which part of our constitution envisages a three tier system of panchayti raj
Kerala


constitutional amendments of central government in this direction. With the enactment of Kerala Panchayati Raj Act and Kerala Municipality Act in 1994, the state implemented reforms in local self-governance. The Kerala Panchayati Raj Act envisages a 3-tier system of local government with Gram panchayat, Block panchayat and District Panchayat forming a hierarchy. The acts ensure a clear demarcation of power among these institutions. However, the Kerala Municipality Act envisages a single-tier system for urban areas, with the institution of municipality designed to par with the Gram panchayat of
6896063
Om Mehta


for it, which is situated near Tehsildar's office. He was elected as legislative member of council in 1957 as well as in 1959. He was the first member to bring upon situations held in Kishtwar in the council, which resulted in many job opportunities for the people of Kishtwar. In 1962, he became the Director General of J&K Corporative Bank. He was also the working committee member of Bharat Sewak Sangh, Panchayti Raj Committee, Red Industries Board and Constitution Club New Delhi. In 1964, he joined Indian national
20873863
Panchayati raj (India)


the eleventh schedule of the constitution, and the ability to levy and collect appropriate taxes, duties, tolls and fees. The Act aims to provide a three-tier systems of Panchayati Raj for all states having a population of over 2 million, to hold Panchayat elections regularly every five years, to provide seats reserved for scheduled castes, scheduled tribes and women; to appoint a State Finance Commission to make recommendations regarding the financial powers of the Panchayats and to constitute a District Planning Committee List of committees constituted for recommendations regarding Panchayati
15039573
Indian Youth Congress


Pradesh Youth Congress Jammu and Kashmir launched a statewide protest against the Government led by National Conference for the implementation of the 73rd and 74th Amendments to the Constitution of India relating to Panchayti Raj in Jammu and Kashmir. The protests were led by J&K youth Congress president Mohammad Shahnawaz Choudhary. In January 2015, Indian National Congress Vice President Rahul Gandhi directed nationwide protest against Land Acquisition Ordinance brought in by Indian Central government. The protest took place in various part of country. On 18 February, Indian Youth Congress protested against Vyapam Scam and
7242315
Anna Vinayachandra


Anna Vinayachandra is an Ex-MLC from Panchayati Raj constituency of Dakshina Kannada, Karnataka. He is a social activist, political activist and thinker. He was associated with Bharatiya Janata Party but came out of party politics and now works independently. Before becoming MLC, Anna Vinayachandra was Karnataka State organizing secretary and State General Secretary for Karnataka BJP twice. Being a huge fan of strengthening panchayti System by decentralization and internal democracy within political party, he started to bring reforms within BJP. He also questioned the communal agenda of BJP which
1512363
Ministry of Panchayati Raj


two but three tier of Governments in its federal setup. Ministry of Panchayati Raj looks into all matters relating to the Panchayati Raj and Panchayati Raj Institutions. It was created in May 2004. The ministry is headed by a minister of cabinet rank. The ministry is now headed by Narendra Singh Tomar. Ministry of Panchayati Raj is responsible for the work of advocacy for and monitoring of the implementation of Constitution 73rd Amendment Act the Provisions of the Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act 1996. E-PANCHAYAT As per the World
22105381
Local self-government in India


Following the 2013 local election, 37.1% of councillors were women, and in 2015/16 local government expenditure was 16.3% of total government expenditure. The panchayati raj system is a three-tier system with elected bodies at the village, taluk and district levels. The modern system is based in part on traditional panchayat governance, in part on the vision of Mahatma Gandhi and in part by the work of various committees to harmonize the highly centralized Indian governmental administration with a degree of local autonomy. The result was intended to create greater
9211040
Panchayati raj (India)


) found in northern India. In India, the Panchayati Raj now functions as a system of governance in which gram panchayats are the basic units of local administration. The system has three levels: Gram Panchayat (village level), Mandal Parishad or Block "Samiti" or "Panchayat Samiti" (block level), and "Zila Parishad" (district level). It was formalized in 1992 by the 73rd amendment to the Indian Constitution. Currently, the Panchayati Raj system exists in all states Tripura,Meghalaya, and
15039569
Part XI of the Constitution of India


deleterious results. There will be every possibility of our two-tier political system being stultified by interference, strife, legal chaos and confusion caused by a host of conflicting laws, much to the bewilderment of the common citizen. Integrated legislative policy and uniformity on basic issues of common Union–state concern will be stymied. The federal principle of unity in diversity will be very much a casualty. This rule of federal supremacy, therefore, is indispensable for the successful functioning of the federal system”. The Constitution of India,
898804
Panchayati raj


next major change in the panchayat system of India came in the form of the passage of the Panchayati Raj Act (73rd Amendment) in 1992. A key motivation of this act was the belief that local governments may be better placed than centrally appointed bureaucrats to identify and respond to the needs of the village. Hence, this act was an important part of India's move towards decentralization. The main features of this act are: (a) a 3-tier system of Panchayati Raj for all States having population of over 20 lakh
1654124
Politics of Pakistan


, which eventually inspired the 1990s Constitutional Amendment making it national policy. The main difference is that Pakistan is the only country with an urban framework, as well, in the region today; and Pakistan's system has common-representational framework between tiers (as Montreal and Birmingham also have in two-tier context—even though Birmingham is working on implementing a three-tier system); and, it has a bottom-up representational framework like the Canadian example. Pakistan had the only three-tier integrated bottom-up
3792003
Barasat


a population of 417,663 in the Barasat municipal area. There are two police outposts (in Barasat and Badu), and a women's police station in the town. The Zilla Parishad of North 24 Parganas was founded on 26 June 1986, with the north-south bifurcation of the 24 Parganas district. The highest tier of the three-tier panchayati raj system, its headquarters are at Barasat. It has six riverine panchayat samitis in the Sundarbans, which has a saline tract on one side and rich alluvial tracts of the
5545023
Three-tier panchayats in Kanpur Dehat


