who discovered the cell for the first time
August Weismann


discoveries of all times, and one of the 10 most important discoveries in cell biology. Meiosis was discovered and described for the first time in sea urchin eggs in 1876, by Oscar Hertwig. It was described again in 1883, at the level of chromosomes, by Van Beneden in "Ascaris" eggs. The "significance of meiosis for reproduction and inheritance", however, was first described in 1890 by Weismann, who noted that two cell divisions were necessary to transform one diploid cell into four haploid cells if the number
3070678
List of Dutch discoveries


cells under a microscope and in 1695, microscopist Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, also Dutch, was the first to draw an illustration of "red corpuscles", as they were called. No further blood cells were discovered until 1842 when the platelets were discovered. The first person to observe and describe red blood cells was Dutch biologist Jan Swammerdam, who had used an early microscope to study the blood of a frog. A resident of Delft, Anton van Leeuwenhoek, used a high-power single-lens simple microscope to discover the
452726
Sertoli cell


suggested that Sertoli cells may derive from the fetal mesonephros. Sertoli cells are called so because of their eponym Enrico Sertoli, an Italian physiologist who discovered them while studying medicine in the University of Pavia, Italy. He published a description of this cell in 1865. The cell was discovered by Sertoli with a Belthle microscope purchased in 1862, which he used while studying medicine. In the 1865 publication, his first description used the terms "tree-like cell" or "stringy cell" and most importantly he referred to these
20670580
Development of analogs of thalidomide


survival effects of IGF-1, increasing sensitivity to FAS mediated cell death and enhancement of TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand. They have also been shown to cause dose dependent G0/G1 cell cycle arrest in leukemia cell lines where the analogs showed 100 times more potency than thalidomide. The role of angiogenesis in the support of myleoma was first discovered by Vacca in 1994. They discovered increased bone marrow angiogenesis correlates with myeloma growth and supporting stromal cells are a significant source for angiogenic molecules in myeloma. This is believed to be a main
2183416
Mitosis


. In animal cells, cell division with mitosis was discovered in frog, rabbit, and cat cornea cells in 1873 and described for the first time by the Polish histologist Wacław Mayzel in 1875. Bütschli, Schneider and Fol might have also claimed the discovery of the process presently known as "mitosis". In 1873, the German zoologist Otto Bütschli published data from observations on nematodes. A few years later, he discovered and described mitosis based on those observations. The term "mitosis", coined by Walther Flemming in 1882
104204
Picornavirus


of viral replication in culture was also with poliovirus in 1949. This was the first time that infection virus had been produced from molecular building blocks in the cells. Polyprotein synthesis, internal ribosome entry sites, and uncapped mRNA were all discovered by studying poliovirus infected cells, and a poliovirus clone was the first infectious DNA clone made of an RNA virus in animals. Along with rhinovirus, poliovirus was the first animal virus to have its structure determined by x-ray crystallography. RNA dependent RNA polymerase was discovered in "Mengovirus"
9656748
Guido Kroemer


with INSERM and a Professor of the Faculty of Medicine of Paris Descartes University. Kroemer first discovered the fact that mitochondrial membrane permeabilization is a concrete step in the process of programmed cell death. In a publication analysis by the news magazine "Lab Times", Kroemer was the most highly cited cell biologist for the period between 2007 and 2013. Three other scientists who had worked at Kroemer's lab were also highly ranked in the analysis. In 2007, Kroemer was elected a member of the Academy of Sciences Leopoldina, the national
4922508
Cell division


and shortened lifespans in humans. Cancer cells, on the other hand, are not thought to degrade in this way, if at all. An enzyme complex called telomerase, present in large quantities in cancerous cells, rebuilds the telomeres through synthesis of telomeric DNA repeats, allowing division to continue indefinitely. A cell division under microscope was first discovered by German botanist Hugo von Mohl in 1835 as he worked over the green alga "Cladophora glomerata". In 1943, cell division was filmed for the first time by Kurt Michel using
16324810
Merrill Chase


Merrill W. Chase (September 17, 1905 – January 5, 2004) was an immunologist working at the Rockefeller University in New York City who is credited with discovering cell-mediated immunology in the early 1940s. While working with Dr. Karl Landsteiner, Dr. Chase discovered that white blood cells, and not antibodies alone, were important instruments of the immune system. His findings laid the groundwork for later research that discovered the role of B cells, T cells and other types of white blood cells. Recognizing that other scientists were discovering
18740857
United States hydrogen policy


The principle of a fuel cell was discovered by Christian Friedrich Schönbein in 1838, and the first fuel cell was constructed by Sir William Robert Grove in 1839. The fuel cells made at this time were most similar to today's phosphoric acid fuel cells. Most hydrogen fuel cells today are of the proton exchange membrane (PEM) type. A PEM converts the chemical energy released during the electrochemical reaction of hydrogen and oxygen into electrical energy. The Energy Policy Act of 1992 was the first national legislation that called for large-scale
8425970
Infectious causes of cancer


lymphotropic virus (HTLV-1) was the first human retrovirus discovered by Robert Gallo and colleagues at NIH. The virus causes Adult T-cell leukemia, a disease first described by Takatsuki and colleagues in Japan and other neurological diseases. Merkel cell polyomavirus is the most recently discovered human cancer virus, isolated from Merkel cell carcinoma tissues in 2008, by the same group that discovered KSHV/HHV-8 in 1994, using a new technology called digital transcriptome subtraction. About 80% of Merkel cell carcinomas are caused by Merkel cell polyomavirus; the
7460444
Louis Pasteur


succinic acid inverted sucrose. In 1860, Marcellin Berthelot isolated invertase and showed that succinic acid did not invert sucrose. Pasteur believed that fermentation was only due to living cells. Hans Buchner discovered that zymase catalyzed fermentation, showing that fermentation was catalyzed by enzymes within cells. Eduard Buchner also discovered that fermentation could take place outside living cells. Pasteur publicly claimed his success in developing the anthrax vaccine in 1881. However, his admirer-turned-rival Toussaint was the one who developed the first vaccine. Toussaint isolated the bacteria that
17864436
Cell (biology)


or multicellular (including plants and animals). The number of cells in plants and animals varies from species to species, it has been estimated that humans contain somewhere around 40 trillion (4×10) cells. Most plant and animal cells are visible only under a microscope, with dimensions between 1 and 100 micrometres. Cells were discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665, who named them for their resemblance to cells inhabited by Christian monks in a monastery. Cell theory, first developed in 1839 by Matthias Jakob Schleiden and Theodor Schwann, states
3755995
Albert Claude


of grinding up cells to break the membrane and release the cell's contents. He then filtered out the cell membranes and placed the remaining cell contents in a centrifuge to separate them according to mass. He divided the centrifuged contents into fractions, each of a specific mass, and discovered that particular fractions were responsible for particular cell functions. In 1938 he identified and purified for the first time component of Rous sarcoma virus, the causal agent of carcinoma, as "ribose nucleoprotein" (eventually named RNA). He was the
11124500
Adipokine


