the greatest impact on broadcasting of the telecommunications act of 1996 was
Telecommunications Act of 1996


to implement and administer the economic regulation of the interstate activities of the telephone monopolies and the licensing of spectrum used for broadcast and other purposes. The Act left most regulation of intrastate telephone services to the states. In the 1970s and 1980s, a combination of technological change, court decisions, and changes in U.S. policy permitted competitive entry into some telecommunications and broadcast markets. In this context, the 1996 Telecommunications Act was designed to allow fewer, but larger corporations, to operate more media enterprises within a sector (such as Clear
19191763
Telecommunications Act of 1996


2003 edition of his book, "A People's History of the United States", Howard Zinn wrote about alternative media, community newspapers and the creation of street newspapers trying the break the corporate control of information. On that topic, he talked about the Telecommunications Act of 1996: The Telecommunications Act of 1996 impact on the music industry is still felt today by musicians and the general radio listening public. The legislation eliminated a cap on nationwide station ownership and allowed an entity to own up to 4 stations in a single market
19191795
Telecom infrastructure sharing


charge of regulating all non-federal government use of the radio spectrum (including radio and television broadcasts), all interstate telecommunications (broadband, wireless and satellite), and all international communications originating or terminating in the United States. In 1996, The U.S. Congress passed the Telecommunications Act of 1996, which was later recognised as a watershed moment for the competitiveness of the US telecommunications industry. By deregulating infrastructure, it introduced competition into the market. The Telecommunications Act of 1996 put incumbent telecommunications carriers under the following obligations: Local
12919639
Telecommunications Act of 1996


The Telecommunications Act of 1996 was the first significant overhaul of telecommunications law in more than sixty years, amending the Communications Act of 1934. The Act, signed by President Bill Clinton, represented a major change in American telecommunication law, since it was the first time that the Internet was included in broadcasting and spectrum allotment. One of the most controversial titles was Title 3 ("Cable Services"), which allowed for media cross-ownership. According to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), the goal of the law
19191761
Dark (broadcasting)


notified that all is well. The Telecommunications Act of 1996 was created in part to increase the accountability of broadcasters, while providing requested deregulation in response to the hardships of many small-town broadcasters with small audiences and revenues. Under the Telecommunications Act of 1996, licensees of stations that were listed as "silent" by the FCC (at the time around 400) were warned to either power their facilities back up or their licenses would be canceled permanently. The FCC did allow reasonable provision for broadcasters who notified them that they
16430405
Telecommunications Act of 1996


was to "let anyone enter any communications business – to let any communications business compete in any market against any other." The legislation's primary goal was deregulation of the converging broadcasting and telecommunications markets. However, the law's regulatory policies have been questioned, including the effects of dualistic re-regulation of the communications market. Previously, the Communications Act of 1934 ("1934 Act") was the statutory framework for U.S. communications policy, covering telecommunications and broadcasting. The 1934 Act created the FCC, the agency formed
19191762
Satellite Broadcasting & Communications Ass'n v. FCC


period runs afoul of federal law as it is a restriction that unreasonably delays or prevents installation, maintenance or use of satellite services. The FCC derived its authority to create the OTARD Rule via the Telecommunications Act of 1996 ("1996 Act"). In Section 207 of the 1996 Act, Congress directed the FCC to "promulgate regulations to prohibit restrictions that impair a viewer's ability to receive video programming services through devices designed for over-the-air reception of television broadcast signals, multichannel multipoint distribution service, or digital
17528676
Telecommunications Act of 1996


"barriers between the industry's segments, e.g., local and long-distance services, broadcast and cable television, etc." The Kill Your Television website that advocated people turn off their television sets, had a criticism of the law as well. They wrote: thanks to the Telecommunications Act of 1996, the business is about to get bigger...Mergers, takeovers and acquisitions are becoming the norm in the television industry. The new law has stripped down the television ownership rules so much, that big media players can and
19191793
Telecommunications Act of 1996


will be more aggressive in buying out smaller stations...A new legislative fight is brewing on the horizon as the broadcast industry gears up for the introduction of digital television...The Telecommunications Act['s]...highlights include: Deregulation of most cable TV rates by 1999...End [of] the FCC partial ban on broadcast networks owning cable systems...Extends TV and radio station license terms to eight years...Eases one-to-a-market rule to allow ownership of TV and radio combos...in the top 50 markets. In the
19191794
MCI Communications


the planned satellites Tempo 1 and Tempo 2 were sold to PrimeStar and have since been reused by DirecTV. MCI and the other inter-exchange carriers (IXC) were all severely impacted by the Telecommunications Act of 1996. The original intent of the Act was to provide more competition but the bill actually did the opposite. The implementation of the Act led to a complete reversal of the growth of the telecommunications sector. Where the divestiture of AT&T (Ma Bell) in 1984 led to dozens of long distance companies being formed,
15709539
Telecommunications Act of 1996


(ILECs). Title II, "Broadcast Services": Outlines the granting and licensing of broadcast spectrum by the government, including a provision to issue licenses to current television stations to commence digital television broadcasting, the use of the revenues generated by such licensing, the terms of broadcast licenses, the process of renewing broadcast licenses, direct broadcast satellite services, automated ship distress and safety systems, and restrictions on over-the-air reception devices Title III, "Cable Services": Outlines the Cable Act reform, cable
19191779
Botswana Telecommunications Authority


