____' is a measurement used to specify the length of a line in typography
Line length


In typography, line length is the width of a block of typeset text, usually measured in units of length like inches or points or in characters per line (in which case it is a measure). A block of text or paragraph has a maximum line length that fits a determined design. If the lines are too short then the text becomes disjointed; if they are too long the content loses rhythm as the reader searches for the start of each line. Line length is determined by typographic parameters based on a formal
18099709
Em (typography)


An em is a unit in the field of typography, equal to the currently specified point size. For example, one em in a 16-point typeface is 16 points. Therefore, this unit is the same for all typefaces at a given point size. The em dash (—) and em space ( ) are each one "em" wide. Typographic measurements using this unit are frequently expressed in decimal notation (e.g., 0.7 em) or as fractions of 100 or 1000 (e.g., 70/100 em or 700/1000 em)
3150968
Hyphen-minus


-minus, unlike the minus sign proper which is treated as a mathematical symbol. These differences make "-" as a substitute for minus signs undesirable in professional typography. The ASCII hyphen-minus character is also often used when specifying command-line options. The character is usually followed by one or more letters that indicate specific actions. Various implementations of the getopt function to parse command-line options additionally allow the use of two hyphen-minus characters ( -- ) to specify long option names that are more descriptive than
17432485
Stick (unit)


The stick may refer to several separate units, depending on the item being measured. In typography, the stick, stickful, or was an inexact length based on the size of the various composing sticks used by newspaper editors to assemble pieces of moveable type. In English-language papers, it was roughly equal to 2 column inches or 100–150 words. In France, Spain, and Italy, sticks generally contained only between 1 and 4 lines of text each. A column was notionally equal to 10 sticks. In American cooking
15919358
Leading


profound effect on the written text. This block of text has default leading: "Typography" (Greek: "typos" "form", "graphein" "to write") is the art and technique of setting written subject matter in type using a combination of typeface styles, point sizes, line lengths, line leading, character spacing, and word spacing to produce typeset artwork in physical or digital form. The same block of text set with 50% leading is easier to read: "Typography" (Greek
15179800
Typography


Typography is the art and technique of arranging type to make written language legible, readable, and appealing when displayed. The arrangement of type involves selecting typefaces, point sizes, line lengths, line-spacing (leading), and letter-spacing (tracking), and adjusting the space between pairs of letters (kerning). The term "typography" is also applied to the style, arrangement, and appearance of the letters, numbers, and symbols created by the process. Type design is a closely related craft,
12671124
Draft (engineering)


be easier to remove. This is a practice that is used, in applicable cases, when working with fiberglass. If the mold is to be removed from the top, the box should taper in towards the bottom, such that measuring the bottom internal dimension will yield a smaller length and width than measuring the top from which the mold is extracted. By specifying the opening length and width, a draft angle, and a depth, it is not necessary to specify the dimensions for the internal surface, as these may be
4790812
Airy points


line standards invariably extend beyond the lines marked on them, the optimal support points depend on both the overall length and the length to be measured. The latter is the quantity to be maximized, requiring a more complex calculation. For example, the 1927–1960 definition of the metre specified that the International Prototype Metre bar was to be measured while "supported on two cylinders of at least one centimetre diameter, symmetrically placed in the same horizontal plane at a distance of 571 mm from each other." Those would be the Bessel points
19529204
Pica (typography)


pc as the abbreviation for pica ( of an inch), and pt for point ( of an inch). The pica is also used in measuring the font capacity and is applied in the process of copyfitting. The font length is measured there by the number of "characters per pica" (cpp). As books are most often printed with proportional fonts, cpp of a given font is usually a fractional number. For example, an 11-point font (like Helvetica) may have 2.4 cpp, thus a 5-inch (
12511331
Ship measurements


a ship can pass under. Length - The distance between the forwardmost and aftermost parts of the ship. Shaft Horsepower (SHP) - The amount of mechanical power delivered by the engine to a propeller shaft. One horsepower is equivalent to 746 watts in the SI system of units. Summer Water Line - The waterline when ship has standard load. Sometimes called Design Waterline. Ton - The unit of measure often used in specifying the size of a ship. There are three completely unrelated definitions for the word. One of them
13147258
Numbered musical notation


even if the passage uses dotted barlines (in which case time is usually implied). Sometimes a piece is written with multiple time signatures simultaneously. For example, it might specify codice_10, meaning that the length of measures is irregular and can be 4, 2, 3 or 5 quarter-notes. The time signature of the first measure is always specified first, and the others are placed in increasing order of length. Usually, the time signature is formatted as two numbers placed vertically on top of each other, with
20834362
Line length


grid and template with several goals in mind; balance and function for fit and readability with a sensitivity to aesthetic style in typography. Typographers adjust line length to aid legibility or copy fit. Text can be flush left and ragged right, flush right and ragged left, or justified where all lines are of equal length. In a ragged right setting line lengths vary to create a ragged right edge of lines varying in length. Sometimes this can be visually satisfying. For justified and ragged right settings typographers can adjust line length to
18099710
Coordinate system


and arc length. These include: Coordinates systems are often used to specify the position of a point, but they may also be used to specify the position of more complex figures such as lines, planes, circles or spheres. For example, Plücker coordinates are used to determine the position of a line in space. When there is a need, the type of figure being described is used to distinguish the type of coordinate system, for example the term "line coordinates" is used for any coordinate system that specifies the
3607190
Classical Chinese poetry forms


