name the fungus from which first antibiotic was derived
Tetracycline antibiotics


first discovered as an ordinary item in 1945 and initially endorsed in 1948 by Benjamin Minge Duggar, a 73-year-old emeritus professor of botany employed by American Cyanamid – Lederle Laboratories, under the leadership of Yellapragada Subbarow. Duggar derived the substance from a Missouri soil sample, golden-colored, fungus-like, soil-dwelling bacterium named Streptomyces aureofaciens. About the same time as Lederle discovered aureomycin, Pfizer was scouring the globe for new antibiotics. Soil samples were collected from jungles, deserts, mountaintops, and oceans. But
6063272
Cephalosporin


The cephalosporins (sg. ) are a class of β-lactam antibiotics originally derived from the fungus "Acremonium", which was previously known as ""Cephalosporium"". Together with cephamycins, they constitute a subgroup of β-lactam antibiotics called cephems. Cephalosporins were discovered in 1945, and first sold in 1964. The aerobic mold which yielded cephalosporin C was found in the sea near a sewage outfall in Su Siccu, by Cagliari harbour in Sardinia, by the Italian pharmacologist Giuseppe Brotzu in July 1945. Cephalosporins are
12970926
Pleuromutilin


Pleuromutilin and its derivatives are antibacterial drugs that inhibit protein synthesis in bacteria by binding to the peptidyl transferase component of the 50S subunit of ribosomes. This class of antibiotics includes the licensed drugs retapamulin (approved for topical use in humans), valnemulin and tiamulin (approved for use in animals) and the investigational drugs azamulin and lefamulin (BC-3781). Pleuromutilin was discovered as an antibiotic in 1950. It is derived from the fungus "Clitopilus passeckerianus" (formerly "Pleurotus passeckerianus"), and has also been found in "
2253196
Viridicatumtoxin B


Viridicatumtoxin B is a fungus-derived tetracycline-like antibiotic discovered in 2008. It was isolated from small amounts of penicillium fungi. A synthetic structure matching that of natural viridicatumtoxin B makes possible synthetic variants that match or surpass its antibiotic potency. Analogs lacking a hydroxyl group were even more effective than the original against Gram-positive bacteria. Concerns about solubility, biodegradation, availability and other issues must be resolved before clinical development begins. The substance was first isolated from the mycelium of liquid fermentation cultures of "Penicillium" species FR11
18059318
Discovery and development of cephalosporins


hydrolysis and tolerance to β-lactamases. Cephalosporin C contains a side-chain which is derived from D-aminoadipic acid. Modification of side chains on the relevant positions has been used to create a whole new class of cephalosporin antibiotics. Modification of side-chains in position 7 of the lactam ring seems to affect the antibacterial activity while position 3 of the dihydrothiazine ring alters pharmacokinetic properties and receptor binding affinity. The first chemical compounds of the cephalosporin group were isolated from "Cephalosporium acremonium", a cephalosporin-producing fungus first
12855642
Fusaric acid


Fusaric acid is a picolinic acid derivative. Antibiotic (wilting agent) first isolated from the fungus "Fusarium heterosporium". It is typically isolated from various Fusarium species, and has been proposed for a various therapeutic applications. However, it is primarily used as a research tool. Its mechanism of action is not well understood. It likely inhibits Dopamine beta-hydroxylase (the enzyme that converts dopamine to norepinephrine). It may also have other actions, such as the inhibition of cell proliferation and DNA synthesis. Fusaric acid and
11660422
Bartolomeo Gosio


system. A small mouse died within a minute upon exposure. He identified several strains of moulds that could produce the toxic fume. However, he incorrectly identified the main chemical compound as diethylarsine. (It was only in 1921 that an English chemist Frederick Challenger correctly described it as trimethylarsine, an arsine compound which was already synthesised in 1854.) Gosio discovered a novel antibiotic agent in 1893 from a fungus. He collected the fungus from spoiled corn and named it "Penicillium glaucum". (But the species was later renamed
9546739
Strobilurus tenacellus


of "Strobilurus tenacellus" fruit bodies were shown in a 2000 study to have low antibacterial activity against the bacterium "Bacillus subtilis", and low to moderate activity against the fungi "Candida albicans" and "Aspergillus fumigatus". The fungus produces the natural antibiotic strobilurin A, which was reported as a novel compound from this species in 1977; other strobilurins have since been found in other basidiomycete wood-rotting fungi, like Porcelain Mushroom for example. Strobilurin A is thought to be derived biosynthetically from the amino acid L-
20262500
Rachel Fuller Brown


for did not begin until 1948. During this year, Brown embarked on a project with Elizabeth Lee Hazen, a leading authority on fungus and bacteria related research. The project would eventually bring the two scientists national recognition for discovering an antibiotic to fight fungal infections. Penicillin had been discovered in 1928, and in the years that followed, antibiotics were increasingly used to fight bacterial illness. However, one side effect was that these antibiotics allowed for a rapid growth of fungus, which could lead to sore mouths or upset stomachs.
7062698
Totomycin


Totomycin (also known as hygromycin A) is an aminoglycoside antibiotic produced by "Streptomyces hygroscopicus", first described in the 1950s. The bacteria source is similar to that of hygromycin B from which the name of the compound was derived. Hygromycin A was discovered in a soil sample from a forest near Indianapolis, Indiana in 1953 by Waksman and Henrici. Identification and structure of totomycin wasn't determined until 1957. The strongest antibiotic activity of totomycin is against "Staphylococcus haemolyticus" in which growth was inhibited by concentrations of 2 µg
9622904
Arthrobotrys oligospora


safe. This means one or several instantaneous contacts are not enough for adhesion between the nematode and net to occur. No competing fungi or bacteria are found in nematodes which are being consumed by the fungus which means it is possible an antibiotic is released inside the nematode. In 1993, secondary metabolites (oligosporon, oligosporol A, and oligosporal B) which can act as antibiotics were found in the fungus. Oligosporon, oligosporol A, oligosporal B have hemolytic effects and are cytotoxic to nematodes, however they are not toxic to the
184021
Aspergillus clavatus


materials. Their ability to resist strongly alkaline conditions, allows them to act as decomposition catalysts in situations where other fungus usually do not function. Weisner in March, 1942 first noted the production of an antibiotic by strains of "A. clavatus", and the active substance was known as "clavatin." Later the antibiotic was named "clavacin" in August, 1942 by Waksman, Horning and Spencer. Clavacin is also known as patulin. Patulin is receiving significant attention in the world today because of its manifestations in apple juices
14379469
Omphalotus nidiformis