The Botswana Telecommunications Authority (BTA) is part of Botswana's Ministry of Transport and Communications. The Minister appoints all five board members, who serve on a part-time basis. The BTA is mandated to promote the development and provision of efficient telecommunications and broadcasting services in Botswana, under the terms of the Telecommunications Act 15 of 1996. There have been legal disputes between the BTA and licensed operators, springing from issues related to interconnection and pricing. Botswana Telecommunications Corporation (BTC) was established in 1980 to provide, develop
10113810
KUGN


six stations in a market (see Telecommunications Act of 1996). Prior to 1996, companies could only own two FM and two AM stations per market. Combined Communications took advantage of the new ownership rules and sold the station in 1996 to Deschutes Broadcasting for $7 million. Over the next three years, the station passed hands from Deschutes to Citadel Broadcasting to Marathon Media, and finally, to Cumulus Broadcasting. Cumulus also purchased five other stations in the Eugene area. In 1957, KUGN became the first flagship station of
18189310
Telecommunications in Thailand


to Regulate the Broadcasting and Telecommunications Services" include the provisions that a national independent regulator is established and frequencies for commercial activities must be allocated via auction. The first successful spectrum auction by the National Broadcasting and Telecommunications Commission was organised in 2012, allocating 45 MHz of IMT (2100) frequency band to three mobile phone operators. Legislation that governs the Mobile networks includes the Act on the Organisation to Assign Radio Frequency and to Regulate Broadcasting and Telecommunications Services 2010 (the NBTC Act) and the Telecommunications Business Act 2001 (the Telecommunications
11084024
Special temporary authority


to resume broadcasting from a temporary facility, to avoid losing its license after one continuous year of silence. The one-year limit was written into the Telecommunications Act of 1996 and cannot be overridden by the FCC due to extenuating circumstances. This silent/operational STA process presents a loophole in that it can be used to work around the Telecommunications Act indefinitely, and such STAs are normally granted with little oversight. In January 2018, the FCC initiated a crackdown on stations that exploit the loophole. The first high-profile
18212474
Infinity Broadcasting Corporation


company reverted to a private company in the late 1980s, but it became a public company again in 1992. In 1993, Infinity was expanded to 22 radio stations. As a result of the Telecommunications Act of 1996, which loosened ownership restrictions of broadcast stations, Infinity was able to quickly acquire more stations, gradually increasing its portfolio to 75 stations. In 1996, it was announced that Westinghouse Electric Corporation (which owned CBS) would acquire Infinity Broadcasting. Karmazin had attempted to acquire CBS, but Michael Jordan, CEO of
21540024
Telecommunications in Thailand


a region from Japan to Singapore. Thaksin Shinawatra sold Shin Corporation, which owns 41% of Thaicom Public Company Limited. National Broadcasting and Telecommunications Commission (NBTC) The NRA Organization Act of 2010 established the new National Broadcasting and Telecommunications Commission (NBTC) in December 2010 as a single converged regulator for the telecoms and broadcasting sectors in Thailand. The Telecommunications Business Act of 2001 laid down the rules for Thailand’s telecommunications industry by requiring telecoms operators to obtain a license from the National Broadcasting and Telecommunications Commission (NBTC). The
11084031
Vicki Iseman


and the Senate Commerce Committee. In the course of hearings on communications bills in 1992 and 1996 which eventually led to the Telecommunications Act of 1996, she argued that cable TV should have to carry broadcast television. She also represented her clients' interests with respect to the upcoming conversion to digital television; satellite reception; and telecommunications ownership provisions. Her other activities as a lobbyist included public organizing on behalf of clients interested in the allocation of Federal Highway Administration trust funds, assisting clients interested in securing government contracts and government appropriations,
10717441
Pakistan Telecommunication Authority


the establishment of an authority. Thereafter, Telecommunication (Re-Organization) Act no XVII was promulgated in 1996 that aimed to reorganize the telecom sector of Pakistan. Under Telecom Reorganization Act 1996, Pakistan Telecommunication Authority (PTA) was established in 1996 to regulate the establishment, operation and maintenance of telecommunication systems and the provision of telecom services. To regulate the establishment, operation and maintenance of telecommunication systems and provision of telecommunication services in Pakistan. To receive and expeditiously dispose of applications for the use of radio-frequency spectrum.
5996703
Telecommunications Act of 1996


by political corruption, because it gave away to incumbent broadcasters valuable licenses for broadcasting digital signals on the public airwaves. There was a requirement in the Act that the FCC not auction off the public spectrum which the FCC itself valued at $11–$70 billion. It had been specifically named in the Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace as an act "which repudiates your own [i.e. American] Constitution and insults the dreams of Jefferson, Washington, Mill, Madison, DeToqueville, and Brandeis". In later years, criticism of the
19191791
National broadband plan


VANS operators into new Electronic Communications Network Services (ECNS), Electronic Communications Services (ECS), or broadcasting licenses. In January 2009, the Independent Communications Authority of South Africa (ICASA) granted ECS and ECNS licenses to over 500 VANS operators. The South African market is in the process of being dramatically restructured, moving away from old-style, vertically integrated segments under the 1996 Telecommunications Act and 2001 Telecommunications Amendment Act towards horizontal service layers, and the new-style licensing regime is being converted to accommodate this.
13687198
Internet in South Africa


1996 Telecommunications Act and 2001 Telecommunications Amendment Act towards horizontal service layers, and the new-style licensing regime is being converted to accommodate this. This process involves the conversion of pre-existing licenses into new "individual" or "class" ECNS, ECS, or broadcasting licenses. Licenses are also required for radio frequency spectrum, except for very low power devices. ICASA granted ECNS licenses during December 2007 to seven new USAL operators. The new licensees include PlatiTel, Ilembe Communications, Metsweding Telex, Dinaka Telecoms, Mitjodi Telecoms
21479995
Weekday cartoon


The Disney Afternoon was airing largely on UPN affiliates, along with some WB and Fox stations. In 1996, the United States Congress passed the Telecommunications Act of 1996 – which was signed into law by then-President Bill Clinton; among the changes to broadcast regulation incurred by the passage of the law included the relaxing of radio and television ownership limits, and it would also regulate children's television substantially. All broadcast television stations would be required to air three hours of educational and informative ("E/I") children
15031873
Botswana Telecommunications Authority


that it states in subsection 12(2) that nothing contained in (or done under) the Telecommunications Act of 1996 or any law shall be held to be inconsistent with (or in contravention of) this section, to the extent that the law in question makes provision regulating the technical administration or the technical operation of telephony, telegraphy, posts, wireless, broadcasting or television. In terms of section 17, BTA's functions and powers are: In terms of the regulations: In terms of section nine, the BTA serves as
10113814
WJHX


