4. highlight three of the basic sources of international law
Rule of Law in Armed Conflicts Project


terms, is particular to the RULAC Project. The RULAC Project should prove to be a precious source of information for government officials, journalists and more widely for any person interested by the respect of the law in war. The first three Geneva Conventions were revised, expanded, and replaced, and the fourth one was added, in 1949. In addition, there are three additional amendment protocols to the Geneva Convention: ICRC, What is International Humanitarian Law?, Fact Sheet, 2004. ICRC, Basic Rules of the 1949
15113608
Historical Clarification Commission


Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparations for Victims of Violation of International Human Rights and Humanitarian Law" (E/CN.4/Sub2/1996/17). Throughout the recommendations the CEH highlights the need for indigenous political participation. The Guatemalan army was opposed to many human rights aspects of the 1996 Peace Accords including the creation and work of the CEH. They argued that these tools were to be used by the insurgency groups to garner political support and military strength. However, support for human rights focused accords and commissions
15097977
Iranian labor law


Iranian labor law describes the rules of employment in Iran. As a still developing country, Iran is considerably behind by international standards. It has failed to ratify the two basic Conventions of the International Labour Organization on freedom of association and collective bargaining, and one on abolition of child labor. Countries such as the US and India have also failed to ratify many of these Conventions and a mere 14 other Conventions, only 2 since the Islamic Revolution. The basic sources of Iranian labor law are, The first constitution of Iran,
12848075
Law of the Dominican Republic


the generality of cases involving corporations in the Dominican Republic first priority is given the basic principles contained in the Dominican Commercial Code enacted on the July 4, 1882. Dominican Commercial Law, whose direct and main source is the Commercial Code, has as subsidiary sources, the Civil Code and the trade customs. Many consider that Article 18 of the Dominican Commercial Code is the text that legitimates the Civil Law as an important source of the Commercial Law. However, there are important stipulations of the Civil Code that evidence the interdependence of
8263860
Burak Akçapar


facets of the states of peace and war, international law responds to this challenge basically on two fronts First, there is the effort to create law more rapidly and effectively. Thus, new types of sources of obligation and methods for creating them make their debut, and take their place in the international legal order alongside the more traditional ones? Secondly, new subject-areas concerning international law make a showing in international relations, such as environmental law. This development conforms to the meaning of Article 13 of the UN Charter which
95431
Hong Kong Basic Law


The Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China is the constitution of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and a national law of the People's Republic of China. Comprising nine chapters, 160 articles and three annexes, the Basic Law was adopted on 4 April 1990 by the Seventh National People's Congress and signed by President Yang Shangkun. The Basic Law came into effect on 1 July 1997 in Hong Kong when the sovereignty over Hong Kong was transferred from the United Kingdom to the People
5176071
Zilog SCC


three sources. For basic RS-232-style communications, the SCC included an internal 300 Hz clock that could be multiplied by 1, 16, 32 to 64, providing data rates between 300 and 19,200 bit/s. Alternately, it could use the clock on the bus as provided by the host platform, and then divide that clock by 4, 8, 16 or 32 (the later two only in the original NMOS implementation). When used on a machine running at the common 8 MHz clock, this allowed for rates as
22045360
Australian Guide to Legal Citation


coverage of international legal materials was limited to Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, the United States and some other basic international sources. It also had two appendices: commonly used abbreviations and a table of law reports. It also featured a concise "Quick Reference Guide". It was "comprehensive and easy to use". The second edition ("AGLC2") in 2002 expanded its rules to include more sources: transcripts (court, television, and radio), explanatory memoranda to legislation, translations, parliamentary
20835242
Hong Kong Basic Law


or legislature and declare them invalid if they are inconsistent with the Basic Law. The source of authority for the Basic Law is disputed. Chinese legal scholar Rao Geping argues that the Basic Law is a purely domestic legislation deriving its authority from the Constitution of the People's Republic of China, while some legal scholars arguing that the Basic Law derives its authority directly from the Sino-British Joint Declaration. The argument is relevant in that it affects the level of authority that the PRC has in making any changes to the Basic Law
5176074
Source-code editor


features such as syntax highlighting, validation, and code formatting are easily and efficiently implemented from the concrete syntax tree or abstract syntax tree, but editing is often more rigid than free-form text. Structure editors also require extensive support for each language, and thus are harder to extend to new languages than text editors, where basic support only requires supporting syntax highlighting or indentation. For this reason, strict structure editors are not popular for source code editing, though some IDEs provide similar functionality. A source-code editor can
11441174
Sources of international law


"[o]ne of the basic principles governing the creation and performance of legal obligations". Similarly, there have been frequent references to equity. It is generally agreed that equity cannot be employed to subvert legal rules (that is, operate "contra legem"). This "equity as law" perception is reinforced by references to equitable principles in the text of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982, though this may be little more than an admission as to the existence, and legitimation, of
7337822
States of Germany


was to be changed (paragraph 3). The proposal should not take effect if within any of the affected territories a majority rejected the change. In this case, the bill had to be introduced again and after passing had to be confirmed by referendum in the Federal Republic as a whole (paragraph 4). The reorganization should be completed within three years after the Basic Law had come into force (paragraph 6). In their letter to Konrad Adenauer, the three western military governors approved the Basic Law but suspended Article
3321423
Sources of international law


