which word means a deficiency in the number of white blood cells
Cytopenia


Cytopenia is a reduction in the number of mature blood cells This results in a reduction of mature blood cells in the body. It is common in cancer patients being treated with radiation and/or chemotherapy. Anemia - a reduction of the red blood cells in the body. Leukopenia or neutropenia - a deficiency of white blood cells, or leukocytes Thrombocytopenia - a deficiency of platelets Pancytopenia - When all three types of blood cells; red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, are all deficient. This is a life threatening disorder
6752900
Iron-deficiency anemia


anemia's cause. If the anemia is due to iron deficiency, one of the first abnormal values to be noted on a complete blood count, as the body's iron stores begin to be depleted, will be a high red blood cell distribution width, reflecting an increased variability in the size of red blood cells. A low mean corpuscular volume also appears during the course of body iron depletion. It indicates a high number of abnormally small red blood cells. A low mean corpuscular volume, a low mean corpuscular hemoglobin or
17325055
Aplastic anemia


Aplastic anemia is an autoimmune disease in which the body fails to produce blood cells in sufficient numbers. Blood cells are produced in the bone marrow by stem cells that reside there. Aplastic anaemia causes a deficiency of all blood cell types: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It is more frequent in people in their teens and twenties, but is also common among the elderly. It can be caused by heredity, immune disease, or exposure to chemicals, drugs, or radiation. However, in about
19192943
Leukemia


combination chemotherapy to attempt to cure leukemia. The tests were successful with some people surviving long after the tests. Observing an abnormally large number of white blood cells in a blood sample from a person, Virchow called the condition "Leukämie" in German, which he formed from the two Greek words "leukos" (λευκός), meaning "white", and "haima" (αἷμα), meaning "blood". According to Susan Sontag, leukemia was often romanticized in 20th-century fiction, portrayed as a joy
18792357
Mean corpuscular volume


. The most common causes of microcytic anemia are iron deficiency (due to inadequate dietary intake, gastrointestinal blood loss, or menstrual blood loss), thalassemia, sideroblastic anemia or chronic disease. In iron deficiency anemia (microcytic anemia), it can be as low as 60 to 70 femtolitres. In some cases of thalassemia, the MCV may be low even though the patient is not iron deficient. The MCV can be conceptualized as the total volume of a group of cells divided by the number of cells. For a real
17325120
Iron-deficiency anemia


mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, and the corresponding appearance of red blood cells on visual examination of a peripheral blood smear narrows the problem to a microcytic anemia (literally, a small red blood cell anemia). The blood smear of a person with iron-deficiency anemia shows many hypochromic (pale, relatively colorless) and small red blood cells, and may also show poikilocytosis (variation in shape) and anisocytosis (variation in size). Target cells may also be seen. With more severe iron-deficiency anemia, the peripheral
17325056
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency


a population of G6PD-deficient red blood cells coexisting with unaffected red blood cells. A female with one affected X chromosome will show the deficiency in approximately half of her red blood cells. However, in rare cases, including double X-deficiency, the ratio can be much more than half, making the individual almost as sensitive as males. Red blood cell breakdown (also known as hemolysis) in G6PD deficiency can manifest in a number of ways, including the following: Favism is a hemolytic response to the consumption of
10945530
Primaquine


it does normally. Overdosing can reduce the number of function of various kinds of blood cells, including loss of red blood cells, methemoglobinemia, and loss of white blood cells. Persons with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PD) may develop hemolytic anemia from primaquine. Primaquine is lethal to "P. vivax" and "P. ovale" in the liver stage, and also to "P. vivax" in the blood stage through its ability to do oxidative damage to the cell. However, the exact mechanism of action is not fully understood
12141664
White Blood Cells (album)


record label wasn't prepared to handle the hype that would surround the record. "White Blood Cells" was released to nearly universal acclaim. On Metacritic, the album received a weighted mean score of 86/100, which translates to "universal acclaim." Considered the band's commercial breakthrough, "White Blood Cells" peaked at number 61 on the "Billboard" 200, going Platinum and selling over 1,000,000 units. The album also reached number 55 in the United Kingdom, being bolstered in both territories by the "Fell in
6002632
Folate deficiency


Folate deficiency is a low level of folate and derivatives in the body. Signs of folate deficiency are often subtle. A low number of red blood cells (anemia) is a late finding in folate deficiency and folate deficiency anemia is the term given for this medical condition. It is characterized by the appearance of large-sized, abnormal red blood cells (megaloblasts), which form when there are inadequate stores of folic acid within the body. Loss of appetite and weight loss can occur. Additional signs are weakness, sore
19353101
Cytokine release syndrome


, confusion, delirium, hallucinations, tremor, and loss of coordination. Lab tests and clinical monitoring show low blood oxygen, widened pulse pressure, increased cardiac output (early), potentially diminished cardiac output (late), high nitrogen levels in blood, elevated D-dimer, elevated transaminases, factor I deficiency and excessive bleeding, higher-than-normal level of bilirubin. CRS occurs when large numbers of white blood cells, including B cells, T cells, and natural killer cells, macrophages, dendritic cells,
3814777
Human genetic resistance to malaria


that lack mitochondria, because these cells must use anaerobic glycolysis as their sole source of energy because the TCA cycle is not available. One example is red blood cells, which in a state of pyruvate kinase deficiency rapidly become deficient in ATP and can undergo hemolysis. Therefore, pyruvate kinase deficiency can cause hemolytic anemia. There is a significant correlation between severity of PK deficiency and extent of protection against malaria. Elliptocytosis a blood disorder in which an abnormally large number of the patient's erythrocytes are elliptical. There is much genetic variability
3776358
Renal cell carcinoma


bacteria which can also serve as indicators for cancer. A complete blood cell count can also provide additional information regarding the severity and spreading of the cancer. The CBC provides a quantified measure of the different cells in the whole blood sample from the patient. Such cells examined for in this test include red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes) and platelets (thrombocytes). A common sign of renal cell carcinoma is anaemia whereby the patient exhibits deficiency in red blood cells. CBC tests are vital as a
20215698
Red blood cell distribution width


