in Yasu city, in Shiga prefecture, in central Japan. During the Yayoi Era (400 B.C.E. – 300 C.E.), a great number of technological
4886031
Francis Coker


response, and L.L. Bernard wrote in the "American Journal of Sociology" that Coker "missed the point". Nonetheless, the book gained a following and is still cited today. Coker's other major theoretical work was "Recent Political Thought" published in 1934. The book examined the development of political ideas from the mid-nineteenth century until the early 1930s. The book primarily focused on liberal democracy and both leftist and rightist challenges to it. Without firmly taking a position on democracy in the book, Coker did conclude
5319067
Asset-based welfare


Asset-based welfare is an economic theory of poverty eradication based upon the redistribution of productive assets in an economy rather than income. During the American revolution and the French revolution in the eighteenth century, Thomas Paine, an American Revolutionary, and Antoine-Nicolas Condorcet, French philosopher, tried to bring out ways to have a society free of poverty. But their ideas did not gather much attention as the French and American revolutionaries developed system of social democracy in which state intervention and central planning played a significant role. The failure
4890010
Heroon at Nemea


this does contrast with the idea that Herakles created the games. Evidence of cult activities and the practicing of magic at the heroon have also been found. The heroon itself is a mound of earth, long and at its widest. The heroon was likely at the height of its use from the 6th century B.C.E. to the 4th century B.C.E. but little remains from its earliest stages. Later construction of a five-sided peribolos wall and a general flattening of the mound have also altered the structure. The immediate surroundings of the heroon
21026406
Environmental engineering


that used rain and wastewater to irrigate and fertilize fields. The first aqueduct in Rome was constructed in 312 B.C.E., and from there, they continued to construct aqueducts for irrigation and safe urban water supply during droughts. They also built an underground sewer system as early as the 7th century B.C.E. that fed into the Tiber River, draining marshes to create farmland as well as removing sewage from the city. Very little change was seen from the fall of Rome until the 19th century, where improvements saw increasing efforts focused on public health
5613646
Ritual child abuse


is most commonly performed on children for religious and cultural reasons. It can also be performed for the treatment of certain medical conditions such as urinary tract infections, phimosis and balanoposthitis. The origins of circumcision date back to 2400 B.C.E. in Egypt, where an engraving of an adult male being circumcised was found in the tomb of Ankh-Mahor at Saqqara. It is believed that the Egyptians practiced circumcision for hygiene and also because of their obsession with purity, which was associated with intellectual and spiritual development. During the 4th millennium B.C.
556847
Karl Mannheim


work published during this period was "Man and Society in an Age of Reconstruction" 1935, in which he argues for a shift from the liberal order of laissez-faire capitalism, "founded on the unregulated trade cycle, unextended democracy, free competition and ideas of competitive individualism" to planned democracy. In "Diagnosis of Our Time", Mannheim expands on this argument and expresses concern for the transition from liberal order to planned democracy, according to Longhurst, arguing "...the embryonic planned democratic society can develop along democratic
9506266
Mohammad Hatta


of his criticisms was Sukarno's lack of commitment towards national development. Hatta said that the revolution ended with the Dutch recognition of Indonesian sovereignty and that the government's focus should be on development. Sukarno rejected this idea outright and responded to it during his 1959 Independence Day speech by saying that the revolution was not over. In 1960, Hatta wrote a book called "Our Democracy". In it, he criticized Sukarno's Guided Democracy as another form of dictatorship. Sukarno immediately banned the book. The same year Sjahrir's
251941
Victory lap


off, as he salutes the fans. Joy's term is reminiscent of other cases where a term is named for the person who developed the idea (i. e., Gurney flap, Petty bar). The term "Polish victory lap" is considered by some as politically incorrect, referring to Polish jokes. Dale Earnhardt, Jr. did a Polish victory lap after winning the 2001 MBNA Cal Ripken, Jr. 400 at Dover Downs International Speedway in the first NASCAR Winston Cup Race following the September 11 attacks while holding a large American
11418044
Minoan chronology


divided into neolithic, early prepalatial, and late prepalatial sections. Characterized by the creation of large settlements at the locations where palaces would later be constructed and usage of early forms of the architecture later found at palatial sites, the prepalatial period contains the relative chronological divisions EM I through at least part of MM IA. The protopalatial period lasted from approximately 1900 B.C.E. until 1750 B.C.E., or in the relative chronology MM IB through MM IIB. The major palaces' completion occurred during this time-frame, distinguished by distinct ashlar masonry
18518813
Cantona (archaeological site)


all other material found, and is considered one of the most important findings. Cantona began declining as of 950 and 1000 and by 1100 was completely abandoned, without any current definition as to the reason why settlers migrated, although it was a prosperous and superbly constructed site. The history of Cantona is divided into several different phases of development spanning approximately 2,000 years, from around 1000 B.C.E. until the city was finally abandoned around 1050 C.E. Pre-Cantona (1,000/900 B.C.E - 600 B.C.E.) The first settlers began to occupy this area
1079044
A Whisper to a Roar


