what is the black stone in 2001 a space odyssey
Interpretations of 2001: A Space Odyssey


Stone" magazine, Kubrick said "On the deepest psychological level the film's plot symbolizes the search for God, and it finally postulates what is little less than a scientific definition of God . . . The film revolves around this metaphysical conception, and the realistic hardware and the documentary feelings about everything were necessary in order to undermine your built-in resistance to the poetical concept." When asked by Eric Nordern in Kubrick's interview with "Playboy" if "2001: A Space Odyssey" was a religious film,
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2001: A Space Odyssey (novel)


of a physical form altogether. When "2001: A Space Odyssey" was written, mankind had not yet set foot on the moon. The space exploration programs in the United States and the Soviet Union were only in the early stages. Much room was left to imagine the future of the space program. "Space Odyssey" offers one such vision, offering a glimpse at what space exploration might one day become. Lengthy journeys, such as manned flights to Saturn, and advanced technologies, such as suspended animation, are
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2001: A Space Odyssey (film)


also conveys what some viewers have described as a sense of the sublime and numinous. Ebert writes in his essay on "2001" in "The Great Movies": In a book on architecture, Gregory Caicco writes that "Space Odyssey" illustrates how our quest for space is motivated by two contradictory desires, a "desire for the sublime" characterized by a need to encounter something totally other than ourselves—"something numinous"—and the conflicting desire for a beauty that makes us feel no longer "lost in space," but at home.
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2001: A Space Odyssey (film)


" an in utero fetus that draws on the work of Lennart Nilsson. The star child signifies a "great new beginning," and is depicted naked and ungirded but with its eyes wide open. Leonard F. Wheat sees "2001" as a multi-layered allegory, commenting simultaneously on Nietzsche, Homer, and the relationship of man to machine. "Rolling Stone" reviewer Bob McClay sees the film as like a four-movement symphony, its story told with "deliberate realism. Carolyn Geduld writes that what "structurally
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Technologies in 2001: A Space Odyssey


them submitted their ideas to Kubrick of what kind of products might be seen in a movie set in the year 2001. Much was made by MGM's publicity department of the film's realism, claiming in a 1968 brochure that "Everything in "2001: A Space Odyssey" can happen within the next three decades, and...most of the picture will happen by the beginning of the next millennium." Although the predictions central to the plot—colonization of the Moon, manned interplanetary travel and artificial intelligence—did not
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Robert Poole (historian)


articles have explored the science fiction writer and techno-prophet Arthur C. Clarke, '2001: a Space Odyssey and the Dawn of Man' in the 2015 collection "Stanley Kubrick: New Perspectives," and the myth of progress in '2001: a Space Odyssey'. Another recent article, 'What was Whole about the Whole Earth?', provides a missing chapter to 'Earthrise'. In early 2016 he enjoyed a Short-Term Visitor Award at the Smithsonian Institution, National Air and Space Museum, to
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2001: A Space Odyssey (film)


2001: A Space Odyssey is a 1968 epic science fiction film produced and directed by Stanley Kubrick. The screenplay was written by Kubrick and Arthur C. Clarke, and was inspired by Clarke's short story "The Sentinel". An , written concurrently with the screenplay, was published soon after the film was released. The film, which follows a voyage to Jupiter with the sentient computer HAL after the discovery of a mysterious black monolith affecting human evolution, deals with themes of existentialism, human evolution, technology, artificial intelligence,
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Interpretations of 2001: A Space Odyssey


monolith. Similarly, Geduld observes that "the monolith ...has a very simple explanation in Clarke's novel", though she later asserts that even the novel does not fully explain the ending. "Rolling Stone" reviewer Bob McClay sees the film as a four-movement symphony, its story told with "deliberate realism". Carolyn Geduld believes that what "structurally unites all four episodes of the film" is the monolith, the film's largest and most unresolvable enigma. Each time the monolith is shown, man transcends
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2001: A Space Odyssey (film)


was nominated for four Academy Awards; Kubrick received one for his direction of visual effects. A sequel, "", directed by Peter Hyams, was released in 1984. "2001: A Space Odyssey" is widely regarded as one of the greatest and most influential films ever made. In 1991, it was deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" by the United States Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry. "Sight & Sound" magazine ranked "2001: A Space Odyssey
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2010: Odyssey Two


by Dave Bowman in "2001: A Space Odyssey". It was nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Novel in 1983. The novel was adapted for the screen by Peter Hyams and released as a film in 1984. The story is set nine years after the failure of the "Discovery One" mission to Jupiter. A joint Soviet-American crew, including Heywood Floyd from "2001", on the Soviet spaceship "Alexei Leonov" (named after the cosmonaut) arrives to discover what went wrong with the earlier
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2001: A Space Odyssey (film)


favourite films of all time. In the 1980s, critic David Denby compared Kubrick to the monolith from "2001: A Space Odyssey", calling him "a force of supernatural intelligence, appearing at great intervals amid high-pitched shrieks, who gives the world a violent kick up the next rung of the evolutionary ladder". Poet and critic Dan Schneider wrote that "2001: A Space Odyssey" "has one of the greatest screenplays ever penned", countering accusations of the film's coldness by saying, "I
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2001: A Space Odyssey


2001: A Space Odyssey is the 1968 science fiction written by Arthur C. Clarke and the directed by Stanley Kubrick. It is a part of Clarke's "Space Odyssey" series. Both the novel and the film are partially based on Clarke's 1948 short story "The Sentinel", an entry in a BBC short story competition, and "Encounter in the Dawn", published in 1953 in the magazine "Amazing Stories". After deciding on Clarke's 1948 short story "The Sentinel" as the starting point,
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2001: A Space Odyssey