The adipokines, or adipocytokines (Greek "adipo-", fat; "cytos-", cell; and "-kinos", movement) are cytokines (cell signaling proteins) secreted by adipose tissue. The first adipokine to be discovered was leptin in 1994. Since that time, hundreds of adipokines have been discovered. Members include: In addition, interleukin 8 (IL-8), interleukin 10 (IL-10), interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and inducible protein 10 (IP-10 or CXCL10) have been shown to be associated
2975790
Magdalena Zernicka-Goetz


1997, she studied the mechanisms regulating early mammalian development. To do this, she was first to establish RNA interference in mammalian cells to determine cell fate in the mouse embryos. At that time, she also began to trace the origins and destinies of cells in the preimplantation mouse embryo that let her to discover that cell fate specification begins earlier than expected, an unexpected discovery but subsequently validated by her group and others. She found that this development of cell identity begins with heterogeneity in epigenetic regulation at the 4-cell stage that directs
125138
Carla F. Kim


Tyler Jacks Laboratory at MIT (2006) with the support of the Jane Coffin Childs Research Fellowship. During her time in the Jacks Lab, Kim discovered the first stem cell population in the adult mouse lung, bronchioalveolar stem cells (BASCs). Working with genetically engineered mouse models that accurately represent human lung cancer, Kim’s group was the first to identify cancer stem cell populations in the two most frequent types of lung cancer in patients. Her lab’s knowledge in lung stem cells has revealed a new combination therapy approach for
7207004
Memory T cell


T cells can reproduce to mount a faster and stronger immune response than the first time the immune system responded to the pathogen that entered the body. This behaviour is utilized in T lymphocyte proliferation assays, which can reveal exposure to specific antigens. Historically, memory T cells were thought to belong to either the effector or central memory subtypes, each with their own distinguishing set of cell surface markers (see below). Subsequently, numerous additional populations of memory T cells were discovered including tissue-resident memory T (Trm) cells
22182323
Lysosome


energy metabolism. Lysosomes act as the waste disposal system of the cell by digesting obsolete or un-used materials in the cytoplasm, from both inside and outside the cell. Material from outside the cell is taken-up through endocytosis, while material from the inside of the cell is digested through autophagy. The sizes of the organelles vary greatly—the larger ones can be more than 10 times the size of the smaller ones. They were discovered and named by Belgian biologist Christian de Duve, who eventually received the Nobel Prize
18304729
Provisional IRA's Glasgow cell


when he stayed there on the night of 15-16 June 1985; it was timed to explode on 29 July. On McDonnell, the police also found a letter which led them to Donnel Craig in Willesden Green, London. Craig was the cell's London-based member, who confessed to police. He led police to another flat in Glasgow, where they discovered the cell's explosives, detonators and long-delay timers. In June 1986, all five other members of the cell were convicted of conspiring to cause
20061909
Ira Mellman


Ira Mellman is an American cell biologist who discovered endosomes. He serves as Vice President of Research Oncology at Genentech in South San Francisco, California. Mellman's work has examined the role of endocytosis in cell metabolism and human disease. He was among the first to characterize the endosomal system. Later projects include investigation of LDL cholesterol receptor internalization, cellular sorting machinery, and the cellular basis for immunity. He is an authority on the cell biological mechanisms and function of dendritic cells, the cell type responsible for initiating the immune response
20217037
V. Narry Kim


a model of the microRNA biogenesis pathway for the first time. Based on this model, her research group discovered that most microRNA genes are transcribed by RNA polymerase II and that pri-miRNA processing is carried out by Drosha-DGCR8 complexes in the nucleus. Her research group further identified uridylation-meditated pre-miRNA degradation pathway by LIN28 and TUT4, contributing to a better understanding of how microRNA-mediated gene expression regulation is involved in embryonic stem cell maintenance and cancer cell development. She also discovered the molecular basis for pri
10490855
Astronomical Observatory (University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign)


time in America that electricity was used to measure astronomical brightness. Later Stebbins went further, discovering that by cooling the cell to zero degrees Fahrenheit he would double the cell sensitivity and diminish irregularities in the circuit tenfold, still further, by reducing the size of the cell the irregularities were reduced more. The pair went on to detect stellar intensity and activity that were previously unrecorded. In 1909 their observations of Algol detected for the first time the second minimum as well as limb brightening. The coming of Comet Halley in 1910 allowed
4912869
Hürthle cell adenoma


ablation (radioactive iodine ablation). This treatment option is used to destroy infected thyroid cells after total thyroidectomy. This treatment does not change prognosis of disease, but will diminish the recurrence rate. Also, Hürthle cells do not respond well to RAI. However, often doctors suggest this treatment to patients with Hürthle cell adenoma and Hürthle cell carcinoma because some Hürthle cells will respond and it will kill remaining tissue. The first Hürthle cell adenoma was discovered by Dr James Ewing in 1928. Hürthle cells were discovered in the 1890s and
3678419
Reprogramming


such as retroviruses. The first person to successfully demonstrate reprogramming was John Gurdon, who in 1962 demonstrated that differentiated somatic cells could be reprogrammed back into an embryonic state when he managed to obtain swimming tadpoles following the transfer of differentiated intestinal epithelial cells into enucleated frog eggs. For this achievement he received the 2012 Nobel Prize in Medicine alongside Shinya Yamanaka. Yamanaka was the first to demonstrate (in 2006) that this somatic cell nuclear transfer or oocyte-based reprogramming process (see below), that Gurdon discovered, could be recapitulated
13536851
Fiona Watt