) is a custom, not a treaty. Certainly, judicial decisions and juristic writings are regarded as auxiliary sources of international law, whereas it is unclear whether the general principles of law recognized by 'civilized nations' should be recognized as a principal or auxiliary source of international law. Nevertheless, treaty, custom, and general principles of law are generally recognized as primary sources of international law. Treaties and conventions are the persuasive source of international law and are considered "hard law." Treaties can play the role of contracts
7337801
South Korean National Bar Examination


limit their qualifications under sections 6 and 17 of the Judicial Test Act and those who are not stoppers. In the first test, one of the three basic laws and optional subjects of the Constitution, the Criminal Law and the Civil Code (A), the International Labor Law, the International Trade Law and the International Bar Code (B) is the Law. Many of them choose the A bundle, and few choose B. The first test is a multiple-choice test, which requires solving 40 questions per subject for
13576776
LGBT rights in Montserrat


3(7) of the "Caribbean Territories (Criminal Law) Order, 2000". According to section 4 of the order, the law was passed retrospectively. There are two exceptions to the law: group sex and sex in public remain criminal offences and may also lead to charges under gross indecency and other minor sexual offence laws. As a British Overseas Territory, Montserrat is required to comply with its obligations under international human rights instruments. Specifically, this includes an adherence to the European Convention on Human Rights, which highlights a
2780029
Victor Mallet visa controversy


does not support independence for Hong Kong. It said that the incident: “highlight[s] Beijing's tightening grip on the territory and the steady erosion of basic rights that are guaranteed in Hong Kong's laws and international agreements". On demanding a full explanation from the Hong Kong authorities for the extraordinary, extremely rare, if not unprecedented move, the FCC initiated a petition in October asking the government to provide a full explanation for the visa refusal. Furthermore, 19 former FCC presidents signed a letter to the Chief Executive in
13881522
Segun Jegede


Segun Jegede is an international lawyer from Nigeria who has practiced law for over three decades at domestic and international level. A prolific writer and author, Jegede’s career highlights comprise his extensive work of over 13 years at the United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (UNICTR), and advocacy work in international criminal law through the Legal Watch and Human Rights Initiative, a registered non-profit organization he co-founded. His work at the UNICTR mainly revolved around the investigation and prosecution of some of the known masterminds of the
10221164
Hong Kong Basic Law


Article 104 of the Basic Law. As interpretations by the NPCSC are not retroactive, an interpretation on the Basic Law does not affect cases that have already been adjudicated. The basic principles for interpreting the Basic Law are described in Article 158 and case law. According to Article 158(1), the NPCSC holds the power of final interpretation. This is consistent with the NPCSC's general power to interpret Chinese national laws as provided by Article 67(4) of the Constitution of the People's Republic of China. Before interpreting the Basic Law
5176081
International commercial law


Trade Organization supersedes the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) as the organisation dealing with international trade; and provides a common institutional framework for trade relations between contracting parties. It represents a crucial aspect of international commercial law through its objectives of facilitating global trade flow; liberalising trade barriers; and providing an effective dispute settlement mechanism. Major functions of the WTO include to: GATT 1994 is incorporated into the WTO Agreement, and contains three important basic principles in the context of international commercial law: Most-favoured nation principle
4372671
City proper


that "city proper as defined by administrative boundaries may not include suburban areas where an important proportion of the population working or studying in the city lives." In demography, city proper is one of the three basic concepts used to define urban areas and populations. The other two are urban agglomeration, and the metropolitan area. In addition, there are Census Statistical Areas and permutations thereof. A United Nations University working paper titled "Urban Settlement" reviews the most commonly used data sources, and highlights the difficulties inherent in defining
8681697
Women in international law


Despite this, there is no mechanism to ‘carry those experiences across into the formal peace negotiations’. Syrian women have begun to remedy this themselves. On 6 January 2014, the Syrian Women’s Charter was created in Damascus, advocating an end to violence and highlighting the need for Syrian unity to create a "future Syrian state that will honour its citizens their basic human rights." They have made "practical proposals for what civil society participation could look like" and have worked together despite political affiliations and personal differences.
11234523
Constitutional Court of Armenia


of the rule of law, guaranteeing the basic human rights and freedoms, for ensuring the complete balancing of powers and increasing the efficiency of public administration. Having analyzed the historic process of constitutional developments in the Republic of Armenia within the framework of systemic integrity, as well as its key peculiarities and the existing problems, the Specialized Commission on Constitutional Reforms considers it necessary to highlight the following main stages in terms of conceptual approaches. In view of the international constitutional developments and the Armenian constitutional culture, we have still not found safeguards
7709515
International child abduction in Mexico


countries in adhering to the Hague Convention on International Child Abduction, Congress enacted an annual reporting requirement obligating the State Department to publish a detailed annual report on the reliability and effectiveness of the Convention in protecting and securing the return of abducted American children in foreign countries hoping that the law would make available a unique and vitally important source of information to parents, courts, governments and attorneys worldwide. These reports are known as the Hague Abduction Convention Compliance Reports or simply Compliance Reports. These reports highlight countries of particular concern in that they
3744631
International law


commentaries and compilations of Roman, ecclesiastical, and feudal law, thus creating an organised source of law that could be referenced by different nations. The most famous contributor from the region, Alberico Gentili (1552–1608), is considered a founder of international law, authoring one of the earliest works on the subject, "De Legationibus Libri Tres", in 1585. He wrote several more books on various issues in international law, notably "De jure belli libri tres" ("Three Books on the Law of War")
3785258
Leung Chun-ying–UGL agreement


said it was not enough for Leung as the Chief Executive was already paid for such duty. Ho questioned whether Leung had declared such interest to the Chief Justice of the Court of Final Appeal as required by Article 47(2) of the Basic Law. Leung Chun-ying issued a statement on the same day, highlighting that the £4 million (HK$50 million) payments arose from his "resignation from DTZ, not any future service to be provided by him". Moreover, as he had already resigned from the ExCo well
6441952
Jewish prayer


