what is the cause of vocal cord nodule
Speech and language impairment


examples of voice problems are vocal cord nodules or polyps, vocal cord paralysis, paradoxical vocal fold movement, and spasmodic dysphonia. Vocal cord nodules and polyps are different phenomena, but both may be caused by vocal abuse, and both may take the form of growths, bumps, or swelling on the vocal cords. Vocal fold paralysis is the inability to move one or both of the vocal cords, which results in difficulties with voice and perhaps swallowing. Paradoxical vocal fold movement occurs when the vocal cords close when they should actually
17511809
Human voice


the speech organs. When vocal injury is done, often an ENT specialist may be able to help, but the best treatment is the prevention of injuries through good vocal production. Voice therapy is generally delivered by a speech-language pathologist. Vocal nodules are caused over time by repeated abuse of the vocal cords which results in soft, swollen spots on each vocal cord. These spots develop into harder, callous-like growths called nodules. The longer the abuse occurs the larger and stiffer the nodules will become. Most polyps
17629018
Nodule (medicine)


In medicine, nodules are solid, elevated areas of tissue or fluid inside or under the skin with a diameter greater than 0.5 centimeters. Nodules may form on tendons and muscles in response to injury. The vocal cords may also develop nodules. Nodules are normally benign and often painless, although they can affect the functioning of the organ. Vocal fold nodules, thyroid nodules and rheumatoid nodules are examples. Furuncles and Kaposi's sarcomata are known to cause dermatological nodules. The sexual transmitted disease (STD) gonorrhea is also known for
8837573
Vocal cord nodule


clearing, shouting, speaking over background noise, and hard crying are associated with an increased risk of developing nodules and other vocal pathologies. Furthermore, unconventional voice practices such as speaking in the falsetto register, cause excessive strain and may result in nodules. The avoidance of damaging vocal behaviours may prevent the formation of nodules. Tobacco, alcohol, certain medications, and recreational drugs have also been implicated in pathologies of the vocal folds. Reducing exposure to these substances has been shown to reduce one's risk of nodules. Other behaviours
14828660
Oversinging


the development of vocal nodules, a form of scarring on the vocal cords caused by strenuous or abusive voice practices. Professional singers on extended tours with tight schedules run a substantial risk of damaging their voices unless they make sure to rest the vocal cords and get enough sleep and proper diet. Some famous singers known to have developed vocal nodules are Luciano Pavarotti, Whitney Houston, Freddie Mercury (who refused to have surgery out of fear that it would permanently damage his voice) and Joss Stone. Mariah Carey, although known to
9802206
Vocal cord nodule


Nodules may increase the mass of the vocal folds, especially along the medial edge where they are typically found. This increased mass may result in aperiodic or irregular vibration, the perception of greater pitch and loudness perturbations, and of increased hoarseness. Nodules may also affect the mucosal wave of the vocal folds by changing the configuration of the vocal fold closure pattern.They often cause incomplete closure of the vocal folds, resulting in an hourglass configuration. The incomplete closure allows more air to escape through the vocal folds, which often results
14828655
Vocal cord nodule


the major perceptual signs of vocal fold nodules include vocal hoarseness and breathiness. Other common symptoms include vocal fatigue, soreness or pain lateral to the larynx, and reduced frequency and intensity range. Airflow levels during speech may also be increased. Vocal fold nodules are thought to be the result of vocal fold tissue trauma caused by excessive mechanical stress, including repeated or chronic vocal overuse, abuse, or misuse. Predisposing factors include profession, gender, dehydration, respiratory infection, and other inflammatory factors. For professional voice users as well
14828646
Vocal cord nodule


Vocal cord nodules are bilaterally symmetrical benign white masses that form at the midpoint of the vocal folds. Although diagnosis involves a physical examination of the head and neck, as well as perceptual voice measures, visualization of the vocal nodules via laryngeal endoscopy remains the primary diagnostic method. Vocal fold nodules interfere with the vibratory characteristics of the vocal folds by increasing the mass of the vocal folds and changing the configuration of the vocal fold closure pattern. Due to these changes, the quality of the voice may be affected. As such,
14828645
Vocal cord nodule


speech may be increased in comparison to the speaker's habitual levels. However, airflow levels may still fall within the upper limits of the normal range. The degree to which an individual's airflow levels increase seems to depend on the severity of the injury. Subglottal pressure, the air pressure that is available below the glottis and in the trachea to produce speech, may be increased as well. Vocal fold nodules are thought to be the result of vocal fold tissue trauma caused by excessive mechanical stress. During phonation, the vocal
14828651
Vocal cord nodule


folds undergo many forms of mechanical stress. One example of such stress is the impact stress caused by the collision between the left and right vocal fold surfaces during vibration. This stress is thought to reach its maximum in the mid-membranous region of the vocal folds, at the junction of the anterior 1/3rd and posterior 2/3rd, the most common site of nodule formation. Vocal overuse (speaking for long periods), abuse (yelling), or misuse (hyperfunction) may produce excessive amounts of mechanical stress by increasing the rate
14828652
Vocal cord nodule


in the perception of breathiness. The degree to which nodules will affect the mucosal wave and vibratory characteristics of the vocal folds depends highly on the size of the nodule. Smaller nodules may still allow the vocal folds to achieve complete closure. Diagnosing vocal fold nodules typically includes a comprehensive analysis of medical and voice history, a physical examination of the head and neck, perceptual evaluation of voice, and visualization of the vocal folds. Visualization is considered to be the main method of diagnosis as perceptual evaluation, which includes acoustic and aerodynamic
14828656
Vocal cord nodule


as individuals who frequently experience hoarseness, vocal hygiene practices are recommended for the prevention of vocal fold nodules and other voice disorders. Vocal hygiene practices include three components: regulating the quantity and quality of voice use, improving vocal fold hydration, and reducing behaviours that jeopardize vocal health. About 10% of nodules resolve on their own, which is more likely if they are smaller and the onset more recent. Treatment of vocal fold nodules usually involves behavioural intervention therapy administered by a speech-language pathologist. In severe cases, surgery
14828647
Vocal cord nodule