Classical Chinese poetry forms. Once the line length is determined, then the most likely division(s) of the line by caesuras is also known, since they are as a rule fixed in certain positions. Thus, specifying the line-length of a Chinese poem is equivalent to specifying both the type of feet and the number of feet per line in poetry using quantitative meter. A three-character line is known from the "Three Character Classic", a book for children written in three-character eight-line verse in
21010270
Pioneer plaque


light travels in that time period). Below the symbol, the small vertical line—representing the binary digit 1—specifies a unit of length (21 cm) as well as a unit of time (0.7 ns). Both units are used as measurements in the other symbols. On the right side of the plaque, a man and a woman are shown in front of the spacecraft. Between the brackets that indicate the height of the woman, the binary representation of the number 8 can be seen (1000, with a
9110278
Measurement


geometry, technical drawing, engineering, and carpentry, to measure lengths or distances or to draw straight lines. Strictly speaking, the "ruler" is the instrument used to rule straight lines and the calibrated instrument used for determining length is called a "measure", however common usage calls both instruments "rulers" and the special name "straightedge" is used for an unmarked rule. The use of the word "measure", in the sense of a measuring instrument, only survives in the phrase "tape measure"
19317406
Length measurement


of length measurement tool: lengths are defined by printed marks or engravings on a stick. The meter was initially defined using a ruler before more accurate methods became available. Gauge blocks are a common method for precise measurement or calibration of measurement tools. For small or microscopic objects, microphotography where the length is calibrated using a graticule can be used. A graticule is a piece that has lines for precise lengths etched into it. Graticules may be fitted into the eyepiece or they may be used on the measurement plane. The basic
8926805
Leading


: "typos" "form", "graphein" "to write") is the art and technique of setting written subject matter in type using a combination of typeface styles, point sizes, line lengths, line leading, character spacing, and word spacing to produce typeset artwork in physical or digital form. The same block of text at 100% leading is again easier to read but makes less efficient use of vertical page space: "Typography" (Greek: "typos" "form", "graphein"
15179801
Stairs


by one step. Alternating tread stairs have been in use since at least 1888. Ergonomically and for safety reasons, stairs must have certain measurements so that people can comfortably use them. Building codes typically specify certain measurements so that the stairs are not too steep or narrow. Nicolas-François Blondel in the last volume of his "Cours d'architecture" (1675–1683) was the first known person to establish the ergonomic relationship of tread and riser dimensions. He specified that 2 x riser + tread = step length. It is estimated
16073044
Cephalopod size


same name. Mantle length (ML) is the standard size measure for coleoid cephalopods (shell diameter being more common for nautiluses) and is almost universally reported in the scientific literature. The mantle is the cephalopod's "body", lying posterior to the head and enclosing the visceral mass and mantle cavity, the latter being used for locomotion by jet propulsion. Unless otherwise indicated, mantle length is measured dorsally over the midline of the mantle (sometimes specified as "dorsal mantle length", DML). It is a
9090027
Intercity Express Programme


Great Western Main Line (GWML) by 2017. The trains were to be used on the ECML and GWML, with possible use on the southern part of the West Coast Main Line (WCML), the Fen Line, and other long distance intercity services. Phase 1 of the tender specified an operational fleet of 24 full- and 13 half-length electric, and 10 full- and 12 half-length trains for the ECML, 24 full-length trains (self-powered), and 38 half-length bi-
9687489
Orientation (geometry)


line, line segment, or vector can be specified with only two values, for example two direction cosines. Another example is the position of a point on the earth, often described using the orientation of a line joining it with the earth's center, measured using the two angles of longitude and latitude. Likewise, the orientation of a plane can be described with two values as well, for instance by specifying the orientation of a line normal to that plane, or by using the strike and dip angles. Further details
3220282
Point (typography)


), but defined it strictly in terms of the royal foot, a legal length measure in France: the Didot point is exactly of a French foot or of a French inch, that is (by 1799)  mm or about . Accordingly, one Didot point is exactly two Truchet points. However, 12 Fournier points turned out to be 11 Didot points, giving a Fournier point of about ; later sources state it as being . In Belgium the Fournier system was used until the 1970s and later. It was called the
12511347
Beam diameter


The beam diameter or beam width of an electromagnetic beam is the diameter along any specified line that is perpendicular to the beam axis and intersects it. Since beams typically do not have sharp edges, the diameter can be defined in many different ways. Five definitions of the beam width are in common use: D4σ, 10/90 or 20/80 knife-edge, 1/e, FWHM, and D86. The beam width can be measured in units of length at a particular plane perpendicular to the beam axis, but it can also
19038552
Imperial and US customary measurement systems


the differences in the sizes of units of length, area, volume and mass could be disregarded, though there were differences in usage - for example, in the United States short road distances are specified in feet while in the United Kingdom they are specified in yards The introduction of the international yard in 1960 caused small but noticeable effects in surveying in the United States which resulted in some states retaining the original definitions of the customary units of measure which are now known as the survey mile, foot, while other states adopted the
12851575
Braille music


