how much nicotine is in a copenhagen mint pouch
Skoal (tobacco)


in the nicotine level chart, a measurement designed to read how much nicotine one actually receives while using the product, Skoal's varieties ranged from average (8th) to poor (2nd to last) depending on flavor and texture. Skoal is packaged in a 1.2 oz plastic can with a metal lid and is available in three textures: fine cut, long cut and two different pouch sizes. Fine cut is more grain-like, while long cut is more string-like. Two pouch varieties of Skoal are also available
953992
Copenhagen (tobacco)


Copenhagen is a brand of dipping tobacco made by the U.S. Smokeless Tobacco Company. The product is available in pouches and different cuts of tobacco, including Fine Cut, Long Cut, and Extra Long Cut. Copenhagen Original Snuff, Long Cut, and pouches come in a 1.2 can now made with a plastic bottom and metal lid, however a few flavors still use the fiberboard bottom. The brand also offers other flavors like Wintergreen, Mint, Straight, Original, Southern Blend, and, seasonally, Black; all are available
14419311
Copenhagen (tobacco)


in long-cut, fine-cut, and pouches except for Black and Southern Blend. If it is offered as tax-exempt for use outside the US, the original flavor is packaged in an all-fiberboard-bottom can with a tin lid, while all the rest of the flavors have a plastic can with the same lid as the original. Copenhagen dipping tobacco delivers varying contents of nicotine, depending on the cut. In 2006, Copenhagen's marketing team introduced "Cope" as a side brand. While
14419312
Skoal (tobacco)


Cherry)], to a level of 13.4 mg of nicotine per gram of tobacco [tied for 4th strongest level, (Skoal Long Cut Straight)]. However, in terms of the free nicotine level, it can be seen from the results that Kodiak Winter Green had the highest level at 8.2 mg, followed by Copenhagen Pouches at 6.8 mg, and Grizzly Long Cut Winter Green at 5.9 mg. The three lowest brands, were Cooper Long Cut Winter Green at 1.1 mg, Skoal Long Cut Cherry at 1.7 mg
953990
Cigar boom


very small leaves heavily laden with nicotine. The corona was often sold to chewing tobacco companies who flavored this nicotine-laden tobacco and then sold it under names like Mail Pouch, Red Man, and others... If the corona remained unsold, then it and the stalk would be plowed under to provide soil-enriching nitrogen for next year's crop. "During the Cigar Boom years, this practice all but disappeared! Why? Because during the priming cycle the tobacco stalks would have a secondary growth of tiny leaves much like
19019492
Herbal smokeless tobacco


Herbal smokeless tobacco is any product that imitates types of smokeless tobacco (chewing tobacco, dipping tobacco, snuff, snus, etc.) but does not contain either tobacco and nicotine, or tobacco while still retaining nicotine. Like herbal cigarettes and electronic cigarettes, they are often used as a tobacco cessation aid. Herbal smokeless tobacco use is an alternative to using smokeless tobacco that may help users quit. Herbal snus is a tobacco-free and nicotine-free substitute of snus, a spitless tobacco of either loose or pouched (
3670474
Herbal smokeless tobacco


portioned) form which is usually placed along the gum line beneath the upper lip. It is most widely used in Sweden. Herbal dipping tobacco or herbal moist snuff is a tobacco-free and (often) nicotine-free version of moist snuff, a tobacco product used orally by placing either a loose or pouched form along the gum line behind the lip. Some products, although tobacco free, may still contain nicotine, while others are completely tobacco and nicotine free. Herbal moist snuff has limited exposure in tobacco shops compared
3670475
Nicotine Anonymous


366 daily meditations further expanding on topics related to recovery from nicotine addiction. "The Twelve Traditions of Nicotine Anonymous (Extended Version)" includes a complete copy of the explanations for all Twelve Traditions. "Bylaws of Nicotine Anonymous" has the rules and regulations for how Nicotine Anonymous World Services operates. The pamphlets provide information to new and prospective members, and include titles as follows: "Introducing Nicotine Anonymous; To the Newcomer and Sponsorship in Nicotine Anonymous; Out Policy of Openness; How Nicotine Anonymous Works; Nicotine Anonymous the
8559216
Juul


acidic than freebase nicotine, making them easier to inhale. Additionally, nicotine salts are more readily absorbed into the bloodstream at a rate similar to conventional cigarettes. Due to its lack of irritation and easiness to inhale, users may be unaware of how much nicotine they are actually intaking. Ari Atkins, Pax Labs' R&D engineer, said "We don't think a lot about addiction here because we’re not trying to design a cessation product at all." He added, "anything about health is not on our mind
18947837
Skoal (tobacco)


and free nicotine Levels in common tobacco brands produced in 2006 generated the following ranked results: Advancements in measurement Using another measurement criteria known as the free nicotine level, a level which is generated mathematically using the nicotine levels and the pH level of the tobacco brand, the results are ranked on the chart below: The results of this 2006 study on traditional moist snuff's most common varieties in terms of nicotine level only, show that Timberwolf Long Cut Winter Green, at 14.1 mg, is the highest, Copenhagen Long Cut,
953988
Snus


sensation is caused by the nicotine itself (similar to the tingle of nicotine gum) and some food additives such as sodium carbonate (E500). Sodium carbonate is a food additive used to increase the pH of the tobacco (reduce the acidity). This increases the bioavailability of the nicotine, meaning more is available for absorption. Some flavorings (mints in particular) are astringent and may increase the tingling or burning sensation. Snus, dry snuff, and dipping tobacco are distinct products that English speaking people often call "snuff
7590846
Juul


nicotine peak in five minutes, similar to a traditional cigarette. Each cartridge (called a "Juul pod") contains about the same amount of nicotine as one pack of cigarettes and delivers approximately 200 puffs. The amount of nicotine in each cartridge – 59 mg/ml in the United States, limited to 20 mg/ml in the European Union – is substantially more than the majority of e-cigarettes on the market. In August 2018, Juul introduced pods in 3 percent strengths for its mint and Virginia tobacco flavors
18947820
Nicorette