measures, alone is insufficient. Laryngeal videostroboscopy, an imaging technique, is commonly used to view the vocal folds: this procedure can be performed nasally or orally. Vocal fold nodules are most often characterized as bilaterally symmetrical whitish masses, and tend to form at the midpoint of the vocal folds. Nodules may prevent complete closure of the glottis, also known as glottal closure, and their presence may lead to an hourglass-shaped glottal closure. Voice problems may result from the presence of vocal fold nodules. They are diagnosed based
14828657
Vocal cords


lamina secures the epithelium to the superficial layer of the lamina propria with anchoring fibers, this is a common site for injury. If a person has a phonotrauma or habitual vocal hyperfunction, also known as pressed phonation, the proteins in the basal lamina can shear, causing vocal fold injury, usually seen as nodules or polyps, which increase the mass and thickness of the cover. The squamous cell epithelium of the anterior glottis are also a frequent site of laryngeal cancer caused by smoking. A voice pathology called Reinke’s edema,
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Vocal cord nodule


to remove the lesions is recommended for best prognosis. In children, vocal fold nodules are more common in males; in adults, they are more common in females. One of the major perceptual signs of vocal fold nodules is a change in the quality of the voice. The voice may be perceived as hoarse, due to aperiodic vibrations of the vocal folds, and may also be perceived as breathy, due to an incomplete closure of the vocal folds upon phonation. The degree of hoarseness and breathiness perceived may vary in severity
14828648
Vocal cord nodule


and/or force with which the vocal folds collide. This may lead to trauma that is focalized to the mid-membranous vocal fold and subsequent wound formation. Repeated or chronic mechanical stress is thought to lead to the remodeling of the superficial layer of the lamina propria. It is this process of tissue remodeling that results in the formation of benign lesions of the vocal folds such as nodules. There are several factors that may predispose an individual to vocal fold nodules. Activities or professions that may contribute to phonotraumatic behaviors include cheerleading, untrained
14828653
Vocal cord nodule


-surgical treatment methods, it is likely they are another form of benign vocal fold lesion (polyp, fibrous mass, cyst, or pseudocyst). The prognosis of requiring surgery would only occur after an exhaustive attempt at non-surgical therapy techniques has been applied. Research on the epidemiology of vocal fold nodules in children has suggested that nodules are more common in boys (2:1), in particular boys who are active and scream more frequently. However, in adulthood, women are more likely to have nodules, and are
14828667
Vocal cord nodule


. This variability may be due to the size and firmness of the nodules. Other common symptoms include difficulty producing vocal pitches in the higher range, increased phonatory effort, and vocal fatigue. There may be a sensation of soreness or pain in the neck, lateral to the larynx, which generally occurs because of the increased effort needed to produce the voice. Major acoustic signs of vocal fold nodules involve changes in the frequency and the intensity of the voice. The fundamental frequency, an acoustic measure of voice pitch, may be
14828649
Vocal cord nodule


that are implicated in vocal fold nodules include poor sleeping habits and poor nutrition. The two main methods of treating vocal fold nodules are voice therapy (a behavioural treatment) and laryngeal microsurgery (a surgical treatment). Because of general risks of surgery (e.g. scar formation, or those posed by general anesthesia), behavioural treatment is usually recommended first. Behavioural voice therapy is typically carried out by speech-language pathologists. While behavioural treatments methods vary greatly, they are generally effective at improving vocal quality and decreasing size of vocal
14828661
Vocal cord nodule


singing, speaking above noise, and teaching without voice amplification, as these increase mechanical stress and subsequent vocal fold trauma. Gender may be another predisposing factor, as vocal fold nodules occur more frequently in females. The presence of dehydration, respiratory infection, and inflammatory factors may also act as predisposing or aggravating factors. Inflammatory factors may include allergies, tobacco and alcohol use, laryngopharyngeal reflux, and other environmental influences. Vocal fold nodules often alter the mechanical properties of the vocal folds, which can interfere with their vibratory characteristics.
14828654
Vocal cord nodule


fold nodules. Complete resolution of nodules through behavioural treatment is possible but unlikely. Behavioural techniques can indirect or direct. Indirect approaches focus on improving vocal hygiene, introducing and/or maintaining safe voice practices (thereby reducing opportunities for phonotrauma) and, occasionally, implementing vocal rest. Direct approaches involve reducing the physiological strain on the vocal system while the voice is being used (e.g. during speaking or singing), such as by reducing collision forces between the vocal folds, ensuring sufficient pulmonary support while speaking (e.g. by changing the individual's
14828662
Luciano Pavarotti


to sustain himself—first as an elementary school teacher and then as an insurance salesman. The first six years of study resulted in only a few recitals, all in small towns and without pay. When a nodule developed on his vocal cords, causing a ""disastrous"" concert in Ferrara, he decided to give up singing. Pavarotti attributed his immediate improvement to the psychological release connected with this decision. Whatever the reason, the nodule not only disappeared but, as he related in his autobiography: "Everything I
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Vocal cord nodule


on the presence of perceptual features not explicable by other causes. Such symptoms include: vocal fatigue, breathiness, loss of high pitch notes, lack of vocal control, or increased phonatory effort (i.e. increased effort to produce speech). For individuals who work with their voice (e.g., singers, actors, teachers, stock brokers) voice training that includes vocal function exercises (VFEs) may help to reduce undue vocal strain. Furthermore, recommendations for voice professionals include warm-up and cool-down exercises for the voice
14828658
Vocal cords