for Democracy, Development and the Rule of Law’s annual Draper Hills Summer Fellowship on Democracy and Development Program, where democracy activists around the world gather to received training and support for their work." At the program, Moses also began to gather funds for the project, only to be set back by the financial crisis of 2008. However, Prince Moulay Hicham agreed to fund the project in full soon after. Under Diamond's guidance the five countries were selected based on several factors including: the team did not want to
20436823
Liberal democracy


most European countries towards liberal democracy. Liberalism ceased being a fringe opinion and joined the political mainstream. At the same time, a number of non-liberal ideologies developed that took the concept of liberal democracy and made it their own. The political spectrum changed; traditional monarchy became more and more a fringe view and liberal democracy became more and more mainstream. By the end of the 19th century, liberal democracy was no longer only a "liberal" idea, but an idea supported by many different ideologies. After World War
13672253
Democracy and Desire


at "Abecita Konstmuseum" in Borås. Here Hüttner returned to taking inspiration from contemporary ideas in mathematics and physics. He did so in a very free and creative way, just like he had done in his work from the early 1990s. By mixing theories from contemporary science with reflections on the life quality of our existence, he delved deeper into paradox and the possibility to develop sense from the absurd. Hüttner imagined alternative pasts and through that alternative futures for democracy and desire in a mural painting. Poetic texts were connected to
12983747
Dogs in the United States


thousands of animals, quite commonly dire wolves. Information suggests that dire wolf populations were significant around 10,000 B.C.E, but had nearly disappeared by 8,500 years ago. The most recent incidences of the departed canidae are from the western United States in 7500 B.C.E., long after humans crossed the Bering Strait. A variety of American dog breeds are noted to have been mixed with Spanish and French dog breeds. The European idea of registering dog breeds and breed clubs led to the foundation of Kennel Club in Great Britain in 1873. The American
9850016
Radical democracy


for example Paolo Virno. Laclau and Mouffe have argued for radical agonistic democracy, where different opinions and worldviews are not oppressed by the search for consensus in liberal and deliberative democracy. As this agonistic perspective has been most influential in academic literature, it has been subject to most criticisms on the idea of radical democracy. Brockelman for example argues that the theory of radical democracy is an Utopian idea. Political theory, he argues, should not be used as offering a vision of a desirable society. In the same vein, it
21630766
Democracy Spring


at Capitol Hill that resulted in 400 arrests, cable television devoted minimal coverage to the protests. CNN spent zero time covering the protests, while MSNBC gave Democracy Spring ~12 seconds and Fox News ~17 seconds. Additionally, MSNBC and Fox News misrepresented the protests, saying they were for voting rights issues rather than to stop systemic political corruption. While cable news did not give Democracy Spring much air time, other organizations including NPR, Al Jazeera, Democracy Now, The Young Turks, and CSPAN covered the protests with a number of
11069684
C. H. Douglas


in the magazine "English Review" where he suggested: "That we are living under a system of accountancy which renders the delivery of the nation's goods and services to itself a technical impossibility." The reason, Douglas concluded, was that the economic system was organized to maximize profits for those with economic power by creating unnecessary scarcity. Between 1916 and 1920, he developed his economic ideas, publishing two books in 1920, "Economic Democracy" and "Credit-Power and Democracy", followed in 1924 by "
17840906
Okak, Newfoundland and Labrador


1918 flu pandemic. The archaeological remains found at Okak span more than 6000 years, including its occupation by Maritime Archaic (5550 B.C.E.- 1550 B.C.E.), Paleo-Eskimo including Pre-Dorset (1850 B.C.E. – 250 B.C.E.), Intermediate Indian (1550 B.C.E. – 250 B.C.E.), Dorset (550 B.C.E. – 1450 C.E.) and Labrador Inuit (1200 C.E. – present) cultures. The cultural material consists primarily of stone tools and flakes documenting changes in tool form, manufacturing techniques, and raw material sources among the various cultural
1973690
Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation


origins from animals, he thought its tone was good. He concluded that "It does not meddle with revealed religion—but unless I am mistaken the leaders of revealed religion will meddle with it." Lord Morpeth thought it had "much that is able, startling, striking" and progressive development did not conflict with Genesis more than then current geology, but did "not care much for the notion that we are engendered by monkeys" and objected strongly to the idea that the Earth was "a member of a democracy
1629752
Criticism of atheism


religiosity, secularity and social health which undermine conclusive statements on religiosity and secularity in developed democracies. The influential deist philosopher Voltaire criticised established religion to a wide audience, but conceded a fear of the disappearance of the idea of God: "After the French Revolution and its outbursts of atheism, Voltaire was widely condemned as one of the causes", wrote Geoffrey Blainey. "Nonetheless, his writings did concede that fear of God was an essential policeman in a disorderly world: 'If God did not exist, it would be
17534231
Gender democracy


