in what years did the early development of the british rail system occur
Eaton v. Boston, Concord & Montreal Rail Road


the colonies and encouraged westward development. The early 19th century's steam-powered boats did for the transportation infrastructure what the railroads would do in the second half of the century. Railroads were expensive, and obtaining funding for a system of interconnected track crossing municipalities and states was challenging. Much investment had developed a canal system in the U.S., which was threatened by more cost-effective transport. As a result, canal companies resisted railroad agreements allowing the construction of rail lines along existing canals. Receiving earlier charters, canals used
11227642
British Rail


) was an experimental tilting high speed train developed by British Rail during the 1970s and early 1980s, for use on the West Coast Main Line, which contained a lot of curves. Notable among numerous technical advancements was the active tilting system, which the APT pioneered and has since appeared on other designs around the world. The InterCity 125 was and is a High Speed Diesel train that is widely credited with saving British Rail and is usually called HST. It was introduced by British Rail in the early 1970s. Under the process
4085093
Ascom B8050 Quickfare


systems developed for British Rail in the early and mid-1980s, both by Ascom Autelca and by other companies. These were classified by British Rail under the general acronym POTIS (Passenger Operated Ticket Issuing System). Illustrations of these early tickets The tickets were printed on simple card stock with no magnetic stripe on the reverse - so data was merely printed on the front, not separately encoded as well. Autelca AG developed the B8011 and B8020 machines from the B100 Agiticket. A wider range of tickets could be purchased from these: a
6199830
Journey planner


. In the 1970s and 1980s, national railway operators such as British Rail, Deutsche Bahn and major metropolitan transit authorities London Transport developed internal systems to manage data for printed timetables and to support operations. National rail operators also developed reservation systems which typically have the ability for ticket offices and retailers to find the trip available between an origin and a destination in order to book a ticket. A separate development of electronic trip planning capabilities occurred in aviation, starting somewhat earlier as part of the evolution of airline reservation systems concerned with managing
17858700
TOPS


Total Operations Processing System, or TOPS, is a computer system for managing the locomotives and rolling stock owned by and/or operated on a rail system. It was originally developed by the American-based Southern Pacific Railroad and was widely sold; it is best known in Britain for its use by British Rail (BR) and its successors. The Southern Pacific Railroad was ahead of the pack in its embracing of technology. In the early 1960s, it developed a computer system called 'Total Operations Processing System', or 'TOPS
11620876
Harrow and Wealdstone rail crash


28% of the consequent deaths) in the previous forty-one years, thereby saving 399 lives, including the 112 at Harrow. British Railways was already developing a system that warned drivers that they were approaching a distant signal at caution, and automatically applied the brakes unless this was acknowledged by the driver. By the time the report had been published a five-year plan had been agreed to install the Automatic warning system on of line. The very occasional failures which have occurred give no grounds for loss of confidence in
358870
British Rail Class 73


overhead wire system. This system was brought into use across Kent between 1959-61. Although successful this system did require considerable extra cost, and maintenance, and still limited freight operations with the new locomotives to only those goods yards fitted with the catenary. So something more versatile was needed. Development and advances in both Electric locomotive and Diesel engine design in the early 1960s resulted in the Southern Region engineers beginning to consider the possibility of a combined electric and diesel locomotive. The requirement was for an electric locomotive with a similar
13320413
Tram and light rail transit systems


Although tram systems date to the late 19th and early 20th centuries, many old systems were closed during the mid-20th century because of the advent of automobile (incl. bus) travel. This was especially the case in North America, but postwar reductions and shutdowns also occurred on British, French and other Western European urban rail networks. However, traditional tramway systems survived, and eventually even began to thrive from the late 20th century onward, some eventually operating as much as when they were first built over a century ago. Their
15744909
Endrim


concentrated in the area to the river's south. It wasn't until the gold discoveries of the 1850s and the establishment of the railways in the 1860s that further development occurred. The decade from 1870 to 1880 signalled the first growth for Parramatta since the end of the convict system in the early 1840s. Whilst the population grew steadily in the 1860s, numbers jumped significantly over the next ten years mainly due to the development of rail and road links and subdivision of large estates. A number of land speculators and builders moved in
2984629
English Electric KDF8


KDF8 was an early British computer built by English Electric as a version of the RCA 501. By producing a software-compatible system, the intention was to reduce time and cost to develop software. However, the lengthy process of developing manufacturing capability meant that the system was soon outpaced by systems from other vendors. Only a few systems were sold during its 5 years of production. Due to the consolidation of the British computer industry, English Electric's computer division became one of the components of what would become ICL. During
17394767
Reliability engineering


How many of these systems still meet function and fulfill the needs after a week of operation? What performance losses occurred? Did full system failure occur? What happens after the end of a one-year warranty period? And what happens after 50 years (a common lifetime for aircraft, trains, nuclear systems, etc.)? That is where "reliability" comes in. These issues are far more complex and can not be controlled only by a standard "quality" (six sigma) way of working. They
15083699
Network Development Plan Metropolitan Rail


similar to other rapid transit systems Some projects listed are planned to be completed in the next decade but are still in their early stages. most details about these projects are still unknown. In October 2018, a Victorian Rail Plan prepared by Transport for Victoria (TFV) was leaked to the press, containing a similar staged approach to the PTV NDMPR. The plan, released during the campaign for that year's state election, caused some controversy, as government policy announcements did not align with the strategic priorities identified in the plan
20690938
Impact of the privatisation of British Rail


major rail crashes occurred in the early years of privatisation including the Southall rail crash (1997), Ladbroke Grove rail crash (1999), Hatfield rail crash (2000) and the Potters Bar rail crash (2002). Since privatisation, the amount of investment has gone up nine-fold, from £698m in 1994–95 to £6.84bn in 2013–14. There is Government investment across the network in speed improvements, electrification, in-cab signalling on the Cambrian Coast Line (paid for by the Welsh Assembly Government)
7695676
New England Quarter