. Most notably, the setting for the part three (of four) in the book is not Jupiter, as in the film, but Saturn. 2001: A Space Odyssey was the name of an oversized comic book adaptation of the 1968 film of the same name and a 10-issue monthly series "expanding" on the ideas presented in the film and the eponymous Arthur C. Clarke novel. Jack Kirby wrote and pencilled both the adaptation and the series, which were published by Marvel Comics beginning in 1976. The "Space Odyssey
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Interpretations of 2001: A Space Odyssey


", science fiction novelist Robert Sawyer, speaking in the Canadian documentary "2001 and Beyond", sees it as a cut from a bone to a nuclear weapons platform, explaining that "what we see is not how far we've leaped ahead, what we see is that today, '2001', and four million years ago on the African veldt, it's exactly the same—the power of mankind is the power of its weapons. It's a continuation, not a discontinuity in that jump." Kubrick
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2001: A Space Odyssey (film)


contrast to Ciment's reading of a cut to a serene "other extreme of civilization", science fiction novelist Robert Sawyer, in the Canadian documentary "2001 and Beyond", says he sees it as a cut from a bone to a nuclear weapons platform, explaining that "what we see is not how far we've leaped ahead, what we see is that today, '2001', and four million years ago on the African veldt, it's exactly the same—the power of mankind is the power of
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Interpretations of 2001: A Space Odyssey


discuss "2001: A Space Odyssey" and assume at least some of the orbiting satellites are space weapons. Indeed, details worked out with input from space industry experts, such as the structure on the first satellite that Pietrobon refers to as a "conning tower", match the original concept sketch drawn for the nuclear bomb platform. Modelers label them in diverse ways. On the one hand, the "2001" exhibit (given in that year) at the Tech Museum in San Jose and now online (for a
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2001: A Space Odyssey (novel)


support. In the sequel "2010: Odyssey Two," however, the recounting of the "Discovery One" mission is changed to the film version. The film is generally far more enigmatic about the reason for HAL's failure, while the novel spells out that HAL is caught up in an internal conflict because he is ordered to lie about the purpose of the mission. Because of what photographed well, the appearance of the monolith that guided Moon-watcher and the other 'man-apes' at the beginning of
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2001: A Space Odyssey


Odyssey" is today thought by some critics to be one of the greatest films ever made and is widely regarded as one of the best science fiction films of all time. It was nominated for four Academy Awards, and received one for visual effects. It also won the Kansas City Film Critics Circle Best Director and Best Film awards of 1968. In 1991, "2001: A Space Odyssey" was deemed culturally significant by the United States Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry. A musical score
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Interpretations of 2001: A Space Odyssey


subscription) referred merely to "satellites", while a special modelling exhibition at the exhibition hall at Porte de Versailles in Paris also held in 2001 (called "2001 l'odyssée des maquettes (2001: A Modeler's Odyssey)") overtly described their reconstructions of the first satellite as the "US Orbiting Weapons Platform". Some, but not all, space model manufacturers or amateur model builders refer to these entities as bombs. The perception that the satellites are bombs persists in the mind of some but by no means all
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List of spacecraft from the Space Odyssey series


) provided for travel between the Earth and "Space Station V". It is nuclear powered; the high performance of its engines allowing it to make a fast transfer to the Moon (at about one day, compared to three days which were necessary for Apollo). It also carries a retractable landing gear. United States Spacecraft "Discovery One" (or "XD-1") is a fictional spacecraft appearing in the "Space Odyssey" series, including the movie "2001: A Space Odyssey". "Discovery One
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Seattle Cinerama


recent years, the Seattle Cinerama has been host to a number of festivals and events including: "2001: A Space Odyssey" had an exclusive run locally at Seattle Cinerama for nearly years following its original release in the fall of 1968. In 2001, Warner Brothers chose the Seattle Cinerama as the theater in which to premiere the newly restored 70mm print of Stanley Kubrick's "2001: A Space Odyssey." The film opened on October 5, 2001, and eventually opened in other cities around North America the following
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Stanley Kubrick


] what is not said in his films...there's so much space, so many things that are silent – and somehow, in that space and silence everything becomes clear. With every film, he seems to capture the essence of life itself, particularly in films like "Paths of Glory", ["2001: A Space Odyssey"], "Barry Lyndon"...those are some of my favorites." The music video for Kanye West's 2010 song "Runaway" was inspired by "Eyes Wide Shut"
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2001: A Space Odyssey (novel)


variety of sights, from the wreckage of ancient civilizations to what appear to be life-forms, living on the surfaces of a binary star system's planet. He is brought to what appears a pleasant hotel suite, carefully designed to make him feel at ease, and falls asleep, whereupon he becomes an immortal 'Star Child' that can live and travel in space. The Star Child then returns to Earth, where he detonates an orbiting nuclear warhead. This is not discussed again until the sequel to the book,
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Interpretations of 2001: A Space Odyssey


bone goes up and turns into what is supposed to be an orbiting space bomb, a weapon in space. Well, that isn't made clear, we just assume it's some kind of space vehicle in a three-million-year jump cut". Former NASA research assistant Steven Pietrobon wrote "The orbital craft seen as we make the leap from the Dawn of Man to contemporary times are supposed to be weapons platforms carrying nuclear devices, though the movie does not make this clear." The vast majority of film
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2001: A Space Odyssey


space travel). Clarke's novel "2001: A Space Odyssey" was published in 1968. Kubrick had no involvement in any of the later projects. Peter Hyams directed the second film, "2010" (1984). He also wrote the screenplay based on Clarke's novel, "" (1982). Clarke was not directly involved in Hyams' film's production as he had been with Kubrick's film, although he did appear in a cameo role in the finished film, sitting on a park bench feeding
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History of film