species in 1994, Orson K. Miller, Jr. gave the ghost fungus its current binomial name when he transferred it to the genus "Omphalotus" with other bioluminescent mushrooms. The specific epithet "nidiformis" is derived from the Latin terms "nīdus" 'nest' and "forma" 'shape' or 'form', hence 'nest shaped'. "Lampas" is derived from the Greek "lampas"/λαμπας 'torch'. Common names include ghost fungus and Australian glow fungus. Drummond reported that the local aborigines were fearful
12938721
Mycophenolic acid


spoiled corn and named it "Penicillium glaucum". (The species is now called "P. brevicompactum".) In 1893 he found that the fungus had antibacterial activity. In 1896 he isolated crystals of the compound, which he successfully demonstrated as the active antibacterial compound against the anthrax bacterium. This was the first antibiotic that was isolated in pure and crystalline form. But the discovery was forgotten. It was rediscovered by two American scientists C.L. Alsberg and O.M. Black in 1912, and gave the name mycophenolic acid. The compound
3814227
Fusidic acid


bacterial translation and does not kill the bacteria, and is therefore termed "bacteriostatic". Fusidic acid is an antibiotic, derived from the fungus "Fusidium coccineum" and was developed by Leo Pharma in Ballerup, Denmark and released for clinical use in the 1960s. It has also been isolated from "Mucor ramannianus" and "Isaria kogana". The drug is licensed for use as its sodium salt sodium fusidate, and it is approved for use under prescription in South Korea, Japan, Canada, the EU, Australia,
4240475
Simvastatin


scientists worldwide to find an effective inhibitor of this enzyme. By 1976, Akira Endo had isolated the first inhibitor, mevastatin, from the fungus "Penicillium citrinium" while working at Daiichi Sankyo in Japan. In 1979, Hoffman and colleagues isolated lovastatin from a strain of the fungus "Aspergillus terreus". While developing and researching lovastatin, Merck scientists synthetically derived a more potent HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor from a fermentation product of "A. terreus", which was designated MK-733 (later to be named simvastatin). In 1994
3283321
Enzybiotics


Enzybiotics are an experimental antibiotic approach employing enzymes to combat pathogenic bacterial infections. The name is a portmanteau of the words "enzyme" and "antibiotics" first coined in March 2001 by Nelson et al. Many of the enzymes used as enzybiotics are lysins, enzymes derived from bacterial viruses (or bacteriophages) used to release progeny bacteriophage from infected bacteria, though other natural or synthetic enzymes may be used. Enzybiotic approaches have attempted to incorporate bacteriophage-derived lysins to kill bacterial cells. One particular lysin, isolated from phage P68
4135767
Inonotus obliquus


seen. These fruiting bodies produce basidiospores which will spread the infection to other vulnerable trees. The name "chaga" ( ) comes from the Russian name of the fungus (transliterated from "чага"), which in turn is purportedly derived from the word for the fungus in Komi-Permyak, the language of the indigenous peoples in the Kama River Basin, west of the Ural Mountains. It is also known as the clinker polypore (from its resemblance to the slag left after a coal fire, known commonly as a
22016516
Atta sexdens


other soft plant material brought into the nest by the foragers is chewed into a pulp and fertilized with faeces. A small piece of fungus is placed on this substrate. The gardener-nurse caste takes care of the cultivation, transplanting fungus onto fresh substrate and weeding out wrong species of fungus, such as a parasitic "Escovopsis", which sometimes can contaminate nests. They also use secretions from their salivary glands and help form antibiotic-producing "Streptomyces" bacteria to keep their fungal gardens a strict monoculture. The gardener-
19068432
Bisporella citrina


to "Calycella" in 1885. Another historical name for the fungus was derived from Johann Hedwig's 1789 "Octospora citrina". Fries referred Hedwig's name to "Helotium" in 1846, and for several decades the fungus was known as either "Calycella citrina" or "Helotium citrinum", depending on which generic concept an author accepted. In a 1974 publication, Richard Korf noted that the generic name "Helotium" competes with a basidiomycete genus of the same name, and under the rules of botanical nomenclature, the
21734507
Phallus indusiatus


in 2007. The fungus has long been recognised to have antibacterial properties: the addition of the fungus to soup broth was known to prevent it from spoiling for several days. Experiments have shown that extracts of "P. indusiatus" have antioxidant in addition to antimicrobial properties. Mushroom extracts were tested against a variety of bacteria and fungi pathogenic to humans, and in some cases had antimicrobial activity comparable to the antibiotics ampicillin, tetracycline, and nystatin. One of the responsible antibiotics, albaflavenone, was isolated in 2011. It is a
15915832
Didymascella thujina


Didymascella thujina is an ascomycete fungus in the family Helotiaceae. "D. thujina" causes cedar leaf blight (also known as Keithia blight or Keithia leaf blight), a leaf disease, on western red cedar ("Thuja plicata") and white cedar ("T. occidentalis"). The common name of Keithia blight or Keithia leaf blight was derived from the first generic designation for the fungus and remained in use for many years. Pier Andrea Saccardo erected the genus "Keithia" in 1892 for this fungus, and in
20752761
Hebeloma aminophilum


Hebeloma aminophilum, commonly known as the ghoul fungus, is a species of mushroom in the Hymenogastraceae family. Found in Western Australia, it gets its common name from the propensity of the fruiting bodies to spring out of decomposing animal remains. Its edibility is unknown. The ghoul fungus was first described by mycologists R.N. Hilton and Orson K. Miller, Jr. in 1987. The generic name is derived from the Ancient Greek "Hebe", "youth", and -"loma", a fringe (pertaining to the fungal veil),
11827654
Aspergillic acid


