who were the two presidents during the great depression
Hooverville


A "Hooverville" was a shanty town built during the Great Depression by the homeless in the United States of America. They were named after Herbert Hoover, who was President of the United States of America during the onset of the Depression and was widely blamed for it. The term was coined by Charles Michelson, publicity chief of the Democratic National Committee. There were hundreds of Hoovervilles across the country during the 1930s and hundreds of thousands of people lived in these slums. Homelessness was present before the Great Depression, and was
13846177
Okmulgee Park


Okmulgee and neighboring Dripping Springs Park are two of the very few places in the world where the rare fossil, "Gymnophyllum wardi" also known as "button coral", can be found. The facilities of Okmulgee and Dripping Springs Parks were constructed by the Works Progress Administration and Civilian Conservation Corps. The WPA and CCC were work relief programs for men from unemployed families, established during the Great Depression. As part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal legislation, they were designed to combat unemployment during the Great Depression.
21120282
Causes of the Great Depression


Andrew Mellon as Secretary of the Treasury until February 1932. It was during 1932 that Hoover began to support more aggressive measures to combat the Depression. In his memoirs, President Hoover wrote bitterly about members of his Cabinet who had advised inaction during the downslide into the Great Depression: Before the "Keynesian Revolution", such a liquidationist theory was a common position for economists to take and was held and advanced by economists like Friedrich Hayek, Lionel Robbins, Joseph Schumpeter, Seymour Harris and others. According to the liquidationists a depression
8191849
History of education in the United States


machine shop, typing, and secretarial skills proved especially popular with parents who wanted their children to become foremen and office workers. By the Great Depression, most cities found the Gary plan too expensive, and abandoned it. Public schools across the country were badly hurt by the Great Depression, as tax revenues fell in local and state governments shifted funding to relief projects. Budgets were slashed, and teachers went unpaid. During the New Deal, 1933–39, President Franklin Roosevelt and his advisers were hostile to the elitism shown by the
8305283
Bombay Presidency


contains nearly two-thirds of the mills. During the decade 1891–1901 the mill industry passed through a period of depression due to widespread plague and famine, but on the whole there was a marked expansion of the trade as well as a great improvement in the class of goods produced. In addition to the mills there were (1901) 178,000 hand-loom weavers in the province, who still have a position of their own in the manipulation of designs woven into the cloth. Silk goods were manufactured in Ahmedabad, Surat,
16398591
Felix M. Warburg


during, the Great Depression. Warburg actively raised funds in the United States on behalf of European Jews who faced hunger following World War I. As early as 1919, he was quoted in "The New York Times" discussing the dire situation of Jewish war sufferers. Warburg served as the founder and first president of the American Friends of the Hebrew University, which supports the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in Jerusalem, Israel, in 1925. Warburg and the Joint Distribution Committee were also instrumental in the 1930s after the global Great Depression following
17777413
1931 Finnish presidential election


Two-stage presidential elections were held in Finland in 1931. On 15 and 16 January the public elected presidential electors to an electoral college. They in turn elected the President. The result was a victory for Pehr Evind Svinhufvud, who won on the third ballot by just two votes. The turnout for the popular vote was 47.3%. This presidential election was held during an ideologically, politically, socially and economically tense time. The Great Depression was impoverishing many Finnish farmers and workers. The far-right Lapua Movement had
8578575
Bennett buggy


A Bennett buggy was a term used in Canada during the Great Depression to describe a car which had its engine, windows and sometimes frame work taken out and was pulled by a horse. In the United States, such vehicles were known as Hoover carts or Hoover wagons, named after then-President Herbert Hoover. The Canadian term was named after Richard Bennett, the Prime Minister of Canada from 1930 to 1935, who was blamed for the nation's poverty. Cars being pulled by horses became a common sight during the Depression
11720775
Alfred Atkinson (university president)


cheap, and there was little in the way of organized entertainment such as theaters to occupy the student body. Like his two predecessors, President Atkinson sought to reduce what he believed were immoral student activities. Atkinson Quadrangle was built on the location of the "Bobcat Lair", a popular student drinking and dancing hangout, as part of this program. The college suffered greatly during the Great Depression. The price of agricultural products (Montana's economic mainstay) soared during World War I, as European and Russian farms were devastated
19657904
History of Tufts University


still recognized in the formal name of the undergraduate arts and sciences division, the "College of Liberal Arts and Jackson College." Undergraduate women in arts and sciences continued to receive their diplomas from Jackson College until 2002. After Bumpus, came President Cousens who observed expansion of the university during the Great Depression. The effects were not as great as some feared. Despite the fact that lower than expected enrollment occurred, the entering classes during the 1930s were the largest in the history of the college. The noticeable difference was the
17728597
Great Depression in the United States


[Great Depression] as not only were banks failing but some would disappear altogether with no rhyme or reason. The panic of financial crisis would increase in the Great Depression due to the lack of confidence in the regulatory and recovery displayed during the 1920s, this ultimately drove a nation of doubts, uneasiness, and lack of consumer confidence in the banking system. With a lack of consumer confidence in the economic direction given by the federal government panic started to spread across the country shortly after the Wall Street Crash of 1929. President
14414169
Depression (economics)


of depression) dates for the U.S. economy, has identified two recessions during that period. The first between August 1929 and March 1933 and the second starting in May 1937 and ending in June 1938. Today the term "depression" is most often associated with the Great Depression of the 1930s, but the term had been in use long before then. Indeed, an early major American economic crisis, the Panic of 1819, was described by then-president James Monroe as "a depression", and the economic crisis immediately
17478147
American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee


the settlers who had not already fled were killed by the Nazis. The JDC during The Great Depression During October 1929, the Great Depression began in America, and most American citizens began to face a financial hardship. Shortly after, the JDC felt the effect of the Great Depression. Their funding began to dwindle down, as people had a hard time donating money to the organization. Due to their lower lessened resources, the JDC focused their efforts on the Jews who remained in Germany. In addition to their financial difficulties,
18210920
Bill Sutch


some travel he then returned to New Zealand which was experiencing the Great Depression. The Depression, and his family's position also, deeply affected his personal philosophy. In April 1933, Sutch was one of four people that included Morva Williams, his future wife, who were reported missing in the Tararua Range during an attempt to be the first people to follow a particular route during the winter season. Despite plans to complete the trip within two days, they were held up when two of the members suffered a fall and subsequent
5383430
J. Frank Raley Jr.


