where does gold come from in south africa
Winds in the Age of Sail


islands fell to Portugal. Northwest Africa was the starting point longer voyages, the Spanish heading southwest from the Canaries and the Portuguese south from Cape Verde. Down the coast of Africa: The Portuguese reached the westernmost point of Africa in 1444 and in 1458 rounded Cape Palmas where the coast tends eastward. Here the trade winds gave out and they faced the irregular winds near the doldrums and the east-flowing Guinea Current. In 1471 they reached the Gold coast where they found the gold that had previously come by caravan across the
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Harmony Gold (mining)


a Free State, South Africa mine owned by Harmony Gold. On Thursday 28 September at around 6pm the regional manager of Harmony Gold, Simphiwe Kubheka was shot dead at Harmony Mines in Welkom, South Africa. In South Africa, Harmony Gold secured a license to sell a replica of the One Ring, made from gold taken from the Bloemfontein mine, the area where "The Lord of the Rings" author J. R. R. Tolkien was born. Their version of the ring, also inscribed with elvish script, sold in
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History of South Africa


easing of white domination and racial segregation. South Africa's main economic role was as the country that supplied two-thirds of gold production in the British Empire, most of the remainder coming from Australia. When the war began, Bank of England officials worked with the government of South Africa to block any gold shipments to Germany, and force the mine owners to sell only to the British Treasury, at prices set by the Treasury. This facilitated purchases of munitions and food in the United States and neutral countries. During World
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Tissot


degradation and deforestation. The situation is especially serious in the developing countries which are top producers of gold, including China, Russia and South Africa. It is estimated that the watch and jewelry sector uses over 50% of world's annual gold production (over 2,000 tons), but in most cases the watch companies are not able to or are unwilling to demonstrate where their raw materials come from and if the material suppliers use eco-friendly sourcing technologies. Tissot has partnered with a wide range of celebrities from basketball players,
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Rolex


in the developing countries which are top producers of gold, including China, Russia and South Africa. It is estimated that the watch and jewelry sector uses over 50% of world's annual gold production (over 2,000 tons), but in most cases the watch companies are not able to or are unwilling to demonstrate where their raw materials come from and if the material suppliers use eco-friendly sourcing technologies. In general, Rolex has three watch lines: "Oyster Perpetual", "Professional" and "Cellini" (
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Breguet (brand)


as pollution, soil degradation and deforestation. The situation is especially serious in the developing countries which are top producers of gold, including China, Russia and South Africa. It is estimated that the watch and jewelry sector uses over 50% of world's annual gold production (over 2,000 tons), but in most cases the watch companies are not able to or are unwilling to demonstrate where their raw materials come from and if the material suppliers use eco-friendly sourcing technologies. In 1783, an admirer of Marie Antoinette,
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Piaget SA


developing countries which are top producers of gold, including China, Russia and South Africa. It is estimated that the watch and jewelry sector uses over 50% of world's annual gold production (over 2,000 tons), but in most cases the watch companies are not able to or are unwilling to demonstrate where their raw materials come from and if the material suppliers use eco-friendly sourcing technologies. In 2005, Piaget created their Best Jeweller Prize. This prize is awarded to the most deserving student of the Certificat Fédéral de
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Mac-Mac


Mac-Mac is a historical area in the Mpumalanga province of South Africa, and the site of the country's earliest gold rush. It is located near the town of Sabie, 5 km from Pilgrim's Rest. While a number of small gold deposits had been discovered in the northern parts of South Africa between 1840 and 1870, Mac-Mac was the first place where payable quantities of gold were found. In 1873 gold was discovered on the farm Geelhoutboom. President Burgers officially named the area the "New Caledonian Gold
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Kinross Gold


, 2018, replacing the current shareholder rights plan, which expires March 29, 2018. As of 2018, Kinross Gold operates mines in North and South America, Russia, and West Africa. 60% of Kinross gold production comes from the United States and Brazil, while Russia and West Africa (Mauritania and Ghana) each account for 20% of the company's production. Its Fort Knox gold mine property counts with a mill, tailings storage, heap leach facility, the Gil project, and the True North open pit
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History of South Africa


the Witwatersrand, four mining finance houses had been established. The first was formed by Hermann Eckstein in 1887, eventually becoming Rand Mines. Cecil Rhodes and Charles Rudd followed, with their Gold Fields of South Africa company. Rhodes and Rudd had earlier made fortunes from diamond mining at Kimberley. In 1895 there was an investment boom in Witwatersrand gold-mining shares. The precious metal that underpinned international trade would dominate South African exports for decades to come. Of the leading 25 foreign industrialists who were instrumental in opening up deep level
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Witwatersrand Gold Rush


The Witwatersrand Gold Rush was a gold rush in 1886 that led to the establishment of Johannesburg, South Africa. It was a key part of the Mineral Revolution. There had always been rumours of a modern-day "El Dorado" in the folklore of the native tribes that roamed the plains of the South African highveld and in that of the gold miners who had come from all over the world to seek out their fortunes on the alluvial mines of Barberton and Pilgrim's Rest, in what is now known as the province
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Harmony Gold (mining)


prospective areas in Papua New Guinea. In FY17, our South African operations accounted for 91% of total gold production of 1.09Moz, with 9% coming from Papua New Guinea. At 30 June 2017, Harmony reported attributable gold equivalent mineral reserves of 36.7Moz of gold, and attributable gold mineral resources of 104.3Moz. At the end of FY17, Harmony employed 33 201 people in total – 26 478 employees and 4 512 contractors in South Africa and 1 300 employees and 911 contractors in Papua New Guinea (excluding employees of the Morobe
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Etsko Schuitema


research on employee discontent. The research was done during the peak of apartheid in South Africa. The gold mines were South Africa's biggest industry; with its workforce coming from all the ethnic tribes of the region and they reflected the problems that were plaguing South Africa during the apartheid regime. The Chamber of Mines Research Organisation commissioned Schuitema and his team to find out what was causing employee conflict in the mines at the organisation. The survey instrument looked at variables that could account for employee discontent and mistrust towards the management. What
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Chinese South Africans