]. By the late 1960s however, Hollywood filmmakers were beginning to create more innovative and groundbreaking films that reflected the social revolution taken over much of the western world such as "[[Bonnie and Clyde (film)|Bonnie and Clyde]]" (1967), "[[The Graduate]]" (1967), "[[2001: A Space Odyssey (film)|2001: A Space Odyssey]]" (1968), "[[Rosemary's Baby (film)|Rosemary's Baby]]" (1968),
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2001: A Space Odyssey (novel)


film is a mainly visual experience where much remains "symbolic". Randy Rasmussen has noted that the personality of Heywood Floyd is different; in Clarke's novel, he finds space travel thrilling, acting almost as a "spokesman for Clarke", whereas in the film, he experiences space travel as "routine" and "tedious". In the film, "Discovery"s mission is to Jupiter, not Saturn. Kubrick used Jupiter because he and special effects supervisor Douglas Trumbull could not decide on what they considered to be a
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Interpretations of 2001: A Space Odyssey


2001: A Space Odyssey": on the African savanna, on the moon, in space orbiting Jupiter, and near Bowman's bed before his transformation. After the first encounter with the monolith, we see the leader of the apes have a quick flashback to the monolith after which he picks up a bone and uses it to smash other bones. Its usage as a weapon enables his tribe to defeat the other tribe of apes occupying the water hole who have not learned how to use bones as weapons. After this victory
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The Day After Tomorrow (TV special)


Law, meanwhile, considers the faster-than-light shots to be the special's best effects, and compares the black hole sequence unfavourably to the closing act of Kubrick's 1968 film "": "Kubrick's Star-Gate it is not." Arguing that "The Day After Tomorrow" is "kinda like Kubrick's "2001: A Space Odyssey" ... for kids", science-fiction writer and reviewer Christopher Mills expresses disappointment with the effect of the black hole itself, but describes the fall into
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2001: A Space Odyssey in popular culture


on the cover of "The Whole Earth Catalog". Noting that images of the entire planet recur several times in "A Space Odyssey", Jacobs writes: In August 2011, in response to Apple Inc.'s patent infringement lawsuit against Samsung, the latter argued that Apple's iPad was effectively modeled on the visual tablets that appear aboard spaceship "Discovery" in the "Space Odyssey" film, which constitute prior art. "Siri", Apple's natural language voice control system for the iPhone 4S, features a reference
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2001: A Space Odyssey (film)


its weapons. It's a continuation, not a discontinuity in that jump." The film has no dialogue for roughly the first and last 20 minutes. By the time shooting began, Kubrick had removed much of the dialogue and narration; what remains is notable for its banality (making the computer HAL seem to have more emotion than the humans) juxtaposed with epic space scenes. Kubrick's decision to avoid the fanciful portrayals of space in standard popular science fiction films of the time led him to seek more realistic and scientifically
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2001: A Space Odyssey (film)


, a shaggy God story." Eminent historian Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. deemed the film "morally pretentious, intellectually obscure and inordinately long  ... a film out of control". In a 2001 review the BBC said that its slow pacing often alienates modern audiences more than it did upon its initial release. "2001: A Space Odyssey" is now considered one of the major artistic works of the 20th century, with many critics and filmmakers considering it Kubrick's masterpiece. Director Martin Scorsese has listed it as one of his
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Technologies in 2001: A Space Odyssey


, for example, would appear virtually pitch-black in space. The stars would not appear to move in relation to "Discovery" as it traveled towards Jupiter, unless it was changing direction. Proportionally, the Sun, Moon and Earth would not visually line up at the size ratios shown in the opening shot, nor would the Galilean moons of Jupiter align as in the shot just before Bowman enters the Star Gate. Kubrick himself was aware of this latter point. (Due to the perfect Laplace resonance of the orbits
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Arthur C. Clarke


. Although the two later reconciled formally, they remained distant until Heinlein's death in 1988. "2001: A Space Odyssey", Clarke's most famous work, was extended well beyond the 1968 movie as the Space Odyssey series. In 1982, Clarke wrote a sequel to "2001" titled "", which was made into a film in 1984. Clarke wrote two further sequels that have not been adapted into motion pictures: "" (published in 1987) and "" (published in 1997). "
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2001: A Space Odyssey (film)


Won", a reference to MGM's 1962 Cinerama epic "How the West Was Won". On February 23, 1965, Kubrick issued a press release announcing the title as "Journey Beyond The Stars". Other titles considered include "Universe", "Tunnel to the Stars", and "Planetfall". In April 1965, eleven months after they began working on the project, Kubrick selected "2001: A Space Odyssey"; Clarke said the title was "entirely" Kubrick's idea. Intending to set
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Jan Nickman


a score by James Reynolds, "The Mind's Eye" is credited with giving rise to such films as "Toy Story". "Animation Magazine" reviewer Karl Rathcke wrote the film was "... the type of audio-visual 'head trip' for the 90's that Stanley Kubrick's "2001: A Space Odyssey" was for the 60's." In 1995 Nickman's feature film "Third Stone from the Sun" was released. The film received the Gold Special Jury Award (top honors) at
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Technologies in 2001: A Space Odyssey


The 1968 science fiction film "" featured numerous fictional future technologies, which have proven prescient in light of subsequent developments around the world. Before the film's production began, director Stanley Kubrick sought technical advice from over fifty organizations, and a number of them submitted their ideas to Kubrick of what kind of products might be seen in a movie set in the year 2001. The film is also praised for its accurate portrayal of spaceflight and vacuum. "2001" is, according to four NASA engineers who based their nuclear-
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2001: A Space Odyssey (novel)


2001: A Space Odyssey is a 1968 science fiction novel by British writer Arthur C. Clarke. It was developed concurrently with Stanley Kubrick's and published after the release of the film. Clarke and Kubrick worked on the book together, but eventually only Clarke ended up as the official author. The story is based in part on various short stories by Clarke, including "The Sentinel" (written in 1948 for a BBC competition, but first published in 1951 under the title "Sentinel of Eternity"). By 1992,
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2001: A Space Odyssey (soundtrack)