.) Production lasted until 1957, after which the buildings survived for some time before being cleared in 1966 to make way for the largest car park on what was then British Rail's Southern Region. The lower goods yard section towards Trafalgar Street was no longer used by British Rail after the early 1970s, although it did not finally close until 1980. Part of the land was incorporated into the car park, and the rest saw a mixture of uncoordinated uses, such as small office blocks and used car dealerships. Many of
18664064
Cabombaceae


. The family has an extensive fossil record from the Cretaceous with plants that exhibit affinities to either the Cabombaceae or Nymphaceae occurring in the Early Cretaceous. One such likely Cretaceous member is the genus "Pluricarpellatia", found in rocks 115 million years old in what is now Brazil. The APG system of 1998 included this family in the water lily family Nymphaeaceae, as did the APG II system, of 2003 (optionally). The APG III and APG IV systems of classification separated the family Cabombaceae from the family Nymphaceae. The
7282338
Mott, Hay and Anderson


to the Banque de Paris et des Pays-Bas for another unsuccessful scheme. In the early 1970s, the firm capitalised on work funded by British Rail to develop means of calculating the aerodynamic behaviour of high-speed trains in long, complex tunnel systems (the resulting methods are still used today to design tunnels for rail traffic). MHA and French firm SETEC were appointed as joint advisers to the British and French Channel Tunnel Companies, who proposed a workable scheme. Exploratory construction contracts were let, but the British Government abandoned
5172121
Privatisation of British Rail


was merely a mechanism to manage the industry's gradual decline without too heavy a burden on the taxpayer." Contrary to opinion polls, the Conservatives won the election in April 1992 and consequently had to develop a plan to carry out the privatisation before the Railways Bill was published the next year. The management of British Rail strongly advocated privatisation as one entity, a British Rail plc in effect; Cabinet Minister John Redwood "argued for regional companies in charge of track and trains" but Prime Minister John Major did not back his
15414160
Disabled Persons Railcard


were tasked to design and develop the Disabled Persons Railcard. The basic rules of the Railcard were originally jotted down on a beer mat when Tom Libby and Sir Bert Massie had gone for a drink one evening after work. At the time, when the Railcard was in the early stages, Tom Libby and Sir Bert Massie did not know which British Rail department would be dealing with the developments, so they temporarily named it Dept XXX. For many years after the Railcard's launch, applications had to be sent to Dept XXX
15672934
British Rail coach designations


The London, Midland and Scottish Railway and the London and North Eastern Railway developed systems of identifying railway carriages with alphabetic codes. When British Railways was formed in 1948, it adopted the LNER system. The codes are made up from a combination of letters, some of which can indicate more than one word; their meaning can only be determined according to their position in the code or the presence of other letters. The letters are: These letters (except "Y" and "Z") did not usually apply to
12375385
Rail transport


in the form of horse-powered funiculars and wagonways. Modern rail transport commenced with the British development of the steam locomotives in the early 19th century. Thus the railway system in Great Britain is the oldest in the world. Built by George Stephenson and his son Robert's company Robert Stephenson and Company, the "Locomotion" No. 1 is the first steam locomotive to carry passengers on a public rail line, the Stockton and Darlington Railway in 1825. George Stephenson also built the first public inter-city railway line in
6210559
18th-century American piracy of British literature


British novels back to America, reprint them (with the original author’s name in order to escape incrimination, but still using another author's work for their own personal gain), and yet never give the original author any compensation for their work. This system fell into place largely because the nation did not have any real individual literary identity at that point in time. During that period, the United States was still in the early stages of its independent development as a nation and most of what the new American public was
13007507
Tribute (ticket)


Tribute is one of the new generation of ticket issuing systems introduced to ticket offices by British Rail during the mid-1990s, prior to the privatisation of the network. PC-based, it is one of several systems trialled with the aim of replacing the aging APTIS system. The original systems was developed by British Rail Business Systems, and was first installed at London St Pancras on 21 January 1994. By April 2005, around 250 terminals were in use Following privatisation, development and support was provided to the train operating companies (TOCs
10749191
Joint Tactical Information Distribution System


reduce size, weight and cost. In the early 1990s the Navy took over the executive management of the program. As the program has expanded throughout the U.S services and NATO a great deal on operational innovation has occurred driven by the basic flexibility of the architecture and the imagination of the operational user. As a result, the operational utility of the system has been enhanced over what was originally envisioned by the early developers. Although the JTIDS system has been a long time in development most of the technology is still "state of
15763325
Intelligent tutoring system


what it claims to do. This assessment may occur during the design and early development of the system to identify problems and to guide modifications (i.e. formative evaluation). In contrast, the evaluation may occur after the completion of the system to support formal claims about the construction, behaviour of, or outcomes associated with a completed system (i.e. summative evaluation). The great challenge introduced by the lack of evaluation standards resulted in neglecting the evaluation stage in several existing ITS'. Intelligent tutoring systems are less capable than human tutors
20348375
2017 Jerusalem Light Rail stabbing


The 2017 Jerusalem Light Rail stabbing was a stabbing attack and suspected act of terrorism that occurred on Good Friday, 14 April 2017, on Jerusalem Light Rail's car. In the attack, a 20 year old British student was stabbed to death by a Palestinian man. Two others, including a pregnant woman, were injured in the incident. The attacker was arrested and was deemed competent to stand trial. Stabbing attacks were rare in Israel in 2017, although there was a spate of them in the fall of 2015 and early
2171157
Neolithic British Isles