Panchayati raj system, a three-tier system in the state with elected bodies at the Village,Block (Kshetra) and district levels in Uttar Pradesh, India. It ensures greater participation of people and more effective implementation of rural development program. There are Gram Panchayat for a village or group of villages, Kshetra Panchayat at Block level(group of Gram Panchayats) and the District Panchayat at the district level (group of Kshetra Panchayats) in Kanpur Dehat district of Uttar Pradesh, India.Terms of each Panchayat is five years.
13339998
Panchayati raj (India)


finally came to be known as Panchayati Raj. This led to the establishment of a three-tier Panchayati Raj system: Gram Panchayat at the village level, Panchayat Samiti at the block level, and Zila Parishad at the district level... Sarpanch is its elected head. The members of the gram panchayat are elected from each for a period of five years by the members of Gram Sabha. A Panchayat Samiti (block panchayat) is a local government body at the "tehsil" level. This body works for the villages of
15039575
Chennai HSCTC


Chennai High Speed Circular Transportation Corridors (HSCTC) is an urban road transit in the form of elevated concentric beltways planned for the city of Chennai. The beltways are envisaged as an elevated 2-tier system with design speed of 80 km/h. The top tier is a 2-lane dedicated corridor for the Chennai BRTS system. The second tier is a 4-lane road for 4-wheelers (no buses and autos). 4 beltways have been proposed which covers a distance of 107.795 km. A connectivity corridor is also proposed to integrate the beltways with
1655352
Panchayati raj


But the plan failed to satisfactorily accomplish decentralisation. Hence, committees were constituted by various authorities to advise the Centre on different aspects of decentralisation. At least in part to provide the Gandhian goal of direct political participation of people at the grass root level, in 1956, the National Development Council appointed a committee under Balwant Rai Mehta, which submitted its report in 1957 in which it recommended:- 》A 3-tier structure consisting of Zila Parishad at the District level, Panchayat Samiti at the Block level and GramPanchayat at the village level. The
1654123
Federalism


delineates the subjects on which each tier of government has executive powers. The Constitution originally provided for a two-tier system of government, the Union Government (also known as the Central Government), representing the Union of India, and the State governments. Later, a third tier was added in the form of Panchayats and Municipalities. In the current arrangement, The Seventh Schedule of the Indian Constitution delimits the subjects of each level of governmental jurisdiction, dividing them into three lists: A distinguishing aspect of Indian federalism is that
11364910
Muttom, Thodupuzha


college is based on the universal suffrage. Panchayat has 13 electoral wards at present. This area also belongs to Thodupuzha block panchayat and Idukki zilla panchayat. This three tier system is functioning under Panchayati raj system. Election to these local governing bodies is conducted in every five years. An administrative wing is functioning with panchayat Bharanasamithi to project execution and tax collection. Muttom is part of Thodupuzha assembly constituency of Kerala Legislature . This place belongs to Idukki (Lok Sabha constituency) Law enforcement agency is Kerala Police. This place belongs to
6319976
List of districts of West Bengal


five divisions. Divisions are administered by Divisional Commissioners. Kolkata, the capital of the state, constitutes the Kolkata district. Other districts are further divided into administrative units such as subdivisions and blocks, administered by SDO and BDO, respectively. The Panchayati Raj has a three-tier structure in the state. The atomic unit is called a Gram Panchayat, which is the "Panchayat" organisation for a collection of villages. The block-level organisations are called "Panchayat Samiti", and the district-level organisations are named
1815959
Panchayati raj (India)


In India, the Panchayati Raj generally refers to the system of local self-government in India introduced by a constitutional amendment in 1992, although it is based upon the traditional "panchayat" system of the Indian subcontinent. This Panchayati Raj system was formalized in 1992, following a study conducted by a number of Indian committees on various ways of implementing more decentralized administration. The modern Panchayati Raj and its "Gram Panchayats" are not to be confused with the extra-constitutional "Khap Panchayats" (or "Caste Panchayats"
15039568
Part XVIII of the Constitution of India


Part XVIII is a compilation of laws pertaining to the Constitution of India as a country and the union of states that it is made of. This part of the constitution consists of Articles on Emergency Provisions. Part XVIII of the Indian constitution envisages the following three emergencies: This article as enacted by the Constituent Assembly of India provides the president with powers to declare a state of emergency in the nation if he/she is satisfied that the stability and integrity of India is threatened by either external aggression or armed rebellion. This power
898873
Hans Raj Khanna


wrote an autobiography, "Neither Roses nor Thorns", (Lucknow, 1985). In the conclusion of his "Making of India's constitution", he writes: If the Indian constitution is our heritage bequeathed to us by our founding fathers, no less are we, the people of India, the trustees and custodians of the values which pulsate within its provisions! A constitution is not a parchment of paper, it is a way of life and has to be lived up to. Eternal vigilance is the price of
21373833
Greek Constitution of 1968


The Greek Constitution of 1968 () was a largely unimplemented constitution of Greece promulgated in May 1968 by the military regime which had been ruling Greece since 21 April 1967. It was confirmed by a plebiscite in September 1968 following an intensive three-month propaganda campaign by the regime. It retained the Greek monarchy, and envisaged a return to a parliamentary system. The parliament was to be reduced to 150 members. King Constantine II, who had been in self-imposed exile since his failed 13 December 1967 counter-coup,
7659630
Naushehra Pannuan


their homes in the bazaar to move to Pakistan. These homes were taken over by the remaining villagers. One prominent Muslim's home was known to be near the village pond. The bricks and earthworks from this home were used to build a bridge that connects Naushehra and Chaudriwaal. Independence brought new institutions such as Panchayti Raj and Block-based administration. As a result of these new institutions, a steady stream of new developments rolled out. First was the previously mentioned bridge in 1956. This was the same year that senior
11852760
M. Aslam