. A shell coating containing a sugar substitute (xylitol) and flavouring masks the nicotine taste. In 2005 Nicorette introduced Fresh Mint chewing gum. In December 2008 Nicorette introduced a new semi-transparent nicotine patch under the trade name "Invisipatch". As stated by the UK Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, in addition to this more discreet patch to encourage better customer compliance, new Nicorette transdermal patches have been developed to: reduce patch size; add a higher dosage strength of 25 mg of nicotine to the previously available 5
13923086
Franklin Peale


private sales, Peale seems to have used government metal, then reimbursed the bullion accounts when he collected for the medal. Profits were not accounted for in mint ledgers and it is unknown how much went to Peale, others at the mint or into the mint's Cabinet of Coins. The total amount was probably not large." After scalemaker Saxton left the Mint Service in 1844, much of the work of maintaining and modifying the sensitive balances for which Saxton was responsible fell to Peale. The Chief Coiner made a number of
9972769
Grizzly (tobacco)


Natural (silver tin) and Fine Cut Wintergreen (olive tin) were also introduced. Snuff and Wintergreen Pouches were released in 2008, and also began an attempt to change its market position into an upmarket brand. Metal lids became standard in 2010, replacing the previous all-plastic cans. Wide Cut Wintergreen was released in 2014 , Dark Wintergreen Long Cut and Pouches were released in 2015 and Dark Mint long cut and pouches released in September 2016. As of December 2014, Grizzly was cited as the flagship brand of Reynolds
4080400
Niquitin


versus cigarettes or tobacco being dependent on how much the individual smokes. The British NHS provides notable help in the form of prescriptions which reduces the cost to £7.65 per script or less depending upon the individual's financial circumstance. If several products are included on one script then the price will drop well below that of actual cigarettes. Smoking is in essence an addiction to nicotine. NRT does not address this addiction it simply replaces one form of nicotine dosage with another, thus maintaining dependency on the drug. As a result,
17076840
Flavored tobacco


of the global cigarette market and makes up more than 25% of the market in countries including the United States, Singapore, the Philippines, and Chile. Menthol is a chemical found in plants of the mint family that produces a cooling sensation in the throat. It is often used as a cigarette additive to mask the flavor and feel of the tobacco smoke or to improve the throat and mouth feel of the cigarette. Menthol increases the addictive properties of the nicotine in cigarettes, in part by increasing the density of nicotine receptors
14674860
Positions of medical organizations on electronic cigarettes


"Although ENDS [electronic nicotine delivery systems] may potentially provide cessation benefits to individual smokers, no ENDS have been approved as effective cessation aids." They also stated that "Although ENDS likely do not deliver the same level of toxicants as cigarettes, studies show that there are dangers associated with ENDS use". In 2014, the FDA concluded, "E-cigarettes have not been fully studied, so consumers currently don’t know: the potential risks of e-cigarettes when used as intended, how much nicotine or
9900239
Adverse effects of electronic cigarettes


effects of nicotine in infants and children are unclear. E-cigarettes provide nicotine to the blood quicker than nicotine inhalers. The levels were above that of nicotine replacement product users. E-cigarettes seem to have a pharmacokinetic nicotine profile closer to nicotine replacement products than with traditional cigarettes. How efficiently different e-cigarettes give nicotine is unclear. Serum cotinine levels are comparable to that of traditional cigarettes, but are inharmonious and rely upon the user and the device. Blood nicotine levels raised more gradually and took more time to get
4231960
Nitenpyram


acetylcholine receptor binding affinity persists between species. Although nitenpyram is an agonist of nicotine for the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, it has a much lower affinity for the nicotine acetylcholine receptor in mammals. For most insects nitenpyram is a very lethal compound. Nitenpyram will bind irreversibly to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors paralysing those exposed to the compound. Despite lower affinity levels, mammals can still get a nicotine poisoning response from too much neonicotinoids, hence it is of importance to provide the appropriate dose for a fleas infested pet for instance, best to be
10983447
Safety of electronic cigarettes


to evaluate the environmental effects of making or disposing of any part of e-cigarettes including the batteries or nicotine production. , it is uncertain if the nicotine in e-liquid is United States Pharmacopeia-grade nicotine, a tobacco extract, or synthetic nicotine when questioning the environmental impact of how it is made. It is not clear which manufacturing methods are used to make the nicotine used in e-cigarettes. The emissions from making nicotine could be considerable from manufacturing if not appropriately controlled. Some e-cigarette brands that
9900182
Composition of electronic cigarette aerosol


vaping. Vaping typically require more 'suck' than cigarette smoking. Factors that influence the level of blood nicotine concentrations include nicotine content in a device; how well the nicotine is vapored from the liquid reservoir; and additives that may contribute to nicotine intake. Nicotine intake from vaping also relies upon the habits of the user. Other factors that influence nicotine intake include engineering designs, battery power, and vapor pH. For instance, some e-cigarettes have e-liquids that contain amounts of nicotine comparable to other companies, though
3620005
Electronic cigarette


, which impacts how quickly nicotine is metabolizes by each individual. The speed of metabolism impacts the regularity and quantity of nicotine used. For instance, in people who metabolize nicotine gradually their central nervous system effects of nicotine lasts longer, increasing their probability of dependence, but also increasing ability with quitting smoking. Nicotine is a parasympathomimetic stimulant that binds to and activates nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the brain, which subsequently causes the release of dopamine and other neurotransmitters, such as norepinephrine, acetylcholine, serotonin, gamma-aminobutyric acid, glutamate
16081919
New Orleans Mint


male. He was a political appointee whose term usually did not last much longer than the party which held the presidency remained in power. But it was also during the mint's second tour of duty that women began to find work at the New Orleans Mint. Several women workers were sent from the Philadelphia Mint to teach those in New Orleans how to adjust money. About this time, the mint employed forty-four women. Thirty-nine worked as adjusters – employees who weighed the unstamped coin planchets to make sure they
12750841
Construction of electronic cigarettes