South Africa in the 1870s through to the early 20th century initially in hopes of making their fortune on the diamond and gold mines in Kimberley and the Witwatersrand respectively. Most were independent immigrants mostly coming from Guangdong Province then known as Canton. Due to anti-Chinese feeling and racial discrimination at the time they were prevented from obtaining mining contracts and so became entrepreneurs and small business owners instead. The Chinese community in South Africa grew steadily throughout the remainder of the 19th century, bolstered by new arrivals from China. The Anglo-
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Goldsmith


noble metal—because it does not react with most elements. It usually is found in its native form, lasting indefinitely without oxidization and tarnishing. Gold has been worked by humans in all cultures where the metal is available, either indigenously or imported, and the history of these activities is extensive. Superbly made objects from the ancient cultures of Africa, Asia, Europe, India, North America, Mesoamerica, and South America grace museums and collections throughout the world. Some pieces date back thousands of years and were made using
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South Africa at the Paralympics


South Africa has competed at both the Summer and Winter Paralympic Games. The country made its Paralympic début at the 1964 Summer Games in Tokyo, Japan, where it sent nine athletes to compete in archery, athletics, swimming and weightlifting. They finished sixth on the medal table with nineteen medals, of which eight gold. Paradoxically, South Africa thus began to compete at the Paralympics just after being barred from competing at the Olympics. South Africa had been banned from the Olympic Games following the passing of United Nations General Assembly Resolution
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Star of South Africa, Gold


South Africa, Gold. The Star of South Africa, Gold was awarded to general and flag officers of the South African Defence Force for meritorious military service which promoted SADF efficiency and preparedness and made a valuable contribution to national security. It replaced the Star of South Africa of 1952. In 1977, recipients of the Star of South Africa of 1952 were promoted to the new Order of the Star of South Africa, by being presented with the Star of South Africa, Gold in substitution of their existing decorations. The position of
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2017 South Africa Sevens


The 2017 South Africa Sevens was the second tournament within the 2017–18 World Rugby Sevens Series and the nineteenth edition of the South Africa Sevens. It was held over the weekend of 9–10 December 2017 at Cape Town Stadium in Cape Town, South Africa. The teams were drawn into four pools of four teams each. Each team played every other team in their pool once. The top two teams from each pool advanced to the Cup brackets where teams competed for the Gold, Silver, and Bronze medals. The bottom two teams from
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2018 South Africa Sevens


The 2018 South Africa Sevens was the second tournament within the 2018–19 World Rugby Sevens Series and the twentieth edition of the South Africa Sevens. It was held on 8–9 December 2018 at Cape Town Stadium in Cape Town, South Africa. The teams were drawn into four pools of four teams each. Each team played every other team in their pool once. The top two teams from each pool advanced to the Cup brackets where teams competed for the Gold, Silver, and Bronze medals. The bottom two teams from each group went
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Union of South Africa King's Medal for Bravery, Gold


15 December 1952, the Union of South Africa King's Medal for Bravery, Gold was discontinued and replaced by the Union of South Africa Queen's Medal for Bravery, Gold. The Union of South Africa King's Medal for Bravery, Gold was awarded only once, on 8 September 1944 to Master Francis C. Drake. Drake was fourteen years old on 6 January 1943 when he rescued the two-year-old Neville Roberts from a 40 feet deep well with deep water into which he had fallen at Parys in the Orange
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Cider


two main brands of cider produced in South Africa, Hunters and Savanna Dry. They are produced and distributed through Distell Group Limited. Hunters Gold was first introduced in South Africa in 1988 as an alternative to beer. The Hunters range includes Hunters Dry, Hunters Gold, Hunters Export and Hunters Edge launched in April 2017. Savanna Dry was introduced in 1996 and also comes in a Light Premium variety as well as in a Savanna Dark variant. The composition of cider is defined in the Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code and "
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Silent trade


period 500 to 1500. The practice was also well established between tribes in Africa in their trade with India. Cosmas Indicopleustes describes this practiced in Azania, where officials from Axum traded for gold with beef. Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal recorded this practice when he occupied Ceuta in 1415. In West Africa gold mined south of the Sahel was traded for salt mined in the desert. The salt from the desert was needed by the people of Sahel to flavor and preserve their food and the gold had obvious value, especially in
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Criminal procedure in South Africa


South Africa, the primary authority and responsibility for the prosecution of crime lies with the State. This is in contrast to the position in some other countries: the United Kingdom, for example, where there are many private prosecutions and police prosecutions. From this it follows that, in South Africa, a complainant or victim, or grieving relatives, do not generally have the power to force a State prosecution, or to prevent the State from prosecuting. Nor does the decision lie with the police or politicians, nor with the
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Geography of South Africa


is largely a flat grassland plain. Much of the area is devoted to commercial farming, but it also contains South Africa’s largest conurbation in Gauteng Province, the centre of the gold mining industry. But there are also important coal mines on the Highveld which are associated with South Africa’s major electricity generating power stations. The land is generally flat or gently undulating. Only a few rocky ridges protrude from this flatness: the Vredefort Dome, the Witwatersrand Ridge and the Magaliesberg just north of Pretoria, from where the Highveld gives
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Union of South Africa Queen's Medal for Bravery, Gold


