what is abo/rh(d)
Blood type


than they are in European populations (15%). The presence or absence of the Rh(D) antigen is signified by the + or − sign, so that, for example, the A− group is ABO type A and does not have the Rh (D) antigen. As with many other genetic traits, the distribution of ABO and Rh blood groups varies significantly between populations. 28 blood-group systems have been identified by the International Society for Blood Transfusion in addition to the common ABO and Rh systems. Thus,
10593871
Rh blood group system


ABO type (e.g., someone who is A Positive has the A antigen and the Rh(D) antigen, whereas someone who is A Negative lacks the Rh(D) antigen). The terms "Rh factor", "Rh positive", and "Rh negative" refer to the "Rh(D) antigen" only. Antibodies to Rh antigens can be involved in hemolytic transfusion reactions and antibodies to the Rh(D) and Rh(c) antigens confer significant risk of hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn. The term "Rh" was originally
21383453
Rh blood group system


The Rh blood group system is one of forty-five known human blood group systems. It is the second most important blood group system, after the ABO blood group system. The Rh blood group system consists of 49 defined blood group antigens, among which the five antigens D, C, c, E, and e are the most important. There is no d ("lower case") antigen. Rh(D) status of an individual is normally described with a "positive" or "negative" suffix after the
21383452
Blood type


who may be D positive or D negative, as long as blood plasma and the recipient are ABO compatible. In transfusions of packed red blood cells, individuals with type O Rh D negative blood are often called universal donors. Those with type AB Rh D positive blood are called universal recipients. However, these terms are only generally true with respect to possible reactions of the recipient's anti-A and anti-B antibodies to transfused red blood cells, and also possible sensitization to Rh D antigens. One exception is individuals
10593886
Rh disease


subsequent rhesus positive infants of rhesus negative women. By using anti-RhD immunoglobulin (Rho(D) immune globulin) the incidence is massively reduced. Rh disease sensitization is about 10 times more likely to occur if the fetus is ABO compatible with the mother than if the mother and fetus are ABO incompatible. Blood is generally drawn from the father to help determine fetal antigen status. If he is homozygous for the antigen, there is a 100% chance of all offspring in the pairing to be positive for the antigen and at risk
5794246
Rh blood group system


(generally either through pregnancy or transfusion of blood products). The D antigen is the most immunogenic of all the non-ABO antigens. Approximately 80% of individuals who are D-negative and exposed to a single D-positive unit will produce an anti-D antibody. The percentage of alloimmunization is significantly reduced in patients who are actively exsanguinating. All Rh antibodies "except" D display dosage (antibody reacts more strongly with red cells homozygous for an antigen than cells heterozygous for the antigen (EE stronger reaction vs
21383489
Hemolytic disease of the newborn


Duffy, or other non-ABO antibodies typically result in extravascular sequestration, shortened survival of transfused red cells, and relatively mild clinical reactions. Acute hemolytic transfusion reactions due to immune hemolysis may occur in patients who have no antibodies detectable by routine laboratory procedures." For a summary of transfusion reactions in the US, see reference. In 2003, the incidence of Rh(D) sensitization in the United States was 6.8 per 1000 live births; 0.27% of women with an Rh incompatible fetus experience alloimmunization. Hemolytic disease of the newborn
19634103
Hemolytic disease of the newborn (ABO)


In ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn (also known as ABO HDN) maternal IgG antibodies with specificity for the ABO blood group system pass through the placenta to the fetal circulation where they can cause hemolysis of fetal red blood cells which can lead to fetal anemia and HDN. In contrast to Rh disease, about half of the cases of ABO HDN occur in a firstborn baby and ABO HDN does not become more severe after further pregnancies. The ABO blood group system is the best known surface antigen system, expressed on a wide
16520069
Coombs test


blood transfusion. In antenatal care, the IAT is used to screen pregnant women for antibodies that may cause hemolytic disease of the newborn. The IAT can also be used for compatibility testing, antibody identification, RBC phenotyping, and titration studies. The indirect Coombs test is used to screen for antibodies in the preparation of blood for blood transfusion. The donor's and recipient's blood must be ABO and Rh D compatible. Donor blood for transfusion is also screened for infections in separate processes. A blood sample from the recipient and
6275462
Hemolytic disease of the newborn


alloimmunization is decreased because fetal red blood cells are removed from maternal circulation due to anti-ABO antibodies before they can trigger an anti-Rh response. The diagnosis of HDN is based on history and laboratory findings: "Blood tests done on the newborn baby" "Blood tests done on the mother" "Blood tests done on the father" Types of HDN are classified by the type of antigens involved. The main types are ABO HDN, Rhesus HDN, Kell HDN, and other antibodies. ABO hemolytic disease of the
19634096
Blood type


in addition to the ABO antigens and Rh antigens, many other antigens are expressed on the RBC surface membrane. For example, an individual can be AB, D positive, and at the same time M and N positive (MNS system), K positive (Kell system), Le or Le negative (Lewis system), and so on, being positive or negative for each blood group system antigen. Many of the blood group systems were named after the patients in whom the corresponding antibodies were initially encountered. Transfusion medicine
10593872
RHCE (gene)


Blood group Rh(CE) polypeptide is a protein that in humans is encoded by the "RHCE" gene. RHCE has also recently been designated CD240CE (cluster of differentiation 240CE). The Rh blood group system is the second most clinically significant of the blood groups, second only to ABO. It is also the most polymorphic of the blood groups, with variations due to deletions, gene conversions, and missense mutations. The Rh blood group includes this gene which encodes both the RhC and RhE antigens on a single polypeptide and a
19818621
ABO blood group system