were fruit, tobacco, and menthol/mint. The survey also found 2.6% regular e-cigarette users used no flavors. A 2013 study examined 33 countries and found that only 1% of the adult smokers exclusively used non-nicotine e-cigarettes. A cartridge may contain 0 to 20 mg of nicotine. Refill liquids are often sold in the size range from 15 to 30 ml. E-liquids are frequently sold in dropper bottles. One cartridge may typically last as long as one pack of cigarettes. A
21893130
Safety of electronic cigarettes


nicotine replacement product users. E-cigarettes seem to have a pharmacokinetic nicotine profile closer to nicotine replacement products than with traditional cigarettes. How efficiently different e-cigarettes give nicotine is unclear. Serum cotinine levels are comparable to that of traditional cigarettes, but are inharmonious and rely upon the user and the device. Blood nicotine levels raised more gradually and took more time to get to peak concentration with e-cigarettes than with traditional cigarettes. Vaping was found to have comparable levels of nicotine urinary metabolites to those who were tobacco and
9900081
Royal Mint (Denmark)


have denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10 and 20 krone. The Royal Mint of Denmark has also minted commemorative coins in gold in silver. In 1975 the Danish government placed the Royal Mint under the control of the Danish Central Bank, and in 1978 the mint moved to a location on Solmarksvej in Brøndby. In March 2012 the offices of the mint were again relocated to Copenhagen, to the Danish Central Bank building on Havnegade. In October 2014, it was announced by the Danish Central Bank that coin and banknote
17855213
Kodiak tobacco


Kodiak is a brand of dipping tobacco manufactured by American Snuff Company, a U.S. smokeless tobacco manufacturer that also produces the Grizzly tobacco and Levi Garrett brands. Introduced in 1980, Kodiak is currently available in three flavours: "Wintergreen", "Mint (formerly Ice)", and "Straight", each featuring a picture of a Kodiak bear on the top label. Kodiak recently introduced pouches, which hold the moist snuff in a tea-bag like pouch, preventing it from spreading around the mouth and keeping it out
2039108
Copenhagen (tobacco)


two of the flavors introduced with this side brand were unique, Long Cut Straight was already offered under the main Copenhagen branding. "Cope" was marketed as being a premium tobacco, with a higher price to match its increase in the quality of the tobacco. Cope brand was discontinued in 2017. Copenhagen has two levels of pricing within its line. Snuff, Original, Long-Cut, Original Pouches, and Weyman's Reserve are considered premium level. In the United States, premium line dips are priced about one to
14419313
Safety of electronic cigarettes


may largely reshape the effects on cardiac safety, misuse, and addiction. There is not much research on fourth-generation devices. The health effects of long-term nicotine use is unknown. It may be decades before the long-term health effects of nicotine vapor inhalation is known. It is not recommended for non-smokers. Public health authorities do not recommend nicotine use for non-smokers. The pureness of the nicotine differs by grade and producer. The impurities associated with nicotine are not as toxic as nicotine.
9900087
Safety of electronic cigarettes


nicotine addictiveness depends on a number of factors including presence of other chemicals, speed of delivery, pH, rate of absorption, the dose, and other aspects of the nicotine delivery system, environment and behaviour." Users vaping without using nicotine exhibited symptoms of dependence, according to a 2015 study. E-cigarette packages and advertisements require health warnings under US law, stating "WARNING: This product contains nicotine. Nicotine is an addictive chemical." E-cigarettes resembling cigarettes typically produce much less blood nicotine levels. When
9900083
Flavored tobacco


nicotine-containing liquid used in an electronic cigarette, is usually flavored. E-liquids come in a myriad of flavors, including mint, spice, fruit, and candy ones. A 2017 survey of internet e-cigarette retailers found 15,586 unique flavors of e-liquid and counting, up from the 7,764 found in a 2014 analysis. In surveys of regular e-cigarette users, the most popular e-liquid flavors are largely tobacco, mint and fruit, although candy and dessert flavors are also common. Mango is
14674867
Indiana pouch


for maintaining a lifestyle similar to prior the surgery because of the ability to move freely from fear of rupturing an external device plus the ability to continue most of the same activities. Indiana pouch surgery can be done in very young patients, as long as they understand how to catheterize the pouch and can empty the pouch on a schedule. Indiana pouch surgery also has been successful in patients of advanced ages, also as long as they are able to empty and irrigate the pouch on a schedule. Some patients, after having had
20601201
St. Clare's Priory, Copenhagen


St. Clare's Priory in Copenhagen, Denmark, was a short-lived community of nuns of the Order of Poor Clares, which lasted from 1497 to 1536. The monastic buildings then came into use as a mint, which after its decommissioning became known as the Old Mint, giving rise to the present day street name Gammel Mønt at the site. The Poor Clares first arrived in Denmark in 1249. An important monastery was established at Roskilde, the capital of Denmark at the time. In 1497 King John I and Queen
16968902
United States Mint Set


allowed only one side of the coin to be displayed. Because of the sulfer content in the cardboard packaging, many coins included in the sets developed toning. In 1959, the packaging of the Mint Set was changed to cellophane pouches. This change allowed both sides of the coins to be displayed, and eliminated the need to include two examples of each coin. This led to a significant drop in price and an increase in popularity. Due to a shortage of coins blamed on coin collectors, the United States Department of the
12726169
Euro coins


the EU15, rather than the entire European continent, which is on coins minted after 2007. The common side of the €1 and €2 coins depict the denomination on the left, the currency, map of Europe and twelve stars on the right. Similarly, coins minted from 1999 to 2006 depicted the EU15, rather than the whole European continent, which is on coins minted from 2007. All coins have a common reverse side showing how much the coin is worth, with a design by Belgian designer Luc Luycx.
9242617
Electric smoking system


on Toxicity recommends to completely stop smoking. Nicotine is harmful to the infant and the growing adolescent brain. Nicotine is metabolized much faster while a women is pregnant and with ease goes through the placental barrier, and collects in breast milk. Further, there is growing evidence that nicotine exposure during pregnancy is linked to early birth, stillbirth, and abnormal brain growth. Nicotine may result in adverse effects to the neurological growth of the fetus. Nicotine can lead to vasoconstriction of uteroplacental vessels, reducing the delivery of both nutrients and oxygen
10413728
Royal Mint (Denmark)