, grandfather, and great-grandfather. He grew up during the Great Depression, and learned about politics through his family at a young age. Raley attended parochial schools in St. Mary's County, as well as the Charlotte Hall Military Academy for high school and received his B.A. from Georgetown University. He also served in the United States Army during World War Two. He also was a general insurance agent. In 1962 Raley organized a slate of candidates who ran with him to replace the County political machine that had presided over
4033457
Frank C. Rathje


. Rathje was simultaneously President of the Chicago City Bank and Trust Company. These banks were two of the seven Chicago banks that were allowed by the U.S. Treasury to remain open during The Great Depression. Rathje is credited with predicting the imminent economic collapse. He prevented a run on his banks by raising capital through the sale of bonds and commercial real estate. These achievements led Rathje to be elected President of the American Bankers Association in 1945 succeeding Warren Randolph Burgess of New York City. In this capacity, Rathje would consult with
2499695
1934 United States Senate elections


The United States Senate elections of 1934 were held in the middle of Democratic President Franklin D. Roosevelt's first term. During the Great Depression, voters strongly backed Roosevelt's New Deal and his allies in the Senate. The Democrats picked up a net of nine seats, giving them a supermajority (which required 64 seats, two-thirds of the total 96 seats in 1934). This marked the second time since the Civil War where an incumbent president's party gained Senate seats during a midterm election, a where an incumbent
13142186
Eagle Point Park (Dubuque, Iowa)


, two non-contributing buildings, and two non-contributing structures. The Eagle Point site was selected by Charles Mulford Robinson, who wrote a report, "Report on the Improvement of the City of Dubuque, Iowa". A committee, led by Judge Oliver Perry Shiras, was formed and the property was acquired by the city in 1908. The park was opened in 1909. During the Great Depression, as part of the Works Progress Administration program the park was expanded and renovated. President Franklin D. Roosevelt viewed the
14040373
Brookings Institution


Graduate School affiliated with Washington University in St. Louis. The three were merged into the Brookings Institution on December 8, 1927. During the Great Depression, economists at Brookings embarked on a large-scale study commissioned by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to understand the underlying causes of the depression. Brookings's first president Harold Moulton and other Brookings scholars later led an effort to oppose President Roosevelt's National Recovery Administration because they thought the NRA was impeding economic recovery. With the entry into World War II in 1941, Brookings researchers turned their
18818966
Cities in the Great Depression


Throughout the industrial world, cities were hit hard during the Great Depression, beginning in 1929 and lasting through most of the 1930s. Worst hit were port cities (as world trade fell) and cities that depended on heavy industry, such as steel and automobiles. Service-oriented cities were hurt less severely. Political centers such as Canada, Texas, Washington, London and Berlin flourished during the Great Depression, as the expanded role of government added many new jobs. Although the impact of the Great Depression on Great Britain was
17456684
Henry A. Wallace


the bill both times. Dissatisfied with both major party candidates in the 1928 presidential election, Wallace unsuccessfully attempted to convince Governor Frank Lowden of Illinois to seek the presidency. He ultimately supported Democratic nominee Al Smith, but the Republican nominee, Herbert Hoover, won a landslide victory. The onset of the Great Depression during Hoover's presidency devastated Iowa farmers as farm income fell by two-thirds from 1929 to 1932. In the 1932 presidential election, Wallace campaigned for Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt, who was favorable towards the agricultural policies
8977533
Morris College


awarded its first bachelor's degree in 1915 under the administration of the college's second president Dr. John Jacob Starks. The college's third president was Ira David Pinson, who steered the college to expansion during the Great Depression. The college's longest-serving president was Dr. Luns C. Richardson, who served from 1974 to July 2017. The current president is Dr. Leroy Staggers, who formerly served as the college's academic dean. Morris College offers bachelor's degrees in 20 areas of study. The college is accredited by the
5035084
Seventh-day Adventist Church in Canada


States, but now is the time to give it. Let us remember western Canada in our prayers and gifts." The Great Depression affected the church as well as society at large. Several steps were taken to manage the church's finances during this time. The 1931 General Conference's annual council recommended that the two Canadian union conferences be merged into one for all of Canada and Newfoundland. Delegates representing these two organizations met on May 24, 1932 in Winnipeg and decided to merge the two unions. The president of the
9497744
Leonidas C. Dyer


two time periods when Rep. Dyer missed voting 80% of the time were April–June 1912, and October–December 1922. Dyer ran unsuccessfully for reelection in 1932, 1934 and 1936, during the Great Depression. Black voters had been disappointed that the Republicans had failed to deliver on their promise to pass an anti-lynching law, part of the national platform in 1920, and by President Hoover's approach to dealing with economic problems. The administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt attracted many voters to Democratic candidates because he
7024297
Bishop College