Aspergillic acid is an organic chemical compound with the molecular formula CHNO. It has a pale yellow crystalline appearance. Aspergillic acid is most commonly known as an antibiotic and antifungal agent that is derived from certain strains of the fungus "Aspergillus flavus". In 1940 Edwin C. White and Justina H. Hill discovered that a fungal strain of "Aspergillus flavus" growing in a surface culture on a tryptone-salt was capable of producing a bactericidal filtrate. It has also been shown to be a bactericidal for some Gram-negative as well
7222150
Ant–fungus mutualism


has a mutualistic relationship with ants. "Pseudonocardia" resides on the ants' integuments and assists in defending the ants from "Escovopsis" through the production of secondary metabolites. In fact, some species of ants have evolved exocrine glands that apparently nourish the antibiotic-producing bacteria inside them. A black yeast interferes with this mutualism. The yeast has a negative effect on the bacteria that normally produce antibiotics to kill the parasitic fungus and so may affect the ants' health by allowing the parasite to spread. Partner fidelity can be
17776618
Tetracycline antibiotics


and chemical properties. Shortly after the introduction of tetracycline therapy, the first tetracycline-resistant bacterial pathogen was identified. Since then, tetracycline-resistant bacterial pathogens have continued to be identified, limiting tetracycline's effectiveness in treatment of bacterial disease. Glycylcyclines and fluorocyclines are new classes of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance, namely resistance mediated by acquired efflux pumps and/or ribosomal protection. In 2005, tigecycline, the first member of a new subgroup of tetracyclines named glycylcyclines
6063277
Staphylococcus aureus


and on severity. Adjunctive rifampicin has been historically used in the management of "S aureus" bacteraemia, but randomised controlled trial evidence has shown this to be of no overall benefit over standard antibiotic therapy. Antibiotic resistance in "S. aureus" was uncommon when penicillin was first introduced in 1943. Indeed, the original Petri dish on which Alexander Fleming of Imperial College London observed the antibacterial activity of the "Penicillium" fungus was growing a culture of "S. aureus". By 1950, 40% of hospital "S. aureus
642475
Omphalotus nidiformis


The fungus is both saprotrophic and parasitic, and its fruit bodies are generally found growing in overlapping clusters on a wide variety of dead or dying trees. First described scientifically in 1844, the fungus has been known by several names in its taxonomic history. It was assigned its current name by Orson K. Miller, Jr. in 1994. Its scientific name is derived from the Latin "nidus" "nest", hence 'nest shaped'. Similar in appearance to the common edible oyster mushroom, it was previously considered a member
12938716
Acromyrmex


groups of insects that have evolved fungus-based agriculture are ambrosia beetles and termites. The fungus cultivated by the adults is used to feed the ant larvae and the adult ants feed on the leaf sap. The fungus needs the ants to stay alive, and the larvae need the fungus to stay alive. In addition to feeding the fungal garden with foraged food, mainly consisting of leaves, it is protected from "Escovopsis" by the antibiotic secretions of Actinobacteria (genus "Pseudonocardia"). This mutualistic microorganism lives in the
16992864
Demeclocycline


Demeclocycline (INN, BAN, USAN) (brand names Declomycin, Declostatin, Ledermycin, Bioterciclin, Deganol, Deteclo), also known under the brand names Detravis, Meciclin, Mexocine, Clortetrin, is a tetracycline antibiotic which was derived from a mutant strain of "Streptomyces aureofaciens". Demeclocycline is officially indicated for the treatment of various types of bacterial infections. It is used as an antibiotic in the treatment of Lyme disease, acne, and bronchitis. Resistance, though, is gradually becoming more common, and demeclocycline is
15629159
Antibiotic


Florey credited Rene Dubos with pioneering the approach of deliberately and systematically searching for antibacterial compounds, which had led to the discovery of gramicidin and had revived Florey's research in penicillin. In 1939, coinciding with the start of World War II, Dubos had reported the discovery of the first naturally derived antibiotic, tyrothricin, a compound of 20% gramicidin and 80% tyrocidine, from "B. brevis". It was one of the first commercially manufactured antibiotics and was very effective in treating wounds and ulcers during World War II.
1595015
Edward Abraham


" fungus with antibacterial properties were received from Giuseppe Brotzu. Abraham and Guy Newton purified the antibiotics from this fungus and found one, cephalosporin C, was not degraded by penicilinase and hence able to cure infections from penicillin-resistant bacteria. During a skiing holiday in 1958 Abraham conceived the structure of cephalosporin C, which he then went on to establish with Newton, and was confirmed by Dorothy Hodgkin through X-ray crystallography. Abraham showed that modification of the 7-amino-cephalosporanic acid nucleus was able to increase the potency of this
1851968
Oxytetracycline


with broad-spectrum antibiotics. It was first found near Pfizer laboratories in a soil sample yielding the soil actinomycete, "Streptomyces rimosus" by Finlay et al. In 1950, a celebrated American chemist, Robert B Woodward, worked out the chemical structure of oxytetracycline, enabling Pfizer to mass-produce the drug under the trade name, Terramycin. This discovery by Woodward was a major advancement in tetracycline research and paved the way for the discovery of an oxytetracycline derivative, doxycycline, which is one of the most popularly used antibiotics
6419165
Mycopteris


. These genera were described over the next several years; Sundue's new genus "Mycopteris", encompassing the "T. taxifolia" group, was the last group to be removed from "Terpsichore sensu lato". The name ""Mycopteris"" is derived from the Greek roots "myco"-, "fungus", and "-pteris", "fern", referring to the near-universal association of these ferns with the ascomycete fungus "Acrospermum". Sundue initially placed seventeen species in the genus, one of which
18290374
Endophyte


compounds produced by endophytic fungi are of interest in their effectiveness against pathogens which have developed resistances to antibiotics. Several isolates from the ascomycota "Pestalotiopsis" sp have been shown to have a broad range of antimicrobial effects, even against methicillin-resistant "Staphylococcus aureus". Isolates from the marine fungus "Nigrospora" sp. have proved to be more effective in treating multi drug-resistant tuberculosis than current treatments. A endophytic fungus from the species pseudomassaria has been found in the rainforest of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. This
19018067
Quinupristin/dalfopristin


Quinupristin/dalfopristin, or quinupristin-dalfopristin, (pronunciation: kwi NYOO pris tin / dal FOE pris tin) (trade name Synercid) is a combination of two antibiotics used to treat infections by staphylococci and by vancomycin-resistant "Enterococcus faecium". Quinupristin and dalfopristin are both streptogramin antibiotics, derived from pristinamycin. Quinupristin is derived from pristinamycin IA; dalfopristin from pristinamycin IIA. They are combined in a weight-to-weight ratio of 30% quinupristin to 70% dalfopristin. Intravenous, usually 7.5 mg/kg
13020247
Tetracycline antibiotics