14.5%. If anemia is observed, RDW test results are often used together with mean corpuscular volume (MCV) results to determine the possible causes of the anemia. It is mainly used to differentiate an anemia of mixed causes from an anemia of a single cause. Deficiencies of Vitamin B or folate produce a macrocytic anemia (large cell anemia) in which the RDW is elevated in roughly two-thirds of all cases. However, a varied size distribution of red blood cells is a hallmark of iron deficiency anemia, and
17325123
Granulocytosis


In medicine, granulocytosis is the presence of an increased number of granulocytes in the peripheral blood. Often, the word refers to an increased neutrophil granulocyte count (neutrophilia), but granulocytosis formally refers to the combination of neutrophilia, eosinophilia, and basophilia. Leukocytosis refers to an increase in the number of all white blood cells. Granulocytosis can be a feature of a number of diseases, including: Diagnosis of granulocytosis is usually done by obtaining a complete blood count. In cardiovascular disease, increased white blood cell counts have been shown
10808839
Leukostasis


. Inadequate delivery of oxygen to the body's cells is thought to be the main abnormal end result of leukostasis. Proposed mechanisms for this include increased blood viscosity due to the high number of white blood cells circulating in the blood and a higher proportion of cells with a greater mean corpuscular volume (larger cells) with decreased deformability occupying the blood vessels. However, certain studies have demonstrated that the blood viscosity of affected individuals is not increased due to a compensatory decrease in the number of red blood cells sometimes resulting in anemia and
4774896
Leukemia


number of white blood cells is apparent when a blood sample is viewed under a microscope, with the extra white blood cells frequently being immature or dysfunctional. The excessive number of cells can also interfere with the level of other cells, causing further harmful imbalance in the blood count. Some people diagnosed with leukemia do not have high white blood cell counts visible during a regular blood count. This less-common condition is called "aleukemia". The bone marrow still contains cancerous white blood cells which disrupt the normal production of blood
18792329
T cell deficiency


of a T-cell deficiency. In terms of the "normal" mechanism of T cell we find that it is a type of white blood cell that has an important role in immunity, and is made from thymocytes One sees in the "partial" disorder of T cells that happen due to cell signaling defects, are usually caused by hypomorphic gene defects Generally, (micro)deletion of 22Q11.2 is the most often seen. The main pathogens of concern in T cell deficiencies are intracellular pathogens, including "Herpes simplex virus",
7710800
Enzyme replacement therapy


protein encoded by the newly inserted gene is then produced by the body's own cells. This type of therapy can correct for the missing protein/enzyme in patients with lysosomal storage diseases. Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation is another treatment for lysosomal storage diseases. HSCs are derived from bone-marrow. These cells have the ability to mature into the many cell types that comprise blood, including red blood cells, platelets, and white blood cells. Patients suffering from enzyme deficiencies often undergo HSC transplantations in which HSCs from
12741368
Complete blood count


calculate the Hematocrit. Mean corpuscular volume (MCV): the average volume of the red cells, measured in femtolitres. Anemia is classified as microcytic or macrocytic if the MCV value is above or below the expected normal range; anemias are classified as normocytic if the MCV is within the expected range. Other conditions that can affect MCV include thalassemia, reticulocytosis, alcoholism, chemotherapy, vitamin B12 deficiency, and/or folic acid deficiency. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH): the average amount of hemoglobin per red blood cell, in picograms
10780402
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency-1


as the manifestation of infection, inflammatory responses are indolent. LAD1 is caused by mutations in the ITGB2 gene which are inherited autorecessively. This gene encodes CD18, a protein present in several cell surface receptor complexes found on white blood cells, including lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1), complement receptor 3 (CR-3), and complement receptor 4 (CR-4). The deficiency of LFA-1 causes neutrophils to be unable to adhere to and migrate out of blood vessels, so their counts can be high. It also impairs
2001727
Leukemia


leading to nausea. If the leukemic cells invade the central nervous system, then neurological symptoms (notably headaches) can occur. Uncommon neurological symptoms like migraines, seizures, or coma can occur as a result of brain stem pressure. All symptoms associated with leukemia can be attributed to other diseases. Consequently, leukemia is always diagnosed through medical tests. The word "leukemia", which means 'white blood', is derived from the characteristic high white blood cell count that presents in most afflicted people before treatment. The high
18792328
Circulatory system


fluid consisting of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets that is circulated by the heart through the vertebrate vascular system, carrying oxygen and nutrients to and waste materials away from all body tissues. Lymph is essentially recycled excess blood plasma after it has been filtered from the interstitial fluid (between cells) and returned to the lymphatic system. The cardiovascular (from Latin words meaning "heart" and "vessel") system comprises the blood, heart, and blood vessels. The lymph, lymph nodes,
12264199
Anemia


before a person becomes noticeably pale. Additional symptoms may occur depending on the underlying cause. Anemia can be caused by blood loss, decreased red blood cell production, and increased red blood cell breakdown. Causes of blood loss include trauma and gastrointestinal bleeding. Causes of decreased production include iron deficiency, vitamin B12 deficiency, thalassemia, and a number of neoplasms of the bone marrow. Causes of increased breakdown include genetic conditions such as sickle cell anemia, infections such as malaria, and certain autoimmune diseases. Anemia can also be classified
4376292
Acute myeloid leukemia


as a child versus an adult. However, GATA2 deficiency-induced AML may first appear in children or adults. The first clue to a diagnosis of AML is typically an abnormal result on a complete blood count. While an excess of abnormal white blood cells (leukocytosis) is a common finding with the leukemia, and leukemic blasts are sometimes seen, AML can also present with isolated decreases in platelets, red blood cells, or even with a low white blood cell count (leukopenia). While a presumptive diagnosis of AML
5127767
White blood cell


cell" derives from the physical appearance of a blood sample after centrifugation. White cells are found in the "buffy" "coat", a thin, typically white layer of nucleated cells between the sedimented red blood cells and the blood plasma. The scientific term "leukocyte" directly reflects its description. It is derived from the Greek roots "leuk-" meaning "white" and "cyt-" meaning "cell". The buffy coat may sometimes be green if there are large amounts of neutrophils in the sample, due
7743857
White blood cell