at the initiative of the FAO of the United Nations. Prof. M. Aslam has rich and varied experience both at national and international levels from his 41 years career in: • Multi-Media in Distance Eduction; • ICT, Communication and Extension; • University Administration; • Rural Development & Panchayti Raj • Distance & Continuing Education; • Training Methodology; Training skills; and • Transactional Analysis Dr Aslam served as consultant/Expert to : FAO and UNDP of the United Nations; EDI of the World Bank; Commonwealth Advisory Services
4379850
Vinod Rai


in modern India. Vinod Rai recommended that all private-public partnerships (PPPs), "Panchayti Raj Institutions" and societies benefiting from government funds should come within the ambit of the CAG. The PPP model is a popular medium for the execution of infrastructure projects worth millions of rupees, and these projects are not audited by the CAG. 60 percent of government spending does not currently come under the scrutiny of the CAG. He is widely credited for the report on issue of Licences and Allocation of 2G Spectrum by United
5821365
Pakistan


Baltistan and Azad Kashmir. The Government of Pakistan exercises the "de facto" jurisdiction over the Frontier Regions and the western parts of the Kashmir Regions, which are organised into the separate political entities Azad Kashmir and Gilgit–Baltistan (formerly Northern Areas). In 2009, the constitutional assignment () awarded the Gilgit–Baltistan a semi-provincial status, giving it self-government. The local government system consists of a three-tier system of districts, tehsils, and union councils, with an elected body at each
3527987
County


Nova Scotia, Ontario, Quebec and Prince Edward Island – are divided into counties. In those older provinces that have a two-tier system of municipal government, the counties constitute the upper tier and local municipalities form the lower tier. In addition to counties, Ontario is also subdivided into territorial districts, district municipalities, metropolitan municipalities, and regional municipalities which are also part of the upper tier. British Columbia is divided into regional districts that form the upper tier. They are subdivided into local municipalities that are partly autonomous,
16105517
Local government in Maharashtra


in Maharashtra, as follows: Smaller urban areas are governed by Municipal councils or Municipal Boards (also called just Municipalities). Municipalities are further subdivided into wards, which may be grouped together into Ward Councils. One or more corporators are elected to represent each ward. There are 226 municipalities in Mahaharashtra. Rural governance in India is based on the Panchayati Raj system. It is a three tier system, with the Zilla Parishad at the district level, Blocks at the middle level and Village Council at the lowest level. It
13100747
Block Pramukh


Block Pramukh (president) are Panchayats at the Apex or District Level in Panchayat Raj Institutions (or PRIs). The 73rd Amendment is about Rural Local Governments (which are also known as Panchayati Raj Institutions or PRIs) The Block Pramukh (president) of Panchayat Samiti (Block) is a tier of the panchayat raj system. It is a rural local government body at the tahsil (taluka) level in India. It works for the villages of the tahsil that together are called a development block. The Panchayat Samiti is
14776392
Nawabganj, Bareilly


Nawabganj ( ) (also spelled as Nawabgunj and Nawabgunge in British Raj) is a Nagar palika and an administrative subdivision (or tehsil or pargana) of Bareilly district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. A Sub Divisional Magistrate (SDM), also called Sub Divisional Officer (SDO), or pargana-adhikari (literally pargana-officer) is the head official. Under the three-tier Panchayat Raj Institution (PRI) system, Nawabganj comes under Bareilly Zila (district) Panchayat (ZP) and is a headquarters
7794194
Pritam Singh (Uttarakhand politician)


Pritam Singh is an Indian politician who is the current President of Uttarakhand Pradesh Congress Committee (Uttarakhand PCC). He is a four term Member of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly. During the Congress government (2002-2007 & 2012-2017) in Uttarakhand he had served as a Cabinet Minister for Home, Rural Development, Food and Civil Supplies, Panchayti Raj and Minor Irrigation in Government of Uttarakhand.He was also elected as a Member of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly in 1993. Singh represents Chakrata (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)
8179003
Politics of Albania


who break the procedures of the chamber or house. When the President is temporarily absent or incapable of exercising its powers, the Chairperson takes over his functions. Albania follows the civil law tradition, which is based on the French law system. It has a three-tiered, independent judicial system governed by the constitution and national legislation enacted by the Parliament. The judicial branch of Albania is divided into three main institutions; the 'Highest Courts', which includes the Supreme Court (Gjykata e Lartë) and the Constitutional Court
18785971
District Councils of India


Zila parishad are Panchayats at Apex or District Level in Panchayat Raj Institutions (or PRIs). The 73rd Amendment is about "Governments (which are also known as Panchayati Raj Institutions or PRIs"') The Zila Panchayat or District Council or Zilla Parishad or District Panchayat , is the third tier of the Panchayati Raj system. Zila Parishad is an elected body. Block Pramukh of Block Panchayat are also represented in Zila Parishad. The members of the State Legislature and the members of the Parliament of India are members of the Zila
13921361
Vettikkavala


that is envisaged in the Panchayati Raj System. The Kollam district is divided into 11 Blocks, 69 Panchayats, 1 Corporation and 4 Municipalities. Vettikkavala is one among the 11 Block Panchayats. It has an executive head who is a Block development officer and an elected Panchayat samiti (block). There are six Grama panchayaths that are included in the block namely Vettikkavala, Melila, Mylam, Kulakkada, Pavithreswaram and Ummannur. Vettikkavala Grama Panchayat includes 21 wards. Vettikkavala is part of Mavelikara (Lok Sabha constituency) and in state
15888798
Comptroller and Auditor General of India


