earth is in the moon's umbra or penumbra
Umbra, penumbra and antumbra


observer in the umbra experiences a total eclipse. The umbra of a round body occluding a round light source forms a right circular cone; to a viewer at the cone's apex, the two bodies are equal in apparent size. The distance from the Moon to the apex of its umbra is roughly equal to that between the Moon and Earth (). Since Earth's diameter is 3.70 times the Moon's, its umbra extends correspondingly farther: roughly . The penumbra (from the Latin "paene" "almost, nearly
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Total penumbral lunar eclipse


A total penumbral lunar eclipse is a lunar eclipse that occurs when the moon becomes completely immersed in the penumbral cone of the Earth without touching the umbra. The path for the moon to pass within the penumbra and outside the umbra is very narrow. It can only happen on the Earth's northern or southern penumbral edges. In addition, the size of the penumbra is sometimes too small where the moon enters it to contain the moon. The width of the Earth's penumbra is determined by the sun's angular diameter at the
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Eclipse


, a solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes in front of the Sun. The type of solar eclipse event depends on the distance of the Moon from the Earth during the event. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Earth intersects the umbra portion of the Moon's shadow. When the umbra does not reach the surface of the Earth, the Sun is only partially occulted, resulting in an annular eclipse. Partial solar eclipses occur when the viewer is inside the penumbra. The eclipse magnitude is the fraction of the Sun's
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August 2007 lunar eclipse


A total lunar eclipse occurred on August 28, 2007, lasting just over 90 minutes. The Moon entered the Earth's penumbra at 7:53:40 UTC. The first partial phase began in earnest at 8:51:16 UTC when the Moon entered the Earth's umbra. It exited the penumbra at 13:20:57 UTC. It is a relatively rare central eclipse where the moon passes in front of the center of the Earth's shadow. It was the "longest and deepest lunar eclipse to be seen in 7 years". The lunar eclipse was the second
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Eclipse


is much more common to observe a lunar eclipse from a given location. A lunar eclipse lasts longer, taking several hours to complete, with totality itself usually averaging anywhere from about 30 minutes to over an hour. There are three types of lunar eclipses: penumbral, when the Moon crosses only the Earth's penumbra; partial, when the Moon crosses partially into the Earth's umbra; and total, when the Moon crosses entirely into the Earth's umbra. Total lunar eclipses pass through all three phases. Even during a
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Solar eclipse of July 28, 1851


a portion of the Sun's surface is obscured, are relatively common due to the width of the Moon's outer shadow, or penumbra, which may be several hundred miles wide. Total eclipses occur when the Moon's inner shadow, or umbra, reaches the surface of the Earth, completely obscuring the Sun over a much narrower portion of the ground. If the Moon is too far away at the time of an eclipse, its umbra may not reach the Earth's surface, and only a partial eclipse will be visible
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Lunar eclipse


total solar eclipse lasts only up to a few minutes at any given place, due to the smaller size of the Moon's shadow. Also unlike solar eclipses, lunar eclipses are safe to view without any eye protection or special precautions, as they are dimmer than the full Moon. For the date of the next eclipse, see the section "Recent and forthcoming lunar eclipses". Earth's shadow can be divided into two distinctive parts: the umbra and penumbra. Earth totally occludes direct solar radiation within the umbra, the
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Solar eclipse


touches Earth's surface is where a total eclipse can be seen. The larger light gray area is the penumbra, in which a partial eclipse can be seen. An observer in the antumbra, the area of shadow beyond the umbra, will see an annular eclipse. The Moon's orbit around the Earth is inclined at an angle of just over 5 degrees to the plane of the Earth's orbit around the Sun (the ecliptic). Because of this, at the time of a new moon, the Moon will usually
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Eclipse


observer is within the penumbra. During a lunar eclipse only the umbra and penumbra are applicable. This is because Earth's apparent diameter from the viewpoint of the Moon is nearly four times that of the Sun. The same terms may be used analogously in describing other eclipses, e.g., the antumbra of Deimos crossing Mars, or Phobos entering Mars's penumbra. The "first contact" occurs when the eclipsing object's disc first starts to impinge on the light source; "second contact" is when the disc moves completely within
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Solar eclipses on the Moon


are very rare. The last century that not all parts of the near side and the surrounding parts of the far side saw only as partial was the 18th century. On Earth, they are seen as total penumbral eclipses. The Moon passes a narrow path within the penumbra and outside the umbra. It can happen on the Earth's northern or southern penumbral edges. These eclipses can last up to four and a half hours without having any part of the Moon, notably at its poles, reaching totality. Unlike the Earth
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Besselian elements


The Besselian elements are a set of values used to calculate and predict the local circumstances of occultations for an observer on Earth. This method is particularly used for solar eclipses, but is also applied for occultations of stars or planets by the Moon and transits of Venus or Mercury. In addition, for lunar eclipses a similar method is used, in which the shadow is cast on the Moon instead of the Earth. For solar eclipses, the Besselian elements are used to calculate the path of the umbra and penumbra on the Earth
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April 2014 lunar eclipse


's zenith was approximately southwest of the Galápagos Islands. The Moon left the umbra shadow at 9:33 and the penumbra shadow at 10:38. The peak umbral magnitude was 1.2907, at which moment the northern part of the moon was 1.7 arc-minutes south of the center of Earth's shadow, while the southern part was 40.0 arc-minutes from center. The gamma of the eclipse was -0.3017. The eclipse was a member of Lunar Saros 122. It was the 56th such eclipse. * The penumbral phase of the eclipse changes
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Extraterrestrial skies


would not be as spectacular for lunar observers because the Moon's umbra nearly tapers out at the Earth's surface. A blurry dark patch would be barely visible. The effect would be comparable to the shadow of a golf ball cast by sunlight on an object away. Lunar observers with telescopes might be able to discern the umbral shadow as a black spot at the center of a less dark region (penumbra) traveling across the full Earth's disk. It would look essentially the same as it does to the Deep Space Climate
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Umbra, penumbra and antumbra


