who developed the cultural landscape approach to human geography
Cultural landscape


discipline. He defined two forms of landscape: the "Urlandschaft" (transl. original landscape) or landscape that existed before major human induced changes and the "Kulturlandschaft" (transl. 'cultural landscape') a landscape created by human culture. The major task of geography was to trace the changes in these two landscapes. It was Carl O. Sauer, a human geographer, who was probably the most influential in promoting and developing the idea of cultural landscapes. Sauer was determined to stress the agency of culture as a
8062949
Cultural geography


Sauer (called the father of cultural geography), at the University of California, Berkeley. As a result, cultural geography was long dominated by American writers. Geographers drawing on this tradition see cultures and societies as developing out of their local landscapes but also shaping those landscapes. This interaction between the natural landscape and humans creates the cultural landscape. This understanding is a foundation of cultural geography but has been augmented over the past forty years with more nuanced and complex concepts of culture, drawn from a wide range of disciplines including
13825250
Cultural geography


Sauer defined the landscape as the defining unit of geographic study. He saw that cultures and societies both developed out of their landscape, but also shaped them too. This interaction between the natural landscape and humans creates the cultural landscape. Sauer's work was highly qualitative and descriptive and was challenged in the 1930s by the regional geography of Richard Hartshorne. Hartshorne called for systematic analysis of the elements that varied from place to place, a project taken up by the quantitative revolution. Cultural geography was sidelined by the positivist tendencies of this
13825253
Natural landscape


defining geography as a "Landschaftskunde" (landscape science) would give geography a logical subject matter shared by no other discipline. He defined two forms of landscape: the "Urlandschaft" (original landscape) or landscape that existed before major human induced changes and the "Kulturlandschaft" (cultural landscape) a landscape created by human culture. Schlüter argued that the major task of geography was to trace the changes in these two landscapes. The term natural landscape is sometimes used as a synonym for wilderness, but for geographers natural landscape
12127994
Landscape


In 1908, Schlüter argued that by defining geography as a "Landschaftskunde" (landscape science) this would give geography a logical subject matter shared by no other discipline. He defined two forms of landscape: the "Urlandschaft" (transl. original landscape) or landscape that existed before major human induced changes and the "Kulturlandschaft" (transl. 'cultural landscape') a landscape created by human culture. The major task of geography was to trace the changes in these two landscapes." It was Carl O. Sauer,
21826140
Carl O. Sauer


of geography is conceived as the establishment of a critical system which embraces the phenomenology of landscape, in order to grasp in all of its meaning and colour the varied terrestrial scene" A collection of Sauer's letters while doing fieldwork in South America has been published. Sauer was a fierce critic of environmental determinism, which was the prevailing theory in geography when he began his career. He proposed instead an approach variously called "landscape morphology" or "cultural history." This approach involved the inductive gathering of facts about the human
455236
Cultural geography


effort to make geography into a hard science although writers such as David Lowenthal continued to write about the more subjective, qualitative aspects of landscape. In the 1970s, new kind of critique of positivism in geography directly challenged the deterministic and abstract ideas of quantitative geography. A revitalized cultural geography manifested itself in the engagement of geographers such as Yi-Fu Tuan and Edward Relph and Anne Buttimer with humanism, phenomenology, and hermeneutics. This break initiated a strong trend in human geography toward Post-positivism that developed under the label New
13825254
Cultural geography


Cultural geography is a subfield within human geography. Though the first traces of the study of different nations and cultures on Earth can be dated back to ancient geographers such as Ptolemy or Strabo, cultural geography as academic study firstly emerged as an alternative to the environmental determinist theories of the early Twentieth century, which had believed that people and societies are controlled by the environment in which they develop. Rather than studying pre-determined regions based upon environmental classifications, cultural geography became interested in cultural landscapes. This was led by Carl O.
13825249
Region


geographies; for more information, see history of geography). Human geography is a branch of geography that focuses on the study of patterns and processes that shape human interaction with various discrete environments. It encompasses human, political, cultural, social, and economic aspects among others that are often clearly delineated. While the major focus of human geography is not the physical landscape of the Earth (see physical geography), it is hardly possible to discuss human geography without referring to the physical landscape on which human activities are being played
10896094
Human geography


work of Yi-Fu Tuan, which pushed for a much more qualitative approach in methodology. The changes under critical geography have led to contemporary approaches in the discipline such as feminist geography, new cultural geography, "demonic" geographies, and the engagement with postmodern and post-structural theories and philosophies. The primary fields of study in human geography focus around the core fields of: Cultural geography is the study of cultural products and norms - their variation across spaces and places, as well as their relations. It focuses on
13003436
Human geography


describing and analyzing the ways language, religion, economy, government, and other cultural phenomena vary or remain constant from one place to another and on explaining how humans function spatially. Development geography is the study of the Earth's geography with reference to the standard of living and the quality of life of its human inhabitants, study of the location, distribution and spatial organization of economic activities, across the Earth. The subject matter investigated is strongly influenced by the researcher's methodological approach. Economic geography examines relationships between human economic systems
13003437
Cultural ecology


civilizational uniformity, and it is, on the other hand, a medium of constant cultural self-renewal, in which the neglected biophilic energies can find a symbolic space of expression and of (re-)integration into the larger ecology of cultural discourses. This approach has been applied and widened in volumes of essays by scholars from over the world (ed. Zapf 2008, 2016), as well as in a recent monograph (Zapf 2016). In geography, cultural ecology developed in response to the "landscape morphology" approach of
15929027
Possibilism (geography)