East and China around 8000–6000 BCE, although similar developments later occurred independently in Mesoamerica, Southeast Asia, Africa and India. It was in the Near East that the "most important developments in early farming" occurred in the Levant and the mountains surrounding what is now Syria,(Lebanon) Israel, Jordan, Turkey, Iran and Iraq, areas which already had rich ecological variation that was being exploited by hunter-gatherers in the Late Palaeolithic and Mesolithic periods. Early signs of these hunter-gatherers beginning to harvest, manipulate and grow various
4825887
Urban rail transit in China


Metro only started operating in 1993, it is now the world's longest subway system. Half of the top ten busiest metro systems in the world are in China. As of January 2016, 39 cities have metro systems approved according to the National Development and Reform Commission. China plans to spend 4.7 trillion yuan ($706 billion) on transport infrastructure in the three years following 2016. As of early 2017, China has of under-construction rail transit lines. Several Chinese cities had urban electric tramways in the early 20th
20720003
British Rail locomotive and multiple unit numbering and classification


classification system (e.g. 4SUB, see here) system was also extended to include their diesel-electric multiple units, but with a single letter. Locomotives were given a two-letter code, with the second letter indicating detail differences within the main type. For instance, what were to become Class 33 locomotives from 1973, were Class KA or KB depending on whether they were the standard design or that fitted for push-pull working with 4TC units. In the early period of British Railways, steam locomotion had continued to
7847415
Rail transport in Argentina


Railway, which provoked much anti-British sentiment in the country. By 1910 the network had been monopolised by British companies, owned by large finance firms such as J.S. Morgan & Co. in London. Nevertheless, major development of the Argentine rail network occurred up to this period and the Argentine state also played a large role, financing "ferrocarriles de fomento" (development railways) in rural areas not attractive to private interests, while the Argentine State Railway had a network. By 1914, the Argentine rail network attained significant growth
12349201
Stockholm commuter rail


Railways, but in the late-1960s, the responsibility for these services was transferred to Stockholm County, which incorporated it with the ticketing system of Stockholm Transport. New trains were bought, stations were modernised, and the Stockholm commuter rail network was developed with an aim of making it more metro-like. Originally the system was branded as "SL förortståg" (), and later as "SL lokaltåg" (). Only in the 1980s did the system officially became known as "Stockholms pendeltåg". In its first year
7915815
Andrea Crestadoro


traction by being immersed in the water. Crestadoro was given the task of creating a catalogue for the Manchester Library. He is credited with being the first person to propose that books could be catalogued by using keywords that did not occur in the title of the book. The system was called "keyword in titles", which was first proposed for Manchester libraries in 1864. This system was developed many years later as Key Word in Context (KWIC) by Hans Peter Luhn and was used in early computer based indexing. Crestadoro
19624060
VSS Enterprise crash


" The board found that during years of development and flight tests, engineers at Scaled Composites assumed that any pilot mistakes would occur only in reaction to systems failures, not as the cause of such failures. The Flight Test Data Card for this mission, giving information on the test vehicle and the step-by-step mission plan, called for the feathering system to be unlocked at Mach 1.4, but did not indicate that unlocking early could be a danger. The NTSB investigators also found just one email, from 2010,
5968725
Munroe Street Historic District


. The city of Lynn was first settled in 1629, with significant development not occurring on what is now Munroe Street until the 19th century. The railroad line that Munroe parallels was laid out in 1840, and Market Street was from an earlier date a crossing point for a nearby stream. Munroe Street became an early nexus for Lynn's nascent shoe industry after the railroad arrived, gradually expanding businesses developing their due to the convenient rail access. Although there were at the time some residences on the street, by the late 19th
16498661
Wembley Central rail crash


irregular disturbed vision that occurred three to four times a year without warning. Armstrong said he did not have such an episode when driving a train although he did suffer disturbed vision while driving his car. Armstrong had also suffered from morning headaches which dated back many years which often occurred when getting up. Although the symptoms were dull, never severe and frontal in situation, he slept well but tended to wake in the early hours. He also suffered from bouts of indigestion, which was treated with bicarbonate of soda. Armstrong also
14808135
British Rail locomotive and multiple unit numbering and classification


allocated unit numbers, though in later years numbers were allocated on a regional basis in the Scottish and Western regions, and by individual depots elsewhere. For more details on these series, see British Rail Regional Multiple Unit Numbering. To classify electric stock, a two-letter prefix was used to indicate what type it was, followed by a number issued sequentially from 1. This was a system adapted from that used by the LNER for its electric stock (e.g. EM1, see here). The additional prefixes used were:
7847412
Margaret Calvert


Margaret Vivienne Calvert (born 1936) is a British typographer and graphic designer who, with colleague Jock Kinneir, designed many of the road signs used throughout the United Kingdom, as well as the Transport font used on road signs, the Rail Alphabet font used on the British railway system, and an early version of the signs used in airports. The typeface developed by Calvert and Kinneir was further developed into New Transport and used for the single domain GOV.UK website in the United Kingdom. Born in South Africa, Calvert moved to
4282630
VicRail R type carriage


requiring relatively simple changes to the coupler heights, replacement of the outward-opening doors and a better air conditioning system to suit Australian climate conditions. However, British Rail advised that they could not begin construction of the Victorian cars for a few years due to a backlog of existing orders. Due to the projected delay, in early 1983 Comeng's plant in Dandenong was awarded a contract from VicRail to develop concepts for the proposed country carriages. Reiher's preference for a low centre of gravity inspired the use of a lower carriage
14055671
British Rail Class 86


. Under the earlier BR classification system, the type was given the designation AL6 (meaning the sixth design of AC Locomotive), and locomotives were numbered E3101-E3200. In 1968, this was changed to Class 86, when BR introduced the TOPS classification system. The Class was developed as a result of experience with the earlier prototype Classes 81, 82, 83, 84 and 85, which had been produced by different manufacturers in the early days of the WCML electrification, as testbeds for locomotive development. The AL6 featured design elements
10145266
Privatisation of British Rail


