when was the birthright amendment added to the constitution
Tom Price (American politician)


be tolerated." In 2009, Price voted for the Birthright Citizenship Act, which if passed, would have revised the U.S. Constitution's 14th Amendment to prevent children born to illegal immigrants in the country from attaining birthright citizenship. In 2006, Price voted for the Marriage Protection Amendment, which would have defined marriage as being between a man and a woman. He was one of the proposed amendment's co-sponsors, when it was reintroduced in 2008. On multiple occasions, Price voted against the Employment Non-discrimination Act
21017901
Political positions of Mike Huckabee


the US. Huckabee's plan was partly modeled on a ten-point plan proposed in 2005 by Mark Krikorian. Krikorian has said he is pleasantly surprised by the plan. In 2008, after some confusion about whether Huckabee wanted to repeal birthright citizenship, Huckabee issued a statement on the issue: I do not support an amendment to the Constitution that would prevent children born in the U.S. to illegal aliens from automatically becoming American citizens. I have no intention of supporting a constitutional amendment to deny birthright citizenship. On January 16,
10911445
Nineteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland


the following: Insertion of the following as Article 29.8 (see extraterritorial jurisdiction in Irish law): The provision in the amended Article 2 quoted above that "It is the entitlement and birthright of every person born in the island of Ireland, which includes its islands and seas, to be part of the Irish nation" was affected by the Twenty-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland, passed in 2004. That amendment did not alter the text of Article 2 but instead inserted a new section in Article 9 which limited
13631559
Political positions of Ron Paul


automatic birthright citizenship. He has called for a new Constitutional amendment to revise Fourteenth Amendment principles and "end automatic birthright citizenship", and believes that welfare issues are directly tied to the illegal immigration problem. Calling the September 11, 2001, attacks an act of "air piracy", Paul introduced the Marque and Reprisal Act of 2001. Letters of marque and reprisal, authorized by , would have targeted specific terrorist suspects instead of invoking war against a foreign state. Paul reintroduced this legislation as the Marque and Reprisal Act of
10807796
Birthright citizenship in the United States


the "Citizenship Reform Act of 2005" (H.R. 698) in the 109th Congress, the "Birthright Citizenship Act of 2007" (H.R. 1940) in the 110th Congress, and the "Birthright Citizenship Act of 2009" (H.R. 1868) in the 111th Congress. However, neither these nor any similar bill has ever been passed by Congress. Some legislators, unsure whether such Acts of Congress would survive court challenges, have proposed that the Citizenship Clause be changed through a constitutional amendment. Senate Joint Resolution 6, introduced
5362155
Birthright generation


Birthright generation is a term used by immigrant advocates to identify U.S. born citizens; citizens are protected by the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution, which grants American citizenship to all babies born on American soil whether the child is born to one or both undocumented parents. Birthright citizenship may be also conferred either by "jus soli" or "jus sanguinis". Under the United States Law, any person born within the U.S. including the territories of: Puerto Rico, Guam, the US Virgin Islands, and the Northern Mariana
12182068
Presidency of Andrew Johnson


his impeachment. The battle over Reconstruction encouraged both radical and moderate Republicans to seek Constitutional guarantees for black rights, rather than relying on temporary political majorities. Congress had already begun to consider amendments to address the issue of black suffrage and congressional apportionment in light of the abolition of slavery. In late April, the Joint Committee on Reconstruction proposed an amendment that addressed most of the major issues facing Congress. The first section of the proposed amendment enshrined the principle of birthright citizenship in the constitution, and required states to observe the principles
13661963
Birthright citizenship in the United States


Birthright citizenship in the United States is acquired by virtue of the circumstances of birth. It contrasts with citizenship acquired in other ways, for example by naturalization. Pursuant to the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution and the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), U.S. citizenship is automatically granted to any person born within and subject to the jurisdiction of the United States (known as "jus soli"). This includes the territories of Puerto Rico, the Marianas (Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands), and the U.S.
5362111
Birthright citizenship in the United States