, proliferation and tissue remodeling. The study on vocal fold wound healing is not as extensive as that on animal models due to the limited availability of human vocal folds. Vocal fold injuries can have a number of causes including chronic overuse, chemical, thermal and mechanical trauma such as smoking, laryngeal cancer, and surgery. Other benign pathological phenomena like polyps, vocal fold nodules and edema will also introduce disordered phonation. Any injury to human vocal folds elicits a wound healing process characterized by disorganized collagen deposition and, eventually, formation
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Vocal cord nodule


breathing pattern), and optimizing resonance of the larynx and other structures of the vocal apparatus. Behavioural treatments also vary in delivery model. Traditional therapy distribution (e.g. eight sessions within eight weeks), more intensive approaches (e.g. eight session within three weeks) and remote therapy (i.e. telehealth) have all shown effectiveness in treating vocal fold nodules. Assessment of outcomes of behavioural treatments also varies greatly. Effects can be measured visually (e.g. by the same methods typically used to confirm the presence of vocal fold nodules: video endoscopy
14828663
Vocal cord nodule


and scalpels or CO2 surgical lasers might be used to remove the nodules. Microsutures are sometimes used to close the incision. Vocal rest for a period of 4 to 14 days is recommended post surgery to facilitate healing. Vocal fold nodules typically respond well to non-surgical/behavioural treatment techniques such as those described in the "Treatment" section. Therefore, if the patient is able to engage in such behaviour modification techniques the prognosis is good (although exact data is not available). If lesions are still present after non
14828666
Voice type


of medical authorities have indicated that singing at too high a pitch level may contribute to certain vocal disorders. Medical evidence indicates that singing at too high of a pitch level may lead to the development of vocal cord nodules. Increasing tension on the vocal cords is one of the means of raising pitch. Singing above an individual's best tessitura keeps the vocal cords under a great deal of unnecessary tension for long periods of time, and the possibility of vocal abuse is greatly increased. Singing at too low a pitch level is not
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Vocal cord nodule


and video stroboscopy), aerodynamically (e.g. by measuring parameters such as transglottal pressure and the glottal airflow waveform), perceptually (e.g. by rating the voice in terms of dimensions such as roughness, breathiness, aesthenia and strain), in terms of effect on quality of life measures, or using any combination of the above. Finally, recurrence of vocal fold nodules after behavioural treatment is always a possibility, particularly if nodules were not completely resolved or if skills gained during treatment were not carried-over outside of therapy sessions or
14828664
Vocal cord nodule


to reduce strain. Additionally, using amplification devices, such as speakers or microphones, is recommended for individuals who speak to large, and even small groups or in the presence of background noise. Staying hydrated decreases the pressure that the vocal folds exert on one another by ensuring sufficient lubrication by mucosa, increasing the efficiency of vocal fold oscillation during speech, and promoting a healthy voice quality. Consumption of caffeine in large quantities is dehydrating and is therefore implicated in an increased risk of vocal fold nodules. Behaviours such as frequent throat
14828659
Speech and language impairment


be open. Spasmodic dysphonia is caused by strained vocal cord movement, which results in awkward voice problems, such as jerkiness or quavering. If nodules or polyps are present, and are large, surgery may be the appropriate choice for removal. Surgery is not recommended for children, however. Other medical treatment may suffice for slighter problems, such as those induced by gastroesophageal reflux disease, allergies, or thyroid problems. Outside of medical and surgical interventions, professional behavioral interventions can be useful in teaching good vocal habits and minimizing abuse
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Belting (music)


more common modes of singing. Attempting to belt too loudly, in too high a register and without properly supporting the ventricular folds are (in combination) the "Three Devils" of the belter; an untrained belter may well consider the short term irritations (hoarseness, throat pain) caused by bad form to be just a "part of the job", when in reality it indicates a flaw in their belting skill that will cause long term serious damage (vocal cord nodules, irreversible loss of former range & timbre)
6347663
Vocal cord nodule


normal. However, the range of pitches the individual is capable of producing may be reduced, and it may be especially difficult to produce pitches in the higher range. The intensity of the voice, an acoustic measure of amplitude or loudness, may also be normal. However, the individual's amplitude range may be reduced as well. Perturbations or variations in frequency, known as jitter, and in amplitude, known as shimmer, may be increased. If the nodules affect the closure of the vocal folds, airflow levels during
14828650
Kyo (musician)


"Adoratio", in 2017. Kyo provided vocals for the song "Zessai" on Sugizo's 2017 album "Oneness M". Throughout his career, Kyo has been hospitalized multiple times: once in 2000, due to hearing problems (remaining partially deaf in his left ear) and again in 2006 and 2009 with edema of larynx (inflamed vocal cords). In late 2011 to early 2012, Kyo had yet another problem with his throat and vocal cords. After being diagnosed with vocal nodule dysphonia, Dir en grey
17410975
Vocal cord nodule


maintained after therapy blocks. When behavioural treatments have been deemed ineffective for a voice user, surgical intervention is often considered. Surgical treatments are considered in cases of unresolved dysphonia which negatively impacts the patient's quality of life. Removal of vocal fold nodules is a relatively safe and minor surgery. However, those who sing professionally or otherwise should take serious consideration before having surgery as it can affect the ability to sustain phonation, as well as alter the vocal range. While the patient is subdued under general anesthesia, long thin scissors
14828665
Thyroid disease


. The recurrent laryngeal nerves provide motor control for all external muscles of the larynx except for the cricothyroid muscle, which also runs along the posterior thyroid. Accidental laceration of either of the two or both recurrent laryngeal nerves may cause paralysis of the vocal cords and their associated muscles, changing the voice quality. Radioiodine therapy with iodine-131 can be used to shrink the thyroid gland (for instance, in the case of large goiters that cause symptoms but do not harbor cancer—after evaluation and biopsy of suspicious nodules has been done)
20059769
Laryngitis


also be caused by more severe problems, such as nerve damage, sores, polyps, or hard and thick lumps (nodules) on the vocal cords. Diagnosis of different forms of acute laryngitis The larynx itself will often show erythema (reddening) and edema (swelling). This can be seen with laryngoscopy or stroboscopy (method depends on the type of laryngitis). Other features of the laryngeal tissues may include Some signs and symptoms indicate the need for early referral. These include Treatment is often supportive in nature, and
2282135
Mariah Carey


she is an alto, though several critics have described her as a Coloratura soprano. The singer claims that she has nodules in her vocal cords since childhood, due to which she can sing in a higher register than others. However, tiredness and sleep deprivation can affect her vocals due to the nodules, and Carey explained that she went through a lot of practice to maintain a balance during singing. Jon Pareles of "The New York Times" described Carey's lower register as a "rich, husky alto" that extends
19775406
The Subways