Services in Scotland were operated by ScotRail, and Provincial sector handled local and rural routes. The regional management structure continued in parallel for a few years before it was abolished. Sectorisation was generally regarded within the industry as a great success, and it was to have a considerable effect on the way in which privatisation would be carried out. In 1985 what may in retrospect be viewed as the harbinger of private rail operation occurred when the quarry company Foster Yeoman bought a small number of extremely powerful 3600 hp locomotives from General Motors'
15414153
Saticoy, California


Wells Road for which another map entitled "Town of Saticoy" was filed as a competing subdivision to benefit from the new railroad. Through the 1800s and early 1900s, very little development occurred in West Saticoy but the "Old Town" area flourished as a small center of the region’s citrus, bean and other produce production. Rail passenger service stopped in 1934. The community of West Saticoy did develop a small community just west of the "School Lot" as shown on the map. Saticoy School was built on the
10093340
Rail transport in Argentina


carrying 365 million passengers per year on a network with 83 stations. The network expanded quickly in its early years, but the rate of expansion had slowed by the 1960s, with serious attempts at expansion and modernisation only occurring in recent years. In the city of Córdoba, Argentina, there is a project to build an underground system; the Córdoba Metro, which would make it the second metro system in Argentina. The network will be 33 kilometres long with 26 stations on 3 lines, with a total cost of $1.8
12349245
TOPS


and to use them better. In order to offset the development costs of the system, Southern Pacific sold it to other railroads. A number of American railroads took to the system, as did many others around the world. In the mid to late 1960s, British Rail (BR) was searching around for ways to increase efficiency, and came across the TOPS system in a 1968 presentation by an IBM US Transportation Industry Representative, who shortly after, formed IBM World Trade Corp's Transportation Industry Centre in Brussels (E. Wrathall
11620878
Development of the nervous system


influence neural circuit development and are crucial for laying out early connectivity maps and the continued refinement of synapses which occurs during development. There are two distinct types of neural activity we observe in developing circuits -early spontaneous activity and sensory-evoked activity. Spontaneous activity occurs early during neural circuit development even when sensory input is absent and is observed in many systems such as the developing visual system,auditory system,motor system,hippocampus,cerebellum and neocortex. Experimental techniques such as direct electrophysiological recording, fluorescence imaging using calcium indicators and optogenetic
17011925
History of rail transport in Great Britain 1995 to date


rail travel had experienced a 29% growth in the ten years to 2017/18. The British railway system continues to be developed. Contemporary projects include: "Dates after 2019 are plans, not events, and are subject to extensive revision." * BR Class 73 is an electro-diesel locomotive which allows electrified and non electrified route workings. BR Class 73 and 88 are electro-diesel locomotives which allow both electrified and non electrified route workings. " Details of withdrawn locomotives and rolling stock : See article Withdrawn British Rail stock
205590
Public transport in Sydney


Wales State Plan, the state has Australia's largest public transport system. The network is regulated by Transport for NSW. Sydney's early urban sprawl can be traced in part to the development of its passenger rail network as well as the availability of the automobile as the dominant mode of transport. The first rail services began in 1855, 67 years after the settlement's foundation and a tram network which began in 1861, becoming the Southern Hemisphere's largest by the 1920s. This rail infrastructure allowed working-class suburbs to develop
7026586
Light rail


light rail systems in the United States. Britain began replacing its run-down local railways with light rail in the 1980s, starting with the Tyne and Wear Metro and followed by the Docklands Light Railway (DLR) in London. The historic term light railway was used because it dated from the British Light Railways Act 1896, although the technology used in the DLR system was at the high end of what Americans considered to be "light rail". The trend to light rail in the United Kingdom was firmly established with the
5791779
Kennecott Utah Copper rail line


The Kennecott Utah Copper rail line was an electric railroad in Salt Lake County, Utah. It was managed by the Kennecott Utah Copper Corporation and connected the Bingham Canyon Mine with its smelter at Garfield. The rail line has been replaced by a system of conveyors and a slurry pipeline. Current rail operations by Kennecott Utah Copper LLC only occur in the area of the smelter, on a remnant of what was a vast rail network. The electric rail line replaced the Bingham and Garfield Railway (opened in 1911) in 1948.
16378291
Hugh Murray (York historian)


British Rail, where he became divisional signals and telecommunications engineer at Norwich and later Leeds and ultimately moved to York to spend 14 years as signals engineer for the Eastern Railways region. He continued living in York after retiring in 1988. Murray amassed his own library containing thousands of books and photographs and had an encyclopaedic knowledge of York, came into contact with asbestos during his early career with British Rail. He later moved to managerial roles but developed mesothelioma symptoms last year, almost 25 years after retiring. In 2004, Murray was
15901925
Deedee Corradini


-rail system, and won massive federal funding for reconstruction of the freeway system in advance of the Olympic Games (one of the largest single public works transit projects in recent American history). Corradini became an early advocate for light rail, which debuted on Main Street in the final year of her mayoral run. She helped lay the groundwork for a transportation hub that connects TRAX, FrontRunner commuter trains and buses in what used to be the city's red-light district. In championing the initial TRAX spur, Corradini ran
12491525
MK5000C