Rome, Italy. In November 2009, the CAG requested the government to amend the 1971 Audit Act to bring all private-public partnerships (PPPs), Panchayti Raj Institutions and societies getting government funds within the ambit of the CAG. The amendment further proposes to enhance CAG's powers to access information under the Audit Act. In the past, almost 30% of the documents demanded by CAG officials have been denied to them. The PPP model has become a favourite mode of executing big infrastructure projects worth millions of rupees and
11504776
Ramesh Inder Singh


science at his alma mater. Later, he worked as a consultant with the World Bank before entering the Indian Administrative Service in 1974 from the West Bengal Cadre. While serving in West Bengal, he was came to Punjab,before positing him as the Deputy Commissioner of Amritsar in 1984.he was posted and work as a Director Rural Development and Panchayti Raj After the completion of the Operation Blue Star, he was absorbed into Punjab cadre and he held several posts such as Principal Secretary to Chief Minister of Punjab, Principal Secretary at the
13957227
Somendra Tomar


Worked as general secretary in "Bhajyumo". Worked as national secretary in "Bhajyumo". Currently working as a chairman of "Panchayti Raj Samiti, Uttar Pradesh" Dr. Somendra Tomar was awarded the Model Youth Legislative Award in the 8th Annual Convention of Indian Students' Parliament organized by M.I.T. World Peace University in Pune, on 19 January 2018. Somendra Tomar arranged multiple social and cultural events at rural and social levels. He also involved in construction of Hanuman temple in Meerut University premises. He was the president of National Gurjar
18807585
E-Panchayat Mission Mode Project


State Ministers of Panchayati Raj. The focus was to implement Part IX (Panchayat) of the Constitution and PESA Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act 1996. During the 7th Round Table meeting, the issue of Information Technology for Panchayats was discussed, and the usage of IT in Panchayats was recommended on several counts. In 2005, the National Advisory Council (NAC) suggested to the Government to take up a "National IT for Panchayati Raj Programme", “which would include setting up a nationally networked/ computerised system including
3393113
Politics of Pakistan


Raj system in India that was introduced by Britain during the colonial era. In the 1890s Britain had become the first nation to adapt the two-tier administrative framework of revolutionary Paris (1790) onto pre-existing parish councils in the urban context (London) and into three tiers in the rural context (county, district, parish councils). In India it was implemented in some regions and not others; and then allowed to lie fallow. It got new life after the very successful West Bengal revival in the 1970s
3792002
Tomohon


are made by local people and profits directly go to the community. CBET itself, is a part of sustainable tourism development, because it is meets the needs of the present tourists and host regions while protecting and enhancing the opportunity for the future. It is envisaged as leading to management of all resources in such a way that economic, social and aesthetic needs can be fulfilled, while maintaining cultural integrity, essential ecological processes, biological diversity and life support systems(World Tourism Organisation in Bhoj Raj K Hanal, 2007)In order for community based
21472720
Westfalenliga


The Westfalenliga ("formerly the ") is the second highest amateur football league in the region of Westphalia which is part of the state of North Rhine-Westphalia and the sixth tier of the German football league system. It operates in two groups which run parallel below the Oberliga Westfalen. Until the introduction of the 3. Liga in 2008 it was the fifth tier of the league system, until the introduction of the Regionalligas in 1994 the fourth tier. The league was formed as a tier-three league under the name Verbandsliga
18650369
Administrative divisions of Portugal


Administratively, Portugal is "de jure" unitary and decentralized state. Nonetheless, operationally, it is highly centralized system with administrative divisions organized into three tiers. The State is organized under the principles of subsidiarity, local government autonomy, and democratic decentralization of the public service. The government structure is based on the 1976 Constitution, adopted after the 1974 Carnation Revolution. In addition to defining the status of the autonomous regions () Azores and Madeira (Articles 225-234), the Constitution specifically identifies the three tiers of government
857320
De divisione naturae


, intellect becomes ideas in Christ, the Word of God, and through Christ returns to the oneness of God from which all the processes of nature began. This "incorporation" in Christ takes place by means of Divine grace in the Church, of which Christ is the invisible head. Thus we distinguish in the divine system beginning, middle and end; but these three are in essence one; the difference is only the consequence of our finite comprehension. We are compelled to envisage this eternal process under the form of time
12733805
Politics of India


, Orissa and Rajasthan from 24 December 1996. The Act aims to provide 3-tier system of Panchayati Raj for all States having population of over 2 million, to hold Panchayat elections regularly every 5 years, to provide reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Women, to appoint State Finance Commission to make recommendations as regards the financial powers of the Panchayats and to constitute District Planning Committee to prepare draft development plan for the district. As with any other democracy, political parties represent different sections among the Indian society and regions
14765302
Part I of the Constitution of India


Parts V, VI and VIII of the constitution respectively. Article 1 mandates a federal structure in which all the citizens of states which are collectively called India (Bharat) shall have at least two tier governance with second tier as locally elected state government. When a union territory is listed in Schedule 1 of the constitution it is part of 'territory of India' but not union of states (i.e. India/ Bharat) and will be governed by the president as per of Part VIII. When the word India or Bharat or union
10530358
Direct Action Day


resulted in the worst communal riots that British India had seen. The Muslim League and the Indian National Congress were the two largest political parties in the Constituent Assembly of India in the 1940s. The Muslim League had demanded, since its 1940 Lahore Resolution, that the Muslim-majority areas of India in the northwest and the east, should be constituted as 'independent states'. The 1946 Cabinet Mission to India for planning of the transfer of power from the British Raj to the Indian leadership proposed a three-tier structure:
14299549
Union Movement


of an organic process of British history", as Britain had united into one nation, and that it was Britain's national destiny to unite the whole continent. He further envisaged a three-tiered system of government headed by an elected European government, to organise defence and the corporatist economy. The continuation of national governments, and a collection of local governments was still seen as necessary, for the sake of independent identities. Mosley's ideas were not as such new, as concepts of a Nation Europa and Eurafrika (the
7796648
Nyaya panchayat


legislation. To draft legislation in this regard a drafting committee, under the chairmanship of Professor Upendra Baxi, has been formed by the Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India. The bill on the issue is proposed to be debated in the winter session of the Indian Parliament. Since a forum for the resolution of disputes with the participation of people in local justice administration is the goal envisaged by Article 39A of the Constitution of India, it is strongly felt by some jurists and social scientists that it is incumbent on the government
11593606
Judiciary of Armenia