") is the region in which only a portion of the light source is obscured by the occluding body. An observer in the penumbra experiences a partial eclipse. An alternative definition is that the penumbra is the region where "some or all" of the light source is obscured (i.e., the umbra is a subset of the penumbra). For example, NASA's Navigation and Ancillary Information Facility defines that a body in the umbra is also within the penumbra. The antumbra (from Latin "ante", "before
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August 2053 lunar eclipse


A penumbral lunar eclipse will take place on August 29, 2053. This eclipse is a relatively rare total penumbral lunar eclipse wherein the entire moon passes through the Earth's penumbra without any portion entering the umbra. This eclipse will be the first total penumbral lunar eclipse since the March 2006 lunar eclipse. This lunar eclipse will be followed by a last quarter moon on September 5, 2053 and also the solar eclipse of September 12, 2053. The entire eclipse will be visible in most of North America, Central America, and
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Shadow


the silhouette when looking at the object from the sun-side, hence the mirror image of the silhouette seen from the other side. The names umbra, penumbra and antumbra are often used for the shadows cast by astronomical objects, though they are sometimes used to describe levels of darkness, such as in sunspots. An astronomical object casts human-visible shadows when its apparent magnitude is equal or lower than -4. Currently the only astronomical objects able to produce visible shadows on Earth are the sun, the moon and, in
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Lunar eclipse


central region of the shadow. However, since the Sun's diameter appears about one-quarter of Earth's in the lunar sky, the planet only partially blocks direct sunlight within the penumbra, the outer portion of the shadow. A penumbral lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes through Earth's penumbra. The penumbra causes a subtle dimming of the lunar surface. A special type of penumbral eclipse is a total penumbral lunar eclipse, during which the Moon lies exclusively within Earth's penumbra. Total penumbral eclipses are rare, and
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Umbra, penumbra and antumbra


The umbra, penumbra and antumbra are three distinct parts of a shadow, created by any light source after impinging on an opaque object. Assuming no diffraction, for a point source only the umbra is cast. These names are most often used for the shadows cast by celestial bodies, though they are sometimes used to describe levels, such as in sunspots. The umbra (Latin for "shadow") is the innermost and darkest part of a shadow, where the light source is completely blocked by the occluding body. An
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Evershed effect


The Evershed effect, named after the British astronomer John Evershed, is the radial flow of gas across the photospheric surface of the penumbra of sunspots from the inner border with the umbra towards the outer edge. The speed varies from around 1 km/s at the border between the umbra and the penumbra to a maximum of around double this in the middle of the penumbra and falls off to zero at the outer edge of the penumbra. Evershed first detected this phenomenon in January 1909, whilst working at the Kodaikanal Solar Observatory in
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Danjon scale


, and different observers may determine different values. In addition, different parts of the Moon may have different L values, depending on their distance from the center of the Earth's umbra. Many factors can affect the appearance of the Moon during a lunar eclipse. The Moon's path through the Earth's umbra is important, but so too are the current conditions of the Earth's atmosphere. While the Earth's shadow blocks any direct light from striking the Moon during a lunar eclipse, some light is refracted through the Earth
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Shadow


into the umbra, penumbra and antumbra. The wider the light source, the more blurred the shadow becomes. If two penumbras overlap, the shadows appear to attract and merge. This is known as the Shadow blister effect. The outlines of the shadow zones can be found by tracing the rays of light emitted by the outermost regions of the extended light source. The umbra region does not receive any direct light from any part of the light source, and is the darkest. A viewer located in the umbra region cannot
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Lunar eclipse


when these occur, the portion of the Moon closest to the umbra may appear slightly darker than the rest of the lunar disk. A partial lunar eclipse occurs when only a portion of the Moon enters Earth's umbra, while a total lunar eclipse occurs when the entire Moon enters the planet's umbra. The Moon's average orbital speed is about , or a little more than its diameter per hour, so totality may last up to nearly 107 minutes. Nevertheless, the total time between the first and the last contacts of
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Solar eclipse


The last (umbral yet) non-central solar eclipse was on April 29, 2014. This was an annular eclipse. The next non-central total solar eclipse will be on April 9, 2043. The phases observed during a total eclipse are called: The diagrams to the right show the alignment of the Sun, Moon, and Earth during a solar eclipse. The dark gray region between the Moon and Earth is the umbra, where the Sun is completely obscured by the Moon. The small area where the umbra
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March 2007 lunar eclipse


A total lunar eclipse took place on March 3, 2007, the first of two eclipses in 2007. The moon entered the penumbral shadow at 20:18 UTC, and the umbral shadow at 21:30 UTC. The total phase lasted between 22:44 UTC and 23:58 UTC with a distinctive brick-red shade (L=3 to L=4 on the Danjon scale). The moon left the umbra shadow at 01:11 UTC and left the penumbra shadow at 02:24 UTC 2007-03-04. The second lunar eclipse of 2007 occurred on August 28. The
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Saros (astronomy)


a similar example for solar saros see solar saros 136. After a given lunar or solar eclipse, after 9 years and 5.5 days (a half saros) an eclipse will occur that is lunar instead of solar, or vice versa, with similar properties. For example, if the Moon's penumbra partially covers the southern limb of the Earth during a solar eclipse, 9 years and 5.5 days later a lunar eclipse will occur in which the Moon is partially covered by the southern limb of the Earth's penumbra. Likewise,
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Solar eclipse