B, and AB blood into type O. This is done by using glycosidase enzymes from specific bacteria to strip the blood group antigens from red blood cells. The removal of A and B antigens still does not address the problem of the Rh blood group antigen on the blood cells of Rh positive individuals, and so blood from Rh negative donors must be used. The sort of blood is named "enzyme converted to O" (ECO) blood. Patient trials will be conducted before the method can be relied on in live situations
19492605
Cord blood bank


be examined for nucleated cell count, cell viability, blood group antigen ABO & Rh blood group system, molecule cluster (CD34), and bacterial and fungal growth. After the collection, the cord blood unit is shipped to the lab and processed, and then cryopreserved. There are many ways to process a cord blood unit, and there are differing opinions on what the best way is. Some processing methods separate out the red blood cells and remove them, while others keep the red blood cells. However the unit is
11389545
Hemolytic disease of the newborn


antigens of the IgG type that could potentially cause hemolytic disease of the newborn is greater than the observed incidence of "ABO disease." About 15% of pregnancies involve a type O mother and a type A or type B child; only 3% of these pregnancies result in hemolytic disease due to A/B/O incompatibility. In contrast to antibodies to A and B antigens, Rhesus antibodies are generally not produced from exposure to environmental antigens. In cases where there is ABO incompatibility and Rh incompatibility, the risk of
19634095
Human blood group systems


The term human blood group systems is defined by International Society of Blood Transfusion as systems in the human species where cell-surface antigens—in particular, those on blood cells—are "controlled at a single gene locus or by two or more very closely linked homologous genes with little or no observable recombination between them", and include the common ABO and Rh (Rhesus) antigen systems, as well as many others; thirty-five major human systems are identified as of November 2014. In addition to the ABO and
20598329
Packed red blood cells


red cells with both are called AB. Except in unusual cases like infants or seriously immunocompromised individuals, all people will have antibodies to any ABO blood type that isn't present on their own red blood cells, and will have an immediate hemolytic reaction to a unit that is not compatible with their ABO type. In addition to the A and B antigens, there are rare variations which can further complicate transfusions, such as the Bombay phenotype. The Rh blood group system consists of nearly around 50 different antigens, but the one
21925438
Rho(D) immune globulin


. Rh(D) immune globulin is also spelled Rh(D) immune globulin (letter o and digit zero are both widely attested; more at Rh blood group system - Rh nomenclature). Rhophylac is manufactured by CSL Limited. RhoGAM and MICRhoGam are brand names of Kedrion Biopharma. Other brand names are BayRHo-D, Gamulin Rh, HypRho-D Mini-Dose, Mini-Gamulin Rh, Partobulin SDF (Baxter), Rhesonativ (Octapharma), and RhesuGam (NBI). KamRho-D I.M. is a brand name of
17094111
Rh blood group system


units. In the past, partial D was called 'D mosaic' or 'D variant.' Different partial D phenotypes are defined by different D epitopes on the outer surface of the red blood cell membrane. More than 30 different partial D phenotypes have been described. Rh individuals have no Rh antigens (no Rh or RhAG) on their red blood cells. This rare condition has been called "Golden Blood". As a consequence of Rh antigen absence, Rh red blood cells also lack LW and Fy5 and show
21383486
Human blood group systems


whom the corresponding antibodies were first detected. Blood is composed of cells suspended in a liquid called plasma. Suspended in the plasma are three types of cells: The most common type of grouping is the ABO blood group system. The varieties of glycoprotein and glycolipid coating on red blood cells divides blood into four groups: Another antigen, the Rh factor, plays an important part in the grouping of blood. If this is present, the particular blood type is called Rh-positive. If it is absent, it is called
20598331
Human blood group systems


Rh-negative. In addition to the ABO and Rh blood group systems, there are more than two hundred minor blood groups that can complicate blood transfusions. These are known as rare blood types. Whereas common blood types are expressed in a letter or two, which may be a plus or a minus, a smaller number of people express their blood type in an extensive series of letters in addition to their "AB±" type designation. For example, the h/h blood group, also known as Oh or the
20598332
Rh blood group system


to avoid the development of antibodies toward the fetus. These terms do not indicate which specific antigen-antibody incompatibility is implicated. The disorder in the fetus due to Rh D incompatibility is known as "erythroblastosis fetalis". When the condition is caused by the Rh D antigen-antibody incompatibility, it is called Rh D Hemolytic disease of the newborn or Rh disease. Here, sensitization to Rh D antigens (usually by feto-maternal transfusion during pregnancy) may lead to the production of maternal IgG anti-D antibodies which
21383470
Rh blood group system


the clinical consequences of non-recognized "Rh factor", hemolytic transfusion reaction, and hemolytic disease of the newborn in its most severe form. It was recognized that the serum of the reported woman agglutinated with red blood cells of about 80% of the people although the then known blood groups, in particular ABO were matched. No name was given to this agglutinin when described. In 1940, Karl Landsteiner and Alexander S. Wiener made the connection to their earlier discovery, reporting a serum that also reacted with about 85%
21383457
Packed red blood cells


cells are sometimes given to recipients who will never become pregnant, such as males or postmenopausal women, as long as they do not have an antibody, since the greatest risk of Rh incompatible blood is to current or future pregnancies. For RBCs, type O negative blood is considered a "universal donor" as recipients with types A, B, or AB can almost always receive O negative blood safely. Type AB positive is considered a "universal recipient" because they can receive the other ABO/Rh types safely. These
21925440
Hh blood group