The Royal Mint of Denmark () is a mint established by the Danish monarchy in the early 16th century, which currently by law is the only company allowed to mint the Danish currency (DKK). The Danish State now owns the company as an entity belonging to the Danish Central Bank. Production of coins in Denmark goes about 1000 years back. For the first 500 years it took place at various towns around the country. The first king to start a production of coins in Copenhagen was King Hans. It is believed
17855206
Safety of electronic cigarettes


mimic the effects of angiogenic growth factors. At present, it is not possible to draw a conclusion whether nicotine itself may act as a complete carcinogen. In mice studies with NNK as an initiator, nicotine acts as a promoter after injection or dermal absorption, but not after oral administration. In drinking water experiments, there is considerable first-pass metabolism of nicotine before nicotine enters the systemic circulation. As a result, serum concentration is much lower after ingestion than after intraperitoneal injection administration. Nicotine enhanced tumor growth and progression after
9900035
Emin's pouched rat


forests and along the plains. Emin's pouched rats are actually better climbers than their better known Gambian pouched rat cousins. These pouched rats are named for having cheek pouches much like a hamster. Emin's pouched rat and the Gambian pouched rat have a few very noticeable physical differences: Both species were introduced into the exotic pet trade. Unfortunately, many dealers and breeders failed to recognize the difference in the two species and some even tried breeding the two together. There have been reports of it being successful, and other reports
5153298
U.S. Smokeless Tobacco Company


tea bag. Skoal Bandits were invented by UST's marketing division, the manufacturing process was conceived by Gene Paules of UST, and the process was automated by David Westerman of the Automation Center, Inc., Nashville, Tennessee. Since then, Skoal has kept the Skoal Bandits products, but has also released regular-sized pouches, as well as snus, and offers pouches under the Copenhagen brand, as well. Parent company UST was purchased by Altria Group, which now includes Philip Morris USA, John Middleton Company and US
11530532
Nellie Tayloe Ross


mints) "I am so anxious to have your mind at ease about the office here [in Washington] that I have resorted to rather frequent telegrams. They are so much more direct and up to date than letters ... my love to you and every good wish for the success of your visits to our beloved mint institutions." Teva J. Scheer, biographer of Ross, suggests that O'Reilly would have found Ross's reports from the field valuable; they showed how the Mint recovered from the initial years of the Depression,
4760554
The Poor Man's James Bond


side". Much of the content of these books consists of reprints of old books now in the public domain. The first volume talks about how to blow up a car, make napalm and poisons such as ricin, nicotine, arsenic and cyanide. It also contained a full U.S. Army self-defense manual along with a gunsmithing workshop. This included diagrams of how to alter the firing mechanism for different firearms. These modifications were often to increase rate of fire. The second volume talks about improvised weapons that could be made
5920104
Nicotine dependence


used in combination with psychosocial treatment. The nicotine replacement treatments (i.e., patch, lozenge, gum) are dosed based on how dependent a smoker is—people who smoke more cigarettes or who smoke earlier in the morning use higher doses of nicotine replacement treatments. There is no consensus for remedies for tobacco use disorder among pregnant smokers who also use alcohol and stimulants. Psychosocial interventions delivered in-person (individually or in a group) or over the phone (including mobile phone interventions) have been shown to effectively treat nicotine
17686379
Stanley Schachter


do indeed regulate their nicotine intake. Results showed that long-term heavy smokers did in fact regulate their nicotine intake by smoking more of low-nicotine cigarettes. Long-term light smokers did not regulate their nicotine intake consistently. Schachter along with Jerome Singer came up with the two-factor theory of emotion. This theory posits that emotion is based on two factors, cognitive labels and physiological arousal. When a person feels an emotion, physiological arousal occurs, and the person searches the environment for clues as to how to
531364
Nicotine Anonymous


Alcoholics Anonymous World Services, Inc., the Twelve Traditions are utilized by Nicotine Anonymous as fundamental guiding principles. Nicotine Anonymous operates with an elected, all volunteer, nine member board of officers and a set of by-laws. The board meets regularly to discuss how to be of service to the organization including organizing its annual World Service Conference and monitoring a number of appointed committee coordinators and the Nicotine Anonymous World Service home office located in Dallas, TX. The office keeps regularly updated meeting lists, manages the website and its online
8559205
Gambian pouched rat


The Gambian pouched rat ("Cricetomys gambianus"), also known as the African giant pouched rat, is a nocturnal pouched rat of the giant pouched rat genus "Cricetomys", and is among the largest muroids in the world, growing up to about long including their tail which makes up half their length. It is widespread in Sub-Saharan Africa, ranging geographically from Senegal to Kenya and from Angola to Mozambique (although it is absent from much of the DR Congo, where Emin's pouched rat is present)
20443631
Schizophrenia and tobacco smoking


how nicotine interacts with positive symptoms, as it would follow from this theory that nicotine would exacerbate excess dopamine in the mesolimbic pathway and thus positive symptoms as well. One theory argues that the beneficial effects of nicotine on negative symptoms outweigh possible exacerbation of positive symptoms. Another theory is based on animal models showing that chronic nicotine use eventually results in a reduction in dopamine, thus alleviating positive symptoms. However, human studies show conflicting results, including some studies that show that smokers with schizophrenia have the most positive symptoms and a reduction
17405611
Tobacco smoke


equal parts. At any lower pH, the fraction of protonated nicotine is greater. More unprotonated nicotine in tobacco smoke increases smoke "strength", "impact", or "kick". However, the irritation and harshness of smoke at higher pH makes it harder for smokers to inhale it. Cigarette design ensures that the smoke has enough unprotonated nicotine to rapidly transfer nicotine into the brain but not so much of it as to be too harsh for the smoker. Variability in the acid-base nature of tobacco leaf is
13795259
Lexington (cigarette)


at the time based on their tar and nicotine levels. The test was done on a special smoking machine that mimics a person who smokes. The test concluded that there was little difference in the amount of nicotine in the cigarettes. The brands Three Castles, Peter Stuyvesant, Chief Whip, and Alaska had the smallest amount of nicotine in their smoke. The highest amount of nicotine was measured in the Lexington cigarette smoke with 0.88 mg. The differences in tar were much more prominent, however. The Roxy cigarette had the lowest
19006865
Juul