total solar eclipse, the Moon's shadow covers only a small fraction of the Earth. The Earth continues to receive at least 92 percent of the amount of sunlight it receives without an eclipse – more if the penumbra of the Moon's shadow partly misses the Earth. Seen from the Moon, the Earth during a total solar eclipse is mostly brilliantly illuminated, with only a small dark patch showing the Moon's shadow. The brilliantly-lit Earth reflects a lot of light to the Moon. If the corona of the eclipsed
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Lunar eclipse


the Moon's limb with Earth's shadow is much longer and could last up to four hours. The relative distance of the Moon from Earth at the time of an eclipse can affect the eclipse's duration. In particular, when the Moon is near apogee, the farthest point from Earth in its orbit, its orbital speed is the slowest. The diameter of Earth's umbra does not decrease appreciably within the changes in the Moon's orbital distance. Thus, the concurrence of a totally eclipsed Moon near apogee will lengthen the
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Sunspot


body radiation at all wavelengths (see Stefan–Boltzmann law). Isolated from the surrounding photosphere a sunspot would be brighter than the Moon. Sunspots have two parts: the central umbra, which is the darkest part, where the magnetic field is approximately vertical (normal to the Sun's surface) and the surrounding penumbra, which is lighter, where the magnetic field is more inclined. Any given appearance of a sunspot may last anywhere from a few days to a few months, though groups of sunspots and their active regions
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Lunar eclipse


Earth, and the Moon, they are very different in their interactions. The Moon does not completely darken as it passes through the umbra because of the refraction of sunlight by Earth's atmosphere into the shadow cone; if Earth had no atmosphere, the Moon would be completely dark during the eclipse. The reddish coloration arises because sunlight reaching the Moon must pass through a long and dense layer of Earth's atmosphere, where it is scattered. Shorter wavelengths are more likely to be scattered by the air molecules and small particles;
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Earth's shadow


into the darkness of the night sky. Earth's shadow is as curved as the planet is, and its umbra extends into outer space. (The antumbra, however, extends indefinitely.) When the Sun, Earth, and the Moon are aligned perfectly (or nearly so), with Earth between the Sun and the Moon, Earth's shadow falls onto the lunar surface facing the night side of the planet, such that the shadow gradually darkens the full Moon, causing a lunar eclipse. Even during a total lunar
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January 2018 lunar eclipse


. The Moon appears to be reddish because of Rayleigh scattering (the same effect that causes sunsets to appear reddish) and the refraction of that light by Earth's atmosphere into its umbra. The following simulation shows the approximate appearance of the Moon passing through Earth's shadow. The northern portion of the Moon is closest to the center of the shadow, making it darkest and reddest in appearance. This was a "supermoon", as the Moon was near to its closest distance to earth in its elliptical orbit, making it
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Earth phase


might be able to discern the umbral shadow as a black spot at the center of a less dark region (penumbra) traveling across the full Earth's disk. It would look essentially the same as it does to the Deep Space Climate Observatory, which orbits Earth at the L1 Lagrangian point in the Sun-Earth system, from Earth. In summary, whenever an eclipse of some sort is occurring on Earth, an eclipse of another sort is occurring on the Moon. Eclipses occur for observers on both Earth and the Moon
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July 2018 lunar eclipse


(shadow). As the eclipse begins, Earth's shadow first darkens the Moon slightly. Then, the Earth's shadow begins to cover part of the Moon, typically turning it a dark red-brown color (the color can vary based on atmospheric conditions). The Moon appears to be reddish because of Rayleigh scattering (the same effect that causes sunsets to appear reddish and the daytime sky to appear blue) and the refraction of that light by Earth's atmosphere into its umbra. The Moon's brightness is exaggerated
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April 2014 lunar eclipse


begins, the Earth's shadow first darkens the Moon slightly. Then, the shadow begins to "cover" part of the Moon, turning it a dark red-brown color (typically - the color can vary based on atmospheric conditions). The Moon appears to be reddish because of Rayleigh scattering (the same effect that causes sunsets to appear reddish) and the refraction of that light by the Earth's atmosphere into its umbra. The following simulation shows the approximate appearance of the Moon passing through the Earth's shadow.
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September 2015 lunar eclipse


. As the eclipse begins, Earth's shadow first darkens the Moon slightly. Then, the shadow begins to "cover" part of the Moon, turning it a dark red-brown color (typically – the color can vary based on atmospheric conditions). The Moon appears to be reddish because of Rayleigh scattering (the same effect that causes sunsets to appear reddish) and the refraction of that light by Earth's atmosphere into its umbra. The following simulation shows the approximate appearance of the Moon passing through Earth's shadow
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Solar eclipse of August 21, 2017


of March 7, 1970. Two NASA WB-57Fs flew above the clouds, prolonging the observation time spent in the umbra. A partial solar eclipse was seen from the much broader path of the Moon's penumbra, including all of North America, particularly areas just south of the totality pass, where the eclipse lasted about 3–5 hours, northern South America, Western Europe, and some of Africa and north-east Asia. At one location in Wyoming, a small group of astronomers used telescopic lenses to photograph the sun as it
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Eclipse


the star to the occulting object. For Earth, on average "L" is equal to 1.384 km, which is much larger than the Moon's semimajor axis of 3.844 km. Hence the umbral cone of the Earth can completely envelop the Moon during a lunar eclipse. If the occulting object has an atmosphere, however, some of the luminosity of the star can be refracted into the volume of the umbra. This occurs, for example, during an eclipse of the Moon by the Earth—producing a faint, ruddy
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October 2014 lunar eclipse


the Moon slightly. Then, the shadow begins to "cover" part of the Moon, turning it a dark red-brown color (typically - the color can vary based on atmospheric conditions). The Moon appears to be reddish because of Rayleigh scattering (the same effect that causes sunsets to appear reddish) and the refraction of that light by the Earth's atmosphere into its umbra. The following simulation shows the approximate appearance of the Moon passing through the earth's shadow. The Moon's brightness is exaggerated within the
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List of 17th-century lunar eclipses