-group genes, because A antigen and B antigen are made from H antigen. For this reason people who have Bombay phenotype can donate red blood cells to any member of the ABO blood group system (unless some other blood factor gene, such as Rh, is incompatible), but they cannot receive blood from any member of the ABO blood group system (which always contains one or more of A, B or H antigens), but only from other people who have Bombay phenotype. Receiving blood which contains an
771063
Rh blood group system


can pass through the placenta. This is of particular importance to D negative females at or below childbearing age, because any subsequent pregnancy may be affected by the Rh D hemolytic disease of the newborn if the baby is D positive. The vast majority of Rh disease is preventable in modern antenatal care by injections of IgG anti-D antibodies (Rho(D) Immune Globulin). The incidence of Rh disease is mathematically related to the frequency of D negative individuals in a population, so Rh disease is rare in old-stock populations
21383471
Rh blood group system


and variants) and the "RHCE" gene which encodes the RhCE protein with the C, E, c and e antigens (and variants). There is no d antigen. Lowercase "d" indicates the absence of the D antigen (the gene is usually deleted or otherwise nonfunctional). Rh phenotypes are readily identified through the presence or absence of the Rh surface antigens. As can be seen in the table below, most of the Rh phenotypes can be produced by several different Rh genotypes. The exact genotype of
21383466
Rh blood group system


terms "rhesus factor", " rhesus positive", and "rhesus negative" – all three of which actually refer specifically and "only" to the Rh D factor and are thus misleading when unmodified. Contemporary practice is to use "Rh" as a term of art instead of "Rhesus" (e.g., "Rh Group," "Rh factors," "Rh D," etc.). The first rhesus blood type was discovered in 1937 by Landsteiner and Wiener, who named it after a similar
21383455
Rh disease


Rh disease (also known as rhesus isoimmunisation, Rh (D) disease, rhesus incompatibility, rhesus disease, RhD hemolytic disease of the newborn, rhesus D hemolytic disease of the newborn or RhD HDN) is a type of hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN). The disease ranges from mild to severe, and typically occurs only in some second or subsequent pregnancies of Rh negative women where the fetus's father is Rh positive, leading to a Rh+ pregnancy. During birth, the mother may be exposed to the infant
5794240
Blood type


exposure to D-positive blood would lead to a potentially dangerous transfusion reaction. Rh D-positive blood should never be given to D-negative women of child-bearing age or to patients with D antibodies, so blood banks must conserve Rh-negative blood for these patients. In extreme circumstances, such as for a major bleed when stocks of D-negative blood units are very low at the blood bank, D-positive blood might be given to D-negative females above child-bearing age or to Rh
10593882
Rh blood group system


antigen, and so on). However, the d gene was hypothetical, not actual. The Wiener system used the Rh–Hr nomenclature. This system was based on the theory that there was one gene at a single locus on each of the 2 copies of chromosome 1, each contributing to production of multiple antigens. In this theory, a gene R is supposed to give rise to the “blood factors” Rh, rh′, and rh″ (corresponding to modern nomenclature of the D, C, and E antigens
21383462
Blood type


Rh antigens. It is common for D-negative individuals not to have any anti-D IgG or IgM antibodies, because anti-D antibodies are not usually produced by sensitization against environmental substances. However, D-negative individuals can produce IgG anti-D antibodies following a sensitizing event: possibly a fetomaternal transfusion of blood from a fetus in pregnancy or occasionally a blood transfusion with D positive RBCs. Rh disease can develop in these cases. Rh negative blood types are much less common in Asian populations (0.3%)
10593870
James Harrison (blood donor)


immune globulin based products to prevent hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN). These products, which contain a high level of anti-D antibodies are given to Rh(D) negative mothers of unknown or Rh(D) positive babies during and after pregnancy to prevent the creation of antibodies to the blood of a Rh(D) positive child. This antigen sensitization and subsequent incompatibility phenomenon causes Rhesus disease, the most common form of HDN. Through the donations of his plasma, Harrison has helped prevent thousands of children from dying of HDN. This
21495087
Rh factor testing


Rh factor testing, also known as Rhesus factor testing, is the procedure of determining the rhesus D status of an individual (see Rh blood group system). Rhesus factor testing utilises the genotyping technique to detect the presence of the RhD gene. By checking the existence of the RhD gene in the individual’s genome, the presence of rhesus D (RhD) antigens can be inferred. Individuals with a positive RhD status has RhD antigens expressed on the cell membrane of their red blood cells, whereas Rhesus D antigens are absent
3006399
Packed red blood cells


is approximately 4%. Although the World Health Organization recommends that all donated blood is screened for these infections, at least 13 low-income countries are unable to screen all their donated blood for at least one of these infections. To avoid transfusion reactions, the donor and recipient blood are tested, typically ordered as a "type and screen" for the recipient. The "type" in this case is the ABO and Rh type, specifically the phenotype, and the "screen" refers to testing for atypical antibodies that
21925436
Blood transfusion


so a type and screen can be performed to determine the actual blood group of the patient and to check for alloantibodies. This chart shows possible matches in blood transfusion between donor and receiver using ABO and Rh system. In the same way that the safety of pharmaceutical products is overseen by pharmacovigilance, the safety of blood and blood products is overseen by haemovigilance. This is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a system "...to identify and prevent occurrence or recurrence of transfusion related unwanted events, to increase the
6689575
RHD (gene)


Rh blood group, D antigen also known as Rh polypeptide 1 (RhPI) or cluster of differentiation 240D (CD240D) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the "RHD" gene. The RHD gene codes for the RhD erythrocyte membrane protein that is the Rh factor antigen of the Rh blood group system. RHD has sequence similarity to RHCE, RhAG, RhBG, and RhCG and these five genes constitute the Rh family. It was proposed that the erythrocyte Rh complex is a heterotrimer of RhAG, RhD, and
13217691
Rh blood group system


or D−. This is important, since most blood banks have a limited supply of "D negative" blood and the correct transfusion is clinically relevant. In this respect, genotyping of blood groups has much simplified this detection of the various variants in the Rh blood group system. It is important to differentiate weak D (due to a "quantitative" difference in the D antigen) from partial D (due to a "qualitative" difference in the D antigen). Simply put, the weak D phenotype is due to a
21383484
Cross-matching