Gender democracy is a normative idea related to gender mainstreaming. Its aim is to achieve democratic conditions between men and women within society as a whole, as well as specifically within companies, bureaucracies, and other organizations. Among other things, this is realized by means of gender trainings that raise awareness of existing inequalities and develop methods to democratize relations between genders. The term gender democracy was first coined and developed by German sociologist Halina Bedkowski. According to Halina Bendkowski she developed the term and concept of gender democracy in the early 1990s
9987439
Necklace


iconography. 2000 B.C.E. – 400 C.E: Bronze amulets embossed with coral were common. In Celtic and Gallic Europe, the most popular necklace was the heavy metal torc, made most often out of bronze, but sometimes out of silver, gold, or glass or amber beads. 400 C.E. – 1300 C.E: Early European barbarian groups favored wide, intricate gold collars not unlike the torc. Germanic tribes often wore gold and silver pieces with complex detailing and inlaid with colored glass and semi-precious stones, especially garnet. Anglo
15095134
1996 Hong Kong Chief Executive election


11 December 1996, the election was held at the Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre (HKCEC), where 400-member Selection Committee elected Tung Chee-hwa as the Chief Executive. Tung received 320 votes against 49 votes for Ti-liang Yang and 36 votes for Peter Woo. 29 pro-democracy activists including legislators Emily Lau, Lee Cheuk-yan and Andrew Cheng protested against the election outside the HKECC during the election. A "tomb of democracy" was established outside the building shouting "oppose the phony election".
11715670
Diotima of Mantinea


Diotima of Mantinea (; ; ) was an ancient Greek prophetess and philosopher thought to have lived circa 440 B.C.E., who plays an important role in Plato's "Symposium". In the dialogue, her ideas are the origin of the concept of Platonic love. The name Diotima means "Zeus Honor", either in the active sense of a woman who honors Zeus, or in the passive sense of a woman honored by Zeus. She was said to be from the Peloponnesian city of Mantinea, which allied itself with Sparta during
20130583
Indonesian National Awakening


produce a new educated Indonesian elite. The Ethical Period's emphasis on education did not deliver widespread educational opportunities, however, it did provide a Dutch education for the children of the indigenous Indonesian elite. Largely intended to provide clerical labour for the growing colonial bureaucracy, the Western education brought with it Western political ideas of freedom and democracy. During the 1920s and 30s, this small elite began to articulate a rising anti-colonialism and a national consciousness. During this period the first Indonesian political parties began to emerge; the youth
921671
Theramenes


conspirators proposed a series of measures by which the democracy was formally replaced with a government of 400 chosen men, who were to select and convene a larger body of 5,000 as time went on. Shortly afterwards, the conspirators went, under arms, to the council chamber, where they ordered the democratic council to disperse after collecting their pay; the council did as ordered, and from this point forward the mechanism of government was fully under the control of the oligarchic conspirators; they quickly changed the laws to reflect the new form
12259291
Classical Greece


In 411, a successful oligarchic coup was mounted in Athens, by a group which became known as "the 400". However, a parallel attempt by the 400 to overthrow democracy in Samos failed. Alcibiades was immediately made an admiral (navarch) in the Athenian navy. Later, due to democratic pressures, the 400 were replaced by a broader oligarchy called "the 5000". Alcibiades did not immediately return to Athens. In early 410, Alcibiades led an Athenian fleet of 18 triremes against the Persian-financed Spartan
14485457
International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance


an essay, "The Birth of an IDEA", that captures how the organization was born and its relevancy. International IDEA's mission is to “advance democracy worldwide, as a universal human aspiration and an enabler of sustainable development, through support to the building, strengthening and safeguarding of democratic political institutions and processes at all levels”. Additionally, International IDEA is dedicated to the following tasks: International IDEA offers several online tools and databases including the Voter Turnout Database, Electoral Risk Management tool and the IntegriTAS Threat Assessment System
19412812
Tokuzō Fukuda


thesis dealt with the social and economic development in Japan (original title: "Die gesellschaftliche und wirtschaftliche Entwicklung in Japan") and was supervised by Lujo Brentano. After returning to Japan, he became professor of his alma mater and later at Keiō University. During the years known as the period of "Taishō Democracy", he joined with others to establish Reimeikai, which was a society "to propagate ideas of democracy among the people." This group was formed in order to sponsor public lectures. After World War I
2653081
Colin Crouch


elections are being held, governments fall and there is freedom of speech), but whose application is progressively limited. A small elite is making the tough decisions and co-opts the democratic institutions. Crouch developed the idea in an article called "Is there a liberalism beyond social democracy?" for the think tank Policy Network and in his subsequent book "The Strange Non-Death of Neo-Liberalism". The term appeared to define a running evolution within democracies during the 21st century and is polemical because it calls attention
3323592
Mixed government


Mixed government (or a mixed constitution) is a form of government that combines elements of democracy (polity), aristocracy and monarchy, making impossible their respective degenerations which are conceived as anarchy, oligarchy and tyranny. The idea was popularized during classical antiquity in order to describe the stability, the innovation and the success of the republic as a form of government developed under the Roman constitution. Unlike classical democracy, aristocracy or monarchy, under a mixed government rulers are elected by citizens rather than acquiring their positions by inheritance or sortition
7787911
Painter of Nicosia Olpe