, 2013, and both WJHX and sister station WZGX (1450 AM) were temporarily silent. On November 4, 2013, the FCC granted WJHX special temporary authority to remain silent. Under the terms of the Telecommunications Act of 1996, as a matter of law a radio station's broadcast license is subject to automatic forfeiture and cancellation if they fail to broadcast for one full year. On September 9, 2014, the FCC notified Bar Broadcasting that their failure to resume broadcasting had led the Commission to cancel the station's license
20481459
WGFX


. This format was somewhat successful and endured until the late 1990s. The station was purchased outright by Dick Broadcasting Company following the Telecommunications Act of 1996, which, in part, loosened broadcast ownership rules. Shortly after the acquisition, Dick Broadcasting entered into an agreement with SFX Broadcasting, the then-owner of WLAC-FM, to trade the intellectual property of the stations. The trade, to have taken place February 2, 1998, would have moved WLAC-FM's adult contemporary format to 104.5 FM, and moved
7677136
Canadian sovereignty


such as Court of Queen's Bench and Queen's Printer. Telecommunications play an essential role in the maintenance of Canada's identity and sovereignty. The Canadian Government has created a law to govern the use of telecommunications. Canada's Telecommunications Act and its policy, which received royal assent on June 23, 1993, prevails over the provisions of any special Act. Some of its objectives are : Furthermore, Canada's Telecommunications Act references the Broadcasting Act which prescribes that broadcasting has an important role in Canadian sovereignty. In fact, the
18352157
WZGX


2013, the FCC granted WZGX special temporary authority to remain silent. Under the terms of the Telecommunications Act of 1996, as a matter of law a radio station's broadcast license is subject to automatic forfeiture and cancellation if they fail to broadcast for one full year. On September 9, 2014, the FCC notified Bar Broadcasting that their failure to resume broadcasting had led the Commission to cancel the station's license. The FCC deleted the WZGX call sign from its database on October 28, 2014. However, the station resumed
11286638
Dark (broadcasting)


In the broadcasting industry, a dark television or silent radio station is one that has gone off the air for an indefinite period of time. Usually unlike dead air (broadcasting only silence), a station that is dark or silent does not even transmit a carrier signal. According to the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC), a radio or television station is considered to have gone dark or silent if it is to be off the air for 30 days or longer. Prior to the Telecommunications Act of 1996, a "
16430398
KPBD


falling dark for the final time on May 28, 2009. Under the terms of the Telecommunications Act of 1996, as a matter of law a radio station's broadcast license is subject to automatic forfeiture and cancellation if they fail to broadcast for one full year. In June 2011, the FCC notified licensee Paulino Bernal Evangelism that the license for KPBD had expired as a matter of law on May 29, 2010. (The license for "K231AL", this station's broadcast translator, was declared expired at the same time
5693383
Independent Communications Authority of South Africa


The Independent Communications Authority of South Africa (ICASA) is an independent regulatory body of the South African government, established in 2000 by the ICASA Act to regulate both the telecommunications and broadcasting sectors in the public interest. Traditionally, telecommunications and broadcasting services operated separately and so has the regulation of the sectors. Broadcasting in South Africa was regulated by the Independent Broadcasting Authority (IBA), whereas telecommunications was regulated by the South African Telecommunications Regulatory Authority (SATRA). Rapid technological developments have led to the convergence of broadcasting and telecommunications
3078775
WSPQ


translator. On May 11, 2018, Lash announced he was withdrawing his agreement to purchase the station, as much of the station's equipment had been stolen during the winter of 2018 and the telecommunications providers in the area were unable or unwilling to provide a studio/transmitter link to the broadcast tower. Under the terms of the Telecommunications Act of 1996, Grant had until the end of 2018 to find another buyer and put the station back on the air before its license would be forfeited. As of March 2019, WSPQ
11178639
WEER (FM)


temporary authority to remain silent. The Commission granted this authority on January 2, 2012, with a scheduled expiration of July 2, 2012. Just days before that deadline, a new application was filed and silent authority was extended through October 2, 2012. Under the terms of the Telecommunications Act of 1996, as a matter of law a radio station's broadcast license is subject to automatic forfeiture and cancellation if they fail to broadcast for one full year. The station reported that it returned to normal broadcast operations on September 27
14662388
KMAE


14, 2011, expiration date. Under the terms of the Telecommunications Act of 1996, as a matter of law a radio station's broadcast license is subject to automatic forfeiture and cancellation if they fail to broadcast for one full year. As of November 15, 2011, more than four months past that July 3 deadline, the station has yet to notify the FCC that they have resumed broadcast operations. KMAE's license was cancelled on June 26, 2013. In addition to KMAE, Paulino Bernal was also the license holder
16433716
WPAY (Portsmouth, Ohio)


branded as "Talk 14" to the Scioto County, Ohio, area. The station which began broadcasting in Portsmouth on April 15, 1935, ended over 75 years of service in the city, and 85 years overall, on June 3, 2011. Under the terms of the Telecommunications Act of 1996, as a matter of law a radio station's broadcast license is subject to automatic forfeiture and cancellation if they fail to broadcast for one full year. The station was assigned the call sign "WPAY" by the U.S.
6558247
NTCA - The Rural Broadband Association


-owned and controlled commercial telecoms to join the association as non-voting members and in 1971 held its first legislative conference. During the 1970s, NTCA’s membership grew to nearly three hundred. During the 1990s, NTCA participated in the advocacy efforts that led to the Telecommunications Act of 1996, a rewrite of the communications regulations of the United States that would deregulate and increase competition for the broadcasting and telecommunications markets. NTCA also urged the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to retain effective competition standards for small cable systems and to
16983967
Communications in Liberia


(many of them community stations) is on the rise despite limited market potential. And politically critical content and investigative pieces do get published or broadcast. The main newspapers are: Defunct newspapers and magazines include: The fixed line infrastructure of Liberia was nearly completely destroyed during the civil wars (1989-1996 and 1999-2003). Prior to the passage of the Telecommunications Act of 2007, the state-owned Liberia Telecommunications Corporation (LIBTELCO) held a legal monopoly for all fixed line services in Liberia, and remains the
17919776
Jacor