2001: A Space Odyssey is a soundtrack album to the , released in 1968. The soundtrack is known for its use of many classical and orchestral pieces, and credited for giving many classical pieces resurgences in popularity, such as Johann Strauss II's 1866 "Blue Danube Waltz", Richard Strauss' symphonic poem "Also sprach Zarathustra" (inspired by the writings of Friedrich Nietzsche), and György Ligeti's "Atmosphères". The soundtrack has been re-issued multiple times, including a 1996 version and a digitally remastered
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2001: A Space Odyssey (score)


The "2001: A Space Odyssey" score is an unused film score composed by Alex North for Stanley Kubrick's 1968 film, "." In the early stages of production, Kubrick had commissioned noted Hollywood composer Alex North, who had written the score for "Spartacus" and also worked on "Dr. Strangelove", to write the score of his upcoming film "". However, during post-production, Kubrick chose to abandon North's music in favor of the now-familiar classical music pieces he had earlier
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2001: A Space Odyssey (film)


and the possibility of extraterrestrial life. The film is noted for its scientifically accurate depiction of spaceflight, pioneering special effects, and ambiguous imagery. Sound and dialogue are used sparingly and often in place of traditional cinematic and narrative techniques. The soundtrack incorporates a number of pieces of classical music, among them "Also sprach Zarathustra" by Richard Strauss, "The Blue Danube" by Johann Strauss II, and works by Aram Khachaturian and György Ligeti. "2001: A Space Odyssey" was financed and distributed by American studio Metro
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2001: A Space Odyssey (film)


optical monaural soundtrack. The original 70-millimetre release, like many Super Panavision 70 films of the era such as "Grand Prix", was advertised as being in "Cinerama" in cinemas equipped with special projection optics and a deeply curved screen. In standard cinemas, the film was identified as a 70-millimetre production. The original release of "2001: A Space Odyssey" in 70-millimetre Cinerama with six-track sound played continually for more than a year in several venues, and for 103 weeks in Los Angeles. The 19 minutes
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2001: A Space Odyssey (novel)


"". "2001: A Space Odyssey" explores technological advancement: its promise and its danger. The HAL 9000 computer puts forward the troubles that can crop up when man builds machines, the inner workings of which he does not fully comprehend and therefore cannot fully control. The book explores the perils related to the atomic age. In this novel, the Cold War is apparently still on, and at the end of the book one side has nuclear weapons above the earth on an orbital platform. To test its
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List of spacecraft from the Space Odyssey series


planning for the film, the spaceplane's engines on the back were designed to break away from the passenger section of the plane. Space Station V is a fictional space station seen in the movie "2001: A Space Odyssey". It is a large, international, rotating wheel space station used as a transfer point from Low Earth orbit to the moon and other planets. It also functions as an orbital hotel. Rotation of the station provides artificial gravity for people aboard the station. The station contains two bays for docking
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List of spacecraft from the Space Odyssey series


Deep Space Habitats. The Pod appears briefly in the background in scenes from "" (in Watto's junkyard) and "Ready Player One" (in Aech's garage) as tributes to the film. The Moonbus is a fictional spacecraft from the movie "2001: A Space Odyssey". The word “moonbus” isn't referred to explicitly in the film itself; rather, it's called a “rocket bus” in dialogue, and, in an early draft of the screenplay, is described as a “
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Interpretations of 2001: A Space Odyssey


". In the film, US Air Force insignia, and flag insignia of China and Germany (including what appears to be an Iron Cross) can be seen on three of the satellites, which correspond to three of the bombs stated countries of origin in a widely circulated early draft of the script. Production staff who continue to refer to "bombs" (in addition to Clarke) include production designer Harry Lange (previously a space industry illustrator), who has since the film's release shown his original production sketches for
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2001: A Space Odyssey in popular culture


to the film: it responds "I'm sorry I can't do that" when asked to "open the pod bay doors". When asked repeatedly, it may say, "Without your space helmet, you're going to find this rather... breathtaking.". The iPhone 6 version also included some references to HAL: initially, when the user said it was "good", it sometimes repeated what HAL says to the BBC interviewer about himself, then, when the user asked her to search information about
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2001: A Space Odyssey (novel)


as he is knowledgeable and accurate (and fascinating) about the technical and human details of space flight and exploration". Although the novel and film were developed simultaneously, the novel follows early drafts of the film, from which the final version of the film deviated. These changes were often for practical reasons relating to what could be filmed economically, and a few were due to differences of opinion between Kubrick and Clarke. The most notable differences are a change in the destination planet from Saturn to Jupiter, and the nature of
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2001: A Space Odyssey (comics)


2001: A Space Odyssey is an oversized American comic book adaptation of the 1968 as well as a ten–issue monthly series which expanded upon the concepts presented in the Stanley Kubrick film and the novel by Arthur C. Clarke. Jack Kirby wrote and pencilled both the adaptation and the series, which were published by Marvel Comics beginning in 1976. The adaptation was part of the agreement of Kirby's return to Marvel. Marvel published the adaptation in its then-common treasury edition format featuring tabloid-sized pages of roughly twice the
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2001: A Space Odyssey (film)


well of it in his autobiography and other essays. James P. Hogan liked the film but complained that the ending did not make any sense to him, leading to a bet about whether he could write something better: "I stole Arthur's plot idea shamelessly and produced "Inherit the Stars"." Since its premiere, "2001: A Space Odyssey" has been analyzed and interpreted by professional critics and theorists, amateur writers and science fiction fans. Peter Kramer in his monograph for BFI analyzing the film summarized the diverse
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Interpretations of 2001: A Space Odyssey


to a different level of cognition, linking the primeval, futuristic and mystic segments of the film. McClay's "Rolling Stone" review notes a parallelism between the monolith's first appearance in which tool usage is imparted to the apes and the completion of "another evolution" in the fourth and final encounter with the monolith. In a similar vein, Tim Dirks ends his synopsis saying "The cyclical evolution from ape to man to spaceman to angel-starchild-superman is complete". The monolith appears four times in "
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2001: A Space Odyssey (film)