Tetracyclines are a group of broad-spectrum antibiotic compounds that have a common basic structure and are either isolated directly from several species of "Streptomyces" bacteria or produced semi-synthetically from those isolated compounds. Tetracycline molecules comprise a linear fused tetracyclic nucleus (rings designated A, B, C and D) to which a variety of functional groups are attached. Tetracyclines are named for their four ("tetra-") hydrocarbon rings ("-cycl-") derivation ("-ine"). They are defined as a subclass of
6063251
Fungus


species. For example, genetic modification of yeast species—which are easy to grow at fast rates in large fermentation vessels—has opened up ways of pharmaceutical production that are potentially more efficient than production by the original source organisms. Many species produce metabolites that are major sources of pharmacologically active drugs. Particularly important are the antibiotics, including the penicillins, a structurally related group of β-lactam antibiotics that are synthesized from small peptides. Although naturally occurring penicillins such as penicillin G (produced by "Penicillium chrysogenum") have
5784194
Amadou


Amadou is a spongy material derived from "Fomes fomentarius" and similar fungi that grow on the bark of coniferous and angiosperm trees, and have the appearance of a horse's hoof (thus the name "hoof fungus"). It is also known as the "tinder fungus" and is useful for starting slow-burning fires. The fungus must be removed from the tree, the hard outer layer scraped off, and then thin strips of the inner spongy layer cut for use as tinder. Amadou was a precious resource
15875917
Glycylcycline


Glycylcyclines are a class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance, namely resistance mediated by acquired efflux pumps and/or ribosomal protection. Presently, tigecycline is the only glycylcycline approved for antibiotic use. The development of these agents was spurred by the increasing prevalence of bacteria resistant to tetracyclines. These agents were first synthesized in the early 1990s by making modifications to the tetracyclines. By adding a bulky N,N-dimethylglycylamido side chain to position 9 of minocycline, the compound
9626625
Albert Schatz (scientist)


antibiotic effective against the tubercle bacillus (the bacterium that causes TB) and Gram-negative bacteria responsible for other penicillin-resistant diseases. Within three and a half months, he had identified two related strains of bacteria in the phylum Actinomycetes which stopped the growth of tubercle bacillus and several Gram-negative bacteria. One strain came from a throat swab from a healthy chicken, the other from heavily manured field soil. He named the antibiotic derived from these bacteria "streptomycin." Toxicity tests, animal trials, and early clinical
18352340
Myriodontium keratinophilum


keratinophilum" was first isolated in Italy in 1978, during the screening of soil microbes for their ability to produce antibiotic and antiviral substances. The fungus was described by Luciano Polonelli and Robert A. Samson, and was classified into a separate taxon for its ability to produce multiple asexual spores (conidia) at different points across the surface of the hypha. Later in 1997, its asexual state (teleomorph) was independently described and named as "Neoarachnotheca keratinophilia" by Josef Cano and Krzysztof Ulfig. "M. keratinophilum" is the only
13455340
Elizabeth Lee Hazen


noursei", after William Nourse, the farm's owner. "S. noursei" was found to produce two antifungal substances. One turned out to be toxic for mice, but the other, when purified, turned out to be effective against candidiasis and a fungus that invaded the lungs and central nervous system. In 1950, they presented their discovery, the first safe and effective antifungal antibiotic, to the National Academy of Sciences. They originally named it fungicidin, but later renamed it nystatin, in honor of their employer,
5658549
Polypore


studies have revealed some odd relationships. The beefsteak fungus, a well-known bracket fungus, is actually a member of the agarics. Other examples of bracket fungi include the sulphur shelf, birch bracket, dryad's saddle, artist's conk, and turkey tail. The name polypores is often used for a group that includes many of the hard or leathery fungi, which often lack a stipe, growing straight out of wood. "Polypore" is derived from the Greek words "poly", meaning "much" or
8456747
Phallus (fungus)


The genus Phallus, commonly known as stinkhorns, are a group of basidiomycetes which produce a phallic, often foul-scented, mushroom, from which their name is derived. The genus has a widespread distribution and, according to a 2008 estimate, contains 18 species. They belong to the family Phallaceae in the order Phallales. The best known species (and type species) is the common stinkhorn ("Phallus impudicus"). The genus was first mentioned in the literature by the Dutch botanist Hadrianus Junius (1511–1575),
8784418
Empiric therapy


, treatment may be changed to a narrow-spectrum antimicrobial which more specifically targets the bacterium or fungus known to be causing disease. Empiric antimicrobial therapy is a fairly sophisticated process which includes considering data such as a person's age, immune status, comorbidities, likelihood for a certain microbial etiology and pre-test probability for antimicrobial resistance prior to therapy, risk of bad outcomes, and to name a few. The advantage of indicating antibiotics empirically exists where a causative pathogen is likely albeit unknown and where diagnostic tests will not be
19134422
Aspergillus glaucus


Aspergillus glaucus is a filamentous fungus which is known to have a wide environmental distribution due to its physiological hardiness under more extreme conditions. Like many other fungi belonging to the genus "Aspergillus", it can be mildly pathogenic but has a number of useful potential applications in medicine and the production of foodstuffs. Botanical reference to this fungus seems to begin with Micheli, who in 1729 used the generic name "Aspergillus," derived from "aspergillum" (holy water sprinkler) to describe the filamentous nature of this group of fungi
8771308
Mycin


MYCIN was an early backward chaining expert system that used artificial intelligence to identify bacteria causing severe infections, such as bacteremia and meningitis, and to recommend antibiotics, with the dosage adjusted for patient's body weight — the name derived from the antibiotics themselves, as many antibiotics have the suffix "-mycin". The Mycin system was also used for the diagnosis of blood clotting diseases. MYCIN was developed over five or six years in the early 1970s at Stanford University. It was written in Lisp as the doctoral dissertation of Edward Shortliffe
6088869
Hygrophorus olivaceoalbus


a waxy cap and gills. It is native to North America and across the northern regions of Europe. According to a publication by the Council of Europe, the fungus is nearly extinct in France. Although "Hygrophorus olivaceoalbus" is edible, opinions are divided regarding its taste. Besides its usage as an edible mushroom, the fungus possesses antibiotic-like compounds. The species was first officially described as "Agaricus olivaceoalbus" by Elias Fries in 1815. It had earlier been published as "Agaricus adustus" by August Johann Georg
2278281
Balanophora


-gu" (stone-fungus) and in Thailand as "hoh-ra-tao-su-nak". In both cases, the plant is used to treat a variety of ailments. The tubers of "Balanophora" are rich in a wax-like substance which is used in Java as a fuel for torches. The genus was first described in 1775 by Johann Reinhold Forster and his son Georg Forster in "Characteres Generum Plantarum". The name is derived from the Ancient Greek words "balanos" meaning
5150045
Ascocoryne sarcoides