a takkanah of the Anshei Knesset HaGedola ("The Men of the Great Assembly"). The Oral law, according to the Talmud Bavli (tractate Berachoth 26b) gives two reasons why there are three basic prayers: The Oral Torah, according to the Talmud yerushalmi (tractate Berachoth 4) states why there are three basic "tefillot" ("prayers") and who instituted them: Additional references in the Hebrew Bible have been interpreted to suggest that King David and the prophet Daniel prayed three times a day. In
16336348
Basic Laws of Israel


jure parliamentary supremacy, and can pass any law by a simple majority, even one that might arguably conflict with a Basic Laws of Israel, unless the basic law has specific conditions for its modification. Basic laws including specific conditions include article 4 of the Basic Law of the Knesset, on the system of electing the Knesset members, can only be amended by a majority of 61 of the 120 Knesset members; article 44, which prevents the amendment of the law by means of the Emergency Regulation, can only be amended by
17200215
International Men's Day


in "The Six Pillars of International Men's Day", include focusing on men's and boys' health, improving gender relations, promoting gender equality, and highlighting male role models. It is an occasion to highlight discrimination against men and boys and to celebrate their achievements and contributions, in particular for their contributions to community, family, marriage, and child care. The broader and ultimate aim of the event is to promote basic humanitarian values. International Men's Day is celebrated in over 80 countries, on 19 November
19280245
Sources of international law


resolutions as indicative of customary international law. Article 38(1)(d) of the "International Court of Justice Statute" states that the 'teachings of the most highly qualified publicists of the various nations' are also among the 'subsidiary means for the determination of the rules of law'. The scholarly works of prominent jurists are not sources of international law but are essential in developing the rules that are sourced in treaties, custom and the general principles of law. This is accepted practice in the interpretation of international law and was utilized by
7337826
Saudi Arabia–United States relations


Saudi law enforcement officials were successfully able to stop and prevent terrorist activities. Also, they were successful in finding the source of terrorist financing. The international abduction of American children to Saudi Arabia provoked sustained criticism and resulted in a Congressional hearing in 2002 where parents of children held in Saudi Arabia gave impassioned testimony related to the abduction of their children. Washington-based "Insight" ran a series of articles on international abduction during the same period highlighting Saudi Arabia a number of times. According to a 2009 U.S. State Department communication
5353577
International criminal law


a subset of international law. As such, its sources are the same as those that comprise international law. The classical enumeration of those sources is in Article 38(1) of the 1946 Statute of the International Court of Justice and comprise: treaties, customary international law, general principles of law (and as a subsidiary measure judicial decisions and the most highly qualified juristic writings). The Rome Statute governing the International Criminal Court contains an analogous, though not identical, set of sources that the court may rely on. The prosecution
8130069
Ievgen Streltsov


a founder and a leader of the scientific school (sector) "Basic Institutions and Trends of the Development of Legislation in the Area of Criminal Law". He was a member of editorial boards for three Ukrainian and one foreign professional journals. Participated in internship projects at : the Office of International Criminal Justice (USA);the Institute of Constitutional And Legislative Policy (Hungary); the Institute of State and Law Named After Koretskiy (Ukraine); the Max Planck Institute for Foreign and International Criminal Law (Germany). He was also
4423417
Basic Law: Freedom of Occupation


Knesset. A provision of a law that violates freedom of occupation shall be of effect, even though not in accordance with section 4, if it has been included in a law passed by a majority of the members of the Knesset, which expressly states that it shall be of effect, notwithstanding the provisions of this Basic Law; such law shall expire four years from its commencement unless a shorter duration has been stated therein. Basic Law: Freedom of Occupation** is hereby repealed. ** This Basic Law: Freedom
3943135
European History Network


analyse different periods and spaces of European and European Union history. This will require competences in finding, classifying and using critically sources of information appropriate to the historical time period, geographical space or phenomena analysed. Students should have at least a basic knowledge of the methodology of related disciplines and an ability to use this interdisciplinary methodological arsenal (e.g. International Relations theories, security studies, comparative political sociology and political science theory). Learners should be able to combine sources of different kinds (e.g. treaties, European Union law, the acquis
19371640
German Reich


, could never be accorded by the organs of the Federal Republic full recognition as a state in international law; even though the Federal Constitutional Court recognised that, within international law, the GDR was indeed an independent sovereign state. The constitutional status of the GDR under the Basic Law still differed from that of the "Länder" of the Federal Republic, in that the GDR had not declared its accession to the Basic Law; but the Constitutional Court maintained that the Basic Treaty was consistent with the GDR declaring its accession at some
4649324
Grace Poe


sees it as a source of corruption, which has been proven by various cases connected to families of a political status. Poe has repeatedly said in public statements and speeches her opposition to China's territorial aggression and land grabbing in the West Philippine Sea. She is in favor of having a diplomatic battle with China under United Nations specifications and international law. She also wants a unified ASEAN to combat China's aggression. Poe is in favor of the passage of the Bangsamoro Basic Law, stating it is key to peace and stability
11579094
Customary international law


Customary international law is an aspect of international law involving the principle of custom. Along with general principles of law and treaties, custom is considered by the International Court of Justice, jurists, the United Nations, and its member states to be among the primary sources of international law. Many governments accept in principle the existence of customary international law, although there are differing opinions as to what rules are contained in it. In 1950, the International Law Commission listed the following sources as forms of evidence to customary international law:
1028278
Handover of Hong Kong


Law was formally promulgated on 4 April 1990 by the NPC, together with the designs for the flag and emblem of the HKSAR. Some members of the Basic Law drafting committee were ousted by Beijing following 4 June 1989 Tiananmen Square protests, after voicing views supporting the student protestors. The Basic Law was said to be a mini-constitution drafted with the participation of Hong Kong people. The political system had been the most controversial issue in the drafting of the Basic Law. The special issue sub-group adopted the political model
6246755
Sources of international law