Possibilism in cultural geography is the theory that the environment sets certain constraints or limitations, but culture is otherwise determined by social conditions. In Cultural ecology Marshall Sahlins used this concept in order to develop alternative approaches to the environmental determinism dominant at that time in ecological studies. Theory by Strabo in 64 BC that humans can make things happen by their own intelligence over time. Strabo cautioned against the assumption that nature and actions of humans were determined by the physical environment they inhabited. He observed that humans were the active elements in a
5685267
J. B. Jackson


was at this time that he developed his interpretation that the shaping and devastation of the landscape came from the necessities for human existence. Jackson believed that human history brought about human geography. The landscape was the product of humankind's effort to "recreate heaven on earth". As the war ended, Jackson began to contemplate publishing a magazine of geography. In the spring of 1951, he published the first issue of "Landscape," with the subtitle "Human Geography of the Southwest;" this was later dropped. Jackson
15138007
Tourism geography


the places of tourist origin (or tourist generating areas), tourist destinations (or places of tourism supply) and the relationship (connections) between origin and destination places, which includes transportation routes, business relationships and traveler motivations. Recent developments in human geography have resulted in approaches such as those from cultural geography, which take more theoretically diverse approaches to tourism, including a sociology of tourism, which extends beyond tourism as an isolated, exceptional activity and considering how travel fits into the everyday lives and how tourism is not only
3085118
Animal geography


’s research he focused on the history of domestication, and how human uses of livestock shaped the landscape (via fencing, grazing, and shelters). Bennett called for a ‘cultural animal geography’ that focused on the interactions of animals and human cultures such as subsistence hunting and fishing. The shift from the first wave to the second wave of animal geography had to do with the species being studied. Second wave animal geography brought domesticated livestock into the view instead of just focusing on wildlife. For the next several decades animal
5890473
Geography


human society. It encompasses the human, political, cultural, social, and economic aspects. Various approaches to the study of human geography have also arisen through time and include: Integrated geography is concerned with the description of the spatial interactions between humans and the natural world. It requires an understanding of the traditional aspects of physical and human geography, as well as the ways that human societies conceptualize the environment. Integrated geography has emerged as a bridge between human and physical geography, as a result of the increasing specialization of the
236519
Denis Cosgrove


of landscape in human and cultural geography, especially in Western Europe since the 15th century, to a broader concern with the role of spatial images and representations in the making and communicating of knowledge. His work included how visual images have been used in history to shape geographical imaginations and in connection between geography as a formal discipline, imaginative expressions of geographical knowledge and experience in the visual arts (including cartography). This research made essential contributions to the development of geography of media and communication. This broad concern was pursued through a
4597441
Landscape


a human geographer, who was probably the most influential in promoting and developing the idea of cultural landscapes. Sauer was determined to stress the agency of culture as a force in shaping the visible features of the Earth’s surface in delimited areas. Within his definition, the physical environment retains a central significance, as the medium with and through which human cultures act. His classic definition of a 'cultural landscape' reads as follows: The cultural landscape is fashioned from a natural landscape by a cultural group. Culture is the agent
21826141
Animal geography


zoogeography exists today as the vibrant subfield of biogeography. The middle of the 20th century saw a turn away from zoogeography (while never fully relinquishing it) towards questions about and interest in the impact of humans on wildlife and in human relations with livestock. Two key geographers shaping this wave of animal geography were Carl Sauer and Charles Bennett. Sauer’s interest in the cultural landscape – or cultural ecology (how human cultures are shaped and are shaped by their environment) – necessarily involved addressing the topic of animal domestication. In Sauer
5890472
Agricultural geography


Agricultural geography is a subdiscipline of human geography concerned with the spatial relationships found between agriculture and humans. It is traditionally considered the branch of economic geography that investigates those parts of the Earth's surface that are transformed by humans through primary sector activities for consumption. It thus focuses on the different types of structures of agricultural landscapes and asks for the cultural,social, economic, political, and environmental processes that lead to these spatial patterns. While most research in this area concentrates rather on production than on consumption, a distinction can
4013102
Feminist geography


and neoliberal discourses that are manifested transnationally and translocally. Feminist geography also critiques human geography and other academic disciplines, arguing that academic structures have been traditionally characterized by a patriarchal perspective and that contemporary studies which do not confront the nature of previous work reinforce the masculine bias of academic study. British geographer Gillian Rose's "Feminism and Geography" is one such sustained criticism that claims that the approach to human geography in Britain is historically masculinist. This geographic masculinization includes traditions of writing landscapes as feminine spaces—and thus as subordinate to
12234092
Cultural geography


as Ptolemy or Strabo, cultural geography as academic study firstly emerged as an alternative to the environmental determinist theories of the early Twentieth century, which had believed that people and societies are controlled by the environment in which they develop. Rather than studying pre-determined regions based upon environmental classifications, cultural geography became interested in cultural landscapes. This was led by Carl O. Sauer (called the father of cultural geography), at the University of California, Berkeley. As a result, cultural geography was long dominated by American writers.
13825252
Carl O. Sauer


of plants and animals had an effect on the physical environment. After his retirement, Sauer's school of human-environment geography developed into cultural ecology, political ecology, and historical ecology. Historical ecology retains Sauer's interest in human modification of the landscape and pre-modern cultures. Sauer was awarded the Victoria Medal by the British Royal Geographical Society in 1975, the Alexander von Humboldt Medal by the Berlin Geographical Society and the Humboldt Committee of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1959 and the Vega Medal from the Swedish Society for
455238
Harriet Hawkins


intersection of geographical scholarship with arts and humanities scholarship and practice. Empirically, she explores the geographies of art works and art worlds. She was educated at the University of Nottingham, where she completed a BA in Geography with first class honours (winning the School of Geography Prize and the Edwards Prize), an MA in Landscape and Culture, and a PhD examining the geographies of art and rubbish, funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC), and supervised by Stephen Daniels. After leaving Nottingham, she held
21203436
Integrated geography