The Union of South Africa Queen's Medal for Bravery, Gold was the highest South African civilian decoration during the period from 1952 to 1961, while the country was still a constitutional monarchy in the British Commonwealth. The decoration was instituted by Queen Elizabeth II on 15 December 1952. The Union of South Africa Queen's Medal for Bravery, Gold, the senior of two classes of South Africa's highest civilian decoration for bravery, was instituted by Royal Warrant of 15 December 1952, published in Government Gazette no. 5013 dated 27
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Vacheron Constantin


including China, Russia and South Africa. It is estimated that the watch and jewelry sector uses over 50% of world's annual gold production (over 2,000 tons), but in most cases the watch companies are not able to or are unwilling to demonstrate where their raw materials come from and if the material suppliers use eco-friendly sourcing technologies. In 1996, Vacheron Constantin formally introduced a new high-end sports line called "Overseas". The precursor of Overseas collection, however, was originally introduced in 1977 during
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R509 (South Africa)


The R509 is a Regional Route in South Africa. It originates from the N4 in the town of Swartruggens, North West and runs in an east-south-east west-north-west direction. The first town it comes to is Koster, where it crosses the R52 at a staggered intersection. It continues to Derby, where it intersects with the R30. From there the road gives off the southward running R500 before crossing into Gauteng province and reaching the town of Magaliesburg, where it ends at a junction with the
18873283
Gecko Turner


, hip-hop, and more into something all his own. Journalists in Spain dubbed it 'Afromeño' (rough translation: African and Extremeño, being Extremadura the region where he comes from), but the sound owes as much to North and South America, the Caribbean and Europe, as it does to Africa. All of his work has been published by Lovemonk Records, in cd and vinyl. Also, Californian label Quango Music Group has published in the United States an American edition of the album “Guapapaséa”
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Mining industry of South Africa


plants in South Africa. Though uranium production in South Africa showed a decrease from 711t in 2000 to 579t in 2010, in 2011 930t were produced with a forecast of 2,000t by 2020. In 2016, Tasman Pacific Minerals, owned by Peninsula Energy started plans to open the first uranium ore mine, Tasman RSA. Conditions on most South African mines are very similar to those elsewhere except for the gold mines where the low geothermal gradient, i.e. the rate at which the temperature goes up with depth, is
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Culture of South Africa


relay. Penny Heyns won Olympic Gold in the 1996 Atlanta Olympic Games. In golf, Gary Player is generally regarded as one of the greatest golfers of all time, having won the Career Grand Slam, one of five golfers to have done so. Other South African golfers to have won major tournaments include Bobby Locke, Ernie Els, Retief Goosen, Trevor Immelman and Louis Oosthuizen. South Africa has also had a large influence in the Scouting movement, with many Scouting traditions and ceremonies coming from the experiences of Robert Baden-
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Mining industry of South Africa


, the Witwatersrand Gold Rush and the subsequent rapid development of the gold field there, the biggest of them all. Diamond and gold production are now well down from their peaks, though South Africa is still number 5 in gold but remains a cornucopia of mineral riches. It is the world's largest producer of chrome, manganese, platinum, vanadium and vermiculite. It is the second largest producer of ilmenite, palladium, rutile and zirconium. It is also the world's third largest coal exporter. South Africa is also a
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Stork-billed kingfisher


12th edition of his "Systema Naturae". He coined the binomial name "Alcedo capensis". Linnaeus based his description on Mathurin Jacques Brisson's "Le martin-pescheur du Cap de Bonne Espérance". Brisson believed his specimen had come from the Cape of Good Hope region of South Africa. The species does not occur in Africa and it was suggested that the specimen had been obtained on the Indonesian island of Java. The specimen is now known to have come from near Chandannagar in West Bengal, India. Linnaeus's
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Mining industry of South Africa


. Despite declining production, South Africa's gold exports were valued at $3.8 billion USD in 2005. The US Geological Survey estimated in that as of 2002, South Africa held about 50% of the world's gold resources, and 38% of reserves. In July 2018, Mineral Council of South Africa announced, 75% of mines in South Africa are now unprofitable due to decline in gold reserves. Among the nation's gold mines are two of the deepest mines in the world. The East Rand Mine, in
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Heritage objects (South Africa)


Heritage objects in South Africa are objects or collections formally declared as such by the South African Heritage Resource Agency in order to control their export. Declaration does not restrict the sale or ownership of the objects. Archeological and paleontological material and meteorites are exempt from declaration as such objects may not be bought, sold or owned. With the coming into effect of the National Heritage Resources Act on 1 April 2000, all moveable objects previously declared as national monuments became heritage objects. At provincial level only Amafa aKwaZulu-Natali has powers to
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Star of South Africa (1952)


Star of South Africa of 1952 were promoted to the new Order of the Star of South Africa, by being presented with the Star of South Africa, Gold in substitution of their existing decorations. One documented example is Lieutenant General Colin Cockcroft , whose 1952 decoration (no. 38) was replaced by the Star of South Africa, Gold (no. 5) on 15 April 1977. Another example is General Magnus Malan , whose photograph alongside shows him wearing the Star of South Africa, Gold around his neck as well as
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Gold coin


gold coins in all EU Member States. The list has legal force and supplements the law. In the United Kingdom, HM Revenue and Customs have added an additional list of gold coins alongside the European Commission list. These are gold coins that HM Revenue & Customs recognise as falling within the exemption for investment gold coins. This second list does not have legal force. South Africa introduced the Krugerrand in 1967 to cater to this market; this was the reason for its convenient and memorable gold content – exactly one troy ounce.
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Come Back, Africa