. This is equivalent to 30 mg/ml. Each cartridge contains propylene glycol, glycerin, flavorings, and nicotine salts. Protonated nicotine lacks the harshness of tobacco smoke. According to Tory Spindle of Johns Hopkins University, "Protonated nicotine formulations are problematic because they seemingly allow users to inhale much higher nicotine concentrations that they would otherwise be able to." Juul pods come in eight flavors, of which mango is the most popular. A Juul starter kit sells for about $50. The Juul e-cigarette is shaped
18947821
Animals and tobacco smoke


Strips which contain 0.6 mg of nicotine per strip and sticks. Though this nicotine content is low in comparison to a cigarette, these items can be more attractive to unwary small animals like puppies. Much controversy exists over animal testing especially with nicotine and tobacco products. Animal activism groups are especially vocal about claims of companies like Phillip Morris funding animal tobacco research. There has always much tension between animal activists groups, and researchers and this became especially visible with the serious attack against a researcher. Edythe D. London, a UCLA professor
6950552
Composition of electronic cigarette aerosol


found in e-cigarette vapors. The amount of nicotine stated on the labels of e-liquids can be very different from analyzed samples. Some e-liquids sold as nicotine-free contained nicotine, and some of them were at substantial levels. E-liquids were purchased from retailers and via online for a 2013 study. The analyzed liquids nicotine levels were between 14.8 and 87.2 mg/mL and the actual amount varied from the stated amount by as much as 50%. The main chemical found in the e-
3619994
Borgergade


also left largely unharmed by the British bombardment of the city during the Battle of Copenhagen in 1807. One of the finest buildings in the street was the Mint Master's House. It had been built in 1683 by Royal Mint Master Gregorius Sessemann as his private residence and was inhabited by successive mint masters until 1752. In 1720 the house was fitted with a fine Baroque staircase. A separate apartment was created which was rented by the Russian Ambassador in 1728. In the 1760s the house was extended and adapted once again, reaching
16779118
Gammel Mønt


Gammel Mønt () is a street in central Copenhagen, Denmark, located one block west of Gothersgade and Rosenborg Castle Garden. In 1497, a community of Poor Clare nuns established the Monastery of St. Clare roughly at the junction of present day Gammel Mønt and Møntergade. In 1541, after the Reformation, it came into use as the Royal Mint. From 1575 to 1593 it was used as a church by a German congregation but then again as a mint until 1623 when the Royal Mint moved to Borgergade. The property then
16908449
Faroese króna


coins minted in Denmark in 1941 were made of aluminium and zinc (with one exception). In addition, the British made set lacks both the mark of the Royal Danish Mint (a small heart) and the initials of the engraver and the mint master in Copenhagen. In 1940, Danish 5, 20, 50, 100 and 500 kroner notes were overstamped with "Kun Gyldig paa Færøerne, Færø Amt, Juni 1940" (meaning “Only valid on the Faroe Islands, Faroe County, June 1940”) for
17223400
Sardis


were used as currency, their purity was always suspect and a hindrance to trade. Such nuggets or coinage were naturally occurring alloys of gold and silver known as electrum and one could never know how much of it was gold and how much was silver. Sardis now could mint nearly pure silver and gold coins, the value of which could be – and was – trusted throughout the known world. This revolution made Sardis rich and Croesus' name synonymous with wealth itself. For this reason, Sardis is famed in history as the
1652711
Safety of electronic cigarettes


cigarettes users are able to get as much nicotine from e-cigarettes as traditional cigarettes. Later-generation e-cigarettes containing sufficient nicotine elevate heart rate comparable to traditional cigarettes. Later-generation devices delivery 35% to 72% more nicotine than compared with first‐generation devices. Second-generation e-cigarettes raised the heart rate and blood pressure similar to traditional cigarettes. As there are design changes, later-generation devices may provide nicotine similar to traditional cigarettes with a highly concentrated amount potential straight to the brain. Such devices
9900086
Royal Mint (Denmark)


. It continued in this location until 1575, when the property became used as a place of worship by a German congregation. The Royal Mint was moved to Bremerholm, the Royal Naval dockyards, most likely in the anchor forge, which was later converted into Church of Holmen. The Royal Munt returned to the former monastery in 1593. From 1614 until 1661 the production of coins mainly took place at Copenhagen Castle, although other sites were also in use as mints during this period. A new currency, the Danish rigsdaler,
17855208
L&M


for filters in the 1950s. One such article, entitled ""How Harmful are Cigarettes?"" (1950), noted that artificial filters took out some nicotine since people were aware that nicotine was a killer. The article stated that silica-gel cartridges removed 60% of nicotine from cigarettes. This article spurred Viceroy to print advertisements a week later which read: ""Reader's Digest tells why filtered cigarette smoke is better for your health."" These health claims sparked a boom in Viceroy cigarette sales as
16469450
Guttural pouch


the head is lowered and prevent fluid build-up. The "plica salpingopharyngea," a mucosal fold at the caudal portion of the Eustachian tube, forms an uninterrupted channel between the medial lamina of the Eustachian tube and the lateral wall of the pharynx. The plica salpingopharyngea can sometimes act as a one-way valve trapping air in the pouch, causing "guttural pouch tympany""." Each pouch is moulded around the stylohyoid bone which divides the medial and lateral compartments. The medial compartment is much larger, and
7255516
Waterloo Medal (Pistrucci)