International law also known as "law of nations" is the name of a body of rules which regulate the conduct of sovereign states in their relations with one another. Sources of international law include treaties, international customs, general principles of law as recognized by civilized nations, the decisions of national and lower courts, and scholarly writings. They are the materials and processes out of which the rules and principles regulating the international community are developed. They have been influenced by a range of political and legal theories. The sources of
7337797
CMS (law firm)


but remain independent businesses. The acronym's letters derive from two of the founding firms, Cameron McKenna and Sigle (now CMS Hasche Sigle). The EEIG is organised and managed centrally by an executive committee based in Frankfurt, Germany. In 2017, CMS was ranked as the law firm with the most FTSE 100 clients, jointly with Slaughter and May. CMS's expertise is acknowledged in different fields by international rankings. In Chambers & Partners Europe 2018, the following practices are highlighted: "Banking & Finances" (Band 4
18842836
Scandinavian law


does not have a court to try constitutional matters, laws can be declared unconstitutional and void by the judgment of the Supreme Court of Denmark. Iceland has a civil law system and therefore its main sources of law include the Constitution, statutory legislation and regulatory statutes. Complementing sources include precedent and customary laws followed by Scandinavia. The most recent Constitution of Iceland is of 1999. It is regarded as the supreme law of Iceland and highlights the leadership structures of the country and preserves the human rights of its citizens. Apart from the
11345672
Hong Kong Basic Law


not be extended to Hong Kong. Instead, Hong Kong would continue its capitalist system and way of life for 50 years after 1997. The Hong Kong Basic Law sets out the sources of law, the relationship between the Hong Kong SAR and the Central Government, the fundamental rights and freedoms of Hong Kong residents, and the structure and functions of the branches of local government, and it provides for the amendment and interpretation of the Basic Law. The courts of Hong Kong are given the power to review acts of the executive
5176073
Environmental law


, urban pollution by everyday life, loss of accessible natural environment in urban areas and degrading environmental protection capacity in forests and farmlands.” The three basic environmental principles that the Basic Environmental Law follows are “the blessings of the environment should be enjoyed by the present generation and succeeded to the future generations, a sustainable society should be created where environmental loads by human activities are minimized, and Japan should contribute actively to global environmental conservation through international cooperation.” From these principles, the Japanese government have established policies such as “
9965469
Law of the Netherlands


regulates the operation of the various levels of government and the way persons and legal entities can appeal decisions of the government. The basics of Dutch administrative law were overhauled completely in 1994 with the advent of the new Basic Administrative Law (Dutch: "Algemene Wet Bestuursrecht")... European law deals with the influence of laws and regulations of the European Union in the laws of the Netherlands. International law (a.k.a. the law of nations) involves the application of international laws (mostly laid down in treaties) in the Netherlands
18641646
Language policy in Latvia


universities has to be in Latvian only since 1999 (it had to be basically in Latvian since the second year, according to 1992 Law on Languages, Section 11). In fact, there still exist programmes with education in English for foreigners (Riga Technical University) or according to special laws (Riga Graduate School of Law). There is a demand for tertiary education in Russian, too: it is used, for example, at the Baltic International Academy. On July 4, 2018 Vējonis promulgated a controversial bill proposed
7891758
Human rights in Malaysia


The situation of human rights in Malaysia is controversial as there have been numerous allegations of human rights abuses in the country. Human rights groups and foreign governments are generally critical of the Malaysian government and the Royal Malaysian Police. Preventive detention laws such as the Internal Security Act and the Emergency (Public Order and Prevention of Crime) Ordinance 1969 allow for detention without trial or charge and as such are a source of concern for human rights organisations like SUARAM. Several Malaysian laws are used to restrict basic human rights. Recent sweeping changes
12878754
2015 Malaysian federal budget


The Malaysian federal budget for 2015 fiscal year was presented to the Dewan Rakyat by Prime Minister and Minister of Finance, Najib Razak on Friday, 10 October 2014. Following are the highlights of the 2015 Budget themed, “BUDGET 2015: PEOPLE ECONOMY”, which was tabled by Prime Minister Najib Razak in Parliament. Official sources Official sources These tables are in million MYR. Official sources These tables are in million MYR. The budget for the 2015 fiscal year (also demonstrating the basic budget structure) can be found below.
2851662
Pe (text editor)


Pe, short for Programmer’s Editor, is an open source text editor for the Be Operating System (BeOS), Haiku and other BeOS-like operating systems. It is targeted towards source-code editing, and features syntax highlighting for a large number of programming languages. It also works as a basic source-level HTML editor, with some HTML auto-completion support, automatic updating of files included within other files, and direct FTP integration. It is conceptually based on the Macintosh Programmer's Workshop and BBEdit,
4915809
The Lesser Evil: Political Ethics in an Age of Terror


Evil" was reviewed in "The New York Times" and "Times Higher Education" in 2004, in "Ethics & International Affairs" in 2005, and in the "Michigan Law Review" in 2006. Jedediah Purdy highlights what he sees as two of the principal sources of Ignatieff's approach - the jurisprudence of the Scottish Enlightenment thinkers such as Adam Smith and the work of Isaiah Berlin. These give Ignatieff's work a sense of the moral life as a product of the passions rather than a strict Platonic/Kantian
7551577
Legal system of Macau


and due to the Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration on the Question of Macau (an international treaty that is officially deposited at the UN) and with article 31 of the Constitution of the PRC. Within Macau, the Basic Law has constitutional rank. The Basic Law of Macau is modelled upon the Basic Law of Hong Kong, although it is not totally equal, as it namely is influenced by the Portuguese Constitution in some points as, for example, in some norms concerning fundamental rights. The International Covenant on Civil and Political
20974474
Eternity clause


functions bound by the law. These are "the basic principles" of the democratic rule of law (German: "Rechtsstaat") and the separation of powers, which are principles endorsed by three United Nations resolutions. The Greek eternity clause is Article 110 of the Greek Constitution. This article states that every article of the Constitution can be revised by the Parliament, with the exception of the fundamental ones, which establish Greece as a parliamentary republic and those of articles 2 paragraph 1, article 4 paragraphs 1, 4 and
10543430
Tallinn Law School