C, making a chord C-E-G a quarter note in length. Reading the interval notation is somewhat complicated by the fact that some staves use bottom-up notation (the bottom note of each chord is specified and intervals are read upwards from the given note) and some use top-down notation (the top note of each chord is specified and intervals are read downwards from the given note). The modern convention is to specify the main note (either the bass line or melody line) and let
13070724
Point (typography)


is defined as of an international inch (about 0.353 mm) and, as with earlier American point sizes, is considered to be of a pica. In metal type, the point size of the font describes the height of the metal body on which the typeface's characters were cast. In digital type, letters of a font are designed around an imaginary space called an "em square". When a point size of a font is specified, the font is scaled so that its em square has a side length of
12511342
Slickline


length. It is used to lower and raise downhole tools used in oil and gas well maintenance to the appropriate depth of the drilled well. In use and appearance it is connected by the drum it is spooled off of in the back of the slickline truck to the wireline sheave a round wheel grooved and sized to accept a specified line and positioned to redirect the line to another sheave that will allow the slickline to enter the wellbore. Slickline is used to lower downhole tools into an oil or gas well to perform a specified
20428894
Characters per line


In typography and computing characters per line (CPL) or terminal width refers to the maximal number of monospaced characters that may appear on a single line. It is similar to line length in typesetting. The limit of the line length in 70–80 characters may well be originated from various technical limitations of various equipment. The American teletypewriters could type only 72 CPL, while the British ones even less, 70 CPL. In the era of typewriters, most designs of the typewriter carriage were limited to 80–90 CPL. The most widespread and
1576102
Web typography


Web typography refers to the use of fonts on the World Wide Web. When HTML was first created, font faces and styles were controlled exclusively by the settings of each web browser. There was no mechanism for individual Web pages to control font display until Netscape introduced the tag in 1995, which was then standardized in the HTML 3.2 specification. However, the font specified by the tag had to be installed on the user's computer or a fallback font, such as a browser's default sans-serif or monospace font,
1251995
Web typography


process also happens on a per-character basis if the browser tries to display a character not present in the specified font. To give Web designers some control over the appearance of fonts on their Web pages, even when the specified fonts are not available, the CSS specification allows the use of several generic font families. These families are designed to split fonts into several categories based on their general appearance. They are commonly specified as the last in a series of fallback fonts, as a last resort in the event that none
1252001
Web typography


10 and Mozilla Firefox 3.5. This has subsequently increased interest in Web typography, as well as the usage of font downloading. In the first CSS specification, authors specified font characteristics via a series of properties: All fonts were identified solely by name. Beyond the properties mentioned above, designers had no way to style fonts, and no mechanism existed to select fonts not present on the client system. Web-safe fonts are fonts likely to be present on a wide range of computer systems, and used by Web content authors
1251997
History of sentence spacing


Vinne's "The Practice of Typography" was the undisputed global authority on English-language typesetting style from 1901 until well past Dowding's first formal alternative spacing suggestion in the mid-1950s. Both the American and the UK style guides also specified that spaces should be inserted between punctuation and text. The MacKellar guide described these as hairspaces but itself used a much wider space than was then commonly regarded as a hairspace. Spaces following words or punctuation were subject to line breaks, and spaces between words and closely associated punctuation were non-
1659106
Web typography


multiple fonts to be listed as fallback fonts. In CSS, the codice_1 property accepts a list of comma-separated font faces to use, like so: font-family: Helvetica, "Nimbus Sans L", "Liberation Sans", Arial, sans-serif; The first font specified is the preferred font. If this font is not available, the Web browser attempts to use the next font in the list. If none of the fonts specified are found, the browser displays its default font. This same
1252000
Point (typography)


In typography, the point is the smallest unit of measure. It is used for measuring font size, leading, and other items on a printed page. The size of the point has varied throughout the history of printing. Since the 18th century, the point's size has varied from 0.18 to 0.4 millimeters. Following the advent of desktop publishing in the 1980s and 1990s, digital printing has largely supplanted the letterpress printing and has established the DTP point (desktop publishing point) as the de facto standard. The DTP point
12511341
Agate (typography)


An agate (US) or ruby (UK) is a unit of typographical measure. It is 5.5 typographical points, or about inch (1.81 mm). It can refer to either the height of a line of type or to a font that is 5.5 points. An is commonly used to display statistical data or legal notices in newspapers. It is considered to be the smallest point size that can be printed on newsprint and remain legible. Due to the small size of agate compared to typical newspaper body text that might
15048250
Two-dimensional space


", a coordinate system that specifies each point uniquely in a plane by a pair of numerical "coordinates", which are the signed distances from the point to two fixed perpendicular directed lines, measured in the same unit of length. Each reference line is called a "coordinate axis" or just "axis" of the system, and the point where they meet is its "origin", usually at ordered pair (0, 0). The coordinates can also be defined as the positions of the perpendicular projections of
17227190
Cartesian coordinate system


A Cartesian coordinate system (, ) is a coordinate system that specifies each point uniquely in a plane by a set of numerical coordinates, which are the signed distances to the point from two fixed perpendicular oriented lines, measured in the same unit of length. Each reference line is called a "coordinate axis" or just "axis" (plural "axes") of the system, and the point where they meet is its "origin", at ordered pair . The coordinates can also be defined as the positions of
7880407
Fortran 95 language features


examples (as there are no additional attributes and initialization), most Fortran-90 programmers acquire the habit to use it everywhere. LEN= specifier is applicable only to codice_7s and specifies the string length (replacing the older codice_26 form). The explicit codice_27 and codice_28 specifiers are optional: CHARACTER(2, Kanji) :: kanji_word works just as well. There are some other interesting character features. Just as a substring as in CHARACTER(80) :: line ... = line(i:i) ! substring was previously possible, so now is the substring
9633708
Lecher line


