when did the first canadian residential school open
Mount Elgin Indian Residential School


The Mount Elgin Indian Residential School, also known as the Muncey Institute, was a Canadian Indian Residential School which operated from 1851-1946 in Muncey, Ontario. The Mount Elgin School was established on the land which is now occupied the Chippewas of the Thames First Nation in 1847. The corner stone of the school building was laid on July 17, 1849 and it opened to students in 1851. The school was operated by the Wesleyan Methodist Society and the Department of Indian Affairs. When the school first opened it was on
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First Nations


Canadians as a sensible and beneficial solution to native education, and in some cases, Aboriginal communities specifically requested that a residential school be built. When the system began to closing down in the 1960s, a significant number of communities asked that their school remain open. The last Canadian residential school to close was Gordon Indian Residential School in Saskatchewan, founded in 1889, and closed in 1996. The Christian denominations that operated the schools on behalf of the federal government have expressed regret and issued apologies for their part in a system that
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Edgar Dewdney


similar nature did not occur. The failure of the North-West Rebellion caused the government of Canada to impose other regulations on the lives of individuals, such as Indian residential schools. The intended purpose of Indian residential schools were to isolate Indigenous children from the influences of their family in order to effectively assimilate them into Euro- Canadian society. These schools operated within Canada until 1996. They were opened and funded by the Canadian government and were operated by the Catholic church. At these schools, Indigenous children faced extreme physical, emotional
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Canadian Indian residential school system


a way to ensure they would not return to their original, nomadic ways of life upon graduation. Although many of these early schools were open for only a short time, efforts persisted. The Mohawk Institute Residential School, the oldest, continuously operated residential school in Canada, opened in 1834 on Six Nations of the Grand River near Brantford, Ontario. Administered by the Anglican Church, the facility opened as the Mechanics' Institute, a day school for boys, in 1828 and became a boarding school four years later when it
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Andy Paull


as "Hundred Dollar Charlie," who reportedly gave the last potlatch on Burrard Inlet before it was banned by the Canadian government in 1885. Paull was raised in the village of Stawamus, near Squamish, British Columbia, but later his family moved to the village of Eslha7an in North Vancouver, British Columbia where he began to attend St. Paul's Indian Residential School when it first opened in 1899. After six years at residential school, Paull spent two years learning from local Sḵwxwú7mesh chiefs. Paull's time at residential school was
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Nora Bernard


Nora Bernard (September 22, 1935 – December 26, 2007) was a Canadian Mi'kmaq activist who sought compensation for survivors of the Canadian Indian residential school system. She was directly responsible for what became the largest class-action lawsuit in Canadian history, representing an estimated 79,000 survivors; the Canadian government settled the lawsuit in 2005 for upwards of 5 billion dollars. In 1945, when Bernard was 9 years old, her mother was told that if she did not sign the consent forms to send her children to a residential school
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Canadian Indian residential school system


three industrial schools and the first, Battleford Industrial School, opened on December 1 of that year. By 1900 there were 61 schools in operation. The government began purchasing church-run boarding schools in the 1920s. During this period capital costs associated with the schools were assumed by the government, leaving administrative and instructional duties to church officials. The hope was that minimizing facility expenditures would allow church administrators to provide higher quality instruction and support to the students in their care. Although the government was willing to, and did,
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Gordon's Indian Residential School


Gordon's Indian Residential School was a boarding school for First Nations students in Punnichy, Saskatchewan, Canada. It was located adjacent to the George Gordon Reserve. Rev. J Reader, C. E. established the school. A part of the Canadian Indian residential school system, it opened as a day school operated by the Anglican Church of Canada in 1876. The government of Canada owned the school from its beginning, and the school was initially known as Gordon School. First Nations C. E. Mr. Settee became the school head in 1880.
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Battleford Industrial School


The Battleford Industrial School was a Canadian residential school for First Nations children in Battleford, Northwest Territories from 1883-1914. After its closure, many Indigenous children from around the Battlefords were sent to different schools in Saskatchewan, including Thunderchild Residential School at Delmas. Old Government House, built in 1878–1879, was the seat of the Territorial Government from 1878 to 1883 of the Northwest Territories. It became one of the first modern Residential Schools in Canada, opened with the specific aim of assimilating Indigenous people into the society of the settlers
1991969
Public apology


officially apologized to 80,000 former students of residential schools in Canada except Newfoundland, Brunswick and Prince Edward Island. In the 1870’s, federal government forcibly sent over 150,000 aboriginal children to residential schools as part of assimilation policy which aimed for eliminating first nation culture and language and let them learn Canadian official language both English and French. While first nation students in residential schools, they did not receive enough amount and quality of housing, food and clothing.Stephen Harper expressed official apology as follows:“The burden of this experience has been on your
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Kamloops Indian Residential School


The Kamloops Indian Residential School was part of the Canadian residential school system and one of the 130 schools for First Nations children that operated in Canada between 1874 and 1996. The Kamloops School was opened in 1893 (initially as the Kamloops Industrial School) and continued operation until 1977, located on the traditional territory of the Secwepemc (Secwépemcúl'ecw). Hundreds of Secwepemc children attended the school, often forcibly removed from their homes once attendance became mandatory by law. Children were not allowed to speak their native Secwepemctsin language or practice their own
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St. Anne’s Indian Residential School


St. Anne’s Indian Residential School was a Canadian Indian Residential School that operated from 1902 through 1976 . While it was in operation the school took Cree students from the Fort Albany First Nation and area. Former students of the school have reported experiencing physical, psychological, and sexual abuse while attending the school. The school opened in 1906 under the direction of the Oblates of Mary Immaculate and the Grey Nuns of the Cross (also known as the Sisters of Charity) with the financial and administrative support of the federal government. Originally
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Lejac Residential School