Fiona Watt, (born 28 March 1956) is a British scientist who is internationally known for detailing the mechanisms that control epidermal stem cell renewal, differentiation, and tissue aggregation. She is also known for discovering how each of those processes' regulations are removed in diseased cells. She is director of the Centre for Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine at Kings College London, and executive chair of the MRC. She became the first woman president of the International Society of Stem Cell Research (ISSCR) in 2008, and has advocated
10318965
Thioredoxin


of six well-defined types (Trxs f, m, x, y, h, and o) that reside in different cell compartments and function in an array of processes. In 2010 it was discovered for the first time that thioredoxin proteins are able to move from cell to cell, representing a novel form of cellular communication in plants. The primary function of Thioredoxin (Trx) is the reduction of oxidized cysteine residues and the cleavage of disulfide bonds. For Trx1, this process begins by attack of Cys32, one
15337167
Cell theory


time, he wrote many more papers in which described many specific forms of microorganisms. Leeuwenhoek named these “animalcules,” which included protozoa and other unicellular organisms, like bacteria. Though he did not have much formal education, he was able to identify the first accurate description of red blood cells and discovered bacteria after gaining interest in the sense of taste that resulted in Leeuwenhoek to observe the tongue of an ox, then leading him to study "pepper water" in 1676. He also found for the first time the sperm
14112676
Institute of Cancer Research


the first human cancer transforming genes (oncogenes). Professor Alan Hall went on in 1992 to discover that the molecular mechanism for the motility behaviour of animal cells (cell to cell attachment and cell movement) is through control of cytoskeletal assembly by specific GTPase-proteins, known as Rho and Rac. The discovery is of fundamental significance in cancer research since cell motility is a key feature of cancer cell behaviour during metastasis (the spread of tumours around the human body). In 1994 an ICR team led by Michael Stratton discovered
14216996
Sudoku solving algorithms


valid. Briefly, a program would solve a puzzle by placing the digit "1" in the first cell and checking if it is allowed to be there. If there are no violations (checking row, column, and box constraints) then the algorithm advances to the next cell and places a "1" in that cell. When checking for violations, if it is discovered that the "1" is not allowed, the value is advanced to "2". If a cell is discovered where none of the
10978983
Gesellschaft der Ärzte in Wien


the influence of Ernst Freud, advanced further, becoming an innovative research institute which developed techniques pertaining to blood coagulation, cell membranes, gastric autodigestion, the effect of insulin and other biologic processes. During this time, significant progress was also made in the areas of microbiology and surgery. Carl Koller discovered the anesthetic effect of cocaine and Ludwig Türck, who later became the first tenured professor of laryngology, invented a laryngoscope and marked the birth of endoscopy. This first endoscope was continuously refined, and in 1879, the Nietze-
20402595
Karim Nayernia


, he got the professorship (Habilitation) in Molecular Human Genetics from Medical Faculty of Georg-August University in Göttingen and in 2006 Professorship for Stem Cell Biology from the Newcastle University Institute of Human Genetics. In 2009, he created human sperm-like cells from male stem cells in the laboratory for the first time. Previously, in 2006, he used sperm created from embryonic stem cells to impregnate mice. The mice produced seven pups, although one died and the other six had health problems. In 2010, he discovered
13461059
Cyclacel


Cyclacel Pharmaceuticals, Inc. is a biopharmaceutical company developing oral therapies that target the various phases of cell cycle control for the treatment of cancer and other serious diseases. Sir David Lane, a recognized leader in the field of tumor suppressor biology, who discovered the p53 protein, founded the company in 1996. In 1999, Cyclacel Pharmaceuticals was joined by David Glover, a recognized leader in the mechanism of mitosis or cell division, who discovered, among other cell cycle targets, the mitotic kinases, Polo and Aurora, enzymes that act
6848361
Blood cell


an overview of a patient's general health status. In 1658 Dutch naturalist Jan Swammerdam was the first person to observe red blood cells under a microscope, and in 1695, microscopist Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, also Dutch, was the first to draw an illustration of "red corpuscles", as they were called. No further blood cells were discovered until 1842 when French physician Alfred Donné discovered platelets. The following year leukocytes were first observed by Gabriel Andral, a French professor of medicine, and William Addison, a British physician,
18614543
Behavioral endocrinology


children who have central precocious puberty tend to have behavioral issues because of the increase in sex hormones in their bodies. Kisspeptin was discovered by the lab of Dr. Danny Welch in 1996. While they were studying metastasis of cancer cells, they discovered that a cell would not undergo metastasis when human chromosome 6 was added. This discovery was proven when chromosome 6 was added to melanoma cells and they did not metastasize. They named this gene KISS1 because it was discovered in Hershey Pennsylvania which is where Hershey Kisses were founded. Thyroid hormones
10371518
Anne O'Garra


of cell-cell and cytokine interactions regulating the induction and suppression of cellular immune responses. She was the first to discover the immunosuppressive functions of Interleukin-10 (IL-10), which inhibits antigen presentation by dendritic cells and macrophages and reduces their production of proinflammatory cytokines. She also discovered that dendritic cells produce the interleukin essential for activation of T-cells (IL-12) and subsequent eradication of intracellular pathogens and that IL-10 regulates this production. She is a fellow of the Royal Society, the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS
10318928
Telomerase