. Based on article 7 of the Constitution of the Republic of Armenia, judiciary in Armenia is exercised only by the courts through a three-tier judicial system, with the guarantor of its unrestricted implementation being the Supreme Judicial Council. In its turn, the Constitutional Court of Armenia () is the highest legal body for constitutional review in Armenia. It is a judicial body which is separate and independent from the executive, the legislative and the judiciary. It is responsible for supervising the constitutionality of laws and other legislative instruments.
17266686
Tehsil


as a magistrate. Each taluka will have an office called taluka office or tehsil office or tehsildar office at a designated place within taluka area known as taluka headquarters. Tehsildar is the incharge of taluka office. This is similar to district office or district collector at district level. Throughout India, there is a three-tier local body/Panchayati Raj system within the state. At the top is the jilla/zilla panchayat (parishad). Taluka/Mandal Panchayat is the second layer of this system and below them are the
6522104
Fort William and Mary


32-pounder cannon, being built in 1814. During the Civil War, Fort Constitution was projected to be rebuilt as a three-tiered granite fort under the Third System of US fortifications. However, advances in weaponry, particularly armored, steam-powered warships with heavy rifled guns, rendered the masonry design obsolete before it was finished. The fort's construction was abandoned in 1867 with the Second System fort largely intact and two walls from the Third System built around parts of it. At some point in the Civil War era,
20604828
British Raj


relating to spending of Indian revenues. The Act envisaged a system of "double government" in which the Council ideally served both as a check on excesses in imperial policy-making and as a body of up-to-date expertise on India. However, the Secretary of State also had special emergency powers that allowed him to make unilateral decisions, and, in reality, the Council's expertise was sometimes outdated. From 1858 until 1947, twenty-seven individuals served as Secretary of State for India and directed the India
20440024
Three-tier education


Three-tier education refers to those structures of schooling, which exist in some parts of England, where pupils are taught in three distinct school types. A similar system was trialled in Scotland. In a three-tier authorities children begin their compulsory education in a first school. Sometimes also called a "lower school" (or more simply, primary school), these schools cater for children aged up to an age between 8 and 10, and cover all of Key Stage 1 and the first years of Key Stage 2
11324726
Local bodies in Tamil Nadu


committee suggested the formation of three-tier Panchayati Raj system. From then, there came many legislation to ensure effective system of Local governance in Tamil Nadu. Notable legislative orders to Local Bodies by the centre-state governments include: Developmental administration is the main objective of these local bodies. They are effected by the means of "Urban and Rural local bodies". They are responsible for the implementation of various centrally sponsored, state-funded, and externally aided schemes for provision of basic amenities and other services to the people
15182434
Royal Commission on Local Government in Greater London


. In the absence of consensus, the Commission drew up two criteria by which to guide its recommendations: By following these criteria a two-tier system was envisaged, with a regional authority for "technical" services and smaller local authorities for "personal" services. Many of the deliberations involved trying to find an optimum size for the sub-units of the proposed system. The general agreement of witnesses was that a basic "many-purpose" unit should have a population of between at least 250,000, many favouring a
10075684
Three-tier system (alcohol distribution)


The three-tier system of alcohol distribution is the system for distributing alcoholic beverages set up in the United States after the repeal of Prohibition. The three tiers are importers or producers; distributors; and retailers. The basic structure of the system is that producers can sell their products only to wholesale distributors who then sell to retailers, and only retailers may sell to consumers. Producers include brewers, wine makers, distillers and importers. Some states chose to become alcoholic beverage control jurisdictions after Prohibition. In these states, part or
18501005
Panchayati raj


consisted of wise and respected elders chosen and accepted by the local community. However, there were varying forms of such assemblies. Traditionally, these assemblies settled disputes between individuals and between villages. The leader of the panchayat was often called the mukhiya, sarpanch or pradhan, an elected or generally acknowledged position. The modern panchayati raj of India and its gram panchayats are not to be confused with either the traditional system nor with the extra-constitutional khap panchayats (or caste panchayats) found in parts of northern India. Mahatma Gandhi
1654106
Law of South Korea


the Republic of Korea and the organization of South Korea as an independent state. During the existence of the Republic of Korea, the Constitution has been revised or rewritten several times, the most recent of which was in 1987 at the beginning of the Sixth Republic. The Court Organization Act, which was passed into law on 26 September 1949, officially created a three-tiered, independent judicial system in the Republic of Korea. The revised Constitution of 1987 guaranteed that judges would not be removed from office for any reason other than
21544752
Panchayati raj (India)


, and the system formalized in India in 1992. The Panchayat Raj system was first adopted by the state of Rajasthan in Nagaur district on 2 Oct 1959. During the 1950s and 60s, other state governments adopted this system as laws were passed to establish panchayats in various states. The second state was Andhra Pradesh, while Maharashtra was the ninth state. It also founded backing in the Indian Constitution, with the 73rd amendment in 1992 to accommodate the idea. In the history of Panchayati Raj, in India, on 24 April
15039571
Judiciary of Thailand


) is the largest of the court systems and makes up the majority of courts in the kingdom. The courts as mandated in the constitution consists of three tiers: the court of first instance (ศาลชั้นต้น), the court of appeals (ศาลอุทธรณ์), and the court of last resort, that is, the Supreme Court of Thailand (ศาลฎีกา). The current president of the Supreme Court of Justice is Veerapol Tungsuwan. The administrative court system (ศาลปกครอง) is composed of two tiers: The administrative courts of first instance (
1736266
Baghat