The following is a list of 17th-century lunar eclipses. This list of 250 lunar eclipses was calculated by Fred Espenak of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. A lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes directly behind the Earth into its umbra (shadow). This can occur only when the Sun, Earth, and Moon are aligned (in "syzygy") exactly, or very closely so, with the Earth in the middle. Hence, a lunar eclipse can only occur the night of a full moon. The
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April 2015 lunar eclipse


Earth's atmosphere into its umbra. The following simulation shows the approximate appearance of the Moon passing through Earth's shadow. The Moon's brightness is exaggerated within the umbral shadow. The southern portion of the Moon will be closest to the center of the shadow, making it darkest, and most red in appearance. † The Moon was not visible during this part of the eclipse in this time zone. A lunar eclipse will be preceded and followed by solar eclipses by 9 years and 5.5 days (a half saros).
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April 2015 lunar eclipse


sunset for eastern Asia including India. A lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes within Earth's umbra (shadow). As the eclipse begins, Earth's shadow first darkens the Moon slightly. Then, the shadow begins to "cover" part of the Moon, turning it a dark red-brown color (typically - the color can vary based on atmospheric conditions). The Moon appears to be reddish because of Rayleigh scattering (the same effect that causes sunsets to appear reddish) and the refraction of that light by
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Total penumbral lunar eclipse


time of the eclipse, and the moon's angular diameter is larger than the sun over part of its elliptical orbit, depending on whether the eclipse occurs at the nearest (perigee) or farthest point (apogee) in its orbit around the earth. The majority of the time, the size of the moon and the size of the Earth's penumbra where the moon crosses it mean that most eclipses will not be total penumbral in nature. Total penumbral eclipses constitute a relatively small fraction of lunar eclipses, and the distribution of
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April 2014 lunar eclipse


, including Australia and New Zealand. During the 5 hour, 44 minute-long eclipse, the Moon passed south of the center of the Earth's shadow. As a result, the northern part of the Moon was noticeably darker than the southern part. Totality lasted for 1 hour 18 minutes. The eclipse occurred during the ascending phase of the Moon's orbit, part of lunar saros 122. Mars was near opposition. A lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes within Earth's umbra (shadow). As the eclipse
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January 2018 lunar eclipse


1982 for the eastern hemisphere, and otherwise before that on March 31, 1866. The next occurrence will be on January 31, 2037, one metonic cycle (19 years) later. A lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes within Earth's umbra (shadow). As the eclipse begins, Earth's shadow first darkens the Moon slightly. Then, the shadow begins to "cover" part of the Moon, turning it a dark red-brown color (typically – the color can vary based on atmospheric conditions)
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Solar eclipse


the Earth's spin at about 61 km/min, the umbra almost always appears to move in a roughly west–east direction across a map of the Earth at the speed of the Moon's orbital velocity minus the Earth's rotational velocity. Rare exceptions can occur in polar regions where the path may go over or near the pole, as in 2021 on June 10 and December 4. The width of the track of a central eclipse varies according to the relative apparent diameters of the Sun and Moon. In the most
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July 2018 lunar eclipse


orbit around Earth. This was the longest total lunar eclipse that will occur in the 21st century. Totality lasted approximately one hour and 43 minutes, a period "just short of the theoretical limit of a lunar eclipse (one hour and 47 minutes)". The Moon remained at least partially in Earth's shadow for four hours. This lunar eclipse coincided with Mars being nearly as close as possible to Earth, a concurrence that happens once every 25,000 years. A lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes within Earth's umbra
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September 2015 lunar eclipse


and April 4, 2015. The Moon appeared larger than normal, because the Moon was just 59 minutes past its closest approach to Earth in 2015 at mid-eclipse, sometimes called a supermoon. The Moon's apparent diameter was larger than 34' viewed straight overhead, just off the coast of northeast Brazil. The total lunar eclipse was darker than expected, possibly due to ash left behind from eruptions of the Calbuco volcano in April 2015. A lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes within Earth's umbra (shadow)
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Wilson effect


In 1769, during solar cycle 2, Scottish astronomer Alexander Wilson, working at the Macfarlane Observatory, noticed that the shape of sunspots noticeably flattened as they approached the Sun's limb due to solar rotation. These observations showed that sunspots were features on the solar surface, as opposed to minor planets or objects above it. Moreover, he observed what is now termed the Wilson effect: the penumbra and umbra vary in the manner expected by perspective effects if the umbrae of the spots are in fact slight depressions in the surface of
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January 2018 lunar eclipse


coincided with moonset. Along the U.S. Atlantic Seaboard, for instance, the Moon had only just begun to enter the darkest part of Earth's shadow, the umbra, at 6:48 a.m. EST when it disappeared from view below the west-northwest horizon. The duration of the total phase was 77 minutes, with the Moon tracking through the southern part of the Earth's shadow. During totality, the Moon's lower limb appeared brighter than the dark upper limb. The January 2018 lunar eclipse is the first ascending node eclipse of
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Solar eclipse


window of opportunity of up to 36 degrees (24 degrees for central eclipses), it is possible for partial eclipses (or rarely a partial and a central eclipse) to occur in consecutive months. During a central eclipse, the Moon's umbra (or antumbra, in the case of an annular eclipse) moves rapidly from west to east across the Earth. The Earth is also rotating from west to east, at about 28 km/min at the Equator, but as the Moon is moving in the same direction as
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Extraterrestrial skies


of the Sun as seen from Quaoar. Most solar eclipses would be total and a partial eclipse would be extremely rare. At full phase Weywot's visual magnitude is −3.24 somewhere between Jupiter's maximum magnitude (−2.94) and Venus's minimum magnitude (−3.82), in comparison the Moon at full phase is 6,301 times brighter than Weywot. Quaoar's umbra extends 5,180,390 km and at the distance of Weywot's apoapsis it would have a diameter of 1,106.5 km or 15 times Weywot's diameter. In comparison, Earth's umbra at
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October 2014 lunar eclipse


entirety over the Northern Pacific. Viewers in North America experienced the eclipse after midnight on Wednesday, October 8, and the eclipse was visible from the Western Pacific, Australia, Indonesia, Japan, and Eastern Asia after sunset on the evening of October 8. Many areas of North America experienced a selenelion, able to see both the sun and the eclipsed moon at the same time. A lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes within Earth's umbra (shadow). As the eclipse begins, the Earth's shadow first darkens
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Eclipse