The MK5000C is a North American diesel-electric locomotive developed by the rail division of Morrison Knudsen known as MK Rail. At the time of its introduction in 1994, the MK5000C was the most powerful single prime mover diesel-electric locomotive ever made, a title it would hold for only for one year until GE Transportation Systems released its competing AC6000CW model in 1995. In the early 1990s MK Rail, a long time locomotive remanufacturer, announced its plan to compete directly with Electro Motive Division (EMD) and GE Transportation Systems
17766342
Five Points, Denver


performers entertain the crowd. In the early 1990s, Denver's first light rail system connected the downtown business district to Five Points. With the expanded light rail system and the forthcoming train to the Denver International Airport (DIA), residents have better public transportation throughout the metro area. A new transit stop was constructed at 38th and Blake, to provide commuter rail service to DIA by 2015. In 2002, the Denver Housing Authority acquired a 100-year-old horse barn in the Curtis Park neighborhood near Five Points. Developer Andrew
22074456
Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority


of bribery and sentenced to 7 to 10 years in prison. Locke is the only Massachusetts Cabinet Secretary to be convicted of a felony while in office since the state's adoption of the cabinet system in 1970. By 1999, the district was expanded further to 175 cities and towns, adding most that were served by or adjacent to commuter rail lines, though the MBTA did not assume responsibility for local service in those communities adjacent to or served by commuter rail. A turning point in funding occurred in 2000. Prior to July
20423873
Märklin


HAMO and, after buying Trix, under that name. Märklin was among the early model railway companies to introduce a digital train-control system. The Märklin Digital system for Märklin's 3-rail AC train layouts was introduced in 1984 using Motorola microchips. A few years later the system developed jointly by Märklin, Lenz GmbH and Arnold GmbH was introduced for 2-rail DC locomotives. The system was used by Arnold in their N scale locomotives. While the first digital Z locomotives were announced in the late 1990s, the plans were cancelled rapidly
3420193
Manchester, South Junction and Altrincham Railway


for the next twenty years. The Manchester Metrolink is a light rail scheme introduced in the Manchester area in the early 1990s with the aims of reducing traffic congestion by providing modern, attractive public transport options for journeys into the city centre, and offering more convenient interchange between the rail systems north and south of the city. Phase I of Metrolink involved converting the British Rail lines from Victoria to Bury and Piccadilly to Altrincham to light rail operation, and linking the two by a street-running section through the city centre. The
10583456
Hybrid train


planned to be in production early in 2013. Since 1936, a fleet of London Underground battery-electric locomotives have been used for engineering work on the Tube system. These locomotives operate from either third rail, or their battery bank and can be recharged on the move. A Sunday-service operated on the Stourbridge Town Branch Line for a period of two years, using a flywheel-based energy storage system built by Parry People Movers. In 2008, a pair of British Rail Class 139 railcars were ordered to provide full
9318503
History of rail transport in Great Britain 1948–1994


the railways and improved British Rail's finances. British Rail also started development of the world's first tilting train – the Advanced Passenger Train (APT). However, lack of money, political pressure and the launch of the prototype into passenger service before technical problems were fully overcome lead to the project being cancelled in the early 1980s. The major engineering works of BR were split-off into a separate company, British Rail Engineering Limited, in 1970. This was subsequently split further, becoming British Rail Maintenance Limited, whose
205531
Typhoon Vera (1983)


developed a well-defined upper-level circulation. However, further development was slow to occur and the TCFA was re-issued 24 hours later despite Hurricane Hunters suggesting that the storm did not have a low-level circulation. Early on July 12, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) upgraded the system into a tropical depression after Hurricane Hunters indicated that the system had developed a closed wind circulation. Twelve hours later, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) classified the system as a tropical storm, bypassing the tropical
21840186
Remilitarization of the Rhineland


returned to Germany. That the British did not take even their Locarno commitments seriously could be seen in Whitehall's prohibition of the British military chiefs' holding staff talks with German, French and Italian militaries about what to do if a "flagrant violation" of Locarno occurred. In general, for most of the 1920s–30s, British foreign policy was based upon appeasement, under which the international system established by Versailles would be revised in Germany's favor, within limits in order to win German acceptance of that international order, and thereby
11386594
Shere FASTticket


The Atos Worldline FASTticket system is a passenger-operated, self-service railway ticket issuing system, developed by the Guildford-based company Shere Ltd and first introduced on a trial basis in Britain in 1996, shortly after privatisation. It has been developed and upgraded consistently since then, and is now used by seven Train Operating Companies (TOCs) as their primary self-service ticket issuing system. Other TOCs have FASTticket machines at some of their stations, sometimes supplementing other systems. In the last years of British Rail,
10487588
Bristol Supertram


to raise the finances necessary for a light rail system is the introduction of a "tram tax". It has been suggested that Bristol residents would agree to a local tax increase if they fully understood what it would deliver as a result. Tram taxes have been proposed unsuccessfully in a number of regions within the UK for the development of new light rail systems and to provide support for existing ones. With Bristol Council unable to continue with the development of a light rail scheme, they have changed their focus to a Bus Rapid
1706553
Track brake


wheel brake. Early systems used manual force to apply the braking shoes; more recently system have used arrays of electromagnets to hold the shoes against the rail. In some applications, the shoes are applied by powerful springs, and held off by mechanical or electro-magnetic force. The grip of steel wheels on steel rails tends to be less than is the case with rubber tires, though sanding (dropping gritty material on the track) does compensate if wheel slippage occurs. Therefore when light-rail systems or trams share space
4753890
Impact of the privatisation of British Rail


motive. According to Dr David Turner, the expectation that there were considerable costs that could be slashed from the system was not fulfilled; new operators found that BR had already done much of what could be done to improve efficiency. However, the rail companies have still been able to make efficiencies, and since 1997–98 (the first full year of passenger rail franchising), day-to-day industry costs have increasingly been covered by non-government revenues, as industry-generated revenue covered 99% of industry running costs
7695680
Märklin


due to heat dissipation problems in small locomotives. This digital control system was later developed into DCC (Digital Command Control). Märklin's digital system for 3 rail track is not directly compatible with DCC (Digital Command Control) although the systems are electrically compatible and many controllers can work both systems. Today Märklin offers DCC compatible locomotives for its 2-rail DC Trix brand. Over the years, the Märklin marque became valuable to model train collectors, some of the very early models fetching impressive prices at auction. The range of products
3420194
British Rail Class 66


first locomotives were ready in early 1998; the fastest delivery of an all-new locomotive type by GM. The EMD 710 12-cylinder diesel engine is a development of a two-stroke engine used for over 20 years, whilst the EM2000 control equipment is the same as that used on Irish Railways IE 201 Class. EWS reduced the locomotive's time into operation through specifying cab systems laid out like the Class 59, whilst increasing availability with a fuel tank of capacity, compared to on a standard Class 47. The first locomotive
13558050
High-speed rail in Europe