In transfusion medicine, cross-matching or crossmatching (part of series of steps in blood compatibility tests) is testing before a blood transfusion to determine if the donor's blood is compatible with the blood of an intended recipient. Cross-matching is also used to determine compatibility between a donor and recipient in organ transplantation. Compatibility is determined through matching of different blood group systems, the most important of which are the ABO and Rh system, and/or by directly testing for the presence of antibodies against the antigens in a sample of
11751489
Cross-matching


the intended recipient. This includes ABO/Rh typing of the unit and of the recipient, and an antibody screen of the recipient. Electronic cross-matching can only be used if a patient has a negative antibody screen, which means that they do not have any active red blood cell atypical antibodies, or they are below the detectable level of current testing methods. If all of the data entered is compatible, the computer will print a compatibility label stating that the unit is safe to transfuse. Cross-matching falls into
11751492
Cross-matching


two categories: As the complete cross-matching process takes approximately 1 hour, it is not always used in emergencies. In the case of an emergency, a type-specific blood to which the recipient has no antibodies, can be requested. It is thought that this lifesaving measure is of more benefit than any risk of an antibody-mediated transfusion reaction. This type of blood has less risk of a serious transfusion reaction because it is both ABO compatible and Rhesus (Rh)-compatible. Universal donor blood, which is both type
11751493
Laurence H. Snyder


1926 and 1949, was reported in a series of 35 papers with the overall title, "Studies in Human Inheritance". These range over subjects that include blood groups, polydactylism, hemophilia, baldness, sex ratios, Rh incompatibility, and other topics. Perhaps his most remembered work is his study of phenylthiocarbamide, a chemical that tastes bitter to some individuals but is without taste to others, depending on the inheritance of a single gene. In the early 1920s, the debate over the ABO blood group emerged with great enthusiasm
14204154
Blood transfusion


before a transfusion is given is to type and screen the recipient's blood. Typing of recipient's blood determines the ABO and Rh status. The sample is then screened for any alloantibodies that may react with donor blood. It takes about 45 minutes to complete (depending on the method used). The blood bank scientist also checks for special requirements of the patient (e.g. need for washed, irradiated or CMV negative blood) and the history of the patient to see if they have previously identified antibodies and any other serological anomalies
6689570
Alexander S. Wiener


locus at which occurs one Rh gene, but this gene has multiple alleles. For example, one gene R1 produces one agglutinogen (antigen) Rh1 which is composed of three "factors": rh', Rh(o), and hr' '. The three factors are analogous to C, D, and e respectively in the CDE nomenclature. The d gene does not exist in Wiener's theory, and, in fact, has been proven not to exist at all. In fact, it has recently been proven that
14915283
Rh disease


globulin). The RhD protein is coded by the RHD gene. During any pregnancy a small amount of the baby's blood can enter the mother's circulation. If the mother is Rh negative and the baby is Rh positive, the mother produces antibodies (including IgG) against the rhesus D antigen on her baby's red blood cells. During this and subsequent pregnancies the IgG is able to pass through the placenta into the fetus and if the level of it is sufficient, it will cause destruction of rhesus D positive fetal
5794242
Blood type


and collectively form a blood group system. Blood types are inherited and represent contributions from both parents. A total of 36 human blood group systems and 346 antigens are now recognized by the International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT). The two most important blood group systems are ABO and Rh; they determine someone's blood type (A, B, AB and O, with +, − or null denoting RhD status) for suitability in blood transfusion. A complete blood type would describe a full set of 30 substances on
10593863
Diego antigen system


in Venezuela died of hemolytic disease three days after birth. Rh and ABO blood type mismatches were soon ruled out, and investigators began searching for a rare blood factor. Red blood cells from the father reacted strongly to blood serum from the mother. Rare blood types known at the time were eliminated, and the new type was classified as a "private" or "family" blood type. The investigators, with the agreement of the father, named the new type after his surname, "Diego". In 1955 investigators
11803132
Autoagglutination


of IgM in 85% of cases and in 15% a subtype of IgG known as Donath-Landsteiner antibody. IgM molecules, being large, are able to form bridges across adjacent erythrocytes, thereby leading to agglutination. Autoagglutination can result in visible clumping of erythrocytes in the collection device. Automated cell counters may produce abnormal values as the agglutinated cells may be counted as single cells. Problems can also occur when autoagglutinated blood is tested for ABO and Rh blood grouping / typing and during cross-matching at the blood bank.
9532231
Léonie Abo


Wassis Hortense Léonie Abo (born 1945) was an activist during the Kwilu Rebellion. She was a writer who was the wife of the communist rebel Pierre Mulele. Wassis Hortense Léonie Abo was born in 1945 in a place called Malungu in what was then the Belgian Congo. She was brought up by adopted parents as her mother died giving birth to her; as a result of this last event she was given the name "Abo", which means "sorrow" in the Bambunda language. She witnessed her adoptive father taking
7691303
Riemann hypothesis


of theorems involving the Riemann hypothesis is described in : Theorem (Hecke; 1918). Let "D"  0 be the discriminant of an imaginary quadratic number field "K". Assume the generalized Riemann hypothesis for "L"-functions of all imaginary quadratic Dirichlet characters. Then there is an absolute constant "C" such that Theorem (Deuring; 1933). If the RH is false then "h"("D")  1 if |"D"| is sufficiently large. Theorem (Mordell; 1934). If the RH is false then "h"("D
9735454
Cross-matching


O and Rh negative, can be given if the recipient's blood group is not known, as may happen in an emergency. Some institutions will only release O+ for male and O- blood for female patients. This serves two purposes. First, it preserves the lower stock of O- blood and secondly, this eliminates the risk of O- negative mothers forming anti-D (Rh) antibodies from exposure to O+ blood. Anti-D (Rh) can cross the placenta during pregnancy and attack an unborn child's RBCs if
11751494
Rh disease