. However, the region where a partial eclipse can be observed is much larger. The Moon's umbra will advance eastward at a rate of 1,700 km/h, until it no longer intersects the Earth's surface. During a solar eclipse, the Moon can sometimes perfectly cover the Sun because its apparent size is nearly the same as the Sun's when viewed from the Earth. A total solar eclipse is in fact an occultation while an annular solar eclipse is a transit. When observed at points in space other than from
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Solar eclipse


In addition, the elliptical orbit of the Moon often takes it far enough away from Earth that its apparent size is not large enough to block the Sun entirely. Total solar eclipses are rare at any particular location because totality exists only along a narrow path on the Earth's surface traced by the Moon's full shadow or umbra. An eclipse is a natural phenomenon. However, in some ancient and modern cultures, solar eclipses were attributed to supernatural causes or regarded as bad omens. A total solar eclipse can be frightening to
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Child of Light


. The party eventually locates the mirror back to Aurora's world at the Temple of the Moon. Upon crossing, Aurora is confronted by her stepmother and stepsister Cordelia. Norah reveals that she led Aurora into a trap; her mother and Aurora's stepmother is in fact Umbra herself, and Norah and Cordelia are Nox and Crepusculum, the daughters Umbra sent to steal Lemuria's sun and moon. Aurora further learns that Umbra's arch-enemy, the Queen of Light, is in fact Aurora's mother. Umbra attempts to
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Eclipse


total lunar eclipse, however, the Moon is not completely dark. Sunlight refracted through the Earth's atmosphere enters the umbra and provides a faint illumination. Much as in a sunset, the atmosphere tends to more strongly scatter light with shorter wavelengths, so the illumination of the Moon by refracted light has a red hue, thus the phrase 'Blood Moon' is often found in descriptions of such lunar events as far back as eclipses are recorded. Records of solar eclipses have been kept since ancient times. Eclipse dates can be
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Earth phase


mission, an attempt was made to use the Lunar Roving Vehicle's TV camera to view such an eclipse, but the camera or its power source failed after the astronauts left for Earth. Terrestrial solar eclipses, on the other hand, would not be as spectacular for lunar observers because the Moon's umbra nearly tapers out at the Earth's surface. A blurry dark patch would be barely visible. The effect would be comparable to the shadow of a golf ball cast by sunlight on an object away. Lunar observers with telescopes
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Solar eclipse of January 5, 1935


last eclipse of solar saros 111 with the moon's penumbra touching the earth for just 10 minutes. The next mini eclipse in 296 years, the last solar eclipse that was very short occurred on January 4, 1639 and had a magnitude of 0.0009 and lasted for about 7 minutes. As is shown under 1% obscuration, the center of the Moon's shadow was missed by about 2,825 km above the area (64.7S) north of the Antarctic Circle. The mini-eclipse took place hundreds of kilometers offshore from Antarctica in
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Antisolar point


moonless night sky away from city lights, arising from the backscatter of sunlight by interplanetary dust. In astronomy, the full Moon or a planet in opposition lies near the antisolar point. During a total lunar eclipse, the full Moon enters the umbra of Earth's shadow, which the planet casts onto its atmosphere, into space, and toward the antisolar point. The anthelic point is often used as a synonym for the antisolar point, but the two should be differentiated. While the antisolar point is directly opposite the sun,
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Lunar eclipse


a horizontal eclipse. Typically, a number of high ridges undergoing sunrise or sunset can view it. Although the Moon is in Earth's umbra, both the Sun and an eclipsed Moon can be simultaneously seen because atmospheric refraction causes each body to appear higher in the sky than their true geometric positions. The following scale (the Danjon scale) was devised by André Danjon for rating the overall darkness of lunar eclipses: There is often confusion between a solar eclipse and a lunar eclipse. While both involve interactions between the Sun,
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Elliott Smith


me... because at the time it was the Northwest—Mudhoney and Nirvana—and going out to play an acoustic show was like crawling out on a limb and begging for it to be sawed off." One of Smith's first solo performances was at the now-defunct Umbra Penumbra on September 17, 1994. Only three songs from "Roman Candle" were performed, with the majority of the ten-song set being B-sides, Heatmiser tunes and unreleased tracks. Soon after this performance, Smith was asked
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June 1991 lunar eclipse


A penumbral lunar eclipse took place on Thursday, June 27, 1991, the second of four lunar eclipses in 1991. The moon entered the Earth's penumbra for about 3 hours, and was difficult to see. This lunar eclipse is the predecessor of the Solar eclipse of July 11, 1991. This eclipse is a member of Saros series 110. The previous event occurred on June 15, 1973. The next event was on July 7, 2009. A lunar eclipse will be preceded and followed by solar eclipses by 9
2353806
Photogram


translucent paper from which she cut her pictures would print a variegated texture she could not otherwise obtain. One variable is the light source, or sources, used. A broad source of light will cast nuances of shadow; umbra, penumbra and antumbra, as shown in the accompanying diagram. Photograms may be made outdoors providing the photographic emulsion is sufficiently slow to permit it. Direct sunlight is a point-source of light (like that of an enlarger), while cloudy conditions give soft-edged shadows around three-dimensional
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Danja Akulin