The painter of Nicosia Olpe was producing work around 575 B.C.E to 475 B.C.E, and these dates are concluded from the vases that are found and attributed to the specific painter . All of the pieces that were found and attributed to the painter of Nicosia Olpe are black figure, and this can also be determined by the dates. The majority of vases that the Painter of Nicosia painted were larger pieces, this is not something that he had control over; but he did have control over the scenes on the vases. There are
15898748
Not in This Lifetime... Tour


Replacements. After the first show – the surprise performance at the Troubadour – some questions were answered. They did bring back "Double Talkin’ Jive" from "Use Your Illusion I", while they also played tracks from "Chinese Democracy", "Chinese Democracy" and "Better". This development continued at the first arena-sized show at T-Mobile Arena in Las Vegas where they further extended the setlist with songs like "Coma" and "This I Love", where the former had not been
9064035
Julius Nyerere


Freedom and Development". His conception of freedom was strongly influenced by the ideas of German philosopher Immanuel Kant. Like Kant, Nyerere believed that the purpose of the state was to promote liberty and the freedom of the individual. Nyerere was a socialist, with his views on socialism intertwined with his ideas on democracy. He promoted "African socialism" from at least July 1943, when he wrote an article referring to the concept in the "Tanganyika Standard" newspaper. Where he learned the term is not clear, for it
4092904
People's Party for Freedom and Democracy


Labour Party. In this name, both tendencies, classical liberalism ("Freedom") and social liberalism ("People's Party"; "Democracy") are represented. Despite being a liberal party, the VVD did not openly call itself "liberal", mainly because of the for some still lingering negative connotations of liberalism developed during the Great Depression and World War II. The most common English translation of the name is the literal translation, People's Party for Freedom and Democracy. The VVD is a party founded
4548605
Tina Paulino


LaGrange, seventy miles southwest of Atlanta, where they enjoyed state-of-the-art facilities and equipment, including a new $400 000 track. Despite developing an infection during a tooth extraction, Tina managed to reach the IAAF ‘A’ standard and thus fulfilled the criteria for competing in the IAAF World Championships in Athletics in Gothenburg, where she reached the semi-finals. Unfortunately she did not achieve the qualifying standard for the following year’s Olympic Games. In May 1997 Tina followed the Olympic Solidarity Programme as
13133875
Chinese pickles


pickles. Chinese pickles have a long history that dates back to 1100 B.C.E., during the Zhou dynasty. The word “pickle”, “tsu ('zi' in Pinyin)” in Chinese, means “salt and incubate”. The pickled vegetables and fruit we refer to today date in practice back to the sixth century B.C.E. Ancient people pickled mainly to preserve their vegetables and fruit because pickling preserves food far past the natural date of expiration. Foods would often be pickled during the harvest season for consumption during later parts
5045685
Democracy


idea that the correct conclusion can be arrived at by popular vote. However, more recently, theorists have also advanced the concept epistemic democracy to assert that democracy actually does a good job tracking the truth. Robert Michels asserts that although democracy can never be fully realised, democracy may be developed automatically in the act of striving for democracy: The peasant in the fable, when on his death-bed, tells his sons that a treasure is buried in the field. After the old man's death the sons dig everywhere in
8040399
Ancient aesthetics


, the Persians (550 B.C. – 465 B.C.), Chinese civilization (1600 B.C.E. – 1046 B.C.E.), Mayan civilization (2600 B.C. – 900 A.D.), Ancient Egypt (3100 B.C.E. – 2686 B.C.E.), Indus Valley civilization (3300 B.C. – 1900 B.C.) and Mesopotamia (3500 B.C. – 500 B.C.) Ancient or archaic Greece is the time period between 800 B.C. and 500 B.C. Beauty in ancient Greece (800 – 300 B.C.E.) was referred to as κάλλος. The history of ancient Greek aesthetics spans centuries. Philosophical
13880709
Donghu people


names had supplanted the older generic term. Pulleyblank also writes that although there is now archaeological evidence of the spread of pastoral nomadism based on horse riding from Central Asia into Mongolia and farther east in the first half of the first millennium B.C.E., as far as we have evidence it did not impinge on Chinese consciousness until the northward push of the state of Zhao 趙 to the edge of the steppe in present Shanxi province shortly before the end of the fifth century B.C.E. brought them into contact with a new type of horse-riding
3753123
Emergent democracy


so that such problems can be deliberated on and addressed. From its outset, emergent democracy has been seen arising most clearly among bloggers who, as a decentralized network of writers, can provide a fuller airing and development of ideas than can the relatively limited resources of traditional media. Supporters of the idea point to instances in which bloggers have brought about political change by posting about issues that mainstream media had not paid much attention to. The canonical example of emergent democracy was the December 2002 resignation of Trent Lott as Senate majority leader
16312392
Xu Fuguan


some elements of liberal democracy ideas. In addition, Xu urges that one should not mistaken Confucianism as being more consistent with despotism due to the long history of Confucian imperial rule, and instead, one should view it as being unable to develop due to historical factors. Specifically, Xu claims that the emergence of autocracy in the Qin Dynasty inhibited the development of democracy in China and the value of the people. Second, Xu maintains that democracy should indeed have the rule of law, protection of freedom, and the importance of
4587324
TrustAfrica