Virgin Islands. Birthright citizenship also applies to children born elsewhere in the world to U.S. citizens (with certain exceptions), known as "jus sanguinis". The policy stems from the Citizenship Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, stating "[a]ll persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside", and was meant to override the 1857 "Dred Scott v. Sandford" decision that denied African Americans
5362112
James C. Ho


. He then served as co-chair of the Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher's appellate and constitutional law practice group. Ho has worked as a volunteer attorney with the First Liberty Institute, a religious legal advocacy organization. He has held multiple positions as a member of the Federalist Society since 1996. In a 2006 law review article published in "The Green Bag", Ho wrote that "Birthright citizenship is guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment. That birthright is protected no less for children of undocumented persons than for descendants of Mayflower
3441820
Amendment


it delivered once a week. Usually Contracts also are categorized for their promotion in a nation, such as the Treaty of Versailles. Constitutions are often amended when people change their minds about what the government should do. Some of the most famous constitutional amendments are the First Amendment to the United States Constitution which added the freedom of speech, religion, press, and protest, the third Amendment to the Constitution of Ireland, which let Ireland join the European Union, and the amendment of the German constitution as part of the German
12580348
Expatriation Act of 1868


taken by the President would be limited to those "not amounting to acts of war". The Senate passed the amended bill 39-7; the amended bill was concurred in by the House. The Expatriation Act came into law one day before the Fourteenth Amendment, which introduced the principle of birthright citizenship into the Constitution. The attitude towards emigration and loss of citizenship expressed in the Expatriation Act of 1868 was echoed by the contemporaneous Burlingame Treaty between the United States and China's Qing Dynasty, which stated that both signatory parties
4793320
Ninth Amendment to the United States Constitution


The Ninth Amendment (Amendment IX) to the United States Constitution addresses rights, retained by the people, that are not specifically enumerated in the Constitution. It is part of the Bill of Rights. The amendment as proposed by Congress in 1789 and later ratified as the Ninth Amendment reads as follows: When the U.S. Constitution was put to the states for ratification after being signed on September 17, 1787, the Anti-Federalists argued that a Bill of Rights should be added. One of the arguments the Federalists gave against the
13051646
Constitution of North Carolina


ability to issue bonds. One notable exception was in 2012, when an amendment was added to prevent recognition of same-sex marriage. The following are significant amendments made since the 1971 constitution: Ratified in 1789, the current North Carolina Constitution contains a Preamble and 14 articles. Each of the articles covers a different area, with the last article including all miscellaneous topics. Each article is further divided into sections. This constitution incorporates amendments into the document, unlike the United States Constitution which only appends amendments. "We,
8980649
Renunciation Act of 1944


that the method I propose, constitutional in all of its aspects, will reveal a large number of Japanese who are earnestly hoping for our defeat, secretly doing everything they can to insure a victory for our despicable foes." However, Samuel Dickstein (D-NY), chairman of the House immigration committee, opposed Johnson's amendment, stating that Congress had no authority to revoke the citizenship of birthright citizens. Earl C. Michener (R-MI) warned of the potential for abuse, saying that "if the amendment
11016877
Citizenship Clause


for giving a constitutional basis for birthright citizenship to all children born in the United States to any parentage (including Chinese noncitizen residents who do not intend to reside permanently in the United States), even though he (and others) thought it had already been guaranteed by the Act, whereas Cowan opposed the Amendment (and Act), arguing that it would have the undesirable outcome of extending citizenship to the children of Chinese and Romani immigrants. Most of the debate on this section of the Amendment centered on whether the wording in
4787769
Constitution Act, 1982


discuss the amendment. Section 35.1 was added to Part II of the "Constitution Act, 1982" in 1983. Section 35.1 was invoked in the negotiations that led to the Charlottetown Accord, which would have greatly expanded aboriginal rights and recognized a right to self-government. Various other sections of Part V lay out such things as compensation for opting out, when and how a province may opt out of a constitutional amendment, and time limits for achieving a constitutional amendment. Subsection 52(1) of the "Constitution Act, 1982
7190793
Political positions of Jeb Bush