"The Shining", "Barry Lyndon", some little parts of "2001", we had thousands of cans of negative outtakes and print, which we had stored in an area at his house where we worked out of, which he personally supervised the loading of it to a truck and then I went down to a big industrial waste lot and burned it. That's what he wanted." In December 2010, Douglas Trumbull announced that Warner Bros. had found 17 minutes of lost footage from the post-premiere
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3001: The Final Odyssey


3001: The Final Odyssey is a 1997 science fiction novel by British writer Arthur C. Clarke. It is the fourth and final book in Clarke's "Space Odyssey" series. This novel begins with a brief prologue describing the bioforms — dubbed the First-Born — who created the black monoliths. They evolved from "primordial soup", and over the course of millions of years, became a space-faring species. Perceiving that nothing was more precious than "mind," they catalysed the evolution of intelligent species wherever
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Gamma Ray Spectrometer (2001 Mars Odyssey)


The Gamma Ray Spectrometer (GRS) is a gamma-ray spectrometer on the "2001 Mars Odyssey" spacecraft, a space probe orbiting the planet Mars since 2001. Part of NASA's Mars Surveyor 2001 program, it returns geological data about Mars's surface such as identifying elements and the location of water. It is maintained by the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory at the University of Arizona in the United States. This instrument has mapped the distribution surface hydrogen, thought to trace water in the surface layer of Martian soil. The
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2001: A Space Odyssey (film)


", and William Friedkin says "2001" is "the grandfather of all such films". At the 2007 Venice film festival, director Ridley Scott said he believed "2001" was the unbeatable film that in a sense killed the science fiction genre. Similarly, film critic Michel Ciment in his essay "Odyssey of Stanley Kubrick" wrote, "Kubrick has conceived a film which in one stroke has made the whole science fiction cinema obsolete." Others credit "2001" with opening up a market for films such as
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Technologies in 2001: A Space Odyssey


and updating designs, storyboards, and the script itself. To handle all of this...a "control room"...was used to keep track of all progress on the film." Ordway (who worked on designing the station and the five principal space vehicles) has noted that U.S. industry had problems satisfying Kubrick with its equipment suggestions, while design aspects of the vehicles had to be updated often to accommodate rapid screenplay changes, one crew member resigning over an unspecified related issue. Eventually, conflicting ideas of what Kubrick had in
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2001: A Space Odyssey (film)


unites all four episodes of the film" is the monolith, the film's largest and most unresolvable enigma. Vincent LoBrutto's biography of Kubrick says that for many, Clarke's novel is the key to understanding the monolith. Similarly, Geduld observes that "the monolith  ... has a very simple explanation in Clarke's novel," though she later asserts that even the novel does not fully explain the ending. McClay's "Rolling Stone" review describes a parallelism between the monolith's first appearance in which tool usage is imparted
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Robert Godwin


and Legacy of the Space Odyssey" with Frederick I. Ordway III, who was technical adviser to Stanley Kubrick for the film "2001 A Space Odyssey". Godwin also contributed feature articles to such publications as Goldmine (magazine) and "Boeing Employee Times" In October 2015, Godwin wrote and published "The First Scientific Concept of Rockets for Space Travel", an essay in which he asserted that a Scottish Presbyterian Minister and Canadian University Principal named William Leitch was the first scientist to determine, for the correct reasons, that
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List of spacecraft from the Space Odyssey series


shoot the film was demolished in the early 1970s, the model for "Space Station V" was dumped in a field about 20 miles away. It was destroyed by vandals a few days later. In the end of "The Dawn of Man" sequence in the film "2001: A Space Odyssey", the bone launched by the chief ape-man "transforms" into a grey satellite orbiting Earth with the USAF roundel visible. A series of similar shots follows; in the next we see a similar satellite from
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Monolith (Space Odyssey)


is explained that Halman used the Minilith to replicate Heywood Floyd's consciousness to help him uncover the Monolith's operations. All the Monoliths are black, extremely flat, non-reflective rectangular solids. In the novels (not in the films), their dimensions are in the precise ratio of 1 : 4 : 9 (the squares of the first three positive integers). These dimensions are the main source of debate about the simple external design of the Monoliths. It is suggested in the "2001" novel that this number
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Lucy (2014 film)


"The Matrix", while her many black-suited Korean opponents suggest another army of Agent Smiths," and added that, when Lucy "uploads herself, Big Brother-style, to every computer and TV screen in the vicinity," the film suggests "a livelier, less ponderous remake" of "Transcendence." Hoffman said, "The end of the movie goes completely off the rails, but in a way that is charming in its stupidity. It's like "2001: A Space Odyssey" for
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2001: A Space Odyssey in popular culture


as far as I'm concerned. On a technical level, it can be compared, but personally I think that '2001' is far superior." At the 2007 Venice film festival, director Ridley Scott stated he believed "2001" was the unbeatable film that in a sense killed the science fiction genre. Similarly, film critic Michel Ciment in his essay "Odyssey of Stanley Kubrick" stated, "Kubrick has conceived a film which in one stroke has made the whole science fiction cinema obsolete." However, others
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Odyssey Marine Exploration