The South African government attacked "Come Back, Africa" and banned it from being shown in South Africa. Beside the Critics' award at the Venice Film Festival, the film won many awards and was a critical success in Europe. It had its biggest impact in France where Madame Yvonne Decaris who ran the legendary , in Paris, opened the film. It was reviewed by many great French intellectuals such as Roland Barthes. It then went on to be taken up and screened through the French Cinéclubs system; it is estimated
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Environmental issues in Africa


of power, most homes have to rely on fuel and diesel in generators to keep their electricity running. Air pollution in Africa is coming to the forefront and must not be ignored. For example, in South Africa the mercury levels are severe due to coal combustion and gold mining. Mercury is absorbed from the air into the soil and water. The soil allows the crops to absorb the mercury, which humans ingest. Animals eat the grass which has absorbed the mercury and again humans may ingest these animals. Fish absorb the
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Dreamkix


DreamKix is a CGI animation television series produced by Designstorm Animation Studio in South Korea. It was intended to promote the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa. "DreamKix" is the story of a farmyard football team that does its best to join the greatest sporting event of all-the first international football "Dream League" where are the most powerful teams on the planet compete. Roy (one of the main characters) builds a team that is made up athletically-challenged characters. However, once these teammates come together
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Gold teeth


South African fashion culture. Gold teeth are very popular in the country with people getting permanent gold teeth from as young as 12 years old. Gold teeth became a big trend in South Africa in the late 1960s among the Coloured and Black South African communities. Permanent Gold teeth in South Africa is not considered a sign of wealth like in other countries, but a fashion trend. Since the end of Apartheid in many white Afrikaans people and Indian people in the country have also started getting permanent gold teeth. The trend of permanent
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KFC in South Africa


KFC is the largest fast food chain in South Africa. As of 2016, there are 828 KFC outlets in South Africa, and the company dominates the fast food market. 10 percent of outlets are company owned, and 90 percent are franchise owned. Outlets sell the regional pap dish. South Africa is one of the few countries where KFC does not sell PepsiCo owned soft drinks, due to the company's historically small presence in the country. All of the chicken sold is reared in South Africa. KFC first entered the
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Mining industry of South Africa


) started processing uranium as a by-product of gold mining in 1967. Most of the uranium produced as a by-product of gold mining is concentrated in the golf fields of the Witwatersrand area. Uranium is more easily and readily available than gold in South Africa. There are a number of mining companies that process uranium from mines that they own. Anglo Gold Ashanti, Sibayane Gold Ltd, Harmony Gold Mining Co., First Uranium, and Peninsula Energy own or control most of the uranium-from-gold mining processing
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Ghana


producer of gold; producing over 102 metric tons of gold and the 10th largest producer of gold in the world in 2012; producing 89 metric tons of gold. Ghana is the 2nd largest producer of gold on the Africa continent behind South Africa. Ghana has the 9th largest reserves, and is the 9th largest producer, of diamonds in the world. Industrial minerals and exports from South Ghana are gold, silver, timber, diamonds, bauxite, and manganese. South Ghana also has great deposits of barite, basalt, clay
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Sibanye-Stillwater


In 2012, Gold Fields Limited unbundled its subsidiary, GFI Mining South Africa Proprietary Limited (“GFIMSA”), which was then renamed Sibanye Gold Limited (“Sibanye Gold”), and consisted of the KDC (formerly Kloof) and Beatrix mines, as well as an array of support service entities in South Africa. "Gold Fields stockholders were given one share in Sibanye for each of their Gold Fields shares." The three South African mines transferred from Gold Fields to Sibanye are: On 30 August 2017, Sibanye
21944346
Mexico national football team


. In July 2009, Mexico won their fifth Gold Cup, and eighth CONCACAF Championship overall, after beating the United States 5–0 in the final. Mexico qualified for the 2010 FIFA World Cup, where they were drawn into Group A alongside host South Africa, France and Uruguay. They drew 1–1 against South Africa, defeated France 2–0, and lost 1–0 to Uruguay, and advanced to the round of 16, where they were eliminated following a 1–3 defeat to Argentina. The 2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup saw Mexico win their group with
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The Wilby Conspiracy


the diamonds to emigrate from South Africa, kills Mukarjee and attempts to rob them of the diamonds. Shack fights Ray to protect the diamonds, and in the commotion she falls into the sinkhole and is killed. Diamonds in hand, they have arranged for Blane, a private pilot, to fly them out of the country, which he does after Rina blackmails him by threatening to make public his drug usage and relationships with black women, illegal in South Africa. The three arrive at the South Africa–Botswana border, where
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Geology of South Africa


the boundary between the Archean and Proterozoic eras, roughly 2,500 Mya. It is delimited by the Witwatersrand Basin (2,700 Mya) and the Bushveld Igneous Complex (2,050 Mya). Diamond and gold production are now well down from their peaks. , South Africa was the world's fifth-largest producer of gold but South Africa still possesses the world's second-largest reserves of gold. It is the world's largest producer of chromium, manganese, platinum, vanadium and vermiculite and the second largest producer of ilmenite, palladium
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Capital in the Twenty-First Century


dollar value depends, in part, on the return on capital. Where does the rate of return come from? Piketty never says". Galbraith also says: "Despite its great ambitions, his book is not the accomplished work of high theory that its title, length and reception (so far) suggest." Daron Acemoglu and James A. Robinson used the economic histories of Sweden and South Africa to show that social inequality depends much more on institutional factors than Piketty's factors like the difference between rate of return and growth
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Gold Fields


Gold Fields Limited is one of the world’s largest gold mining firms. Headquartered in Johannesburg, South Africa, the company is listed on both the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE) and the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE). The firm was formed in 1998 with the amalgamation of the gold assets of Gold Fields of South Africa Limited and Gencor Limited. As of the third quarter of 2014, Gold Field was the world's seventh-largest producer of gold. The company owns and operates mines in South Africa, Ghana
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Star of South Africa, Gold


Africa, Gold consists of five separate items. The Star of South Africa, Gold is a silver-gilt Maltese cross, with the arms in dark blue enamel, with protea flowers between the arms of the cross. Two four-pointed stars, superimposed on one another, are mounted on the cross. The reverse has the . The decoration is worn around the neck on a dark blue ribbon, 35 millimetres wide. Until 1988, the Star of South Africa, Gold also had a gold neck chain for ceremonial occasions
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Rand Refinery