"Trypanosoma brucei") which is used as a template when it elongates telomeres. Telomerase is active in normal stem cells and most cancer cells, but is normally absent from, or at very low levels in, most somatic cells. The existence of a compensatory mechanism for telomere shortening was first found by Soviet biologist Alexey Olovnikov in 1973, who also suggested the telomere hypothesis of aging and the telomere's connections to cancer. Telomerase in the ciliate "Tetrahymena" was discovered by Carol W. Greider and Elizabeth Blackburn in 1984.
829935
Cell theory


which was first introduced by Dumortier, was how reproduction of new animal cells were made. Once this tenet was added, the classical cell theory was complete. The generally accepted parts of modern cell theory include: The modern version of the cell theory includes the ideas that: The cell was first discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665 using a microscope. The first cell theory is credited to the work of Theodor Schwann and Matthias Jakob Schleiden in the 1830s. In this theory the internal contents of cells were called protoplasm and described as
14112683
Systemic lupus erythematosus


cause and treatment of discoid and systemic lupus. Research conducted in the 1920s and 1930s led to the first detailed pathologic descriptions of lupus and demonstrated how the disease affected the kidney, heart, and lung tissue. A major breakthrough was made in 1948 with the discovery of the LE cell (the lupus erythematosus cell—a misnomer, as it occurs with other diseases as well). Discovered by a team of researchers at the Mayo Clinic, they discovered that the white blood cells contained the nucleus of another cell that was pushing
806727
Pío del Río Hortega


Ramón y Cajal discovered neurons, Penfield helped explain oligodendroglia. whilst Rio Hortega discovered microglia. which are the cells that protect the brain from infection. He managed to identify microglia between 1919 and 1921 by staining the cells with silver carbonate. His method of staining also led to the discovery of oligodendroglia in 1921, which both he and Penfield are now credited with. However it was Rio Hortega who named the cells. His discoveries in 1920 created issues with Ramón y Cajal, who led the lab, as he had earlier won
16988295
Meiosis


one bacterium or archaeon to another and recombination of these DNA molecules of different parental origin. Meiosis was discovered and described for the first time in sea urchin eggs in 1876 by the German biologist Oscar Hertwig. It was described again in 1883, at the level of chromosomes, by the Belgian zoologist Edouard Van Beneden, in "Ascaris" roundworm eggs. The significance of meiosis for reproduction and inheritance, however, was described only in 1890 by German biologist August Weismann, who noted that two cell divisions were necessary to transform one
19258413
Cajal–Retzius cell


Cajal–Retzius cells (CR cells) (also known as Horizontal cells of Cajal) are a heterogeneous population of morphologically and molecularly distinct reelin-producing cell types in the marginal zone/layer I of the developmental cerebral cortex and in the immature hippocampus of different species and at different times during embryogenesis and postnatal life. These cells were discovered by two scientists, Santiago Ramón y Cajal and Gustaf Retzius, at two different times and in different species. They are originated in the developing brain in multiple sites within the neocortex and
6369765
Chronic granulomatous disease


first discovered in 1950 in a series of 4 boys from Minnesota, and in 1957 it was named "a fatal granulomatosus of childhood" in a publication describing their disease. The underlying cellular mechanism that causes chronic granulomatous disease was discovered in 1967, and research since that time has further elucidated the molecular mechanisms underlying the disease. Bernard Babior made key contributions in linking the defect of superoxide production of white blood cells, to the cause of the disease. In 1986, the X-linked form of CGD was the first disease
4232633
Plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase


allowing them to avoid apoptosis. These tumors are also usually positive for the HER2 protein, tend to involve the lymph nodes, and are more common among young women, which could help explain their worse prognosis compared with postmenopausal women. PMCAs were first discovered in the 1960s in the membranes of red blood cells. The presence of an ATPase was discovered in the membranes in 1961, and then in 1966 it was discovered that these ATPases pump Ca out of the cytosol. PMCA was first purified from red blood cell membranes in 1979
1270034
Albert Claude


first to use electron microscope to study biological cells. Earlier electron microscopes were used only in physical researches. His first electron microscopic study was on the structure of mitochondria in 1945. He was given American citizenship in 1941. He discovered that mitochondria are the "power houses" of all cells. He also discovered cytoplasmic granules full of RNA and named them "microsomes", which were later renamed ribosomes, the protein synthesizing machineries of cell. With his associate, Keith Porter, he found a "lace-work" structure
11124501
John J. M. Bergeron


pathway common to all cells. This led to the discovery of several proteins characterized for the first time involved in organ biogenesis and disease. With Dr. Michel Desjardins, Dr. Bergeron also discovered through proteomics and cell biology the importance of the transfer of endoplasmic reticulum constituents to phagosomes in antigen cross presentation in phagocytes and dendritic cells. Bergeron is also Founder of Caprion Proteomics Inc. and occupied positions of chief scientific officer, scientific advisor and chair of its scientific advisory board from 2000-2007. Bergeron is also past-president of the Human
5303699
Nanoionics


sources, RFID, MEMS, smartdust, nanomorphic cell, other micro- and nanosystems, or reconfigurable memory cell arrays. An important case of fast ionic conduction in solid states is that in surface space-charge layer of ionic crystals. Such conduction was first predicted by Kurt Lehovec. A significant role of boundary conditions with respect to ionic conductivity was first experimentally discovered by C.C. Liang who found an anomalously high conduction in the LiI-AlO two-phase system. Because a space-charge layer with specific properties has nanometer thickness,
210954
Sophia Getzowa


the key researchers who clarified the origin of thyroid tumors. She continued with her studies, this time at the Institute of Pathology, under the direction of Theodor Langhans and Ernst Hedinger. Thanks to her pleasant demeanor, she was popular with her fellow students and colleagues. In 1907, Carl Wegelin was so impressed by her removal of a tumor by abdominal incision that he developed a close professional relationship with her. Wegelin later became the first president of the Swiss Academy of Medicine. That same year, she discovered solid cell nests
10179721
List of Planet of the Apes characters


head for the Forbidden Zone where they discover that beneath the surface of the planet is a forgotten city, peopled by mutants who worship a massive nuclear bomb. Under the mutants' mind control, Brent attempts to drown Nova. Later, as Brent and Taylor stand in a cell, she watches in horror as the two men, under the control of mutant Ongaro, try to kill each other. Fearing for the lives of her friend and the man she loves, she speaks for the first time, crying out Taylor's
21774228
DNA


be used in studies ranging from ecological genetics to anthropology. DNA as a storage device for information has enormous potential since it has much higher storage density compared to electronic devices. However high costs, extremely slow read and write times (memory latency), and insufficient reliability has prevented its practical use. DNA was first isolated by the Swiss physician Friedrich Miescher who, in 1869, discovered a microscopic substance in the pus of discarded surgical bandages. As it resided in the nuclei of cells, he called it "nuclein".
8040262
Hemoglobin Hopkins-2