Roll Queen" and "Oh Yeah". The episode came to a close with "I Want to Hear What You Have Got to Say" playing. The band postponed touring in April 2006 because Lunn had nodules on his vocal cords. They played a "secret" gig in The Green Room in their home town of Welwyn Garden City on 16 June, and also as support for the Foo Fighters in Manchester at the Lancashire County Cricket Ground on 18 June (along with Eagles of Death Metal, Angels & Airwaves and
9729807
Coenurosis in humans


and muscle movements. Many of these symptoms are due to the buildup of inter-cranial pressure from the growing cyst or from the cyst pressing on other parts of brain. When the cyst occurs in the spinal cord, it can cause severe pain and inflammation, and loss of feeling in some nerves. When the cyst occurs in the eyes, it causes decreased vision and headaches. In the muscular and subcutaneous tissues, the cyst causes disfiguring nodules that can protrude out of the body. These nodules can be painful, uncomfortable
14631421
Granuloma


meaning: "a small nodule". Since a small nodule can represent anything from a harmless nevus to a malignant tumor, this usage of the term is not very specific. Examples of this use of the term granuloma are the lesions known as vocal cord granuloma (known as contact granuloma), pyogenic granuloma and intubation granuloma, all of which are examples of granulation tissue, not granulomas. "Pulmonary hyalinizing granuloma" is a lesion characterized by keloid-like fibrosis in the lung, and is not granulomatous. Similarly,
6182312
Polyp (medicine)


always the cause. They can occur on one or both vocal folds, and appear as swelling, a bump (similar to a nodule), a stalk-like growth, or a blister-like lesion. Most polyps are larger than nodules, which are more similar to callouses on the vocal folds. Polyps and nodules can exhibit similar symptoms including hoarseness or breathiness, “rough” or “scratchy” voice, harshness in vocal quality, shooting pain from ear to ear, sensation of having “a lump in the
13105924
Susana Naidich


institutional) in voice, sung and spoken, vocal technical elements for voice (without forcing the vocal cords), rehabilitation of functional problems (disfonías) related to organic (nodules, polyps and edemas) or by bad technical training, erroneous vocal classification (in singers) and abuse of the voice. In 1970, Naidich recorded the LP "Cantares de madre", lullabyes of diverse origins. The arrangements were under the direction of Eduardo Rovira. The re-release in 2000 included five black spirituals, in which Alberto
20938491
From First to Last


support of their release Heroine. FFTL then did a short European Tour with various bands. The band then played several dates on the 2006 Vans Warped Tour, but were forced to drop out due to surgical removal of a nodule on Moore's vocal cords. He received his second nodule surgery in early July (his first being in May 2005). Following his recovery, From First to Last went out on the "World Championship Tour" supporting Atreyu along with Every Time I Die and Chiodos. While on that tour,
18501083
Andy Kerr (musician)


of the Wright brothers' rhythm section. Rob Wright, the group's primary vocalist through much of its career, suffered from nodules on his vocal cords during much of the late 1980s, leaving Kerr temporarily responsible for the bulk of the vocal duties, notably on the "Small Parts Isolated and Destroyed" record. By the time of the "Wrong" album of 1989, Wright had undergone successful throat surgery and reclaimed the slight majority of the band's lead vocal parts. Kerr seems to have attempted anonymity in his involvement
16835597
Ain't No Little Girl


life I truly feel 'wrote me' rather than me writing it. I wrote it a few years back and never connected to it much because I honestly felt like I wasn't strong enough personally or vocally to really 'own it.' I grew into the song throughout a lot of personal growth and after vocal surgery having two nodules removed from my vocal cords, I found a new strength and power within myself as a singer and a woman. It became a theme to new life, and I feel is the
10517634
Baby Animals


, vocal fold nodules, which required her to undertake surgery on her vocal cords. At the ARIA Music Awards of 1994 they received another nomination for Best Group – this time for "Shaved and Dangerous". In August 1994 Baby Animals shared the stage with Extreme in a concert on the Azores island of São Miguel. In that month DeMarchi and Bettencourt married and the couple moved to Boston. Song writing and recording for a proposed third album was anticipated for November. In 1995 on the verge of their first major US tour
21565214
Natalie Dessay


took on the role of Amina in "La sonnambula" at the Lausanne Opera. During the 2001–2002 season in Vienna, Dessay began to experience vocal difficulties and had to be replaced in almost all of the performances of "La sonnambula". Subsequently, she was forced to cancel several other performances, including the French version of "Lucia di Lammermoor" in Lyon and a Zerbinetta at the Royal Opera House in London. She withdrew from the stage and underwent surgery to remove a vocal cord nodule in July 2002. In the
22208187
Joanna Newsom


a soprano. Her vocal style (in the November 2006 issue of "The Wire", she described her voice as "untrainable") has shadings of folk and Appalachian shaped-note timbres. Newsom has, however, expressed disappointment at comments that her singing is "child-like." Critics noticed a change in Newsom's voice on her album "Have One on Me". In the spring of 2009, Newsom developed vocal cord nodules and could not speak or sing for two months. The recovery from the
4369000
Odostomia lapazana


spiral keel. The whorls are marked by well developed, nodulous axial ribs, of which 20 occur upon all the whorls. The intercostal spaces are about twice as wide as the ribs, crossed by five equal spiral cords, which are about half as strong as the ribs and render them nodulous at their junction. The first spiral cord is a little posterior to the middle of the shoulder. The spaces enclosed by the ribs and cords are deep, rectangular pits, the long axis of which coincides with the spiral cords.
5291398
Anita Mui