Tallinn Law School (TLS) () is one of the departments of Faculty of Social Sciences of Tallinn University of Technology and one of three law schools operating in Estonia. Although the law school offers basic education in all areas of law, it is focused in research and specialised studies in European law, public law and technology law. TLS consists of four structural units: Chair of Public Law, Chair of Law & Technology and Jean Monnet Chair of European Law and Human Rights Centre. Initially founded within Concordia International University Estonia
7483612
Child sacrifice in Uganda


and Peoples' Rights. Several articles within this charter set out clear obligations to protect human rights. In particular Article 4 and 5 protect everyone's right to life and freedom from bad and cruel treatment. Article 18 specifically identifies the protection for children. This international instrument works to promote and protect basic human freedoms and human rights throughout Africa. Uganda is obliged to fulfill these expectations by continuously establishing state mechanisms to prevent tragedies like child sacrifice. The issue of child sacrifice in Uganda has been highlighted in the media over the past
18801829
Larry Catá Backer


Governance Through Private Global Investment "Georgetown Journal of International Law, Vol. 41, No. 2, 2009" The Rule of Law, the Chinese Communist Party, and Ideological Campaigns: Sange Daibiao (the 'Three Represents'), Socialist Rule of Law, and Modern Chinese Constitutionalism "Journal of Transnational Law and Contemporary Problems, Vol. 16, No. 1, 2006" Multinational Corporations as Objects and Sources of Transnational Regulation ILSA "Journal of International & Comparative Law, Vol. 14, No. 2,
885006
Law enforcement in Syria


Protection Forces) The Syrian National Coalition established in 2013 a Free Syrian Police in Aleppo. The FSP was said to be underequipped and underarmed; according to British foreign secretary Philip Hammond, the United Kingdom from 2014 to 2017 worked with international donors to provide the Free Syrian Police training, technical assistance, maintenance funds, and basic equipment. Most assistance was provided through the private contractor Adam Smith International. The UK-backed Free Syrian Police force reportedly operate unarmed. According to pro-opposition sources, the label of "Free
19058746
Judiciary of Germany


be exercised by the Federal Constitutional Court, by the federal courts provided for in this Basic Law, and by the courts of the Länder." Germany's legal system is a civilian system whose highest source of law is the 1949 Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany (which serves as the nation's constitution), which sets up the modern judiciary, but the law adjudicated in court comes from the German Codes; thus, German law is primarily codal in nature. The court system adjudicates (1) public law
19748173
Black letter law


, since a hornbook is a primer of basics. Law is the rule which establish that a principle, provision, references, inference, observation, etc. may not require further explanation or clarification when the very nature of them shows that they are basic and elementary. The phrase is nearly synonymous with the phrase "hornbook law". There are a number of venerable legal sources that distill the common law on various subjects known as Restatement of the Law. The specific titles will be "The Restatement (First) of Contracts
3018191
The Secret Policeman's Ball


animations featuring familiar voices including Jennifer Saunders. Music was supplied by The Zutons and The Magic Numbers. The 2006 edition of "The Secret Policeman's Ball" was not filmed for international theatrical release, but was instead videotaped for a UK TV special of highlights that was broadcast by Britain's Channel 4 on 31 October 2006. A DVD with 90 minutes of highlights from the three-hour event was also issued. There was also a "cinecast" in which the event was shown live in 17 cinemas in major British cities
9107
Sources of international law


the 1920 Statute of the Permanent Court of International Justice, and was later preserved in Article 38(1) of the 1946 Statute of the International Court of Justice. On the question of preference between sources of international law, rules established by treaty will take preference if such an instrument exists. It is also argued however that international treaties and international custom are sources of international law of equal validity; this is that new custom may supersede older treaties and new treaties may override older custom. Also, "jus cogens" (peremptory norm
7337800
Sources of international law


international law can be found in Article 38.1 of the Statute. This portfolio of sources was extracted from Article 38 of the original world court's constitutive statute. Article 38 (1) of the Statute of the International Court of Justice is generally recognized as a definitive statement of the sources of international law. It requires the Court to apply, among other things, (a) international conventions, whether general or particular, establishing rules expressly recognized by the contesting states; (b) international custom, as evidence of a general
7337798
Beirut Nights


theatre, opera, jazz, and modern world music. Many theatre plays have been part of such events by the passage of time like La Comédie Française. On the other hand, highlights of downtown Beirut are considered to be related to youth culture while the Byblos International Festival, the Baalbeck International Festival and the Beiteddine Festival are the base of classical highlights in Lebanon. The 2000 AFC Asian Cup was also held in Beirut and basically in Camille Chamoun Sports City Stadium which is the most famous in the capital. The National Museum
11642920
How David Beats Goliath: Access to Capital for Contingent-Fee Law Firms