In electronics, a Lecher line or Lecher wires is a pair of parallel wires or rods that were used to measure the wavelength of radio waves, mainly at UHF and microwave frequencies. They form a short length of balanced transmission line (a resonant stub). When attached to a source of radio-frequency power such as a radio transmitter, the radio waves form standing waves along their length. By sliding a conductive bar that bridges the two wires along their length, the length of the waves can be physically measured.
5811134
Point (typography)


that particular length in points. Although the letters of a font usually fit within the font's em square, there is not necessarily any size relationship between the two, so the point size does not necessarily correspond to any measurement of the size of the letters on the printed page. The point was first established by the Milanese typographer, Francesco Torniella da Novara ( – 1589) in his 1517 alphabet, "L'Alfabeto". The construction of the alphabet is the first based on logical measurement called "Punto," which corresponds
12511343
ISO/IEC 8859


. These sets have ISO-8859-"n" as their preferred MIME name or, in cases where a preferred MIME name is not specified, their canonical name. Many people use the terms ISO/IEC 8859-"n" and ISO-8859-"n" interchangeably. ISO/IEC 8859-11 did not get such a charset assigned, presumably because it was almost identical to TIS 620. The ISO/IEC 8859 standard is designed for reliable information exchange, not typography; the standard omits symbols needed for high-quality typography, such as optional ligatures, curly
15158068
Imperial units


economy is reported in statute miles per US gallon (neither country specifies which gallon is used). Canadian railways maintain exclusive use of imperial measurements to describe train length (feet), train height (feet), capacity (tons), speed (mph), and trackage (miles). Imperial units also retain common use in firearms and ammunition. Imperial measures are still used in the description of cartridge types, even when the cartridge is of relatively recent invention (e.g., .204 Ruger, .17 HMR, where the
15571836
Newton's laws of motion


is accelerating, then there is a force on it. An application of this notation is the derivation of G Subscript C. The above statements hint that the second law is merely a definition of formula_4, not a precious observation of nature. However, current physics restate the second law in measurable steps: (1)defining the term 'one unit of mass' by a specified stone, (2)defining the term 'one unit of force' by a specified spring with specified length, (3)measuring by experiment or proving by theory (with
10524610
Typographic unit


Typographic units are the units of measurement used in typography or typesetting. Traditional typometry units are different from familiar metric units because they were established in the early days of printing. Though most printing is digital now, the old terms and units have persisted. Even though these units are all very small, across a line of print they add up quickly. Confusions such as resetting text originally in type of one unit in type of another will result in words moving from one line to the next, resulting in all sorts of typesetting
9287968
List of unusual units of measurement


nybl") is normally equal to 4 bits, or one half of the common 8-bit byte. The nibble is used to describe the amount of memory used to store a digit of a number stored in binary-coded decimal format, or to represent a single hexadecimal digit. Less commonly, 'nibble' may be used for any contiguous portion of a byte of specified length, e.g. "6-bit nibble"; this usage is most likely to be encountered in connection with a hardware architecture in which the word length is not
19264070
Coastline paradox


plane containing both endpoints and the center of the sphere. The length of basic curves is more complicated but can also be calculated. Measuring with rulers, one can approximate the length of a curve by adding the sum of the straight lines which connect the points: Using a few straight lines to approximate the length of a curve will produce an estimate lower than the true length; when increasingly short (and thus more numerous) lines are used, the sum approaches the curve's true length. A precise value for this length
8957412
Montana flume


A Montana flume, is a popular modification of the standard Parshall flume. The Montana flume removes the throat and discharge sections of the Parshall flume, resulting a flume that is lighter in weight, shorter in length, and less costly to manufacture. Montana flumes are used to measure surface waters, irrigations flows, industrial discharges, and wastewater treatment plant flows. As a short-throated flume, the Montana flume has a single, specified point of measurement in the contracting section at which the level is measured. The Montana flume
12031916
Irrational number


In mathematics, the irrational numbers are all the real numbers which are not rational numbers, the latter being the numbers constructed from ratios (or fractions) of integers. When the ratio of lengths of two line segments is an irrational number, the line segments are also described as being "incommensurable", meaning that they share no "measure" in common, that is, there is no length ("the measure"), no matter how short, that could be used to express the lengths of both of the
15683458
Commensurate line circuit


problems. Electrical length can also be expressed as the phase change between the start and the end of the line. Phase is measured in angle units. formula_1, the mathematical symbol for an angle variable, is used as the symbol for electrical length when expressed as an angle. In this convention λ represents 360°, or 2π radians. The advantage of using commensurate lines is that the commensurate line theory allows circuits to be synthesised from a prescribed frequency function. While any circuit using arbitrary transmission line lengths can be analysed to
1968396
Browser engine


be manufactured with the same engine). For example, an email client may need one to display HTML email. The Electron framework, which is powered by the two engines of the Google Chrome browser, has been used to create many applications. The layout of a web page is typically specified by Cascading Style Sheets (CSS). Each style sheet is a series of rules which the browser engine interprets. For example, some rules specify typography details, such as font, color, and text size. The engine combines
2043188
Cicero (typography)