Bush said that he disagreed with proposals to amend the Constitution to eliminate the Fourteenth Amendment's guarantee of "jus soli" ("birthright") citizenship to persons born in America. Also in August 2015, Bush used the pejorative phrase "anchor babies" to refer to children born in the United States to undocumented immigrants, although he previously chaired the conservative Hispanic Leadership Network group, which had issued a memo advising Republicans to not use the term. Bush later said that he did not believe the phrase was offensive and that
15331573
Twenty-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland


This bill was signed into law on 15 December 2004 as the Irish Nationality and Citizenship Act 2004. In March 2017 Solidarity introduced the Irish Nationality and Citizenship (Restoration of Birthright Citizenship) Bill 2017 to the Dáil. If passed this Bill would reverse the effect of the 2004 Act. The amendment was discussed in October 2018 amid news reports that a nine-year-old boy born and raised in Ireland was facing deportation to China. Charles Flanagan, the Minister for Justice and Equality, said has was "concerned by the
1875151
John Kasich


Congress to "end the requirement that state Medicaid programs cover nearly every prescription drug approved by the Food and Drug Administration." Kasich and the other governors' views were seen as influential, because their states have Republican senators and the Republicans have only a narrow majority in the Senate. In 2010, while running for governor, Kasich expressed support for amending the U.S. Constitution to abolish the Fourteenth Amendment's guarantee of "jus soli" (birthright) citizenship for people born in the United States. Kasich also told the "Columbus
4747719
Lindsey Graham


with Democratic New York Senator Chuck Schumer on immigration reform. The talks broke down later in the year. In July 2010, Graham suggested that U.S. citizenship as an automatic birthright guaranteed by the 14th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution should be amended, and that any children born of illegal immigrants inside the borders of the United States should be considered illegal immigrants. Graham alleged that "Half the children born in hospitals on our borders are the children of illegal immigrants." Responding to the Graham claim, "The New York Times"
5479503
Articles 2 and 3 of the Constitution of Ireland


birthright citizenship. Article 2 further recognises the "special affinity" between the people of Ireland and the Irish diaspora. The logic of the constitution was disrupted by the new Articles 2 and 3, in particular as Article 9 already dealt with citizenship. The references to "Irish nation" in the new Articles do not have any practical meaning. As amended, Article 3, Section 1 expresses the "firm will" of the Irish nation to create a united Irish people, though not, explicitly, a united country. It
21047361
Constitution of Latvia


- the procedure is essentially the same as when appointing judges, with the exception that Auditor General has a fixed term of office. The State Audit Office controls how the state financial resources are used. Although the constitutional bill included a chapter that was to regulate citizens' rights and obligations this was not originally adopted. The chapter on human rights was added as part of constitutional amendment in 1998. Provisions for amendments are stated in articles 76-79 of the constitution. Amendments to most articles can be made by the Saeima.
16890014
Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution


Foner, who has explored the question of U.S. birthright citizenship to other countries, argues that: During the original congressional debate over the amendment Senator Jacob M. Howard of Michigan—the author of the Citizenship Clause—described the clause as having the same content, despite different wording, as the earlier Civil Rights Act of 1866, namely, that it excludes Native Americans who maintain their tribal ties and "persons born in the United States who are foreigners, aliens, who belong to the families of ambassadors or foreign ministers".
13051849
Anchor baby