, they look different from equally conceptual art by Californian artist Ed Ruscha, for example. After looking at his pictures, it is particularly exciting to see with your own eyes how many watts are used to light a stairwell in St. Petersburg. This is what good drawings look like." The word penumbra is often rendered "half-light." The Latin origin "paene umbra" literally means "almost shadow". In between the shadow and the light there is a zone through which we may see what is in
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Solar eclipse of January 4, 1639


was missed by about 2,826 km above the area (64 N) south of the Arctic Circle. It was the first eclipse of solar saros 145 with the moon's penumbra touching the earth for just under 8 minutes, sometimes, it was called a micro-eclipse. The greatest eclipse was in the land of the Samoyeds at 64.6 N and 80 E at 4:56 UTC (9:56 AM local time) at the fourth minute. All of the eclipse occurred at or after sunrise. Another mini-eclipse occurred in April 16
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Solar eclipse of August 28, 1848


months, It occurred in a smaller part of the same area where the previous solar eclipse happened which was on April 3, the next one was on September 27 and covered a part of the Northern Hemisphere This minor eclipse was visible offshore from the peninsular Antarctica along with its islands and the Trans-Antarctic Mountains. It was the last eclipse of solar saros 113 with the moon's penumbra touching the earth for just about 30 minutes. The greatest eclipse was at 19:18:22 UTC (8:18:22 local time) just south of the 70th
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Solar eclipse of August 12, 2045


duration of totality will be 6 minutes 5.5 seconds at , which is over the Atlantic Ocean east of Fort Lauderdale and south of Freeport, Bahamas. The solar eclipse of August 21, 2017 had a very similar path of totality over the U.S., about to the northeast, also crossing the Pacific coast and Atlantic coast of the country. BRAnimated path: Small dark circle represents umbra, much larger grey circle represents penumbra. Notable total solar eclipse crossing the United States from 1900 to 2050: Notable annular solar eclipse crossing the United
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Solar eclipse


far is the eclipse of July 16, 2186 (with a maximum duration of 7 minutes 4 seconds over northern Guyana). Total solar eclipses are rare events. Although they occur somewhere on Earth every 18 months on average, it is estimated that they recur at any given place only once every 360 to 410 years, on average. The total eclipse lasts for only a maximum of a few minutes at any location, because the Moon's umbra moves eastward at over 1700 km/h. Totality currently can never last more
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Solar eclipse


. "Central eclipse" is often used as a generic term for a total, annular, or hybrid eclipse. This is, however, not completely correct: the definition of a central eclipse is an eclipse during which the central line of the umbra touches the Earth's surface. It is possible, though extremely rare, that part of the umbra intersects with the Earth (thus creating an annular or total eclipse), but not its central line. This is then called a non-central total or annular eclipse.
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Shadow Lass


open her mind." She eventually made her way to Earth, and entered the Legion tryouts and was accepted as Umbra, although her curt attitude irritated Sensor. As part of the Legion, she fought Mordru, and later played a key part in saving Wildfire - despite, after her initial fierce compassion, being disgusted at the thought of the forcible integration of his two original souls. Far later, the Blight enslaved most of Earth, including all but a few of the Legionnaires. Umbra was not among these escapees.
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Werewolf: The Apocalypse


world) of the West into a terrible frenzy resembling an earthly storm, gaining it the nickname "Storm Umbra", and further threatened to bring on an early Apocalypse. The Storm-Eater was eventually re-bound by the sacrifice of 13 Elder Garou and the execution of the Rite of Still Skies (discovered by the Two-Moons pack, led by the Silver Fang Theurge Isaiah Morningkill of House Wyrmfoe). The overwhelming societal transformation of the Industrial Revolution weakened Gaia and pushed the Umbra away from terrestrial reality, giving
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Umbriel (moon)


William Shakespeare or Alexander Pope. The names of all four satellites of Uranus then known were suggested by John Herschel in 1852 at the request of Lassell. Umbriel is the "dusky melancholy sprite" in Alexander Pope's "The Rape of the Lock", and the name suggests the Latin "umbra", meaning "shadow". The moon is also designated Uranus II. Umbriel orbits Uranus at the distance of about , being the third farthest from the planet among its five major moons. Umbriel's orbit has a small
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Critical ionization velocity


conditions was reported by Manka et al. (1972) from the Moon. When an abandoned lunar [391] excursion module was made to impact on the dark side of the Moon not very far from the terminator, a gas cloud was produced which when it had expanded so that it was hit by the solar wind gave rise to superthermal electrons." In the laboratory, critical ionization velocity has been recognised for some time, and is seen in the penumbra produced by a dense plasma focus device (or plasma gun)
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Penumbra (medicine)


of stroke, the extent of the penumbra tends to decrease; therefore, in the emergency department a major concern is to protect the penumbra by increasing oxygen transport and delivery to cells in the danger zone, thereby limiting cell death. The existence of a penumbra implies that salvage of the cells is possible. There is a high correlation between the extent of spontaneous neurological recovery and the volume of penumbra that escapes infarction; therefore, saving the penumbra should improve the clinical outcome. One widely accepted definition for penumbra describes the area as
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Solar eclipse


will be at any given location. Calculations with Besselian elements can determine the exact shape of the umbra's shadow on the earth's surface. But at what "longitudes" on the Earth's surface the shadow will fall, is a function of the Earth's rotation, and on how much that rotation has slowed down over time. A number called ΔT is used in eclipse prediction to take this slowing into account. As the Earth slows, ΔT increases. ΔT for dates in the future can only be roughly estimated because
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Dmitri Matheny