Another way to categorize disorders of white blood cells is qualitatively. There are various disorders in which the number of white blood cells is normal but the cells do not function normally. Neoplasia of WBCs can be benign but is often malignant. Of the various tumors of the blood and lymph, cancers of WBCs can be broadly classified as leukemias and lymphomas, although those categories overlap and are often grouped as a pair. A range of disorders can cause decreases in white blood cells. This type of white blood cell decreased is usually
7743869
Drug-induced nonautoimmune hemolytic anemia


Drug-induced nonautoimmune hemolytic anemia is a form of hemolytic anemia. Non-immune drug induced hemolysis can occur via oxidative mechanisms. This is particularly likely to occur when there is an enzyme deficiency in the antioxidant defense system of the red blood cells. An example is where antimalarial oxidant drugs like primaquine damage red blood cells in Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in which the red blood cells are more susceptible to oxidative stress due to reduced NADPH production consequent to the enzyme deficiency. Some drugs cause RBC (red blood cell) lysis even in
11046065
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria


cells) if there is no iron deficiency present. The direct antiglobulin test (DAT, or direct Coombs' test) is negative, as the hemolysis of PNH is not caused by antibodies. If the PNH occurs in the setting of known (or suspected) aplastic anemia, abnormal white blood cell counts and decreased platelet counts may be seen at this. In this case, anemia may be caused by insufficient red blood cell production in addition to the hemolysis. Historically, the sucrose lysis test, in which a patient's
364470
White blood cell differential


identify cell populations. Basophils, which are difficult to differentiate from other white blood cells by routine methods, are usually quantified using a reagent that lyses the cytoplasm of other white blood cells but leaves basophils intact. Samples that are suspected to contain abnormal cells based on scattergram results, or that have very high or low numbers of white blood cell types, are flagged by the analyzer for manual blood smear review. In the presence of immature and abnormal cells, automated analyzers may misclassify cells or fail to give a count, necessitating
19503333
Red blood cell


cells; see glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency for more. As red blood cells contain no nucleus, protein biosynthesis is currently assumed to be absent in these cells. Because of the lack of nuclei and organelles, mature red blood cells do not contain DNA and cannot synthesize any RNA, and consequently cannot divide and have limited repair capabilities. The inability to carry out protein synthesis means that no virus can evolve to target mammalian red blood cells. However, infection with parvoviruses (such as human parvovirus B19) can affect erythroid precursors
18614518
Complete blood count


grid lines on the hemocytometer are used because there are far too many cells without those aids.) To identify the numbers of different white cells, a blood film is made on a slide, and a large number of white blood cells (at least 100) are counted using a microscope. This gives the percentage of cells that are of each type. By multiplying these percentages by the total number of white blood cells, the absolute number of each type of white cell can be obtained. Manual microscopic counting is useful in
10780395
Integrin beta 2


In molecular biology, CD18 (Integrin beta chain-2) is an integrin beta chain protein that is encoded by the "ITGB2" gene in humans. Upon binding with one of a number of alpha chains, CD18 is capable of forming multiple heterodimers, which play significant roles in cellular adhesion and cell surface signaling, as well as important roles in immune responses. CD18 also exists in soluble, ligand binding forms. Deficiencies in CD18 expression can lead to adhesion defects in circulating white blood cells in humans, reducing the immune system's
17720781
Blood film


are examined and their morphology is characterized and recorded. Blood smear examination is usually performed in conjunction with a complete blood count in order to investigate abnormal results or confirm results that the automated analyzer has flagged as unreliable. Microscopic examination of the shape, size, and coloration of red blood cells is useful for determining the cause of anemia. Disorders such as iron deficiency anemia, sickle cell anemia, megaloblastic anemia and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia result in characteristic abnormalities on the blood film. The proportions of different types of white blood cells can
5227348
TPI1


carry oxygen throughout the body leads to extreme tiredness (fatigue), pale skin (pallor), and shortness of breath. When the red cells are broken down, iron and a molecule called bilirubin are released; individuals with triosephosphate isomerase deficiency have an excess of these substances circulating in the blood. Excess bilirubin in the blood causes jaundice, which is a yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes. Movement problems typically become apparent by age 2 in people with triosephosphate isomerase deficiency. The movement problems are caused by
21817546
Gaucher's disease


Gaucher's disease or Gaucher disease () (GD) is a genetic disorder in which glucocerebroside (a sphingolipid, also known as glucosylceramide) accumulates in cells and certain organs. The disorder is characterized by bruising, fatigue, anemia, low blood platelet count and enlargement of the liver and spleen, and is caused by a hereditary deficiency of the enzyme glucocerebrosidase (also known as glucosylceramidase), which acts on glucocerebroside. When the enzyme is defective, glucocerebroside accumulates, particularly in white blood cells and especially in macrophages (mononuclear
11034913
Complete blood count


. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC): the average concentration of hemoglobin in red blood cells. In Hypochromic anemia, such as caused by an iron deficiency, the MCHC is decreased. Red cell distribution width (RDW): reflects the degree of variation in size and shape of red blood cells as calculated by automated analyzers. RDW determination, in conjunction with RBC count and MCV, is useful in the interpretation of several hematological disorders. The RDW is measured as a coefficient of variation of red cell size distribution. Platelet
10780403
Pericyte


endothelial cells, astrocytes, and neurons. Pericytes regulate capillary blood flow, the clearance and phagocytosis of cellular debris, and the permeability of the blood–brain barrier. Pericytes stabilize and monitor the maturation of endothelial cells by means of direct communication between the cell membrane as well as through paracrine signaling. A deficiency of pericytes in the central nervous system can cause the blood–brain barrier to break down. In the central nervous system, pericytes wrap around the endothelial cells that line the inside of the capillary. These two types
23326
White blood cell differential