, 1996, Jacor announced plans to acquire Noble Broadcast Group Inc for $152 million. After the passing of the Telecommunications Act of 1996, Jacor began buying more radio stations. On February 13, 1996, Jacor announced it would buy Citicasters for $770 million. As part of the merger, Jacor acquired WKRC-TV, a Cincinnati CBS-affiliate television station, and WTSP, a television station in Tampa, Florida. In September, Jacor announced WTSP would be sold to Gannett Co. in exchange for three radio stations
11000295
Universal Service Fund


FCC to oversee all non-governmental broadcasting, interstate communications, as well as international communication which originate or terminate in the United States. Before the Telecommunications Act of 1996, the Universal Service Fund (USF) operated as a mechanism by which interstate long distance carriers were assessed to subsidize telephone service to low-income households and high-cost areas in order to ensure that all the people in the United States have access to rapid, efficient, nationwide communications service with sufficient facilities at realistic charges. In the 1960s the telecommunication
2127924
Telecommunications Act of 1996


of advanced information technologies and services to all Americans by opening all telecommunications markets to competition". The Act was approved by the 104th Congress on January 3, 1996, and was signed into law on February 8, 1996, by President Bill Clinton. It was the first bill signed at the Library of Congress. A purpose of the 1996 Act was to foster competition among companies that use similar underlying network technologies (e.g., circuit-switched telephone networks) to provide a single type of service (e.g., voice).
19191765
Media cross-ownership in the United States


is a diversity of voices and opinions on the airwaves. "Beginning in 1975, FCC rules banned cross-ownership by a single entity of a daily newspaper and television or radio broadcast station operating in the same local market." The ruling was put in place to limit media concentration in TV and radio markets, because they use public airwaves, which is a valuable, and now limited, resource. The Telecommunications Act of 1996 was an influential act for media cross-ownership. One of the requirements of the act was
17622858
Telecommunications service


In telecommunication, a telecommunications service is a service provided by a telecommunications provider, or a specified set of user-information transfer capabilities provided to a group of users by a telecommunications system. The telecommunications service user is responsible for the information content of the message. The telecommunications service provider has the responsibility for the acceptance, transmission, and delivery of the message. For purposes of regulation by the Federal Communications Commission under the U.S. Communications Act of 1934 and Telecommunications Act of 1996, the definition of telecommunications service is "the offering
19275611
Telecommunications Act of 1996


and carriers that depend on universal service funding may see a decline in support. It therefore may be timely to consider whether the scope of universal service should be expanded to include universal access to a broadband network at affordable rates, not just to basic telephone service. The 1996 Telecommunications Act is divided into seven Titles: Title I, "Telecommunications Service": Helps to outline the general duties of the telecommunication carriers as well as the obligations of all local exchange carriers (LECs) and the additional obligations of incumbent local exchange carriers
19191778
Universal Service Fund


all telecommunications providers are required to contribute a percentage of their interstate and international end-user telecommunications revenues". The major goals of Universal Service as mandated by the 1996 Act are as follows: The 1996 Act states that all providers of telecommunications services should contribute to federal universal service in an equitable and nondiscriminatory manner; there should be specific, predictable, and sufficient Federal and State mechanisms to preserve and advance universal service; all schools, classrooms, health care providers, and libraries should, generally, have access to advanced telecommunications
2127929
Unbundled access


-speed ADSL data connection. Both setups ensure competition for the backhaul but leave "last mile" infrastructure the responsibility of the incumbent carrier. In the United States, the Telecommunications Act of 1996 added a number of provisions designed to increase competition. Incumbent local exchange carriers (ILEC), under this law, are required to interconnect with competing telecommunications carriers, allowing access to individual elements of the ILEC's own network on an unbundled basis. The Telecommunications Act of 1996 provided three ways for companies to enter the new competitive telecommunications
4073462
Telecommunications policy of the United States


The Telecommunications policy in the US is a framework of law directed by government and the Regulatory Commissions, most notably the Federal Communications Commission. Two landmark acts prevail today, the Communications Act of 1934 and the Telecommunications Act of 1996. The latter was intended to revise the first act and specifically to foster competition in the telecommunications industry. In the name of public interest, a large proportion of Telecommunications policy is concerned with the economic regulation of interstate as well as international communication. This includes all communication by radio, telephone, wire
9430738
WSTN


, with a new expiration date on April 30, 2007. In April 2007, the station reported that the dispute was not yet resolved and that they were seeking alternative transmitter sites in case no resolution could be reached. The FCC granted them an additional extension on May 1, 2007, with an expiration of August 1, 2007. Normally, under the provisions of the Telecommunications Act of 1996, any broadcast station that fails to operate for one full year is subject to automatic forfeiture and cancellation of their broadcast license. At
12601451
Telecommunications Act of 1996


operation of a telecommunications system or the management of a telecommunications service. The distinction comes into play when a carrier provides information services. A carrier providing information services is not a 'telecommunications carrier' under the act. For example, a carrier is not a 'telecommunications carrier' when it is selling broadband Internet access. This distinction becomes particularly important because the act enforces specific regulations against 'telecommunications carriers' but not against carriers providing information services. With the convergence of telephone, cable, and internet providers, this distinction has
19191784
WKXM (AM)


and the station began operating with reduced power on backup equipment. On August 1, 2012, the station's longtime broadcast engineer died unexpectedly and, lacking the equipment and personnel to continue operating, the station fell silent on August 2, 2012. On November 22, 2012, the station applied for special temporary authority to remain silent while working with the insurance company to repair the damaged broadcast equipment. The FCC granted this authority on January 17, 2013. Under the terms of the Telecommunications Act of 1996, as a matter
11732463
WCTA


a period of sporadic operation, the station went completely dark in early 2008 due to the declining health of license holder Billy Hugh Williams. The station reported to the FCC that it had been on and off the air for various periods from that time through 2012 but that normal operation was resumed in June 2012. The Telecommunications Act of 1996 allows the FCC to terminate a broadcast licensed if a station fails to broadcast for one full year, the station is still licensed by the FCC. The station's license was renewed through 2020
18831799
WBSC (AM)


