who won the 1965 war india or pakistan
Sino-Indian War


his government post to allow for someone who might modernise India's military further. India's policy of weaponisation via indigenous sources and self-sufficiency was thus cemented. Sensing a weakened army, Pakistan, a close ally of China, began a policy of provocation against India by infiltrating Jammu and Kashmir and ultimately triggering the Second Kashmir War with India in 1965 and Indo-Pakistani war of 1971. The Attack of 1965 was successfully stopped and ceasefire was negotiated under international pressure. In the Indo-Pakistani war of 1971 India won
10329385
Muhajir people


via the Rajasthan-Sindh border until the 1965 India-Pakistan war when that route was shut. After the conclusion of the 1965 war, most Muslims who wanted to go to Pakistan had to go there via the India-East Pakistani border. Once reaching Dhaka, most made their way to the final destination-Karachi. However, not all managed to reach West Pakistan from East Pakistan. A large number of Urdu-speaking Muslims from Bihar went to East Pakistan after independence of India and Pakistan in 1947. After the
5754377
Tashkent Declaration


The Tashkent Declaration was a peace agreement between India and Pakistan signed on 10 January 1966 that resolved the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965. Peace had been achieved on 23 September by the intervention of the external powers who pushed the two nations to cease fire, afraid the conflict could escalate and draw in other powers. The war between India and Pakistan in 1965 was an escalation of the small scale and irregular fighting from April 1965 to September 1965 between both countries. It was over control of the resources and population of the state
2449112
Indo-Pakistani War of 1965


Ayub's chagrin. India won the war. It held on to the Vale of Kashmir, the prize Pakistan vainly sought. It gained of Pakistani territory: in Azad Kashmir, Pakistan's portion of the state; of the Sailkot sector; far to the south of Sindh; and most critical, on the Lahore front. Pakistan took of Indian territory: in the Chhamb sector and around Khem Karan. Although both sides lost heavily in men and material, and neither gained a decisive military advantage, India had the better of
21206319
Indo-Pakistani War of 1965


founded belief that their "martial race" of soldiers could defeat "Hindu India" in the war. Rasul Bux Rais, a Pakistani political analyst wrote – The 1965 war with India proved that Pakistan could neither break the formidable Indian defences in a blitzkrieg fashion nor could she sustain an all-out conflict for long. Historian Akbar S Zaidi notes that Pakistan "lost terribly in the 1965 war". The Pakistan airforce on the other hand gained a lot of credibility and reliability among Pakistan military and international war writers for successful
21206354
The India-Pakistan Air War of 1965


The India-Pakistan Air War of 1965 is a 2005 aviation history book written by PVS Jagan Mohan and Samir Chopra. The book deals with the Indian Air Force's role in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 that started on 1 September 1965 and came to an end on 23 September 1965. The air war was one of the last in which classic turning dogfights took place between the two belligerents. The Pakistan Air Force employed largely American hardware. The North American F-86 Sabre, the Lockheed F-104 Starfighter and the Martin B-57
2091116
Indo-Pakistani War of 1965


The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 was a culmination of skirmishes that took place between April 1965 and September 1965 between Pakistan and India. The conflict began following Pakistan's Operation Gibraltar, which was designed to infiltrate forces into Jammu and Kashmir to precipitate an insurgency against Indian rule. India retaliated by launching a full-scale military attack on West Pakistan. The seventeen-day war caused thousands of casualties on both sides and witnessed the largest engagement of armored vehicles and the largest tank battle since World War II. Hostilities between the
21206270
Indo-Pakistani War of 1965


hailed as a national hero in India. While the overall performance of the Indian military was praised, military leaders were criticised for their failure to effectively deploy India's superior armed forces so as to achieve a decisive victory over Pakistan. In his book "War in the modern world since 1815", noted war historian Jeremy Black said that though Pakistan "lost heavily" during the 1965 war, India's hasty decision to call for negotiations prevented further considerable damage to the Pakistan Armed Forces. He elaborates — India's chief of
21206345
India–Pakistan relations


. India and Pakistan have fought in numerous armed conflicts since their independence. There are three major wars that have taken place between the two states, namely in 1947, 1965 and the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971. In addition to this was the unofficial Kargil War in 1999 and some border skirmishes. The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 started following Pakistan's Operation Gibraltar, which was designed to infiltrate forces into Jammu and Kashmir to precipitate an insurgency against rule by India. The five-week war caused thousands of casualties on
16174360
Indo-Pakistani War of 1965


army's failure, but later dropped the idea for fear of being banned. Some authors have noted that Pakistan might have been emboldened by a war game – conducted in March 1965, at the Institute of Defence Analysis, USA. The exercise concluded that, in the event of a war with India, Pakistan would win. Other authors like Stephen P. Cohen, have consistently commented that the Pakistan Army had "acquired an exaggerated view of the weakness of both India and the Indian military ... the 1965 war was a shock"
21206335
History of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan


1965 presidential elections, Ayub Khan almost lost to Fatima Jinnah. In 1965, after Pakistan went ahead with its strategic infiltration mission in Kashmir codenamed Operation Gibraltar, India declared full-scale war against Pakistan. The war, which ended militarily in a stalemate, was mostly fought in the west. Controversially, the East Pakistani Army did not interfere in the conflict and this caused anger in West Pakistan against East Pakistan. The war with India was met with disfavor by the United States, which dismayed Pakistan by adopting a policy of
21846151
Operation Dwarka


Operation Dwarka was a naval operation by the Pakistan Navy to attack the Indian coastal town of Dwarka on 7 September 1965. This was the first use of Pakistan Navy in any of the Indo-Pakistan Wars. It was one of the significant naval events of the 1965 Indo-Pak war, and Pakistan celebrates 8 September as ""Victory Day"" for Pakistan Navy. As the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 broke out between India and Pakistan over Kashmir, armies and air forces of both nations were involved in intense
6519096
India