] as a bargaining counter in his relentless efforts to obtain the post of Chief Engraver at the Royal Mint". Pistrucci asked each new Master of the Mint for appointment to the position, until in 1828, amid Treasury concerns about how much money was being paid Pistrucci, he was made Chief Medallist, a new position, at a reduced salary; William Wyon became Chief Engraver. Milano wrote, "the Italian artist took this as an act of hostility by his enemies." At about this time, Pistrucci contracted an
13862688
N-Nitrosonornicotine


on the 5-membered ring. Research suggests that 2' hydroxylation is much more prevalent in humans, while 5' hydroxylation is more prevalent in non-primate animals. Upon hydroxylation, the 5-membered ring opens up, allowing the compound to bind to the base of one of the nucleotides. NNN is a derivative of nicotine that is produced in the Curing of tobacco, in the burning of tobacco (such as with cigarettes), and in the acidic conditions of the stomach. Nicotine is converted into Nornicotine via Nicotine N-Demethylase
2886028
Catcher pouch


a popular technique and the backbone of the United States Postal Service through the 1930s. When the mail clerk of the Railway Post Office car grabbed the catcher pouch on the mail crane he would at the same time kick out the outgoing mail for delivery to that village. The idea behind the catcher pouch was that there could be an exchange of mail to villages too small to justify the train stopping. The complete transfer technique (tossing out the outgoing mail a second before grabbing the catcher pouch) required much skill and potentially could
18489746
Pouched rat


Pouched rats are a group of African rodents in the subfamily Cricetomyinae. They are members of the family Nesomyidae, which contains other African muroids such as climbing mice, Malagasy mice, and the white-tailed rat. All nesomyids are in the superfamily Muroidea, a large and complex clade containing 1/4 of all mammal species. Sometimes the pouched rats are placed in the family Muridae along with all other members of the superfamily Muroidea. Pouched rats are found throughout much of sub-Saharan Africa with the exception of southern Africa. They
8760642
Cotinine


Cotinine is an alkaloid found in tobacco and is also the predominant metabolite of nicotine. Cotinine is used as a biomarker for exposure to tobacco smoke. Cotinine is currently being studied as a treatment for depression, PTSD, schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Cotinine was developed as an antidepressant as a fumaric acid salt, cotinine fumarate, to be sold under the brand name Scotine but it was never marketed. Similarly to nicotine, cotinine binds to, activates, and desensitizes neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, though at much
2493418
Ileo-anal pouch


less formed, and sometimes fluid. The normal pouch output is described to be of a consistency similar to porridge. People who find that the consistency remains loose or who experience bowel movements too frequently usually take loperamide or codeine phosphate to thicken the stool and slow the bowel movement. Very rarely, patients have reported constipation with the pouch; laxatives are successful for encouraging bowel movement in this case. Because the ileum does not absorb as much of the gastric acid produced by the stomach as the colon did, pouch output also tends
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Ileo-anal pouch


anal region. It is also common among pouch-owners to eat little and often, or "graze", rather than having three large meals a day. Some patients avoid eating much after 6-7pm to avoid having to get up during the night. Immediately after surgery, patients are encouraged to eat low fiber, high protein/carbohydrate meals, but after the pouch function has settled, most are able to reintroduce a fully varied diet. There are some foods that are known to irritate the pouch, however,
21178404
Electric smoking system


. The evidence indicates that the concentrations of nicotine in mainstream heat-not-burn tobacco products aerosol are less than what is found in cigarette smoke. Smokers regularly reported heat-not-burn tobacco product use to be less satisfying than smoking a cigarette. The heat-not-burn tobacco products that were tested provided more nicotine in the aerosol than a cigalike e-cigarette but not as much nicotine compared with a tank style e-cigarette. They are designed to be similar to their combustible counterparts and they provide some
10413750
Princess Nicotine; or, The Smoke Fairy


Princess Nicotine; or, The Smoke Fairy is a 1909 five-minute silent film directed by J. Stuart Blackton. In the film, a smoker (Paul Panzer) falls asleep and is visited by two fairies (one of which is played by Gladys Hulette). Audiences marveled at the special effects featuring the fairies interacting with objects much larger than themselves. "Princess Nicotine; or, The Smoke Fairy" was the first instance of tobacco product placement (for Sweet Corporal cigarettes and cigars) in the movies. In 2003
5975334
Auguste-François Michaut


the same chance. Jean Nicolas Tiolier would execute the coins instead of Gallé, much to Michaut's dismay. In 1831, Jean Philippe Domart a former fellow student at the Beaux Arts won the competition. He offered to take on a medal curator position at the Mint then to become an Inspector-Auditor ( a position implying quality-check the Master-dies prior to them getting used for striking the coins ), he addressed to the Mint Administrator various letters concerning how medals should be kept, however his initiatives were unsuccessful
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Cigarette smoking for weight loss


unclear how many people begin or continue smoking because of weight concerns, research reveals that white female adolescents with established weight-related anxieties are particularly prone to initiate smoking. Although knowledge of nicotine's effects upon the appetite can contribute to people smoking for weight control purposes, studies have not shown that people smoke exclusively to maintain or lose weight. Though smoking is widely discouraged by public health professionals for its countless negative health consequences, nicotine may be an appetite suppressant. Nicotine could reduce appetite and influence an individual's eating habits.
6925182
Indiana pouch


time and not reused. As with the urostomy appliances, the cost of intermittent catheters can be significant, and both are not usually covered fully by most health insurance plans. Plus, as with the external urostomy appliance, the catheter supply will need to be monitored to see how many appliances are left before ordering more and waiting for them to be shipped. The long term financial costs to the recipient of the Indiana pouch and other urinary diversion techniques are both substantial. Although notably, the Indiana pouch is the most viable option
20601200
Marsupial


young attached to the mother's teat. The first American marsupial the Europeans encountered was the common opossum. Vicente Yáñez Pinzón, commander of the "Niña" on Christopher Columbus' first voyage in the late 1400s, collected a female opossum with young in her pouch off the Brazilian coast. He presented them to the Spanish monarchs, though by then the young were lost and the female had died. The animal was noted for its strange pouch or "second belly", and how the offspring reached the pouch was a mystery
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Nicotinic agonist


receptors are homomeric neuronal acetylcholine receptors consisting of five α7 subunits and has five ACh binding sites. Abnormality in the α7 receptors expression have been reported to influence progression of diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia. The α7 are not believed to have as much affinity for nicotine as the heteromeric receptor but instead they have shown more affinity for alpha bungarotoxin which is a nicotinic antagonist found in venom of some snakes. Targeting of α7 receptors is therefore thought to be useful in treatment of Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia. nAChR are found
21507521
Laboratory Syrian hamster