C, anti-c, and anti-M. Anti-M also recommends antigen testing to rule out the presence of HDN. Most Rh disease can be prevented by treating the mother during pregnancy or promptly (within 72 hours) after childbirth. The mother has an intramuscular injection of anti-Rh antibodies (Rho(D) immune globulin). This is done so that the fetal rhesus D positive erythrocytes are destroyed before the immune system of the mother can discover them and become sensitized. This is passive immunity and the effect of
5794248
Rh blood group system


genotypes. The D antigen is inherited as one gene (RHD) (on the short arm of the first chromosome, p36.13–p34.3) with various alleles. Though very much simplified, one can think of alleles that are positive or negative for the D antigen. The gene codes for the RhD protein on the red cell membrane. D− individuals who lack a functional "RHD" gene do not produce the D antigen, and may be immunized by D+ blood. The epitopes for the next 4 most common Rh antigens, C,
21383474
Rh blood group system


maternal circulation by Holzgrieve et al. led to the noninvasive genotyping of fetal Rh genes in many countries. The Rh blood group system has two sets of nomenclatures: one developed by Ronald Fisher and R. R. Race, the other by . Both systems reflected alternative theories of inheritance. The Fisher–Race system, which is more commonly in use today, uses the CDE nomenclature. This system was based on the theory that a separate gene controls the product of each corresponding antigen (e.g., a "D gene" produces D
21383461
Acute hemolytic transfusion reaction


non-ABO IgG antibodies such as Rh, Kell, or Duffy. The former results in a severe intravascular hemolysis and the latter typically causes extravascular hemolysis. The reactions are mediated by cytokines like TNF, IL-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein, IL-1 etc. These occur when RBCs are damaged before transfusion, resulting in hemoglobinemia and hemoglobinuria. Clinical symptoms are nil or milder. The major complication is that the hemoglobin, released by the destruction of red blood cells, may cause acute kidney failure (also known as the "oliguric phase
11571481
Jaundice


deficiency, ABO/Rh blood type autoantibodies, or infantile pyknocytosis. Serum bilirubin normally drops to a low level without any intervention required. In cases where bilirubin rises higher, a brain-damaging condition known as kernicterus can occur, leading to significant disability. This condition has been rising in recent years due to less time spent outdoors. A Bili light is often the tool used for early treatment, which often consists of exposing the baby to intensive phototherapy. Sunbathing is effective treatment, and has the advantage of ultra-violet
18012652
Blood type


-negative males, providing that they did not have anti-D antibodies, to conserve D-negative blood stock in the blood bank. The converse is not true; Rh D-positive patients do not react to D negative blood. This same matching is done for other antigens of the Rh system as C, c, E and e and for other blood group systems with a known risk for immunization such as the Kell system in particular for females of child-bearing age or patients with known need for many transfusions
10593883
Organorhodium chemistry


d configuration) usually occur with square planar or trigonal bipyramidal geometries, while rhodium (III) compounds (d configuration) typically have an octahedral geometry. Rhodium(0) complexes are binary carbonyls, the principal examples being tetrarhodium dodecacarbonyl, Rh(CO), and hexadecacarbonylhexarhodium, Rh(CO). These compounds are obtained by reductive carbonylation of rhodium(III) salts or RhCl(CO). In contrast to the stability of the homologous Co(CO), Rh(CO) is very labile. Rhodium(I) complexes are important homogeneous catalysts. Common complexes include bis(triphenylphosphine)rhodium carbonyl chloride, chlorobis(ethylene)rhodium
21252011
Rho(D) immune globulin


a peripheral blood platelet count less than 100 x 10/L, and the absence of any obvious initiating and/or underlying cause of the thrombocytopenia. Symptoms of ITP include abnormal bleeding and bruising due to the reduction in platelet count. Rh(D) Immune Globulin Intravenous [Human; Anti-D] is indicated for use in non-splenectomized, Rh(D)-positive children with chronic or acute ITP, adults with chronic ITP, and children and adults with ITP secondary to HIV infection. Anti-D must be administered via the intravenous route when used
17094105
Riemann hypothesis


") → ∞ as "D" → −∞. Theorem (Heilbronn; 1934). If the generalized RH is false for the "L"-function of some imaginary quadratic Dirichlet character then "h"("D") → ∞ as "D" → −∞. In 1935, Carl Siegel later strengthened the result without using RH or GRH in any way. In 1983 J. L. Nicolas proved that for infinitely many "n", where φ("n") is Euler's totient function and γ is Euler's constant. Ribenboim remarks that: The method
9735455
Kell antigen system


is the next most common immune red cell antibody after those in the ABO and Rh system. Anti-K typically presents as IgG class alloantibody. Individuals lacking a specific Kell antigen may develop antibodies against Kell antigens when transfused with blood containing that antigen. This is particularly true for the "K" antigen which shows a relatively high antigenicity and moderately low frequency (~9%) in Caucasian populations. Anti-K can also occur following transplacental hemorrhage (TPH) associated with childbirth making Kell an important concern for hemolytic disease of
20856491
Hemolytic disease of the newborn (anti-Rhc)


Acute hemolytic transfusion reactions may be either immune-mediated or nonimmune-mediated. Immune-mediated hemolytic transfusion reactions caused by immunoglobulin M (IgM) anti-A, anti-B, or anti-A,B typically result in severe, potentially fatal complement-mediated intravascular hemolysis. Immune-mediated hemolytic reactions caused by IgG, Rh, Kell, Duffy, or other non-ABO antibodies typically result in extravascular sequestration, shortened survival of transfused red cells, and relatively mild clinical reactions. Acute hemolytic transfusion reactions due
21611269
Hemolytic disease of the newborn (anti-RhE)


reason, she must carry a medical alert card at all times and inform all doctors of her antibody status. "Acute hemolytic transfusion reactions may be either immune-mediated or nonimmune-mediated. Immune-mediated hemolytic transfusion reactions caused by immunoglobulin M (IgM) anti-A, anti-B, or anti-A,B typically result in severe, potentially fatal complement-mediated intravascular hemolysis. Immune-mediated hemolytic reactions caused by IgG, Rh, Kell, Duffy, or other non-ABO antibodies typically result
8679008
Rho(D) immune globulin