more than 12 months. Under the terms of the Telecommunications Act of 1996, as a matter of law a radio station's broadcast license is subject to automatic forfeiture and cancellation if they fail to broadcast for one full year. The FCC cancelled WBSC's license and deleted the WBSC call sign from the database. Additionally, the station's November 29, 2011, License Renewal Application was dismissed. The November 29, 2012, letter was sent back to the FCC on January 22, 2013, with a "Return to Sender
4523244
WSHS (FM)


every hour in student-operated hours). All of the station's DJs are required to take two semesters of broadcasting classes, go through an application process, and be selected by the station manager before they can have an on-air shift on the station (requirements have been adjusted over the years; before the Telecommunications Act of 1996, a non-commercial FCC license was required for a student to take to the airwaves). Formerly the station broadcast both North and South high school athletics play-by-play
9116336
Religious broadcasting


to receive a non-commercial educational FM license from the FCC allowing them to open other stations. Religious broadcasting in the United States is mainly the province of local or regional networks which produce programming relevant to their community, and is usually heard on stations holding non-commercial educational broadcast licenses. Although religious radio began as locally owned, because of the deregulation in the 1996 Telecommunications act it has become more consolidated with local affiliates under a national radio company. Several national networks do exist, which include: Dove TV is a
18706796
Communications Act of 1934


', which shall be constituted as hereinafter provided, and which shall execute and enforce the provisions of this Act." On January 3, 1996, the 104th Congress of the United States amended or repealed sections of the Communications Act of 1934 with the Telecommunications Act of 1996. It was the first major overhaul of American telecommunications policy in nearly 62 years. The Act largely combined and reorganized existing provisions of law, including provisions of the Federal Radio Act of 1927 relating to radio licensing, and of the Mann-Elkins Act
18012883
History of broadcasting in Australia


in that role. When the government disaggregated the behemoth Postmaster-General's Department in 1975 into the Australian Postal Commission and Australian Telecommunications Commission, the rump which remained responsible for policy development and regulatory functions including broadcasting planning became the Postal and Telecommunications Department. The Broadcasting and Television Amendment Act (No. 2) 1976 abolished the Australian Broadcasting Control Board and created the Australian Broadcasting Tribunal. All powers and responsibilities under the Broadcasting and Television Act 1942 were transferred from the Board to the Tribunal with the exception of the planning and engineering
20970476
Political positions of Hillary Clinton


collaboration and Earth systems monitoring; expand our robotic presence in the solar system; and maximize the impact of our R&D and other space program investments by promoting stronger coordination across federal agencies, and cooperation with industry." Clinton strongly supports net neutrality. Senator Clinton was a cosponsor of the Internet Freedom Preservation Act, also known as the Snowe-Dorgan bill, as an amendment to the Telecommunications Act of 1996, that protects network neutrality in the United States. The bill aims to protect internet consumers and small businesses from Internet service
7977553
Prometheus Radio Project v. FCC


Consolidated Appropriations Act, which modified the Telecommunications Act of 1996, to change the national audience reach limit for television stations to 39%. Therefore, the challenge to the FCC's decision of raising the national limit from 35% to 45% became moot. UHF discount was a part of this argument, however, in the court's opinion it was considered in Congress' action, though not explicit, and not for the court to question. The court examined the FCC's decision to replace the newspaper/broadcast cross-
16190527
Federal Communications Commission


modifications to Title VI in the Cable Television and Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 1992. Further modifications to promote cross-modal competition (telephone, video, etc.) were made in the Telecommunications Act of 1996, leading to the current regulatory structure. Broadcast television and radio stations are subject to FCC regulations including restrictions against indecency or obscenity. The Supreme Court has repeatedly held, beginning soon after the passage of the Communications Act of 1934, that the inherent scarcity of radio spectrum allows the government to impose some types of
11232022
KKSM


, The Smothers Brothers, Frank Gorshin, Marty Allen, Lisa Moretti (aka Ivory), Elmo Shropshire, Mitch Miller, Luke Ski, The Bran Flakes, UFC's Joey Beltran and others. KKSM was founded in 1976 (as KSM) and started in a closet in the former drama lab of Palomar College. From 1979 until 1996, the station was only available via Cox cable radio. With the Telecommunications Act of 1996, local radio corporation PAR Broadcasting donated the 1320 AM signal to Palomar College. Famous alumni of
15606984
KPTT


Communications bought the stations. In November 1989, Viacom bought KHOW and KSYY. On February 4, 1991, KSYY changed call letters back to KHOW-FM. In October 1993, shortly after Noble Broadcast Group acquired the station, KHOW-FM adopted a smooth jazz format and the call letters KHIH. (KHIH was on 94.7 FM until Salem purchased the station that same month and dropped it for a religious format.) In 1996, Noble merged with Jacor, taking advantage of the Telecommunications Act of 1996, allowing one
19054171
KBKS-FM


swap with 770, with 1090 taking the KRPM calls. In the Spring of 1996, shortly after the passage of the Telecommunications Act of 1996, Heritage swapped KCIN and KRPM to EZ Communications in exchange for EZ's New Orleans cluster. The transaction made KMPS and KCIN into sister stations. EZ immediately took over the stations via a local marketing agreement (LMA) until the purchase was completed later that year. EZ also bought rival KYCW-FM from Infinity Broadcasting two weeks prior, which then lead to the end of the
8245336
Ashcroft v. American Civil Liberties Union


(CDA) as part of the 1996 Telecommunications Act. The CDA prohibited the use of the internet to purposely send indecent material to those under 18 years of age. The CDA was found unconstitutional in "Reno v. ACLU," because in the CDA the internet was held to the same standards as broadcast media. The court held that because the internet is less "invasive" than broadcast media, the same rules could not apply to the two entities. Despite this ruling, however, the court agreed that the government does
3128889
National Telecommunication Corporation (Pakistan)