Rob Scheps and Dave Ellis, guitarist John Heller, bassists Bill Douglass and Trevor Dunn, drummers Scott Amendola and Alan Jones, and percussionist Ian Dogole. An album release concert for "Red Reflections" took place at Carnegie Hall's Weill Recital Hall in February 1996. The following year Matheny released his second album, "Penumbra: The Moon Sessions". The album the moon as a theme and inspiration and featured saxophonist Dave Ellis, guitarist John Heller, bassist Bill Douglass, drummer Kenny Wollesen, and accordionist Rob Burger.
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Lagrangian point


) reaches L a few hours before Earth. Solar telescopes currently located around L include the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory and Advanced Composition Explorer. Sun–Earth is a good spot for space-based observatories. Because an object around will maintain the same relative position with respect to the Sun and Earth, shielding and calibration are much simpler. It is, however, slightly beyond the reach of Earth's umbra, so solar radiation is not completely blocked at L. Spacecraft generally orbit around L, avoiding partial eclipses of the Sun to
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Umbra (3D technology company)


the required processing time.” On April 3, 2014, Umbra announced that its latest technology was licensed by Wargaming to be used as part of the graphical upgrade being made to World of Tanks. The deal also allows other Wargaming studios to use Umbra's Visibility Technology. Umbra has developed two products: Umbra Occlusion Booster and Umbra 3. Umbra Occlusion Booster is GPU accelerated occlusion culling middleware for PC, Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3. This product was released in 2009. Umbra 3.2, was released on February 1, 2013
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Umbra (3D technology company)


integral part of Bungie's new 3D engine and game. ArenaNet's Guild Wars 2 was released on August 28 and the game uses Umbra 3. On August 14, 2012, Umbra announced its partnership with Nintendo which allows the licensing of the Umbra 3 middleware for Wii U developers. At the Game Developers Conference 2014 Umbra announced Umbra for Cloud and Umbra VR. The latter is based on Umbra's Stereo Camera feature which the company explains allows “both eyes can use the results of a single occlusion culling operation – effectively halving
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Lagrangian point


the Moon, L is located from Earth's center, which is 84.9% of the Earth–Moon distance or 15.1% in front of the Moon; L is located from Earth's center, which is 116.8% of the Earth–Moon distance or 16.8% beyond the Moon; and L is located from Earth's center, which is 99.3% of the Earth–Moon distance or 0.7084% in front of the Moon's 'negative' position. Sun–Earth is suited for making observations of the Sun–
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El Gamma Penumbra


El Gamma Penumbra is a Filipino all male shadow play group, best known for being the winners of the first season of "Asia's Got Talent". El Gamma Penumbra comes from the words "Gamma" and "Penumbra", which (in the words of the group) refer to the ideas of light (gamma rays) and shadow. It refers to "the ray of light (behind) a man's shadow". El Gamma Penumbra was first founded in 2008 as a hip-hop boy group,
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Umbra (company)


United Arab Emirates, Mexico, Hong Kong, South Korea, Japan, the Philippines, Malaysia, and Singapore, and the Umbra and Umbra Shift e-commerce websites. Umbra products are also sold through other retailers. Umbra has an in-house design team headed by Matt Carr, consisting of over 30 designers in Canada and abroad. Many independent designers have also collaborated with the firm. Notable ones who have made significant contributions to Umbra include Karim Rashid, Hlynur Atlason, and Harry Allen. In 1996, Umbra teamed
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Umbra (3D technology company)


Visions, Specular Interactive, Remedy, Red Duck Inc., Splash Damage, Softmax and several others. Umbra was spun off from Hybrid Graphics in 2005. Umbra acquired Hybrid Graphics' dPVS and continued its development. The next generation of this technology, named Umbra, was a hardware accelerated occlusion culling middleware. Umbra was released in September 2007. In 2009, Umbra Occlusion Booster was released, and it was optimized for multi-core systems such as Xbox 360, PlayStation 3 and PCs. In 2011 Umbra mostly concentrated on developing
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February 2008 lunar eclipse


event occurring every 9 years 5 days alternating between each saros series. This is the fourth of five Metonic lunar eclipses. A lunar eclipse will be preceded and followed by solar eclipses by 9 years and 5.5 days (a half saros). This lunar eclipse is related to two annular solar eclipses of Solar Saros 140. The moon entered the penumbral shadow at 0:36 UTC, and the umbral shadow at 1:43. Totality lasted for 50 minutes, between 3:01 and 3:51. The moon left the umbra shadow at 5:09 and left the
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Penumbra Theatre Company


the Penumbra Theatre Company. "Eden (1976)" by Steve Carter was the first production to launch of the 1977–78 season of the Penumbra Theatre Company. It explores diversity of ethnicities within the African-American community. The Negro Ensemble Company had recently premiered this performance, giving the Penumbra a direct tie to the Black Arts movement. Another relation to the movement is Ed Bullins, a prominent editor, theorist, and playwright who wrote Penumbra's second production, the 1975 Broadway transfer of "The Taking of Miss Jane"
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John Shirley


Moon" and "The Brigade"), horror novels and stories (e.g., "Demons" and "Crawlers" and the story collection "Black Butterflies") and horror film work. The "A Song Called Youth" cyberpunk trilogy, "Eclipse", "Eclipse Penumbra", and "Eclipse Corona", has been slated for a new edition by Dover Books in 2017. His tie-in novels include the best-seller "Bioshock: Rapture". His best known script work is the film "
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Umbra (3D technology company)


Umbra is a graphics software technology company founded 2007 in Helsinki, Finland. Umbra specializes in occlusion culling, visibility solution technology and provides middleware for video games running on Windows, Linux, PlayStation 4, Xbox One, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, handheld consoles, iOS, Wii U and other platforms. Umbra provides the occlusion culling system for Unity game engine since Unity 3 release. Umbra is also available as a plug-in for Unreal Engine 3 and 4. Umbra’s technology is being used in many major video games
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Lunar distance (astronomy)