Baghat was a princely state of the British Raj, located in modern-day Himachal Pradesh. It constituted one of the Simla Hill States. It consisted of three separate parts which were almost entirely surrounded by the larger Patiala territory. The largest part comprised approximately , extending eastward from Solan. It incorporated Takroli, Bhocháli and part of the Básál parganas. The two smaller parts comprised about and respectively, and formed the remainder of the Básál pargana. The first capital of the state was Jaunaji historically located at 6 mile from solan
874378
Shropshire


particular suburb, some of which are historic villages or towns (such as Madeley). The parish remains an important sub-division and tier of local government in both unitary authority areas of Shropshire. In 1974 the non-metropolitan county of Shropshire was constituted, covering the entire county. There was a two-tier system of local government, constituting a county council (as the upper tier) and six district councils – Bridgnorth, North Shropshire, Oswestry, Shrewsbury and Atcham, South Shropshire and The Wrekin. In 1998
6589063
Government of Thailand


22 May 2014), the Court of Justice system, the Administrative Court system and the Constitutional Court. The Courts of Justice of Thailand is the largest of the court system and makes up the majority of courts in the kingdom. The courts as mandated in the constitution are composed of three tiers: the Court of First Instance, the Court of Appeals, and the Supreme Court of Justice of Thailand. There are no verbatim transcripts kept by the trial court. The court record is composed of the courts decision. Research judges
3248540
Riverside Community College District


The Riverside Community College District, or RCCD, is the community college district serving Riverside, California, United States, and neighboring cities. It is part of the California Community Colleges System. The California Community College system is a part of the state's three-tier public higher education system, which also includes the University of California system and California State University system. RCCD consists of following: Three two-year, associate's degree-awarding campuses: Three specialized training campuses: Two annex / learning centers: One museum
7999562
Cab Calloway School of the Arts


members graduate. This 100% graduation rate has not been matched as of 2006. The Class of 2005 was also supposed to have been the first class to utilize the three-tiered diploma system, which based diplomas on DSTP scores as part of Ruth Ann Minner's plan to get Delaware up to standard under the No Child Left Behind act. Due to protests by students, parents, and faculty, plans were dropped to implement the three-tiered diploma system with the Class of 2005. The January 2007 issue of "
14288226
Birsa Munda


British Raj—"Abua raj seter jana, maharani raj tundu jana" ("Let the kingdom of the queen be ended and our kingdom be established")—is remembered today in areas of Odisha, Bihar, West Bengal, and Madhya Pradesh. The British colonial system intensified the transformation of the tribal agrarian system into a feudal state. As the tribals with their primitive technology could not generate a surplus, non-tribal peasantry were invited by the chiefs in Chhotanagpur to settle on and cultivate the land. This led to the alienation of the lands held
20727805
Ex parte Young


condemned the decision as a "radical change in our government system" that "would place the states of the Union in a condition of inferiority never dreamed of when the Constitution was adopted or when the Eleventh Amendment was made a part of the supreme law of the land." Harlan also contended that Constitutional rights can be enforced by suits in the state courts, instead of the federal courts. If the state's trial courts did not enforce the Constitution, they could be appealed up to the state supreme court, which could
4660405
Prime Minister of Pakistan


as prime minister following corruption charges against him. On 18 August 2018, Imran Khan was sworn in as the country's 22nd prime minister. The Constitution envisages a scheme of affairs in which the President of Pakistan is the head of state who represents the "unity of the Republic." The system of government in Pakistan is based on codified constitution which sees the Prime Minister as "chief executive of the Republic." In addition, the Prime Minister is also the chairman of the Council of Common Interests as set by:
10022102
British Raj


. It came too from Queen Victoria's proclamation of 1858 in which she had declared, "We hold ourselves bound to the natives of our Indian territories by the same obligation of duty which bind us to all our other subjects." Indians were especially encouraged when Canada was granted dominion status in 1867 and established an autonomous democratic constitution. Lastly, the encouragement came from the work of contemporaneous Oriental scholars like Monier Monier-Williams and Max Müller, who in their works had been presenting ancient India as a great civilisation. Irritation
20440092
Constitution of Australia


until the Parliament otherwise provides"), has been used by the Commonwealth to encourage co-operation by the States to various extents over the years. Section 101 sets up an Inter-State Commission, a body which is now defunct, but which was originally envisaged to have a significant role in the federal structure. Chapter V contains provisions dealing with the States and their role under the federal system. Sections 106–108 preserves the Constitution, powers of the Parliament, and the laws in force of each of the States. Section
12197119
Capcom Fighting All-Stars


player lost one tier, a break moment would occur and then the fight would resume, much like the life system in "Vampire Savior". However the life system was also linked to the power bar: for each tier lost, a character gained an additional level in the Super Combo gauge (at full life, a character only has single-level super combo moves). Super arts were handled in three tiers, each super costing one, two, or three levels to use them. Many parts of the system
17332321
2017 Nepalese local elections


of five years. Elections were supposed to be held on 2002 but were delayed due to the then ongoing Nepal Civil War. With the promulgation of the new constitution in 2015, a three-tier governance system was introduced, with national, provincial and local levels of governance. A Local Body Restructuring Commission was established as required by the constitution under the chairmanship of Balananda Paudel. The commission proposed 719 local structures which was revised to 753 by the government. The new local levels were formed by changing the existing cities and village
125897
Asymmetric federalism


system, wherein the Constitution of India appropriates the subjects on which each tier of government has executive powers. The Constitution uses the Seventh Schedule to delimit the subjects under three categories, namely the Union list, the State list and the Concurrent list. A distinguishing aspect of Indian federalism is that it is asymmetric. Article 370 makes special provisions for the state of Jammu and Kashmir as per its Instrument of Accession. Article 371 makes special provisions for the states of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Goa, Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland and
20697889
Two-tier system