that offered them a chance to make a living. At the age of 15, due to the frequency of performances at different venues (up to six venues per day) that she had, her voice was affected due to the development of nodules on her vocal cords. Following the advice of the doctor, she took a year off and to keep herself occupied, she attended art lessons with her cousin. After a year, she started performing again despite the change in her vocal range, which lowered her voice by an
15121436
Hermione Gingold


lyricist Eric Maschwitz, whom she divorced in 1945. She underwent a vocal crisis in the late 1920s and early 1930s: she had hitherto described herself as "Shakespearian and soprano", but nodules on her vocal cords brought a drastic drop in pitch, about which she commented, "One morning it was Mozart and the next 'Old Man River'". The critic J. C. Trewin described her voice as "powdered glass in deep syrup". During this period she broadcast frequently for the BBC and established herself at the
2341086
Nomeansno


yielding the single "Dad". The song was a minor college radio hit, which AllMusic reviewer Adam Bregman called "a bit chilling, even though it's spit out at slam-pit's pace". Kerr, the song's lead vocalist, increasingly became responsible for lead vocals as Rob Wright suffered from nodules on his vocal cords. They soon signed with the seminal punk rock label Alternative Tentacles, run by Jello Biafra of the Dead Kennedys. This, along with frequent touring in North America and Europe, helped
5317264
Scrotal ultrasound


inflammation (Akbar et al., 2003). Although the exact cause of this tumor is not completely understood, it is generally believed that these lesions represent a benign reactive proliferation of inflammatory and fibrous tissue, in response to chronic irritation. Sonographic evaluation generally shows one or more solid nodules arising from the tunica vaginalis, epididymis, spermatic cord and tunica albuginea [Fig. 18]. A hydrocele is frequently present too. The nodules may appear hypoechoic or hyperechoic, depending on the amount of collagen or fibroblast present. Acoustic
20934110
Baekho (singer)


labelmate Uee, because of his resemblance to the character Kang Baek-ho in "Slam Dunk". In 2013, Baekho appeared in the television drama "Jeon Woo-chi". In early 2014, he was diagnosed with vocal fold nodules. However, he decided to continue performing with NU’EST while receiving treatment. Pledis Entertainment announced in November that he would be taking a temporary hiatus from all group activities. His doctors advised that he completely rest his voice and underwent vocal cord surgery. In February 2016, it was
7932469
Voice therapy


others indicate between 2 and 23%. Dysphonia is more common in male children than females during school-age. Conversely, as of 13 years and through to adulthood the disorder is more commonly seen in females. Other voice disorders such as vocal nodules, are also common in children, particularly before the onset of puberty with an incidence of 17-30%. The most common vocal pathologies occurring in children are nodules (55-68% of cases) and damage caused by congenital lesions (27-41% of
652150
Éva Gauthier


her aunt and uncle, Lady Zoé Laurier and Sir Wilfrid Laurier. Gauthier travelled to France, where she received private voice lessons from Auguste-Jean Dubulle of the Paris Conservatory. Nodules on her vocal cords were problematic, but they were removed surgically. She later began training under Jacques Bouhy, whom she would later credit for her vocal technique. In 1906, Gauthier was retained by fellow Canadian singer Emma Albani to accompany her on a tour of England and her Canadian farewell tour. Albani provided a degree of mentorship to Gauthier
12527516
Vocal cord dysfunction


Vocal cord dysfunction (VCD), is a pathology affecting the vocal folds (commonly referred to as the vocal cords) characterized by full or partial vocal fold closure causing difficulty and distress during respiration, especially during inhalation. Due to the similarity in symptoms, VCD attack are often mistaken for asthma attacks or laryngospasms. Symptoms of VCD are not always present. Rather, they often occur episodically, often defined as "attacks," where the sufferer will be symptomatic for a short period of time. Although several contributing factors have
3443712
Cho Kyu-hyun


Kyuhyun spent six days in the ICU before he was transferred to a regular hospital room. After being moved, Kyuhyun no longer needed support from a respiratory machine, but he was not able to walk on his own until one month after the accident. He was discharged on July 5, 2007 after 78 days. On August 23, 2016, Kyuhyun underwent vocal cord surgery to treat his vocal chord nodules. He subsequently took a break from all activities during recovery. On May 25, 2017, Kyuhyun began his mandatory military
16082901
Larry Page


that his right vocal cord is paralyzed from a cold that he contracted the previous summer, while his left cord was paralyzed in 1999. Page explained that he has been suffering from a vocal cord issue for 14 years, and, as of his May 2013 post, doctors were unable to identify the exact cause. The Google+ post also revealed that Page had donated a considerable sum of money to a vocal-cord nerve-function research program at the Voice Health Institute in Boston, US. The program, at Massachusetts General
15263643
Reinke's edema


sac-like" appearance of the fluid-filled vocal cords. The swelling of the vocal folds causes the voice to become deep and hoarse. Therefore, the major symptom of Reinke's edema is a hoarseness similar to laryngitis. The major cause associated with Reinke's edema is smoking. In fact, 97% of patients diagnosed with Reinke's edema are habitual smokers. Other identified risk factors include overuse of the vocal cords, gastroesophageal reflux, and hypothyroidism. The disease is more often cited in women than in men,
16051754
Vocal cord dysfunction


tightness in the throat or chest, choking, stridor on inhalation and wheezing, which can resemble the symptoms of asthma. These episodes of dyspnea can be recurrent and symptoms can range from mild to severe and prolonged in some cases. Agitation and a sense of panic are not uncommon and can result in hospitalization. Different subtypes of vocal cord dysfunction are characterized by additional symptoms. For instance, momentary aphonia can be caused by laryngospasm, an involuntary spasm of the vocal cords and a strained or hoarse voice may be perceived when the
3443715
Baleen whale


was shot in 2014. It is largely unknown how baleen whales produce sound because of the lack of a melon and vocal cords. In a 2007 study, it was discovered that the larynx had U-shaped folds which are thought to be similar to vocal cords. They are positioned parallel to air flow, as opposed to the perpendicular vocal cords of terrestrial mammals. These may control air flow and cause vibrations. The walls of the larynx are able to contract which may generate sound with support from the arytenoid cartilages. The
7774648
Biophilia Tour


at Roseland Ballroom. However, due to an illness, one show that was to take place at the Hall of Science was rescheduled and moved to the Roseland Ballroom. After the end of the residency, another one was announced at Centro de Exposiciones of Buenos Aires, with the last show taking place at the Estadio G.E.B.A.. However, due to the discovery of a nodule on her vocal cords, Björk had to cancel the last show at the Centro de Exposiciones and the concert at the Estadio G.E.B.A. For this reason, Björk
19649430
Tour De Force (tour)