How David Beats Goliath: Access to Capital for Contingent-Fee Law Firms is a 2011 book by American businessman and financial expert, Michael J. Swanson. The book details the basic financial operation of contingent-fee law firms and outlines the methods used to secure funding for cases. All proceeds from the book are donated to the American Association for Justice's Seventh Amendment Fund, which is designed to help protect the right to a trial by jury. The book is split up into three sections: Background, Review of Capital Sources
13290087
Ford Performance Vehicles


a price tag of A$69,850. The Pursuit was a ute (utility) version of the GT, featuring the same seats, basic dash/interior package and wheels. A FPV specific body-kit was applied to all cars, using the lights from the XR-range. The kit had a strong resemblance to the BA Falcon V8 Supercar, highlighting the connection to FPR. All three were powered by a unique version of Ford's 5.4-litre Modular V8, with DOHC 4-valve cylinder heads from the Mustang Cobra R engine.
9850533
Constitution of Singapore


may be grouped into two categories: those that are legally binding and those that are not. Legally binding sources include the text of the Constitution, judicial interpretations of the Constitution, and other statutes. Non-binding sources are influences on constitutional law such as soft law, constitutional conventions, and public international law. Singapore has a written constitution. The text of the Singapore Constitution which took effect from 9 August 1965 was a patchwork of provisions drawn from three statutes: the Constitution of the State of Singapore 1963, the Federal
16460695
Maritime boundary


regimes in customary international law, including research and analysis based on The study of treaties on maritime boundaries is important as (a) as a source of general or particular international law; (b) as evidence of existing customary law; and (c) as evidence of the emerging development of custom. The development of "customary law" affects all nations. The attention accorded this subject has evolved beyond formerly-conventional norms like the three-mile limit. Multilateral treaties and documents describing the baselines of countries can be found
9841941
Public apology


A public apology is a component of reparation as stipulated in the United Nations Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights resolution proclaiming the Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law. It is also defined as a restorative process intended to heal and to generate forgiveness on the part of the offended party, for the improper behavior or action of the offender. The process consists in three components: acknowledgment of wrongdoing
12913814
Washington International Law Journal


The Washington International Law Journal is a triannual law review published by the University of Washington School of Law. It is abstracted and indexed by Cambridge Scientific Abstracts, EBSCOhost, Academic Search Complete, ProQuest, Westlaw, and HeinOnline. Established in 1990, the "Washington International Law Journal" (formerly the "Pacific Rim Law & Policy Journal") publishes scholarship on foreign, comparative, and international law while fostering the development of student analysis. In order to highlight global perspectives, the Journal does not publish content that privileges U.S.
20864848
Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany


no confidence". The guardian of the Basic Law is the German Federal Constitutional Court ("Bundesverfassungsgericht") which is both an independent constitutional organ and at the same time part of the judiciary in the sectors of constitutional law and public international law. Its judgements have the legal status of ordinary law. It is required by law to declare statutes as null and void if they are in violation of the Basic Law. Although judgements of the Federal Constitutional Court are supreme over all other counts, it is not a court of
15431093
International Development Law Organization


] not have the authority to demand basic organizational and project information from IDLO because it is an international organization;" (4) State Department violated its own contracting policy when it issued the JTTP contract to IDLO; (5) SIGAR found that "IDLO is ill-prepared to manage and account for how U.S.-taxpayer funds will be spent on the JTTP; (6) in the years leading up to JTTP IDLO's funding had decreased; (7) IDLO lacks proper international financial certifications; and (8) IDLO refused to
854632
New York University Journal of International Law and Politics


Peres, Kofi Annan, and three Justices from the Constitutional Court of South Africa: Arthur Chaskalson, Richard Goldstone, and Albie Sachs. The journal is the creator and publisher of the "Guide to Foreign and International Citation". This international citation manual provides information on the appropriate citation of foreign, multinational, and international sources, including the publications of organizations such as the United Nations and the World Trade Organization. Since 1982, the "New York University Journal of International Law and Politics" hosts an annual symposium on an
813678
Sources of international law


are dependent upon their provisions being regarded as representing customary international law and, by this indirect route, as binding upon non-parties. This outcome is possible in a number of ways: Pursuant to Chapter XVI, Article 103 of the United Nations Charter, the obligations under the United Nations Charter overrides the terms of any other treaty. Meanwhile, its Preamble affirms establishment of the obligations out of treaties and source of international law. Article 38(1)(b) of the ICJ Statute refers to "international custom" as a source of international
7337805
Admiralty law


carriage. Seamen injured aboard ship have three possible sources of compensation: the principle of maintenance and cure, the doctrine of unseaworthiness, and the Jones Act. The principle of maintenance and cure requires a shipowner to both pay for an injured seaman's medical treatment until maximum medical recovery (MMR) is obtained and provide basic living expenses until completion of the voyage, even if the seaman is no longer aboard ship. There are several universities that offer maritime law programs. What follows is a partial list of universities offering postgraduate maritime
1126107
Media of Hong Kong


Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) under Article 39 of the Basic Law. There is no law called "media law" in Hong Kong. Instead, the media are governed by statutory laws. In brief, there are 31 Ordinances that are directly related to mass media. Six of which are highlighted below. The rest of the Ordinances are of less importance since they do not aim at regulating mass media, but some of their provisions do affect the operation of media organisations and also the freedom of press. The passing
20768817
International law


of sources. However, the language of Article 38 does not explicitly hold such a hierarchy, and the decisions of the international courts and tribunals do not support such a strict hierarchy. By contrast, Article 21 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court clearly defines a hierarchy of applicable law (or sources of international law). International treaty law comprises obligations expressly and voluntarily accepted by states between themselves in treaties. Where there are disputes about the exact meaning and application of national laws, it is the responsibility of the
3785275
World government


and poet. He is known for coming up with the idea of having an international law, and is still acknowledged today by the American Society of International Law. Immanuel Kant wrote the essay "" (1795). In his essay, Kant describes three basic requirements for organizing human affairs to permanently abolish the threat of present and future war, and, thereby, help establish a new era of lasting peace throughout the world. Specifically, Kant described his proposed peace program as containing two steps. The "Preliminary Articles"
12317715
Official language