TrustAfrica, originally called the "Special Initiative for Africa", is an independent foundation that works to secure the conditions for democracy and equitable development throughout the continent. Led by Africans, it convenes dialogues, catalyzes ideas, and provides grants and technical assistance to organizations working to advance these goals. Its programs currently focus on three issues: • Democracy and Civil Society — securing the conditions for democracy by strengthening the capacity of civil society organizations. • Equitable Development — fostering African enterprise and extending the benefits of economic growth to all
7390238
Alexander Militarev


mainly corroborated his previous unorthodox genealogical classification according to which Proto-Semitic split between 4,800-4,700 B.C.E. into South Semitic (represented by Modern South Arabian) and North Semitic falling about a thousand years later into Akkadian and West Semitic branching in early 3rd millennium B.C.E. into Proto-Ethiopian (dividing on the verge of 2nd and 1st millennia B.C.E. into North and South Ethiopian), Proto-Arabic, and Proto-Levantine falling between 2,400 and 2,300 B.C.E. into Ugaritic and South Levantine branching on the verge of 3rd and 2nd millennia B.C.E.
8158576
Minoan chronology


for the existence of the Labyrinth of Greek myth. Additional palaces were built at Galatas and Zakros, while the palaces at Malia and Phaistos underwent periods of destruction, abandonment, and reconstruction. The Theran eruption occurred during the end of the neopalatial period, during the end of LM IA. Beginning in the LM II period, approximately 1490 B.C.E., and ending with the start of the LM IIIB period 130 years later in 1360 B.C.E, the late palatial period was the final use of intact palace structures on Crete. The palaces
18518815
Democracy


order to discover the treasure. They do not find it. But their indefatigable labor improves the soil and secures for them a comparative well-being. The treasure in the fable may well symbolise democracy. Dr. Harald Wydra, in his book "Communism and The Emergence of Democracy" (2007), maintains that the development of democracy should not be viewed as a purely procedural or as a static concept but rather as an ongoing "process of meaning formation". Drawing on Claude Lefort's idea of the empty place of
8040400
Henri Pirenne


middle class and the development of that class's characteristic abode, the city. He argued that capitalism originated in Europe's cities, as did democracy. His "Merchant Enterprise School" opposed Marxism but shared many of Marx's ideas on the merchant class. Pirenne's theory of a commercial renaissance in towns in the 11th century remains the standard interpretation. Pirenne wrote a two-volume "A History of Europe: From the End of the Roman World in the West to the Beginnings of the Western States", a remarkable
4702481
Pluralism (political theory)


pluralism was criticized as it did not seem to apply to Westminster-style democracies or the European context. This led to the development of corporatist theories. Corporatism is the idea that a few select interest groups are actually (often formally) involved in the policy formulation process, to the exclusion of the myriad other 'interest groups'. For example, trade unions and major sectoral business associations are often consulted about (if not the drivers of) specific policies. These policies often concern tripartite relations between workers, employers and the
18664739
Liberalism


not against the state. Several commentators have noted strong similarities between social liberalism and social democracy, with one political scientist even calling American liberalism "bootleg social democracy" due to the absence of a significant social democratic tradition in the United States that liberals have tried to rectify. Another movement associated with modern democracy, Christian democracy, hopes to spread Catholic social ideas and has gained a large following in some European nations. The early roots of Christian democracy developed as a reaction against the industrialisation and urbanisation associated with "laissez-faire
8237616
Democracy-Dictatorship Index


Democracy-Dictatorship (DD), index of democracy and dictatorship or simply the DD index or the DD datasets refers to the binary measure of democracy and dictatorship first proposed by Adam Przeworski "et al." (2010), and further developed and maintained by Cheibub, Gandhi, and Vreeland (2009). Though the most recent data set is only updated for 2008, there is planning by Cheibub to update it to the present year. Based on the regime binary classification idea proposed by Alvarez in 1996, and the
13621025
The Life and Death of Democracy


and its present-day trends. The starting point in Keane's history is to re-consider democracy's roots. Fifth century BCE Athens (Greece), for many the cradle of democracy, was an important stage of the development process of democracy, but certainly not its point of origin. The origins of the idea of this new way of governing stretch beyond the Peloponnesus' coasts and date back to the ancient civilizations of Syria-Mesopotamia (ca. 2500 BCE). This and other discoveries that the book unearths
6446096
Republic


employed in Federalist Paper No. 10. This meaning was widely adopted early in the history of the United States, including in Noah Webster's dictionary of 1828. It was a novel meaning to the term; representative democracy was not an idea mentioned by Machiavelli and did not exist in the classical republics. There is also evidence that contemporaries of Madison considered the meaning of the word to reflect the definition found elsewhere, as is the case with a quotation of Benjamin Franklin taken from the notes of James McHenry where the question is
5997941
Liquid democracy


where "all" collective decisions are made by way of the direct votes of constituents. Typically liquid democracy is known to take the idea behind direct democracy, that voters can directly vote on policies, and scaling it. Liquid democracy is a sort of voluntary direct democracy in that participants can be included in decisions (and are usually expected to be, by default) but can opt out by way of abstaining or delegating their voting to someone else when they lack the time, interest, or expertise to vote on the delegated
9852787
FRIDE