Lejac Residential School was part of the Canadian residential school system and one of the 130 boarding schools for First Nations children that operated in Canada between 1874 and 1996. Operated by the Roman Catholic Church under contract with the government of Canada, construction was completed on January 17, 1922, succeeding the school opened in 1917 in Fort Saint James. It was located in an otherwise undeveloped area on the shore of Fraser Lake about half-way between the town of Fraser Lake and the village of Fort Fraser, just off the railway
22217394
Sto:lo


1763 Royal Proclamation. They created the BC Treaty Commission to help deal with these issues. St Mary’s Residential School was the name of two Indian Residential schools in Mission, BC. It was first operated by Roman Catholic Church of Canada and secondly by the Canadian federal government. The school had approximately 2000 children in attendance with most of them Sto:lo. The school was opened in 1863 as a school of boys housing 42 students its first year. In 1868 a girls section was operated in the main site but was
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Spanish Indian Residential Schools


Wikwemikong Industrial School, Girls' Department opened. In 1878 the corresponding Boys' Department was opened by the Jesuits with assistance from the Canadian government. In 1883, the director Reverend Regis Beaudin wrote to the ministry of Indian affairs with an update of students performance and of the death of 3 boys in 1882. In 1885 both schools were destroyed by fire and subsequently rebuilt. The Canadian government approved the Wikimikong School for funding through the residential school system in 1884. The reason the decision was made to move the boys school to
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Attawapiskat First Nation


Attawapiskat reported that in the 1930s and 1940s they sent their children to Saint Anne's Residential School in Fort Albany (1936–1964) because there was no school in Attawapiskat. The same group of elders described the first school in Attawapiskat, built by the missionaries, which operated as a summer school that was only open in July and August so it would not interfere with traditional life. Attawapiskat School, designed by one of the first Canadian women architects in 1951 Lennox Grafton opened in 1953. Primary school students attended J.R. Nakogee School,
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Canadian Indian residential school system


Reconciliation. It was further announced that the first week of November would be known as Treaties Recognition Week. On October 27, 2011, University of Manitoba president David Barnard apologized to the TRC for the institution's role in educating people who operated the residential school system. This is believed to be the first time a Canadian university has apologized for playing a role in residential schools. In 2009, Chief Fontaine had a private meeting with Pope Benedict XVI to obtain an apology for abuses that occurred in the residential school system. Fontaine
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Canadian Indian residential school system


with anxiety disorder; and 7 per cent have been diagnosed with borderline personality disorder. Although encouragement to keep Indigenous languages alive was present in some schools, a key tactic used to assimilate Indigenous children into Canadian society was to suppress Indigenous languages and culture. Many students spoke the language of their families fluently when they first entered residential schools. Teachers responded by strictly prohibiting the use of these languages despite many students having little or no understanding of English or French. The practice of traditional and spiritual activities including the Potlatch and Sun Dance
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Canadian Indian residential school system


at some residential schools in western Canada ranged from 30 to 60 per cent over five years (that is, five years after entry, 30 to 60 per cent of students had died, or 6 to 12 per cent per annum). These statistics did not become public until 1922, when Bryce, who was no longer working for the government, published "The Story of a National Crime: Being a Record of the Health Conditions of the Indians of Canada from 1904 to 1921." In particular, he alleged that
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Indigenous peoples in Canada


and "more civilized", thus become assimilated into Canadian society. However, they were often still defined as "non-citizens" by Europeans, and those few who did enfranchise were often met with disappointment. The final government strategy of assimilation, made possible by the Indian Act was the Canadian residential school system: Beginning in 1847 and lasting until 1996, the Canadian government, in partnership with the dominant Christian Churches, ran 130 residential boarding schools across Canada for Aboriginal children, who were forcibly taken from their homes.
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Canadian Indian residential school system


a result, the debate about whether the Canadian government also committed physical and biological genocide against Indigenous populations remains open. Among the 94 Calls to Action that accompanied the conclusion of the TRC were recommendations to ensure that all Canadians are educated and made aware of the residential school system. Justice Murray Sinclair explained that the recommendations were not aimed solely at prompting government action, but instead a collective move toward reconciliation in which all Canadians have a role to play: "Many of our elements, many of our recommendations and many of the
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Spanish Indian Residential Schools


The Spanish Indian Residential Schools were part of the Canadian Indian residential school system and one of the 130 schools for First Nations, Métis, and Inuit children that operated in Canada between 1874 and 1996. Operated by the Jesuits of English Canada, the Daughters of the Heart of Mary and the Government of Canada the residential schools operated in Spanish, Ontario from 1913 to 1965. Prior to the establishment of the residential school in Spanish, Ontario the Jesuits operated a day school at Wiikwemkoong First Nation beginning in 1838. In 1862 the
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Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement


federal government. In 2004, an Assembly of First Nations Report on Canada’s Dispute Resolution Plan to Compensate for Abuses in Indian Residential Schools led to discussions to develop a holistic, fair and lasting resolution of the legacy of Indian Residential Schools. On 23 November 2005 the Canadian federal government announced the IRSSA compensation package. It represents the largest class-action lawsuit in Canadian history. On 11 June 2008, Prime Minister Harper "apologized on behalf of the Government of Canada, and all Canadians, for the forcible removal of Aboriginal
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Canadian Indian residential school system


, 2006. Following a legal process, including an examination of the IRSSA by the courts of the provinces and territories of Canada, an "opt-out" period occurred. During this time, the former students of residential schools could reject the agreement if they did not agree with its dispositions. This opt-out period ended on August 20, 2007, with about 350 former students opting out. The IRSSA was the largest class action settlement in Canadian history. By December 2012, a total of $1.62billion was paid
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Canadian Indian residential school system


First Nations, Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) Commissioner Giuliano Zaccardelli issued an apology on behalf of the RCMP for its role in the Indian residential school system: "We, I, as Commissioner of the RCMP, am truly sorry for what role we played in the residential school system and the abuse that took place in the residential system." On June 11, 2008, Prime Minister Stephen Harper issued a formal apology, on behalf of the sitting Cabinet, in front of an audience of Indigenous delegates, and in
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Canadian Indian residential school system