Lunar distance (LD or formula_1), also called Earth–Moon distance, Earth–Moon characteristic distance, or distance to the Moon, is a unit of measure in astronomy. It is the average distance from the center of Earth to the center of the Moon. More technically, it is the mean semi-major axis of the geocentric lunar orbit. It may also refer to the time-averaged distance between the centers of the Earth and the Moon, or less commonly, the instantaneous Earth–Moon distance.
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Orbit of the Moon


north celestial pole, its fingers curl in the direction that the Moon orbits Earth, Earth orbits the Sun, and the Moon and Earth rotate on their own axes. In representations of the Solar System, it is common to draw the trajectory of Earth from the point of view of the Sun, and the trajectory of the Moon from the point of view of Earth. This could give the impression that the Moon orbits Earth in such a way that sometimes it goes backwards when viewed from the Sun's perspective. However,
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Penumbra: Necrologue


Penumbra: Necrologue is a third-party total conversion modification released for "" in 2014 by CounterCurrent Games. It was in development for 2 years. It continues the storyline after the events of , and like its predecessors, heavily focuses on exploration and survival. On 31 October 2015, the add-on "Penumbra: Twilight of the Archaic" was released, described by the makers as a prequel/spin-off to "Necrologue". The gameplay is identical to that of the Penumbra series. The game features
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Earth phase


The Earth phase, Terra phase, Terrestrial phase or phase of the Earth, is the shape of the directly sunlit portion of the Earth as viewed from the Moon (or elsewhere extraterrestrially). From the Moon, the Earth phases gradually and cyclically change over the period of a synodic month (about 29.53 days), as the orbital positions of the Moon around the Earth and of the Earth around the Sun shift. Among the most prominent features of the Moon's sky is Earth. Earth's angular diameter (1.9°
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Formation and evolution of the Solar System


Moon are one example of this configuration. Today, the Moon is tidally locked to the Earth; one of its revolutions around the Earth (currently about 29 days) is equal to one of its rotations about its axis, so it always shows one face to the Earth. The Moon will continue to recede from Earth, and Earth's spin will continue to slow gradually. Other examples are the Galilean moons of Jupiter (as well as many of Jupiter's smaller moons) and most of the larger moons of Saturn.
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Eclipse cycle


surface of the Earth right beneath the Moon (31′ 37″), and the shadow of the Earth at the mean lunar distance (1° 23′). Therefore, at most new moons the Earth passes too far north or south of the lunar shadow, and at most full moons the Moon misses the shadow of the Earth. Also, at most solar eclipses the apparent angular diameter of the Moon is insufficient to fully obscure the solar disc, unless the Moon is near its perigee, "i.e." closer to the Earth
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Earth phase


towards Earth, and the other side, the "far side", mostly cannot be seen from Earth. This means, conversely, that Earth can be seen only from the near side of the Moon and would always be invisible from the far side. If the Moon's rotation were purely synchronous, Earth would not have any noticeable movement in the Moon's sky. However, due to the Moon's libration, Earth does perform a slow and complex wobbling movement. Once a month, as seen from the Moon
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Moon


quarter and its mass is 1/81 of Earth's. It is the largest moon in the Solar System relative to the size of its planet, though Charon is larger relative to the dwarf planet Pluto, at 1/9 Pluto's mass. The Earth and the Moon's barycentre, their common centre of mass, is located (about a quarter of Earth's radius) beneath Earth's surface. The Earth revolves around the Earth-Moon barycentre once a sidereal month, with 1/81 the speed of the Moon, or about per second
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Origin of the Moon


that one side of the Moon continually faces toward Earth. Also, the Moon would have collided with and incorporated any small preexisting satellites of Earth, which would have shared the Earth's composition, including isotopic abundances. The geology of the Moon has since been more independent of the Earth. Although this hypothesis explains many aspects of the Earth–Moon system, there are still a few unresolved problems, such as the Moon's volatile elements not being as depleted as expected from such an energetic impact. Another issue is lunar and
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Around the Moon


Around the Moon (, 1870), Jules Verne's sequel to "From the Earth to the Moon", is a science fiction novel which continues the trip to the Moon which was only partially described in the previous novel. It was later combined with "From the Earth to the Moon" to create "A Trip to the Moon and Around It". "From the Earth to the Moon" and "Around the Moon" served as the basis for the film "A Trip to the Moon". Having
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Earth–Moon–Earth communication


Earth–Moon–Earth communication (EME), also known as Moon bounce, is a radio communications technique that relies on the propagation of radio waves from an Earth-based transmitter directed via reflection from the surface of the Moon back to an Earth-based receiver. The use of the Moon as a passive communications satellite was proposed by W.J. Bray of the British General Post Office in 1940. It was calculated that with the available microwave transmission powers and low noise receivers, it would be possible to beam microwave signals up
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Claimed moons of Earth


elliptical orbit but appears to have a horseshoe orbit when viewed from Earth. Some went as far to nickname Cruithne "Earth's second moon". The key difference between a satellite and a quasi-satellite is that the orbit of a satellite of Earth fundamentally depends on the gravity of the Earth–Moon system, whereas the orbit of a quasi-satellite would negligibly change if Earth and the Moon were suddenly removed because a quasi-satellite is orbiting the Sun on an Earth-like orbit in the vicinity of Earth.
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Lunar phase


When the Moon as seen from Earth is a narrow crescent, Earth as viewed from the Moon is almost fully lit by the Sun. Often, the dark side of the Moon is dimly illuminated by indirect sunlight reflected from Earth, but is bright enough to be easily visible from Earth. This phenomenon is called earthshine and sometimes picturesquely described as "the old moon in the new moon's arms" or "the new moon in the old moon's arms". The Gregorian calendar month, which is of a tropical year
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