Rhoads, who started in 1929 and served through the Great Depression and World War II. During his presidency, Bishop phased out the high school preparatory programs associated with the college, which had operated to help students compensate for failures in public education. He emphasized the college's new two-year ministerial program. During the 1930s and 1940s, the ministerial program was developed as the Lacy Kirk Williams Institute. It moved to Dallas when the college moved in 1961. The Lacy Kirk Williams Institute evolved into a week-long seminar
17664262
Liberalism


pan-Arab nationalism. However, there were various examples of intellectuals who advocated liberal values and ideas. Prominent liberals during the period were Taha Hussein, Ahmed Lutfi el-Sayed, Tawfiq al-Hakim, Abd El-Razzak El-Sanhuri, Abd El-Razzak El-Sanhuri and Muhammad Mandur. In the United States, modern liberalism traces its history to the popular presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, who initiated the New Deal in response to the Great Depression and won an unprecedented four elections. The New Deal coalition
8237605
Consolidated Indemnity and Insurance Company


Consolidated Indemnity and Insurance Company was a Hartford, Connecticut-based firm which became insolvent during the Great Depression. The corporation is important because it employed executives who were formerly directors of significant business concerns of New York City, in the early 1930s and before. Consolidated Indemnity and Insurance Company was organized in October 1928 with a capital of $2,500,000 and a surplus of $7,300,000. Among its fifteen directors was Saul Singer, vice-president of the New York Bank of the United States and C. Stanley Mitchell, president of the
15620476
Taxation in the United States


of the Great Depression, and during World War II. Income tax rates were reduced significantly during the Johnson, Nixon, and Reagan presidencies. Significant tax cuts for corporations and all individuals were enacted during the second Bush presidency. In 1986, Congress adopted, with little modification, a major expansion of the income tax portion of the IRS Code proposed in 1985 by the U.S. Treasury Department under President Reagan. The thousand-page Tax Reform Act of 1986 significantly lowered tax rates, adopted sweeping expansions of international rules, eliminated the
11862607
History of Sydney


Sydney-siders through the emerging Great Depression. The Great Depression hit Sydney badly. One of the highlights of the Depression Era however, was the completion of the Sydney Harbour Bridge in 1932. The landmark which links Sydney's northern and southern shores began construction in 1924 and took 1,400 men eight years to build at a cost of £4.2 million and 53,000 tonnes of steel. It carried six traffic lanes, two rail lines and two tram tracks. Sixteen workers were killed during construction. A toll was established and it cost
4466646
Alphabet agencies


The alphabet agencies (also New Deal agencies) were the U.S. federal government agencies created as part of the New Deal of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The earliest agencies were created to combat the Great Depression in the United States and were established during Roosevelt's first 100 days in office in 1933. William Safire notes that the phrase "gave color to the charge of excessive bureaucracy." Democrat Al Smith, who turned against Roosevelt, said his government was “submerged in a bowl of alphabet soup." In total, at
10335015
Great Depression


" is set during the Great Depression. Margaret Atwood's Booker prize-winning "The Blind Assassin" is likewise set in the Great Depression, centering on a privileged socialite's love affair with a Marxist revolutionary. The era spurred the resurgence of social realism, practiced by many who started their writing careers on relief programs, especially the Federal Writers' Project in the U.S. A number of works for younger audiences are also set during the Great Depression, among them the Kit Kittredge series of "American Girl" books written by
8299402
Great Depression


on the subject is "The Grapes of Wrath", published in 1939 and written by John Steinbeck, who was awarded both the Nobel Prize for literature and the Pulitzer Prize for the work. The novel focuses on a poor family of sharecroppers who are forced from their home as drought, economic hardship, and changes in the agricultural industry occur during the Great Depression. Steinbeck's "Of Mice and Men" is another important novella about a journey during the Great Depression. Additionally, Harper Lee's "To Kill a Mockingbird
8299401
Eleanor and Franklin


later winning as Governor of New York and his rivalry with fellow politician Al Smith, (1873-1944), until his election to the Presidency in 1932 in the darkest times faced by the nation since the Civil War with the deepening "Great Depression". A second film miniseries, "" (1977), was made the following year which detailed Roosevelt's terms as President during the Great Depression and World War II, told as a series of flash-back episodes as Eleanor sits with her husband's body in
2845369
Causes of the Great Depression


nominal demand from collapsing. The United States government and the Federal Reserve did not do that during the 1929‑32 slide into the Great Depression The existence of "liquidationism" played a key part in motivating public policy decisions not to fight the gathering Great Depression. An increasingly common view among economic historians is that the adherence of some Federal Reserve policymakers to the liquidationist thesis led to disastrous consequences. Regarding the policies of President Hoover, economists Barry Eichengreen and J. Bradford DeLong point out that the Hoover administration's fiscal policy was guided by liquidationist
8191847
National Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers


, 1930, the Veterans Bureau, the Bureau of Pensions, and the National Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers were consolidated into the Veterans Administration. The National Home was designated the “Home Service.” In 1933, President Franklin Roosevelt’s relief program during the Great Depression put a temporary hold on funding for Veterans Administration construction projects, in favor of projects that could quickly put people to work and be completed more rapidly. Two years later, in August 1935, plans were announced for a $20,000,000 building program for the Veterans
14817875
Folk music


. Regionalism and cultural pluralism grew as influences and themes. During this time folk music began to become enmeshed with political and social activism themes and movements. Two related developments were the U.S. Communist Party's interest in folk music as a way to reach and influence Americans, and politically active prominent folk musicians and scholars seeing communism as a possible better system, through the lens of the Great Depression. Woody Guthrie exemplifies songwriters and artists with such an outlook. Folk music festivals proliferated during the 1930s. President Franklin Roosevelt was a fan
10376238
Wingate University


, a former president of Wake Forest College, and continued to offer a primary and secondary education until the proliferation of public schools in the early 20th century. In 1923, The Wingate School began offering the first two years of a baccalaureate education and became Wingate Junior College. The years leading to World War II were difficult for the institution. Though it began receiving financial support from The Baptist State Convention of North Carolina soon after becoming a college, this support was withdrawn during The Great Depression. It was also during this period
13414994
Frank Murphy