, parents wished to see the school transferred to a private society that would operate it both as a school and a residence. The federal government had been open to such a transfer if the First Nations organization was structured as a provincial school division. The First Nations rejected this, saying that a transfer of First Nations education to the provincial authority was a violation of Treaty rights. In the summer of 1970, members of the Saddle Lake community occupied the building and demanded the right to run it themselves. More than 1,000 people
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St. Michael’s Indian Residential School (Alert Bay)


St. Michael’s Indian Residential School (1929–1975) in Alert Bay, British Columbia, and sometimes referred to as Alert Bay Residential School, was a Canadian residential school operated by the Anglican Church of Canada for First Nations children in the 20th Century. The first residential school in Alert Bay was built in 1882. St. Michael's was constructed in 1929 as a regional facility to serve aboriginal communities from Campbell River to Prince Rupert, British Columbia and closed in 1975. It was built at a cost of about $250,000 by the
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Reconciliation Canada


Reconciliation Canada is a Canadian non-profit group based in Vancouver, Canada. The charity seeks to promote understanding of the Canadian Indian residential school system, which forcibly relocated First Nations, Inuit and Métis children into boarding schools from the late 1800s until the 1960s, as well as the reconciliation process begun by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission. It was started by Chief Robert Joseph and daughter Karen Joseph in 2013. Chief Robert Joseph, a survivor of the residential school system, worked with the Indian Residential School Survivors Society and the
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Prince Albert Indian Residential School


Prince Albert Indian Residential School was a Canadian residential school operated by the Anglican Church for First Nations children in Prince Albert, Saskatchewan. It was located on the West Hill of Prince Albert in a former army barracks. Victoria Union Hospital is now adjacent to the former school area to the west. The school was formed in 1951 through the amalgamation of St. Albans Indian Residential School and the All Saints Indian Residential School. Prince Albert Indian Residential School was operated by the Missionary Society of the Church of England in Canada (MSCC)
1654143
Rhymes for Young Ghouls


teenage girl. The film opens with a brief prologue explaining the history of Canadian First Nations children being compelled by law to attend Indian residential schools. In 1966, the prepubescent Aila (Miika Whiskeyjack) lives with her father Joseph (Glen Gould), mother Anna (Roseanne Supernault) and younger brother Tyler at the fictional Red Crow Reserve, a Mi'kmaq Indian reserve. Aila's parents consume drugs and alcohol to cope with the abuse they suffered at St. Dymphna's residential school. Tyler is accidentally killed by Anna during a drunk
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Pelican Lake Indian Residential School


. In 1978, the Pelican Lake Residential School was torn down. Today in its place sits the Pelican Falls First Nations High School and Centre (PFFNHS). PFFNHS services students from 24 First Nation Communities and is controlled by local First Nations. In 2004, the "Pelican Residential School Monument and Memorial Garden" was opened. The monument was funded by both the Aboriginal Healing Fund, and the Department of Indian and Northern Affairs Canada. The opening took place at the Pelican Residential School Monument and Memorial Garden Opening and Healing
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We Were Children


We Were Children is a 2012 Canadian documentary film about the experiences of First Nations children in the Canadian Indian residential school system. Directed by Tim Wolochatiuk and written by Jason Sherman, the film recounts the experiences of two resident school survivors: Lyna Hart, who was sent to the Guy Hill Residential School in Manitoba at age four, and Glen Anaquod, who was sent to the Lebret Indian Residential School in Saskatchewan. "We Were Children" combines interviews with the two with dramatic recreations of their experiences. According to Hart,
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Canadian Indian residential school system


or placed up for adoption by predominantly non-Indigenous families throughout Canada and the United States. While the Indian and Northern Affairs estimates that 11,132 children were adopted between 1960 and 1990, the actual number may be as high as 20,000. In 1969, after years of sharing power with churches, the DIA took sole control of the residential school system. The last residential school operated by the Canadian government, Gordon Indian Residential School in Saskatchewan, was closed in 1996. Residential schools operated in every Canadian province and territory with the
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Qu'Appelle Indian Residential School


Qu'Appelle Indian Residential School (Q.I.R.S.) or Qu'Appelle Industrial School was a Canadian residential school financed by the federal government. As the first residential school in the West, it was operated from 1884 to 1969 by the Roman Catholic Church for First Nations children and was run by the Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate and the Grey Nuns. It was located on what is now the Wa-Pii Moos-toosis (White Calf) Indian Reserve of the Star Blanket Cree Nation adjoining the village of Lebret, Saskatchewan. Lebret is situated on
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St. Mary's Indian Residential School


Mary's was initially opened by the Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate in 1863 as a small school for boys and housed 42 students its first year. A separate school for girls was opened on the same site in 1868 and operated by the Sisters of Saint Ann. It operated quite near the Fraser River for nearly two decades, then moved further uphill in 1882 to make room for the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway. The boys and girls had separate dormitories, with the girl's residence also housing the nuns' quarters,
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Canadian Indian residential school system


the prevalence of sexual abuse, alcoholism, drug addiction, lateral violence, mental illness and suicide among Indigenous peoples. The 2012 national report of the First Nations Regional Health Study found that of respondents who attended residential schools were more likely than those who did not to have been diagnosed with at least one chronic medical condition. A sample of 127 survivors revealed that half have criminal records; 65 per cent have been diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder; 21 per cent have been diagnosed with major depression; 7 per cent have been diagnosed
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Northwest Territories


power with practical access to the North-Western Territory, with the French surrendering its claim to the Hudson Bay coast. Europeans have visited the region for the purposes of fur trading, and exploration for new trade routes, including the northwest passage. Arctic expeditions launched in the 19th century include the Coppermine expedition. In 1867, first Canadian residential school opened in the region in Fort Resolution. The opening of the school was followed by several others in regions across the territory, thus contributing to the it reaching the highest percentage of
1378926
National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation


holdings include millions of church and government records, hundreds of residential school photographs, and over 7,000 survivor statement collected by the TRC. The NCTR opened in the fall of 2015 in Winnipeg, on the campus of the University of Manitoba. The digital archive portion of the NCTR opened to the public on November 3, 2015. In December 2016 the Canadian Federal Government allocated $10 million to the ongoing operations of the NCTR. The NCTR is intended to be a repository for the complete history and legacy of the residential school system
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Kamloops


publication in 2014. The city is also home to "Kamloops This Week", a free newspaper which publishes three times a week. The Kamloops Indian Residential School, part of the Canadian Indian residential school system opened in 1893 and ran until 1977. Public schools in Kamloops and adjacent communities are run by School District 73 Kamloops/Thompson. Private schools include Kamloops Christian School, Our Lady of Perpetual Help School (Catholic), and St. Ann's Academy (Catholic). The "Conseil scolaire francophone de la Colombie-
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Cree language


of archeological and linguistic evidence puts the Cree as far west as the Peace River Region of Alberta before European contact. Cuthand argues three reasons for the loss of the Cree language. First, residential schools cultivated the prejudice that their language was inferior. While students were still speaking their native language at home, their learning stopped at school. When they left residential schools as adults, they went home and their vocabulary and knowledge of language did not include concepts or forms that an adult speaker who had not been taken to a residential
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Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement


The Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement (IRSSA) is an agreement between the Government of Canada and approximately 86,000 Native Canadians who at some point were enrolled as children in the Canadian Indian residential school system, a system which was in place between 1879 and 1996. The IRSSA recognized the damage inflicted by the residential schools and established a $1.9 billion compensation package called CEP(Common Experience Payment) for all former IRS students. The agreement, announced in 2006, was the largest class action settlement in Canadian history. As of March 2016 a
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Saint-Victor, Quebec


exports to the United States. In the mid-2000s, exports declined when the Canadian dollar strengthened and Asian textile quotas ended. But residential construction continues, and the population has been rising every year. In 1903 the Congregation of the Sister-Servants of the Immaculate Heart of Mary opened a convent school, which burned down on June 6, 1931. A new convent school built in 1932 burned down in Saint-Victor's fire of 1948. A third convent school built in 1949 closed in 1967 as schools were consolidated. Another
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Institutional racism


an agent in a wider policy of assimilating Native Canadians into European-Canadian society. This policy was enforced with the support of various Christian churches, who ran many of the schools. Over the course of the system's existence, approximately 30% of native children, roughly some 150,000, were placed in residential schools nationally, with the last school closing in 1996. There has long been controversy about the conditions experienced by students in the residential schools. While day schools for First Nations, Metis, and Inuit children always far
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Prince Albert Indian Residential School


until 1969. St. Albans Indian Residential School operated from 1944 to 1951 when it was amalgamated with All Saints to become Prince Albert Indian Residential School. St. Albans replaced the St. Barnabas Indian Residential School at Onion Lake which opened in 1893 and the 1922 building was destroyed by fire in 1943. All Saints Indian Residential School operated from 1948 until 1951 when it was amalgamated with St. Albans to become Prince Albert Indian Residential School. All Saints was previously located in La Ronge, Saskatchewan from 1906 to 1947. Its staff and students were
1654144
Canora, Edmonton


Canora is a residential neighbourhood in west Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Canora's name comes from the first two letters of the words "Canadian Northern Railway", the winning entry in a 1948 contest to name a new school being built near an abandoned right of way of the former Canadian Northern Railway. (The village of Canora, Saskatchewan, was named in the same way in 1905, when the railway company still existed.) The school building was originally in the hamlet of West Jasper Place, though the rapidly growing
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Canadian Indian residential school system


and finances under federal control. As explained by the TRC, the Act "made Indians wards of the state, unable to vote in provincial or federal elections or enter the professions if they did not surrender their status, and severely limited their freedom to participate in spiritual and cultural practices". The by Governor General Charles Bagot, entitled "Report on the affairs of the Indians in Canada". Referred to as the Bagot Report, it is seen as the foundational document for the federal residential school system. It was supported
5930048
Sophie Pierre


Sophie Mae Pierre (née Eustace) , is a Canadian First Nations chief and administrator. She served as the Commissioner for the British Columbia Treaty Commission from 2009 to 2015. Born in Cranbrook, British Columbia in 1951, she grew up on the St. Mary's Indian Reserve near the city. Pierre attended elementary school at the Kootenay Indian Residential School, located in the St. Eugene Mission, which was part of the Canadian residential school system. She attended public high school in Cranbrook, but dropped out at age 17 to get
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Canadian Indian residential school system


in the residential school system. Archbishop Michael Peers apologized to residential school survivors, on behalf of the Anglican Church of Canada, on August 6, 1993, at the National Native Convocation in Minaki, Ontario. The following year the Presbyterian Church in Canada adopted a confession at its 120th General Assembly in Toronto on June 5, recognizing its role in residential schools and seeking forgiveness. The confession was presented on October 8 during a ceremony in Winnipeg. In 2004, immediately before signing the first Public Safety Protocol with the Assembly of
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Mission, British Columbia


% of the population. The Peckquaylis Indian Reserve, which is the former St. Mary's Residential School and its grounds, is a centre for services and governments of the communities in the area to the east. Mission's Indo-Canadian community was active since the early 1900s. An Indo-Canadian volleyball team, "Mission Sikhs", was active in the area. Naranjan Grewall became the first Indo-Canadian elected to public office when he took a position in Mission City's government. In 2006 2,220 South Asian visible
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Orange Shirt Day


Orange Shirt Day is an event that started in 2013. It was designed to educate people and promote awareness about the Indian residential school system and the impact this system had on Indigenous communities for more than a century in Canada. It is held annually on September 30 in Canadian communities with students and staff being encouraged to wear an orange shirt to school that day. Orange Shirt Day began in 2013 as a result of residential school survivor Phyllis Jack Webstad discussing her experience when she arrived at a residential school. Webstad shared her story
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Shingwauk Indian Residential School