Lanka between 1987 and 1990; and an armed intervention to prevent a 1988 coup d'état attempt in the Maldives. India has tense relations with neighbouring Pakistan; the two nations have gone to war four times: in 1947, 1965, 1971, and 1999. Three of these wars were fought over the disputed territory of Kashmir, while the fourth, the 1971 war, followed from India's support for the independence of Bangladesh. After waging the 1962 Sino-Indian War and the 1965 war with Pakistan, India pursued close military
14705545
Bleed India with a Thousand Cuts


Bhutto, then a member of the military regime of the General Ayub Khan, who declared a thousand-year war against India during his speech to the United Nations Security Council in 1965. His plans for the 1971 war included severing the entire eastern India and making it a "permanent part" of East Pakistan, occupying Kashmir, and turning East Punjab into a separate 'Khalistan'. After the war ended with Pakistan's own dismemberment, he laid down the doctrine of continuing the conflict by "inflicting a thousand cuts"
12989595
Indo-Pakistani War of 1965


published in India as "Illusion of Victory: A Military History of the Indo-Pak War-1965" by Lexicon Publishers. Recently a new Pakistani impression has been published in 2017. Strategic miscalculations by both India and Pakistan ensured that the war ended in a stalemate. Indian military intelligence gave no warning of the impending Pakistan invasion. The Indian Army failed to recognize the presence of heavy Pakistani artillery and armaments in Chumb and suffered significant losses as a result. The "Official War History – 1965", drafted by the Ministry of
21206328
Indo-Pakistani War of 1965


alignment, distanced itself further from Western powers and developed close relations with the Soviet Union. By the end of the 1960s, the Soviet Union emerged as the biggest supplier of military hardware to India. From 1967 to 1977, 81% of India's arms imports were from the Soviet Union. After the 1965 war, the arms race between India and Pakistan became even more asymmetric and India was outdistancing Pakistan by far. At the conclusion of the war, many Pakistanis considered the performance of their military to be positive. 6
21206350
S. M. Anwar


Defence (MoD) for a diplomatic assignment, and briefly tenured as naval attaché at the Embassy of Pakistan in Washington, D.C. in the United States until 1964. In 1965, Anwar was appointed as senior fleet commander when he took over the command of the Pakistan Fleet (COMPAK). During the second war with India in 1965, Cdre. Anwar was the officer in tactical command of the 25th Destroyer Squadron who led the attack and raid radar station used by the Indian Air Force in Dwarka, Gujarat in India. In
18830194
Henry Austin (Indian politician)


as an Indian representative to lobby for support of India's position during the Bangladesh Liberation War. (India supported Bangladesh's secession from Pakistan). He earned the sobriquet "Giant Killer" in the 1965 assembly election after he defeated stalwart leader T.K.Divakaran at the hustlings from Kollam assembly constituency.Unfortunately he could not swear in as an MLA since no government could be formed in 1965 as no party had a majority He won his first election to the Parliament of India from the Ernakulam Lok Sabha constituency in 1971 defeating V.Viswanatha Menon and
17497021
Fazilka TV Tower


medium-wave station at Chandigarh in 1965. Another radio station was to be opened at Amritsar, but due to the 1965 war with Pakistan, the idea was shelved. In the meanwhile, Radio Pakistan and Pakistan Television Service increased its presence in the border areas with India. Radio Pakistan then slowly and steadily kept opening new radio stations in the cities of Rawalpindi, Multan, Bahawalpur, Faisalabad, Mianwali, Islamabad and Sialkot. Pakistani television also dotted the entire border areas with Punjab, India with powerful transmitters. India started
240286
Pakistan and the International Monetary Fund


Pakistan again went to IMF in 1965. This time, IMF gave to war-torn nation on 16 March 1965. Three years later, Pakistan again went to IMF for third time for balance of payment problems for which IMF gave on 17 October 1968. In 1971, Pakistan lost its Eastern half, East Pakistan, in a war against India. This war caused huge loses to Pakistan. For which, Pakistan got loan of in 1972, in 1973 and another of in 1974 to meet its growing needs. In 1977
20830388
Abdul Ali Malik


Lieutenant-General Abdul Ali Malik was a three-star rank army general in the Pakistan Army and an engineering officer in the Corps of Engineers who earned distinction of leading the combat engineering formations to mechanized warfare in Chawinda during the second war with India in 1965, and later commanded the I Corps during the third war with India in 1971. He belonged to a small village called Pindori which is about away from Rawalpindi. He joined Pakistan Army as a cadet-officer and later inducted in Pakistan Army Corps of Engineers. He
18957144
Indo-Pakistani War of 1965


military materiél to India and Pakistan since 1947. Both India and Pakistan were Commonwealth republics. While India had pursued a policy of nominal non-alignment, Pakistan was a member of both CENTO and SEATO and a purported ally of the West in its struggle against Communism. Well before the conflict began, however, Britain and the United States had suspected Pakistan of joining both alliances out of opportunism to acquire advanced weapons for a war against India. They had therefore limited their military aid to Pakistan to maintain the existing balance of power
21206337
Pakistan–United States relations


the United States. Economic aid to Pakistan was further increased by the United States through the consortium companies. West Pakistan's high rate of economic growth during this time period brought wide regard to Pakistan as a model of successful implementation of capitalism in a developing country – in 1964, GDP growth was 9.38%. In August 1965, Pakistan, under the leadership of Ayub Khan, launched the so-called "Operation Gibraltar" against India, which escalated to the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, with results favouring India.
15655026
Sartaj Aziz


, but was rebuffed by his senior bureaucrats. In that meeting Bhutto convinced the President and the Economic minister that India would not attack Pakistan due to Kashmir as a disputed territory, and in Bhutto's mark: "Pakistan’s incursion into Indian-occupied Kashmir, at [A]khnoor, would not provide [India] with the justification for attacking Pakistan across the international boundary "because Kashmir was a disputed territory". This theory proved wrong when India launched a full-scale war against West-Pakistan in 1965. The war
15912067
Mahmud Ahmed


Ludhiana, Punjab in India, and joined the Pakistan Army in 1964 where he did his combat duty, first participating in second war with India in 1965. His family emigrated from India to Pakistan after India's partition on 14/15 August 1947. He secured his graduation from the Lawrence College in Murree before attending Pakistan Military Academy in Kakul in 1965. He passed out from the PMA Kakul in 1966 where he gained commissioned as 2nd-Lt in the 16th Self-Propelled (SP) in the Corps of Artillery. Lieutenant Ahmed
19492984
Raja Aziz Bhatti