English: "physical anthropogeography")—a term coined by University of Vienna geographer Albrecht Penck in 1924—and geographical cultural or human ecology (Harlan H. Barrows 1923). Integrated geography in the United States is principally influenced by the schools of Carl O. Sauer (Berkeley), whose perspective was rather historical, and Gilbert F. White (Chicago), who developed a more applied view. Integrated geography (also, integrative geography, environmental geography or human–environment geography) is the branch of geography that describes and explains the spatial aspects of interactions between
21086038
Landscape archaeology


Landscape archaeology is the study of the ways in which people in the past constructed and used the environment around them. Landscape archaeology is inherently multidisciplinary in its approach to the study of culture, and is used by pre-historical, classic, and historic archaeologists. The key feature that distinguishes landscape archaeology from other archaeological approaches to sites is that there is an explicit emphasis on the sites' relationships between material culture, human alteration of land/cultural modifications to landscape, and the natural environment. The study of landscape archaeology (
9496898
Children's geographies


centered discourses of children within knowledge production. Children's geographies has developed in academic human geography since the beginning of the 1990s, although there were notable studies in the area before that date. The earliest work done on children's geographies largely can be traced to William Bunge's work on spatial oppression of children in Detroit and Toronto where children are deemed as the ones who suffer the most under an oppressing adult framework of social, cultural and political forces controlling the urban built environment. This development emerged from the realisation that previously human
5890198
Social geography


the early 1930s, sought to study the relationship between social groups and their living spaces. In the German-language geography, this focus on the connection between social groups and the landscape was further developed by Hans Bobek and Wolfgang Hartke after the Second World War. For Bobek, groups of "Lebensformen" (patterns of life)—influenced by social factors—that formed the landscape, were at the center of his social geographical analysis. In a similar approach, Hartke considered the landscape a source for indices or traces of certain social groups
9614180
Regional geography


Regional geography is a major branch of geography. It focuses on the interaction of different cultural and natural geofactors in a specific land or landscape, while its counterpart, systematic geography, concentrates on a specific geofactor at the global level. Attention is paid to unique characteristics of a particular region such as natural elements, human elements, and regionalization which covers the techniques of delineating space into regions. Rooted in the tradition of the German-speaking countries, the two pillars of regional geography are the idiographic study of "Länder" or
15642849
Archaeogeography


David L. Clarke in 1977, he pointed out three analysis levels: macro, micro y semimicro (Clarke 1977: 11-15) . Spatial Archaeology is also called landscape archaeology. This trend analyzes interaction between nature and culture. Human geography uses locational analysis to define models for the understanding of territorial organization. The archaeologists Higgs and Vita-Finzi began to apply Site Catchment Analysis (SCA) in 1970. They proposed a new approach to know how lived people settled in prehistoric societies. They analyzed economic resources with tools taken
7761163
Landscape history


Landscape history is the study of the way in which humanity has changed the physical appearance of the environment – both present and past. It is sometimes referred to as landscape archaeology. It was first recognised as a separate area of study during the 20th century and uses evidence and approaches from other disciplines including archaeology, architecture, ecology, aerial photography, local history and historical geography. In England, landscape history emerged as an academic discipline following the publication of "The Making of the English Landscape" by W. G. Hoskins in 1955
12646466
Religion and geography


concerned about religion per se, but are more sensitive to how religion as a cultural feature affects social, cultural, political and environmental systems. The point of focus is not the specifics of religious beliefs and practices, but how these religious beliefs and practices are internalised by adherents, and how these processes of internalization influence, and is influenced by, social systems. Traditional cultural geographical approaches to the study of religion mainly seek to determine religion’s impact on the landscape. A more contemporary approach to the study of the intersections of
12806001
Natural landscape


landscape gardening, to contrast a formal style with a more natural one, closer to nature. Alexander von Humboldt (1769 – 1859) was to further conceptualize this into the idea of a natural landscape "separate" from the cultural landscape. Then in 1908 geographer Otto Schlüter developed the terms original landscape ("Urlandschaft") and its opposite cultural landscape ("Kulturlandschaft") in an attempt to give the science of geography a subject matter that was different from the other sciences. An early use of the actual phrase "
12127990
Feminist geography


social change. Critical human geography is defined as “a diverse and rapidly changing set of ideas and practices within human geography linked by a shared commitment to emancipatory politics within and beyond the discipline, to the promotion of progressive social change and to the development of a broad range of critical theories and their application in geographical research and political practice.” Critical human geography emerged from the field of Anglophonic geography in the mid-1990s, and it presents a broad alliance of progressive approaches to the discipline. Critical human geographers focus on key publications
12234089
Social science


how space is created, viewed and managed by humans as well as the influence humans have on the space they occupy. This may involve cultural geography, transportation, health, military operations, and cities. The latter examines the natural environment and how the climate, vegetation and life, soil, oceans, water and landforms are produced and interact. Physical geography examines phenomena related to the measurement of earth. As a result of the two subfields using different approaches a third field has emerged, which is environmental geography. Environmental geography
6978371
Martin J. Pasqualetti


Martin J. "Mike" Pasqualetti is a professor of geography in the School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning at Arizona State University in Tempe, Arizona. He is also a member of the graduate faculty on Global Technology and Development at ASU Polytechnic, and a Senior Sustainability Scholar the Global Institute of Sustainability. He pioneered the study of "Energy Landscapes," which interprets the role of human energy demand in reshaping natural landscapes. Pasqualetti received his B.A. in Geography from the University of California, Berkeley; his M.A. in Geography and
21324875
J. B. Jackson