Shingwauk Indian Residential School was part of the Canadian residential school system and one of the 130 boarding schools for First Nations, Métis, and Inuit children that operated in Canada between 1874 and 1996. Operated by the Anglican Church of Canada and the Government of Canada, the Shingwauk School operated from 1873 to 1970 in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada. Today, Shingwauk Hall, built in 1935, forms the central building of Algoma University. Prior to the establishment of the Shingwauk School smaller school mission schools existed in Sault
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First Nations


yet not accepted into mainstream Canadian culture. Former students are now routinely referred to as "survivors". Not all Aboriginal children attended residential schools. During the period in which the schools operated, more than a third of indigenous children attended federal day schools, and about a third received no schooling at all. It is however the residential school system that receives much of the blame for the various problems and challenges facing Canada's indigenous people today. During the years in which the residential schools operated, they were regarded by most
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Pelican Lake Indian Residential School


established in 1926 and officially opened in 1929. The school was one of the approximately three dozen schools operated by the Anglican Church of Canada. It was the state-enforced Indian Residential School for Ojibway and Cree students from both Treaty Three and Treaty Nine territories in northern Ontario and eastern Manitoba. When it initially opened it housed a total of 125 both boys and girls, but this number increased to 150 by the late 1940s. As like most residential schools, the school was designed in a way that the male and female
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St. Paul’s Indian Residential School


, 1898, making it the first school for First Nations people on the north shore. The Squamish people supported the school with food and other donations until 1900 when the Department of Indian Affairs took over administration of the school. Indian Affair’s intention was to assimilate the First Nations people by denying them rights to their language, culture and traditions while forcing them to take on the take on the colonialist language, culture, traditions and Roman Catholic Religion. In 1920 the Indian Act was amended and Canadian federal legislation making it mandatory
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St. Mary's Indian Residential School


St. Mary's Indian Residential School was the name of two Indian residential schools in Mission, British Columbia. The first was operated by the Roman Catholic Church of Canada, and the second was operated by the Canadian federal government. Approximately 2,000 children attended the schools while they were in operation, most of them , many of whom reported experiences that were abusive. However, despite the numerous personal accounts of students who suffered abuse at the school, there is no acknowledgement of this on any of the plaques at the site. St.
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Canadian, Victoria


Canadian is a suburb east of the regional city of Ballarat, Victoria, Australia on the rural-urban fringe. At the , Canadian had a population of 3,609. It is primarily a residential area, but has a school, a small shopping area, and several parks and reserves including Sparrow Ground, which has been the subject of much community debate. The suburb was originally named Canadian Gully after Canadian immigrant gold digger "Captain" Henry Ross, famous for his role in the Eureka Rebellion. Canadian Post Office opened on
8586199
Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada


Canadian commission heard primarily from former students. Hymie Rubenstein, a retired professor of anthropology, and Rodney A. Clifton, professor emeritus of education and a residential school supervisor in the 1960s, held that, while the residential school program had been harmful to many students, the commission had shown "indifference to robust evidence gathering, comparative or contextual data, and cause-effect relationships," which resulted in the commission's report telling "a skewed and partial story". The Truth and Reconciliation Report did not compare its findings with
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Canadian Indian residential school system


were placed in residential schools nationally. The number of school-related deaths remains unknown due to an incomplete historical record, though estimates range from 3,200 upwards of 6,000. The system had its origins in laws enacted before Confederation, but it was primarily active from the passage of the Indian Act in 1876. An amendment to the Indian Act in 1884 made attendance at day schools, industrial schools, or residential schools compulsory for First Nations children. Due to the remote nature of many communities, school locations meant that for some families
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Canadian International School of Hong Kong


volunteered their time to establish an international school offering the Canadian curriculum. When the school first opened its doors to the first 81 students, the school campus was located in a small rented facility in Causeway Bay. The school continued to grow, and by 1999 has reached the "through-train" objective, providing an education from Reception to Grade 12. The school produced its first graduates at the end of the 1998/1999 school year. During the 1999 school year, Canadian International School moved to its present location Aberdeen, being
11859849
The Japanese School Singapore


closed the school. When the Japanese occupied Singapore, the government opened the Shonan First People’s School. In 1945 the British re-took Singapore and closed the Shonan school. A Japanese school facility opened in 1964 at what is now the Newton Post Office on Bukit Timah Road. It closed in July 1966. In September 1966 the Japanese government officially re-established the Japanese school with 3 teachers and 27 students. At first it had only primary school and was located in a residential building in Dalvey Estate. This facility
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Canadian Indian residential school system


Truth and Reconciliation program, as well as an individual Common Experience Payment (CEP). Any person who could be verified as having resided at a federally run Indian residential school in Canada was entitled to a CEP. The amount of compensation was based on the number of years a particular former student resided at the residential schools: $10,000 for the first year attended (from one night residing there to a full school year) plus $3,000 for every year thereafter. The IRSSA also included the Independent Assessment Process (IAP)
5930120
Assembly of First Nations


against their will. In 1972, the NIB's policy paper "Indian Control of Indian Education" was generally accepted by federal government and the NIB gained national recognition for the issue of Indigenous education in Canada. Undoubtedly, this was one of the last steps in ending the Canadian Residential School System, long opposed by Indigenous people, but also a first step in the push for Indigenous self-governance. In 1973, the Calder case decision was issued. "You have more rights than I thought you did," Prime
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Canadian Indian residential school system


] was looking for". On May 29, 2017, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau asked the current Pope Francis for a public apology to all survivors of the residential school system, rather than the expression of sorrow issued in 2009. The request aligned with the Truth and Reconciliation Commission's call for "a formal apology issued by the Pope to the survivors of the residential school system for the spiritual, cultural, emotional, physical and sexual abuse of Canada's First Nations, Inuit and Métis peoples". Trudeau invited the Pope
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Canadian Indian residential school system