Major Raja Aziz Bhatti (Urdu: راجہ عزیز بھٹی  b. 6 August 1928– 12 September 1965), born as Aziz Ahmad but usually known as Raja Aziz Bhatti, was a military officer in the Pakistan Army who was cited with the "Nishan-e-Haider" for his actions of valor during the Battle of Burki in second war with India in 1965. Prior to gaining officer's commission in the Pakistan Army, Major Bhatti served in the Pakistan Air Force as an enlisted personnel and retired from the air force as
1815003
Indo-Pakistani War of 1965


bombardment. Pakistan had launched operation Grand Slam and India's Army Headquarter was taken by surprise. Attacking with an overwhelming ratio of troops and technically superior tanks, Pakistan made gains against Indian forces, who were caught unprepared and suffered heavy losses. India responded by calling in its air force to blunt the Pakistani attack. The next day, Pakistan retaliated, its air force attacked Indian forces and air bases in both Kashmir and Punjab. India's decision to open up the theatre of attack into Pakistani Punjab forced the Pakistani army to
21206280
Indo-Pakistani War of 1965


understrengthed infantry division (14th Division), sixteen planes and no tanks. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was critical of the disparity in military resources deployed in East and West Pakistan, calling for greater autonomy for East Pakistan, an action that ultimately led to the Bangladesh Liberation War and another war between India and Pakistan in 1971. Pakistan celebrates "Defence Day" every year to commemorate 6 September 1965 to pay tribute to the soldiers killed in the war. However, Pakistani journalists, including Taha Siddiqui and Haseeb Asif have criticized the celebration of
21206362
Pakistan Naval Air Arm


(COMNAV), usually at rank of rear admiral, is a senior commander who directs the field operations of the naval aviation. After the second war with India in 1965, the concept of establishing the navy-based aviation service was conceived by the Pakistan Navy who forwarded the idea to the Government of Pakistan as part of the war strategy to sustain the purely defence of nation's maritime interests.. The Navy had been long aware of the usefulness and tactical advantages of the air-wing after witnessing the United States Naval Aviators
13406943
Indo-Pakistani War of 1965


a resolution that called for an unconditional ceasefire from both nations. The war ended the following day. India's Prime Minister, Shastri, suffered a fatal heart attack soon after the declaration of the ceasefire. As a consequence, the public outcry in India against the ceasefire declaration transformed into a wave of sympathy for the ruling Indian National Congress. India and Pakistan accused each other of ceasefire violations; India charged Pakistan with 585 violations in 34 days, while Pakistan countered with accusations of 450 incidents by India. In addition to the
21206324
India–Pakistan cricket rivalry


in 1961 ended in a drawn series with no Test yielding a winner or loser. Complaints about the fairness of umpires also became routine. The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 and subsequent War of 1971 put hold on India–Pakistan cricket that lasted till 1978, when India toured Pakistan and cricket resumed for a brief period. In the post-1971 period, politics became a direct factor in the holding of cricketing events. India has suspended cricketing ties with Pakistan several times following terrorist attacks or other hostilities. The resumption of cricketing ties
12305141
Mohammad Anwar Hossain


Mohammad Anwar Hossain (May 5, 1947 - March 29, 1971) was a Bangladesh Army officer who fought in the Bangladesh Liberation war. He was killed in the war and posthumously awarded Bir Uttom, the second highest gallantry award in Bangladesh. Hossain was born in Sonapur, Shahrasti, Chandpur, East Bengal, British India, on 5 May 1948. In 1965 he finished his SSC and in 1965 HSC from Faujdarhat Cadet College. He joined the Pakistan Army after studying for one year in East Pakistan University of Engineering and
18962241
Aga Khan Gold Cup


in Asia. To further emphasize the strength of Pakistani football at the time, the Pakistan Railways F.C. (West Pakistan) won the trophy the next year. Dhaka Mohammedan and Karachi Port Trust F.C. shared the honor in 1964. As Pakistan got involved in a war with India in 1965, no tournament was held that year. When the event restarted a year later, the PSSI Young Garuda or the feeder team from Indonesia emerged as the champs. They defeated Dhaka Mohammedan in the final 2-1. PSMS Medan (Indonesia
11812524
History of Bangladesh


. Abdul Momen Khan, who was governor in the 1962-1968 period, persecuted opposition and censored media. The regime became more unpopular during 1965, in the year of a war between India and Pakistan. Patriotism was high in East Pakistan during the war against India, but this was one of the last cases of national solidarity. East Pakistanis felt they had not been protected by the army from a possible Indian invasion. In 1966, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the leader of the Awami League, proclaimed a 6-point plan titled
18489149
Foreign relations of India


the Soviet Union. The US provided support to India in 1962 during its war with China. For most of the Cold War, the USA tended to have warmer relations with Pakistan, primarily as a way to contain Soviet-friendly India and to use Pakistan to back the Afghan Mujahideen against the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan. An Indo-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation, signed in 1971, also positioned India against the USA. After the Sino-Indian War and the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, India made considerable
14765598
History of guerrilla warfare


to an end after farmers captured the operatives and handed them over to the police. This aggression was considered as an act of war, resulting in an all out war between Pakistan and India in September 1965. Mukti Bahini ( "Liberation Army") collectively refers to the armed organizations who fought against the Pakistan Army during the Bangladesh Liberation War. It was dynamically formed by (mostly) Bengali regulars and civilians after the proclamation of independence for Bangladesh (formerly East Pakistan) on March 26, 1971. Subsequently, by mid
16769924
Foreign relations of India