American landscape studies. "By World War II," the editors remark, "each French region had its own well-written guidebooks to local physical and social landscapes" (4). Geographer Carl Sauer, who had studied in Germany and had long tenure as the chair of the Geography department at Berkeley, in 1925 wrote the now classic definition of a cultural landscape: "The cultural landscape is fashioned from the natural landscape by a cultural group. Culture is the agent, the natural area is the medium, and
15138016
John Gillis (historian)


moved on to global history, with an emphasis on cultural geography and environmental history. In 2004 he published "Islands of the Mind," on the role played by islands in the economic, political, and social dimensions of Atlantic world and the way the myths, images, and narratives of islands function for mainland cultures. Gillis subsequently began studying the history and geography of coasts and coastal peoples. In his 2012 book "The Human Shore: Seacoasts in History," he begins with the first humans to approach the shore
9204075
Human geography


wide variety of issues and topics. A common theme is the study of the geographies of the past and how a place or region changes through time. Many historical geographers study geographical patterns through time, including how people have interacted with their environment, and created the cultural landscape. Political geography is concerned with the study of both the spatially uneven outcomes of political processes and the ways in which political processes are themselves affected by spatial structures. Population geography is the study of ways in which spatial variations in the distribution, composition,
13003439
Behavioral geography


Behavioral geography is an approach to human geography that examines human behavior using a disaggregate approach. Behavioral geographers focus on the cognitive processes underlying spatial reasoning, decision making, and behavior. In addition, behavioral geography is an ideology/approach in human geography that makes use of the methods and assumptions of behaviorism to determine the cognitive processes involved in an individual's perception of or response and reaction to their environment. Behavioral geography is that branch of human science, which deals with the study of cognitive processes with its response to its environment
11766389
Harold Innis and the fur trade


the developments of the fur trade, or of Canadian history, without some knowledge of the beaver's life and habits. Biographer John Watson notes that Innis was following an analytical approach he had learned during his post-graduate work at the University of Chicago. In such case studies, Innis had been taught it was necessary to understand the nature of a commodity or staple product and to adopt a comprehensive view of it by studying its geography. Since First Nations cultures and ways of life are intrinsically tied to landscape, it was
2251706
Index of geography articles


Gazetteer - Geoarchaeology - Geodesy - Geographic feature - Geographic information science - Geographic targeting - "Geographers on Film" - Geography and wealth - Geomorphology - Geopolitics - Geostatistics - Glossary of geography terms - Governmentality - Health geography - Hermit kingdom - Historical geography - History of geography - Household electricity approach - Human ecology - Human settlement - Hydrology Ice island - Incorporation of nature within a city - Indian subcontinent - Indices of deprivation 2004 - Indices of deprivation 2007 - Intermontane - Kappa effect - Land cover - Landform - Landlocked developing countries -
13632326
Karl Butzer


, applied geomorphology, and environmental archaeology, as well as graduate seminars in settlement archaeology and geography. At the ETH-Zurich (1981-82), he introduced a new program in human geography, which continued to be implemented after his departure. At the University of Texas (since 1984), he offered graduate courses in geoarchaeology and environmental history; cultural ecology; historical geography; and landscape, society, and meaning. In 2005 he received an Outstanding Graduate Teaching Award of the University of Texas. He has had
3298215
History of anthropology


forerunners of modern anthropology as well, insofar as they conducted or wrote detailed studies of the customs of peoples considered "different" from themselves in terms of geography. John of Plano Carpini reported of his stay among the Mongols. His report was unusual in its detailed depiction of a non-European culture. Marco Polo's systematic observations of nature, anthropology, and geography are another example of studying human variation across space. Polo's travels took him across such a diverse human landscape and his accounts of the peoples he met as
9261735
Owain Jones


England. He works mainly in cultural geography and has published a number of peer-reviewed research articles in international geography and related social science journals. He has two main areas of research and writing interests; geographies of nature-culture and children's geographies. Within the former he focuses upon animal geographies, place/landscape/dwelling, and tidal geographies (and temporal rhythms of landscape). Jones undertook a BA in 3D Design/Construction at Bristol Polytechnic, graduating in 1981, an MA /Postgraduate Diploma in Environmental Policy and
8219225
History of Colombia


geography, and the imposing landscape of the country has resulted in the development of very strong regional identities. From approximately 12,000 years BP onwards, hunter-gatherer societies existed near present-day Bogotá (at El Abra and Tequendama), and they traded with one another and with cultures living in the Magdalena River valley. Due to its location, the present territory of Colombia was a corridor of early human migration from Mesoamerica and the Caribbean to the Andes and the Amazon basin. The oldest archaeological finds are from the Pubenza archaeological
6027511
Ellen Churchill Semple


originated in the tropics but gained full maturity in the temperate regions of the world."where man has remained in the tropics, with few exceptions, he has suffered arrested development. His nursery has kept him a child." Semple conducted fieldwork for her research in Kentucky and the Mediterranean, an innovative practice that was uncommon in geography at the time. She took notes on human-environment relations, cultural features of the landscape, and made detailed observations of housing, structures, livelihoods, and daily life. Semple continued to
6187611
Settlement geography


). Thereby, settlements are mostly seen as elements of the cultural landscape that developed over time. Apart from Australia, Europe and India, the term is actually rarely used in English-speaking geography. One of the last English books on settlement geography was published by Cambridge University Press in the 1990s. However, it is a traditional and actual branch in many other countries (e.g., German "Siedlungsgeographie", French "Geographie de l'habitat", Italian "Geografia insediativa", Polish "Geografia osadnictwa"). Due
2256844
Language geography


Language geography is the branch of human geography that studies the geographic distribution of language(s) or its constituent elements. Linguistic geography can also refer to studies of how people talk about the landscape. For example, toponymy is the study of place names. Landscape ethnoecology, also known as ethnophysiography, is the study of landscape ontologies and how they are expressed in language. There are two principal fields of study within the geography of language: Various other terms and subdisciplines have been suggested, but none gained much currency. including Many studies
2931507
Cultural landscape