in other research environments. Platelets were discovered independently by Max Schultze in 1865 and G. Bizzozero in 1882. Beginning in 1920, doctors at Johns Hopkins Hospital conducted research on sickle cell anemia, or sickle cell disease. Although their conclusions surrounding the disease are outdated, Doctors Taliaferro and Huck discovered a latent form of sickle cell anemia. Their study on sickle cell anemia was the first of many to occur at Hopkins. In 1940, Irving Sherman, a medical student at Johns Hopkins, correctly identified the deoxygenation of hemoglobin in sickle
12426040
Peter K. Vogt


at Scripps from 2012 - 2015. At the beginning of his scientific career, Vogt studied mechanisms of retroviral cell entry and the role of viral surface proteins in determining host range. He defined related groups of viral surface proteins and their corresponding receptors on the cell surface. During his time in Seattle, his focus shifted to the genetics of retroviruses. Together with his associate Kumao Toyoshima, he isolated the first temperature sensitive mutants of a retrovirus and in collaboration with the biochemist Peter Duesberg discovered the first retroviral oncogene, src. His
6502168
Cancer cell


to extend the cancer cell's life span. While the telomeres of most cells shorten after each division, eventually causing the cell to die, telomerase extends the cell's telomeres. This is a major reason that cancer cells can accumulate over time, creating tumors. Scientists have discovered a molecule on the surface of tumors that appears to promote drug resistance—by converting the tumor cells back into a stem cell-like state. When the tumor cells began to exhibit drug resistance, the cells were "simultaneously" transforming into a
12633229
Ovarian cancer


karyotype and ovaries (Turner syndrome) who develop a unilateral dysgerminoma are at risk for a gonadoblastoma in the other ovary, and in this case, both ovaries are usually removed when a unilateral dysgerminoma is discovered to avoid the risk of another malignant tumor. Gonadoblastomas in people with Swyer or Turner syndrome become malignant in approximately 40% of cases. However, in general, dysgerminomas are bilateral 10–20% of the time. They are composed of cells that cannot differentiate further and develop directly from germ cells or from gonadoblastomas. Dysgerminomas
20215915
Manila Police District secret jail cell scandal


28, along with Philippine National Police chief Ronald "Bato" dela Rosa. The MPD jail cell was not the first such secret police detention cell discovered in the Philippines. In January 2014, Amnesty International reported the discovery of a secret torture cell in a police intelligence facility in Biñan, Laguna where officers allegedly routinely tortured 44 inmates for fun in a game of roulette. The Commission on Human Rights which raided the facility discovered the ‘torture roulette’ table which had markings indicating the kind of torture to be used on the
4147534
Calcium-activated potassium channel


Calcium-activated potassium channels are potassium channels gated by calcium, or that are structurally or phylogenetically related to calcium gated channels. They were first discovered in 1958 by Gardos who saw that Calcium levels inside of a cell could affect the permeability of potassium through that cell membrane. Then in 1970, Meech was the first to observe that intracellular calcium could trigger potassium currents. In humans they are divided into three subtypes large conductance or BK channels, which have very high conductance which range from 100 to 300 pS, intermediate conductance or
8572187
Ragulator-Rag complex


in 2010, four RAG complexes discovered within the lysosomes of cells. In 2008, it was thought that these RAG complexes would slow down autophagy and activate cell growth by interacting with mTORC1. However, in 2010, the Ragulator was discovered. Researchers determined that the function of this Ragulator was to interact with the RAG A, B, C, and D complexes to promote cell growth. This discovery also led to the first use of the term “Rag-Ragulator” complex, because of the interaction between these two.
3122139
Pamela Silver


from the University of California, Los Angeles in the laboratory of William T. Wickner, working largely on the coat assembly of the M13 coliphage. Silver did her postdoctoral research with Mark Ptashne at Harvard University where she discovered one of the first nuclear localization sequences. She continued to study the mechanism of nuclear localization in her own lab as an Assistant Professor at Princeton University. During this time, she characterized the receptor for NLSs and discovered one of the first eukaryotic DnaJ chaperones. Silver continued in the area of Cell Biology upon moving
16142461
A Very Merry Mix-Up


A Very Merry Mix-Up is a 2013 American/Canadian romance television film directed by Jonathan Wright and starring Alicia Witt, Mark Wiebe, and Scott Gibson. Written by Barbara Kymlicka, the film is about a woman who flies to her fiancé's home town alone to meet her future in-laws for the first time at their Christmas gathering. At the airport, after discovering her luggage has been lost by the airline, and her cell phone is accidentally broken, she meets her future brother-in-law by
15791382
Dellen Millard and Mark Smich


deactivated cell phone was found in an industrial area on the west side of nearby Brantford, Ontario. Using the call records from the burner phone, police discovered that the men had arranged two other test drives in similar vehicles in the days preceding Bosma's murder. The two failed to arrive on time for the first, so it never occurred. The pair took the second vehicle on a test drive in Toronto on May 5. The men from that test drive matched the descriptions of the pair who had left with Bosma.
22070337
Shoukhrat Mitalipov


from skin cells. The stem cell discovery made several journals' "Top 10" scientific breakthrough lists in 2013, including "Nature", "Science", "Time", "Discover", "National Geographic", and "The Week". In August 2017, Mitalipov's collaborative work with the Institute for Basic Science, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Seoul National University, BGI-Shenzhen, and BGI-Qingdao, was published in Nature. performed the first known successful attempt at genetically correcting mutant human
12537587
RNA interference


triggers to mediate viral latency. Endogenously expressed miRNAs, including both intronic and intergenic miRNAs, are most important in translational repression and in the regulation of development, especially on the timing of morphogenesis and the maintenance of undifferentiated or incompletely differentiated cell types such as stem cells. The role of endogenously expressed miRNA in downregulating gene expression was first described in "C. elegans" in 1993. In plants this function was discovered when the "JAW microRNA" of "Arabidopsis" was shown to be involved in the regulation of several genes that
2896443
Timeline of United States inventions (before 1890)


candles. In 1880, candlepin bowling was invented by Justin White of Worcester, Massachusetts. 1881 Electric chair 1881 Metal detector 1881 Iron (electric) 1882 Fan (electric) 1883 Salt water taffy 1883 Solar cell A solar cell is any device that directly converts the energy in light into electrical energy through the process of photovoltaics. Although French physicist Antoine-César Becquerel discovered the photovoltaic effect much earlier in 1839, the first solar cell, according to Encyclopædia Britannica, was invented by Charles Fritts in 1883, who used junctions formed
968365
Katsuma Dan