. Pakistan contested the legality of the Instrument of Accession since the Dogra Kingdom has signed a standstill agreement with it. The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 started following the failure of Pakistan's Operation Gibraltar, which was designed to infiltrate forces into Jammu and Kashmir to precipitate an insurgency against rule by India. The five-week war caused thousands of casualties on both sides. It ended in a United Nations (UN) mandated ceasefire and the subsequent issuance of the Tashkent Declaration. India and Pakistan went to war again in 1971
14765528
Pakistan–Russia relations


as the biggest supplier of military hardware to India. India on other hand, distanced from the Western countries, developed close relations with the Soviet Union. Soviet Union and India used the diplomacy, convincing the U.S. and Western powers to keep a ban on Pakistan's military and hardware. After the 1965 war, the arms race between India and Pakistan became even more asymmetric and India was outdistancing Pakistan by far. The Soviet Union had far more better relations with East-Pakistan (Now Bangladesh), and had strong ties with
13384535
Separatist movements of India


no withdrawal was ever carried out, India insisting that Pakistan had to withdraw first, and Pakistan contending that there was no guarantee that India would withdraw afterward. No agreement could be reached between the two countries on the process of demilitarization. India and Pakistan fought two further wars in 1965 and 1971. Following the latter war, the countries reached the Simla Agreement, agreeing on a Line of Control between their respective regions and committing to a peaceful resolution of the dispute through bilateral negotiations. The militant organization United Liberation Front of Assam
15900534
Jammu and Kashmir


over the ownership of Kashmir is that India did not hold the promised plebiscite. In fact, neither side has adhered to the UN resolution of 13 August 1948; while India chose not to hold the plebiscite, Pakistan failed to withdraw its troops from Kashmir as was required under the resolution. India gives the following reasons for not holding the plebiscite: In response Pakistan holds that: Diplomatic relations between India and Pakistan soured for many other reasons and eventually resulted in three further wars in Kashmir: the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965
6233328
Indo-Pakistani War of 1965


. Another UN-sponsored cease-fire left borders unchanged, but Pakistan's vulnerability had again been exposed. The 1965 Indo-Pak war lasted barely a month. Pakistan made gains in the Rajasthan desert but its main push against India's Jammu-Srinagar road link was repulsed and Indian tanks advanced to within a sight of Lahore. Both sides claimed victory but India had most to celebrate. Again India appeared, logistically at least, to be in a superior position but neither side was able to mobilize enough strength to gain
21206321
Indo-Pakistani War of 1965


the war. New Delhi achieved its basic goal of thwarting Pakistan's attempt to seize Kashmir by force. Pakistan gained nothing from a conflict which it had instigated. India's strategic aims were modest – it aimed to deny Pakistani Army victory, although it ended up in possession of of Pakistani territory for the loss of just of its own. A brief but furious 1965 war with India began with a covert Pakistani thrust across the Kashmiri cease-fire line and ended up with the city of Lahore threatened with encirclement by Indian Army
21206320
East Bengal Mail


The East Bengal Mail was a railway train that was one of three train services running between India and East Pakistan (now Bangladesh). The railway link was suspended at the outbreak of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965. Prior to 1965, when armed conflict broke out between India and Pakistan, rail links existed between India and East Pakistan. Three trains ran between the two countries carrying goods and passengers: (1) East Bengal Express between Sealdah and Goalundo Ghat via Gede-Darshana, (2) East Bengal Mail
20889148
East Bengal Express


The East Bengal Express was a railway train that was one of three train services running between India and Bangladesh (then East Pakistan). The railway link was suspended at the outbreak of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965. Prior to 1965, when armed conflict broke out between India and Pakistan, rail links existed between India and East Pakistan. Three trains ran between the two countries carrying goods and passengers: (1) East Bengal Express between Sealdah and Goalundo Ghat via Gede-Darshana (2) East Bengal Mail between
20889152
Indian Army


Menon who resigned from his post soon after the war ended. Despite frequent calls for its release, the Henderson-Brooks report still remains classified. Neville Maxwell has written an account of the war. Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 A second confrontation with Pakistan took place in 1965. Although the war is described as inconclusive, India had the better of the war and was a clear winner in tactical and strategic terms. Pakistani President Ayub Khan launched "Operation Gibraltar" in August 1965, during which several Pakistani paramilitary troops infiltrated
107866
Great Rann of Kutch


. In India the northern boundary of the Greater Rann of Kutch forms the International Border between India and Pakistan, it is heavily patrolled by India's Border Security Force (BSF) and Indian Army conducts exercises here to acclimatize its troops to this harsh terrain. This inhospitable salty lowland, rich in natural gas, was one scene of perennial border disputes between India and Pakistan that, in April 1965, contributed to the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965. Later the same year, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Harold Wilson persuaded
19397659
Gul Hassan Khan


Camp (ADC) to Viscount Slim who commanded the 14th Army. He was promoted to two-star rank and elevated as Major-General in the army. During the war with India in 1965, he was Director-General of Military Operations (DGMO) and directed military operations against the Indian Army. His actions of valor won him the nomination of prestigious Sitara-e-Pakistan by the President. In 1967, he was made GOC of the 1st Armoured Division of the Armoured Corps stationed in Multan, Punjab.
21022185
Jammu and Kashmir


, no withdrawal was ever carried out, India insisting that Pakistan had to withdraw first, and Pakistan contending that there was no guarantee that India would withdraw afterward. No agreement could be reached between the two countries on the process of demilitarization. India and Pakistan fought two further wars in 1965 and 1971. Following the latter war, the countries reached the Simla Agreement, agreeing on a Line of Control between their respective regions and committing to a peaceful resolution of the dispute through bilateral negotiations. The primary argument for the continuing debate
6233327
Eastern South Asia


transport continued after partition of Bengal in 1947. In 1963, an agreement between Nepal and Pakistan allowed free trade and transit through the port of Chittagong in East Pakistan. However, cross border railway, bus and water transport became indefinitely suspended after the Indo-Pakistan War of 1965. After the independence of East Pakistan, Nepal signed a Transit Agreement with Bangladesh in 1976, even though cross border transport through India remained suspended since 1965. In 2010, a Joint Declaration by the Prime Ministers of Bangladesh and India pledged to establish
14612765
Kashmir conflict