. Other side effects include allergic reactions, kidney problems, and a very small risk of viral infections. In those with ITP, the amount of red blood cell breakdown may be significant. Use is safe with breastfeeding. Rho(D) immune globulin is made up of antibodies to the antigen Rh(D) present on some red blood cells. It is believed to work by blocking a person's immune system from recognizing this antigen. Rh(D) immune globulin came into medical use in the 1960s. It is on the World Health Organization's
17094092
Kleihauer–Betke test


The Kleihauer–Betke ("KB") test, Kleihauer–Betke ("KB") stain, Kleihauer test or Acid elution test, is a blood test used to measure the amount of fetal hemoglobin transferred from a fetus to a mother's bloodstream. It is usually performed on Rh-negative mothers to determine the required dose of Rho(D) immune globulin (RhIg) to inhibit formation of Rh antibodies in the mother and prevent Rh disease in future Rh-positive children. It's named after Enno Kleihauer and Klaus
15462895
Intact dilation and extraction


to non-intact dilation and extraction (more commonly known as a dilation and evacuation). The risks of intact D&X are similar to the risks of non-intact D&E and include postoperative infection, hemorrhage, or uterine injury. In cases where the woman is Rh-negative and the fetus is Rh-positive, subsequent pregnancies have a risk of erythroblastosis fetalis (hemolytic disease of the newborn) if Rho(D) immunoglobulin (RhoGam) is not administered. Overall, the complication rate is low, with rates of serious complications
4839142
Antibody


. Rho(D) immune globulin antibodies are specific for human RhD antigen. Anti-RhD antibodies are administered as part of a prenatal treatment regimen to prevent sensitization that may occur when a Rh-negative mother has a Rh-positive fetus. Treatment of a mother with Anti-RhD antibodies prior to and immediately after trauma and delivery destroys Rh antigen in the mother's system from the fetus. It is important to note that this occurs before the antigen can stimulate maternal B cells to "remember" Rh antigen by generating memory B
2088191
Erythrocyte rosetting


is incubated with Rho(D) immune globulin, which will bind to any fetal Rh positive red blood cells, if present. Upon addition of enzyme-treated cDE indicator cells, the presence of Rh positive fetal blood causes rosetting, which can be seen by light microscopy. The test is recommended for Rh negative mothers within 72 hours of giving birth to an Rh-positive infant. In a positive test, it is recommended that a Kleihauer–Betke test should be performed to confirm and quantify any positive rosette tests. E-
10491756
Rolf Harris


distinctive sound of the "wobble board". The fourth verse – "Let me abos go loose, Lou/Let me abos go loose/They're of no further use, Lou/So let me abos go loose" – became increasingly controversial, because of the use of what later became regarded as a racial slur, and was removed in later versions of the song. In 2006, four decades after the song's release, Harris expressed his regret about the original lyric. At the end of 1960, he toured
21639813
Liver function tests


blood. Pathological jaundice in newborns should be suspected when the serum bilirubin level rises by more than 5 mg/dL per day, serum bilirubin more than the physiological range, clinical jaundice more than 2 weeks, and conjugated bilirubin (dark urine staining clothes). Haemolytic jaundice is the commonest cause of pathological jaundice. Those babies with Rh hemolytic disease, ABO incompatibility with the mother, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) deficiency and minor blood group incompatibility are at increased risk of getting haemolytic jaundice. Apart from being found in high concentrations
1476453
Prenatal hormones and sexual orientation


candidate for affecting fraternal birth order, as it has been linked to both handedness and immune system functioning. Gene variants in the "Rh" system are implicated in a maternal response to what is known as hemolytic disease of the newborn. "Rh" is a factor in blood, and in cases where the mother is absent of this ("Rh-") while carrying an "Rh+" fetus, an immune response may develop with deleterious effects. The "Rh" gene hypothesis is a strong candidate because not only does
9710627
Ammar Abo Bakr


graffiti on this street served as a "newspaper" of what was happening during the revolution. When writing about his work, Abo Bakr noted, "What we did in Egypt in recent years was not about presenting art, at least it wasn't to me: We used walls as a newspaper... Me, I was a fine arts assistant professor. I left the faculty of arts to report on the revolution in the city’s walls." In 2012, Ammar, along with other artists started the "No Walls
18904611
Blood type


in 1901 for the classification was A/B/C; in later publications "C" became "O". Type O is often called "0" ("zero", or "null") in other languages. The Rh system (Rh meaning "Rhesus") is the second most significant blood-group system in human-blood transfusion with currently 50 antigens. The most significant Rh antigen is the D antigen, because it is the most likely to provoke an immune system response of the five main
10593869
Ever 17: The Out of Infinity


determined the amount and variety of tracks based on the budget and the game's content, and told Abo what kind of music they were imagining for the game. Sasanari was knowledgeable in music, so he helped Nakazawa with discussing the soundtrack. When composing the soundtrack, Abo used what he described as "geometric music" because of the theoretical and science fiction elements. Prior to composing the music, he read through the game's story, to understand the setting and each character's personality as much as possible. He would
6564084
Antibody


and breast cancer. Some immune deficiencies, such as X-linked agammaglobulinemia and hypogammaglobulinemia, result in partial or complete lack of antibodies. These diseases are often treated by inducing a short term form of immunity called passive immunity. Passive immunity is achieved through the transfer of ready-made antibodies in the form of human or animal serum, pooled immunoglobulin or monoclonal antibodies, into the affected individual. Rh factor, also known as Rh D antigen, is an antigen found on red blood cells; individuals that are Rh-positive
2088189
Antibody


cells. Therefore, her humoral immune system will not make anti-Rh antibodies, and will not attack the Rh antigens of the current or subsequent babies. Rho(D) Immune Globulin treatment prevents sensitization that can lead to Rh disease, but does not prevent or treat the underlying disease itself. Specific antibodies are produced by injecting an antigen into a mammal, such as a mouse, rat, rabbit, goat, sheep, or horse for large quantities of antibody. Blood isolated from these animals contains "polyclonal antibodies"—multiple antibodies that bind
2088192
Rh disease


the President of the Winnipeg Rh Institute, Albert D. Friesen, PhD, licensed a version of the vaccine, known as WinRho, in 1980. The drug is sold in 35 countries by the Manitoba-based research firm Cangene, listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange with worth of about $175 million. Cangene was purchased by the Winnipeg Rh Institute, a facility founded by Chown and Bowman and dedicated to conducting research into blood related diseases. Chown is honored by the Canadian Medical Hall of Fame for his lifelong work with erythroblastosis
5794265
Rh blood group system