/schaffen" to mean, literally, "shaped lands". Lands were then considered shaped by natural forces, and the unique details of such "landshaffen" (shaped lands) became themselves the subject of 'landscape' paintings. The geographer Otto Schlüter is credited with having first formally used “cultural landscape” as an academic term in the early 20th century. In 1908, Schlüter argued that by defining geography as a "Landschaftskunde" (landscape science) this would give geography a logical subject matter shared by no other
8062948
Geographical Association


Ning networks and communities for geography teachers and educators. Resources for geography teachers The GA website is a platform and depository for teaching ideas and resources. These are frequently updated as new geographical events occur or innovations in geography teaching approaches are developed. A manifesto for geography education In 2009 the GA published a document 'A Different View' describing geography as 'one of humanity's big ideas' aimed at making a compelling case for geography's place in the curriculum, demonstrating the practical importance of 'real world' geography and the
1328490
Human geography


physical and human geography and from geology, geographers in the mid-20th century began to apply statistical and mathematical models in order to solve spatial problems. Much of the development during the quantitative revolution is now apparent in the use of geographic information systems; the use of statistics, spatial modeling, and positivist approaches are still important to many branches of human geography. Well-known geographers from this period are Fred K. Schaefer, Waldo Tobler, William Garrison, Peter Haggett, Richard J. Chorley, William Bunge, and Torsten Hägerstrand. From
13003433
James Wreford Watson


pioneer of social geography. He applied the ideas of the Chicago school of social ecology to explain urban geography; the basic theory being that the urban landscape can be explained in terms of its society's social structure. His work "helped develop social geography as a systematic specialization." For instance, he "used the language of the social ecologists to recognize urban transition zones, cultural shatter belts, and distinct zones associated with the different socioeconomic groups within Hamilton." Watson also applied the concepts of social geography on a continental
5350401
Owain Jones


Owain Jones FGS (born 1957, Newport, Wales) is a Professor of Environmental Humanities at Bath Spa University (UK). He was previously Reader in Cultural Geography: Place, Nature and Landscape (previously Senior Research Fellow) at the Countryside & Community Research Institute (which is a joint Institute of the Universities of the West of England and Gloucestershire and the Royal Agricultural College and Hartpury College) and member of staff of the Department of Geography and Environmental Management, Faculty of Environment and Technology, University of the West of
8219224
Animal geography


Animal geography is a subfield of the nature-society/human-environment branch of geography as well as a part of the larger, interdisciplinary umbrella of Human-Animal Studies (HAS). Animal geography is defined as the study of “the complex entanglings of human-animal relations with space, place, location, environment and landscape” or “the study of where, when, why and how nonhuman animals intersect with human societies.” Recent work advances these perspectives to argue about an ecology of relations in which humans
5890468
Regional geography


spatial individuals (specific places, countries, continents) and the typological study of "Landschaften" or spatial types (landscapes such as coastal regions, mountain regions, border regions, etc.). Regional geography is also a certain approach to geographical study, comparable to quantitative geography or critical geography. This approach prevailed during the second half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century, a period when then regional geography paradigm was central within the geographical sciences. It was later criticised for its descriptiveness and the
15642850
Settlement geography


Settlement geography is a branch of human geography that investigates the earth's surface's part settled by humans. According to the United Nations' Vancouver Declaration on Human Settlements (1976), "human settlements means the totality of the human community – whether city, town or village – with all the social, material, organizational, spiritual and cultural elements that sustain it." Traditionally, it belongs to cultural geography and is divided into the geography of urban settlements (cities and towns) and rural settlements (e.g. villages and hamlets
2256843
Spatial citizenship


education. Its main theoretical reference points are emancipatory forms of citizenship and the "reflexive appropriation of space". Spatial citizenship can be distinguished from traditional citizenship education approaches in many respects: Spatial citizenship has become a conceptual reference point in theories of action-oriented social geography and new cultural geography. These approaches contend that human beings constantly appropriate spaces, as they attach meanings to geographically located physical matter in order to prepare it for their own actions. In these theories, spaces are regarded as being socially constructed. To a large
10120814
EUROGEO-European Association of Geographers


statistics in schools (the I-Use Project) and more recently powerful disciplinary knowledge (the GeoCapabilities project). GeoCapabilities is a 3-year project with a key objective to create teacher training materials to develop teachers as curriculum leaders through a capabilities approach. The project embraces diversity in culture and language and in how geography is understood and expressed in national school standards. The project believes that a capabilities approach helps geography educators in all jurisdictions articulate the relevance and power of learning how to think geographically. The key output is "to develop
13878780
AP Human Geography


Advanced Placement Human Geography (also known as AP Human Geo, AP Geography, APHG, AP HuGe, AP HuG, or HGAP) is an Advanced Placement social studies course that studies human geography. The test is administered by College Board. This college-level course introduces students to the systematic study of patterns and processes that have shaped human understanding, use, and alteration of Earth's surface. Students employ spatial concepts and landscape analyses to analyze human social organization and its environmental consequences. They also learn about the methods and
16512885
Denis Cosgrove


series of focussed studies: of landscape transformation, design and images in 16th-century Venice and north Italy, of landscape writings by authors such as John Ruskin, of landscape, space and performance in 20th century Rome, of cosmography in early modern Europe (1450–1650), and of the history of Western imaginings of the globe and whole earth. He has also written extensively on theory in cultural geography and edited for six years the journal "Ecumene "(now titled "Cultural Geographies") which publishes cross-disciplinary work
4597442
Kenneth Olwig