that the United States had no plans to appoint any special envoy to settle the dispute, calling it an issue which needed to be sorted out bilaterally by India and Pakistan. According to "Dawn" this will be interpreted in Pakistan as an endorsement of India's position on Kashmir that no outside power has any role in this dispute. India and Pakistan conducted nuclear tests in 1998 and the two countries each hold significant numbers of nuclear warheads. India and Pakistan fought two wars over the issue of Kashmir in 1947 and 1965.
17378802
Military history of Pakistan


it had a qualitative superiority over their neighbours. Kashmiris supported the Indian Army against Pakistani army's aggression and a full-fledged war across the international border (the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965) broke out between India and Pakistan. The air forces of both countries engaged in massive air warfare. While on the offensive both armies occupied some of the other country's territory, resulting in a stalemate. The US had imposed an arms embargo on both India and Pakistan during the war and Pakistan was affected more as it lacked
6305819
Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan)


held via direct ballot, Fatima Jinnah would have won. The Electoral College consisted of only 80,000 Basic Democrats, who were easily manipulated by President Ayub Khan and bitterly won the elections with 64%. The election did not conform to international standards per many journalists of the time and many saw the results with great suspicions. The controversial winning over Fatima Jinnah in presidential elections and the outcomes of war with India in 1965 brought devastating results for Ayub Khan's image and his presidency. Upon returning from Tashkent, Foreign Minister Bhutto went
7612744
Indo-Pakistani War of 1965


was perceived as the victor due to its success in halting the Pakistan-backed insurgency in Kashmir. In its October 1965 issue, the TIME magazine quoted a Western official assessing the consequences of the war — Now it's apparent to everybody that India is going to emerge as an Asian power in its own right. In light of the failures of the Sino-Indian War, the outcome of the 1965 war was viewed as a "politico-strategic" victory in India. The Indian premier, Lal Bahadur Shastri, was
21206344
Sino-Indian War


test in October 1964 and its support of Pakistan in the 1965 India Pakistan War tended to confirm the American view of communist world objectives, including Chinese influence over Pakistan. Lora Saalman opined in a study of Chinese military publications, that while the war led to much blame, debates and ultimately acted as causation of military modernisation of India but the war is now treated as basic reportage of facts with relatively diminished interest by Chinese analysts. The aftermath of the war saw sweeping changes in the Indian military to prepare it for similar conflicts
10329380
Pakistan Navy


with India]] in [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|1965]], [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|1971]], and in [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1999|1999]], and honoured with this prestigious award by the [[President of Pakistan]] based on the accepted recommendations. Since the commencement of the Navy on [[Fourteenth of August|August 1947]], there has been no single naval officer or/ either a navy's enlisted member in the [[Pakistani military]] that
17268440
Pak Jazeera


Pak Jazeera is a small island in Sindh, Pakistan. According to the Pakistan National Institute of Oceanography, the island is larger than Sialkot, Pakistan. The island's area is 9.01 km². Many housing schemes such as Bahria Town, WAPDA Town and DHA City have been established on this island. The island has a marine border with Oman. Pakistan-India War of 1965 During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 , Indian Navy attempted to invade Pak Jazeera. Indian Navy was only two kilometres away from Pak Jazeera when
3834886
Pashtunistan


Pakistan's vulnerability during the nation's 1965 and 1971 wars with India, and even backed Pakistan against a largely Hindu India. Further, had Pakistan been destabilised by India, nationalists would have had to fight against a much bigger country than Pakistan for their independence. In the 1970s, the roles of Pakistan and Afghanistan reversed, despite the fresh crackdown on Baloch and Pashtun nationalists by the government of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. Meanwhile, the new republican Afghan president, Mohammed Daoud Khan, was a Pashtun nationalist, and tensions between the
15204181
S. M. Imdadul Hoque


S. M. Imdadul Hoque was a Bangladesh Army officer who fought and died in the Bangladesh Liberation war. He was posthumously awarded Bir Uttom, the second highest military honor in Bangladesh. Hoque was born in Parnakanda, Jessore, East Bengal, Pakistan, on 17 January 1949. He finished SSC in 1963 and in 1964 he enlisted in the Pakistan Air Force. Hoque fought in the 1965 India-Pakistan War while stationed in the PAF Base Kohat. On 8 September 1966, he was promoted to corporal. while still in AmdadulHoque
18961985
Pakistan–Russia relations


the intelligence on attempted communist revolution in India were revealed to authorities. From 1947–50 and 1965–69, the trade, educational, and cultural exchanges between two countries increased. But the Soviet efforts were undermined by the Soviet Union by itself when Soviet criticism of Pakistan's position in the 1971 war with India weakened bilateral relations, and many people of Pakistan believed that the August 1971 Indo-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Peace and Cooperation encouraged India invasion of East Pakistan. Subsequent Soviet arms sales to India, amounting to billions of dollars on
13384522
Prime Minister of Pakistan


the office of prime minister as all powers were transferred to the President of Pakistan. Criticism over the presidency after the presidential election held in 1965 over the centralizing of powers. After the general elections held in 1970, the office was established with Nurul Amin becoming the Prime Minister who was also the Vice-President. Negotiations that fall apart between Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, Mujibur Rehman, and Yahya Khan that prompted to liberation movement in the East Pakistan. With India intervening in East Pakistan and Pakistan conceding defeat to end the war led
10022095
I Corps (India)