Rand Refinery (Pty) Limited is the largest integrated single-site precious metals refining and smelting complex in the world. It was established in 1920 to refine gold within South Africa which until that time had been refined in London. Since its inception it has refined nearly 50,000 tonnes of gold. This represents some 30% of all the gold mined in the world since antiquity. It was established in 1920 in Germiston, South Africa, by the Chamber of Mines of South Africa to refine all the gold produced by South Africa
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Lyndon Ferns


Lyndon Ferns (born 24 September 1983 in Pietersburg, South Africa) is a retired Olympic gold-medalist and former world record swimmer from South Africa. He swam for South Africa at the 2004 and 2008 Olympics. At the 2004 Olympics, he was a member of the South Africa's Men's 4×100 m freestyle relay that won the event in a world record. Three of the team were a part of the relay that broke the record and won gold at the 2006 Commonwealth Games. During the 2007 World Championships held in
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Darian Townsend


Darian Roy Townsend (born 28 August 1984) is a competition swimmer and Olympic gold medalist who competed for South Africa. He became a U.S. citizen during the summer of 2014, and has subsequently represented the United States in international events. He was born in Pinetown, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Townsend was a member of the South African men's 4×100 metre freestyle relay team that won gold and broke the world record at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece. Townsend attended the University of Arizona, where he
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Mineral industry of Africa


the Morila, and the Yatela Mines. The Mupane and the Samira Hill Gold Mines were opened in Botswana and Niger, respectively; these countries had only artisanal gold production before 2004. In 2005, South Africa accounted for 56% of African gold production; Ghana, 13%; Tanzania, 10%; and Mali, 8%. South Africa's share of continental gold production continued to decline from 89% in 1990 because of rising production costs associated with deeper underground operations and increased production in Ghana, Guinea, Mali
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Matthew Franjola


to South Vietnam during the 1960s, where he joined the Associated Press. He covered events in Cambodia and Vietnam during the Vietnam War. He remained in Saigon as one of the last American reporters in the city, even after other correspondents had fled. He later worked as a gold miner in Zimbabwe (as the country transitioned from Rhodesia) and South Africa during the 1970s and 1980s. Franjola returned to the United States after decades living and reporting in Africa and Asia. He settled in Washington, Connecticut, where he served
19131411
Gold commissioner


Gold commissioner was an important regional administrative post in the colonies of the British Empire where extensive gold prospecting took place including in Canada - Colony of British Columbia; in Australia - New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland and Western Australia; in New Zealand; and in South Africa. The key responsibilities of gold commissioners were to uphold law and order and to provide access to the gold fields, issue mining licences and register gold claims. Such a role was required due to the lawlessness that often followed gold rushes. In the Colony
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Recreational gold mining


Recreational gold mining and prospecting has become a popular outdoor recreation in a number of countries, including New Zealand (especially in Otago), Australia, South Africa, Wales (at Dolaucothi and in Gwynedd), in Canada and in the United States especially. Recreational mining is often small-scale placer mining but has been challenged for environmental reasons. The disruption of old gold placer deposits risks the reintroduction of post gold rush pollution, including mercury in old mining deposits and mine tailings. Australia does not prevent the private ownership of
22205932
Cheslin Kolbe


South Africa against on 8 September, during Round Three of the competition, coming on in the 33rd minute as an injury replacement for Makazole Mapimpi, in a match that South Africa lost 18–23. In June 2019 Kolbe started for Stade Toulousain in the Top 14 final winning the French Championship. Kolbe is the cousin of South African track and field sprinter Wayde van Niekerk, who won the gold medal in the 400 metres at the 2016 Olympics. Kolbe is sponsored by Nike for a range of leisurewear and boots, he also wears
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South African rand


, the ridge upon which Johannesburg is built and where most of South Africa's gold deposits were found. The rand was introduced in the Union of South Africa on 14 February 1961, three months before the country declared itself a republic. A Decimal Coinage Commission had been set up in 1956 to consider a move away from the denominations of pounds, shillings, and pence; it submitted its recommendations on 8 August 1958. It replaced the South African pound as legal tender, at the rate of 2 rand to 1 pound,
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South Africa at the Commonwealth Games


South Africa has competed at six of the nineteen Commonwealth Games which have been held; from the original Games in 1930 to 1958, and from 1994. Because of South Africa's then apartheid policy, South Africa withdrew from the British Commonwealth in 1961, but was later re-admitted in 1994. At the 2006 Commonwealth Games, South Africa was fifth in the medal tally; with a total of 38 medals (12 Gold, 13 Silver and 13 Bronze). South Africa was sixth in the All-time tally of
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Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa


. Unlike many other organizations it does not agree with the traditional division of Africa in the social sciences where North Africa is often more or less left out, instead, it tries to equally represent the 5 regions in Africa (North Africa, East Africa, Central Africa, West Africa and South Africa). To achieve their mission CODESRIA cooperates with African institutes (e.g.: ERNWACA, FSS) and non-African institutes and organizations (e.g.: the ASC and the NAI). Funding is obtained through various donors ranging from
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Mineral industry of Africa


and other countries in the Asia and the Pacific region. North African countries sent 64% of their exports to Europe and 18% to the United States. Intraregional exports to African countries amounted to only 2% of total African petroleum exports. Intraregional minerals trade was however significant in the case of gold. South Africa imported 142,000 kilograms per year of gold, mostly from West African countries, to supply its gold refinery. A majority of African gold mine production was refined in South Africa before export to other regions. Most of
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Super Rugby Trophy