1933, during the first years of the Great Depression. He presided over an epidemic of urban unemployment, a crisis in which 100,000 were unemployed in the summer of 1931. He named an unemployment committee of private citizens from businesses, churches, and labor and social service organizations to identify all residents who were unemployed and not receiving welfare benefits. The Mayor's Unemployment Committee raised funds for its relief effort and worked to distribute food and clothing to the needy, and a Legal Aid Subcommittee volunteered to assist with the legal problems of
20782029
Henry Cisneros


and migrant workers who had settled in Colorado after losing their Spanish land grant during the Great Depression was a federal civil servant and later an Army colonel who met Elvira Munguia while he was stationed in San Antonio. As his parents survived great adversity and advanced through life with an unfailing belief in hard work, education merit leading to a better life, Cisneros along with his two brothers and two sisters were raised in a highly structured environment that put emphasis on scholarly studies and the arts. Cisneros received a Catholic school education, first
6196421
Iroquois County, Illinois


President Theodore Roosevelt and conservative incumbent President William Howard Taft, and Roosevelt carried Iroquois County in a three-way race. The other two cases – the only times Iroquois County has voted Democratic – were in Franklin D. Roosevelt’s 1932 and 1936 landslides during the Great Depression. Throughout the rest of its history, Iroquois County has been among the most solidly Republican counties in Illinois. Indeed, since 1940 only Lyndon Johnson in his 1964 landslide has garnered forty percent of the county’s vote for the Democratic Party, and only Bill
11431816
Kemper Military School


his son-in-law who had been Principal since 1907, to lead the school. Colonel Hitch ably guided the school through the severe financial crisis of the Great Depression, when enrollment plummeted, and into World War II, during which the school operated year-round with over 500 students. During Colonel Hitch's presidency, the new stadium and football fields were constructed in 1937, Academic Hall was built in 1939, and Science Hall was added in 1941. Colonel A.M. Hitch retired in 1948 and selected the son of
10805681
President of the United States


later during his second term, as did his two immediate successors, James Madison and James Monroe. In spite of the strong two-term tradition, Ulysses S. Grant sought a non-consecutive third term in 1880, as did Theodore Roosevelt in 1912 (though it would have been only his second full term). Both were unsuccessful. In 1940, after leading the nation through the Great Depression, Franklin Roosevelt was elected to a third term, breaking the self-imposed precedent. Four years later, with the U.S.
4571623
Alexander F. Whitney


Alexander F. Whitney (1873 – 16 July 1949) was an American railway worker who became president of the Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen (BRT). He was an influential labor leader during the Great Depression and World War II, and in the years immediately following the war. He was the principal leader of a two-day railroad strike in May 1946 that paralyzed the nation. Alexander E. Whitney was born in Iowa in 1873. In 1888 he started to work for Illinois Central Railroad. The Brotherhood of Railway Trainmen (BRT
17446148
East Texas Historical Association


in 1927 and annually thereafter on college campuses in Huntsville, Commerce, and Nacogdoches, until it disbanded during the Great Depression. Among those who read papers at its meetings were Eugene C. Barker of the University of Texas at Austin, Martha Emmons of Nacogdoches High School and later Baylor College, and the Reverend George Louis Crocket (1861–1936), a retired Protestant Episcopal minister from Nacogdodhes, who served as the first associational president. The organization was thereafter revived in 1962 under the leadership of Ralph Wright Steen (1905–1980), the
20287808
History of Western civilization


Roosevelt president. Roosevelt followed a series of policies which regulated the stock market and banks, and created many public works programs aimed at providing the unemployed with work. Roosevelt's policies helped alleviate the worst effects of the Depression, although by 1941 the Great Depression was still ongoing. Roosevelt also instituted pensions for the elderly and provided money to those who were unemployed. Roosevelt was also one of the most popular presidents in U.S. history, earning re-election in 1936, and also in 1940 and 1944, becoming the only U.S.
4150172
Nine-banded armadillo


, nine-banded armadillos are raised to participate in armadillo racing, a small-scale, but well-established sport in which the animals scurry down a 40-foot track. During the Great Depression, the species was hunted for its meat in East Texas, where it was known as poor man’s pork, or the "Hoover hog" by those who considered President Herbert Hoover to be responsible for the Depression. Earlier, German settlers in Texas would often refer to the armadillo as "Panzerschwein" ("armored pig"
9388700
Imperial Presidency


(the President's Room). The office is no longer used except for ceremonial occasions, but in the 19th and early 20th centuries, presidents were regularly based there with a small staff. Franklin D. Roosevelt's leadership (in office 1933–1945) during the Great Depression and World War II changed the presidency. His leadership in the new age of electronic media, the growth of executive agencies under the New Deal, his Brain Trust advisors, and the creation of the Executive Office of the President in 1939 led to a transformation
1933863
Great Depression


Panic of 1819, was described by then-president James Monroe as "a depression", and the most recent economic crisis, the Depression of 1920–21, had been referred to as a "depression" by then-president Calvin Coolidge. Financial crises were traditionally referred to as "panics", most recently the major Panic of 1907, and the minor Panic of 1910–11, though the 1929 crisis was called "The Crash", and the term "panic" has since fallen out of use. At the time of
8299406
Rodney Young (politician)


Rodney Young (March 21, 1910 – January 1, 1978) was a lawyer and Canadian Member of Parliament. Young was born in Liverpool and emigrated to Canada in 1926 at the age of 16 setting in Vancouver. He was a socialist activist during the Great Depression and did political work in the unemployment relief camps that were set up during the Great Depression in Canada. Young was a member of the Socialist Party of Canada's British Columbia section and was one of the party's two candidates in the dual member constituency of
9030272
Ipswich & West Moreton Building Society building


16 and President in 1918-19. The Ipswich and West Moreton Building Society survived the depression of the 1890s and the building itself survived the flood of 1893 when the water rose to the first floor of the building. It continued to operate during the first and second world wars and the disastrous years of the Great Depression. In the 1970s branches were established in leased premises at Booval and Goodna, and further branches, sub-branches and agencies were subsequently established in other places in the south-east Queensland region. Bishop
2427081
History of Washington, D.C.