to landscape, which he defined in this way: The paper produced a lively debate between Olwig and backers of more aesthetic flavors of cultural geography, such as Denis Cosgrove. Olwig's arguments have become a key part of the discourse on landscape within cultural geography, and are engaged with in many reviews of this field. Olwig's second book, "Landscape, Nature and the Body Politic", was published by University of Wisconsin Press in 2002; like its predecessor, it bore an introduction by Olwig's mentor Yi-
7946936
History of geography


and Puranas contain elaborate descriptions of rivers and mountains and treat the relationship between physical and human elements. According to religious scholar Diana Eck, a notable feature of geography in India is its interweaving with Hindu mythology, No matter where one goes in India, one will find a landscape in which mountains, rivers, forests, and villages are elaborately linked to the stories and gods of Indian culture. Every place in this vast country has its story; and conversely, every story of Hindu myth and legend has its place. The
15530949
Ellen Churchill Semple


features of the earth and bringing attention to human aspects of geography. Her innovative approach and theories influenced the development of human geography as a significant subfield and influenced the social sciences across disciplines, including history and anthropology. Semple taught at the University of Chicago from 1906 to 1920, but her first permanent academic position was offered to her in 1922 at Clark University. She was the first female faculty member, teaching graduate students in geography for the next decade, but her salary was always significantly less than her male colleagues. She
6187605
Economic geography


shaping of agricultural landscapes). The latter approach of agricultural geography is often applied within regional geography. These areas of study may overlap with other geographical sciences. Generally, spatially interested economists study the effects of space "on the economy". Geographers, on the other hand, are interested in the economic processes' impact "on spatial structures". Moreover, economists and economic geographers differ in their methods in approaching spatial-economic problems in several ways. An economic geographer will often take a more holistic approach to the analysis
10666447
Hans-Georg Bohle


was Professor and Chair for Geography of South Asia at the University of Heidelberg, and from 2004 until his retirement in 2013, Professor and Chair for Cultural Geography and Development Geography at the Geography Department, University of Bonn. In 2005 he was appointed a Munich Re Foundation Chair on Social Vulnerability, UNU-EHS. Bohle was internationally known for his important contributions to human vulnerability research. His basic work on the concept of social vulnerability in the context of poverty, hunger, water crises and health burdens in developing countries has become
14564739
Syed Rahim Moshiri


financial management of faculty of literature and humanities, Management of the Geography department, director of the Institute of Geography, Editorial Glossy geography studies the development of Tehran University. Director of the professional department of islamic azad university, The responsibility of the Geography department at the center of publishing, Membership in the committee on planning of geography at the headquarters of the Cultural revolution, actuary of the seventh congress of Iranian Geographic, Director of the masters department of geography at the Tabarestan University in chalus. The Doctor Moshiri have remained several books
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Reterritorialization


foreign. Most current work in human geography uses anthropological definitions of culture and often views the practice associated with popular culture as cultural expressions that may reveal or create aspects of place, space landscape, and identity. The continuous cycles of deterritorialization and reterritorialization through axiomatization makes up one of the basic rhythms of capitalist society. Karl Marx referred to this as the constant revolution of the means of production and uninterrupted disturbances of all social conditions that distinguish the bourgeois era from all the previous. The fundamental mechanism of capital accompanies the process of
8263716
Lily Kong


the university's research, and reforming the university's sexual harassment policy. Kong has also been a member of Singapore's Public Service Commission since January 2009. Kong has served as an editor or member of international editorial advisory boards for over 15 journals, including "Social and Cultural Geography" and "Dialogues in Human Geography". She is also a series editor of "Pacific Rim Geographies: Studies on Contemporary Culture, Environment, Cities and Development" (Routledge), Co-Chief Editor of the "ARI-Springer
20196548
Human ecology


W. Burgess (also from the sociology department at the University of Chicago). Their student, Roderick D. McKenzie helped solidify human ecology as a sub-discipline within the Chicago school. These authors emphasized the difference between human ecology and ecology in general by highlighting cultural evolution in human societies. Human ecology has a fragmented academic history with developments spread throughout a range of disciplines, including: home economics, geography, anthropology, sociology, zoology, and psychology. Some authors have argued that geography is human ecology. Much historical debate
20952172
UMBC College of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences


the Center for Aging Studies for diabetes research, and a $1.8 million grant from the National Science Foundation for the university's geography and environmental science faculty to develop an online infrastructure for scientists who study land change. The National Endowment for the Humanities has supported “For All the World to See: Visual Culture and the Struggle for Civil Rights,” a signature exhibit of the Center for Art, Design and Visual Culture. The full exhibit was featured at the Smithsonian Institution and four other museums, and a version of it
5080546
Behavioral geography


decision making, and behavior. More behaviorally oriented geographers are materialists and look at the role of basic learning processes and how they influence the landscape patterns or even group identity. The cognitive processes include environmental perception and cognition, wayfinding, the construction of cognitive maps, place attachment, the development of attitudes about space and place, decisions and behavior based on imperfect knowledge of one's environs, and numerous other topics. The approach adopted in behavioral geography is closely related to that of psychology, but draws on research findings from a
11766391
Tourism geography


places, it involves movement and activities between places and it is an activity in which both place characteristics and personal self-identities are formed, through the relationships that are created among places, landscapes and people. Physical geography provides the essential background, against which tourism places are created and environmental impacts and concerns are major issues, that must be considered in managing the development of tourism places. The approaches to study will differ according to the varying concerns. Much tourism management literature remains quantitative in methodology and considers tourism as consisting of
3085117
Human geography