Ascocoryne sarcoides is a species of fungus in the family Helotiaceae. The species name is derived from the Greek sarkodes (fleshy). Formerly known as "Coryne sarcoides", its taxonomical history has been complicated by the fact that it may adopt both sexual and asexual forms. Colloquially known as jelly drops or the purple jellydisc, this common fungus appears as a gelatinous mass of pinkish or purple-colored discs. Distributed widely in North America, Europe and Asia, "A. sarcoides" is a saprobic fungus and grows in clusters
8623946
History of hypertension


. Other drugs were used after the Second World War, the most popular and reasonably effective of which were tetramethylammonium chloride and its derivative hexamethonium. Also used in the post-war period were hydralazine and reserpine (derived from the medicinal plant "Rauwolfia serpentina"). A major breakthrough was achieved in the 1950s with the discovery of well-tolerated oral diuretics, the first of which was chlorothiazide (Diuril). This was derived from the antibiotic sulfanilamide and became available in 1958. A randomized controlled trial sponsored by the Veterans
2110743
Medicinal fungi


, aphidicolin, brefeldin A, Cephalosporin, cerulenin, citromycin, eupenifeldin, fumagillin, fusafungine, fusidic acid, itaconic acid, MT81, nigrosporin B, usnic acid, verrucarin A, vermiculine and many others. Antibiotics retapamulin, tiamulin, and valnemulin are derivatives of the fungal metabolite pleuromutilin. Plectasin, austrocortilutein, austrocortirubin, coprinol, oudemansin A, strobilurin, illudin, pterulone, and sparassol are antibiotics isolated from basidiomycete species. Statins are an important class of cholesterol-lowering drugs; the first generation of statins were derived from
15870673
Tammar wallaby


Gram-positive and Gram-negative) that it was incubated with, including "Salmonella", "Proteus vulgaris" and "Staphylococcus aureus". It also killed one species of fungus. Subsequent analysis of the genome has led to the discovery of several cathelicidin peptides, which could also be used as antibiotics. The foregut of the tammar wallaby contains species of bacteria belonging to the phyla Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria. Within the phylum Proteobacteria, species of the family Succinivibrionaceae are the most abundant and a new species named WG–1
1262233
MT-ATP8


F fraction derives its name from the term "Fraction 1" and F (written as a subscript letter "o", not "zero") derives its name from being the binding fraction for oligomycin, a type of naturally-derived antibiotic that is able to inhibit the F unit of ATP synthase. The F region of ATP synthase is a proton pore that is embedded in the mitochondrial membrane. It consists of three main subunits A, B, and C, and (in humans) six additional subunits, d
6350096
Aminocoumarin


The aminocoumarin antibiotics include: The core of aminocoumarin antibiotics is made up of a 3-amino-4,7-dihydroxycumarin ring, which is linked, e.g., with a sugar in 7-Position and a benzoic acid derivative in 3-Position. Clorobiocin is a natural antibiotic isolated from several "Streptomyces" strains and differs from novobiocin in that the methyl group at the 8 position in the coumarin ring of novobiocin is replaced by a chlorine atom, and the carbamoyl at the 3' position of the noviose sugar is substituted by a 5-methyl-2-pyrrolylcarbonyl group. The aminocoumarin antibiotics are known inhibitors
12499523
Hydnellum aurantiacum


1888). The specific epithet "aurantiacum" is derived from the Latin for "orange". Common names for the fungus include "orange spine", "orange corky spine fungus", and the British Mycological Society approved English name "orange Hydnellum". Fruitbodies are shallowly funnel-shaped (infundibuliform), and up to 15 cm in diameter. The upper surface is orange or orange-brown in the centre, with a lighter margin. It may be velvety or tomentose when young, but will become wrinkled or
22154140
MT-ATP6


nuclear- and 2 mitochondrial-encoded subunits. As an A subunit, MT-ATP6 is contained within the non-catalytic, transmembrane F portion of the complex. The nomenclature of the enzyme has a long history. The F fraction derives its name from the term "Fraction 1" and F (written as a subscript letter "o", not "zero") derives its name from being the binding fraction for oligomycin, a type of naturally-derived antibiotic that is able to inhibit the F unit of ATP synthase
7577467
Fungus


the historical groupings based on morphology and other traits. Phylogenetic studies published in the last decade have helped reshape the classification within Kingdom Fungi, which is divided into one subkingdom, seven phyla, and ten subphyla. The English word "fungus" is directly adopted from the Latin "fungus" (mushroom), used in the writings of Horace and Pliny. This in turn is derived from the Greek word "sphongos" (σφόγγος "sponge"), which refers to the macroscopic structures and morphology of mushrooms and molds;
5784116
Lingzhi mushroom


mycologists continue researching the differences among species within this complex. Petter Adolf Karsten named the genus "Ganoderma" in 1881. English botanist William Curtis gave the fungus its first binomial name, "Boletus lucidus", in 1781. The lingzhi's botanical names have Greek and Latin roots. "Ganoderma" derives from the Greek "ganos" (γανος; "brightness"), and "derma" (δερμα; "skin; together; shining skin"). The specific epithet, "lucidum," is from Latin
869260
Aspergillus parasiticus


, and cottonseed. "Aspergillus parasiticus" was first discovered in 1912 by pathopathologist, A.T Speare from dead mealy bugs collected on Hawaiian sugarcane plantations. The species epithet, "parasiticus" is derived from the Latin word meaning "parasite" and was selected due to the ability of the fungus to parasitize other organisms. The fungus was originally classified as a subspecies of "A. flavus" called "Aspergillus flavus subsp. parasiticus" (Speare) due to its strong resemblance to "A. flavus". Indeed, this fungus is
840147
Ergothioneine


Ergothioneine is a naturally occurring amino acid and is a thiourea derivative of histidine, containing a sulfur atom on the imidazole ring. This compound is made in relatively few organisms, notably Actinobacteria, Cyanobacteria, and certain fungi. Ergothioneine was discovered in 1909 and named after the ergot fungus from which it was first purified, with its structure being determined in 1911. "In vitro" assays, as well as "in vivo" animal models, are used in basic research to identify its potential biological properties. In humans, ergothioneine
6557037
Ctenomyces serratus


and slower hair growth in guinea pigs. "Ctenomyces serratus" was first discovered on a rotten, old feather by Eidam in 1880. When discovering it, Eidam observed different structures and assumed he was looking at different stages of growth of the fungus. However, in 1956 Benjamin revealed that Eidam's observations unintentionally included a species of "Arthroderma". The fungus is a member of the family of Onygenaceae. The etymology of the species epithet "serratus" is derived from the Latin "serra" which means "saw"
6979911
Ampicillin/sulbactam