Knickerbocker Storm dumped of snow, causing the roof to collapse at the Knickerbocker Theater, a silent movie house. Ninety-eight people were killed, including a U.S. Congressman; 133 were injured. On July 28, 1932, President Herbert Hoover ordered the United States Army to forcibly evict the "Bonus Army" of World War I veterans who gathered in Washington, D.C., to secure promised veterans' benefits early. U.S. troops dispersed the last of the "Bonus Army" the next day. During the Great Depression of the
19872255
Maxine Albro


of New York. In the early 1920s, she lived in Burlingame, California. In 1927, she studied at Académie de la Grande Chaumière in Paris, before embarking to Mexico, where she would make the acquaintance of Diego Rivera. Albro was one of the few women who were part of the Works Progress Administration's Federal Art Project, a program initiated under President Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal. Due to the high rate of joblessness during the Great Depression, these art programs were required to employ female artists, making this
4039134
T. Jeff Busby


October 18, 1964. He was interred in Houston Cemetery. During his time as a Mississippi congressman, Busby pitched the idea of the Natchez Trace Parkway. His motivation was to create jobs for locals who were suffering from poverty during the Great Depression until other work became available. He also believed that the project would be of interest to the people surrounding the Natchez Trace, and would impact multiple counties along the proposed 450 mile roadway. After its run through Congress and President Franklin D. Roosevelt, the project was given $50,000
11438870
Quentin Burdick


Nagurski, and was president of the Sigma Nu fraternity. He suffered a knee injury in football that disqualified him from military service in World War II. In 1932, he received his law degree from the University of Minnesota Law School and was admitted to the bar. Burdick joined his father's law firm in Fargo, where he advised farmers who were threatened with foreclosure during the years of the Great Depression. He later recalled, "I guess I acquired a social conscience during those bad days, and ever since I've
15628735
History of West Virginia University


, and the first basketball team appeared in 1903. The University's outlook around the start of the 20th century was optimistic, as the school constructed the first library in present-day Stewart Hall during 1902, and welcomed U.S. President William Taft to the campus for the inauguration of University President Thomas Hodges in 1911. However, the University's efforts to attract more qualified educators, increase enrollment, and expand the campus was hindered during a period that saw two World Wars and the Great Depression. With a heavy military influence in
11131370
Wheaton Industries


Wheaton, Sr., entered the company in 1889. Two years later, the company suffered a financial setback when T.C. Wheaton entered into a bad business venture that left the company with debts that took ten years to pay off. Frank Sr. assumed the presidency of the company in 1931 after the death of his father. He became known as the "dean of American glassware" during his tenure as company president. Despite the Great Depression, the company expanded greatly during the 1930s through the use of automation. The expansion
20673558
Arthur Cutts Willard


I don't. But I know this much—the universities are going to have to do a better job of turning out men and women who can take care of themselves. The average college graduate . . . has been prepared for everything but life." Willard received the presidency during a difficult time in history; the nation was facing The Great Depression. Financial resources were limited and task of rebuilding confidence in the future was Willard's most important task. One of Willard's objective of the university was to enlarge the
13173707
Jack Brod


Corps to England, where he loaded bombs into aircraft. During his assignment, he purchased rare antiques and collectibles from the formerly-wealthy owners of English houses who had suffered due to the war and the Great Depression. Brod shipped the items back to the United States by boat for sale and private collection. The Empire State Building was opened by U.S. President Herbert Hoover on May 1, 1931. Two months later, on July 1, 1931, Brod and his father moved into the seventh floor and established what became the
11117818
Vidalia Commercial Historic District


P. Crutchfield. It was built in 1910 by W.D. Donovan who served as its first president. The bank was started with a capital stock of $35,000. It is a two-story Neoclassical brick building with marble cornices, pilasters, belt courses and keystones. The building was purchased in c. 1926 by J. Frank Darby after the First National Bank had moved. Darby founded the Darby Bank there, which was the only bank surviving in Toombs County at some point during the Great Depression; Darby later moved his bank to a
13060822
Nina Mason Pulliam


parents of Dan Quayle, who served as the 44th Vice President of the United States from 1989 to 1993. Nina Mason began her career in journalism at "Farm Life", a national magazine published in Spencer, Indiana. When the magazine ceased publication during the Great Depression, she moved to Lebanon, Indiana, where she worked at the "Lebanon Reporter" for newspaper publisher Eugene C. Pulliam prior to their marriage in 1941. Over the years the couple traveled extensively, including a twenty-two-nation tour in 1947
16375126
AM broadcasting


could now speak directly to millions of citizens. One of the first to take advantage of this was American president Franklin Roosevelt, who became famous for his fireside chats during the Great Depression. However, broadcasting also provided the means to use propaganda as a powerful government tool, and contributed to the rise of fascist and communist ideologies. In the 1940s two new broadcast media, FM radio and television, began to provide extensive competition with the established broadcasting services. The AM radio industry suffered a serious loss of audience and advertising revenue
20959635
Windber, Pennsylvania


Supreme Court decided two lawsuits) as well as strike-breakers, but the miners received considerable favorable national publicity and local support and held out until the end of the following summer. However, the UMW successfully organized the mines during 1933, after the Great Depression led to the election of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt. The Windber Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991. Frank Kush, all-American football lineman at Michigan State who achieved distinction (and later controversy) as head coach of the
9174771
History of Western civilization


president to serve more than two terms. Europe was relatively unstable following World War I. Although many prospered in the 1920s, Germany was in a deep financial and economic crisis. Also, France and Britain owed the U.S. a great deal of money. When the United States went into Depression, so did Europe. There were perhaps 30 million people around the world unemployed following the Depression. Many governments helped to alleviate the suffering of their citizens and by 1937 the economy had improved although the lingering effects of the Depression remained. Also
4150173
Slave narrative