-speed rail systems, British Rail opted instead to develop a train capable of running on existing rail infrastructure: the "Advanced Passenger Train (APT)", with a top speed of . An experimental version, the "APT-E", was tested between 1972 and 1976. It was equipped with a tilting mechanism which allowed the train to tilt into bends to reduce cornering forces on passengers, and was powered by gas turbines (the first to be used on British Rail since the Great Western Railway). The
8647612
InterCity (British Rail)


that meet high quality standards'. The logotype was omitted from some older locomotives that were otherwise carrying InterCity livery, although some locomotives that predominantly worked in Scotland were given a ScotRail logotype. During the privatisation of British Rail, InterCity's services were divided up into several franchises. Initial plans were for the train operating companies to co-operate to continue providing a consistent InterCity network, but disagreements meant this did not occur. Great Western Trains registered the term as a British trademark and applied it to its HSTs, but the
10319367
Development aid


to Britain was the economic crisis that occurred after World War I. Prior to the passage of the 1929 Colonial Development Act, the doctrine that governed Britain (and other European colonizers) with their territories was that of financial self-sufficiency. What this simply meant was that the colonies were responsible for themselves. Britain was not going to use the money that belongs to the metropole to pay for things in the colonies. The colonies did not only have to pay for infrastructural development but they also were responsible for the salaries of British
833811
Thameslink Programme


served by Thameslink services quadrupled after the first year of operation. The success of this initial project encouraged British Rail to develop proposals to extend the network. British Rail proposed to expand and upgrade the original network in the early 1990s, with plans to increase the number of stations served from 50 to 169 and to increase passenger capacity by allowing 12-carriage trains and allowing more trains per hour. In 1994 responsibility for the project, intended to be complete by 2000, was transferred to Railtrack as detailed in the Railways Act 1993. This
7051390
British Rail Class 313


supplies to be carried out from the cab. Following the withdrawal of most first-generation stock, they are the oldest EMUs in regular service on National Rail on the British mainland; the oldest units are now 43 years old. The Class 313 was developed following extensive trials with the prototype Class 445 "PEP" built in the early 1970s. The 313 is similar to the Class 314 (Glasgow), Class 315 (Anglia suburban — east London), Class 507 (Merseyside) and Class 508 (Merseyside, formerly
9728426
British Rail Class D1/1


British Rail Class D1/1 (formerly DY1) was a class of locomotive commissioned by British Rail in England. It was a diesel locomotive in the pre-TOPS period built by the Hunslet Engine Company with a Gardner 6L3 engine. The design was specifically designed to work dockside tramways and was ordered by the Eastern Region of British Railways to carry out this work. Equipped with a wheelbase it could work the tight curves and awkward nooks and crannies of East Anglian dock systems. Early on in their lives the locomotives were initially allocated to
6171218
Tram


about 800 tram systems operating around the world, 10 or so new systems being opened each year, and many being gradually extended. Some of these systems date from the late 19th or early 20th centuries. In the past 20 years their numbers have been augmented by modern tramway or light rail systems in cities that had discarded this form of transport. There have also been some new tram systems in cities that never previously had them. "Tramways with tramcars" (British English) or "street railways with streetcars" (North
12112311
LMS Jubilee Class 5596 Bahamas


shed. This was the engine's first operational base in its preservation years. In the early years of preservation, British Rail did not allow access to the rail network because of a ban on steam locomotives. The ban was lifted in 1971 and "Bahamas" was one of several locomotives selected to run on the national railway network. The locomotive hauled an enthusiasts' special in October 1972. Public demand for such excursions was proved and more excursions were run by preservation groups. "Bahamas" was removed from service in 1973
13189500
Melbourne Metro 2


combination of what was originally envisaged as a two-stage project into a single-stage construction. During this period, the Public Transport Development Authority, trading as Public Transport Victoria (PTV), was established under the state government of Ted Baillieu to coordinate planning for Victoria's public transport services. In 2013, PTV released its Network Development Plan Metropolitan Rail (NDPMR), which presented a 20-year plan in four stages to improve the suburban rail system. The projects suggested by the NDMPR focused both on increasing the capacity of
15667245
Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain


The Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain describes the process which changed the language and culture of most of what became England from Romano-British to Germanic. The Germanic-speakers in Britain, themselves of diverse origins, eventually developed a common cultural identity as Anglo-Saxons. This process occurred from the mid-fifth to early seventh centuries, following the end of Roman rule in Britain around the year 410. The settlement was followed by the establishment of Anglo-Saxon kingdoms in the south and east of Britain, later followed
9461359
Standardized test


using essays written by students. It is because of this, that the first European implementation of standardized testing did not occur in Europe proper, but in British India. Inspired by the Chinese use of standardized testing, in the early 19th century, British "company managers hired and promoted employees based on competitive examinations in order to prevent corruption and favoritism." This practice of standardized testing was later adopted in the late 19th century by the British mainland. The parliamentary debates that ensued made many references to the "Chinese mandarin system
6213726
Dome Creek, British Columbia


that existed from the early 1920s did not connect with any roads beyond the Dome Creek area. Since the promised route southeast to McBride would long await a government survey, willing residents were unable to voluntarily construct such a link. The wheat and oat farmers would have benefited from a threshing machine, but it was too large to transport by rail. Within the gap to northwest of McBride, of disconnected roads existed by the late 1930s. No progress occurred either during or immediately following World War II. A federal politician promised a
19348807
Networker (train)