proportional to their volume as they pass through the aperture. The number and magnitude of these decreases are then used to count blood cells and calculate their sizes. The Coulter counter was initially designed for counting red blood cells, but it also proved effective for counting white blood cells. In 1967, M. J. Fulwyler used a modified version of the Coulter counter to sort white blood cells by size. This cell sorting method was based on a technology invented by R. G. Sweet for use in inkjet printers, in which ink droplets are
19503325
Iron-deficiency anemia


blood smear may show hypochromic, pencil-shaped cells and, occasionally, small numbers of nucleated red blood cells. The platelet count may be slightly above the high limit of normal in iron-deficiency anemia (termed a mild thrombocytosis), but severe cases can present with thrombocytopenia (low platelet count). Iron-deficiency anemia is confirmed by tests that include serum ferritin, serum iron level, serum transferrin, and total iron binding capacity. A low serum ferritin is most commonly found. However, serum ferritin can be
17325057
Iron-deficiency anemia


If the patient has anemia, blood is not drawn. Less iron is lost if the person is donating platelets or white blood cells. Anemia can result from significant iron deficiency. When the body has sufficient iron to meet its needs (functional iron), the remainder is stored for later use in cells, mostly in the bone marrow and liver. These stores are called ferritin complexes and are part of the human (and other animals) iron metabolism systems. Men store about 3.5 g of iron in their body, and
17325049
Neutrophil


will show increasing segmentation (many segments of the nucleus) as they mature. A normal neutrophil should have 3–5 segments. Hypersegmentation is not normal but occurs in some disorders, most notably vitamin B deficiency. This is noted in a manual review of the blood smear and is positive when most or all of the neutrophils have 5 or more segments. Neutrophils are the most abundant white blood cells in humans (approximately 10 are produced daily); they account for approximately 50–70% of all white blood cells (leukocytes). The
16131507
Ataxia–telangiectasia


-fetoprotein levels, increased chromosomal breakage or cell death of white blood cells after exposure to X-rays, absence of ATM protein in white blood cells, or mutations in each of the person’s ATM genes). A variety of laboratory abnormalities occur in most people with A–T, allowing for a tentative diagnosis to be made in the presence of typical clinical features. Not all abnormalities are seen in all patients. These abnormalities include: The diagnosis can be confirmed in the laboratory by finding an absence or deficiency of
470137
Myelodysplastic syndrome


), Jordans anomaly - vacuolization in all cell lines may be seen in Chanarin-Dorfman syndrome, aminolevulinic acid enzyme deficiency, and other more esoteric enzyme deficiencies are known to give a pseudomyelodysplastic picture in one of the cell lines; however, all three cell lines are never morphologically dysplastic in these entities with the exception of chloramphenicol, arsenic toxicity, and other poisons. All of these conditions are characterized by abnormalities in the production of one or more of the cellular components of blood (red cells, white cells other than lymphocytes
15208563
Vitamin B12 deficiency


Vitamin B deficiency, also known as cobalamin deficiency, is the medical condition of low blood levels of vitamin B. In mild deficiency, a person may feel tired and have a reduced number of red blood cells (anemia). In moderate deficiency, soreness of the tongue may occur, and the beginning of neurological problems including abnormal sensations such as "pins and needles". Severe deficiency may include reduced heart function and greater neurological problems. Neurological problems may include changes in reflexes, poor muscle function, memory problems, decreased taste
18497334
Nonspecific immune cell


invader using the same mechanism. There are two categories to which parts of the immune system are assigned: the non-specific, or innate immune system and the adaptive immune system.The non-specific response is a generalized response to pathogen infections involving the use of several white blood cells and plasma proteins. Non-specific immunity, or innate immunity, is the immune system with which you were born, made up of phagocytes and barriers. Phagocytosis, derived from the Greek words , meaning to eat, or cell,
6677852
Leukocytosis


It is different from leukemia and from leukoerythroblastosis, in which either immature white blood cells (acute leukemia) or mature, yet non-functional, white blood cells (chronic leukemia) are present in peripheral blood. Leukocytosis can be subcategorized by the type of white blood cell that is increased in number. Leukocytosis in which neutrophils are elevated is neutrophilia; leukocytosis in which lymphocyte count is elevated is lymphocytosis; leukocytosis in which monocyte count is elevated is monocytosis; and leukocytosis in which eosinophil count is elevated is eosinophilia. An extreme
4699073
DOCK8 deficiency


, including trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, penicillins, and cephalosporins, is effective in preventing skin and lung infections. Other treatments used in DOCK8 deficiency include sodium cromoglycate, which improves white blood cell function, and isotretinoin, which improves skin condition. Sometimes, Intravenous immunoglobulin is used as a treatment, but its benefits have not been proven. Levamisole is also ineffective. Mixed clinical outcomes have been found with interferon gamma and omalizumab. Though early research on hematopoietic stem cell transplantation was equivocal, later research has shown it to improve immune function
9930835
Copper deficiency


of neutrophils (a type of white blood cell that is often called "the first line of defense" of the immune system). Copper deficiency has long been known for as a cause of myelodysplasia (when a blood profile has indicators of possible future leukemia development), but it was not until 2001 that copper deficiency was associated with neurological manifestations like sensory ataxia (irregular coordination due to proprioceptive loss), spasticity, muscle weakness, and more rarely visual loss due to damage in the peripheral nerves, myelopathy (disease of
12100193
Dyserythropoiesis