Human geography or anthropogeography is the branch of geography that deals with the study of people and their communities, cultures, economies, and interactions with the environment by studying their relations with and across space and place. Human geography attends to human patterns of social interaction, as well as spatial level interdependencies, and how they influence or affect the earth's environment. As an intellectual discipline, geography is divided into the sub-fields of physical geography and human geography, the latter concentrating upon the study of human activities, by the
13003427
Historical ecology


methods drawn from geography, biology, ecology, history, sociology, anthropology, and other disciplines. Common methods include historical research, climatological reconstructions, plant and animal surveys, archaeological excavations, ethnographic interviews, and landscape reconstructions. The discipline has several sites of origins by researchers who shared a common interest in the problem of ecology and history, but with a diversity of approaches. Edward Smith Deevey, Jr. used the term in the 1960s to describe a methodology that had been in long development. Deevey wished to bring together the
7822901
Cognitive geography


Cognitive geography is an interdisciplinary study of cognitive science and geography. It aims to understand how humans view space, place, and environment. It involves the formalization of factors that influence our spatial cognition to create a more effective representation of space. These improved models assist in a variety of issues, for example, the developing maps that communicate better, providing navigation instructions that are easier to follow, utilizing space more practically, accounting for the cultural differences on spatial thinking for more effective cross-cultural information exchange, and an overall
14122975
Roger Brunet


1970s, Brunet emerged as a leader in a movement to give academic geography a bigger role in practical issues, such as urban planning policies and secondary-school geography curricula, and founded the journal "L'Espace géographique" in 1972. He was particularly associated with the development of the chorem, a cartographic approach to representing complex geographic information (including human geography) using a simplified set of spatial primitives. Chorems gained significant adoption in geography education, but also drew critics for allegedly oversimplifying and focusing too strongly on spatial representation. This
6173477
Geography


water, and landforms produce and interact. The difference between these approaches led to a third field, environmental geography, which combines physical and human geography and concerns the interactions between the environment and humans. Physical geography (or physiography) focuses on geography as an Earth science. It aims to understand the physical problems and the issues of lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, pedosphere, and global flora and fauna patterns (biosphere). Human geography is a branch of geography that focuses on the study of patterns and processes that shape the
236518
Daniel W. Gade


Daniel Wynne Gade (September 28, 1936 – June 15, 2015) was a professor of Geography at the University of Vermont and a prominent member of the Berkeley School of Latin Americanist Geography. His main interests were in the fields of cultural geography and historical geography, as well as ethnobotany, cultural ecology, and mountain research. His regional focus was on the Central Andes of Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia; moreover, Gade also investigated cultural landscapes of francophone Canada, Spain and Portugal, highland Madagascar, southern France and
4907110
Blane De St. Croix


Blane De St. Croix (born in Boston, MA) is a Brooklyn-based artist best known for his monumental sculptures and installations. His sculpture investigates the human relationship to the contemporary landscape and the ecological and geopolitical conflicts embedded in that relationship. His practice is founded on extensive field research and incorporates discourses on art, cultural geography, ecology and the repurposing of the landscape genre, traditionally associated with painting, into sculptural statements. De St. Croix has been awarded numerous awards and fellowships including a Joan Mitchell Foundation Grant for Painters
4634409
International Scientific Committee on Cultural Landscapes


until 1971 that the ISCCL was first established with an initial focus on gardens. The broadening of focus to cultural landscapes in 1999 reflected a changing understanding of the role of landscapes in culture and heritage, and as the link between humans and nature.. The Committee is well known for its work to produce the ICOMOS Florence Charter on Historic Gardens (1982), which at the time was innovative for the recognition of dynamic plant assemblages in historic gardens as a form of 'monument'. World Rural Landscapes To develop an international working
7826602
Cultural landscape


surrounding serra, created a unique combination of parks and gardens which influenced the development of landscape architecture throughout Europe". "The Ligurian coast between Cinque Terre and Portovenere is a cultural landscape of great scenic and cultural value. The layout and disposition of the small towns and the shaping of the surrounding landscape, overcoming the disadvantages of a steep, uneven terrain, encapsulate the continuous history of human settlement in this region over the past millennium." Hortobágy National Park is the largest continuous natural grassland in Europe, which means that it
8062959
History of British Columbia


potential for underwater sites beginning to be detected. The geography of the land influenced the cultural development of the peoples - and in places, allowed for the cultural development of permanent villages, complex social institutions and a huge range of languages. BC is divided by anthropological theory into three cultural areas - the Northwest Coast, The Plateau and the North. First Nations in each area developed customs and approaches to living that fit the resources in the region. Through much of British Columbia salmon are available and formed a substantial part of the
21195268
W. F. H. Nicolaisen


folklore studies. This approach suggests folk culture as a whole with registers, isoglosses, and dialects. His goal, he stated in essays such as "Variant, Dialect, and Region" for the journal "New York Folklore" with which he was associated for many years, was of achieving a geography of tradition that could lead to a geography of the human mind. Bronner, Simon J., ed. 1992. "Creativity and Tradition in Folklore: New Directions." Logan: Utah State University Press. "Honorary
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Cultural Studies Association


scholarly and activist work that addresses the wide range of government and industry policies that shape cultural industries in global, national, and local contexts. Particular attention is paid to questions of social inequality and cultural justice. Joseph L. Terry (chair) Environment, Space and Place The CSA Division on Environment, Space and Place spans the union of cultural studies and geography. Approaching culture as spatial allows for powerful analyses of dominance and resistance, style, consumption, identity, ideology, as well as human-environment relations. Space and
15484007
Human ecology


human dimensions which underlie our concepts of ecology. While Steiner discusses specific ecological settings, such as cityscapes and waterscapes, and the relationships between socio-cultural and environmental regions, he also takes a diverse approach to ecology—considering even the unique synthesis between ecology and political geography. Deiter Steiner's 2003 "Human Ecology: Fragments of Anti-fragmentary" view of the world is an important expose of recent trends in human ecology. Part literature review, the book is divided into four sections: "human ecology", "
20952200
Landscape ecology


landscape structural heterogeneity in developing resistance to disturbances, recovery from disturbances, and promoting total system stability. This principle is a major contribution to general ecological theories which highlight the importance of relationships among the various components of the landscape. Integrity of landscape components helps maintain resistance to external threats, including development and land transformation by human activity. Analysis of land use change has included a strongly geographical approach which has led to the acceptance of the idea of multifunctional properties of landscapes. There are still calls for a more unified theory of landscape
14802240
Index of geography articles