Western Europe think tank among 75 institutions. FRIDE was closed down in December 2015. The stated objective of the FRIDE was to expand the ideas on Europe's role in the international arena with special reference to multilateralism, democratic values, security and sustainable development. It was an international development think tank. Its major study fields includes democracy, emerging powers, development cooperation, global governance, fragile states and energy security. In addition, it focused on peace and security, human rights, democracy promotion, and development and humanitarian aid
1340656
Post-democracy


The term post-democracy was coined by Warwick University political scientist Colin Crouch in 2000 in his book "Coping with Post-Democracy". It designates states that operate by democratic systems (elections are held, governments fall, freedom of speech), but whose application is progressively limited. A small elite is taking the tough decisions and co-opts the democratic institutions. Crouch further developed the idea in an article called "Is there a liberalism beyond social democracy?" for the think tank Policy Network and in his subsequent
2275200
Conservative democracy


to be mirrored in other countries, such as by the Justice and Development Party in Morocco and the Ennahda Movement in Tunisia. In its broadest sense, the term 'conservative democracy' highlights the compatibility of Islam with democracy, a western-oriented foreign policy, neoliberal economics and secularism within government. Since the view has been reflected in several economic, foreign, domestic and social policy initiatives, the term 'conservative democracy' has been referred to as a floating signifier that encompasses a broad coalition of ideas. In contrast and
7134105
Nobuo Fujita


himself suggested the idea of a submarine-based seaplane to bomb military targets, including ships at sea, and attacks on the U.S. mainland, especially the strategic Panama Canal. The idea was approved, and the mission was given to "I-25". Submarine aircraft carriers such as the giant "I-400"-class submarines would be developed specifically to bomb the Panama Canal. At 06:00 on 9 September, "I-25" surfaced west of the Oregon/California border where she launched the "Glen", flown by Fujita and Petty Officer Okuda
5593091
Constitutional patriotism


defense and protection, Sternberger linked constitutional patriotism to the concept of militant democracy. He drew on Aristotelianism, arguing that patriotism had traditionally not been linked to sentiments towards the nation. Constitutional patriotism is a development of Sternberger's earlier notion of "Staatsfreundschaft" (friendship towards the state). Habermas played a key role in developing, contextualizing and spreading the idea of constitutional patriotism to English-speaking countries. Like Sternberger, Habermas viewed constitutional patriotism as a conscious strengthening of political principles, however, "where Sternberger's patriotism had
21154631
Democracy and economic growth


tightly connected to democracies does not come as a surprise, since democracies are more frequent among the economically developed countries, and are rarer among poor ones. The notion of economic growth having a greater influence on democracy was a very popular opinion in the 1950s. The most important work on the subject has been done by Lipset 1959 where he states that economic development is one of the prerequisites for democracy. However, this is not true. Both concepts are of equal importance and there are many cases where one acts as a prerequisite
3611675
Political climate


philosophical opinions on government. The prevailing political climate of distrusting anything remotely anti-Athens or anti-democracy coupled with attacks from Socrates's personal enemies led to the philosopher's execution by poison in 399 B.C.E. The phrase originates from the French term "opinion publique", which was first attributed to Montaigne, the father of modern Skepticism and a major figure of the French Renaissance, around 1588 C.E. It is generally used to describe the overall opinion of the public body about a certain issue. The phrase is commonly used interchangeably with
14101393
Types of democracy


of democracy where the people govern directly. It requires wide participation of citizens in politics. Athenian democracy or "classical democracy" refers to a direct democracy developed in ancient times in the Greek city-state of Athens. A popular democracy is a type of direct democracy based on referendums and other devices of empowerment and concretization of popular will. An industrial democracy is an arrangement which involves workers making decisions, sharing responsibility and authority in the workplace (see also workplace). A representative democracy is an indirect democracy where sovereignty is
8611919
Republic of Guria


stage on the path of Georgian social democracy’s independent self-development ... it forced social democracy to pay attention to the peasantry." It also forced the Georgian Social Democrats to realise the importance of incorporating the peasants into the movement, an idea previously downplayed by leading Social Democrats. This would help solve the dilemma of utilising Marxism (which was traditionally oriented towards the working class) into a rural society (which encompassed much of the Russian Empire). While not fully implemented by the Bolsheviks or Mensheviks, the ideas of
15943758
Iranian nationalism


patriotic sentiment. After the Iranian revolution, there has been a resurgence of nationalism within the Islamic Republic of Iran in the wake of the Iran student protests, July 1999 and the Republic's autocratic policies over its thirty five-year existence. The idea of Iran as a religious, cultural, and ethnic reality goes back as far as the end of the 6th century B.C.E. As a political idea, we first catch sight of it in the twenties of the 3rd century C.E. as an essential feature of Sassanian propaganda. Third-
36634
Natural and legal rights