A cicero is a unit of measure used in typography in Italy, France and other continental European countries, first used by Pannartz and Sweynheim in 1468 for the edition of Cicero's "Epistulae ad Familiares". The font size thus acquired the name "cicero". It is of the historical French inch, and is divided into 12 points, known in English as French points or Didot points. The unit of the cicero is similar to an English pica, although the French inch was slightly larger than the English inch.
20325662
Definable real number


geometry, the algebraic numbers, and the computable numbers. One way of specifying a real number uses geometric techniques. A real number "r" is a constructible number if there is a method to construct a line segment of length "r" using a compass and straightedge, beginning with a fixed line segment of length 1. Each positive integer, and each positive rational number, is constructible. The positive square root of 2 is constructible. However, the cube root of 2 is not constructible; this is related to
8378314
American football field


The rectangular field of play of American football games measures long between the goal lines, and () wide. In addition, there are end zones extending another past the goal lines to the "end lines", for a total length of . When the "football field" is used as unit of measurement, it is usually understood to mean , although technically the full length of the official field, including the end zones, is . White markings on the field identify the distance from the end zone. Inbound lines,
19371592
Fly fishing tackle


case, modern large-arbor reels can be retrieved with fair efficiency using either hand to retrieve. Fly reels are often rated for a specific weight and type of fly line in combination with a specific strength and length of backing. For example, the documentation supplied with a reel may state that the reel can take of 50 pound-test backing and of fly line. An angler should be able to "load" the reel with the specified length of line and backing and still have sufficient room between the line and the
7766457
Specified local lines


The were the railway lines specified by Japanese National Railways (JNR) under the 1980 to be closed. All of 83 lines were closed and substituted by buses or transferred to other railway operators between 1983 and 1990. Article 8 of the JNR Reconstruction Act (officially the Act on Special Measures concerning Reconstruction Promotion of Management of Japanese National Railways, Act No. 111 of 1980) directed JNR to specify unprofitable lines ("specified local lines") that should be replaced by bus operations based on certain criteria set by a Cabinet
18515657
Web typography


to increase the likelihood that content displays in their chosen font. If a visitor to a Web site does not have the specified font, their browser tries to select a similar alternative, based on the author-specified fallback fonts and generic families or it uses font substitution defined in the visitor's operating system. To ensure that all Web users had a basic set of fonts, Microsoft started the Core fonts for the Web initiative in 1996 (terminated in 2002). Released fonts include Arial, Courier New, Times New Roman
1251998
Fountain code


reception overhead is defined as the extra encoding data required beyond the length of the source data to recover the original source data, measured as a percentage of the size of the source data. For example, if the relative reception overhead is 0.2%, then this means that source data of size 1 megabyte can be recovered from 1.002 megabytes of encoding data. A more advanced Raptor code with greater flexibility and improved reception overhead, called RaptorQ, has been specified in IETF RFC 6330. The specified RaptorQ code can be used with
19983009
Line length


to "z" in typographic points) was sometimes included in type specimen booklets. If not available, the first step to calculate the line length for all these methods is the measurement of the LCA at the size that will be ultimately used. The first of these methods consists in an adjacency matrix that positions the LCA in points on the "x" axis and the line length in picas on the "y" axis. The matrix is used by locating the number closest to the previously calculated LCA on the left column
18099719
Astronomical unit


Earth is moving faster along its orbital path. As the metre is defined in terms of the second and the speed of light is constant for all observers, the terrestrial metre appears to change in length compared to the "planetary metre" on a periodic basis. The metre is defined to be a unit of proper length, but the SI definition does not specify the metric tensor to be used in determining it. Indeed, the International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM) notes that "its definition applies only within a
861815
Recurrence quantification analysis


This measure is called laminarity and is related with the amount of laminar phases in the system (intermittency). The lengths of the diagonal and vertical lines can be measured as well. The averaged diagonal line length is related with the "predictability time" of the dynamical system and the trapping time, measuring the average length of the vertical lines, is related with the "laminarity time" of the dynamical system, i.e. how long the system remains in a specific state. Because the length of the diagonal lines is related on
17440433
Vector space


, which relies on the ability to express a function as a difference of two positive functions where "f" denotes the positive part of "f" and "f" the negative part. "Measuring" vectors is done by specifying a norm, a datum which measures lengths of vectors, or by an inner product, which measures angles between vectors. Norms and inner products are denoted formula_16 and formula_17, respectively. The datum of an inner product entails that lengths of vectors can be defined too, by defining the associated
13766039
Delimiter


that uses a length field at the start of a data stream to specify the number of characters that the data stream contains. Delimiters may be characterized as field and record delimiters, or as bracket delimiters. Field delimiters separate data fields. Record delimiters separate groups of fields. For example, the CSV file format uses a comma as the delimiter between fields, and an end-of-line indicator as the delimiter between records: This specifies a simple flat file database table using the CSV file format. Bracket delimiters, also
11034051
Drill bushing


complicated version uses a hole in the bushing collar and a pin with a head; the head on the pin holds the edge of the collar down, but for removal the bushing can be rotated so that the hole lines up with the pin. Customary bushings are specified using the following specification layout: Where the ID is specified as a decimal, drill letter size, drill number size, or fraction; the OD is an integer that relates to a multiple of a th of an inch (); the length is an
20948447
Web typography