Tom Mulcair. The Anglican Church also raised concerns stating in a release co-signed by bishops Fred Hiltz and Mark MacDonald: "There was nothing good about children going missing and no report being filed. There was nothing good about burying children in unmarked graves far from their ancestral homes." In response, the Conservative Party leadership removed Beyak from the Senate committee underscoring that her comments did not align with the views of the party. The four churches of the Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement – the United, Roman Catholic,
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Canadian Indian residential school system


were also banned. Some survivors reported being strapped or forced to eat soap when they were caught speaking their own language. The inability to communicate was further affected by their families' inabilities to speak English or French. Upon leaving residential school some survivors felt ashamed for being Indigenous as they were made to view their traditional identities as ugly and dirty. The stigma created by the residential school system regarding transmission of Indigenous culture by elders to younger generations has been linked to the over-representation of Indigenous languages on the list of endangered
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Canadian Indian residential school system


peoples in both the fur trade and military pursuits. After a failure to assimilate Indigenous children by early missionaries in the 17th century, educational programs were not widely attempted again by religious officials until the 1820s, prior to the introduction of state-sanctioned operations. Included among them was a school established by John West, an Anglican missionary, at the Red River Colony in what is today Manitoba. Protestant missionaries also opened residential schools in the current Ontario region, spreading Christianity and working to encourage Indigenous peoples to adopt subsistence agriculture as
5930041
Beauval Indian Residential School


Beauval Indian Residential School (1895–1983) near the northern village of Beauval, Saskatchewan was a Canadian residential school operated by the Roman Catholic Church for First Nations children. It was run by the Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate and the Grey Nuns. The school was located on what is now the La Plonge 192 (Indian Reserve) across the Beaver River from Beauval. La Plonge 192 is part of the English River Dene Nation and had 115 residents in 2011. A fire on September 19/20, 1927 and an influenza epidemic in 1937
449346
Shubenacadie Indian Residential School


The Shubenacadie Indian Residential School was part of the Canadian Indian residential school system and was located in Shubenacadie, Nova Scotia. It was the only one in Atlantic Canada and children from across the region were placed in the institution. The schools were funded through Indian Affairs and the Catholic Church. The institution was like an orphanage, which were the forerunners of contemporary child protection and welfare services. The first children arrived on February 5, 1930 and the institution was closed after 37 years on June 22, 1967. Approximately 10%
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Canadian Indian residential school system


that the residential school system was financially unsustainable and failing to meet the intended goal of training and assimilating Indigenous children into European-Canadian society. Robert Hoey, superintendent of welfare and training at Indian Affairs, opposed the expansion of new schools, noting in 1936 that "to build educational institutions, particularly residential schools, while the money at our disposal is insufficient to keep the schools already erected in a proper state of repair, is, to me, very unsound and a practice difficult to justify". He proposed the expansion
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Canadian Indian residential school system


introducing and spreading disease. The problem of unhealthy children was further exacerbated by the conditions of the schools themselves – overcrowding and poor ventilation, water quality and sewage systems. Until the late 1950s, when the federal government shifted to a day school integration model, residential schools were severely underfunded and often relied on the forced labour of their students to maintain their facilities, although it was presented as training for artisan skills. The work was arduous, and severely compromised the academic and social development of the students. School books and textbooks
5930068
St. John's Indian Residential School


The St. John's Indian Residential School, also known as the Chapleau Indian Residential School, was a Canadian Indian Residential School operated by the Anglican Church of Canada from 1907 to 1948 in Chapleau, Ontario. The original residential school in Chapleau was operated by the Anglican Diocese of Moosonee from 1907 to 1920. In 1920 the school's administration was taken over by the Department of Indian Affairs. The school was built to accommodate 40 students, and in 1919 it was expanded to accommodate 45. The residential school was located on 153
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Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement


the Indian Residential Schools Truth and Reconciliation Commission was relaunched by then-Governor General Michaëlle Jean with Justice Murray Sinclair, an Ojibway-Canadian judge, First Nations lawyer, as the chair. By August 2012, the federal government had released over 941,000 documents to the TRC related to residential schools. On 31 March 1998 in response to the RCAP and as part of Gathering Strength—Canada's Aboriginal Action Plan, the federal government established the Aboriginal Healing Foundation, "Aboriginal-managed, national, Ottawa-based, not-
1364197
Pelican Lake Indian Residential School


The Pelican Lake Indian Residential School, also known as known as Pelican Falls Indian Residential School, or Sioux Lookout Indian Residential School, was a Canadian Indian Residential School that operated from 1929 through 1969. While it was in operation the school took Ojibway and Cree students from both Treaty Three and Treaty Nine territories in northern Ontario and eastern Manitoba. Former students of the school have reported experiencing physical, psychological, and sexual abuse while attending the school. Also known as Sioux Lookout Indian Residential School, Pelican Lake Indian Residential School was
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Catholic schools in Canada


readers were crucial. Many older Irish Catholics did not like the new direction of the Catholic schools. When they were first developed in Ontario, Catholic schools were a symbol of Irish and Catholic identity, but in the growing multicultural Canada, it became more important for the Catholic schools to emphasize a "Canadian" identity rather than an "Irish" one. They were focused on Canadian patriotism and teaching their students how to survive in a Canadian society. Canadian identity referred to many different cultures, including the Irish, but not
15228947
Indian Horse (film)


Indian Horse is a Canadian drama film, which premiered at the 2017 Toronto International Film Festival and received a general theatrical release in 2018. The film was directed by Stephen Campanelli and written by Dennis Foon. An adaptation of Ojibwe author Richard Wagamese's novel "Indian Horse", the film centres on Saul Indian Horse, a young Canadian First Nations boy who survives the Indian residential school system to become a star ice hockey player. The film and the book highlight the story behind Canada's Indigenous Residential Schools. The film stars
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Canadian Indian residential school system