American marine biological laboratories appealed to a US Naval officer who passed the note on to the MBL. It was later published in "Time Magazine" under the headline, “Appeal to the Goths”. Dan's scientific work focused on using marine invertebrates as model organisms to study fundamental questions in cell biology and embryonic development. He and his students focused on direct observation of cell behavior using light microscopy and discovered many of the fundamental aspects of fertilization, development, and morphogenesis (e.g., Dan and Okazaki, 1956).
9491022
Restriction point


point", or R-point. In 1985, Zetterberg and Larsson discovered that, in all stages of the cell cycle, serum deprivation results in inhibition of protein synthesis. Only in postmitotic cells (i.e. cells in early G) did serum withdrawal force cells into quiescence (G). In fact, Zetterberg found that virtually all of the variability in cell cycle length can be accounted for in the time it takes the cell to move from the restriction point to S phase. Except for early embryonic development, most cells
16149974
Neuromere


orientation of an organism after the embryonic segments have formed. The neural crest cells that are found outside of a given neuromere will express the same proteins as the cells that are found inside the neural tube. The genes that are being expressed fall into two categories, extracellular signaling proteins and intracellular transcription factors. The genes are able to perform different tasks at different times depending on the environment that may or not be changing as well as when they are being activated and expressed. The neural crest was first discovered by Wilhelm His in
20485637
Saccharomyces cerevisiae


in yeast are Replicative Life Span, which measures the number of times a cell divides, and Chronological Life Span, which measures how long a cell can survive in a non-dividing stasis state. Limiting the amount of glucose or amino acids in the growth medium has been shown to increase RLS and CLS in yeast as well as other organisms. At first, this was thought to increase RLS by up-regulating the sir2 enzyme, however it was later discovered that this effect is independent of sir2. Over-expression of
9431281
G0 phase


because of stochastic or limited nutrient supply, but as a part of their internal genetic programming. G was first suggested as a cell state based on early cell cycle studies. When the first studies defined the four phases of the cell cycle using radioactive labeling techniques, it was discovered that not all cells in a population proliferate at similar rates. A population's “growth fraction” – or the fraction of the population that was growing – was actively proliferating, but other cells existed in a non-proliferative state. Some of
22036725
Cell theory


In biology, cell theory is the historic scientific theory, now universally accepted, that living organisms are made up of cells, that they are the basic structural/organizational unit of all organisms, and that all cells come from pre-existing cells. Cells are the basic unit of structure in all organisms and also the basic unit of reproduction. With continual improvements made to microscopes over time, magnification technology advanced enough to discover cells in the 17th century. This discovery is largely attributed to Robert Hooke, and began the scientific
14112666
Digital transcriptome subtraction


cell carcinoma. Using computational subtraction to discover novel pathogens was first proposed in 2002 by Meyerson et al. using human expressed sequence tag (EST) datasets. In a proof of principle experiment, Meyerson et al. demonstrated that it was a feasible approach using Epstein-Barr virus-infected lymphocytes in post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD). In 2007, the term "Digital Transcriptome Subtraction" was coined by the Chang-Moore group, and was used to discover Merkel cell polymavirus in Merkel cell carcinoma. Simultaneously to
5669007
Marteilia


was discovered to be the cause of this decline in oyster (Grizel et al., 1974). Around the same time, "Marteilia sydneyi" was also found to be causing mortalities in Sydney rock oyster ("Saccostrea glomerate") in Australia (Perkins & Wolf, 1976). "Marteilia" has a very peculiar morphology. The outermost cell is the primary cell. Within the primary cell, there is a nucleus and between 3 and 16 secondary cells. Within a secondary cell, there is a nucleus and
11028384
B cell


"B" from B cells comes from the name of this organ, where it was first discovered by Chang and Glick, and not from bone marrow as commonly believed). B cells, unlike the other two classes of lymphocytes, T cells and natural killer cells, express B cell receptors (BCRs) on their cell membrane. BCRs allow the B cell to bind to a specific antigen, against which it will initiate an antibody response. B cells develop from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) that originate from bone marrow
1476585
By Inferno's Light


is fighting the Jem'Hadar commander, three Jem'Hadar enter the cell and question the prisoners about the whereabouts of Garak, who has not been seen in some time. They discover the loose wall panels, and come close to discovering Garak when the prisoners successfully overpower their guards. In the combat ring, Worf is clearly defeated, but refuses to yield. Ikat'ika, the Jem'Hadar commander, is impressed by Worf's determination to fight to what ultimately would be his death; Ikat'ika himself yields the fight, saying that he can't defeat
11271074
Alex B. Novikoff


body using the enzyme nucleosidediphosphatase, by which they described the enzymatic property of the organelle for the first time. In 1969 they developed a staining technique (alkaline diaminobenzidine, or DAB) by which they studied the structure of another new organelle, peroxisome, for the first time. In 1969 he gave the first clear-cut distinction between lysosomes and peroxisomes. In 1972, he and his wife discovered a new type of peroxisomes from the intestinal epithelium of rat, which they named "microperoxisome". His works in cell biology
10746479
Laboratory of Molecular Biology


or the plasma membrane — and the role of this in cell polarity, have been elucidated by Bretscher, Hugh Pelham and Sean Munro. The spindle pole bodies — the large structures in yeast cells which act as the foci to which chromosomes are moved during mitosis — have been purified and a low resolution structure of them deduced by John Kilmartin. A continuing interest has been the structure of chromosomes. This was initiated by a visitor, Roger Kornberg, who discovered the first level of condensation of DNA, the nucleosome, and continues
21842941
Laurie Glimcher