Amendment of the U.S. Constitution provides birthright citizenship even to those born in the United States to illegal immigrants. As of 2015, there has been no Supreme Court decision that explicitly holds that persons born in the U.S. to undocumented immigrants are automatically afforded U.S. citizenship. Edward Erler, writing for the Claremont Institute, said that since the "Wong Kim Ark" case dealt with someone whose parents were in the United States legally, it provides no valid basis under the 14th Amendment for the practice of granting citizenship to U.S.-born children of illegal
18549938
Birthright citizenship in the United States


is a matter of federal law, governed by the United States Constitution. Since the adoption of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution on July 9, 1868, the citizenship of persons born in the United States has been controlled by its Citizenship Clause, which states: "All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside." United States Federal law () defines who is a United States citizen from birth
5362114
Italian Brazilians


over Brazil during the military regime, also of Basque descent) and Jair Messias Bolsonaro (elected in 2018). According to the Brazilian Constitution, anyone born in the country is a Brazilian citizen by birthright. In addition, many who were born in Italy have become naturalized citizens after settling in Brazil. The Brazilian government used to prohibit multiple citizenships. However, this changed in 1994 with a new constitutional amendment. After the changes in 1994 over half a million Italian-Brazilians have requested the recognition of their Italian citizenship.
9433405
Amendment of the Constitution of India


the full text of Article 368 of the Constitution, which governs constitutional amendments. New clauses 368 (1) and 368 (3) were added by the 24th Amendment in 1971, which also added a new clause (4) in article 13 which reads, "Nothing in this article shall apply to any amendment of this Constitution made under article 368." The provisions in "italics" were inserted by the 42nd Amendment but were later declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in "Minerva Mills v. Union of India" in
9461119
Elections in France


The second procedure for holding a referendum has several limitations: The second procedure for holding a referendum was added to the Constitution in 2008, and it still has not come into effect (as of 2013). It will come into effect when appropriate legislation is implemented by the Parliament. The Constitution of France can be amended in two ways: Most constitutional revisions went through the super-majority of the Parliament in Congress. Ratification of treaties of accession of states to the EU must go through the same procedure as amendment of Constitution
2859208
Constitutional amendment


State Duma members from four to six years and four to five years in duration respectively. These constitutional amendments are the first truly substantial amendments to the country's constitution added into the Russian constitution fifteen years prior to its adoption and implementation fifteen years earlier. The Constitution of Serbia states its terms for being amended between Articles 203 to 205 under "Part 9: Amending The Constitution" within the document. Even though the Serbian constitution can be amended, this has never happened even once ever since the document was adopted and implemented in
17913160
Twelfth Amendment of the Constitution Bill 1992


The Twelfth Amendment of the Constitution Bill 1992 was a failed proposal to amend the Constitution of Ireland, to exclude the risk of suicide as sufficient reason to legally allow an abortion. It was rejected in a referendum on 25 November 1992. The Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments were approved in referendums on the same day. As these could not be renamed, there has been no enacted Twelfth Amendment of the constitution. Proposed insertion of additional text to Article 40.3.3º: The Eighth Amendment passed in 1983 added the following text to the Constitution as
20245721
Proposed 2019 amendment to the Constitution of Malaysia


the amendment of the country. He further added that the amendment was very meaningful and historic to the people of the country, especially to Sabah and Sarawak since the matter has been debated for a long time and we have heard the complaints of frustration and sadness of the people from both of the entities, adding that he could not understand why some people still disputed the matter when the old administration could not even moved an inch when they were in power for more than half a century. Sabah Chief Minister Shafie Apdal expressed his
9505979
Birthright citizenship in the United States