The slave narrative is a type of literary genre involving the (written) autobiographical accounts of enslaved Africans in Great Britain and its colonies, including the later United States, Canada, and Caribbean nations. Some six thousand such narratives are estimated to exist; about 150 narratives were published as separate books or pamphlets. In the United States during the Great Depression (1930s), more than 2,300 additional oral histories on life during slavery were collected by writers sponsored and published by the Works Progress Administration (WPA) of President Franklin D.
7132017
Hunger marches


term "hunger march" was coined three years later in 1908. In the first two decades of the 20th century, there was relatively little unemployment in the UK, but it could still become a severe problem in various areas after disruptive changes to the local economy. Hunger marches became much more prominent in the 1920s and 1930s during the Great Depression in the United Kingdom. During the widespread Great Depression of the 1930s, hunger marches also occurred in Canada and other countries. Many of the UK hunger marches were supported by the
12298865
History of the University of Chicago


the President of the University of Chicago in 1891 and its first classes were held in 1892. It has been coeducational since its establishment. Major educational reforms were instituted during the tenure of the University's fifth president Robert Maynard Hutchins during the Great Depression and World War II, including the creation of the University's Common Core curriculum. Recently, the University has begun major campus expansion projects. The University of Chicago was founded by a small group of Baptist educators in 1856 through a land endowment by Senator Stephen A. Douglas. Disparagingly
19165813
Chilean battleship Almirante Latorre


, "Almirante Latorre" sailed back to Valparaíso on 5 March 1931 and put in on 12 April. Two tug boats which had been acquired for use in the harbors of Punta Arenas and Valparaíso were carried on the battleship's deck during its voyage back to Chile. Despite the goodwill brought on by the removal of the "strongman" President Carlos Ibáñez del Campo in July 1931, Chile could not overcome the Great Depression's severe economic effects, and wages for civil servants making over 3,000 pesos a year were cut by 12–30
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Clarendon County, South Carolina


of Engineers. The dam was built across the Santee River to generate hydroelectric power for rural electrification, one of the major infrastructure projects initiated under President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal federal investments during the Great Depression. Lake Marion and the Santee Dam were part of the Santee-Cooper Hydroelectric and Navigation Project. Two notable court cases in Clarendon County in the mid-20th century were part of challenges by the Civil Rights Movement to racial segregation of public facilities; these cases related to segregated public schools. This was concluded in law by
8683977
Mandeville Canyon, Los Angeles


, they hoped to develop and sell homes. Movie stars dedicated many of the special plantings with commemorative plaques (some of which are still in existence). Two ponds were also built, one of which surrounded the Japanese house at 1900 Mandeville Canyon Road. The second pond was adjacent to the property at 1888 Mandeville Canyon Road. Development of the botanical garden slowed down during the Great Depression, and, by 1935, all building ceased. Bondholders of Garden Foundation, who held the original pre-depression mortgage of $4,000,000
17826396
Great Depression in the United States


Millions were hired in the Great Depression, but men with weaker credentials were not, and they fell into a long-term unemployment trap. The migration in the 1920s that brought millions of farmers and townspeople to the bigger cities suddenly reversed itself. Unemployment made the cities unattractive, and the network of kinfolk and more ample food supplies made it wise for many to go back. City governments in 1930–31 tried to meet the depression by expanding public works projects, as President Herbert Hoover strongly encouraged. However, tax revenues were plunging
14414176
Ridley College


1927 with a total of eighty students (sixty boarders, nineteen day boys and one day girl). It also became home to two Upper School dormitories, Mandeville House and Leonard House. A new dormitory, Merritt House, was built by architects Sproatt and Rolph during the Great Depression and, despite financial constraints, was opened in 1932. It was named after Thomas Rodman Merritt, Ridley's first president. In 1934, the Marriott Gates marking the entrance of the school were erected. A new gym was opened in 1939
6526601
Charles W. Tobey


and he served as president of that body during the administration of progressive governor John Gilbert Winant. In 1928, despite opposition in the primary from the old guard, led by George Moses, Tobey won the governorship. During the first two years of the Great Depression, he retained a progressive approach to government operation and continued the state road-building program. But Tobey resembled President Hoover in his budget-tightening approach to economic disaster. Tobey did not run for re-election in 1930, in part because of personal financial
9563144
Moose Brook State Park


Moose Brook State Park is a New Hampshire state park in Coos County, New Hampshire in the United States. The park occupies and sits at an elevation of . The park, which was built by the Civilian Conservation Corps during the Great Depression, was opened to the public in 1936. Moose Brook State Park was constructed during the Great Depression by workers from the Civilian Conservation Corps. The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) was a work relief program for young men from unemployed families, established in 1933. As part of President
2060030
Hard Times: An Oral History of the Great Depression