Conferences involved in the Super Rugby competition." According to Peters, "The champions trophy is the 'big one', and will become the ultimate symbol of Super Rugby supremacy in the years to come." The colour on each leg corresponds to the Conferences with gold for Australia, black for New Zealand, and green for South Africa. The Reds of Australia, the Stormers of South Africa and the Crusaders of New Zealand were the winners of their respective conferences and were each presented with a scaled-down copy of
10056689
Energy in South Africa


GDP in 2012, South Africa was the fourth largest investor in renewable power in the world after Uruguay, Mauritius and Costa Rica. That rate of investment is expected to continue. Renewable energy will play a larger role in future. South Africa's per capita greenhouse gas emissions are the highest in Africa. South Africa's commitment to renewable energy lags behind that of China, India, Brazil, and Russia. South Africa receives more than twice as much sunshine than Germany, where over 15 percent of the national electricity supply comes
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Derek Hanekom


does not govern. Hanekom was born in Cape Town, South Africa on 13 January 1953. He spent his school career in Cape Town, attending the German Primary School and then matriculating from prominent Afrikaans school, Jan van Riebeeck Secondary in 1970. Hanekom went on to complete his compulsory conscription in the South African Defence Force between 1971 and 1973. Thereafter, Hanekom travelled abroad where he worked for various organisations including working on farms, factories and building sites. He then returned to South Africa in his early twenties where he continued
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Union of South Africa Queen's Medal for Bravery, Gold


. In South Africa, the medal is ranked as a first level decoration and, despite its status, it has no post-nominal letters. It is preceded by the Honoris Crux Gold and succeeded by the Woltemade Cross for Bravery, Gold. The medal ranks on par with the earlier Union of South Africa King's Medal for Bravery, Gold and the subsequent Woltemade Decoration for Bravery, Gold. The decoration is silver-gilt and is a disk, 38 millimetres in diameter with a raised rim and a large ring suspender
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Gold


with 276 tonnes) overtook South Africa as the world's largest gold producer, the first time since 1905 that South Africa has not been the largest. , China was the world's leading gold-mining country, followed in order by Australia, Russia, the United States, Canada, and Peru. South Africa, which had dominated world gold production for most of the 20th century, had declined to sixth place. Other major producers are the Ghana, Burkina Faso, Mali, Indonesia and Uzbekistan. In South America,
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Union of South Africa King's Medal for Bravery, Gold


The Union of South Africa King's Medal for Bravery, Gold was the highest South African civilian decoration during the period between 1910 and 1961, when the country was a constitutional monarchy in the British Commonwealth. The medal was instituted by King George VI on 23 June 1939. The Union of South Africa King's Medal for Bravery, Gold, the senior of two classes of South Africa's highest civilian decoration for bravery, was instituted by Royal Warrant of 23 June 1939, published in Government Gazette no. 2671 dated 25 August
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South Africa at the Olympics


the 1908 Summer Olympics in London, where Reggie Walker won its first gold medal. The first South African woman in the Olympics was swimmer Barbara Nash in 1920, and the first women to win medals were the 1928 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay quartet, who came third. The South African Olympic and Empire Games Association was awarded the 1934 British Empire Games in Johannesburg but backed out when it became evident that they would have to allow a team from India to compete. South Africa first entered the Winter Olympics in 1960,
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Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)


, a non-profit foundation under that is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. It also employs local experts in Brazil, India and South Africa. In July 2008 the Gold Standard Version 2.0 was released with sets of guidelines and manuals on the GS requirements, toolkits and other supporting documents to be used by project developers and DOEs. This relegated the previously applicable manuals to Version 1.0. The Version 2.0 also supports Program of Activities (PoA). In July 2017, a new version called the Gold Standard for the Global Goals
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Elgin, Western Cape


Elgin is a large, lush area of land, circled by mountains, in the Overberg region of South Africa. This broad upland valley lies about 70 km southeast of Cape Town, just beyond the Hottentots Holland Mountains. The Elgin region is centered on the town of Grabouw. The Elgin Valley is one of the more intensively farmed districts of South Africa and produces 60% of the national apple crop. Consequently it is now internationally known as the place in South Africa “where the apples come from”. However a recent
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Where No Vultures Fly


to track down Cowie in Nairobi, who inspired the story. W.P. Lipscomb wrote the script based on Harry Watt's original idea. Ralph Smart worked on it. According to Leslie Norman "the script was turned down generally, so I went in and added a bit which made them accept it." The film was a co-production between Ealing and South Africa's African Films, with half the financing coming from South Africa. (Africa Films was a South African theatre chain.) Watt took a full unit to
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Zap Mama


said. Daulne made further trips to Africa. "I go all around Africa. I started where I was born, in the forest of Zaire. After that I branched out to West Africa, South Africa, East Africa. It [is] very easy for me to learn because all African cultures seem to have something in common the music and the voices," Daulne says. Although Daulne draws inspiration from Africa, she does not call Africa home. "You know when I went back to Congo, I thought
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Star of South Africa, Gold


April 1994, it was integrated with six other independent forces into the South African National Defence Force (SANDF) after the end of apartheid. The Star of South Africa, Gold, post-nominal letters SSA, was instituted by the State President on 1 July 1975, as the senior decoration of two military classes of the Order of the Star of South Africa. The Order was named after the first large diamond to be found in South Africa, the Star of South Africa, which was found on the banks of the
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Arthur Cecil Alport


Arthur Cecil Alport, M.D. (1880 – 1959) was a South African physician who first identified the Alport syndrome in a British family in 1927. After graduating in medicine from the University of Edinburgh Medical School with an MB ChB in 1905, he returned to South Africa to practice medicine in Johannesburg, where he owned a small gold mine. However, this proved to be non-productive. During World War I Alport served with the Royal Army Medical Corps in South West Africa and in Macedonia and Salonika. After the war
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Gold mining in China