19 July 2018, the Knesset passed a basic law under the title , which defines Hebrew as "the State's language" and Arabic as a language with "a special status in the State" (article 4). The law further says that it should not be interpreted as compromising the status of the Arabic language in practice prior to the enactment of the basic law, namely, it preserves the status quo and changes the status of Hebrew and Arabic only nominally. Before the enactment of the aforementioned basic law, the
18227228
Law of Hong Kong


the National Flag and National Emblem Ordinance, a local statute enacted by the local legislature. The Basic Law contains provisions that offer protection for human rights. Any laws that contravene the Basic Law are unconstitutional and are of no effect. Hong Kong has a Bill of Rights Ordinance which is the local adaptation of the International Covenant of Civil and Political Rights. Laws have been passed to ensure the human rights protected in the Basic Law and the Bill of Rights, such as the Personal Data (Privacy) Ordinance, Disability Discrimination Ordinance
4599402
National Anthem Bill


the song or play it during "inappropriate" occasions, could be detained for up to 15 days or face criminal prosecution. On 4 November 2017, the NPCSC adopted the decision to add the National Anthem Law to Annex III of the Basic Law of Hong Kong. In accordance with Article 18(2) of the Basic Law, the national laws listed in Annex III to the Basic Law shall be applied locally by way of promulgation or legislation by the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR). Craig Choy of the Progressive Lawyers
5368892
Fragile state


a source of conflict. Limited evidence of varying quality on basic services and social protection in conflicted affected situations has been found. Research into the gaps in provision, delivery and access of basic services has queried whether social protection interventions have contributed to state-building processes. It highlighted that this assumption has already significantly begun shaping policy and programmes and that state-building outcomes in policy may outweigh other outcomes like better water, healthcare and education. Whether or not to provide services in parallel is often framed as a debate between state
22168092
Nuclear law


exposure to natural sources of radiation." There is, and has been right from its beginning, national law and international law. It is national public law in its constitutional, administrative, criminal and public health aspects. It is national private law as it regulates liability for nuclear damage. It may, by reserving certain kinds of source or other radioactive materials to public property, trespass by public law into what would normally be the field of private law. It is international public law as it creates international intergovernmental organizations, and
19744234
Militsiya (Yugoslavia)


plated badge. Equipment and weapons were diverse: the officers used both captured and lend-leased equipment. In 1956, the first Law on the Organs of Internal Affairs was adopted in the framework of decentralization. A significant part of internal affairs was placed at the disposal of autonomous republics and administrative-territorial units. The 1963 Yugoslav Constitution and the Basic Law on the Service for Internal Affairs of 1964 continued the process of decentralization, forming the basic organs of internal affairs at the municipal level. After the Brijuni plenum of the
1804000
KDevelop


KDevelop is a free and open-source integrated development environment (IDE) for Unix-like computer operating systems and Microsoft Windows. It provides editing, navigation and debugging features for several programming languages, and integration with build automation and version-control systems, using a plugin-based architecture. KDevelop 5 has parser backends for C, C++, Objective-C, OpenCL and JavaScript/QML, with plugins supporting PHP, Python 3 and Ruby. Basic syntax highlighting and code folding are available for dozens of other source-
20513871
International law and the Gaza War


, he relied exclusively on information provided by official Israeli sources, noting that Palestinian authorities in Gaza could provide primarily ideological and propaganda statements". Cordesman’s view was shared by Colonel Richard Kemp, former commander of British forces in Afghanistan. Kemp stated that during Operation Cast Lead, the IDF did more to safeguard the rights of civilians in a combat zone than any other army in the history of warfare. Kemp also highlighted many of the efforts made by the IDF to reduce collateral damage including; Giving civilians four-hour notice
9616018
International law


the 1920 Statute of the Permanent Court of International Justice, and remains preserved in Article 7 of the ICJ Statute. The sources of international law applied by the community of nations are listed under Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, which is considered authoritative in this regard: Additionally, judicial decisions and the teachings of prominent international law scholars may be applied as "subsidiary means for the determination of rules of law". Many scholars agree that the fact that the sources are arranged sequentially suggests an implicit hierarchy
3785274
John Rawls


". The two parts of the second principle are also switched, so that the difference principle becomes the latter of the three. Although there were passing comments on international affairs in "A Theory of Justice", it wasn't until late in his career that Rawls formulated a comprehensive theory of international politics with the publication of "The Law of Peoples". He claimed there that "well-ordered" peoples could be either "liberal" or "decent". Rawls's basic distinction in international politics is that his
2986643
Ongo


Washington Post", ProPublica and Reuters. The basic package typically contained over 800 stories per day. Users could add other publications to their individual packages. Other features included the following: Ongo editors also highlighted stories on Twitter and Facebook. The site had posted over 1 million stories since launching. In September 2010, the Gannett Company, Inc., The New York Times Company and The Washington Post Company each invested $4 million initial financing in Ongo, making for a total of $12 million. Representatives from the three companies
7578849
Sources of international law


between two or more parties, such as an extradition treaty or a defense pact. Treaties can also be legislation to regulate a particular aspect of international relations or form the constitutions of international organizations. Whether or not all treaties can be regarded as sources of law, they are sources of obligation for the parties to them. Article 38(1)(a) of the ICJ, which uses the term "international conventions", concentrates upon treaties as a source of contractual obligation but also acknowledges the possibility of a state expressly accepting the obligations of a
7337802
Tourism in Abruzzo


after an increase that was estimated at between 4 and 5% of international tourist arrivals in the Abruzzo region in 2012 was estimated to increase that international arrivals will be around 3/4% by the end of 2012 with staff working in tourism will increase settling at about 25,000 people. Always position first-arrivals from Germany. A moderate support to tourism is also given to the Abruzzo Airport with many low cost and charter flights connecting the entire region with the rest of Europe. Abruzzo tourism can basically be divided into three different types:
13566304
Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany


while it now has to vote against the cabinet as a whole. Article 32 of the Basic Law allows the states to conduct foreign affairs with states with regards to matters falling within their purview, under supervision of the Federal Government. Article 24 states that the Federal Government may 'transfer sovereign powers to international institutions' and Article 25 states that 'general rules of international law shall be an integral part of federal law'. In seeking to come to terms with Germany's catastrophic 20th century history, much discussion has focused on
15431067
Housing Code of Russia