of the fonts specified by the author are available. For several years, there were five generic families: Sans-serif Serif Monospace Cursive Fantasy CSS 4 introduces several new options: System-ui Emoji Math Fangsong A technique to refer to and automatically download remote fonts was first specified in the CSS2 specification, which introduced the @font-face construct. At the time, fetching font files from the web was controversial because fonts meant to be used only for certain web pages could also be downloaded and installed in breach of the font
1252002
Base64


line length of 76 characters. Additionally it specifies that any extra-alphabetic characters must be ignored by a compliant decoder, although most implementations use a CR/LF newline pair to delimit encoded lines. Thus, the actual length of MIME-compliant Base64-encoded binary data is usually about 137% of the original data length, though for very short messages the overhead can be much higher due to the overhead of the headers. Very roughly, the final size of Base64-encoded binary data is equal to 1.37 times the original data size +
2650303
Meridian arc


In geodesy, a meridian arc measurement is the distance between two points with the same longitude, i.e., a segment of a meridian curve or its length. Two or more such determinations at different locations then specify the shape of the reference ellipsoid which best approximates the shape of the geoid. This process is called the determination of the figure of the Earth. The earliest determinations of the size of a spherical Earth required a single arc. The latest determinations use astro-geodetic measurements and the methods of satellite geodesy to determine the
7148679
Line length


used in the study. At the same time, 100% of respondents selected either one of these quantities as being the least desirable. There are a few methods to calculate line length to fit the intended average count of characters that such line should contain based on the factors listed above. Most, if not all of these methods, use the length of the lowercase alphabet or LCA as a reference for its calculation. The lowercase alphabet (a measurement of the array of characters of the hegemonic roman alphabet from "a"
18099718
Sonomicrometry


noise of system components. Those systems output the length measurements as an analog voltage. The second generation of sonomicrometer devices were digital—they measure time-of-flight by incrementing high-speed digital counters. Typically these are 12 to 16-bit counters operating from 32 to 128 MHz. A digital system will output length measurements in form of a digital number (the time-of-flight count value). Because of their digital nature, the resolution can be exactly specified as a function of counter clock frequency. For example
3178568
Short course prevention factor


The short course prevention factor (SCPF) is a multiplicative factor or coefficient used in the sport of athletics, specifically road running, to ensure that the measured length of a course is at least as long as the desired length of the course. The International Association of Athletics Federations, the international governing body for athletics, as well as USA Track & Field, the national governing body for the United States, specify the numerical factor of the SCPF to be 1.001. The SCPF has important implications when verifying world record performances.
13523620
Square mile


The square mile (abbreviated as sq mi and sometimes as mi²) is an imperial and US unit of measure for an area equal to the area of a square with a side length of one statute mile. It should not be confused with "miles square", which refers to a square region with each side having the specified length. For instance, 20 miles square (20 × 20 miles) has an area equal to 400 square miles; a rectangle of 10 × 40 miles likewise has an area of 400 square
6690910
Transmission line


elementary components, each representing an infinitesimally short segment of the transmission line: The model consists of an "infinite series" of the elements shown in the figure, and the values of the components are specified "per unit length" so the picture of the component can be misleading. formula_3, formula_4, formula_5, and formula_6 may also be functions of frequency. An alternative notation is to use formula_11, formula_12, formula_13 and formula_14 to emphasize that the values are derivatives with respect to length. These quantities can also be known
19387468
Field hockey stick


ensure that hitting control was maintained (the curvature to the face of the stick considerably influences the angle at which the stick head strikes through the ball). The placement of the maximum bow along the length of handle has now been specified in the Rules of Hockey at 20 cm above the head (the line C-C). It is now illegal for any hockey stick to have a bow that exceeds 25 mm. The bow height is measured by placing the stick face-side to a flat surface and presenting the
13960420
Adobe Spark Video


synchronizing the narration and corresponding visuals, dynamically adjusting the length of animations to smoothly align with each line of the story. It includes several dozen motion graphics themes that apply custom typography, color palettes, and digital effects and animation designed using Adobe After Effects, such as motion blur, drop shadows, zooming and panning, 3D, camera motion, textures, and animated masks. The software claims to allow non-professionals to create animated narration-driven short videos “in minutes.” Videos can be shared via a custom
9807281
Tree crown measurement


. The length of a limb can be measured with a laser rangefinder and clinometer if both end points of the limb are visible from a point beneath the end of the limb. The vertical distance is measured to the end of the limb directly over the measuring point at an angle of 90 degrees. The inclination and distance to the other end of the limb where it emerges from the trunk are then measured. The straight line length of the limb from trunk to tip can then be calculated using the Law of Cosines. For
15972646
Seismic attribute


reservoir characterisation and advanced seismic processing. A post-stack attribute that measures the continuity between seismic traces in a specified window along a picked horizon. It can be used to map the lateral extent of a formation. It can also be used to see faults, channels or other discontinuous features. Although it should be used along a specified horizon, many software packages compute this attribute along arbitrary time-slices. A post-stack attribute that computes, for each trace, the best fit plane (3D) or line (
4805204
BMT Franklin Avenue Line