Gold mining in the People's Republic of China has made that country the world's largest gold producer by far with 463.7 tonnes in 2016. For the year 2007, gold output rose 12% from 2006 to to become the world's largest for the first time—overtaking South Africa, which produced . South Africa had until then been the largest for 101 years straight since 1905. The major reasons for this change in position had been due to South African production falling by 50% in the past decade as production costs there
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Rose Gold (album)


Rose Gold is the debut studio album by South African singer-songwriter Shekhinah. It was released by Sony Music Entertainment Africa on October 6, 2017. "Rose Gold" was certified gold by the Recording Industry of South Africa on January 24, 2018 and later certified platinum on August 31, 2018. The album features guest appearances from South African rapper, Rouge, Asali and Jamali band member, Mariechan. Production is handled by David Scott, DJ Maphorisa, Mae N. Maejor, Shekhinah and Luke Goliath. The album's
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Jan Smuts in the South African Republic


farmers. Traditionally the Cape had been the economic and political heart of South Africa. The discovery of diamonds there, in Kimberley in 1870, had only reinforced this dominance. However, the entire balance of power in South Africa was to change in 1886 when vast gold fields were discovered in the Transvaal, near Witwatersrand. Almost overnight the Transvaal changed from being the most rural, backward, and impoverished state of South Africa to being the provider of 25% of the world's gold. The discovery of diamonds in the Cape
21919854
Neolithic Revolution


light or rain changes. For instance, wheat does not normally grow in tropical climates, just like tropical crops such as bananas do not grow in colder climates. Some authors, like Jared Diamond, have postulated that this East-West axis is the main reason why plant and animal domestication spread so quickly from the Fertile Crescent to the rest of Eurasia and North Africa, while it did not reach through the North-South axis of Africa to reach the Mediterranean climates of South Africa, where temperate crops were successfully imported by
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South Africa at the 2012 Summer Paralympics


: FA=Final A (medal); FB=Final B (non-medal); R=Repechage Natalie du Toit, a veteran of three Paralympics and one Olympics, announced her retirement from competitive swimming after this event. South Africa's first gold medal came from du Toit winning gold in the women's 100 m butterfly S9. South Africa's men's wheelchair basketball team were in "Group A" with Australia, Italy, Spain, Turkey and the United States. Competing athletes are given an eight-
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R516 (South Africa)


The R516 is a Regional Route in South Africa. Taking its western origin from the R511 near Thabazimbi. The road runs east to Bela-Bela (Warmbaths), where it meets, and is briefly cosigned with, the R101. It crosses the N1, before the R576 coming from the east-south-east, meets it at a t-junction. The R516 continues east, but then starts to turn north-east, crossing the R33 and then ending its journey at the R519 between Mookgophong (Naboomspruit)
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Joe Berardo


Madeira wine. At the age of 18, he emigrated to South Africa where he worked in horticulture distribution and eventually set up large commercial ventures, becoming at the end of the 20th century one of the most renowned and wealthiest Portuguese entrepreneurs. In South Africa, he created Egoli Consolidated Mines Ltd, a gold extraction company. Initially, the gold extraction was performed using low-value waste lands that were apparently being ignored. Later, the mining company started to deal with diamond mining as well. Berardo returned to Portugal in
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Karin Prinsloo


Karin Prinsloo (born 2 December 1989) is a South African swimmer. She was a member of the 2012 South Africa Olympic team, and competed in two individual events at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London. Prinsloo was born in Marble Hall, Limpopo, in 1989 and she attended Ben Viljoen High School in Groblersdal, where she graduated in 2007. Then she attended University of Pretoria in Pretoria, South Africa, where she is coached by Igor Omeltchenko. Prinsloo narrowly missed out on the gold medal in the woman's 100
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Great Bullion Famine


the gold shortage by traveling to Africa where gold was rumored to be found in abundance. This rumor likely originated from the fact that the trans-Saharan trade routes between the Songhai and North African traders had long provided Europe with gold. At one point, two thirds of Europe's gold originated from sub-Saharan Africa. Portuguese expansion into Africa began due to the determination of King John I to get into the gold-producing parts of West Africa. Eventually, King John's son, Prince Henry the Navigator, would
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Senior Scout Cederberg Adventure


The Senior Scout Cederberg Adventure is a biennial event for Scouts from South Africa and other countries, organised by Scouts South Africa. The adventure takes the form of a hike of about 10 days, usually in the Cederberg mountains. During this time, participating Scouts get to visit a number of activity centres where they can participate in activities ranging from marksmanship and rock climbing to sailing and gold panning. In 1968, Colin Inglis, the Western Cape Divisional Commissioner at the time, called a meeting to discuss the loss of 15- and
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Star of South Africa, Gold


The Star of South Africa, Gold, post-nominal letters SSA, is the senior decoration of two military and five non-military classes of the Order of the Star of South Africa, a South African Order which was instituted in 1975, for award to general and flag officers of the South African Defence Force. The Order of the Star of South Africa was discontinued in 2002. The Union Defence Forces (UDF) were established in 1912 and renamed the South African Defence Force (SADF) in 1958. On 27
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Sub-Saharan Africa


bauxite, with Guinea as the major supplier. Zambia is a major producer of copper. Democratic Republic of Congo is a major source of coltan. Production from Congo is very small but has 80% of proven reserves. Sub-saharan Africa is a major producer of gold, producing up to 30% of global production. Major suppliers are South Africa, Ghana, Zimbabwe, Tanzania, Guinea, and Mali. South Africa had been first in the world in terms of gold production since 1905, but in 2007 it moved
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Mining industry of Burkina Faso