The Housing Code of Russia is the prime source of Law of the Russian Federation concerning Housing likes. The previous Housing code of the Russian Federation came into force on 2004. The Code consists of nine chapters, eighteen chapters and 191 articles. Chapter 1: Basics. housing legislation Chapter 2: What's housing rights. housing Fund Chapter 3 Transfer of premises in residential premises and non-residential premises in the living room Chapter 4: Conversion of and alterations to dwelling Chapter 5: The rights and obligations of the owner of
2015917
Legal status of Germany


another as separate sovereign states in international law. This treaty was then voted into effect on 20 September 1990 by both the Volkskammer and the Bundestag by the constitutionally required two-thirds majorities; effecting on the one hand, the extinction of the GDR, and on the other, the agreed amendments to the Basic Law of the Federal Republic. Hence, although the GDR had nominally declared its accession the Federal Republic under Article 23 of the Basic Law, this did not imply its acceptance of the Basic Law as it then stood
13547485
Sources of international law


Statute of the ICJ refers, is unclear and controversial but may include such legal principles that are common to a large number of systems of municipal law. Given the limits of treaties or custom as sources of international law, Article 38(1) may be looked upon as a directive to the Court to fill any gap in the law and prevent a nonliquet by reference to the general principles. In earlier stages of the development of international law, rules were frequently drawn from municipal law. In the 19th century, legal positivists rejected the
7337819
Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany


political and societal debates and has some important "reserve powers" in case of political instability (such as those provided for by Article 81 of the Basic Law). Under Article 59 (1) of the Basic Law (German Constitution), the Federal President represents the Federal Republic of Germany in matters of international law, concludes treaties with foreign states on its behalf and accredits diplomats. Furthermore, all federal laws must be signed by the President before they can come into effect; however, he/she can only veto
15431091
Lee McKenzie


presenters of the "Winter Paralympics Today" and "Winter Paralympics Highlights". In 2018 McKenzie co-presented the Paralympic Winter Games in PyeongChang, South Korea. She also became Channel 4's main presenter for Rugby Union and Wales mid-year Internationals, European Rugby Champions Cup McKenzie competes as an international co-driver in the World Rally Championship. McKenzie started after a challenge by ITV to train and become a World Rally Championship co-driver in just three months, and saw her qualifying for an international licence, right
7126854
Lorain, Ohio


was established in 1853 and is now has 113 police officers and 34 civilian employees. Responsibilities for the Lorain police are to prevent crime, enforce laws in a fair and impartial manner, and the apprehension of people who violate the law. Lorain City School District operates ten elementary schools, three middle schools, and Lorain High School. Lorain has a public library, a branch of the Lorain Public Library. One of the highlights of the summer season is the Lorain International Festival. Every year, as part of the festival,
6542115
Applesoft BASIC


Some programs had the subroutines at the top to reduce the time for calling them. Unlike what Integer BASIC does, Applesoft BASIC does not convert literal numbers in the source code into the internal binary format at the time the source line is entered; rather, the string of digits is stored as entered and the relatively slow conversion happens at runtime whenever the line is executed. Since variable lookup is often faster than this conversion, it is generally faster to store numeric constants that are used inside loops in variables, before the loop
1847456
Criminal Code of Azerbaijan


Code. However, this punishment has been abolished according to the Amending Law dated 7 March 2012. The Code classifies the punishments into basic and additional types. The following punishments are considered only as the basic kinds of punishments: 1. public works; 2. corrective works; 3. restriction on military service; 4. maintenance in disciplinary military unit; 5. restriction of freedom; 6. imprisonment on the certain term; and 7. life imprisonment. Three types of punishments are applied only as the additional kinds of
1163363
Northern Illinois University College of Law


semesters of law school, NIU College of Law students take a pair of two-semester required courses, Basic Legal Research and Legal Writing and Advocacy. The two courses employ coordinated, real-life exercises. In Basic Legal Research, students learn to use both print and computer-assisted legal research tools. Students analyze a factual situation in order to develop a legal research strategy and learn how to locate and use secondary sources, case law, statutory and legislative history material, and administrative regulations. In Legal Writing and Advocacy
11208099
BESCAM


current situation, in which each municipality has a different convention, with specific working conditions, salary, equipment, staffing, internal rules, or guidelines when exercising their functions, which may be adapted to the unique characteristics of each municipality, provided they meet basic standards specified in Law 4/92 and the General Security Forces Law 2/1986 of 13 March. The implementation of BESCAM raised some controversy over whether it was an independent Police force or framed within the existing local police in each municipality. In order to dispel doubts D. Alfredo Prada,
11774422
Design manufacture service


, automotive, communications, etc. Typically, these are areas that require a relatively higher level of internal infrastructure or regulatory controls than the customer possesses. Certain industries including aviation and medical devices require special development and manufacturing practices required by international, Federal and local regulations. One of the key differences between the DMS model and other contract manufacturing such as original design manufacturer (ODM), is the way intellectual property (IP) is treated. In the DMS model, IP comes from three basic sources. These include (a
4207721