year of medical school at Harvard. There she took interest dysregulation in autoimmune diseases and, in her fourth year at Harvard, discovered the protein known as Nk1.1(see natural killer T cell), which soon became widely recognized across the field of immunology. For this discovery, Glimcher became the first woman to receive the Soma Weiss Award, an honor her father had received 26 years earlier. During this time, Glimcher worked with mentor Bill Paul, who strongly encouraged her to continue her research independently after completing medical school. During her
12913409
Cell theory


an old Aristotelian theory still accepted at the time, others did not reject it and was not disproved until Leeuwenhoek later discovers generation is achieved otherwise. Anton van Leeuwenhoek is another scientist who saw these cells soon after Hooke did. He made use of a microscope containing improved lenses that could magnify objects almost 300-fold, or 270x. Under these microscopes, Leeuwenhoek found motile objects. In a letter to The Royal Society on October 9, 1676, he states that motility is a quality of life therefore these were living organisms. Over
14112675
Complex cell


cells respond optimally only to movement in a certain direction. These cells were discovered by Torsten Wiesel and David Hubel in the early 1960s. They refrained from reporting on the complex cells in (Hubel 1959) because they did not feel that they understood them well enough at the time. In Hubel and Wiesel (1962), they reported that complex cells were intermixed with simple cells and when excitatory and inhibitory regions could be established, the summation and mutual antagonism properties didn't hold. The difference between the receptive fields and the
4790500
Gerd Jürgens


the first forward genetic screen (using mutagenesis with 0.3% ethyl methane sulfonate(EMS)) looking for embryonic defects. His laboratory discovered and characterized the protein KNOLLE, which is required for cytokinesis and was the first protein known to exclusively target the cell plate in plant cells. Prof Gerd Jürgens also worked extensively on the ARF-GEF GNOM. Both "knolle" and "gnom" were first discovered in his embryonic mutant screens. Prof Gerd Jürgens won the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize(the highest research prize in Germany) in 1995. Website
18075022
Beauchamp–Sharp Tragedy


to Beauchamp prompted her to stay in his cell with him, where the two attempted a double suicide by drinking laudanum shortly before the execution. This attempt failed. On the morning of the execution, the couple again attempted suicide, this time by stabbing themselves with a knife Anna had smuggled into the cell. When the guards discovered them, Beauchamp was rushed to the gallows, where he was hanged before he could die of his stab wound. He was the first person legally executed in the state of Kentucky. Anna Cooke
19724570
Mitochondrial biogenesis


Mitochondrial biogenesis is the process by which cells increase mitochondrial mass. It was first described by John Holloszy in the 1960s, when it was discovered that physical endurance training induced higher mitochondrial content levels, leading to greater glucose uptake by muscles. Mitochondrial biogenesis is activated by numerous different signals during times of cellular stress or in response to environmental stimuli, such as aerobic exercise. The ability for a mitochondrion to self-replicate is rooted in its evolutionary history. It is commonly thought that mitochondria descend from cells that formed endosymbiotic relationships with
4126788
Camillo Golgi


to study during Golgi's time because the cells were hard to identify. The available tissue staining techniques were useless for studying nervous tissue. While working as chief medical officer at the Hospital of the Chronically Ill, he experimented with metal impregnation of nervous tissue, using mainly silver (silver staining). In early 1873, he discovered a method of staining nervous tissue that would stain a limited number of cells at random in their entirety. He first treated the tissue with potassium dichromate to harden it, and then with silver nitrate
8678393
FtsZ


bacterial endosymbionts, so there was much interest in whether they use FtsZ for division. Chloroplast FtsZ was first discovered by Osteryoung, and it is now known that all chloroplasts use FtsZ for division. Mitochondrial FtsZ was discovered by Beech in an alga; FtsZ is used for mitochondrial division in some eukaryotes, while others have replaced it with a dynamin-based machinery. During cell division, FtsZ is the first protein to move to the division site, and is essential for recruiting other proteins that produce a new cell wall between the
19297647
Cell fusion


on, there are still many challenges those who wish to implement cell fusion as a therapeutic tool face. These challenges include choosing the best cells to use for the reparative fusion, determining the best way to introduce the chosen cells into the desired tissue, discovering methods to increase the incidence in cell fusion, and ensuring that the resulting fusion products will function properly. If these challenges can be overcome then cell fusion may have therapeutic potential. Plasmogamy is the stage of the sexual cycle of fungi in which two cells fuse together to
2007067
WI-38


basis for the Hayflick limit, which specifies the number of times a normal human cell population will divide before cell division stops. Hayflick's discovery later contributed to the determination of the biological roles of telomeres. Hayflick claimed that the finite capacity of normal human cells to replicate was an expression of aging or senescence at the cellular level. During this period of research, Hayflick also discovered that if cells were properly stored in a freezer, cells would remain viable and that an enormous number of cells could be produced from a single starting
16787894
Yeast in winemaking


. It was Pasteur who discovered that yeast converted sugars in the must into alcohol and carbon dioxide, though the exact mechanisms of how the yeast would accomplish this task was not discovered till the 20th century with the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway. The yeast species commonly known as "Saccharomyces cerevisiae" was first identified in late 19th century enology text as "Saccharomyces ellipsoideus" due to the elliptical (as opposed to circular) shape of the cells. Throughout the 20th century, more than 700 different strains of "Saccharomyces cerevisiae
3250218
List of Molly Moon characters


the first book, she is portrayed as the librarian in Briersville Library and has a major role in leading her daughter to discover her hypnotic talent (using hypnosis herself). It was revealed in the second book that Lucy Logan had been hypnotized, put in a deep trance and controlled for eleven years by her twin brother, Cornelius Logan. It was also revealed in the third book that Lucy Logan is the mother of Molly and Micky Logan, and her husband is Primo Cell. Primo Cell (who was also hypnotized by
12545730
Characters of Half-Life


discover that they need another power cell to replenish the teleporter's power for their escape. Calhoun acquires a newly charged power cell from the lab's sub-basement and delivers it to Rosenberg and the others. Dr. Rosenberg then initiates the system and brings it online. They all narrowly avoid the military's invasion of the prototype labs, teleporting to the safety of an unnoticed access tunnel. They get into an SUV and leave Black Mesa. Rosenberg's fate remains unknown. Dr. Gina Cross is a Black Mesa scientist who first
5471104
William Fleming Hoggan Jarrett


types of anaemia as well as leukaemia and lymphoma. FeLV subtypes were recognised that caused pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) and the group showed these viruses to be mutants of the common form of the virus, which blocked the production of red blood cell at a specific stage of differentiation. Another offshoot of the expertise generated by FeLV research was the creation of the Leukaemia Research Fund Human Virus Centre with the remit to discover viruses as causes of human leukaemia and lymphoma. The first director was David Onions (FRSE) who had
8997419
Boundary cell