A two-tier system is a type of payroll system in which one group of workers receives lower wages and/or employee benefits than another. The two-tier system of wages is usually established for one of three reasons: A much less common system is the two-tier benefit system, which extends certain benefits to new employees only if they receive a promotion or are hired into the incumbent wage structure. That can be distinguished from traditional benefit structures, which permit employees to access a benefit, such a retirement pension or sabbatical
21806708
Nagar Palika


In India, a municipal council, municipality, Nagar Palika, Nagar Palika Parishad is an urban local body that administers a city of population 100,000 or more. However, there are exceptions to that, as previously Nagar Palikas were constituted in urban centers with populations over 20,000, so all the urban bodies which were previously classified as Nagar Palikas even if their population was under 100,000. Under the Panchayati Raj system. It interacts directly with the state government, though it is administratively part of the district it is located in. Generally
4505713
Dorset


, which covers the majority of the county, and Bournemouth and Poole unitary authorities. Most of the Dorset County Council area operates a two-tier comprehensive system whereby pupils attend a primary school before completing their education at secondary school but Corfe Mullen, Dorchester, Ferndown and West Moors maintain a three-tier system (first, middle and high school). Bournemouth operates a two-tier system; Poole operates two and three-tier systems. Poole and Bournemouth are two of a minority of local authorities in England to maintain
16862569
Constitution of Armenia


from the legislative power of parliament and executive power of the prime minister. As per the Constitution, it is defined with a hierarchical structure headed by the Supreme Judicial Council. Based on article 7 of the Constitution of the Republic of Armenia, judiciary in Armenia is exercised only by the courts through a three-tier judicial system, with the guarantor of its unrestricted implementation being the Supreme Judicial Council. The Constitution sets aside four seats in Parliament for ethnic minorities, one each for Russians, Yezidis, Assyrians and Kurds, respectively
20735436
Twenty-fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India


founding fathers forged this Constitution they were well aware of the social and economic urges in the country. But they were anxious that the progress must be gradual and stable and not revolutionary. That is why they envisaged the rights to be fundamental in Part III subject to reasonable restrictions in public interest. They further enunciated in Part IV the Directive Principles of State Policy which may be translated into reasonable restrictions of the rights in Part III by law from time as conditions justified them. Changes made overnight during national poverty only increase poverty when
6860546
Arab socialism


Arab liberation and unity was the same as fighting for socialism, believing they were two sides of the same coin, The goal of the Arab liberation struggle was to fight imperialism, opposing the ruling classes and to fight for social justice. He further noted that "the social economic question is the issue of prime importance in our life, but it is directly related to the wider issue of nationalism" and "we want socialism to serve our nationalism." The socialism envisaged in the party's constitution of 1947 and in later
11989266
San Diego Community College District


The San Diego Community College District (SDCCD) is a public community college district in San Diego, California. The district is one of the five community college districts in San Diego County; part of the greater California Community College system. Under the California Master Plan for Higher Education, the California Community College system is a part of the state's three-tier public higher education system, which also includes the University of California system and California State University system. The San Diego Community College District consists of three two-year
18029049
Kenneth Boulding's evolutionary perspective


knowledge process is created and expressed." ("Economic Development as an Evolutionary System"). Boulding (1961) (1964) embedded his view of development in a long-term perspective that envisages us as moving from our current "civilized society" to "post-civilized society". The driving force of this movement is science or the culture that supports science. Development of the third world is a critical part of the movement to a "post-civilized society". His "post-civilized society"
16400177
Local self-government in India


governments, while the powers of rural localities have been formalized under the "panchayati raj" system, under the 73rd amendment to the Constitution. For the history of traditional local government in India and South Asia, see panchayati raj. As of 2017, there are a total of 267,428 local government bodies of which 262,771 are rural and 4,657 urban. Of the rural local governments, 632 are zila parishads at the district level, 6,672 are panchayat samitis at the block level, and 255,466 are gram panchayats at the village level.
9211039
Judiciary of Mongolia


The judiciary of Mongolia is made up of a three-tiered court system (first instance, appellate, supreme court) divided into three branches (civil, criminal, administrative cases). For questions of constitutional law there is a separate constitutional court. Besides there are forms of alternative dispute resolution. First instance court types are: The Bayan-Ölgii courts of first instance bear alternative Kazakh names (). Appellate court types are: The highest court in Mongolia is the Supreme Court of Mongolia (), established in 1927
17295474
Grand National Assembly of Turkey


to the people in a referendum, included innovations in many subjects. The 1961 Constitution stipulated a typical parliamentarian system. According to the Constitution, Parliament was bicameral. The legislative power was vested in the House of Representatives and the Senate. while the executive authority was vested in the President and the Council of Ministers. The Constitution envisaged a Constitutional Court. The 1961 Constitution regulated fundamental rights and freedom, including economic and social rights, over a wide spectrum and adopted the principles of a democratic social state and the rule of law
3349641
Municipal governance in India


in urban centers with population over 20,000 so all the urban bodies which were previously classified as Nagar palika were reclassified as Nagar palika even if their population was under 100,000. Under the Panchayati Raj system, it interacts directly with the state government, though it is administratively part of the district it is located in. Generally smaller district cities and bigger towns have a Nagar palika. Nagar palikas are also a form of local self-government, entrusted with some duties and responsibilities, as enshrined and guided upon by the Constitutional (74th
3663634
Three-tier system (alcohol distribution)


functions and are in the business of encouraging social responsibility concerning alcohol. The National Association of Wine Retailers (NAWR) is a group which represents the wine retail industry, advocating the free movement of wine across state lines. They generally oppose the view advocated by the WSWA. A similar use of a three-tier system is enforced for tobacco products in some jurisdictions. In June 2017, tobacco wholesalers proposed that the three-tier system also be imposed for recreational marijuana in Massachusetts. They argued that this would improve tax collection
18501016
Multinational state