The National Telecommunication Corporation (abbreviated: NTC) is a government owned information technology and Telecommunication services provider corporation in Pakistan NTC was formed in 1996 by telecom reorganization act through which Pakistan Telecommunication Corporation (formerly Pakistan Telephone and Telegraph Department) was split into two companies, National Telecommunication Corporation (NTC) and Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited (PTCL). NTC provides telecom services to all government departments and at residencies of government employees across Pakistan. The government of Pakistan established National Telecommunication Corporation (NTC) in January 1996 under the Telecom Reorganization
3233373
Telecommunications in Thailand


Regulatory & Control over Radio & TV Broadcast and Telecommunications of 2010" ("aka" NRA Act of 2010), eliminated the NTC and created a new "convergence regulator" to manage both telecommunications and broadcast in Thailand. The new law also requires that the National Broadcasting and Telecommunications Commission which was established in 2010 as an independent regulator, must allocate all commercial spectrum licenses via auction. In 2012, in order to license the 3G spectrum and services, the Telecom Commission (TC) hosted a spectrum auction which resulted
11084015
Communications Act of 1934


that carry out different duties. For example, the Mass Media Bureau processes license applications and renewals. These divisions of administrative duties differentiate the FRC from the FCC. The Telecommunication Act 1996 and Communications Act of 1934 had two major changes: the new act was less technologically biased and offered less regulation. This act determined the basis of media regulation by its contents, not a technological standard. Title V in Telecommunication Act of 1996, "Obscenity and Violence", is a good example of this; Title V set the standard
18012903
Seven dirty words


"mother fucker", and "ass hole" are specifically listed. The bill was not enacted. The FCC obscenity guidelines have never been applied to non-broadcast media such as cable television or satellite radio. It is widely held that the FCC's authorizing legislation (particularly the Communications Act of 1934 and the Telecommunications Act of 1996) does not enable the FCC to regulate content on subscription-based services, which include cable television, satellite television, and pay-per-view television. Whether the FCC or the
3145338
Botswana Telecommunications Authority


decision-making and lack of a platform for consumer complaints), the government began public consultations to liberalise the telecommunications market. In 1992 the Ministry of Works, Transport and Communications was tasked with policy transformation. The consultations culminated in the approval of the 1995 Telecommunications Policy for Botswana: the blueprint for restructuring the telecommunications sector, which embodied principles which guided the form of the government monopoly. The transformation process led to the formation of the BTA under the Telecommunications Act 1996, as passed in the National Assembly on 1 August 1996
10113812
Communications Act 2003


The Communications Act 2003 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The act, which came into force on 25 July 2003, superseded the Telecommunications Act 1984. The new act was the responsibility of Culture Secretary Tessa Jowell. It consolidated the telecommunication and broadcasting regulators in the UK, introducing the Office of Communications (Ofcom) as the new industry regulator. On 28 December 2003 Ofcom gained its full regulatory powers, inheriting the duties of the Office of Telecommunications (Oftel). Among other measures, the act introduced
17618172
Media cross-ownership in the United States


Commission would re-evaluate its media ownership rules pursuant to the obligation specified in the Telecommunications Act of 1996. In June 2003, after its deliberations which included a single public hearing and the review of nearly two-million pieces of correspondence from the public opposing further relaxation of the ownership rules the FCC voted 3-2 to repeal the newspaper/broadcast cross-ownership ban and to make changes to or repeal a number of its other ownership rules as well. In the order, the FCC noted that the newspaper/broadcast
17622861
Samuel J. Heyman


role, as Chairman of each of GAF Building Materials and ISP. Under Heyman's direction, on January 1, 1994, GAF Broadcasting changed the music format of its radio station from classical music to pure rock (and its call letters from WNCN-FM to WAXQ-FM), pursuing a younger audience with greater disposable income. After Congress passed the Telecommunications Act of 1996, which significantly reduced in-market ownership limitations, especially in large metropolitan areas, GAF Broadcasting was sold to Entertainment Communications, Inc. (who in
18371543
WCKY-FM


disc jockeys. Prior to the FCC Telecommunications Act of 1996, which made the EAS (Emergency Alert) system the law of the land, radio stations broadcast emergency information through EBS (Emergency Broadcast System). Rather than pay full price for an expensive unit to receive EBS messages, Richard Wright built his own receiver, called the DW-76 (meaning Dick Wright and the year it was manufactured). The unit field-tested successfully, and received FCC Type Acceptance for legal use, but only for WTTF-AM-FM
4916299
Frank Bowe


Senate by Tom Harkin and in the House by Edward Markey. The act requires that TV sets receive and display closed captions. The 1996 Telecommunications Act took it a step further, mandating that broadcast and cable programs themselves be captioned. In 2005 and 2006, Bowe gave invited testimony before the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Energy and Commerce and conducted demonstrations of high-speed broadband communications for both the House and the U.S. Senate. Bowe's textbooks are in use at colleges and universities around the country and in several other nations
8990569
Internet in the United States


the Telecommunications Act of 1996 it provided for the creation of a Universal Service Fund to help meet the challenges and opportunities of the digital information age. The Universal Service Fund (USF) was established in 1997 by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to implement the goals of the Telecommunications Act. The Telecommunications Act requires all telecommunications companies to make equitable and non-discriminatory contributions to the USF. Under the supervision of the FCC, the Universal Service Administrative Company (USAC), is responsible for allocating money from the central fund
21788822
Telecommunications Act of 1996


bill, had not succeeded as legislators had hoped. CLECs had captured just under seven percent of total lines in the country, and only three percent of homes and small businesses. Wire to wire competition accounted for only one percent of total lines nationwide. The Consumers Union also raises one other major point. The Telecommunications Act of 1996 did not foster competition among ILECs as the bill had hoped. Instead, of ILECs encroaching on each other, the opposite occurred mergers. Before the 1996 Act was passed, the largest four ILECs
19191788
Newfoundland pine marten


Newfoundland and Labrador "Endangered Species Act". The animal was first designated as Threatened in 1986, and was redesignated as Endangered in 1996 and 2000, with an estimated population of 300. COSEWIC re-evaluated the species in April 2007, and changed the designation to Threatened. Clear-cut harvesting techniques that are practiced throughout the boreal forest impact the Newfoundland marten directly because of habitat loss and at the scale cutting is occurring it is the greatest impact. Habitat loss is not just from forest harvest, though it is the
233384
Telecommunications Act of 1996