Line; the measurements were made using the length of the now-dismantled Brooklyn Bridge and Fulton Street Lines. The Franklin Avenue Line's chaining measurement "ties", or continues off the Brooklyn Bridge and Fulton Street Lines' original measurement, at the Franklin Avenue station. In terms of railroad directions, "north" is toward Franklin Avenue and generally corresponds to geographical north. The line's signals are controlled by the DeKalb Avenue Tower, located at the DeKalb Avenue station in Downtown Brooklyn. The BMT Franklin Avenue Line is
9034471
Point (typography)


"pouce") was divided into 12 lines ("lignes") and 1 line was further divided into 6 typographic points ("points typographiques"). 1 point Fournier = 0.0135 inches. Fournier printed a reference scale of 144 points over two inches; however, it was too rough to accurately measure a single point. The Didot point, established by François-Ambroise Didot in 1783, was an attempt to improve the Fournier system. He did not change the subdivisions (1 inch = 12 lines = 72 points
12511346
Base64


-specific) conventions. The MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) specification lists Base64 as one of two binary-to-text encoding schemes (the other being quoted-printable). MIME's Base64 encoding is based on that of the RFC 1421 version of PEM: it uses the same 64-character alphabet and encoding mechanism as PEM, and uses the codice_14 symbol for output padding in the same way, as described at RFC 2045. MIME does not specify a fixed length for Base64-encoded lines, but it does specify a maximum
2650302
Photographic filter


of their product lines, using the same holders and attachment systems. A close-up lens is a single or two-element converging lens used for close-up and macro photography, and works in the same way as spectacles used for reading. The insertion of a converging lens in front of the taking lens reduces the focal length of the combination. Close-up lenses are usually specified by their optical power, the reciprocal of the focal length in meters. Several close-up lenses may be used in combination;
20875807
Point (typography)


after the initial letter of "quarter millimeter". Due to demand by Japanese typesetters, CSS adopted "Q" in 2015. The basic unit of measurements in American typography was the pica, usually approximated as one sixth of an inch, but the exact size was not standardized, and various type foundries had been using their own. After the American war of Independence Benjamin Franklin was sent as commissioner (Ambassador) for the United States to France (December 1776 to 1785). Whilst there he had intimate contact with the
12511351
Quebec French


de la typographie" normally measures a quarter of an em) is used; this thin space can be omitted in word-processing situations where the thin space is assumed to be unavailable, or when careful typography is not required. A notable difference in grammar which received considerable attention in France during the 1990s is the feminine form of many professions, which traditionally did not have a feminine form. In Quebec, one writes nearly universally "une chercheuse" or "une chercheure" "a researcher", whereas in France,
12957003
Thread (yarn)


of the yarn, which is described by various units of textile measurement relating to a standardized length per weight. These units do not directly correspond to thread diameter. The most common weight system specifies the length of the thread in kilometres required to weigh 1 kilogram. Therefore, a greater weight "number" (indicated in the American standard by the abbreviation "wt") indicates a thinner, finer thread. The American standard of thread weight was adopted from the Gunze Count standard of Japan which uses two numbers separated by a
13451902
Automatic exposure control


a specified reference output (milliampere second, mAs). CT AEC systems use the initial "scanogram", a fixed angle planning view, to determine the relative size of the patient, and variation over their length. The tube output is then adjusted for overall size. The output is also typically modulated for each rotation in response to changes in attenuation over patient length. Some systems adjust output during each rotation, which is known as rotational modulation, based on measured attenuation in the previous rotation. Because patients vary in size
1789202
Low-dropout regulator


. Load regulation is a measure of the circuit’s ability to maintain the specified output voltage under varying load conditions. Load regulation is defined as: formula_15 The worst case of the output voltage variations occurs as the load current transitions from zero to its maximum rated value or vice versa. Line regulation is a measure of the circuit’s ability to maintain the specified output voltage with varying input voltage. Line regulation is defined as: formula_16 Like load regulation, line regulation is a steady state parameter—all frequency components are neglected.
13362299
Irish measure


' Act, to compensate those who funded the army that put down the 1641 rebellion with land confiscated from rebels, specified amounts in "English measure", but was quickly amended to "Plantation measure". The "mile line" of the 1652 Cromwellian settlement, prohibiting Catholics settling within a mile of the Connacht coast or River Shannon, was an English statute mile. A 1653 survey of lands of the Countess of Ormonde in County Kilkenny used statute acres, whereas the 1654–5 Civil Survey and 1655–6 Down Survey used plantation acres
21767133
Telegrapher's equations


values of the components are specified "per unit length" so the picture of the component can be misleading. An alternative notation is to use formula_6, formula_7, formula_8, and formula_9 to emphasize that the values are derivatives with respect to length. These quantities can also be known as the primary line constants to distinguish from the secondary line constants derived from them, these being the characteristic impedance, the propagation constant, attenuation constant and phase constant. All these constants are constant with respect to time, voltage and current. They
668976
Principal Triangulation of Great Britain


about 370 ft. along the length of the base, the measurement was carried out over 26 stages with varying slopes, the chains for any one stage being constrained to a perfectly straight line by many intermediate supports. These hypotenuse measurements were then projected to the horizontal. Furthermore, the temperature varied from day to day and each measurement was corrected to the length that a chain would take at 62 °F. Finally, the length of the base was reduced to its projection at sea level using the height of the south base
14018147
Pica (typography)