Ampicillin/sulbactam is a combination of the common penicillin-derived antibiotic ampicillin and sulbactam, an inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase. Two different forms of the drug exist. The first, developed in 1987 and marketed in the United States under the tradename Unasyn, generic only outside the United States, is an intravenous antibiotic. The second, an oral form called sultamicillin, is marketed under the trade name Ampictam outside the United States. And generic only in the United States, ampicillin/sulbactam is used to treat infections caused
1111972
Bottromycin


propyl derivative were the same as those found for bottromycin A2 except in the case of NCTC12201, which had an MIC of 2 μg/mL for the derivative and an MIC of 1 μg/mL for bottromycin A2. A summary of MIC values for tested bacterial strains is shown below. Even the least active bottromycin derivatives exhibited greater anti-VRE activity than vancomycin, which was used as a control antibiotic in this study. The propyl derivative and bottromycin A2 had similar antimicrobial activity to linezolid, a synthetic antibiotic active against Gram
13850750
Phospholipid-derived fatty acids


compounds and minerals from the fungus and the plant provides the fungus primarily with photosynthesis-derived sugars. As the AMF are obligate symbiotic fungi, they are not free-living in the soil. The AMF hyphae in the root form lipid materials which then are transported to the hyphae that extend into the soil from the root and thus may occur in a soil sample. Vesicles are lipid storage organs of AMF and these and the hyphae in the soil contain the fatty acids 18:2 w6c (often used as an indicator of fungal content
9669023
Microascus brevicaulis


. It is believed that the increasing incidence of diseases like AIDS and diabetes coupled with medical practices like chemo-therapy and broad-spectrum antibiotic treatments are primarily responsible for creating a large number of individuals who are predisposed to potentially fatal infections of "M. brevicaulis". Another more recent entry route for this fungus has been an increase in the number of elective surgeries which raise its exposure to internal environments. The occurrence of such infections is on the rise and includes several life-threatening conditions such as: the formation of fungus
8998907
Fungus


a relatively narrow spectrum of biological activity, a wide range of other penicillins can be produced by chemical modification of the natural penicillins. Modern penicillins are semisynthetic compounds, obtained initially from fermentation cultures, but then structurally altered for specific desirable properties. Other antibiotics produced by fungi include: ciclosporin, commonly used as an immunosuppressant during transplant surgery; and fusidic acid, used to help control infection from methicillin-resistant "Staphylococcus aureus" bacteria. Widespread use of antibiotics for the treatment of bacterial diseases, such as tuberculosis, syphilis,
5784195
Nectria cinnabarina


generally be avoided if the fungus is suspected to be present. Keeping trees from being stressed is important because the natural defense of trees is to form cankers around infected areas, which contain the fungus and prevent it from spreading. However, stressed trees have a slower canker response, which allows the fungus to proliferate and spread to other areas of the tree and may eventually lead to death of the tree. The pathogen was first described in 1791 when the German mycologist and theologian Heinrich Julius Tode described this fungus under the scientific name
15124500
Ascocoryne sarcoides


Wilson proposed the new genus name "Ascocoryne" to accommodate the perfect state. The conidial state of this fungus is "Coryne dubia" Persoon ex S.F. Gray (synonymous with "Pirobasidium sarcoides" von Hoehnel). The specific epithet is derived from Greek and means "fleshy, flesh-like", from σάρξ ("sarx", "sarc"- in compounds), "flesh", and the common adjectival ending -οειδής (-"oeides"), "similar, -like". This fungus is characterized by a fruiting body
8623950
Spongiforma squarepantsii


by 6–7 micrometers. The name of the fungus is derived from the cartoon character SpongeBob SquarePants from the show of the same name. "S. squarepantsii" is one of two species in "Spongiforma"; it differs from "S. thailandica" in its color, odour, and spore structure. The species was first described scientifically online in May 2011 in the journal "Mycologia", authored by American mycologists Dennis E. Desjardin, Kabir Peay, and Thomas Bruns. The description was based on two specimens collected by Bruns in 2010
17579300
Elm


20th century. It derives its name 'Dutch' from the first description of the disease and its cause in the 1920s by the Dutch botanists Bea Schwarz and Christina Johanna Buisman. Owing to its geographical isolation and effective quarantine enforcement, Australia, has so far remained unaffected by Dutch Elm Disease, as have the provinces of Alberta and British Columbia in western Canada. DED is caused by a micro-fungus transmitted by two species of "Scolytus" elm-bark beetle which act as vectors. The disease affects all species of
18786509
Phomoxanthone A


-resistant strain of the main causative agent of malaria, the protozoan parasite "Plasmodium falciparum". The same study also reported antibiotic activity of PXA against "Mycobacterium tuberculosis" and against three animal cell lines, two of which were derived from human cancer cells. These findings not only showed that PXA has antibiotic activity against very diverse organisms, but they also sparked further studies that investigated PXA as a potential antibiotic or anti-cancer drug. A later study also reported antibiotic activity for PXA against the alga "Chlorella fusca"
1165291
Rachel Fuller Brown


Other fungal diseases without cures including infections attacking the central nervous system, athlete’s foot, and ring worms were also a major problem during this time. However, fungal diseases were not well understood at this time, and there were no antifungal medications safe for human use. At this time, people knew of microorganisms called actinomycetes that lived in soil and were known to produce antibiotics, some of which killed fungus. However, these antibiotics also proved fatal in tests involving lab mice and thus could not be put into production.
7062699
Arthrobotrys oligospora


Arthrobotrys oligospora was discovered in Europe in 1850 by Georg Fresenius. 'A. oligospora' is the model organism for interactions between fungi and nematodes. It is the most common nematode capturing fungus, and most widespread nematode trapping fungus in nature. It was the first species of fungi documented to actively capture nematodes. The species epithet, "oligospora", derives from the Greek, ολιγο ('oligo') meaning "few" and σπορά ('spora') meaning "spores". This fungus reproduces by means of 2-celled
184012
Pikromycin