Hard Times: An Oral History of the Great Depression (original: 1970/ latest edition: 2005) is a telling of the oral history of the Great Depression written by Studs Terkel. It is a firsthand account of people of varying socio-economic status who lived in the United States during the Great Depression. The first edition of the book was published in 1970. The 1986 print included a new introduction by Terkel. The latest edition was published in 2005. "Hard Times" is known for providing an equal representation of
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Workweek and weekend


workweek, instead of the prevalent six days, without reducing employees' pay. Hours worked stabilized at about 49 per week during the 1920s, and during the Great Depression fell below 40. During the Depression, President Herbert Hoover called for a reduction in work hours in lieu of layoffs. Later, President Franklin Roosevelt signed the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, which established a five-day, 40-hour workweek for many workers. The proportion of people working very long weeks has since risen, and the full-time employment
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B. Munuswamy Naidu


was afflicted by controversies. He assumed the Chief Ministership at a critical juncture. The Great Depression was at its height and the economy was crumbling. Moreover, the southern districts of the Presidency had been afflicted by floods. The government was, therefore, compelled to increase the land tax in order to compensate for the fall in prices. Soon after Munuswamy Naidu formed the government, the Justice Party was torn apart by factionalism. The Zamindars who had supported the Justice Party were disgruntled at the fact that two of the foremost landlords
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Early life and career of Gene Roddenberry


worked as a newspaper delivery boy and as a gas station attendant on Saturdays, and after school. The young Roddenberry moved to Franklin High School during the middle years of the Great Depression. His father was relatively unaffected by the Great Depression because of his stable employment with the police department. The family distributed food to friends and family who were in need. Glen's parents and her younger sister Willodean moved into the house for a time before finding other accommodation in Redondo Beach. During his time at Franklin, Roddenberry joined the
19601723
Whit Stillman


an assistant secretary of commerce under President John F. Kennedy (a classmate of Stillman's father at Harvard), from Washington, D.C. His great-grandfather was businessman James Stillman; his great-great-grandfather, Charles Stillman, founded Brownsville, Texas. Stillman grew up in Cornwall, New York, and experienced depression during puberty. "I was very depressed when I was 11 or 12," he told "The Wall Street Journal". "I was sent to the leading Freudian child psychologist in Washington, D.C.
19697900
Hudson Greater Eight


built on a platform. The line was renamed the Hudson Pacemaker Standard Eight. By this time, the company was struggling because of low sales and mounting financial losses. In May 1933, Roy D. Chapin returned to Hudson after serving as the United States Secretary of Commerce during the last months of President Herbert Hoover's administration and spent his final three years of life trying to save the automaker from the effects of the Great Depression. Hudson had fared poorly during the Great Depression (1929–36) compared with other domestic automakers with its
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Cowans Gap State Park


set off by sparks from passing steam locomotives. An immense reforestation effort, led by the young men of the Civilian Conservation Corps, began in earnest during the Great Depression. The Civilian Conservation Corps created by President Franklin D. Roosevelt during the Great Depression, provided work for the unemployed from throughout the United States. A CCC camp, Richmond Furnace Camp PA-SP-54, was built at the site of Cowans Gap State Park. At first the young men lived in tents, but they soon built cabins (which are still in
15891809
Laurel Hill State Park


contributing structures. The area in and surrounding Laurel Hill State Park no longer resembles the desolate wasteland left behind the lumbermen. It is now a thriving second growth forest that is home to a wide variety of wildlife. The efforts of the men of the Works Progress Administration and Civilian Conservation Corps during the Great Depression helped to bring about the revitalization of the forests. The Federal Emergency Relief Administration bought the stripped forest land in the Laurel Hill Area in 1935 as part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal during the Great Depression
3785105
Foreman, British Columbia


activities were dormant during the Great Depression, but thereafter, he operated a planing mill at the Nechako River site as Caine Lumber Co. Martin Caine came to the area in 1919. At different times, he served Prince George as chair of the school board (1933), a mayoral candidate (1939), president of the Board of Trade (1943–44), president of the Northern Interior Lumbermen's Association (1944–45), president of the Rotary Club (1950–51), and citizen of the year (1972). John
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Ernest Boyd MacNaughton


had happened. MacNaughton became a vice president at the bank, and when the bank was acquired by the U.S. National Bank of Portland, Strong and MacNaughton were tasked with liquidating the assets. In 1928 MacNaughton became a vice president at the First National Bank of Portland, and Strong and MacNaughton was disbanded. In 1932 during the Great Depression, he became president of the bank. He became chairman in 1947 and was scheduled to become honorary chairman in 1960. MacNaughton served for a time as an associate professor of banking at the
19947275
Penn Reels


the first Penn Reels were sold to the Miller Auto Supply Company in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Encouraged by the sales, Henze developed two more designs. Privation during the Great Depression forced families into subsistence fishing, aiding company growth. In 1942, Penn Reels moved to West Hunting Park Avenue. Upon Henze's death in 1948, his wife Martha assumed the company presidency. Penn Reels grew from a regional presence to a world leader in the years that followed. The Penn Model F was a surf reel designed for distance casting.
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1934 United States elections


The 1934 United States elections were held on November 6, 1934. The election took place in the middle of Democratic President Franklin D. Roosevelt's first term, during the Great Depression. The Democrats built on the Congressional majorities they had won in the previous two elections. In the House of Representatives, Roosevelt's party gained nine seats, mostly from the Republican Party. The Democrats also gained nine seats in the U.S. Senate, thereby winning a supermajority. A Progressive also unseated a Republican in the Senate. This marked the first
15552241
Pea Ridge, Arkansas


School until 2001, when a new high school complex was completed on West Pickens Road. The 1930 building was finally razed in March 2005 after estimated costs to update the aging building to current school standards, or to convert it to other community uses, were determined to be prohibitive. The Bank of Pea Ridge, incorporated in 1911, was one of only two banks in Benton County that did not fail during the Great Depression. This success is largely attributed to then Bank President W. T. Patterson's contribution of his own wealth
16168799
10 Songs for the New Depression


of Barack Obama in January 2009. The album features ten original songs and two cover versions of songs originally written and recorded during the Great Depression. Lyrical references throughout "10 Songs" include economists Alan Greenspan, John Maynard Keynes and Paul Krugman, President Barack Obama, and the government program Car Allowance Rebate System (more commonly known as "cash for clunkers"). Overall, critical reception of the album was positive. "10 Songs" reached peak positions of number thirty-eight on the United Kingdom's Top Independent
1462172
Emmanuel College (Georgia)