that the ideal government will encompass the preservations of these three rights for all, every single one, of its citizens. It will provide these rights, and protect them from tyranny and abuse, giving the power of the government to the people. However, Locke not only influenced modern democracy, but opened this idea of rights for all, freedom for all. So, not only did Locke influence the foundation of modern democracy heavily, but his thought seems to also connect to the social activism promoted in democracy. Locke acknowledges
17014126
Estonian Social Democratic Workers' Party


he Estonian Social Democratic Workers' Party () was a political party in Estonia between 1917 and 1925. The party, founded on the platforms of patriotism, Estonian independence, and social justice, wrote the first Estonian constitution. Social democracy in Estonia was born at the beginning of the 20th century. Estonian social democracy was influenced by western European ideas of social democracy as well as by Russian ideals. During the Russian Revolution of 1905 social democratic ideas spread and Estonian social democrats formed their party in the summer of 1905 in Tartu
18462073
Asset-based welfare


of central planning, during the twentieth century, made it necessary to explore alternative ideas of social democracy. It was then, that the earlier ideas of Condorcet and Paine were brought to light. The kind of social democracy which is laid down by Condorcet and Paine has an important role in capital grants. Another British historian Gareth Stedman Jones describes how asset-based welfare can be a part of social democracy and can eradicate poverty. Asset-based welfare is concerned about the assets held by individuals rather than their basic income.
4890011
Culture in post-communist Poland


With the fall of communism Polish culture and society began a process of profound transformation, marked by the return of democracy and redevelopment of civil society. After 1989, the heavy government controls ended, and the radical economic changes were introduced. The influx of new aesthetic and social ideas was accompanied by the Western market forces. However, unlike any other "temporal marker" in the development of Polish culture from the past, the year 1989 did not introduce any specific literary events or artistic manifestations. For a generation of accomplished writers
19025110
Essam El-Haddad


did that, we did not support a revolution of elites. And we did not support a conditional democracy. We stood, and we still stand, for a very simple idea: given freedom, we Egyptians can build institutions that allow us to promote and choose among all the different visions for the country. We quickly discovered that almost none of the other actors were willing to extend that idea to include us. There are still people in Egypt who believe in their right to make a democratic choice. Hundreds of thousands of
8008554
Ben Moses


began developing "A Whisper to a Roar". The idea for the film came from long-time friend and Stanford University professor Larry Diamond when Diamond sent Moses a copy of his book "The Spirit of Democracy". Soon, the two men joined with Prince Moulay Hicham of Morocco, a former student of Diamond's, and together they developed and produced a theatrical feature documentary inspired by Diamond's work. The film "A Whisper to a Roar" took three years to complete, during which time Moses and his
21755571
House of Lords


's Congress and dwarfs Upper Houses in other bicameral democracies such as the United States (100 senators), France (348 senators), Australia (76 senators) and India (250 members). The Lords is also larger than the Supreme People's Assembly of North Korea (687 members). [...] Peers grumble that there is not enough room to accommodate all of their colleagues in the Chamber, where there are only about 400 seats, and say they are constantly jostling for space – particularly during high-profile
13422021
Bel-Shalti-Nanna


that this would be the last time it was rebuilt. He recorded on brick tablets While excavating in Ur, Sir Leonard Woolley discovered a room built for Bel-Shalti-Nannar around 550 B.C.E. The room is known as the Palace of the High Priestess Bel-Shalti-Nannar. The palace shares some design features with the South palace at Babylon, but on smaller scale. It is located on a trapezoidal plot by North Harbor of Ur. It contained objects dating back to 1400 B.C.E., 1700 B.C.E., and 2050 B.C.E.
5946639
Chaïm Perelman


, p. 1400). This recognition in turn fosters a conception of reality by which appearances may be judged; those aspects conforming to the real are considered valuable, while those not consistent with reality are dismissed as illusive. The dissociation of ideas can be extended to any realm where the tenets of an argument are incompatible with accepted opinion; "real democracy, " for instance, can be opposed to "apparent democracy, or formal or nominal democracy, or quasi-democracy" (ibid. ). In the process of
21307258
Public Achievement


prestigious Carl Bertelsmann prize, an international award for "innovative approaches and outstanding ideas that help shape and further develop democratic societies." The Center for Democracy and Citizenship has worked with partners to bring Public Achievement to 22 countries. In the United States, PA is well established in Minnesota, Colorado, Missouri and New Hampshire, where CDC staff have trained faculty in leadership and service learning programs who then train university students as PA coaches in their leadership or service learning courses; CDC staff have provided assistance to faculty in developing PA
7819753
History of metallurgy in China


, Liaoning and Inner Mongolia in the east and north, and in the Central Plain in the lowest levels at Erlitou." "Copper manufacturing, a more complex industry than jade working, gradually appeared in the Yangshao period (5000 to 3000 BC). Jiangzhai is the only place where copper artifacts were found in the Banpo culture. ... Archaeologists have found a number of remains of copper metallurgy in various cultures from the late fourth millennium B.C.E. to the early third millennium B.C.E. These remains include the copper-smelting remains and copper
11921106
Kirchardt