Odyssey Marine Exploration, Inc. is an American company engaged in the salvage of deep-water shipwrecks. Odyssey salvaged the U.S. Civil War era shipwreck of the SS "Republic" in 2003 and recovered over 50,000 coins and 14,000 artifacts from the site nearly 1,700 feet deep. Odyssey has several shipwreck projects in various stages of development around the world, including the codenamed Black Swan Project. Between 1998 and 2001, Odyssey Marine Exploration searched for HMS "Sussex" and stated that it had located the shipwreck off Gibraltar at a depth of
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Space Odyssey


no involvement in the "2010" novel or film, or any of the later projects. The "Space Odyssey" series combines several science-fiction narrative conventions with a metaphysical tone. Since the stories and settings in the books and films all diverge, Clarke suggested that the "continuity" of the series represents happenings in a set of parallel universes. One notable example is that in the "2001" novel, the voyage was to the planet Saturn. During production of the film, it was decided that the special
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Johanna Hedva


exile. Most take place in unusual locations; for instance, "Odyssey Odyssey", an adaptation of Homer's "Odyssey", was performed in a Honda Odyssey minivan being driven by a performer. In April 2019, Hedva performed "Black Moon Lilith in Pisces in the 4th House," a solo of guitar and voice, as part of the disability festival "I Wanna Be With You Everywhere" at Performance Space New York. Hyperallergic said: Since 2014, Hedva has served as the Director of Advocacy for the
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WALL-E


perseverance in animating a character with an unchanging expression. As he rewatched these, Stanton felt that filmmakers—since the advent of sound—relied on dialogue too much to convey exposition. The filmmakers dubbed the cockroach WALL-E keeps as a pet "Hal", in reference to silent film producer Hal Roach (as well as being an additional reference to HAL 9000). They also watched "2001: A Space Odyssey", "The Black Stallion" and "Never Cry Wolf", films that had sound but
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2001: A Space Odyssey (novel)


the story was changed from novel to film. In the novel, this monolith is a transparent crystal; In the film, it is solid black. The TMA1 and TMA2 monoliths were unchanged. While it is stated in the book that the ratio of the dimensions of the monolith are supposed to be 1:4:9, or the first 3 integral numbers squared, the shape of the actual monolith seen in the movie does not conform to this ratio. A ratio of 1:4:9 would produce an object that appears thick, wide, and squat
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Odyssey (Magic: The Gathering)


themes explored in Odyssey but this time with a gothic horror theme. The Flashback mechanic would also return in Innistrad. Notable cards from Odyssey include ', ', ', ' and . Notable cards from Judgment include *' and ' Psychatog is a blue-black "" creature card printed at the "uncommon" level of rarity in the Odyssey expansion set in 2001. Its abilities, which allow the player to strengthen it by discarding cards or removing cards in the graveyard (discard pile) from the game, resulted
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Technologies in 2001: A Space Odyssey


treatises such as "Speculations Concerning the First Ultraintelligent Machine" and "Logic of Man and Machine". Dr. Marvin Minsky, of MIT, was the main artificial intelligence adviser for the film. "2001" accurately presents outer space as not allowing the propagation of sound, in sharp contrast to other films with space scenes in which explosions or sounds of passing spacecraft are heard. "2001" portrayal of weightlessness in spaceships and outer space is also more realistic. Tracking shots inside the rotating wheel providing artificial gravity contrast with the
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Monolith (Space Odyssey)


experiments overseen by the ancient Monoliths. Given that the Monoliths' communications are said to be limited by the speed of light, but Dave Bowman is sent on an interstellar journey at the end of "2001: A Space Odyssey", and Bowman is apparently transformed into the Star Child, not by the Monoliths, but by the Firstborn (both Kubrick and Clarke have similarly stated that Bowman was transformed by non-corporeal aliens, not the Monoliths). They also subsequently transform HAL in 2010, to give Bowman a companion
20459414
Beyond the Black Rainbow


Their music had already been featured the sci-fi and horror genres, two of Cosmatos main cinematic obsessions when young. Ligeti pieces "Lux Aeterna" and "Atmosphères" had been featured in "2001: A Space Odyssey", and Penderecki's "Polymorphia" and a portion of "The Devils of Loudun" was used in "The Exorcist" (1973). For his analogue synthesizer score, Schmidt used the following equipment: a Prophet 5, two Oberheims, Moog Taurus bass pedals, a Korg CX-3 organ
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Tony Kendall (poker player)


have never been proven. Kendall never talks of the "lost years", but he has been heard to mutter "death to the Hippies" when on his Buckfast retreats on the Isle of Skye in his later years. Kendall to this day also loves a Cuban heel. Also in the sixties, he tried his hand at acting with a cameo role in the film "2001, a Space Odyssey", where he played one of the apes surrounding the black obelisk at the start of the film. Appalled by the
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2001: A Space Odyssey (film)


the film apart from the "monsters-and-sex" type of science-fiction films of the time, Kubrick used Homers "The Odyssey" as inspiration for the title. Kubrick said, "It occurred to us that for the Greeks the vast stretches of the sea must have had the same sort of mystery and remoteness that space has for our generation." Kubrick and Clarke planned to develop the first, free of the constraints of film, and then write the screenplay. They planned the writing credits to be
2131956
The Notorious Byrd Brothers


"Space Odyssey" predates the release of "2001: A Space Odyssey", McGuinn and his co-writer, Robert J. Hippard, composed lyrics that referred to a pyramid being found on the Moon, as was the case in "The Sentinel". However, the pyramid was replaced by a rectangular monolith in both the film and the accompanying novelization. "The Notorious Byrd Brothers" was released on January 15, 1968, in the United States (catalogue item CL 2775 in mono, CS 9575 in stereo)
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Toynbee tiles


In a conversation with "The Philadelphia Inquirer", Morasco discussed how Toynbee's book contained a theory on bringing dead molecules back to life, and that this was later depicted in the movie "2001: A Space Odyssey". The caller had founded what the "Inquirer" called a "Jupiter colonization organization", known as the Minority Association. In 1996, the "Kansas City Star" editor Doug Worgul discovered a "Toynbee Tile" at the corner of 13th and Grand in downtown Kansas City. Investigating the story
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Lucy (2014 film)