Dyserythropoiesis refers to the defective development of red blood cells, also called erythrocytes. This problem can be congenital, acquired, or inherited. Some red blood cells may be destroyed within the bone marrow during the maturation process, whereas others can enter the circulation with abnormalities. These abnormalities can be functional and/or morphological, which can lead to anemia since there may be increased turnover of red blood cells. There are a number of diseases that cause dyserythropoiesis. Congenital/inherited causes include congenital dyserythropoietic anemia, thalassemia, pyruvate kinase deficiency,
7473919
GATA2 deficiency


and symptoms of the disease by years. Their bone marrows typically shows significant reductions in one or more types of blood cell lines (i.e. hypocellularity) with characteristic dysplastic features of increased sizes of cells in the red blood cell line (i.e. macrocytic erythropoiesis), small or enlarged megakaryocytes, abnormalities in the maturation of cells in the granulocyte cell line, fibrosis consisting of reticular fibers, increased numbers of T cells containing numerous large granules in their cytoplasm, and in advanced cases increases in blast cell numbers. The bone marrow in advanced
16692933
Anemia


are two simultaneous populations of red blood cells, typically of different size and hemoglobin content (this last feature affecting the color of the red blood cell on a stained peripheral blood smear). For example, a person recently transfused for iron deficiency would have small, pale, iron deficient red blood cells (RBCs) and the donor RBCs of normal size and color. Similarly, a person transfused for severe folate or vitamin B12 deficiency would have two cell populations, but, in this case, the patient's RBCs would be
4376318
TPI1


also occur in triosephosphate isomerase deficiency. Diaphragm weakness can cause breathing problems and ultimately leads to respiratory failure. Individuals with triosephosphate isomerase deficiency are at increased risk of developing infections because they have poorly functioning white blood cells. These immune system cells normally recognize and attack foreign invaders, such as viruses and bacteria, to prevent infection. The most common infections in people with triosephosphate isomerase deficiency are bacterial infections of the respiratory tract. People with triosephosphate isomerase deficiency often do not survive past childhood due to respiratory failure. In a few rare
21817548
Iron


2017 the U.S. Food and Drug Administration released a proposed rule that extended the deadline to January 1, 2020 for large companies and January 1, 2021 for small companies. Iron deficiency is the most common nutritional deficiency in the world. When loss of iron is not adequately compensated by adequate dietary iron intake, a state of latent iron deficiency occurs, which over time leads to iron-deficiency anemia if left untreated, which is characterised by an insufficient number of red blood cells and an insufficient amount of hemoglobin. Children, pre
14895206
White blood cell


, and NK cells. The number of leukocytes in the blood is often an indicator of disease, and thus the "white blood cell count" is an important subset of the complete blood count. The normal white cell count is usually between 4 × 10/L and 1.1 × 10/L. In the US, this is usually expressed as 4,000 to 11,000 white blood cells per microliter of blood. White blood cells make up approximately 1% of the total blood volume in a healthy adult, making them substantially less numerous
7743855
Protein C


, activated protein C is found primarily near endothelial cells (i.e., those that make up the walls of blood vessels), and it is these cells and leukocytes (white blood cells) that APC affects. Because of the crucial role that protein C plays as an anticoagulant, those with deficiencies in protein C, or some kind of resistance to APC, suffer from a significantly increased risk of forming dangerous blood clots (thrombosis). Research into the clinical use of a recombinant form of human Activated Protein C (rhAPC)
17666061
Human genetic resistance to malaria


following children during the period when they are most susceptible to "falciparum" malaria. In both cases parasite counts were significantly lower in G6PD-deficient persons than in those with normal red cell enzymes. The association has also been studied in individuals, which is possible because the enzyme deficiency is sex-linked and female heterozygotes are mosaics due to lyonization, where random inactivation of an X-chromosome in certain cells creates a population of G6PD deficient red blood cells coexisting with normal red blood cells. Malaria parasites were significantly more often
3776356
Cord blood


Cord blood (umbilical cord blood) is blood that remains in the placenta and in the attached umbilical cord after childbirth. Cord blood is collected because it contains stem cells, which can be used to treat hematopoietic and genetic disorders. Cord blood is composed of all the elements found in whole blood - red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma, platelets. Compared to whole blood some differences in the blood composition exist, for example, cord blood contains higher numbers of natural killer cells, lower absolute number of T-
3438239
Reticulocyte


is an increased production of red blood cells to overcome chronic or severe loss of mature red blood cells, such as in a haemolytic anemia, there is often a markedly high number and percentage of reticulocytes. A very high number of reticulocytes in the blood can be described as reticulocytosis. Abnormally low numbers of reticulocytes can be attributed to chemotherapy, aplastic anemia, pernicious anemia, bone marrow malignancies, problems of erythropoietin production, various vitamin or mineral deficiencies (iron, vitamin B, folic acid), disease states (anemia of
16071633
Folate


are required for cell division. As humans cannot make folate, it is required from the diet, making it an essential vitamin. Not consuming enough folate can lead to folate deficiency. This may result in a type of anemia in which low numbers of large red blood cells occur. Symptoms may include feeling tired, heart palpitations, shortness of breath, open sores on the tongue, and changes in the color of the skin or hair. Folate deficiency in children may develop within a month of poor dietary intake. In
9288904
Iron deficiency


deficiency without anemia is called latent iron deficiency (LID) or iron-deficient erythropoiesis (IDE). Untreated iron deficiency can lead to iron-deficiency anemia, a common type of anemia. Anemia is a condition characterized by inadequate red blood cells (erythrocytes) or hemoglobin. When the body lacks sufficient amounts of iron, production of the protein hemoglobin is reduced. Hemoglobin binds to oxygen, enabling red blood cells to supply oxygenated blood throughout the body. Children, pre-menopausal women (women of child-bearing age
468133
Folate