It was during this tour it was discovered he had nodules on his vocal cords. He was scheduled to do three concerts in Perth but, according to Gus Dudgeon, "on the third night, he was sitting in his dressing room and suddenly found he couldn't speak at all". He was ordered not to speak for four days. James Newton Howard, who was at the time an up-and-coming film composer in Hollywood, joined John to conduct and write larger, augmented charts of not only his
10138103
Matthew Good


remove a nodule from a vocal cord, Good stayed in a hotel for three weeks in Whistler to work on songs for the new album. Good wrote most of the album while unable to speak or sing. Good later wrote that he spent much of the time "trying to keep down food supplement bars, trying to forget the growing tension within the band, the high expectations of needing to produce 'hit songs' (whatever they are these days), throwing up, and trying to find some semblance of direction in
21335372
All or Nothing (The Subways album)


such as "Girls & Boys", "Alright", "Obsession", "Turnaround" and "I Won't Let You Down" were played at gigs and festivals throughout 2007 and early 2008. The album was delayed in recording after Billy Lunn was diagnosed with nodules in his vocal cords, which almost resulted in the frontman losing his voice. This led to the naming of the album "All or Nothing". The effort was recorded in two periods at Conway Studios during 2007 by Butch Vig, who has
6475185
Shayne Ward


2006, fellow Take That member, Jason Orange threatened to quit the band, and Ward was seriously considered as his replacement. Orange, however, later changed his mind and a replacement was not required. In August 2006, it was reported that Ward had developed vocal cord nodules—the same condition that stopped the singing career of Julie Andrews—and was to be flown out to Los Angeles in early September to see a specialist surgeon. His manager, Louis Walsh, released a statement that he was confident Ward would be
660487
Dana Rosemary Scallon


becoming a UK #31 hit on 13 March. In September however, while promoting her new single, "Fairytale", she lost her voice. Her left vocal cord, which had been cauterized the year before, required urgent surgery to remove what turned out to be a non-malignant growth, as well as a small part of the cord itself. This caused some newspapers to report on the possibility that she might never sing again. Despite her inability to fully promote "Fairytale", a disco number written by
13978688
Vocal cord dysfunction


of its occurrence in infants leading some to believe that a physiological cause such as reflux or allergy is likely. Certain medications, such as antihistamines for allergies, cause drying of the mucous membranes, which can cause further irritation or hypersensitivity of the vocal cords. VCD has long been strongly associated with a variety of psychological or psychogenic factors, including conversion disorder, major depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, anxiety (especially in adolescents), stress (particularly stress relating to competitive sports), physical and sexual abuse, post-
3443719
Recurrent laryngeal nerve


for opening the vocal cords, and paralysis may cause difficulty breathing (dyspnea) during physical activity. Injury to both the right and left nerve may result in more serious damage, such as the inability to speak. Additional problems may emerge during healing, as nerve fibres that re-anastamose may result in "vocal cord motion impairment", uncoordinated movements of the vocal cord. The nerve receives close attention from surgeons since during neck surgery, especially thyroid and parathyroid surgery, the nerve is at risk for injury. Nerve damage
14018658
Hindsiclava andromeda


sculpture consists of (on the body whorl 18) equal narrow nodulous ribs with subequal interspaces. The ribs extend well over the base from the anterior margin of the anal fasciole, where they form a marked shoulder. The incremental lines are hardly noticeable except on the fasciole. The spiral sculpture consists of (on the spire three) strong cords, the posterior slightly larger, which become swollen and nodulous where they intersect the summit of the ribs. On the body whorl there are 7 of these cords and 10 minor threads in
313674
Cysticercosis


space. These can occasionally grow into large lobulated masses causing pressure on surrounding structures. Spinal cord neurocysticercosis most commonly presents symptoms such as back pain and radiculopathy. In some cases, cysticerci may be found in the eyeball, extraocular muscles, and under the conjunctiva ("subconjunctiva"). Depending on the location, they may cause visual difficulties that fluctuate with eye position, retinal edema, hemorrhage, a decreased vision or even a visual loss. Subcutaneous cysts are in the form of firm, mobile nodules, occurring mainly on
1378071
Cho Kyu-hyun


", on May 25. On August 22, SM Entertainment announced that Kyuhyun would take a break from his activities due to vocal cord nodules. He underwent surgeries and temporarily halted his activities, including his performance in an ongoing musical that he was cast in, Mozart, as well as two weeks of recording on "Radio Star". In October 2016, it was announced that popular singer Sung Si-kyung would participated to composing in Kyuhyun's upcoming album and schedule to release within that year. Kyuhyun performed the new
16082894
Julie Andrews


production, she declined the nomination saying that she could not accept because she felt the entire production was snubbed. Andrews was forced to quit the show towards the end of the Broadway run in 1997 when she developed hoarseness in her voice. She subsequently underwent surgery at New York's Mount Sinai Hospital to remove non-cancerous nodules from her throat. (However, Andrews stated in 2010 that it was due to "a certain kind of muscular striation [that] happens on the vocal cords" as a result of strain from
1618554
Fear No Evil (Slaughter album)