Landscape connectivity - Landscape ecology - Linear Reference System - Map - Military geography - Minimum bounding rectangle - Muslim world - Nunatak hypothesis - Palaeogeography - Pedology - Philosophy of geography - Place - Place identity - Political ecology - Political geography - Population density - Population geography - Poquoson (geographic term) - Provisional Administrative Line - Rank-size distribution - Region - Regional geography - Rock-cut basin - Sense of place - Small Island Developing States - Snow line - Social geography - South American capital cities - Spatial analysis - Strategic geography
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Development geography


cooperation. 'Non-traditional' foreign aid from Southern, Middle Eastern and post-Socialist states (those outside the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) of the OECD) provide alternative development discourses and approaches to that of the mainstream Western model. Development geographers seek to examine the geopolitical drivers behind the aid donor programmes of "LEDCs", as well as the discursive symbolic repertoires of non-DAC donor states. Two illustrative examples of the complex aid landscape are that of China, which has been active as an aid donor
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Cultural landscape


activity. It is a geographical area – including natural and cultural resources – associated to historical evolution, which gives way to a recognizable landscape for a particular human group, up to the point of being identifiable as such by others." Some Universities now offer specialist degrees in the study of cultural landscapes, including, for instance, the Universities of Naples, St.-Étienne, and Stuttgart who offer a Master of Cultural Landscapes diploma. The World Heritage Committee has identified and listed a number of areas or properties as cultural landscapes of universal
8062955
Herman van den Boom


images with nature, cityscapes and human figures as a main subject. The resulting product evokes the poetry of the real world, in search of striking vantage points and light effects. "Herman van den Boom's ability to notice details that he then plays against the broader backgrounds of society and culture turn his work into esthetical, intriguing studies in human landscape that should be approached as metaphors questioning the way we are and live as human beings.". In 2010 he won the Sony World Wide Photography Award for Landscape photography and
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Health geography


. This alternative methodological approach means that medical geography is broadened to incorporate philosophies such as Marxian political economy, structuralism, social interactionism, humanism, feminism and queer theory. The relationship between space and health dates back to Hippocrates, who stated that "airs, waters, places" all played significant roles impacting human health and history. A classic piece of research in health geography was done in 1854 as a cholera outbreak gripped a neighborhood in London. Death tolls rang around the clock and the people feared that they were being infected
7835288
Human ecology


the works of Charles Darwin. Herbert Spencer coined the phrase "survival of the fittest", he was an early founder of sociology where he developed the idea of society as an organism, and he created an early precedent for the socio-ecological approach that was the subsequent aim and link between sociology and human ecology. The history of human ecology has strong roots in geography and sociology departments of the late 19th century. In this context a major historical development or landmark that stimulated research into the ecological relations between humans and their
20952168
Sarah Whatmore (geographer)


lectured at Leeds University, Bristol University (1989-2001) and the Open University (2001-2004). She lives in Upton, Oxfordshire. Whatmore began studying rural geography, gender and alternative food networks, moving into critical geographer of environmental issues at the end of the 1990s. She has questioned Marxist materialist approaches in favour of actor-network theory and feminist science studies. Her approach, laid out in her 2002 book "Hybrid Geographies", attempts to develop what she terms "more than human" modes of
2534877
Time geography


time-use research, ecology, environmental science, and public health. According to Swedish geographer Bo Lenntorp: "It is a basic approach, and every researcher can connect it to theoretical considerations in her or his own way." The Swedish geographer Torsten Hägerstrand created time geography in the mid-1960s based on ideas he had developed during his earlier empirical research on human migration patterns in Sweden. He sought "some way of finding out the workings of large socio-environmental mechanisms" using "a physical approach involving the study of
6216244
Economic geography


economic geography is a very broad discipline, with economic geographers using many different methodologies in the study of economic phenomena in the world some distinct approaches to study have evolved over time: Economic geography is sometimes approached as a branch of anthropogeography that focuses on regional systems of human economic activity. An alternative description of different approaches to the study of human economic activity can be organized around spatiotemporal analysis, analysis of production/consumption of economic items, and analysis of economic flow. Spatiotemporal systems of analysis include economic activities of region, mixed
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Cultural relativism


conditions developed as a result of their unique geographies, histories, and environmental influences. Therefore, moral or ethical judgments, made during the present, regarding a current culture's belief system or societal practices must account for these unique differences to be intellectually useful. The transformation of cultural relativism as a heuristic tool into the doctrine of moral relativism occurred in the context of the work of the Commission of Human Rights of the United Nations in preparing the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Melville Herskovits prepared a draft "Statement on Human Rights
10280370
Rail transport operations


Rail transport systems are built into the landscape, including both the physical geography (hills, valleys, etc.) and the human geography (location of settlements). The rail transport system may in turn feedback into the human geography. The permanent way of a system must pass through the geography and geology of its region. This may be flat or mountainous, may include obstacles such as water and mountains. These determine, in part, the intrinsic nature of the system. The slope at which trains run must also be
15794675
Children's geographies


children's geographies, also has its roots in feminist theory. Notably, such approaches informed seminal texts that were important to the early development of children's geographies, particularly in Sarah Holloway's work on parenting and local childcare cultures. More recently, there has been a reinvigoration of interest in parenting, some of which has driven theorisations of the emotions that characterise the intimacy of parent/carer-child relationships - especially where these are cut across by policies designed to intervene into the spaces of parenting. This work has therefore been
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