The pica is a typographic unit of measure corresponding to approximately of an inch, or from to of a foot. One pica is further divided into 12 points. To date, in printing three pica measures are used: Publishing applications such as Adobe InDesign and QuarkXPress represent pica measurements with whole-number picas left of a lower-case "p", followed by the points number, for example: 5p6 represents 5 picas and 6 points, or 5 picas. Cascading Style Sheets defined by the World Wide Web Consortium use
12511330
Paragraph


In ancient manuscripts, another means to divide sentences into paragraphs was a line break (newline) followed by an initial at the beginning of the next paragraph. An initial is an oversized capital letter, sometimes outdented beyond the margin of the text. This style can be seen, for example, in the original Old English manuscript of Beowulf. Outdenting is still used in English typography, though not commonly. Modern English typography usually indicates a new paragraph by indenting the first line. This style can be seen in the (handwritten
7716475
List of unusual units of measurement


Earth four and a half times". According to WGS-84, the circumference of a circle through the poles (twice the length of a meridian) is and the length of the equator is . Despite the fact that the difference (0.17%) between the two is insignificant at the low precision that these quantities are typically given to, it is nevertheless often specified as being at the equator. The definitions of both the nautical mile and the kilometre were originally derived from the Earth's circumference as measured through the poles. The
19263998
ISO 10012


ISO 10012:2003, Measurement management systems - Requirements for measurement processes and measuring equipment is the ISO standard that specifies generic requirements and provides guidance for the management of measurement processes and metrological confirmation of measuring equipment used to support and demonstrate compliance with metrological requirements. It specifies quality management requirements of a measurement management system that can be used by an organization performing measurements as part of the overall management system, and to ensure metrological requirements are met. ISO 10012:2003 is not intended to be used as a requisite for demonstrating conformance with ISO 9001,
17097232
Steinhaus longimeter


The Steinhaus longimeter, patented by the professor Hugo Steinhaus, is an instrument used to measure the lengths of curves on maps. It is a transparent sheet of three grids, turned against each other by 30 degrees, each consisting of perpendicular lines spaced at equal distances 3.82 mm. The measurement is done by counting crossings of the curve with grid lines. The number of crossings is the approximate length of the curve in millimetres. The design of the Steinhaus longimeter can be seen as an application of the Crofton formula, according to
13616785
Balance (ability)


ground, path length for a specified duration. With quantitative assessments, minimal CoP path length is suggestive of good balance. Laboratory-grade force plates are considered the "gold-standard" of measuring CoP. The NeuroCom Balance Manager (NeuroCom, Clackamas, OR, United States) is a commercially available dynamic posturography system that uses computerized software to track CoP during different tasks. These different assessments range from the sensory organization test looking at the different systems that contribute through sensory receptor input to the limits of stability test observing a participant
18064128
Specific ultraviolet absorbance


Specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA) is the absorbance of ultraviolet light in a water sample at a specified wavelength that is normalized for dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration. Specific UV absorbance (SUVA) wavelengths have analytical uses to measure the aromatic character of dissolved organic matter by detecting density of electron conjugation which is associated with aromatic bonds. To derive SUVA, first, UVC light (UV spectrum subtypes) at 254 nm or 280 nm, is measured in units of absorbance per meter of path length, often the sample must
13409658
Tape measure


being returned by a spring, were usually returned by hand crank. Tape measures are often designed for specific uses or trades. Tapes may have different scales, be made of different materials, and be of different lengths depending on the use it is intended for. Tape measures that were intended for use in tailoring or dressmaking were made from flexible cloth or plastic. They are named “sewing tape”. These types of tape measures were mainly used for the measuring of the subject’s waist line. Today, measuring tapes made
509307
Tape measure


was grateful to the SAA (now Standards Australia) for the early production of the Standard AS 1155-1974 "Metric Units for Use in the Construction Industry", which specified the use of millimetres as the small unit for the metrication upgrade. In the adoption of the millimetre as the "small" unit of length for metrication (instead of the centimetre) the Metric Conversion Board leaned heavily on experience in the UK and within the ISO, where this decision had already been taken. This was formally stated as follows:
509321
Hydrographic survey


a limited number of sounding measurements relative to the area being surveyed, inevitably leaving gaps in coverage between single soundings. Single-beam echosounders and fathometers began to enter service in the 1930s which used sonar to measure the depth beneath a vessel. This greatly increased the speed of acquiring sounding data over that possible with lead lines and sounding poles by allowing information on depths beneath a vessel to be gathered in a series of lines spaced at a specified distance. However, it shared the weakness of earlier methods by lacking depth information for
5574164
Opisometer


An opisometer, also called a curvimeter, meilograph, or map measurer, is an instrument for measuring the lengths of arbitrary curved lines. A simple opisometer consists of a toothed wheel of known circumference on a handle. The wheel is placed in contact with the curved line to be measured and run along its length. By counting the number of teeth passing a mark on the handle while this is done, the length of the line can be ascertained: In more sophisticated models, sometimes called a chartometer, the wheel is connected
180712
Typographic unit


metric units, or on odd multiples (such as ⁄) of a metric unit. There are no specifically metric units for this particular purpose, although there is a DIN standard sometimes used in German publishing, which measures type sizes in multiples of 0.25 mm, and proponents of the metrication of typography generally recommend the use of the millimetre for typographical measurements, rather than the development of new specifically typographical metric units. The Japanese already do this for their own characters (using the "kyu", which is "q"
9287979