, the purpose I had was smaller. Basically, this is about us, our legacy and what we learn."' A computer-animated version of Australopithecus being in the film, "modeled on the dawn of Man sequence from "2001: A Space Odyssey"", is one of several of "Lucy"'s homages. "I live in a country of food, and you can't have a third star in a restaurant (the top Michelin rating) without risk, invention or creativity", Besson
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2001: A Space Odyssey (novel)


2001", explaining that he simply (and unconsciously) used the spelling he was familiar with from "The Conquest of Space" (1949) by Willy Ley and Chesley Bonestell, presuming that the "J" form is the German rendering of the Greek. The film "2010" was released in 1984 resulting in movie tie-in editions of both the "2001" and "2010" novels. At the time Signet Books reported that over 2.8 million copies of "2001" were in print and that "2010
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Stanley Kubrick


Space Odyssey". "Colour Me Kubrick" (2005) was authorized by Kubrick's family and starred John Malkovich as Alan Conway, a con artist who had assumed Kubrick's identity in the 1990s. In the 2004 film "The Life and Death of Peter Sellers", Kubrick was portrayed by Stanley Tucci; the film documents the filming of "Dr. Strangelove". In April 2018, the month that marked the 50th anniversary of "2001: A Space Odyssey", the International Astronomical Union named the largest mountain of
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2001: A Space Odyssey (film)


". In a 1968 interview with "Playboy" magazine, he said: In a subsequent discussion of the film with Joseph Gelmis, Kubrick said his main aim was to avoid "intellectual verbalization" and reach "the viewer's subconscious." But he said he did not strive for ambiguity—it was simply an inevitable outcome of making the film nonverbal. Still, he acknowledged this ambiguity was an invaluable asset to the film. He was willing then to give a fairly straightforward explanation of the plot on what he called
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Art film


with the gritty, harsh realism of his film "Raging Bull". In this film, actor Robert De Niro took method acting to an extreme to portray a boxer's decline from a prizewinning young fighter to an overweight, "has-been" nightclub owner. Ridley Scott's "Blade Runner" (1982) could also be seen as a science fiction art film, along with "2001: A Space Odyssey" (1968). "Blade Runner" explores themes of existentialism, or what it means to be
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2001: A Space Odyssey (novel)


primitive man-ape. Distinctively, "Space Odyssey" is concerned about not only the evolution that has led to the development of humanity, but also the evolution that humanity might undergo in the future. Hence, we follow Bowman as he is turned into a Star Child. The novel acknowledges that evolutionary theory entails that humanity is not the end, but only a step in the process. One way this process might continue, the book imagines, is that humans will learn to move to robot bodies and eventually rid themselves
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2001: A Space Odyssey (film)


" sixth in the top ten films of all time in its 2002 and 2012 critics' polls editions; it also tied for second place in the magazine's 2012 directors' poll. In 2010, it was named the greatest film of all time by "The Moving Arts Film Journal". In an African desert millions of years ago, a tribe of hominids is driven away from its water hole by a rival tribe. They awaken to find a featureless black monolith has appeared before them. Seemingly influenced by the monolith,
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2001: A Space Odyssey (film)


Novros, and background artist Douglas Trumbull airmailed research-based concept sketches and notes covering the mechanics and physics of space travel and created storyboards for the space flight sequences in "2001". Trumbull became a special effects supervisor on "2001". Filming began December 29, 1965, in Stage H at Shepperton Studios, Shepperton, England. The studio was chosen because it could house the pit for the Tycho crater excavation scene, the first to be shot. The production moved in January 1966 to the smaller MGM-British
2131975
Interpretations of 2001: A Space Odyssey


Joseph Gelmis, Kubrick said his main aim was to avoid "intellectual verbalization" and reach "the viewer's subconscious". He said he did not deliberately strive for ambiguity, that it was simply an inevitable outcome of making the film non-verbal, though he acknowledged that this ambiguity was an invaluable asset to the film. He was willing then to give a fairly straightforward explanation of the plot on what he called the "simplest level", but unwilling to discuss the metaphysical interpretation of the film which he felt should
16277807
KGB-FM


in his favor in June 1979, Ted was allowed to continue to perform in a chicken costume but though not the same one as the original costume. He return with a brand spanking new name, this time as the San Diego Chicken was witnessed by 47,000 people at what was called a "Grand Hatching" event, where he emerged from a styroform egg as the theme from "2001: A Space Odyssey" played, since then Ted and his alternate ego The Chicken is still truly representing the city of San Diego and
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2001: A Space Odyssey (film)


"a recluse, a nut who lives in a tree", Kubrick allowed Caras to cable the film proposal to Clarke. Clarke's cabled response stated that he was "frightfully interested in working with [that] "enfant terrible"", and added "what makes Kubrick think I'm a recluse?" Meeting for the first time at Trader Vic's in New York on April 22, 1964, the two began discussing the project that would take up the next four years of their lives. Clarke kept a diary
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2001: A Space Odyssey (film)


that room. And he has no sense of time. It just seems to happen as it does in the film." In the interview Kubrick says that Bowman is then transformed into the Star Child by the godlike entities before they return him to Earth as his destiny, in a traditional myth-like transformation. The script went through many stages. In early 1965, when backing was secured for the film, Clarke and Kubrick still had no firm idea of what would happen to Bowman after the Star Gate sequence. Initially
2131962
2001: A Space Odyssey (film)


book to mean that he (the fetus) destroyed Earth, perhaps for the purpose of creating a new Heaven. This idea never occurred to me; it seems clear that he triggered the orbiting nuclear bombs harmlessly...". In response to Jeremy Bernstein's dark interpretation of the film's ending, Kubrick said: "The book does not end with the destruction of the Earth." Regarding the film as a whole, Kubrick encouraged people to explore their own interpretations and refused to offer an explanation of "what really happened
2132037
Aloidendron dichotomum