Pikromycin was studied by Brokmann and Hekel in 1951 and was the first antibiotic macrolide to be isolated. Pikromycin is synthesized through a type I polyketide synthase system in "Streptomyces venezuelae", a species of Gram-positive bacterium in the genus "Streptomyces". Pikromycin is derived from narbonolide, a 14-membered ring macrolide. Along with the narbonolide backbone, pikromycin includes a desosamine sugar and a hydroxyl group. Although Pikromycin is not a clinically useful antibiotic, it can be used as a raw material to synthesize antibiotic ketolide compounds such as
13803217
Reuterin


Reuterin (3-hydroxypropionaldehyde) is the organic compound with the formula HOCHCHCHO. It is a bifunctional molecule, containing both a hydroxy and aldehyde functional groups. The name reuterin is derived from "Lactobacillus reuteri", which produces the compound biosynthetically from glycerol as a broad-spectrum antibiotic. "L. reuteri" itself is named after the microbiologist Gerhard Reuter, who did early work in distinguishing it as a district species. In aqueous solution 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde exists in equilibrium with its hydrate (1,1,2-propanetriol), in which the aldehyde group converts to a
19538916
Antibiotic


proposed the idea that it might be possible to create chemicals that would act as a selective drug that would bind to and kill bacteria without harming the human host. After screening hundreds of dyes against various organisms, in 1907, he discovered a medicinally useful drug, the first synthetic antibacterial salvarsan now called arsphenamine. The era of antibacterial treatment began with the discoveries of arsenic-derived synthetic antibiotics by Alfred Bertheim and Ehrlich in 1907. Ehrlich and Bertheim experimented with various chemicals derived from dyes to treat trypanosomiasis in mice and spirochaeta infection
1595005
Lactarius salmonicolor


Lactarius salmonicolor is a species of fungus in the family Russulaceae. It is an edible mushroom native to most of Europe. The species derives its name from the term "salmonicolor," meaning salmon colored in Latin. It is majorly exploited in Europe for its culinary uses. "L. salmonicolor" is not to be confused with "Lactarius salmoneus," a North American species. "L. salmonicolor" can be found throughout most of Europe (see map) from September to November, the species' growing season. The fungus
10858736
2-Oxazolidone


as protein synthesis inhibitors, targeting an early step involving the binding of N-formylmethionyl-tRNA to the ribosome. (See Linezolid#Mechanism of action) Some of the most important oxazolidinones are antibiotics. Examples of antibiotic oxazolidinones include: An oxazolidinone derivative used for other purposes is rivaroxaban, which is approved by the FDA for venous thromboembolism prophylaxis. The first ever used oxazolidinone was cycloserine ("4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one"), a second line drug against tuberculosis since 1956. Developed during the nineties when several bacterial strains were becoming resistant against such antibiotics
862896
Lichen


have a "different" ancestral lineage from each other. By convention, lichens are still called "species" anyway, and are classified according to the species of their fungus, not the species of the algae or cyanobacteria. Lichens are given the same scientific name (binomial name) as the fungus in them, which may cause some confusion. The alga bears its own scientific name, which has no relationship to the name of the lichen or fungus. Depending on context, "lichenized fungus" may refer to the entire
8151568
Tigecycline


Tigecycline is an antibiotic for a number of bacterial infections. It is a glycylcycline administered intravenously. It was developed in response to the growing rate of antibiotic resistant bacteria such as "Staphylococcus aureus", "Acinetobacter baumannii", and "E. coli". As a tetracycline derivative antibiotic, its structural modifications has expanded its therapeutic activity to include Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms, including those of multi-drug resistance. Tigecycline is marketed by Pfizer under the brand name Tygacil. It was given a U.S. Food and
13899171
Hygrophorus hypothejus


Hygrophorus hypothejus, commonly known as herald of the winter, is an edible species of fungus in the genus "Hygrophorus" native to Europe and North America. It appears in late autumn in coniferous forests, often with the first frosts. Elias Magnus Fries described this species in 1821 as "Agaricus hypothejus", before placing it in the genus "Hygrophorus" in 1838. Its species name is derived from the Ancient Greek words "hypo" and "theios" "sulphur yellow underneath". It has the common name of
12159685
Quorn


. Quorn (it derives its name from the Leicestershire village of Quorn) was first marketed in 1985 by Marlow Foods (named after Rank Hovis McDougall's headquarters in Marlow, Buckinghamshire), a joint venture between RHM and Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI), who provided a fermenter left vacant from their abandoned single-cell feed programme. The two partners invested in patents for growing and processing the fungus, and other intellectual properties in the brand. Quorn entered distribution in the UK in 1993, and was introduced to other parts
3429023
Aspergillus leporis


Aspergillus leporis is an anamorph species of fungus in the genus "Aspergillus". It is from the "Flavi" section. The species was first described in 1979. It has been isolated from the dung of "Lepus townsendii". "Aspergillus leporis" produces leporin A and leporin B. It has also been reported to produce antibiotic Y, kojic acid, and pseurotin. "A. leporis" has been cultivated on both Czapek yeast extract agar (CYA) plates and Malt Extract Agar Oxoid® (MEAOX) plates. The
2320798
Sphaerobolus


Sphaerobolus is a genus of fungi in the family Geastraceae. Commonly known as the "shotgun fungus" or "cannonball fungus", species discharge their spores with explosive force. Discharged spore sacs are sticky and have a tendency to strongly adhere to whatever surface they encounter, making them a nuisance to homeowners, pressure washing contractors, landscape mulch producers and insurance companies. The generic name is derived from the Greek words "sphaer", meaning "sphere", and "obolus", meaning "to throw". "Sphaerobolus
10195202
Pristinamycin