being grasped with forceps. At this point the cheek is everted and can be pinned onto a mount for examination. Reperfusion injury may be studied with everted hamster pouches also. To simulate reperfusion, one method is to tie a cuff around the pouch to restrict blood flow and cause ischemia. Another method could be to compress the veins and arteries with microvascular clips which do not cause trauma. In either case, after about an hour of restricting the blood, the pressure is removed to study how the pouch recovers. Several inbred
16383936
Safety of electronic cigarettes


website run by the Tobacco Control Research Branch of the National Cancer Institute to provide information to help quit smoking, stated that "Since e-cigs aren't regulated yet, there's no way of knowing how much nicotine is in them or what other chemicals they contain. These two things make the safety of e-cigs unclear." The chemical characteristics of the short-lived free radicals and long-lived free radicals produced from e-cigarettes is unclear. The English National Health Service has stated in 2014, "
9900001
Electronic cigarette


compared to tobacco products. E-cigarettes reduce lung function, but to a much lower extent than with traditional cigarettes, and they reduce cardiac muscle function and increase inflammation, but these changes were only substantial with traditional cigarettes. A 2014 WHO report said, "ENDS [Electronic nicotine delivery system] use poses serious threats to adolescents and fetuses." Aside from toxicity exposure in normal use, there are also risks from misuse or accidents such as nicotine poisoning (especially among small children), contact with liquid nicotine, fires
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Usage of electronic cigarettes


concerns exist with the potential misuse with liquids containing the active ingredients of cannabis by youth, and with e-cigarette devices that could potentially be used to deliver other psychoactive drugs, including methamphetamine, cocaine, heroin, or cathinones. Being exposed to nicotine early on can lead to greater risk of dependence later in life for nicotine and other drugs such as alcohol. Nicotine obtained from vaping is frequently used in combination with alcohol. E-cigarettes users are much more likely to misuse alcohol than non-e-cigarette users.
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Nicorette


gum slowly and intermittently to avoid the risk of releasing too much nicotine. It is also suggested not to eat or drink while chewing since foods and beverages can reduce nicotine absorption. Nicorette chewing gum is available in two strengths: 2 mg/piece and 4 mg/piece. Dosing would depend on the degree of nicotine dependence: light smokers should use 2 mg gum, heavy smokers (more than 25 cigarettes a day) should use 4 mg gum. Patients should chew gum once they feel the craving. The average adult
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Drum (tobacco)


is cheaper than the pouch without. But the type of tobacco in the pouch is different: the cut is rougher and is not as dry as the "wrapper". You get Job papers in the United States in 25g pouches. Before Douwe Egberts introduced Drum in the UK there was an active gray market and Drum had a large market-share: as the tobacco prices were once much higher in the UK than on the European mainland, there were many people who traveled to (mainly) Belgium or France by
7436649
Mønten Kollegium


Mønten Kollegium is a dormitory located at Amager Boulevard 115, close to Stadsgraven, in the Amager district of Copenhagen, Denmark. The Historicist building was originally constructed for the Royal Mint in 1923. The Royal Mint was established by the crown in the beginning of the 16th century. It had been located at a number of different sites across the city but was from 1873 based in a building designed by Ferdinand Meldahl on Helbergsgade in Gammelholm. In the beginning of the 1920s, the building had become too small and it was therefore
19564934
Safety of electronic cigarettes


has not evaluated whether non-users can have allergic reactions from nut potential allergens in e-cigarette aerosol. Since e-cigarettes do not burn tobacco, no side-stream smoke or any cigarette smoke is produced. Only what is exhaled by e-cigarettes users enters the surrounding air. It is not clear how much of inhaled e-cigarette aerosol is exhaled into the environment where non-users can be exposed. Exhaled vapor consists of nicotine and some other particles, primarily consisting of propylene glycol, glycerin, flavors
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Vingårdstræde


Vingprdstræde is a street in the Old Town of Copenhagen, Denmark. The first part of the street passes the south side of the Magasin du Nord department store and the north side of Danske Bank's headquarters. The street takes its name after Kong Hans' Vingård, a medieval stone house probably built by Eric of Pomerania in about 1450. King Hans jad a vinyard at the site which in turn gave it its name. It is believed that its cellar was the first home of the Royal Mint in Copenhagen. In 1541
10221791
Regulation of electronic cigarettes


adults who would benefit from e-cigarettes still had access to a healthier nicotine delivery system. Sales of flavored tobacco products will be limited to adult only stores and online vendors with the exception of tobacco, mint or menthol e-cigarettes that will remain for sales wherever combustible cigarettes are sold (convenience stores). If the FDA does not see a change in the illegal youth access of menthol or minty vapes currently 20% of their use, they will move to adjust their regulations. The decision to allow menthol vapes was
2401641
Jean Stas


his brother-in-law by poisoning with nicotine. Stas retired in 1869 because of problems with his voice caused by a throat ailment. He became commissioner of the mint, but resigned in 1872 because he disagreed with the government's monetary policy. Jean Stas died in Brussels and was buried at Leuven. On May 5, 1891 an event was held recognizing the 50th anniversary of Jean Servais Stas' membership in the Royal Academy of Belgium. Various presenters spoke about his significant scientific contributions. He was presented with a medal
3108278
Dawn of the Dragons (video game)


they meet along the road. In "Dawn of the Dragons" players have four action bars: health, energy, stamina, and honor. Each bar can be used to take certain actions in the game. The health bar shows how much health the character has remaining. The energy bar is used to complete quests and defeat quest bosses. You may also purchase items from the Bazaar to put in your pouch and use when defeating bosses. Completing quests and defeating the boss at the end takes the player through the game
15061798
Vaginal atresia


how much of a role each of these play normal vaginal development. Symptoms and signs in the newborn can be sepsis, abdominal mass, and respiratory distress. Other abdominopelvic or perineal congenital anomalies frequently prompt radiographic evaluation in the newborn, resulting in a diagnosis of coincident vaginal atresia. Symptoms for vaginal atresia include cyclical abdominal pain, the inability to start having menstrual cycles, a small pouch or dimple where a vaginal opening should be, and pelvic mass when the upper vagina becomes filled with menstrual blood. Signs and symptoms of vaginal
833309
Mint 400