Siegelsbach. Kirchardt consists of the core community of Kirchardt proper, plus the peripheral communities of Berwangen and Bockschaft. Previously there was another community in the town, Lauterstein, but it was later absorbed into Kirchardt proper. The town of Kirchardt has approximately 5,500 inhabitants, of which 3,700 live in Kirchardt itself, with 1,400 in Berwangen and 400 people in Bockschaft. The first signs of human activity in the area date from the Bronze Age, but the earliest settlement to be detected so far was Celtic, from the sixth century B.C.E
12425934
Shrikhand


Shrikhand is an Indian sweet dish made of strained dahi (yogurt). Shrikhand has been referred to as "Shikhrini" in the Sanskrit literature. According to Jashbhai B. Prajappati and Baboo M. Nair, it originated in ancient India, around 400 B.C.E. The standardized method consists of fresh, sweet buffalo milk with 6% fat. It is pasteurized for 10 minutes and then cooled. It is then inoculated at 1% with lactic culture and incubated for 15-16 hours. When the curd has set firmly, it is broken
13475029
Tombs at Xanthos


The Inscribed Pillar of Xanthos, also known as the "Xanthian Obelisk," was made around 400 B.C.E. Like the other pillar tombs at Xanthos, the inscribed pillar supported a raised daise with a chamber tomb, decorated on the outside with friezes. Additionally, a statue of the occupant, a king in the Xanthian Dynasty, was positioned on top. The chamber tomb was surrounded by friezes depicting scenes from the life of the owner, including hunting and battle scenes. Seismic activity in antiquity likely caused the chamber tomb of fall
21299510
Theodore Brameld


, Theodore, p. 75). With this philosophy of reconstructionism, his main focus was to create a school system with democracy where controversial topics play a huge role. Students are expected use their mind and ask questions when this philosophy is in use. He wanted students to realize that values are not unchanging, they must be tested continuously by evidence. He was one of the signers of the Humanist Manifesto. Reconstructionism seemed like a good idea to Brameld, but this philosophy of education did not go without its criticisms. Some
7577391
Oriental Despotism


, but even then it did not mean that totalitarian power was "omnipresent and omnicompetent." If this power concentrated on any single objective, it probably could accomplish that objective, but by the nature of the cultural environment, it could not accomplish many of them. Gregory Blue of the University of Toronto commented that "despite its analytical sweep and evident learning, Wittfogel's model made it difficult to understand why government involvement in Chinese social life seemed to have been distinctly limited during the imperial era (221 B.C.E. - 1911 CE
11309210
Capacity building


of the most fundamental ideas associated with capacity building is the idea of building the capacities of governments in developing countries so they are able to handle the problems associated with environmental, economic and social transformations. Developing a government's capacity whether at the local, regional or national level will allow for better governance that can lead to sustainable development and democracy. To avoid authoritarianism in developing nations, a focus has been placed on developing the abilities and skills of national and local governments so power can be diffused across a state. Capacity building
18885145
History of democracy in classical Iran


it". Some scholars have tended to equate Otanes' arguments with those of the author himself (Herodotus). Others have titled Otanes as "the champion of democracy". According to Arirstotle the three parts of a "politeia" are the deliberative, the magistracies, and the judiciary. This tripartite structure of the politeia was a traditional idea; Aristotle only elaborated upon it. The threefold division is already evident in Otanes' defence of democracy, where he defends democracy for its virtues in all three areas. From the
11905617
International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance


the process of creating International IDEA from the start, was appointed its first secretary-general. Due to practical difficulties and overlapping responsibilities between the board and council, this model later changed. International IDEA was able to immediately start work designing ethical codes and professional rules and guidelines for electoral processes, and developed three extremely useful handbooks in the very beginning on electoral system design, democracy and deep-rooted conflict, and women in parliament. As part of the institute's 20th anniversary celebration in 2015, Bengt Säve-Söderbergh wrote
19412811
Early life of Samuel Taylor Coleridge


as friends, and their friendship developed to the point of Coleridge no longer pursuing Mary Evans. The two encouraged each other to write poetry, with Coleridge adapting his 1791 poem "Happiness" for this purpose. They also encouraged each other in their liberal political beliefs and visited the British proponent of democracy Tom Poole in 1794. He encouraged the two towards Southey's idea of Pantisocracy. Coleridge continued with his ideas of political reform and democracy, and, in 1795, he responded to the sedition trial of political activists Joseph Gerrald
21312739
Heroon at Nemea


include an unlined well, a three-part reservoir, evidence of a hippodrome, remains of an athletic track, and the starting line of the early stadium. Many of these structures may have been built for use during the athletic events held in honor of the hero Opheltes. The first Nemean Games were held in 573 B.C.E. and the heroon was constructed around the same time, however sources for the myth of Opheltes are traceable only to the early 5th century B.C.E. Therefore it is likely the heroon predates the hero that it commemorates
21026407