Pristinamycin (INN), also spelled pristinamycine, is an antibiotic used primarily in the treatment of staphylococcal infections, and to a lesser extent streptococcal infections. It is a streptogramin group antibiotic, similar to virginiamycin, derived from the bacterium "Streptomyces pristinaespiralis". It is marketed in Europe by Sanofi-Aventis under the trade name Pyostacine. Pristinamycin is a mixture of two components that have a synergistic antibacterial action. Pristinamycin IA is a macrolide, and results in pristinamycin's having a similar spectrum of action to erythromycin. Pristinamycin IIA
14597862
Fungus


name Krestin), a chemical derived from "Trametes versicolor", is an approved adjuvant for cancer therapy. Certain mushrooms enjoy usage as therapeutics in folk medicines, such as Traditional Chinese medicine. Notable medicinal mushrooms with a well-documented history of use include "Agaricus subrufescens", "Ganoderma lucidum", Psilocybe and "Ophiocordyceps sinensis". Baker's yeast or "Saccharomyces cerevisiae", a unicellular fungus, is used to make bread and other wheat-based products, such as pizza dough and dumplings. Yeast species
5784198
Atta sexdens


special structures, called gongylidia, which have evolved to be eaten by ants. "A. sexdens" workers spend a considerable time cleaning each other and the queen. They also spread antibiotic secretions from their metapleural glands on their bodies. Dirt collected by licking is stored in the workers' infrabuccal cavities, which are special recesses in their mouths. The purpose of these activities is to avoid infections, especially by parasitic fungi. Several fungus species, such as "Cordyceps", specially infect and kill ants. All waste in the
19068434
Robert Austrian


the medical community. Several medical authorities touted this era as “the end of infectious diseases” due to the remarkable mortality benefits derived from new antimicrobials and anti-parasitics and vaccine research was not thought to be worthwhile. When antibiotics came into use for the cure of pneumococcal infections in the 1950s and 60s, further pneumococcal vaccine development was abandoned. Austrian chose to focus on prevention rather than antibiotic treatment of this debilitating disease. Beginning with surveillance studies which he conducted revealed that despite antibiotic therapy, there were still, in the
15110828
Sarcoscypha coccinea


produced during the cooler months of winter and early spring. The brilliant red interior of the cups—from which both the common and scientific names are derived—contrasts with the lighter-colored exterior. The edibility of the fruit bodies is not clearly established, but its small size, tough texture and insubstantial fruitings would dissuade most people from collecting for the table. The fungus has been used medicinally by the Oneida Native Americans, and also as a colorful component of table decorations in England. "Molliardiomyces eucoccinea" is the name
17431468
Albatrellus subrubescens


, Arizona, California, Florida, New York, Texas, Washington, and Wisconsin. The North American distribution extends south to Mexico, in Chiapas. In Asia, the fungus has been recorded from Yunnan in southwest China, and Tibet. In Europe, collections have been reported from Austria, Czechoslovakia, Finland, Germany, Italy, Poland, Sweden, Switzerland, Yugoslavia, and the Ukraine. "Albatrellus subrubescens" contains the bioactive compound scutigeral, which has antibiotic activity. This chemical—also found in the related species
5118389
Jadomycin


A jadomycin is a natural product produced by "Streptomyces venezuelae" ISP5230 (ATCC10712), the organism which is most well known for making the antibiotic chloramphenicol. The name jadomycin is applied to a family of related angucyclines which are distinguished by the E ring (usually an oxoazolone ring), which is derived from an amino acid. The amino acid incorporation which forms the E-ring is a chemical reaction, rather than enzymatic, an uncommon occurrence in biosynthesis. As such a number of jadomycins incorporating different amino acids have been
7933173
Ponticulomyces


Ponticulomyces is a genus of fungi in the family Physalacriaceae. The genus was described by American mycologist Ron Petersen in 2010. It includes the type species "Ponticulomyces kedrovayae", known from Pacific maritime Russia, and the Chinese species "P. orientalis", originally described as a member of "Oudemansiella" in 2000. Both species were reported from Japan in 2012. The generic name, which derives from "ponticulus" ("to build a bridge"), and "myces" ("fungus"), suggests a
8286816
Malacidin


would lead to any new antibiotic drugs, because large investments of time and money are required to determine whether any drug is safe and effective. Malacidins are macrocycle lipopeptides. The 2018 paper described two chemicals in the malacidin family, differing only by a methylene at their lipid tails. Their peptide cores include four non-proteinogenic amino acids. The name "malacidin" is derived from the abbreviation of "metagenomic acidic lipopeptide antibiotic" and the suffix "-cidin". Malacidins appear to take on their active conformation after they bind to
22186255
Prontosil


were widely used but there were very few antimicrobial drugs to use safely inside living bodies. Antibiotic drugs derived from microbes, which we rely on heavily today, did not yet exist. Prontosil was discovered in 1932 by a research team at the Bayer Laboratories of the IG Farben conglomerate in Germany. The capitalized name "Prontosil" is Bayer's trade name; the nonproprietary names include sulfamidochrysoïdine, rubiazol, prontosil rubrum, prontosil flavum, aseptil rojo, streptocide, and sulfamidochrysoïdine hydrochloride. Because the drug predates the modern system of drug
11972236
Safrole


use in food, it was used as a food flavour for its characteristic ‘candy-shop’ aroma. It was used as an additive in root beer, chewing gum, toothpaste, soaps, and certain pharmaceutical preparations. Safrole exhibits antibiotic and anti-angiogenic functions. It can be synthesized from catechol first by conversion to methylenedioxybenzene, which is brominated and coupled with allyl bromide. Safrole is a versatile precursor to many compounds. Examples are N-acylarylhydrazones, isosters, aryl-sulfonamide derivatives, acidic sulphonylhydrazone derivatives, benzothiazine
6825924
Antibiotic


from "anti" + βιωτικός ("biōtikos"), "fit for life, lively", which comes from βίωσις ("biōsis"), "way of life", and that from βίος ("bios"), "life". The term "antibacterial" derives from Greek ἀντί ("anti"), "against" + βακτήριον ("baktērion"), diminutive of βακτηρία ("baktēria"), "staff, cane", because the first bacteria to be discovered were rod
1595019
Palaeoagaracites


"Mycological Research", a journal of the British Mycological Society. The genus has been assigned the MycoBank number "MB510456", and the species number "MB510465". The genus name "Palaeoagaracites" is Greek in derivation and is a combination of the words "palaeo" meaning "old" and "agaricon", which means "fungus". The specific epithet ""antiquus"" was coined by the authors possibly from the Latin for "old" in reference to the age of the specimen. When published
2407345
Gyromitra esculenta


nervous system, and sometimes the kidneys. Symptoms of poisoning involve vomiting and diarrhea several hours after consumption, followed by dizziness, lethargy and headache. Severe cases may lead to delirium, coma and death after five to seven days. The fungus was first described in 1800, by mycologist Christian Hendrik Persoon, as "Helvella esculenta", and gained its current accepted binomial name when the Swedish mycologist Elias Magnus Fries placed it in the genus "Gyromitra" in 1849. The genus name is derived from the Greek terms "gyros"/γυρος
8517344