Canadian values that, for example, deemed traditional diets of game, fish and berries insufficient and grounds for taking children into custody. This period resulted in the widespread removal of Indigenous children from their traditional communities, first termed the Sixties Scoop by Patrick Johnston, the author of the 1983 report "Native Children and the Child Welfare System". Often taken without the consent of their parents or community elders, some children were placed in state-run child welfare facilities, increasingly operated in former residential schools, while others were fostered
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Canadian Indian residential school system


2005 budget, the Canadian government committed an additional $40million to support the work of the AHF. Federal funding for the foundation was cut in 2010 by the Stephen Harper government, leaving 134 national healing-related initiatives without an operating budget. The AHF closed in 2014. Former AHF executive director Mike DeGagne has said that the loss of AHF support has created a gap in dealing with mental health crises such as suicides in the Attawapiskat First Nation. In June 2001, the government established Indian Residential Schools Resolution Canada as an independent
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Canadian Indian residential school system


a government review of the compensation process. On November 23, 2005, the Canadian government announced a $1.9-billion compensation package to benefit tens of thousands of former students. National Chief of the AFN, Phil Fontaine, said the package was meant to cover "decades in time, innumerable events and countless injuries to First Nations individuals and communities". Justice Minister Irwin Cotler applauded the compensation decision noting that the placement of children in the residential school system was "the single most harmful, disgraceful and racist act in our history"
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Christian Island


ice cover in February 2014 the ice road was opened. Christian Island has a lighthouse that marks the southern tip of the island. It was used in the past for ships travelling from Collingwood to Penetanguishene, Midland, and Parry Sound. First lit in 1859, it is the among the oldest lighthouses in Georgian Bay and one of the six Imperial Towers. Rodney Monague (1942-2013), a survivor of the Canadian Indian residential school system, was the island's first chief after the departure of Indian agents in the
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Duncan Wallace


at risk the continued existence of the Diocese of Qu'Appelle. During the 19th and early 20th centuries, the federal government had a policy of encouraging residential schools for children of Canadian First Nations, which were administered primarily by the Roman Catholic, Anglican and United Churches. While the purpose of the schools was to assist children of First Nations to integrate in Canada, in actuality, there was a large amount of child abuse, including sexual abuse. In the 1990s, survivors of the residential schools began lawsuits against the federal government and
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Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement


3.5 million." Ivon Johnny, a convicted killer, had his parole revoked in January 2013 after "allegations he threatened and extorted...substantial sums of money from vulnerable and in some cases cognitively deficient [IRSSA] claimants. In February 2013 "B.C. Supreme Court Justice Brenda Brown "ordered Bronstein to be interviewed by a court monitor about his alleged dealings with Johnny." Indian residential schools were a network of "residential" (boarding) schools for Native Canadians (First Nations or "Indians"; Métis and Inuit)
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Project of Heart


) Learning about the Canadian residential school system 2) Learning more in-depth about a specific residential school. Here a class or group chooses a residential school to learn about, focusing on the original peoples on whose land the school stood and their contributions 3) A gesture of reconciliation, which often includes creating an art piece to reflect on the history of residential schools 4) Providing an opportunity for students to speak with a residential school survivor 5) Creating a social justice response. 6) Creating cards or gifts for residential
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Aga Khan Academies


. The Academy's Junior School opened in August 2011. The Senior School and the residential program for senior students opened in 2012, with the first class graduating in 2014. Since September 6, 2012, the Aga Khan Academy, Hyderabad has been designated as an International Baccalaureate World School when the Diploma Programme was accredited. The Middle Years Programme and the Primary Years Programme were authorised in 2014. The third Aga Khan Academy opened in Maputo, Mozambique in 2013 with the lower grades of the Junior School. The full Academy is
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James Gladstone


James Gladstone (; May 21, 1887 – September 4, 1971) was a Canadian politician who became the first status Indian to be appointed to the Senate of Canada. Gladstone was a Cree by birth but was adopted by the Blood Reserve on which he was born; the Blood belonged to the Blackfoot Confederacy. He attended St. Paul's Indian Residential School, an Anglican mission school on his reserve, until 1903, when he moved to an Indian industrial school in Calgary and apprenticed as a printer, interning at "The Calgary
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Canadian Indian residential school system


Anglican and Presbyterian churches – agreed to participate in the reconciliation process between Indigenous and settler Canadians. They have been involved in funding various projects and services that assist former residential school students and their families in healing from the trauma caused by the schools. The Anglican Church of Canada set up the Anglican Healing Fund in the 1990s to respond to the ongoing need for healing related to residential schools. In the 2000s the United Church established the Justice and Reconciliation Fund to support healing initiatives and the Presbyterian Church has established a Healing & Reconciliation
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St. Joseph's School (Biddeford, Maine)


St. Joseph's School is a historic former school building on Birch Street in Biddeford, Maine. Built in 1887, it was one of the first large masonry schools to be built in the state, and became a focal point for the migration of French Canadians into the state. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. It has been converted to residential use. The former St. Joseph's School is set in a residential area a few blocks south of Biddeford's central business district, on the north
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Canadian Indian residential school system


In Canada, the Indian residential school system was a network of boarding schools for Indigenous peoples. The network was funded by the Canadian government's Department of Indian Affairs and administered by Christian churches. The school system was created for the purpose of removing Indigenous children from the influence of their own culture and assimilating them into the dominant Canadian culture, "to kill the indian in the child." Over the course of the system's more than hundred-year existence, about 30 per cent of Indigenous children (around 150,000)
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Canadian Métis Council


treated the same as their First Nation family members. The Métis who stayed had to deny they were Aboriginal and lie to government officials and declare their heritage as French and secretly practice their culture and beliefs. If they did not want their children to be taken and sent away to Residential Schools, to keep their lands, and also keep their jobs, and to buy certain foods in stores, and not just get store credit. Aboriginal People were very discriminated against in those years. This is why a lot of Métis families
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Chanie Wenjack