, the college was forced to close for two years during the Great Depression. When the school reopened, the new president, Thomas Aaron, began to refocus the institute's priorities from being a high school to a college. In 1939, the name was changed to Emmanuel College and the high school was called Emmanuel Academy. The year 1967 saw the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools grant the two year college full accreditation. During the 1970s, a four-year School of Christian Ministries was established and accredited by the American
16918110
History of Madras Presidency


High Court despite serious opposition. A number of roads, railways, dams and canals were constructed during this time. During this period, Madras was devastated by two great famines: Great Famine of 1876–78 and the Indian famine of 1896–97. The population of the Presidency fell from 31.2 million in 1871 to 30.8 million in 1881 as a result of the 1876-78 famine. There was a strong sense of national awakening in Madras Presidency starting from the later half of the 19th century. Of the 72 delegates who participated in the
12258452
Harold W. Dodds


The Great Depression caused great financial uncertainty, leading Dodds to establish annual giving. Although the program started out modestly, it soon became a major source of income for the university. Also, during World War II, Princeton established an accelerated program to allow students to graduate early to join the armed forces. Despite facing the Great Depression and two wars, the university continued to grow during this period, adding four new departments in aeronautical engineering, Near Eastern studies, religion, and music. During a two-year period from
14499946
Eliza Grant


the decline in African American birth rates to poverty, disease, coercive family planning or other external factors (pg. 162). The Federal Writers’ Project was a part of a larger project known as the Works Project Administration (WPA), which was a result of President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal Agency during The Great Depression. The FWP helped provide alternative job options for the unemployed white-collar workers who could not get jobs in construction or other labor fields that were being offered through the WPA. The main
14763868
University of Wisconsin–La Crosse


was not the only setback for the school during this period. The school struggled through serious declines in enrollment and funding following World War I and throughout the Great Depression. In 1926, George M. Snodgrass became the school's third president, replacing Ernest A. Smith, who served for only one year. That same year the school's programs were expanded and authorization was given to award baccalaureate teaching degrees. This led to an institutional name change the following year to La Crosse State Teachers College. In 1931 the college was divided into
14937108
Political activity of the Knights of Columbus


in which he "lashed out at the social irresponsibility of the moneyed classes." During the Great Depression, when President Herbert Hoover established a Commission on Employment, Supreme Knight Martin Carmody wrote to him pledging the services of the Knights. Carmody had already encouraged the 2,600 councils to have "strong and active employment committees." By the end of July 1931, a total of 43,128 unemployed people had been placed into jobs, in addition to those placements made by local councils who were working under the auspices of other organizations.
3257560
Guatemala


of Arana, Árbenz, and Jorge Toriello Garrido. The junta organized Guatemala's first free election, which the philosophically conservative writer and teacher Juan José Arévalo, who wanted to turn the country into a liberal capitalist society won with a majority of 86%. His "Christian Socialist" policies were inspired to a large extent by the U.S. New Deal of President Franklin D. Roosevelt during the Great Depression. Arévalo built new health centers, increased funding for education, and drafted a more liberal labor law, while criminalizing unions in workplaces
6553719
Rockwell Automation


Harry Bradley was appointed vice president and attorney Louis Quarles was named corporate secretary. In 1918 Allen-Bradley hired its first female factory worker, Julia Bizewski Polczynski, who was promoted to foreman the following year. During the 1920s, the company grew its miniature rheostat business to support the burgeoning radio industry. By the middle of this decade, nearly 50 percent of the company's sales were attributed to the radio department. The decade closed with record company sales of $3 million. By 1932, the Great Depression had taken
8026557
Newfoundland Commission of Government


The Commission of Government was a non-elected body that governed the dominion of Newfoundland from 1934 to 1949. Established following the collapse of Newfoundland's economy during the Great Depression, it was dissolved when the dominion became the tenth province of Canada. It was composed of civil servants who were directly subordinate to the British Government in London. Newfoundland's economic difficulties were exacerbated by debt incurred during the First World War and the collapse of fish prices during the Depression. In 1933, following a prolonged period of economic crisis and severe
952005
Reorganization Act of 1939


a reputation for reorganizing government in order to achieve efficiency. The Economy Act of 1933, enacted in Roosevelt's Hundred Days to combat the Great Depression, gave the president the authority to engage in limited reorganization of the executive branch in order to achieve economic recovery goals. But the president took no action during the two-year term of authority granted by the Act. By 1935, however, the keystone of the New Deal (the National Industrial Recovery Act) had been declared unconstitutional and Roosevelt's views on how to effect
12378909
James D. Graham


suffrage, old age pensions, and the broad implementation of the initiative and referendum system. Graham was elected vice president of the MFL in 1927 and made the president of that organization in 1930. He would remain in this position for the last two decades of his life. As head of the MFL, Graham would be instrumental in helping to organize the copper miners of Butte, a multi-year effort that finally gained success in 1933 and 1934. During the years of the Great Depression, Graham served a six-year
12562027
Comparisons between the Great Recession and the Great Depression


column that if all discouraged workers were included in U.S. unemployment statistics, the actual unemployment rate would be 22%, comparable to rates during the Great Depression. Nobel Prize–winning economist Paul Krugman predicted a series of depressions in his "The Return of Depression Economics" (1999), based on "failures on the demand side of the economy." On January 5, 2009, he wrote that "preventing depressions isn't that easy after all" and that "the economy is still in free fall." In
14362944
List of Negro league baseball players


integrated organized white leagues are boldfaced, and those who played in integrated major leagues are also italicized. They played primarily before the organized Negro leagues. Among them Fowler, Frank Grant, George Stovey, and Fleet Walker were notable players especially during the 1880s, before complete segregation. They played most of their careers in the organized Negro leagues before the Great Depression. They played most of their careers in the organized Negro leagues after the Great Depression. They played during the decline of the Negro leagues, after the beginning of integration
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