Fear No Evil is the third studio album by American glam metal band Slaughter. The record was completed while the band was still signed by Chrysalis in 1994. It was finally released in 1995 with CMC International Records. The album was preceded by the troubles and controversies of the band. Singer Mark Slaughter came from a nodule surgery on his vocal cords (1992), guitarist Tim Kelly was charged with drug trafficking, and bassist Dana Strum was rehabilitating from a dirt bike accident that injured his playing hand. A video for "
16562464
Nana Okada


placed 5th in the 10th Senbatsu Election after ranking 4th in the preliminaries, thus becoming a for the first time. In her speech, she encouraged the idol otakus to take pride in their support of AKB48 Group and its members and invited them to visit STU48's shipboard theater, which at that time was planned to start operating in the summer. In August, Okada underwent surgery for vocal cord nodules and was unable to speak for some time while recovering. It was also announced that she would star in the stage play of
16669930
Counting Crows


", which was a number one hit in Canada and a Top 10 hit in the United States. On July 2, 1997, Counting Crows kicked off a co-headlining tour with The Wallflowers that continued through September. This tour included opening acts by Bettie Serveert, Engine 88, Gigolo Aunts, and That Dog, with each opening band touring for a three-week stretch. After nine months of near-constant touring in support of the album, Duritz developed nodules on his vocal cords in July 1997, leading
20416097
Matthew Good Band


Higher Ground". In 2000, the band began working on their next album. The album's creation came during a difficult period for Good. While he struggled to deal with the band's success, he was diagnosed with sarcoidosis, prompting him to temporarily quit smoking. Following throat surgery to remove a nodule from a vocal cord, Good stayed in a hotel for three weeks in Whistler to work on songs for the new album. Good wrote most of the album while unable to speak or sing. Good later wrote that
21335421
Gregg De Lorto


1995, Gregg had surgery to remove nodules on his vocal cords. In 2007, he was diagnosed with an inoperable midbrain tumor. Feeling his time was not over and not ready to give up, he sought the best and was referred to neurosurgeon Mark E. Linskey, M.D., at UC Irvine Medical Center. During their first meeting Gregg told Dr. Linskey he was concerned about how the operation would affect his right and left hand coordination. Dr. Linskey said “this is not a textbook surgery…,” but not to worry
5193246
Lost in France


underwent an operation to remove nodules from her vocal cords. She failed to follow the six-week rest period instructed by her doctor and was left with a permanent, distinct raspy quality. Tyler recorded four demos in London in 1975. "My! My! Honeycomb" was released as her first single with "Got So Used to Loving You" as its B-side, and "Lost in France" was released with "Baby I Remember You" as its B-side. David Mackay, Ronnie Scott and
9291648
Vocal cord dysfunction


there are instances of comorbidity of asthma and VCD. The differential diagnosis for vocal cord dysfunction includes vocal fold swelling from allergy, asthma, or some obstruction of the vocal folds or throat. Anyone suspected of this condition should be evaluated and the vocal folds (voice box) visualized. In individuals who experience a persistent difficulty with inhaling, consideration should be given to a neurological cause such as brain stem compression, cerebral palsy, etc. The main difference between VCD and asthma is the audible stridor or wheezing that occurs at different
3443727
Ice on Fire Tour


Leather Jackets" album, the North American leg of the world tour began at the Pine Knob Music Theatre in Clarkston, Michigan on 17 August and ended on 15 October with eight nights at Los Angeles’ Universal Amphitheatre. One unique aspect to this tour was that Elton played acoustic guitar on stage (on Lesley Duncan’s Love Song), something he had not done since 1976. This part of the tour proved especially difficult for Elton, who unknowingly had developed potentially cancerous nodules on his vocal cords, and by the time
10301721
X-Fest


Reason, 7 Days Away, Uncrowned Papa Roach, scheduled between Staind and Adelitas Way, canceled due to vocalist Jacoby Shaddix needing surgery to remove a nodule on his left vocal cord. 2013: Alice in Chains, Jane's Addiction, Coheed and Cambria, Circa Survive, Walking Papers, Middle Class Rut, New Politics, Dead Daisies, Danko Jones 2014: Godsmack, Seether, Skillet, Pop Evil, Buckcherry, Escape The Fate, Within Reason, 3 Years Hollow, Sons of Revelry, battle band winner. Formerly
12777222
Rod Stewart


30th studio album, "Blood Red Roses", on Republic Records. Stewart duets with Bonnie Tyler on three tracks of her 2019 studio album, "Between the Earth and the Stars", including the title track. In May 2000, Stewart was diagnosed with thyroid cancer, for which he underwent surgery in the same month. It had been previously reported he suffered from a benign vocal cord nodule. Besides being a major health scare, the resulting surgery also threatened his voice, and he had to re-learn how
15338158
Emma Stone


a Swedish family that anglicized their surname to "Stone" when they immigrated to the United States through Ellis Island. She also has German, English, Scottish, and Irish ancestry. As an infant, Stone had baby colic and cried frequently; she consequently developed nodules and calluses on her vocal cords while she was a child. Stone has described herself as having been "loud" and "bossy" while growing up. She was educated at Sequoya Elementary School and attended Cocopah Middle School for the sixth grade. Although she
18928174
Ljuba Welitsch


La fille du régiment" in 1972. Welitsch's international career was mainly centred on Vienna, London and New York, although she remained loyal to Graz and made guest appearances there. She was twice invited to perform at La Scala, Milan, but her commitments were already too many to allow her to accept. By 1953 Welitsch had developed nodules on her vocal cords, necessitating surgery. That, compounded by her unusually high number of performances, led to a swift deterioration in her singing, and she was obliged to give
19860877
Interference (band)


powerful you almost forgot who you were there for…I witnessed the auspicious performance in Cork when they played with the Hothouse Flowers . Though some might describe them as a little rough around the edges, Interference positively bewitched the audience’ (Cork Tribune, July 1988). Then due to over work and over stress, Fergus, who suffers from Muscular Dystrophy developed nodules on his vocal cords. He was forced to stop singing in early 1988 for fear of further damaging his voice. It was an indefinite stop, nobody being
7930684
Reinke's edema