"For the First World War corps, see I Corps (British India)" I Corps, headquartered at Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, is a military field formation of the Indian Army, created in 1965. It was still being raised when it was despatched to the front in 1965. It conducted a counteroffensive during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965. In the 1971 war against Pakistan, it took part in the Battle of Basantar. During 1971 at least one source cites the corps composition as: Today it is a
20536854
Ravi River


to the treaty. For this purpose, treaty envisaged creation of the Permanent Indus Commission, with a commissioner appointed by each country. The Indus Waters Treaty is the only International treaty that has been implemented over the last 60 years with due diligence and sincerity by both India and Pakistan, in spite of many wars fought between the two countries (the treaty was not revoked either by India or Pakistan during the 1965 or the 1971 war). Even prior to the partition of India in August 1947, India had developed projects on
8878788
Ziaur Rahman


fought won 3 Sitara-e-Jurat (Star of Courage) medals, and 8 Tamgha-e-Jurat (Medal of Courage) medals, for their role in the 1965 War with India. In 1966, Rahman was appointed military instructor at the Pakistan Military Academy, later going on to attend the Command and Staff College in Quetta, Pakistan, he completed a course in command and tactical warfare. Rahman helped raise two Bengali battalions called the 8th and 9th Bengals during his stint as instructor. Around the same time
10909264
Golam Wahed Choudhury


scholarly review of "Pakistan's Relations with India, 1947-1966" sees the study as fullest and "most satisfactory" in its coverage of the historical context, the partition of India and the first decade of relations between India and Pakistan. While Palmer understands the author's "pro-Pakistani bias" she notes that the analysis is scholarly with the sole exception of the coverage to the 1965 India-Pakistan war. Wayne Wilcox reviews the book as a well-written "defense lawyer's brief" which gathers a
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Indo-Pakistani War of 1965


. The following summarizes each nation's claims. There have been several neutral assessments of the losses incurred by both India and Pakistan during the war. Most of these assessments agree that India had the upper hand over Pakistan when ceasefire was declared. Some of the neutral assessments are mentioned below — The war was militarily inconclusive; each side held prisoners and some territory belonging to the other. Losses were relatively heavy—on the Pakistani side, twenty aircraft, 200 tanks, and 3,800 troops. Pakistan's army had been able to
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Indo-Pakistani War of 1965


of the war was growing resentment against the Pakistani government in East Pakistan (present day Bangladesh), particularly for West Pakistan's obsession with Kashmir. Bengali leaders accused the central government of not providing adequate security for East Pakistan during the conflict, even though large sums of money were taken from the east to finance the war for Kashmir. In fact, despite some Pakistan Air Force attacks being launched from bases in East Pakistan during the war, India did not retaliate in that sector, although East Pakistan was defended only by an
21206361
Kishor Parekh


Kishor Parekh (1930-1982) was an Indian photojournalist. He was born in Bhavnagar, Gujarat, and studied filmmaking and documentary photography at the University of Southern California. His work as a student won him numerous awards. He returned to India from 1960 to 1961 and became the chief photographer of the "Hindustan Times". In this capacity, he covered the Sino-Indian war of 1962 and the 1965 conflict between India and Pakistan. He was awarded a gold medal by "Soviet Land" for his coverage of
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Indo-Pakistani War of 1965


Indian 14th Infantry Division was diverted to hunt for paratroopers, the Pakistan Air Force found the road filled with transport, and destroyed many vehicles. India responded to the covert activity by announcing rewards for captured Pakistani spies or paratroopers. Meanwhile, in Pakistan, rumors spread that India had retaliated with its own covert operations, sending commandos deep into Pakistan territory, but these rumors were later determined to be unfounded. India and Pakistan make widely divergent claims about the damage they inflicted on each other and the amount of damage suffered by them
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Delhi Republic Day parade


1950s–1970s, a number of NAM and Eastern Bloc countries were hosted by India. In the post-Cold War era, India has also invited several Western leaders on a state visit during the Republic Day. It is notable that before India fought wars with China and Pakistan, leaders from these countries were invited as state guests for the Republic Day celebrations. The Pakistan Food and Agriculture Minister was the second state guest from that country for Republic Day in 1965, a few days after which the two countries went to a war.
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Indo-Pakistani War of 1965


two countries ended after a United Nations-mandated ceasefire was declared following diplomatic intervention by the Soviet Union and the United States, and the subsequent issuance of the Tashkent Declaration. Much of the war was fought by the countries' land forces in Kashmir and along the border between India and Pakistan. This war saw the largest amassing of troops in Kashmir since the Partition of British India in 1947, a number that was overshadowed only during the 2001–2002 military standoff between India and Pakistan. Most of the battles were fought by opposing infantry
21206271
Battle of Chamb


The Battle of Chamb, 1971 was a battle in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. The Pakistani Army invaded Chamb on the same principle as the Battle of Chamb (1965). The Pakistan Army's primary objective was to capture the town of Chamb and surrounding areas which had strategic importance for both Pakistan and India. Previously, in 1965, the Pakistani Army was able to reach further beyond Chamb and was threatening Akhnur, a vital medium-sized town. India had captured Hajipir pass and made substantial progress in the
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West Pakistan


Forces attacked West Pakistan with full force. The Soviet Union intervened in the conflict in September 1965 (for fear of escalation), and the month–long war ended with no permanent territorial changes. West Pakistan and India signed the Tashkent Declaration in January 1966, but the ceasefire was criticised both in India and Pakistan, and public resentment against each other grew. In West Pakistan, Ayub Khan deposed Bhutto as his Foreign minister, and Vice-Admiral Khan blamed Bhutto for the operation's failure. As an aftermath, Bhutto
15105419
Benapole


Benapole () is a township in Sharsha Upazila in the Jessore District of Bangladesh. The Petrapole Customs station of India is situated across the border and since 1971 (some sources say 1947), a large number of people have travelled between Bangladesh and India through Benapole Customs / Land port station. The railway link between Bangladesh and India through Benapole was discontinued when war broke out between Pakistan and India in September 1965 (during this time, modern day Bangladesh was part of Pakistan, known as East Pakistan). Urbanization of Benapole
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Indo-Pakistani War of 1965


the conflict was largely Pakistan's fault, and suspended all arms shipments to both India and Pakistan. While the United States maintained a neutral stance, the British Prime Minister, Harold Wilson, condemned India for aggression after its army advanced towards Lahore; his statement was met with a furious rebuttal from India. Internationally, the level of support which Pakistan received was limited at best. Iran and Turkey issued a joint communiqué on 10 September which placed the blame on India, backed the United Nations' appeal for a cease-fire
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Indo-Pakistani War of 1965


had external pressure not forced both combatants to cease their war efforts. In three weeks the second Indo-Pak War ended in what appeared to be a draw when the embargo placed by Washington on U.S. ammunition and replacements for both armies forced cessation of conflict before either side won a clear victory. India, however, was in a position to inflict grave damage to, if not capture, Pakistan's capital of the Punjab when the cease-fire was called, and controlled Kashmir's strategic Uri-Poonch bulge, much to
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Indo-Pakistani War of 1965


missing in Pakistan, and that the country had lost extensive human resources by fighting the war. Pakistan was surprised by the lack of support from the United States, an ally with whom the country had signed an Agreement of Cooperation. The US turned neutral in the war when it cut off military supplies to Pakistan (and India); an action that the Pakistanis took as a sign of betrayal. After the war, Pakistan would increasingly look towards China as a major source of military hardware and political support. Another negative consequence
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Indo-Pakistani War of 1965