Discovery Channel show, Diesel Brothers competed in the Mint 400 in 2017. Heavy D & Diesel Dave's race in the Mint 400 was featured on the show in the episode from Season 3, "Race Against the Machine". K.J. Howe, Mint Hotel executive and longtime Mint 400 Race Director, conceived "The Girls of the Mint 400" in 1972 to add glamor and PR value to the race. Each year the Mint racing committee chose a contingent of women to reign over the events' activities. Local media representatives
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Danish West Indian daler


Danish West Indies as shown in the Standard World Coin catalog of Krause & Mishler 1801-1900. One of the half dollars and the quarter dollar was sent to the Colonial Central office in Copenhagen in 1850 - these coins are now kept in the Royal Coin Cabinet in the National Museum of Denmark in Copenhagen. Only these denominations with the above mentioned years are considered genuine for circulation in Danish West Indies - and they were replaced in 1859 with new coins minted in Denmark for the Danish West Indies. Until 1878 no other denominations
6368337
Animals and tobacco smoke


cages and pregnant monkeys are exposed to nicotine. There is also disapproval by animal activists of a March of Dimes funded study in which nicotine was given to pregnant rats, and then the offspring were tested to see how they performed in a maze". Groups like PETA are using slogans like "Don't get burned by Philip Morris. They're using your money to hurt animals". PETA also claims that there is still a question as to the reliability of results from animal testing for tobacco studies. According to an article
6950556
The Land of Painted Caves


many others decide to travel. The second part is mainly about the caves they visit. In many of the Sacred caves the Ancients, the people before the Zelandonii, left drawings. Ayla meets many other Zelandoni and one of them gives her a pouch of dried herbs smelling faintly of mint. Ayla also discovers that the Clan visit some of the sacred caves as well. In the third part of the book, Ayla is marking the passage of the sun and moon's phases as part of her training as an acolyte.
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Grizzly (tobacco)


Grizzly is an American brand of dipping tobacco (moist snuff) that was introduced in 2001. It is made by the American Snuff Company and is available in pouches, Fine Cut, Long Cut, Wide Cut, and Extra Long Cut. Grizzly was first sold in 2001 at lower prices and was originally available in Long Cut Wintergreen (green tin) and Fine Cut Natural (red tin). By the end of 2006, Long Cut Straight (maroon tin), Long Cut Mint (blue tin), Long Cut
4080399
Nicotine replacement therapy


to enter the body and the total time nicotine stays in the body. The more quickly a dose of nicotine is delivered and absorbed, the higher the addiction risk. It is possible to become dependent on some NRTs. Nicotine patches are applied to the skin and continuously administer a stable dose of nicotine slowly over 16–24 hours. Nicotine gum, nicotine sprays, nicotine toothpicks, nicotine sublingual tablets, and nicotine lozenges administer nicotine orally with quicker nicotine uptake into the body but lasting a shorter amount of time. Nicotine inhalers are metered
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Functional chewing gum


Functional chewing gum is the name given to types of chewing gum which impart some practical function instead of, or in addition to, the usual enjoyment provided by a traditional chewing gum as a confectionery product. Examples of this include nicotine gum which is used to aid smoking cessation & so-called Think Gum which designers say they believe may enhance mental functioning. It could be argued that most gum (at least the mint varieties) provides some function in that they can improve bad breath, but such an effect is so widespread
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Vape shop


some e-liquids. Vape shops can buy e-liquids containing 100 mg/mL and dilute them according to the patron's preference. Vape shops offer several kinds of solution strengths. Some retail stores are also manufacturers that create custom flavors, which increases the variety of flavors available. Flavors such as chocolate, caramel, mint, menthol, coffee, cherry, and apple can be added to the liquid nicotine. Oils and wax for use in reusable vaporizers have been available. Herbs for vaping are also sold. Local
8759625
Anna Catharina Materna


for the newly opened national stage in Copenhagen. It was unusual, and considered a great shame, for a member of nobility to perform on stage, and she took the stage name Materna to hide her identity. Anna Catharina Materna was not in reality considered to have much talent as an actor, but she knew how to portray a noblewoman, and was considered perfect for this on the stage, and she became a primadonna of the theatre in such parts, used much as a stage-ornament, and sometimes considered the
17170751
Nicotine


to ultraviolet light or various oxidizing agents, nicotine is converted to nicotine oxide, nicotinic acid (vitamin B3), and methylamine. Nicotine is optically active, having two enantiomeric forms. The naturally occurring form of nicotine is levorotatory with a specific rotation of [α]=–166.4° ((−)-nicotine). The dextrorotatory form, (+)-nicotine is physiologically less active than (−)-nicotine. (−)-nicotine is more toxic than (+)-nicotine. The salts of (+)-nicotine are usually dextrorotatory. The hydrochloride and sulphate salts become
17477695
Korean mun


As records were not actively kept it is currently unknown how many different variants were cast, and how much of each respective denomination (with the notable exception of the 100 mun coin, of which a total of 1,784,038 were minted). There are 3,078 varieties of the 1, 2, and 5 Mun denominations, and 48 varieties of the 100 Mun denomination documented by the authoritative Korean coin catalogue (Hanja: 高麗朝鮮時代貨幣; Hangul: ), while there are estimated more than 5,000 different variants of the "Sangpyeong Tongbo" coins
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Anton Meybusch


Anton Meybusch (1645 – May 1, 1702) was a German medallist active primarily in Copenhagen, but also in Paris from 1681 to 1690. Meybusch apprenticed under Valentin Toutin in Stockholm in the 1660s, and perhaps in Copenhagen, where from 1667 to 1674 he worked for King Frederick III of Denmark and King Christian V of Denmark. In 1675 he moved to the Swedish Royal Mint in Stockholm where he worked as a die-cutter, but had his license revoked in 1676 for making coronation medals without authorization. His permit
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