flashes of light that are timed to the patient's vocal frequency. Every time the light is flashed, it will create a still frame image of the vocal cords at that particular moment in time. These are combined to produce an image of the wave. In the case of Reinke's edema, structural changes to the vocal cords will result in abnormal wave patterns. The first step in treating Reinke's edema is to eliminate or control those risk factors that are causing the disease. This includes the cessation of smoking, the
16051770
Steven M. Zeitels


surgical instruments, and holds 6 patents for these innovations. He is widely acknowledged for pioneering novel laser applications to treat dysplasia and cancer as well as laryngeal papillomatosis, polyps, nodules and is also well known for perfecting office-based laryngeal laser surgery. Most notable, was his introduction of angiolytic laser treatment of vocal cord cancer, which was a groundbreaking achievement evolving from Judah Folkman’s concepts of tumor angiogenesis and Rox Anderson’s theory of selective photothermolysis. He received the 2014 Broyles Maloney Award of the American Broncho-Esophagological Association
17424271
Compsodrillia nana


on the body whorl. There are two slender spiral cords between the second nodulose cord and the nodulose cord at the periphery which shows weakly in the suture of the whorls. The axial sculpture consists of strong, broad, rounded, protractively slanting ribs, which are about twice as wide as the spaces that separate them. The junction of these ribs with the stronger spiral cords produces nodules. The suture is well impressed. The periphery is marked by a nodulose spiral cord, the major portion of which, however, falls immediately
757485
Reinke's edema


, gastric reflux, and hypothyroidism. Advanced cases may undergo phonosurgery to remove the fluid from the vocal cords. List of common symptoms: Reinke's edema is characterized by a "sac-like" appearance of the vocal folds. The edema is a white translucent fluid that causes a bulging (distension) of the vocal cord. The most common clinical symptom associated with Reinke's edema is an abnormally low pitched voice with hoarseness. The low pitch voice is a direct result of increased fluid in the Reinke's space, which
16051756
Odostomia hipolitensis


weak axial ribs which extend only feebly to the first supra-peripheral cord, rendering the junction with the cords feebly nodulous. The sutures are strongly constricted, not channeled. The periphery of the body whorl is marked by a spiral cord. The base of the shell is rounded, slightly channeled anteriorly. It is marked by nine spiral cords which become successively weaker and closer spaced from the periphery to the umbilical area. The spaces between the cords are marked by numerous slender axial threads. The aperture is oval and effuse anteriorly
5291376
Vocal cord paresis


signals from the mucous membrane of the larynx to the brain. A unilateral injury of the nerve typically results in hoarseness caused by a reduced mobility of one of the vocal folds. It may also cause minor shortages of breath as well as aspiration problems especially concerning liquids. A bilateral injury causes the vocal folds to impair the air flow resulting in breathing problems, stridor and snoring sounds, and fast physical exhaustion. This strongly depends on the median or paramedian position of the paralyzed vocal folds. Hoarseness rarely occurs in bilaterally paralyzed vocal
15151060
Morissette Amon


November 16 until December 16. Amon enjoyed this first stint in theater thoroughly, but using her voice at full tilt during rehearsals and the play itself took its toll. She started losing her voice after performances, prompting consultation with a doctor who diagnosed her with vocal cord nodules. 2013 marked Morissette's departure from TV5 and that "Cassandra: Warrior Angel" would mark her last project with the network. Her work at TV5 gave her the means to sustain her family; while she enjoyed acting, singing was Amon's true
10474883
Human voice


), which can shorten and bulge the folds. They are flat triangular bands and are pearly white in color. Above both sides of the vocal cord is the vestibular fold or "false vocal cord", which has a small sac between its two folds. The difference in vocal folds size between men and women means that they have differently pitched voices. Additionally, genetics also causes variances amongst the same sex, with men's and women's singing voices being categorized into types. For example, among men, there are
17629003
Adenoid hypertrophy


, there is a high bacterial count in the adenoids as compared to children without problematic otitis media, even if the size of the adenoids is small. The adenoids in these cases provide a reservoir of pathogenic bacteria that cause ear infections and subsequent middle ear effusions (fluid). The nasopharynx lies directly above the throat. Splashes of excessive "drip" from infected adenoids may fall directly onto the vocal cords. Although the larynx and vocal cords do not ordinarily become infected from adenoiditis, their mucosa does become irritated. The vocal
5270672
Future Islands


. According to him "There's four causes. Acid reflux, smoking, talking too much or overuse of the vocal cords, and then chronic misuse of the vocal cords ... which is how I sing. So, basically, I was four for four." Herring started compensating for the fact that he can no longer hit certain notes by growling, which in turn became distinctive on his vocals. More than a studio band, Future Islands define themselves as a live band and have toured extensively. Frontman Sam Herring is
9059736
Vocal cords


due to longer and thicker folds. The male vocal folds are between 1.75 cm and 2.5 cm (approx 0.75" to 1.0") in length, while female vocal folds are between 1.25 cm and 1.75 cm (approx 0.5" to 0.75") in length. The vocal folds of children are much shorter than those of adult males and females. The difference in vocal fold length and thickness between males and females causes a difference in vocal pitch. Additionally, genetic factors cause variations between members of the same sex, with
14365003
Vocal fry register


a "growl" or "scream," which sounds aggressive and harsh. The chief use of the vocal fry register in singing is to obtain pitches of very low frequency, which are not available to the singer in the modal register. Although the physiological production of the vocal fry register may be extended up into the modal register, most vocal pedagogues discourage such practices, as it may cause damage to the vocal cords. Also, many voice teachers discourage singers from using the vocal fry register frequently, as it may cause
19567836
Odostomia virginalis


second one below the summit is the strongest and marks the angle of the shoulder. The junction of the ribs and cords form feeble nodules best shown at the shoulder. The sutures are strongly constricted. The periphery of the body whorl is marked by a low cord. The base of the shell is well rounded. It is marked by four low, broad cords and seven exceedingly fine incised lines, the latter about the umbilical area. The narrow, strongly incised grooves which separate the cords are crossed by numerous fine axial threads
18985750