. Pakistani Air Marshal and Commander-in-Chief of PAF during the war, Nur Khan, later said that the Pakistan Army, and not India, should be blamed for starting the war. However propaganda in Pakistan about the war continued; the war was not rationally analysed in Pakistan, with most of the blame being heaped on the leadership and little importance given to intelligence failures that persisted until the debacle of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. The United States and the United Kingdom had been the principal suppliers of
21206336
Parliamentary history of Pakistan


, even after the careful analysis, the airborne operation failed, and major war broke out between India and Pakistan. Ayub Khan blamed Bhutto for starting the conflict, while the Armed forces became increasingly involved in the war. However, both Soviet-Union and United States deescalated the conflict. China provided economic and moral help and even threatened India on its conflicted border issues. Khan along with Lal Bahadur Shastri signed the Tashkent Declaration. After the indecisive war of 1965 with India, Pakistani people began to accuse Field Marshal Ayub Khan
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Tajammul Hussain Malik


which had defended Lahore in the 1965 war. He was at the time a Lt Col and had destroyed the Batapur Bridge and defended a vital opening of the grand trunk road to save Lahore on 6 September 1965. A monument has been laid at the site and the day is celebrated in Pakistan as 'Defence Day' to remind the nation of General Tajammul's war efforts and those of the other vital commanding officers. He was a brigadier general during the 1971 Pakistan-India War at the Bangladesh scene. He had volunteered
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Indo-Pakistani War of 1965


September is celebrated as Defence Day in Pakistan, in commemoration of the successful defence of Lahore against the Indian army. The performance of the Pakistani Air Force, in particular, was praised. However, the Pakistani government was accused by analysts of spreading disinformation among its citizens regarding the actual consequences of the war. In his book "Mainsprings of Indian and Pakistani foreign policies", S.M. Burke writes — After the Indo-Pakistani war of 1965 the balance of military power had decisively shifted in favor of India. Pakistan had found
21206351
Yastur-ul-Haq Malik


to Pakistan in 1958, he was promoted as Lieutenant and provided his services as gunnery in the PNS Badr and participated in second war with India in 1965. He briefly served as a staff member of the military secretary's team in the Ayub administration and was an ADC to President Ayub Khan in 1960s. He then participated in third war with India in 1971 as Lieutenant-Commander while stationing in Karachi. After the war in 1971, Lt.Cdr. Malik went to attend the Air War College of Pakistan Air Force where
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Phani Bhushan Majumder


Front. In 1958 martial law was promulgated and he was arrested and released in 1962. He was arrested in 1965 under the Pakistan Security Act. During the East Pakistan mass-movement of 1969 he was released from jail. He was elected to the East Pakistan Provincial Assembly from the Awami League in 1970. During Bangladesh Liberation war he was the chairman of the regional council for south-western region-2. During the war he campaigned in India to gain public favor for Bangladesh and spoke in the parliament of India. In 1972
15622697
Indian Armed Forces


initiated Operation Vijay. A lopsided air, sea, and ground campaign resulted in the speedy surrender of Portuguese forces. Within 36 hours, 451 years of Portuguese colonial rule ended, and Goa was annexed by India. India fought four major wars with its neighbour Pakistan in 1947, 1965, 1971 and 1999, and with China in 1962. Indian victory over Pakistan in the 1971 war, helped create the free country of Bangladesh. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, Pakistan began organising tourist expeditions to the Siachen Glacier,
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Munabao


Munabao is a village in the Barmer district in Rajasthan in India bordering Pakistan. In February 2006, the two nations reopened the railway line, the Thar Express that used to connect Rajasthan in India with Sindh in Pakistan. The line had fallen into disuse ever since it was closed after the 1965 Indo-Pakistan war in which the town itself was captured by Pakistani troops. It is the second active rail connection between the two nations after the Wagah link in Punjab. Khokhrapar is the bordering town in Pakistan. Since 2006 a
12028189
SS Holmbury (1943)


Holmbury was a cargo ship which was built in 1943 for the Ministry of War Transport (MoWT) as Empire Canyon. In 1947 she was sold and renamed "Holmbury". In 1960, she was sold to Pakistan and renamed Ilyasbaksh. In 1965, she was detained by India as war had broken out between India and Pakistan. She was declared a war prize and seized by the Indian Government. She was scrapped in 1970. The ship was built by Caledon Shipbuilding & Engineering Co Ltd, Dundee, as yard number
14884912
1970s in Bangladesh


The two nations had fought a war in 1965, mainly in the west, but the pressure of millions of refugees escaping into India in autumn 1971, as well as Pakistani aggression, reignited Indian hostilities with Pakistan. Indian sympathies lay with East Pakistan, and on 3 December 1971, India intervened on the side of the Bangladeshis which led to a short, but violent, two-week war known as the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. On 16 December 1971, Lt. Gen A. A. K. Niazi, CO of
19498383
Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan)