. Folate is required to make red blood cells and white blood cells and folate deficiency may lead to anemia, which causes fatigue, weakness, and inability to concentrate. Folate intake during pregnancy has been linked to a lessened risk of neural tube defects (NTDs), and for this reason there is a recommendation that any woman planning to become pregnant consume a folate-containing dietary supplement before and during pregnancy. Compliance with this recommendation is not complete, and many women become pregnant without this being a planned pregnancy, or may
9288910
White blood cell differential


the automated differential and still requires review of the results by a technologist. The number of individual cells counted in the manual differential is low compared to automated techniques, which leads to variability in the results, especially when white blood cell counts are low. For example, in a sample where the true concentration of monocytes is 5 percent, the manual differential results could be between 1 to 10 percent due to sampling variation. Additionally, poor blood smear preparation can cause an uneven distribution of white blood cells, resulting in inaccurate counting
19503341
Plateletpheresis


efficient means of filtration because living white blood cells can release cytokines during storage and dead white blood cells can break up into smaller fragments that can still stimulate a dangerous response from the immune system. In addition, simple filtration can lead to increased risks of infection and loss of valuable platelets. Newer, more advanced thrombapheresis machines can filter white blood cells during separation. For example, with marginally acceptable whole blood (white blood cells:  10,000/mm³; platelets:  150,000/mm³), a dose (3×10) of platelets
10113234
Blood cell


in the cytoplasm. Granulocytes include basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, and mast cells. Agranulocytes include lymphocytes and monocytes. The condition of having too few white blood cells is leukopenia, while having too many is leukocytosis. There are individual terms for the lack or overabundance of specific types of white blood cells. The number of white blood cells in circulation is commonly increased in the incidence of infection. Many hematological cancers are based on the inappropriate production of white blood cells. Platelets, or "thrombocytes", are very small,
18614537
Hereditary spherocytosis


non-hereditary spherocytosis, but they are typically more pronounced in hereditary spherocytosis. The number of immature red blood cells (reticulocyte count) will be elevated. An increase in the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration is also consistent with hereditary spherocytosis. Other protein deficiencies cause hereditary elliptocytosis, pyropoikilocytosis or stomatocytosis. In longstanding cases and in patients who have taken iron supplementation or received numerous blood transfusions, iron overload may be a significant problem. This is a potential cause of heart muscle damage and liver disease. Measuring iron stores is therefore considered
19659608
Necrotizing fasciitis


", and "Clostridium sordellii", which typically cause gas gangrene (also known as myonecrosis). "Clostridium perfringens" produces two deadly toxins: alpha-toxin and theta-toxin. Alpha-toxin causes excessive platelet aggregation which blocks blood vessels and deprives the vital organs of oxygen supply. This creates an acidic, oxygen-deficient environment for the proliferation of bacteria. When alpha-toxin is absorbed by soft tissues, it can inhibit the migration of white blood cells from blood vessels into the soft tissue, thus
3833358
Myelofibrosis


myelofibrosis have moderate to severe anemia. Eventually thrombocytopenia, a decrease of blood platelets develops. When viewed through a microscope, a blood smear will appear markedly abnormal, with presentation of pancytopenia, which is a reduction in the number of all blood cell types: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells may show abnormalities including bizarre shapes, such as teardrop-shaped cells, and nucleated red blood cell precursors may appear in the blood smear (leukoerythroblastic reaction). Normally, mature red blood cells
12869019
Red blood cell


in the mononuclear phagocyte system (spleen, liver and lymph nodes), thus removing old and defective cells and continually purging the blood. This process is termed eryptosis, red blood cell programmed cell death. This process normally occurs at the same rate of production by erythropoiesis, balancing the total circulating red blood cell count. Eryptosis is increased in a wide variety of diseases including sepsis, haemolytic uremic syndrome, malaria, sickle cell anemia, beta-thalassemia, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, phosphate depletion, iron deficiency and Wilson's disease
18614522
Chromatophore


the cuttlefish in "The Voyage of the Beagle" (1860): The term "chromatophore" was adopted (following Sangiovanni's "chromoforo") as the name for pigment-bearing cells derived from the neural crest of cold-blooded vertebrates and cephalopods. The word itself comes from the Greek words ' () meaning "colour," and ' () meaning "bearing". In contrast, the word "chromatocyte" ("" () meaning "cell") was adopted for the cells responsible for
17368365
Mentzer index


The Mentzer index, described in 1973 by William C. Mentzer, is said to be helpful in differentiating iron deficiency anemia from beta thalassemia. The index is calculated from the results of a complete blood count. If the quotient of the mean corpuscular volume (MCV, in fL) divided by the red blood cell count (RBC, in Millions per microLiter) is less than 13, thalassemia is said to be more likely. If the result is greater than 13, then iron-deficiency anemia is said to be more likely
9005779
Thrombosis


, endothelial cell injury, and disturbed blood flow. Hypercoagulability or "thrombophilia", is caused by, for example, genetic deficiencies or autoimmune disorders. Recent studies indicate that white blood cells play a pivotal role in deep vein thrombosis, mediating numerous pro-thrombotic actions. Any inflammatory process, such as trauma, surgery or infection, can cause damage to the endothelial lining of the vessel's wall. The main mechanism is exposure of tissue factor to the blood coagulation system. Inflammatory and other stimuli (such as hypercholesterolemia)
13910464
Venous ulcer


and blood is not pumped as effectively into or out of the area. Venous hypertension may also stretch veins and allow blood proteins to leak into the extravascular space, isolating extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules and growth factors, preventing them from helping to heal the wound. Leakage of fibrinogen from veins as well as deficiencies in fibrinolysis may also cause fibrin to build up around the vessels, preventing oxygen and nutrients from reaching cells. Venous insufficiency may also cause white blood cells (leukocytes) to accumulate in small blood vessels, releasing
782305
Complete blood count


regarding the number, average size, and variation in size of red blood cells, they do not identify specific shapes. Also, some normal patients' platelets will clump in EDTA anticoagulated blood, which causes automatic analyses to give a falsely low platelet count. The person viewing the slide in these cases will see clumps of platelets and can estimate if there are low, normal, or high numbers of platelets. A complete blood count will normally include: Total white blood cells are reported, and a differential reports all the white
10780397
Mean corpuscular volume