the 19th and 20th centuries, and in the aftermath of the difficult 2007–08 Belgian government formation, the Belgian media envisaged a partition of Belgium as a potential solution. There is also a German-speaking minority in the east. Bosnia and Herzegovina is home to three ethnic "constituent peoples": Bosniaks (50.11%), Serbs (30.78%), and Croats (15.43%). The country's political divisions were created by the Dayton Agreement, which recognized a second tier of government comprising two entities: the Federation
15273631
Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution


military ally against communism in the Pacific. There was a desire on the part of the United States occupation forces for Japan to take a more active military role in the struggle against communism during the Cold War. If Article 9 is looked upon as a motion to abolish war as an institution—as envisaged in the 1961 McCloy–Zorin Accords—then the Korean crisis was the first opportunity for another country to second the Japanese motion and embark on the transition toward a true system of collective security under the United Nations. In
16221583
County borough


limited services. The report envisaged the creation of 47 two-tiered "new counties", 21 one-tiered "new counties" and 63 "new county boroughs". The recommendations of the Commission extended to a review of the division of functions between different tiers of local government, and thus fell outside its terms of reference, and its report was not acted upon. The next attempt at reform was by the Local Government Act 1958, which established the Local Government Commission for England and the Local Government Commission for Wales
7087495
Drift City


10,000 or 14,000 mito, and removed the level requirement. However, this comes at a price, as this limits the player's choice of higher-tiered vehicles to those that require coupons to purchase, or those found in the Gotcha system, the aforementioned lottery. This also forces players to buy upgrade kits that require CampusCredits, or buy them at the Parts Shop, to upgrade their vehicles to a higher tier. Players can equip their vehicles with parts to increase the performance. There are three tiers of parts: Normal
6615339
Three-tier system (alcohol distribution)


a method to levy and collect taxes on alcohol producers. Both of these concerns led to the states individually creating environments in which single ownership of all three tiers (production, distribution and retail) was entirely or partly prohibited. As states were left by the 21st Amendment to regulate themselves, alcohol laws and the nature of the three tier system can vary significantly from state to state. States have various exceptions to this rule, the most prevalent one being the case of a brewpub, which is simultaneously a producer and retailer,
18501008
Panchayati raj (India)


Mizoram, and in all Union Territories except Delhi. The Panchayats receive funds from three sources: Mahatma Gandhi advocated Panchayati Raj as the foundation of India's political system, as a decentralized form of government in which each village would be responsible for its own affairs.. Instead, India developed a highly centralized form of government. However, this has been moderated by the delegation of several administrative functions to the local level, empowering elected gram panchayats. There are significant differences between the traditional Panchayati Raj system, that was envisioned by Gandhi
15039570
Cramlington Learning Village


Cramlington Learning Village, formerly Cramlington Community High School, is a large high school with academy status in Cramlington, Northumberland; it is a comprehensive school of around 2100 students. The school became an 11–18 school in September 2008 as part of a local authority reorganisation of education in the town which saw the former three-tier system, of first, middle and high schools, become a two-tier system of primary and secondary schools. The school takes students aged 11 to 18 years, the latter two school years in the
8888468
Education reforms on the Isle of Wight


Education reforms on the Isle of Wight is part of a process to change the Isle of Wight's education from a three-tier system to a two-tier system. The debate as to how this should occur was first started in 2004, lasting until 2008. Three options were put forward at the start of 2008 as to what kind of education system would be best to move forward with. However, as all included the closure of large numbers of island schools, they produced a negative reaction with many local islanders,
21285622
Democracy in Bangladesh


Democracy is one of the four fundamental principles according to the original 1972 Constitution of Bangladesh. Democracy was introduced in the Indian subcontinent region through the arrival of the British Raj and it was based on the Westminster style system practiced in United Kingdom. After the Independence of Bangladesh in 1971, the constitution was formed in 1972. The constitution had four fundamental principles which were democracy, nationalism, secularism, and socialism. On 7 June 1975, the president of Bangladesh Sheikh Mujibur Rahman established a one party state called BKSAL. On 15
4697098
Bhanda Kansara


the village affairs and was deciding almost all matter for the smooth functioning of village life. With introduction of modern local rural self govt the post of Secretary, Pradhan, Dakua etc has been abolished and replaced with Panchayti System with ward member and sarpanch. The Bharat Chandra Mahanta was one of the initial members of the system. Gradually the Village has been developed into two separate Revenue Village namely Bhanda and Kansara the two pivot of Bhanda Grama Panchayat. The centre of attraction in the village is the Jhumar Mandap (mandap is a
3066223
European Nuclear Disarmament


military leaders of East and West. Guilt lies squarely upon both parties. Both parties have adopted menacing postures and committed aggressive actions in different parts of the world. . . Secondly, it argued not just for disarmament (a nuclear-free Europe "from Poland to Portugal”) but also for the destruction of the bloc system that had divided Europe since 1945 – a goal it envisaged being achieved by a novel strategy of “détente from below”: The remedy lies in our own hands . . . We must commence
14325852
Oklahoma State Regents for Higher Education


or higher education program in Title 70 of Oklahoma Statutes. Additionally, the Oklahoma Constitution establishes three Governing Boards of Regents to provide governance various institutions of higher education. As of April, 2018, the current State Regents for Higher Education are: The current Chancellor of the Oklahoma State System of Higher Education is Dr. Glen D. Johnson, Jr.. The Chancellor is the chief executive officer of the State System and is appointed by the State Regents. The State Regents use a three tier classification system to establish a framework for overarching goals
10747492
Judiciary of Poland


Judiciary of Poland is a responsibility, as defined by the constitution of Poland, of a four-tier court system: the Supreme Court of Poland, the common courts, administrative courts (including the Supreme Administrative Court of Poland) and military courts. Therefore, tribunals (such as the Constitutional Tribunal and State Tribunal) are, in a strict definition, not part of Polish judiciary, but in a broad definition, they are included in it. The common courts, divided into appellate courts, district courts and regional courts
5186251