Telecommunications Act continued. One commentator, Warren J. Sirota criticized the media's coverage of the bill and noted one provision that hadn't been covered. He wrote that: "Rightfully, this major change [the Telecommunications Act] in the nation's regulatory structure is receiving considerable media and press attention. Unfortunately...most of the attention is going to the wrong issue, the Decency Act." He described this provision as "blatantly unconstitutional" and noted that the balance of the Act would "shape our future" by eliminating
19191792
Federal Communications Commission


associate general counsel/chief diversity officer. After being successful in opening the FM band as a superior alternative to the AM band by allowing colleges and other schools to start ten-watt LPFM stations, the FCC banned new ones around 1980. Numerous controversies have surrounded the city of license concept as the internet has made it possible to broadcast a single signal to every owned station in the nation at once, particularly when Clear Channel, now IHeartMedia, became the largest FM broadcasting corporation in the US after the Telecommunications Act of 1996
11232029
Communications Act of 1934


of 1996 also added and changed some rules to account for the emerging internet. The FCC derives its jurisdiction to facilitate the deployment of broadband to Americans in Section 706 in the Telecommunications act of 1996. In this section the code states that the FCC is to "encourage the deployment on a reasonable and timely basis of advanced telecommunications capability to all Americans." They currently want to advocate the following objectives: Communications Act of 1934 is technologically biased because standards that determine regulation are technological properties:cable and radio, wire and wireless
18012905
Jack Fields


of the 8th's more Democratic areas were cut out, and Fields was reelected seven more times without serious difficulty. When the Republican Party assumed majority control of the House of Representatives in the 1994 elections, Fields was elected chairman of the Subcommittee on Telecommunications and Finance of the House Committee on Commerce. In that role, he was one of the principal authors of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act, the National Securities Markets Improvement Act of 1996, and the Telecommunications Act of 1996. In 1993, Fields joined a field of
213714
Independent Communications Authority of South Africa


debated the Telecommunications Green and White Papers. South Africa’s telecommunications reform process culminated in the Telecommunications Act of 1996. The key aspect of this act was the establishment of an independent regulator, SATRA, to regulate the telecommunications sector. Telkom was also granted exclusivity to provide basic telecommunications services for a period of five years with an option for a further year of exclusivity should it meet its roll-out targets. On 1 July 2000, the Independent Communications Authority of South Africa (ICASA) was established. It was established as
3078782
Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission


CRTC put a call out to the public to provide input on the impact OTT programming is having on Canadian content and existing broadcasting subscriptions through satellite and cable. On October 5, 2011 the CRTC released their findings that included consultations with stakeholders from the telecommunications industry, media producers, and cultural leaders among others. The evidence was inconclusive, suggesting that an increased availability of OTT options is not having a negative impact on the availability or diversity of Canadian content, one of the key policy mandates of the CRTC, nor are there
6232431
Telecommunications Act of 1996


owned less than half of all the lines in the country while, five years later, the largest four local telephone companies owned about 85% of all the lines in the country. Robert Crandall has argued that the forced-access provisions of the 1996 Act have had little economic value, and that the primary, sustainable competitive forces in phone and related, non-'radio', telecommunications are the wireline telephone companies, the cable companies, and the wireless companies. The Act was claimed to foster competition. Instead, it continued the
19191789
SBC Communications, Inc. v. FCC


SBC Communications, Inc. v. FCC, 154 F.3d 226 (5th Cir. 1998), was a case decided by the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit that upheld §§ 271-275 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996 as constitutional against a challenge that the provisions acted as a bill of attainder. Sections 271-275 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996 place limitations on the entrance of the Regional Bell Operating Companies (RBOCs) into the in-region long distance service market. SBC Communications challenged these provisions as
2064346
Telecommunications Act of 1996


provisions relating to the prevention of unfair billing practices for information or services provided over toll-free telephone calls, privacy of consumer information, pole attachments, facilities siting, radio frequency emission standards, mobile services direct access to long distance carriers, advanced telecommunications incentives, the telecommunications development fund, the National Education Technology Funding Corporation, a report on the use of advance telecommunications services for medical purposes, and outlines the authorization of appropriations. The Act makes a significant distinction between providers of telecommunications services and information services. The term '
19191782
NCTA (association)


, as it would impact smaller niche networks. In March 2014, NCTA supported the FCC's decision to open up the 100 MHz of spectrum for unlicensed Wi-Fi services. The NCTA has been vocal on issues regarding net neutrality; in particular, they have objected to the classification of internet service as a common carrier under title II of the 1996 Telecommunications Act. In 2010, the NCTA urged the FCC not to codify its Net Neutrality rules. In 2014, after the 2010 rules were thrown out in court, the
13440385
Low-power broadcasting


the United Church of Christ); and educators (for example, American Library Association, the Communication Workers of America labor union, the National League of Cities. The original purpose of LPFM was to serve as an alternative to "radio homogenization", as described in the "J&MC Quarterly Journal", as "... Necessary to offset the growing consolidation of station ownership in the wake of the Telecommunications Act of 1996, which removed caps on radio ownership, as well as the decline of locally produced radio programming." The
633842
Australian Communications and Media Authority


and Service Standards) Act 1999 and the Radiocommunications Act 1992. There are another 22 Acts to which the agency responds in such areas as spam, the Do Not Call Register and interactive gambling. The ACMA also creates and administers more than 523 legislative instruments including radiocommunications, spam and telecommunications regulations; and licence area plans for free-to-air broadcasters. ACMA collects revenue on behalf of the Australian Government through broadcasting, radiocommunications and telecommunications taxes, charges and licence fees. It also collects revenue from price-based allocation of
9016269
Federal Telecommunications Institute