2. The CDE notation used in the Fisher–Race nomenclature is sometimes rearranged to DCE to more accurately represent the co-location of the C and E encoding on the RhCE gene, and to make interpretation easier. The proteins which carry the Rh antigens are transmembrane proteins, whose structure suggest that they are ion channels. The main antigens are D, C, E, c and e, which are encoded by two adjacent gene loci, the "RHD" gene which encodes the RhD protein with the D antigen (
21383465
Irish Blood Transfusion Service


HIV Compensation Tribunal" was established by the "Hepatitis C Compensation Tribunal Act, 1997", and amended by the "Hepatitis C Compensation Tribunal (Amendment) Act, 2002", to compensate people who contracted Hepatitis C or HIV as a result of receiving blood or blood products from the Service. The frequency of blood groups in Ireland is as follows: It is important that the IBTS collects enough O Rh D positive blood as almost half the population are that blood type. Donors with O Rh D negative are known as
4728584
Cell–cell recognition


extracellular side of the phospholipid bilayer, to large membrane proteins that loop many times between both sides of the membrane. The smaller polysaccharide antigens classify blood cells into types A, B, AB, and O, while the larger protein antigens classify blood cells into types Rh D-positive and Rh D-negative. While the biological role of the correct blood type is unclear and may be vestigial, the consequences of incorrect blood types are known to be severe. The same cells that recognize PAMPs on microbial pathogens may bind to
10425233
Rho(D) immune globulin


Rh(D) immune globulin (RhIG) is a medication used to prevent RhD isoimmunization in mothers who are RhD negative and to treat idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) in people who are Rh positive. It is often given both during and following pregnancy. It may also be used when RhD negative people are given RhD positive blood. It is given by injection into muscle or a vein. A single dose lasts 12 weeks. Common side effects include fever, headache, pain at the site of injection, and red blood cell breakdown
17094091
Rh disease


the immunity will wear off after about 4 to 6 weeks (or longer depending on injected dose) as the anti-Rh antibodies gradually decline to zero in the maternal blood. It is part of modern antenatal care to give all rhesus D negative pregnant women an anti-RhD IgG immunoglobulin injection at about 28 weeks gestation (with or without a booster at 34 weeks gestation). This reduces the effect of the vast majority of sensitizing events which mostly occur after 28 weeks gestation. Giving Anti-D to all Rhesus negative
5794249
Polyclonal antibodies


life-threatening digoxin or digitoxin toxicity. Rho(D) immune globulin is made from pooled human plasma provided by Rh-negative donors with antibodies to the D antigen. It is used to provide passive immune binding of antigen, preventing a maternal active immune response which could potentially result in hemolytic disease of the newborn. Rozrolimupab is the anti-RhD recombinant human polyclonal antibody composed of 25 unique IgG1 antibodies and is used for the treatment of immune thrombocytopenia purpura and prevention of isoimmunization in Rh-negative pregnant women. The use of polyclonal
7486643
External cephalic version


feeling of a fast heart rate. Use of intravenous nitroglycerin has been proposed. Following the procedure, a repeat CTG is performed and a repeat ultrasound will confirm a successful turn. Should this first attempt fail, a second attempt on another day can be considered. In addition, to prevent Rh disease after the procedure, all rhesus D negative pregnant women are offered an intramuscular injection of anti-Rh antibodies (Rho(D) immune globulin). ECV has existed since 384-322 B.C, the time of Aristotle. Around 100
765381
William Pollack


William Pollack (February 26, 1926 – November 3, 2013) was a British-born American immunologist who developed the Rho(D) immune globulin vaccine against Rh disease, a leading cause of erythroblastosis fetalis. Pollack co-developed the vaccine, also known by the RhoGAM brand name, which is given to pregnant women to prevent Rh disease, with Dr. Vincent Freda and Dr. John G. Gorman of Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center. Pollack's vaccine, introduced in 1968, virtually eliminated cases of Rh disease in developed countries. Prior
14961347
Rh blood group system


system; among those described here, the D, C, c, E and e antigens are the most important. The others are much less frequently encountered or are rarely clinically significant. Each is given a number, though the highest assigned number (CEST or RH57 according to the ISBT terminology) is not an accurate reflection of the antigens encountered since many (e.g. Rh38) have been combined, reassigned to other groups, or otherwise removed. Rh antibodies are IgG antibodies which are acquired through exposure to Rh-positive blood
21383488
Rh factor testing


invasive prenatal testing may be used to determine the foetal RhD status instead. The two most common invasive methods of extracting foetal DNA are chorionic villus sampling (CVS) and amniocentesis (AMC). These invasive procedures can be conducted on both RhD+ and RhD- mothers. After the invasive procedure, medications that prevent the Rh immunisation are usually prescribed to RhD- mothers. This is done to avoid the production of maternal anti-D antibodies which may attack the foetal blood cells should the foetus be Rh incompatible with the mother. Chorionic villus
3006403
Rh disease