The Networker is a family of trains which operate on the UK railway system. They were built in the late 1980s and early 1990s by British Rail Engineering Limited (which became part of ABB in the 1990s). The trains were built for the Network SouthEast sector of British Rail, which is where their name comes from. They are all multiple-unit trains. The Networker design was to become effectively the third generation of British Rail multiple units, and was originally intended to become one of the largest families of trains,
15729302
APTIS


APTIS was the Accountancy and Passenger Ticket Issuing System used on the British Rail/National Rail until 2007. It was originally called "Advanced Passenger Ticket Issuing System" as it was being developed at the time of the Advanced Passenger Train. It was widely known as the All-Purpose Ticket-Issuing System, a description which was used during the development of the prototype devices. It led to the introduction, on the national railway, of a new standardised machine-printable ticket, the APTIS ticket, which replaced the Edmondson
12074686
Tilt Authorisation and Speed Supervision


This would include the use of tilting trains on the existing tracks. The tilting train tender was won by Alstom with their Pendolino technology. In the first batch 53 trains were ordered which were delivered between 2001 and 2004 to be introduced as British Rail Class 390. With just three years from the specification to the test trains in August 2000 the British class did not differ heavily from the other Pendolino systems. They had been provided to areas with very different train protection systems before and there was a requirement to include features of the
7459795
Eaton v. Boston, Concord & Montreal Rail Road


the farm. The railroad's development, connecting the U.S. during the late 19th century, did what the steamboat had done to colonize the Louisiana Territory and much of the South at the beginning of the century. Through an intricate canal system funded by local governments, steamboat travel was made possible to much of the southern United States during the 19th century. While the railroad developed its infrastructure, canals continued to be expanded. The first industry in U.S. history to be extensively regulated, the railroad's impact was widespread; the nation
11227633
Rail fastening system


A rail fastening system is a means of fixing rails to railroad ties (North America) or sleepers (British Isles, Australasia, and Africa). The terms "rail anchors", "tie plates", "chairs" and "track fasteners" are used to refer to parts or all of a rail fastening system. Various types of fastening have been used over the years. The earliest wooden rails were fixed to wooden sleepers by pegs through holes in the rail, or by nails. By the 18th century,
9698530
History of rail transport in Russia


rail as they did by highway truck. For the US, it was only 1.5 times as much by rail. Thus trucks in the USSR played a far lesser role in hauling freight than they did in the US, leaving the railroad as the basic means of freight transportation. In 1991 a law was passed which declared that railroads were the basic transportation system of the USSR. Prior to 1990, traffic in the Russian Republic (of the USSR) was about 2/3 of what was hauled by the USSR (since all the
4277312
History of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan


the Fur sultanate. During the co-dominium period, economic development occurred only in the Nile Valley's settled areas. In the first two decades of condominium rule, the British extended telegraph and rail lines to link key points in northern Sudan but services did not reach more remote areas. Port Sudan opened in 1906, replacing Sawakin as the country's principal outlet to the sea. In 1911 the Sudanese government and the private Sudan Plantations Syndicate launched the Gezira Scheme (Gezira is also seen as Jazirah) to provide a source
18994866
History of rail transport in Great Britain 1948–1994


not installation error). Following the Clapham Junction accident and two other fatal accidents in early 1989, British Rail was keen to implement the ATP system across the entire British railway network. However, the then Conservative government, which was preparing the company for privatisation, baulked at the cost (estimated at over £1bn). In the end, two different proprietary systems were trialled, TBL on the Great Western Main Line and SELCAB on the Chiltern Main Line, but neither system was rolled out across the network. Today,
205550
Withdrawn British Rail stock


. It was fortunate that changes in the railway's operation had already occurred before mass orders were placed for electric traction. However, BR had intended to move away from loco-hauled electric trains on the main line as early as the 1970s. The Advanced Passenger Train (APT) was an electric multiple unit design intended to reduce journey times on the WCML by running at speeds of up to 150 mph. The APT used a sophisticated tilting mechanism to allow the coaches to lean into curves, and featured a hydrokinetic braking system
19152715
Hyde Road railway station


of "Project Light Rail", the working title for the development of a new light rail/tram network in Manchester. The event made use of a Docklands Light Railway train on loan from GEC Transportation Projects Ltd, DLR P86 number 11, prior to its introduction onto the fledgling Docklands system in London, and it was the first ever light rail vehicle seen in operation in Manchester. The event was jointly staged by GMPTE, British Rail, British Rail Engineering Limited, GEC, Balfour Beatty and Fairclough Civil Engineering Ltd and
11658192
Catherine Fitzmaurice


the inception of Fitzmaurice Voicework, which continued to grow and expand with the adaptation of Fitzmaurice's discoveries in yoga, shiatsu, and other psychophysical systems. Fitzmaurice cites her "five years spent teaching at Oakland University's Academy of Dramatic Art in Michigan" as her "most fertile time" in the development of the Voicework, a time when she was able to synthesize her diverse interests with "nobody overseeing what [she] did." In her early years in the United States, Fitzmaurice also worked as an actor,
21574592
NATO Accessory Rail