It can be propagated from seed and (with more difficulty) from cuttings or truncheons. Cuttings need to be thoroughly dried for several weeks in a shaded area, before being planted. Miachel Benson's book "Space Odyssey: Stanley Kubrick, Arthur C. Clarke, and the Making of a Masterpiece" (2018) briefly discusses how the kokerboom piqued the interest of film director, Stanley Kubrick. The book claims that several protected kokerboom trees were cut down so they could be used to film "2001: A Space Odyssey"
1089128
Model Shop (film)


other, down Western all the way to Long Beach. LA has the perfect proportions for film. It fits the frame perfectly. Demy initially wanted to a new face in the leading role, and chose the then-unknown Harrison Ford. Columbia Pictures, however, had no confidence in Ford's abilities and demanded that Demy hire a more experienced actor. Gary Lockwood was eventually cast on the basis of his performance in "2001: A Space Odyssey". Demy says Lockwood "had nothing to do in "Space Odyssey
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2001: A Space Odyssey (film)


through the universe out there beyond our earth." Philip French wrote that the film was "perhaps the first multi-million-dollar supercolossal movie since D.W. Griffith's "Intolerance" fifty years ago which can be regarded as the work of one man  ... "Space Odyssey" is important as the high-water mark of science-fiction movie making, or at least of the genre's futuristic branch." "The Boston Globe" review called it "the world's most extraordinary film. Nothing like it has ever
2132022
List of spacecraft from the Space Odyssey series


" is a large, nuclear-powered interplanetary spaceship. "Discovery" was named after Captain Robert Scott's RRS "Discovery", launched 1901; Arthur C. Clarke used to visit the ship when she was moored in London. The EVA Pod is a fictional spacecraft used for extra-vehicular activity seen in the movie "2001: A Space Odyssey". The Jupiter spacecraft "Discovery One" carries three of these small, one-man maintenance vehicles. The craft has similarities with the in development FlexCraft for servicing NASA
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List of spacecraft from the Space Odyssey series


moon rocket bus”. The vehicle is a small, low altitude rocket craft meant to be used for quick transportation of passengers and cargo above the surface of the Moon. The Orion III is a fictional passenger spaceplane seen in "2001: A Space Odyssey". It is a two-stage spacecraft launched on a reusable winged booster. It is equipped with aerospike rocket engines and jet engines for atmospheric flight. Pan American World Airways operates the Orion III, just as it operates the Aries Ib. In early stages of
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2001: A Space Odyssey (film)


's daughters, additional scenes of life on the base, and Floyd buying a bush baby for his daughter from a department store via videophone. A ten-minute black-and-white opening sequence featuring interviews with scientists, including Freeman Dyson discussing off-Earth life, was removed after an early screening for MGM executives. Kubrick's rationale for editing the film was to tighten the narrative. Reviews suggested the film suffered from its departure from traditional cinematic storytelling. Of the cuts, Kubrick said, "I didn't believe
2131982
2001: A Space Odyssey (novel)


the monolith was instrumental in awakening intelligence. In AD 1999, Dr. Heywood Floyd travels to the Moon's Clavius Base, where a scientist explains that they have found a magnetic disturbance, designated Tycho Magnetic Anomaly One (or TMA-1), in the crater Tycho. Excavation has revealed a large black slab, precisely fashioned to a ratio of 1:4:9 (or 1:2:3) and therefore believed the work of intelligence. Visiting TMA-1, Floyd and others arrive just as sunlight falls upon it for the first time since it was uncovered; it
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2001: A Space Odyssey (novel)


of gathering information and reporting it fully; and when threatened with disconnection, he panicked and defended himself out of a belief that his very existence was at stake, having no concept of sleep. Bowman spends months on the ship alone, slowly approaching Iapetus. During his approach, he gradually notices a small black spot on the surface of Iapetus, and later finds it identical in shape to TMA-1, only much larger. The scientists on Earth name this monolith "TMA-2", which Bowman identifies as a double misnomer because it
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2001: A Space Odyssey (score)


this account of his experience: "Well, what can I say? It was a great, frustrating experience, and despite the mixed reaction to the music, I think the Victorian approach with mid-European overtones was just not in keeping with the brilliant concept of Clarke and Kubrick." The original three-track score masters had been kept at Anvil Studios in England as late as 1980, but were later erased when the Anvil facility closed. All that remained of the original tracks were mono fold down tapes kept by
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Interpretations of 2001: A Space Odyssey


in July 2018, Kubrick's interpretation of the ending scene was presented after being newly found in an early interview. Kubrick encouraged people to explore their own interpretations of the film, and refused to offer an explanation of "what really happened" in the movie, preferring instead to let audiences embrace their own ideas and theories. In a 1968 interview with "Playboy", Kubrick stated: Neither of the two creators equated openness to interpretation with meaninglessness, although it might seem that Clarke implied as much when he stated, shortly
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Childhood's End


had already optioned it. Instead, Kubrick collaborated with Clarke on adapting the short story "The Sentinel" into what eventually became "2001: A Space Odyssey" (1968). Months before his performance at Woodstock in 1969, folk singer and guitarist Richie Havens told "Ebony" magazine about his appreciation of Clarke's story and expressed his interest in working on a future film adaptation of "Childhood's End". Screenplays by Polonsky and Howard Koch were never made into films. David Elgood first proposed a radio adaptation of
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2001: A Space Odyssey (film)


with "limitless capabilities and ungraspable intelligence". In a 1980 interview unreleased during Kubrick's lifetime, Kubrick explains one of the film's closing scenes, where Bowman is depicted in old age after his journey through the Star Gate: "The idea was supposed to be that he is taken in by godlike entities, creatures of pure energy and intelligence with no shape or form. They put him in what I suppose you could describe as a human zoo to study him, and his whole life passes from that point on in
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