Ltd. of the United Kingdom, and Canadian companies Channel Resources Ltd., Etruscan Resources, Goldbelt Resources Ltd., High River Gold Mines Ltd., Orezone Gold Corporation., Riverstone Resources Inc., and Societe Semafo. Etruscan also explores in Burkina Faso for copper. In 2012, there were 6 gold mines in Burkina Faso. Burkina Faso is the 3rd biggest site for gold exploration in Africa and 4th biggest gold producer in Africa. West African gold is not as high grade as gold from South Africa. Cluff updated its bankable feasibility study
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Malnutrition in South Africa


is unique from other African countries in its particular experience with Apartheid and colonialism. South Africa has numerous rich natural resources like diamonds and gold. When diamonds and gold were discovered in 1867 and 1886, instead of causing widespread richness for the African people, it caused widespread subjugation to the Boers (Dutch Settlers). Upon their arrival, the Dutch forced black farmers to either abandon their land, become sharecroppers, or become farm laborers. Subjugation from non-native groups continued until South Africa became a Republic. This long period
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Gold


% remains in use. In 2017, the world's largest gold producer by far was China with 440 tonnes. The second-largest producer, Australia, mined 300 tonnes in the same year, followed by Russia with 255 tonnes. Since the 1880s, South Africa has been the source of a large proportion of the world's gold supply, and about 22% of the gold presently accounted is from South Africa. Production in 1970 accounted for 79% of the world supply, about 1,480 tonnes. In 2007 China (
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Orkney, North West


Orkney is a gold mining town situated in the Klerksdorp district of the North West province, South Africa. It lies on the banks of the Vaal River approximately 180 km from Johannesburg near the N12 (national road from Johannesburg to George). The town was named after the Orkney Isles off the north coast of Scotland, the birthplace of Simon Fraser, one of the gold mining pioneers of the 1880s. The town was proclaimed in 1940 on the farm Witkoppen, where Fraser had first started gold mining. The town was laid
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Tsholotsho District


For those who cannot embark on either of the two economic activities the gold mines and farms of South Africa are the only solution hence the massive migration to South Africa in this district. An industrial school was founded here in 1921 but was relocated to Esigodini in 1941 and the old buildings taken over by the Matopos Research Station where cattle breeding is researched. Tsholotsho District has a relatively expensive road network system. Most of the roads are however unusable due to the extensive Kalahari sands covering the district. The road from Bulawayo to
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Reefer City, California


Reefer City is a former settlement in Kern County, California. It was located south-southwest of Mojave, at an elevation of 2762 feet (842 m). Reefer City still appeared on maps as late as 1947. Reefer City was established in June 1936 by Consolidated Gold Fields of South Africa, formerly Gold Fields of South Africa Limited, a company founded and based in London, after a gold lode was discovered on Soledad Mountain near Mojave. The company purchased refrigerator cars, known colloquially as "reefers", from
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Hungarian forint


inflation is in single digits, and the forint has been declared fully convertible. As a member of the European Union, the long-term aim of the Hungarian government may be to replace the forint with the euro, but that does not appear to be likely until some time during the 2020s. The forint's name comes from the city of Florence, where gold coins called "fiorino d'oro" were minted from 1252. In Hungary, "florentinus" (later "forint"), also a gold-based currency
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West Africa Cable System


in case of failure. Repairing a branch will not affect the traffic on the main cable. Landing stations support wavelength pass through which means a wavelength coming into a landing station does not just stop there but carries on. This feature allows future upgrade to be carried out without the necessity to have to upgrade each landing point. One of the four fibre pairs is a direct route from South Africa to Europe, a so-called "express lane". The second and third fibre pairs are designed as a "semi-
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Come Back, Africa


from South Africa and his transition period in London, where he wrote his book "Blame me on History". Rogosin at the same time bribed officials in South Africa and managed to get Miriam Makeba out of the country against the payment of a bond so that she could present the film with him at the Venice Film Festival. The film along with Makeba's singing and "afro" hair-style created a sensation and the film won the prestigious "Italian Critics Award". It was almost impossible to get black artists
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James David Manning


does not shy away from discussing it. After beginning study in 1982, Manning graduated from Union Theological Seminary in the City of New York where he was awarded a Master of Divinity in 1985. During his graduate studies, Manning went on a religious study tour to Latin America, and later to Africa. In his theological group study tour of Africa in 1985, he visited both Liberia in West Africa, founded by former African-American slaves and apartheid-era South Africa. He met his future wife on the tour.
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Woltemade Decoration for Bravery, Gold


The Woltemade Decoration for Bravery, Gold is the senior of two classes of a South African civil decoration for acts of bravery. It replaced the Union of South Africa King's Medal for Bravery, Gold and Union of South Africa Queen's Medal for Bravery, Gold, the award of which had been discontinued in 1952 and 1961 respectively. The Woltemade Decoration for Bravery, Gold was instituted by Warrant of 20 May 1970, published in the South African Government Gazette no. 2718 dated 29 May 1970. The Warrant was amended twice
5874487
Disgrace


clearly seen in Lurie's disregard for the feelings of his student as he manipulates her into having sexual relations with him. This characterization of violence by both the 'white' and the 'black' man parallels feelings in post-apartheid South Africa where evil does not belong to the 'other' alone. By resisting the relegation of each group into positive and negative poles Coetzee portrays the whole range of human capabilities and emotions. The novel takes its inspiration from South Africa's contemporary social and political conflict, and offers a
19367063
Candidatus Desulforudis audaxviator


"Candidatus Desulforudis audaxviator" is a monotypic bacteria, which lives in depths from below the Earth's surface in the groundwater. It is the only bacterium found in water samples obtained underground in the Mponeng gold mine in South Africa. Approximately four micrometres in length, it has survived for millions of years on chemical food sources that derive from the radioactive decay of minerals in the surrounding rock. This makes it one of the few known organisms that does not depend on sunlight for nourishment, and the only species known to be alone
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