rail and the STANAG 4694 are: Another notable change is the recommendation that while in the Picatinny rail system the V-angles are used for the alignment and reference of the accessory, NATO recommends using the top surface instead. Initial NATO tests had shown that the Picatinny rail system did not provide good repeatability. Using the top surface as a reference and alignment of the grabbers provided excellent repeatability. Further plans are underway to develop a NATO standard to provide electrical power to rail mounted accessories in the future. Currently, Wilcox Industries
11212561
Economic history of Pakistan


it was first shifted temporarily to Rawalpindi in the early sixties and then to Islamabad when the essential development work was completed in 1966. The partition of British India and the emergence of India and Pakistan in 1947 severely disrupted the country's economic system. The united government of Pakistan expanded its cultivated area and some irrigation facilities, but the rural population generally became poorer between 1947 and 1971 because improvements did not keep pace with the rural population increase. Pakistan's five-year plans opted for a development strategy based on industrialization, but
17892928
British electric multiple units


especially in the railway press, that engineering developments in Britain were being overtaken by electrification projects in America and Switzerland. The Preston-based Dick, Kerr & Co. was made responsible for the traction systems and the L&YR built the rolling stock. A 625 V DC four-rail system was adopted, the live rail outside the running rails with a return rail, cross-bonded to the running rails, between them. The two driving motor cars each powered by four 150 hp (110 kW) motors directly controlled from a
13414239
List of rail transport systems using third rail


Third rail railways predominantly operate in urban contexts. Notable exceptions are (or were) mainline electrics of the former Southern Region of British Railways and a few interurban railways in the US. In Europe top contact third rail tends to be limited to early electrified urban railways (the current conductor is normally left naked on top), contrary to North America where it usually has a protecting cover. Considered safe, the covered top contact conductor also appeared at most North American systems built relatively recently. Modern European systems predominantly make use of
1837340
Dayton's Bluff, Saint Paul


names to area streets. The area was separated from the early settlement along the river by a ravine, but inaccessibility did not deter Dayton and a handful of other businessmen who built large and costly houses. Farther to the south, beyond present day I-94 in the Mounds Park area, river-oriented residential development was also occurring. The earliest settlers had views of the growth of the city at the Lower Levee and along East Seventh Street, and could see the building of the rail yards as they stretched along the river and
13044864
Proposed light rail developments for Galway City


Since the early 2000s, a number of proposals have been made by politicians and interest groups in Galway to introduce a light rail system in the city. No light rail proposal for the city has received any government support to date. The Corrib Light Rail was the name given to a light rail proposal made in 2006. Gluas (the Irish word for "movement", and a pun on "Galway" + "Luas") is a proposed tram or light rail system for Galway city, similar to the Luas found
4176930
Rail Express Systems


Rail Express Systems was a sector of British Rail. Upon the sectorisation of British Rail during the 1980s, the Parcels Sector was created. In 1991, this was re-branded as Rail Express Systems. This sector of British Rail was responsible for transport of mail and parcels traffic, including the Travelling Post Office trains, as well as taking over the charter operations from Intercity. The Rail Express Systems launch event was held at Crewe Diesel Depot in October 1991. For this event, examples of Class 08, 47, 86
1748087
Mersey Railway


plant equipment. A power station was built at the Shore Road pumping station and was designed to accommodate the extension of electrification to the Wirral Railway, although that did not occur until 1938. The conductor rails were fed direct, without any distribution. Four-rail 600 V DC electrification was installed, with the positive outer rail set from the running rail. The new electric multiple units, initially marshalled as 2-car or 4-car sets, had British-built wooden bodies on US bogies. 24 motor cars and 33 trailer cars were
414397
Aarhus Letbane


Aarhus Letbane is the only operational light rail system in Denmark. Light rail systems are planned or under construction in both Odense and Greater Copenhagen. The development of a light rail system around Aarhus, the second biggest city in Denmark, was originally proposed as early as 2006. In response to rising interest in the concept, during January 2009, the Danish Parliament granted an allocation of DKK500 million ($85 million) to support the light rail project as part of a wider green transport package. During October 2010, work commenced
20934283
John Barraclough Fell


Italy in the 1850s. Fell helped construct several early Italian lines, including the Central of Italy, the Meremma, and the Genoa and Voltre. He frequently crossed Mont Cenis, between Italy and France, by road, and this reportedly inspired him to create his Fell Centre-Rail System. The Fell Centre-Rail System tackled the problem of trains climbing and descending steep gradients, which was often necessary until improvements in tunnelling were developed. In Fell's system, a third rail was run between the two rails of the
3219254
Monorail


Great Yarmouth, and Blackpool, UK from 1896. Early designs used a double-flanged single metal rail alternative to the double rail of conventional railways, both guiding and supporting the monorail car. A surviving suspended version is the oldest still in service system: the Wuppertal monorail in Germany. Also in the early 1900s, Gyro monorails with cars gyroscopically balanced on top of a single rail were tested, but never developed beyond the prototype stage. The Ewing System, used in the Patiala State Monorail Trainways in Punjab, India,
547627
Education World Forum


system challenges they face, the solutions they have found, the learning that has occurred and the successes they have achieved. The theme of the 2019 event was 'what we do with what we know'. Leaders from global and international organisations including UNESCO, the World Bank, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and the British Council and the Commonwealth, as well as international corporations and sponsors with a focus on education and technology joined the participating Ministers of Education. During the event, the Rt Hon Damian Hinds
10461881
Tornadoes in the United States


If a tornado causes no damage because it did not occur in a populated area, it is always classed as EF0. An EF5 tornado has winds over 200 MPH (322 KPH) and can totally destroy reinforced concrete structures, even throwing rail cars a considerable distance. Until recently there was little hope of forecasting these systems. Meteorologists could identify those conditions that were likely to produce severe weather and generate a watch. If a tornado was spotted a warning was issued. More recently Doppler radar allows investigators to see a circulation develop
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