Chanie "Charlie" Wenjack (January 19, 1954October 23, 1966) was an Ojibwe (Anishinaabe) First Nations boy who ran away from Cecilia Jeffrey Indian Residential School where he boarded for three years while attending residential school in Kenora, Ontario, Canada. He died of hunger and exposure at Farlane, Ontario while trying to walk 600 km (370 mi) back to his home, Ogoki Post on the Marten Falls Reserve. His ordeal and his death brought attention to the treatment of children in the Canadian Indian Residential School
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Ann Thomas Callahan


Ann Thomas Callahan (born 1935) is a Cree Canadian nurse. She was one of the first Indigenous graduates of the Winnipeg General Hospital's nursing school. Callahan was born on the Peepeekisis Cree Nation in Saskatchewan to Nora and John Thomas, and was granted the spirit name "Wapiskisiw Piyésís" (meaning White Birdwoman) by an elder at age four. She attended the File Hills Residential School, and went to Manitoba for secondary school at Birtle Indian Residential. Callahan was one of the first Indigenous graduates of the Winnipeg General
9188560
St. Paul’s Indian Residential School


St Paul’s Indian Residential School (also known as the Squamish Indian Residential School or St. Francis Indian Residential School) was a Canadian Indian residential school and was located in the 500 Block West Keith Road at what is now the site of St. Thomas Aquinas Regional Secondary School in the City of North Vancouver. It was a Roman Catholic school and operated from 1899 to 1958 by the Order of the Oblates of Mary Immaculate. The students of the school were from the adjacent Mission Reserve as well other Squamish, Tsleil-Waututh and
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Miꞌkmaq


% increase in Miꞌkmaq students going to university. Atlantic Canada has the highest rate of aboriginal students attending university in the country. In 2005, Nova Scotian Miꞌkmaq Nora Bernard led the largest class-action lawsuit in Canadian history, representing an estimated 79,000 survivors of the Canadian Indian residential school system. The Government of Canada settled the lawsuit for upwards of . On June 11, 2008, Prime Minister Stephen Harper made an apology to the residential school survivors. In the fall of 2011, there was an Indian Residential Schools Truth and
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Institutional racism


the churches that ran the residential schools began to issue formal apologies. And in 1998 the Canadian government issued the Statement of Reconciliation, and committed $350 million in support of a community-based healing strategy to address the healing needs of individuals, families and communities arising from the legacy of physical and sexual abuse at residential schools. The money was used to launch the Aboriginal Healing Foundation. In the 19th and 20th century, the Canadian federal government's Indian Affairs Department officially encouraged the growth of the Indian residential school system as
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Canadian Indian residential school system


Calls to Action are actually aimed at Canadian society." Preservation of documentation of the legacy of residential schools was also highlighted as part of the TRC's Calls to Action. Community groups and other stakeholders have variously argued for documenting or destroying evidence and testimony of residential school abuses. On April 4, 2016, the Ontario Court of Appeal ruled that documents pertaining to IAP settlements will be destroyed in 15 years if individual claimants do not request to have their documents archived. This decision was fought by the TRC as well as the
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Canadian Indian residential school system


On April 1, 2017, a pole, titled "Reconciliation Pole", was raised on the grounds of the University of British Columbia (UBC) Vancouver campus, which sits on the unceded territory of the Musqueam people. Carved by Haida master carver and hereditary chief, 7idansuu (Edenshaw), James Hart, the pole tells the story of the residential school system prior to, during and after its operation. It features thousands of copper nails, used to represent the children who died in Canadian residential schools, and depictions
5930134
Henri Streicher


authority, and did not allow them to enter the diocese until 1924, when the Canadian Brothers of Christian Instruction of Ploermel were permitted to launch St. Mary's College Kisubi and to open other schools. Streicher consider that training indigenous priests was the first priority, more important than conversion of the people. He inherited the seminary at Kisubi, later moved to Bukalasa, near to Villa Maria. In 1911 the senior seminarians moved to Katigondo. In 1913 Streicher ordained the first two African priests of the colonial era. In 1913 and
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Mohawk Institute Residential School


the Six Nations of the Grand River reserve) in 1828 until 1969, when control was handed over to the Canadian federal government. The Mohawk Institute was established on 350-acres of farm land, all of which were or had been part of the land of Six Nations at some point. In 1831, the school began to function as a residential school for boys, and starting in 1834, girls were taken in as boarders as well. Children from Six Nations were sent there, along with some from the New Credit, and
4337124
Savage (2009 film)


Savage is a Canadian short film, directed by Lisa Jackson and released in 2009. The film depicts a Cree woman (Skeena Reece) crying and singing a sad traditional song while a young girl (Ta'Kaiya Blaney) is transported to an Indian residential school (although the film is deliberately ambiguous about whether the woman is the child's mother, or the child herself reflecting on her past as an adult.) At the school, however, the conventional narrative of Indian residential schools is subverted when the children perform a hip hop
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Shingwauk Indian Residential School


. On July 31, 1874 the Earl of Dufferin, Governor General of Canada visited the school site and laid the corner stone of what would become the Shingwauk Home. The new school officially opened on August 2, 1875 to 50 students. The school did not have running water or electricity. This building was replaced by the New Shingwauk Hall in 1935. The Shingwauk Home building was not designed to accommodate both male and female students. As a result the Wawanosh Home, a separate girls residential school was established 5 km away
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Egerton Ryerson


in common schools. Egerton Ryerson is recognized as a key architect in the design of the Canadian Indian residential school system. His expert advice was sought by the Department of Indian Affairs in 1847 and those recommendations for Aboriginal schools were appended to the first publication in 1898 of "Statistics Respecting Residential Schools" since the Indian Act (1876); "Agriculture being the chief interest, and probably the most suitable employment of the civilized Indians, I think the great object of industrial schools should be to fit the pupils for becoming working
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