: "Pakistan's incursion into Indian-occupied Kashmir, at [A]khnoor, would not provide [India] with the justification for attacking Pakistan across the international boundary because Kashmir was a disputed territory". This theory proved wrong when India launched a full-scale war against West-Pakistan in 1965. His army c-in-c General Musa Khan did not order the Pakistan Army without the confirmation by President Ayub Khan despite Foreign Minister Bhutto's urging However, after the Indian Army advanced towards the Rann of Kutch,
7612738
China–India relations


relations improved and the Sino-Soviet relations worsened. The PRC backed Pakistan in its 1965 war with India. Between 1967 and 1971, an all-weather road was built across territory claimed by India, linking PRC's Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region with Pakistan; India could do no more than protest. The PRC continued an active propaganda campaign against India and supplied ideological, financial, and other assistance to dissident groups, especially to tribes in northeastern India. The PRC accused India of assisting the Khampa rebels in Tibet. Sri Lanka
18491079
Malik Nur Khan


the United Kingdom and opted for Pakistan as an aftermath of the partition of British India in 1947. He gained nationwide famed and public notability when he commanded and led Pakistan Air Force in the second war with India in 1965 as well as noted for his aerial skills when he participated on Six-Day War on behalf Arab countries fought against Israel. After retiring in 1969, he started his career in national politics and served as Governor of West Pakistan under President Yahya Khan as well as serving cabinet minister in Yahya administration from 1969
10415940
Mahmud Ahmed


sensitive". The book was published with the revised title "History of Indo Pak War 1965". It was published by Services Book Club, a part of the Pakistan military. A few copies of the book have survived in libraries. A version was published in India as "Illusion of Victory: A Military History of the Indo-Pak War-1965" by Lexicon Publishers. A second reprint of the book was published recently in 2017 in Pakistan. After this termination, Ahmed publicly came out against President Pervez Musharraf's policy
19492995
Five-Year Plans of India


income. The target growth rate was 4.5% and the actual growth rate was 4.27%. The Third Five-year Plan stressed agriculture and improvement in the production of wheat, but the brief Sino-Indian War of 1962 exposed weaknesses in the economy and shifted the focus towards the defence industry and the Indian Army. In 1965–1966, India fought a War with Pakistan. There was also a severe drought in 1965. The war led to inflation and the priority was shifted to price stabilisation. The construction of dams continued.
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Punjab, Pakistan


between the armies of India and Pakistan in the wars of 1965 and 1971. Since the 1990s Punjab hosted several key sites of Pakistan's nuclear program such as Kahuta. It also hosts major military bases such as at Sargodha and Rawalpindi. The peace process between India and Pakistan, which began in earnest in 2004, has helped pacify the situation. Trade and people-to-people contacts through the Wagah border are now starting to become common. Indian Sikh pilgrims visit holy sites such as Nankana Sahib. Starting in the 1980s
4968567
Barki, Pakistan


Barki (), is a village in Lahore District of Punjab, Pakistan near Lahore. . It is located near border with Punjab, India before the creation of Pakistan in 1947 it joined through Harikey Road. You have to travel about 11 kilometers from Allama Iqbal International Airport to reach village Barki. It is on the bank of Bambawali-Ravi-Bedian Canal where Major Aziz Bhatti was martyred (Jam-e Shahadat) in 1965 war between Pakistan and India. Its importance is as a central place for many border small
8385714
Jawaharlal Nehru


led India to a crushing military victory over rival Pakistan in 1971. Toward the end of the war India had increased her support for Tibetan refugees and revolutionaries, some of them having settled in India, as they were fighting the same common enemy in the region. Nehru ordered the raising of an elite Indian-trained "Tibetan Armed Force" composed of Tibetan refugees, which served with distinction in future wars against Pakistan in 1965 and 1971. During the conflict, Nehru wrote two desperate letters to US President John F. Kennedy,
16432566
East Bengali refugees


the liberation of Bangladesh in 1971, both on an ongoing basis and with spikes during periods of particular communal unrest such as the 1964 East Pakistan riots and the 1965 India-Pakistan War, when it is estimated that 600,000 refugees left for India. Estimates of the number of refugees up to 1970 are over 5 million to West Bengal alone. This includes around 4.1 million coming between 1946 and 1958 and 1.2 million coming between 1959 and 1971. Another major influx into India came in 1971 during the Bangladesh Liberation War, when Hindu
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Indo-Pakistani War of 1965


context of the greater Cold War, and resulted in a significant geopolitical shift in the subcontinent. Before the war, the United States and the United Kingdom had been major material allies of both India and Pakistan, as their primary suppliers of military hardware and foreign developmental aid. During and after the conflict, both India and Pakistan felt betrayed by the perceived lack of support by the western powers for their respective positions; those feelings of betrayal were increased with the imposition of an American and British embargo on military aid to the opposing
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Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan)


alliance with a communist country. In 1961–65, Ayub lost much of the support from President John Kennedy and President Lyndon Johnson who sought closer relations with India and placed an embargo on both nations during the war in 1965. In 1966–67, he wrestled with the United States' dictation on country's foreign policy while strengthening relations with Soviet Union and China, whereas he successfully signed a border agreement to resolve border disputes in 1960s. Relations with the Soviet Union were eventually normalized when the Soviets facilitated a peace treaty with India in 1965
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Mountain warfare


-equipped to fight in biting cold, let alone at the highest altitudes in the world. During the Sino-Indian War of 1962, hostilities broke out between India and China in the same area. The subsequent Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 between India and Pakistan was mainly fought in Kashmir's valleys rather than the mountains themselves, although several mountain battles took place. In the Kargil War (1999) Indian forces sought to flush out opponents who had captured high mountain posts. The proxy warfare in 1999 was the only
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Hilal-i-Jur'at


. Major Ziaur Rahman was also bestowed a Hilal e Jurat for his contributions in the 1965 war; he later defected from Pakistan Army in 1971, and subsequently became the seventh President of Bangladesh. Most significantly of all Squadron Leader Sarfaraz Ahmed Rafiqui, considered a national hero in the region, was bestowed the award after a war between neighbouring countries Pakistan and India erupted. He earned the prestigious award for bravely fighting and defending his pilots against the Indian Air Force during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 in which he participated to
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Partition of India


that around 5,000 Hindus are migrating from Pakistan to India every year. Since India is not a signatory to the 1951 United Nations Refugee Convention it refuses to recognise Pakistani Hindu migrants as refugees. The population in the Tharparkar district in the Sind province of West Pakistan was 80% Hindu and 20% Muslim at the time of independence in 1947. During the Indo-Pakistani wars of 1965 and 1971, the Hindu upper castes and their retainers fled to India. This led to a massive demographic shift in the district. In 1978
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