The mean corpuscular volume, or mean cell volume (MCV), is a measure of the average volume of a red blood corpuscle (or red blood cell). The measure is attained by multiplying a volume of blood by the proportion of blood that is cellular (the hematocrit), and dividing that product by the number of erythrocytes (red blood cells) in that volume. The mean corpuscular volume is a part of a standard complete blood count. In patients with anemia, it is the MCV measurement that allows classification
17325115
White Blood Cells (album)


to be suckered into it? Why do we have to buy a cell phone, you know what I mean? A lot of that stuff upsets me. It gets annoying," said Jack White. The album's title alludes to the increasing media attention the band was receiving, which would only increase after release. "The name, "White Blood Cells", for the album, is this idea of bacteria coming at us, or just foreign things coming at us, or media, or attention on the band
6002625
Degmacyte


blood cell fragments seen in schistocytes. Degmacytes usually appear smaller than a normal red blood cell due to the bites. The bites are usually shaped like a semi-circle, but may also be irregular. Blister cells are the precursor of bite cells. In patients with G6PD deficiency, blister cells appear as red blood cells containing a peripherally located vacuole. Bite cells are primarily caused by G6PD deficiency and unstable hemoglobins probably from red-cell enzymopathies involving the pentose phosphate shunt. People receiving large quantities of aromatic drugs or metabolites are
19203997
Mean corpuscular volume


and generate a signal directly proportional to their volume. Other automated counters measure red blood cell volume by means of techniques that measure refracted, diffracted, or scattered light. The normal reference range is typically 80-100 fL. In pernicious anemia (macrocytic), MCV can range up to 150 femtolitres. An elevated MCV is also associated with alcoholism (as are an elevated GGT and a ratio of AST:ALT of 2:1). Vitamin B12 and/or folic acid deficiency has also been associated with macrocytic anemia (high MCV numbers)
17325119
Hypopituitarism


supply means that the lactotrope cells, which produce prolactin, are not receiving dopamine and therefore produce excess prolactin. Hence, mild elevations in prolactin are attributed to stalk compression. Very high prolactin levels, though, point more strongly towards a prolactinoma (prolactin-secreting tumor). The diagnosis of hypopituitarism is made on blood tests. Two types of blood tests are used to confirm the presence of a hormone deficiency: basal levels, where blood samples are taken–usually in the morning–without any form of stimulation, and
512157
Stem-cell therapy


needed. The FDA has approved five hematopoietic stem-cell products derived from umbilical cord blood, for the treatment of blood and immunological diseases. In 2014, the European Medicines Agency recommended approval of limbal stem cells for people with severe limbal stem cell deficiency due to burns in the eye. Stem cells are being studied for a number of reasons. The molecules and exosomes released from stem cells are also being studied in an effort to make medications. In addition to the functions of the cells themselves, paracrine soluble factors produced by
2666606
Myelofibrosis


result of massive enlargement of the spleen, multiple subcapsular infarcts often occur in the spleen, meaning that due to interrupted oxygen supply to the spleen partial or complete tissue death happens. On the cellular level, the spleen contains red blood cell precursors, granulocyte precursors and megakaryocytes, with the megakaryocytes prominent in their number and in their bizarre shapes. Megakaryocytes are believed to be involved in causing the secondary fibrosis seen in this condition, as discussed under "Mechanism" above. Sometimes unusual activity of the red blood cells, white blood
12869016
Management of thalassemia


of the white blood cell count. Less serious side effects include gastrointestinal symptoms, which were found in 33% of patients in the first year of administration, but fell to 3% in following years; arthralgia; and zinc deficiency, with the latter being a problem especially for individuals with diabetes. Deferasirox is an N-substituted bis-hydroxyphenyl-triazole. It is capable of removing iron from the blood through the coordination of two molecules of the deferasirox to a single iron ion, which forms the iron chelate (Fe-[deferasirox
15414207
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin


The mean corpuscular hemoglobin , or "mean cell hemoglobin" (MCH), is the average mass of hemoglobin (Hg) per red blood cell (RBC) in a sample of blood. It is reported as part of a standard complete blood count. MCH value is diminished in hypochromic anemias. It is calculated by dividing the total mass of hemoglobin by the number of red blood cells in a volume of blood. MCH=(Hgb*10)/RBC A normal MCH value in humans is 27 to 31 picograms/cell. The amount of hemoglobin per
17325114
White blood cell


settle in, such as fixed macrophages in the liver, which become known as Kupffer cells. These cells still serve a role in the immune system. The two commonly used categories of white blood cell disorders divide them quantitatively into those causing excessive numbers (proliferative disorders) and those causing insufficient numbers (leukopenias). Leukocytosis is usually healthy (e.g., fighting an infection), but it also may be dysfunctionally proliferative. WBC proliferative disorders can be classed as myeloproliferative and lymphoproliferative. Some are autoimmune, but many are neoplastic.
7743868
Echinocyte


Echinocyte (from the Greek word "echinos", meaning 'hedgehog' or 'sea urchin'), in human biology and medicine, refers to a form of red blood cell that has an abnormal cell membrane characterized by many small, evenly spaced thorny projections. A more common term for these cells is burr cells. Echinocytes are frequently confused with acanthocytes, but the mechanism of cell membrane alteration is different. Echinocytosis is a reversible condition of red blood cells that is often merely an artifact produced by EDTA, which is
21075695
GATA2 deficiency


total failure in the formation of mature blood cells. Inactivation of one mouse "Gata2" gene is neither lethal nor associated with most of the signs of human GATA2 deficiency; however, these animals do show a ~50% reduction in their hematopoietic stem cells along with a reduced ability to repopulate the bone marrow of mouse recipients. The latter findings, human clinical studies, and experiments on human tissues support the conclusion that in humans both parental "GATA2" genes are required for sufficient numbers of hematopoietic stem cells to emerge from the
16692926
Hairy cell leukemia


low numbers of red blood cells or platelets may also receive red blood cells and platelets through blood transfusions. Blood transfusions are always irradiated to remove white blood cells and thereby reduce the risk of graft-versus-host disease. Affected people may also receive a hormone to stimulate production of red blood cells. These treatments may be medically necessary, but do not kill the hairy cells. People with low neutrophil counts may be given filgrastim or a similar hormone to stimulate production of white blood cells. However, a 1999 study indicates
5358934
Copper deficiency


the spinal cord), and rarely optic neuropathy. The characteristic hematological (blood) effects of copper deficiency are anemia (which may be microcytic, normocytic or macrocytic) and neutropenia. Thrombocytopenia (low blood platelets) is unusual. The peripheral blood and bone marrow aspirate findings in copper deficiency can mimic myelodysplastic syndrome. Bone marrow aspirate in both conditions may show dysplasia of blood cell precursors and the presence of ring sideroblasts (erythroblasts containing multiple iron granules around the nucleus). Unlike most cases of myelodysplastic syndrome, the bone marrow
12100194
Thomas Addis


metabolism. His investigations into kidney function led to the birth of modern renal physiology. Addis developed a means of measuring the number of red blood cells, white blood cells, epithelial cells, casts, and the protein content in urine specimens, a test used in the diagnosis and management of kidney disease. Towards the end of his life Addis began to study laboratory rats as a model of proteinuria, and was among the first people to note the presence of rodent major urinary proteins. Writing in "Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation",
7691552
White blood cell differential