The Federal Telecommunications Institute (Spanish: "Instituto Federal de Telecomunicaciones"; abbreviated as IFT and incorrectly referred to as IFETEL) is an independent government agency of Mexico charged with the regulation of telecommunications and broadcasting services. It was formed on September 10, 2013, as part of larger reforms to Mexican telecom regulations, and replaced the Federal Telecommunications Commission (Cofetel). The current President of the IFT is Gabriel Oswaldo Contreras Saldívar. On August 8, 1996, President Ernesto Zedillo created Cofetel, which originally was based in the
8111526
Federal-State Joint Conference on Advanced Telecommunications Services


The Federal-State Joint Conference on Advanced Telecommunications Services also known as the Section 706 Joint Conference on Advanced Services was created by the FCC in 1999, pursuant to section 410(b) of the Communications Act of 1934, with endorsement by the National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners (NARUC). Section 706 refers to the Telecommunications act of 1996. In this section the code states that the FCC is to "encourage the deployment on a reasonable and timely basis of advanced telecommunications capability to all Americans." The Joint Conference is intended
8177736
Broadcasting Act (1991)


in Canada and in 1968 the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) was created to replace the BBG. The current federal Act is based on the 1968 Act with amendments in 1991. The stated goal of the Act is to maintain Canada's cultural fabric — thereby strengthening its economic, political and social structures. The "Broadcasting Act" covers three main sections: a broadcasting policy for Canada; the regulatory powers of the CRTC; and the operating procedures and policies for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. The Act imposes
20527326
Telecommunications in Canada


Wireless (10.6 million subscribers), Bell Mobility (9.0 million) and Telus Mobility (8.8 million), which have a combined 91% of market share. Federally, telecommunications are overseen by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission ()–CRTC as outlined under the provisions of both the Telecommunications Act and Radiocommunication Acts. CRTC further works with Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada (formerly Industry Canada) on various technical aspects including: allocating frequencies and call signs, managing the broadcast spectrum, and regulating other technical
4959796
Canadian leaders' debates


criticism of the debates has emerged outlining that corporate media executives decide who is allowed to be heard in a public forum critical to deciding elected officials. Given the overlap between governments and corporations, there is a conflict of interest having corporate executives impacting elections. There have been calls to have Elections Canada set up an impartial debates protocol. Following the 1988 federal election, after a decision of the Attorney General of Canada to stay a prosecution under the Broadcasting Act initiated by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) against
7559309
National Cable & Telecommunications Ass'n v. Brand X Internet Services


not. In 1996, Congress passed the Telecommunications Act of 1996, which regulated telecommunications services in light of the breakup of AT&T's monopoly. Providers of telecommunication services were required to sell access to their networks to the public. Small Internet service providers, in the era of dial-up service, had equal access to home users because the first services were provided over plain old telephone services (POTS) which were regulated as common carriers. When Cable and Telephone operators wished to have themselves exempted from the competitive requirements of the
10257147
Media ownership in Canada


Media ownership in Canada is governed by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC), with respect to audiovisual media and telecom networks, and other agencies with more specific jurisdiction, in the case of non-broadcast media -- like the Competition Bureau, with respect to competition matters, and Department of Canadian Heritage regarding foreign investment in the cultural sector. The CRTC implements the policies of the Broadcasting Act and the Telecommunications Act within Canada but, because its jurisdiction is limited to these, does not regulate the ownership of
821146
Multichannel television in the United States


Communications (through its FiOS division). The Telecommunications Act of 1996 defines a multichannel video programming distributor (MVPD) as "a person such as, but not limited to, a cable operator, a multichannel multipoint distribution service, a direct broadcast satellite service, or a television receive-only satellite program distributor, who makes available for purchase, by subscribers or customers, multiple channels of video programming", where a channel is defined as a "signaling path provided by a cable television system." Initially serving as a
14444188
WBMI


from WHSB's studio location in Alpena, with no local presence in West Branch other than the transmitting antenna. WBMB did not return to the air with WBMI, and under the Telecommunications Act of 1996, still having not returned to the air, its license was permanently canceled. In March 1999, the license for WBMI was transferred from Ives Broadcasting to Northern Radio Network, with no changes in ownership. The Northern Radio Network effort ended in October 2000, with WBMI going silent once again. The following year, WBMI was
14690245
Bhutan Broadcasting Service


The Bhutan Broadcasting Service (BBS, ) is the state-owned radio and television service in Bhutan. A public service corporation, it is fully funded by the state and it is the only service to offer both radio and television to the kingdom, and is the only television service to broadcast from inside the Bhutanese border. The use of telecommunications is currently governed through the Information, Communications and Media Act of 2006. For many years, Bhutan did not have modern telecommunications. The first radio broadcasts commenced in November 1973,
14722668
Communications Authority of Kenya


to liberalising the airwaves, abolishing of restrictive media laws, and harmonisation of Kenya Post and Telecommunication Act and Kenya Broadcasting Acts. (Mureithi, 2002) Initially the government split KP&TC into two entities through the Kenya Communication Bill (1997) and the Postal Corporation Bill (April 1997). However Kenyan government created the telecommunication regulator at the same time that the telecommunications and postal arms of the PTT ministry were spun off as separate operating entities through the Kenya Communications Act of 1998. This move led to the dismantled of KP&TC into
18704887
Universal Service Fund


institutes reforms as it sees fit. Although the fund is limited by the scope of US law, (mainly the 1996 Telecommunications Act) the FCC has played a part in making several changes to the fund, including shifting funds from the high cost program towards broadband expansion. Under the FCC, there is an Enforcement Bureau that investigates and pursues the violators of the Act of 1996 and any Commissions rules. All providers of telecommunication service support the Universal Service Fund. These providers contribute to the fund "based on their interstate and
2127959
Teleport Communications Group


. Critical to TCG's ability to compete with the traditional monopolies were a series of favorable decisions by state regulators, particularly in New York, Massachusetts and Illinois, which allowed TCG and other CLECs to interconnect as "peers" at reasonable rates. These regulatory initiatives were ultimately codified and made applicable nationally through the federal Telecommunications Act of 1996. The success of TCG and other CLECs demonstrated that competition was possible in the local telephone market. This contributed to the passage of the Telecommunications Act of 1996 which eased the entrance of new
4615253