Boundary cells (also known as border cells or boundary vector cells) are neurons found in the hippocampal formation that respond to the presence of an environmental boundary at a particular distance and direction from an animal. The existence of cells with these firing characteristics were first predicted on the basis of properties of place cells. Boundary cells were subsequently discovered in several regions of the hippocampal formation: the subiculum, presubiculum and entorhinal cortex. O'Keefe and Burgess had noted that the firing fields of place cells, which characteristically respond only in a circumscribed
19277382
Folliculostellate cell


A Folliculostellate (FS) cell is a type of non-endocrine cell found in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. Rinehart and Farquhar first discovered FS cells through electron microscopy of the anterior pituitary gland. Vila-Porcile named these non-endocrine cells "folliculo-stellate" cells in 1972 due to their stellate (star) shape, and their location lining the lumen of small follicules in the anterior pituitary. Unlike the majority of cells in the anterior pituitary, they are non-endocrine and agranular. They have
2701063
Anti-nuclear antibody


-phospholipid antibodies, anti-Ro, anti-SSA) or their ANA converted from positive to negative from steroids, cytotoxic medications, or uremia (kidney failure)." The LE cell was discovered in bone marrow in 1948 by Hargraves "et al." In 1957 Holborow et al. first demonstrated ANA using indirect immunofluorescence. This was the first indication that processes affecting the cell nucleus were responsible for SLE. In 1959 it was discovered that serum from individuals with SLE contained antibodies that precipitated with saline extracts of nuclei
11164875
Tetracycline


, even against a concentration gradient, whereas mammalian cells do not. This accounts for the relatively small off-site effect of tetracycline on human cells. The tetracyclines, a large family of antibiotics, were discovered by Benjamin Minge Duggar in 1945 as natural products, and first prescribed in 1948. Benjamin Duggar, working under Yellapragada Subbarow at Lederle Laboratories, discovered the first tetracycline antibiotic, chlortetracycline (Aureomycin), in 1945. In 1950, Harvard University professor R.B. Woodward determined the chemical structure of the related substance, oxytetracycline (
12051893
Laboratory of Molecular Biology


ray analysis using a heavy metal atom labeling technique. Hugh Huxley discovered that muscle contraction works by a sliding filament mechanism. In 1957 the group's name was changed to the “MRC Unit for Molecular Biology”. Also that year, Vernon Ingram discovered that the disease sickle cell anaemia is caused by a single amino acid change in the hemoglobin molecule and Sydney Brenner joined the Unit. In 1958, Crick's review “On Protein Synthesis” appeared: this laid out, for the first time, the central dogma of molecular
21842929
Sally Temple


. Temple became a pioneer in the field of stem cell research when she discovered that the embryonic mammalian brain contained a rare stem-like cell. After this discovery, she focused on neural stem cells and how they develop over time and produce progeny. She has since been labelled an innovator in the field of stem cells, specifically neural stem cells, which are potentially applicable in cell replacement therapy for ailments like spinal cord injury and neurodegeneration. She is the president and co-founder of StemCulture, LLC., a company
10966258
Cell theory


. Hooke discovered a multitude of tiny pores that he named "cells". This came from the Latin word Cella, meaning ‘a small room’ like monks lived in and also Cellulae, which meant the six sided cell of a honeycomb. However, Hooke did not know their real structure or function. What Hooke had thought were cells, were actually empty cell walls of plant tissues. With microscopes during this time having a low magnification, Hooke was unable to see that there were other internal components to the cells he
14112673
Hematopoietic stem cell


, B cells, and natural killer cells. The definition of hematopoietic stem cells has evolved since Hematopoietic stem cells were first discovered in 1961. The hematopoietic tissue contains cells with long-term and short-term regeneration capacities and committed multipotent, oligopotent, and unipotent progenitors. Hematopoietic stem cells constitute 1:10.000 of cells in myeloid tissue. HSC transplants are used in the treatment of cancers and other immune system disorders. They are round, non-adherent, with a rounded nucleus and low cytoplasm-to-nucleus ratio. In
6467573
Biology


is also considered to be the basic unit in many pathological processes. In addition, the phenomenon of energy flow occurs in cells in processes that are part of the function known as metabolism. Finally, cells contain hereditary information (DNA), which is passed from cell to cell during cell division. Research into the origin of life, abiogenesis, amounts to an attempt to discover the origin of the first cells. A central organizing concept in biology is that life changes and develops through evolution, and that all life-forms
9649284
Georgios Papanikolaou


a microscope. "The first observation of cancer cells in the smear of the uterine cervix," he later wrote, "gave me one of the greatest thrills I ever experienced during my scientific career." The Romanian physician Aurel Babeş made similar discoveries in the cytologic diagnosis of cervical cancer. He discovered that if a platinum loop was used to collect cells from a woman's cervix, and the cells were then dried on a slide and stained, it could be determined if cancer cells were present. This was the first
20450317
Epsilon cell


Epsilon cells (ε-cells) are one of the five types of endocrine cells found in regions of the pancreas called Islets of Langerhans. Epsilon cells produce the hormone ghrelin that induces hunger. They were first discovered in mice. In humans, these cells compose less than 1% of all islet cells. They are connected by tight junctions that allow impermeability to water-soluble compounds. Researchers investigating pancreatic islets in mice compared normal mice pancreatic tissue during development to that of knockout mice. They found that a normal mouse pancreas
14502575