A white blood cell differential is a medical laboratory test that provides information about the types and amounts of white blood cells in a patient's blood. White blood cell differentials may be performed by an automated analyzer or manually, by microscopic examination of blood smears. The test, which is usually ordered as part of a complete blood count, measures the amounts of the five white blood cell types in normal human blood – neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils and basophils – as well as abnormal cell types if they are present.
19503320
Macrocytic anemia


the cell. Round macrocytes which are not codocytes are produced in chronic alcoholism (which produces a mild macrocytosis even in the absence of vitamin deficiency), apparently as a direct toxic effect of alcohol specifically on the bone marrow. Excessive alcohol consumption is one of the most common causes of macrocytosis and non-megaloblastic macrocytic anemia. Mild macrocytosis is a common finding associated with rapid blood restoration or production, since in general, "fresh" or newly produced red cells (reticulocytes) are larger than the mean (average) size
15814767
Iron-deficiency anemia


also develop; of which consumption of ice, known as pagophagia, has been suggested to be the most specific for iron deficiency anemia. Other possible symptoms and signs of iron-deficiency anemia include: Iron-deficiency anemia is associated with poor neurological development, including decreased learning ability and altered motor functions. This is because iron deficiency impacts the development of the cells of the brain called neurons. When the body is low on iron, the red blood cells get priority on iron and it is shifted away from the neurons of
17325034
Thiamazole


effect resulting from a drop in the white blood cell count (to be specific, neutropenia, a deficiency of neutrophils). A complete blood count (CBC) with differential is performed to confirm the suspicion, in which case the drug is discontinued. Administration of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rhG-CSF) may increase recovery. Other known side effects include: Adverse effects may occur for individuals who: Thiamazole inhibits the enzyme thyroperoxidase, which normally acts in thyroid hormone synthesis by oxidizing the anion iodide (I
19092251
Packed red blood cells


it is good practice to consider not only the hemoglobin level, but also the overall clinical context, patient preferences, and whether there are alternative treatments. If a patient is stable and has a hematinic deficiency they should be treated for the deficiency (iron deficiency, B12 deficiency, or folate deficiency) rather than being given a red cell transfusion. Blood transfusion is typically recommended when hemoglobin levels reach 70 g/L (7 g/dL) in those who have stable vital signs, unless they have anemia due to a
21925429
White blood cell differential


most cases, the technologist counts 100 white blood cells; 200 may be counted for better representation if the white blood cell count is high. The manual differential count produces percentages of each cell type, which can be multiplied by the total white blood cell count from the analyzer to derive the absolute values. The manual differential can be partially automated by the use of digital microscopy software, which uses artificial intelligence algorithms to classify white blood cells from photomicrographs of the blood smear. However, this technique has limitations similar to those of
19503340
American flamingo


both mammals and birds use a hemoglobin molecule as the primary oxygen carrier with little to no difference in oxygen carrying capacity. Captivity and age have been seen to have an effect on the blood composition of the American flamingo. A decrease in white blood cell numbers was predominate with age in both captive and free living flamingos, but captive flamingos showed a higher white blood cell count than free living flamingos. One exception occurs in free living flamingos with regards to white blood cell count. The number of eosinophils in free living birds are
14024580
Bone


process called hematopoiesis. Blood cells that are created in bone marrow include red blood cells, platelets and white blood cells. Progenitor cells such as the hematopoietic stem cell divide in a process called mitosis to produce precursor cells. These include precursors which eventually give rise to white blood cells, and erythroblasts which give rise to red blood cells. Unlike red and white blood cells, created by mitosis, platelets are shed from very large cells called megakaryocytes. This process of progressive differentiation occurs within the bone marrow. After the cells are
3693171
Copper deficiency


about 5 mg/day, of which only 20-50% is absorbed. The diet of the elderly may have a lower copper content than the recommended daily intake. Dietary copper can be found in whole grain cereals, legumes, oysters, organ meats (particularly liver), cherries, dark chocolate, fruits, leafy green vegetables, nuts, poultry, prunes, and soybeans products like tofu. Copper deficiency can have many hematological consequences, such as myelodysplasia, anemia, low white blood cell count, and low count
12100192
White blood cell


White blood cells (also called leukocytes or leucocytes and abbreviated as WBCs) are the cells of the immune system that are involved in protecting the body against both infectious disease and foreign invaders. All white blood cells are produced and derived from multipotent cells in the bone marrow known as hematopoietic stem cells. Leukocytes are found throughout the body, including the blood and lymphatic system. All white blood cells have nuclei, which distinguishes them from the other blood cells, the anucleated red blood cells (RBCs) and platelets. Types of
7743853
Hemoglobin


blood pH or CO, causing an altered oxygen–hemoglobin dissociation curve. However, it can also be pathologically altered in, e.g., carbon monoxide poisoning. Decrease of hemoglobin, with or without an absolute decrease of red blood cells, leads to symptoms of anemia. Anemia has many different causes, although iron deficiency and its resultant iron deficiency anemia are the most common causes in the Western world. As absence of iron decreases heme synthesis, red blood cells in iron deficiency anemia are "hypochromic" (lacking the red hemoglobin
13116599