's blood, and this causes the development of antibodies, which may affect the health of subsequent Rh+ pregnancies. In mild cases, the fetus may have mild anaemia with reticulocytosis. In moderate or severe cases the fetus may have a more marked anaemia and erythroblastosis fetalis (hemolytic disease of the newborn). When the disease is very severe it may cause hydrops fetalis or stillbirth. Rh disease is generally preventable by treating the mother during pregnancy or soon after delivery with an intramuscular injection of anti-RhD immunoglobulin (Rho(D) immune
5794241
Irish Blood Transfusion Service


universal donors. Their blood can be transfused to patients of any other blood group in an emergency or if the patient's own blood group is unavailable. Because any patient can receive O Rh D negative blood, the IBTS need to have extra O Rh D negative blood available at all times. The service depends entirely on voluntary donations from the public. New donors must be aged between 18 and 64, weigh over 50 kilograms (7 stone 12 lbs), and be in good health. At every donation haemoglobin levels are
4728585
Neonatal red cell transfusion


). Paedipacks are multiple aliquots made from one adult blood donation. By using paedipacks, the baby is exposed to blood from fewer blood donors. ABO blood grouping and screening for antibodies in neonates differs from blood grouping in adults and older children. Any antibodies detected are the mother's antibodies rather than the baby's. Therefore, any donor blood given to the baby must be ABO and D compatible with both mother and baby; and antigen-negative for any clinically significant maternal antibodies. Necrotising enterocolitis may occur after a red
14110031
Poisson summation formula


of Λ′, are again Fourier transforms as distributions, subject to correct normalization. This is applied in the theory of theta functions, and is a possible method in geometry of numbers. In fact in more recent work on counting lattice points in regions it is routinely used − summing the indicator function of a region "D" over lattice points is exactly the question, so that the LHS of the summation formula is what is sought and the RHS something that can be attacked by mathematical analysis. Further generalisation to locally compact abelian
19428728
Sikorsky CH-53K King Stallion


maximum gross weight of 46,000 lb (20,865 kg). Variants of the original CH-53A Sea Stallion include the RH-53A/D, HH-53B/C, CH-53D, CH-53G, and MH-53H/J/M. The RH-53A and RH-53D were used by the United States Navy for minesweeping. The CH-53D included a more powerful version of the General Electric T64 engine, used in all H-53 variants, and external fuel tanks. The US Air Force's HH-53B/C "Super Jolly Green Giant" were for special operations and combat rescue.
12532767
Sikorsky CH-53E Super Stallion


1966. The first CH-53As were powered by two General Electric T64-GE-6 turboshaft engines with 2,850 shp (2,125 kW) and had a maximum gross weight of 46,000 lb (20,865 kg) including 20,000 lb (9,072 kg) in payload. Variants of the original CH-53A Sea Stallion include the RH-53A/D, HH-53B/C, CH-53D, CH-53G, and MH-53H/J/M. The RH-53A and RH-53D were used by the US Navy for mine sweeping. The CH-53D included a more powerful version of the General Electric T64 engine,
13031024
ABO (gene)


Histo-blood group ABO system transferase is an enzyme with glycosyltransferase activity, which is encoded by the "ABO" gene in humans. It is ubiquitously expressed in many tissues and cell types. ABO determines the ABO blood group of an individual by modifying the oligosaccharides on cell surface glycoproteins. Variations in the sequence of the protein between individuals determine the type of modification and the blood group. The "ABO" gene also contains one of 27 SNPs associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease. The "ABO" gene resides
21563973
Rh blood group system


reduced number of D antigens on a red blood cell. In contrast, the partial D phenotype is due to an alteration in D-epitopes. Thus, in partial D, the number of D antigens is not reduced but the protein structure is altered. These individuals, if alloimmunized to D, can produce an anti-D antibody. Therefore, partial D patients who are donating blood should be labeled as D-positive but, if receiving blood, they should be labeled as D-negative and receive D-negative
21383485
Vopli Vidopliassova


played at the Eurockeennes festival in France, and the recording was released as "Abo abo" on BSA Records a year later. In 1991, Skripka and Pipa moved to France and would divide their time between it and Ukraine. In 1992, Skripka, Zdorenko, Pipa and Sakhno entered Komora Studio in Kiev to begin recording what would become their debut album, "Kraina Mriy", released two years later. Zdorenko quit the group in 1993, starting his own, YaYaYa, as a side project. He was replaced
17155124
Glycosyltransferase


animal feed as a growth promoter. Caspofungin has been developed from the echinocandins and is in use as an antifungal agent. Ethambutol is an inhibitor of mycobacterial arabinotransferases and is used for the treatment of tuberculosis. Lufenuron is an inhibitor of insect chitin synthases and is used to control fleas in animals. The ABO blood group system is determined by what type of glycosyltransferases are expressed in the body. The ABO gene locus expressing the glycosyltransferases has three main allelic forms: A, B, and O. The A allele encodes 1-3-N
2424753
The Plantsman (magazine)


and continued: The first editor of "The Plantsman" was Elspeth Napier. Among the contributors to the first issue were Christopher Brickell (then Director of the RHS Garden, Wisley, later Director General of the RHS), Roy Elliott (then Editor of the Quarterly "Bulletin" of the Alpine Garden Society) and Lawrence D Hills, the founder (and the then Director) of the Henry Doubleday Research Association. The magazine was printed in black and white, with one colour plate as a frontispiece (as well as
3461160
Abo abo


Abo abo (, ) is a live album by Ukrainian rock band Vopli Vidopliassova and the band's first official release. It was released in 1992 and is taken from a concert at the Eurockéennes festival in France in 1991. The concert was recorded by an unknown Frenchman with a Maxell cassette and was given to the band. The vinyl version of "Abo abo" has the first 7 tracks plus the first 18 seconds of Rassvet on side A and the rest of Rassvet plus tracks 8 through 14 on side B. Track 1
17447355
Rh blood group system


different anti-D reagents, especially the older polyclonal reagents, may give different results. The practical implication of this is that people with this sub-phenotype will have a product labeled as "D positive" when donating blood. When receiving blood, they are sometimes typed as a "D negative", though this is the subject of some debate. Most "Weak D" patients can receive "D positive" blood without complications. However, it is important to correctly identify the ones that have to be considered D+
21383483