In the course of that opinion, Bates commented at some length on the nature of citizenship, and wrote, The Civil Rights Act of 1866 declared: "...all persons born in the United States, and not subject to any foreign power, excluding Indians not taxed, are hereby declared to be citizens of the United States." ("Indians not taxed" referred to tribal members living on reservations.) Since the adoption of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution on July 9, 1868, citizenship of persons born in
5362133
Constitutional amendment


amendments have been added (appended as codicils) to the Constitution. Amendment proposals may be adopted and sent to the states for ratification by either: All 33 amendment proposals that have been sent to the states for ratification since the establishment of the Constitution have come into being via the Congress. State legislatures have however, at various times, used their power to apply for a national convention in order to pressure Congress into proposing a desired amendment. For example, the movement to amend the Constitution to provide for the direct election of
17913126
Fundamental rights in India


majority the validity of the 24th constitutional amendment. However, it ruled that the basic structure of the constitution which is built on the basic foundation representing the dignity and freedom of the individual, can not be altered. This is of supreme importance and cannot be destroyed by any form of amendment to the constitution. Many constitutional amendments to Part III of the constitution were made deleting or adding or diluting the fundamental rights before the judgement of Golaknath case (Constitutional amendments 1, 4, 7, and 16) and after the
13026595
Citizenship Clause


necessary and proper legislation to regulate naturalization under the Constitution, Art. I, § 8, cls. 4 & 18 of the constitution Congress arguably has the power to define "subject to the jurisdiction thereof" for the purpose of regulating immigration. Historian Eric Foner has explored the question of birthright citizenship and argues that "birthright citizenship stands as an example of the much-abused idea of American exceptionalism...birthright citizenship does make the United States (along with Canada) unique in the developed world. No European nation recognizes the
4787776
1996 California Proposition 218


Proposition 218 was an adopted initiative constitutional amendment which revolutionized local and regional government finance in California. Called the "Right to Vote on Taxes Act," it was sponsored by the Howard Jarvis Taxpayers Association as a constitutional follow-up to the landmark property tax reduction initiative constitutional amendment, Proposition 13, approved in 1978. Proposition 218 amended the California Constitution by adding Article XIII C and Article XIII D. Article XIII C added constitutional voter approval requirements for all local government taxes which previously did not exist. Also included is a provision
21245156
1970 United States gubernatorial elections


although the constitution was changed to allow governors to have two consecutive terms, the rule didn't apply to then current Gov. Raymond P. Shafer. The election was won by Milton Shapp. Governors in South Carolina weren't allowed two consecutive terms until 1980, when an amendment to the constitution was added. Richard Riley was the first South Carolina governor to have two consecutive terms with his 1982 re-election. John C. West won election. South Dakota also had governors on two-year terms until 1972, when a constitutional amendment
21757810
Constitution of Arkansas


constitution establishes freedom of religion as a constitutional right. While the wording of this amendment specifically bars Congress from restricting freedom of religion, current precedent holds that this amendment and the rest of the United States Bill of Rights are binding on the states by the liberty clause of the 14th Amendment. In addition to the 20 Articles listed above, numerous amendments (94 as of October 2015, per the link below) have been added. Though some amendments have been physically incorporated into the text of the Constitution (e.g. Amendment 1,
8786297
Birthright generation


distinction with respect to Fourteenth Amendment 'jurisdiction' can be drawn between resident aliens whose entry into the United States was lawful, and resident aliens whose entry was unlawful." Proponents of reconsideration of the Fourteenth Amendment have expressed concern in the validity of citizenship of members of the birthright generation. In an interview with "The Hill" Senator Mitch McConnell noted: “I think we ought to take a look at it — hold hearings, listen to the experts on it. I haven’t made a final decision about it,
12182074
Amendments to the Constitution of Canada


1875". For a complete list of documents added to the Constitution before 1982, see List of Canadian constitutional documents. Amending the Constitution has been a topic of much debate in contemporary Canada, and the two most comprehensive attempts to revise the document have both been defeated. There have, however, been eleven minor amendments to the Constitution since it was patriated in 1982. Most of these amendments have been limited in scope, dealing only with matters affecting specific provinces. Attempts to enact major amendments: Various provisions of the Canadian
15040669
Mike Pence


amnesty". In 2009, Pence opposed birthright citizenship (the legal principle set forth by the Citizenship Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution that "All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside"). He co-sponsored a bill that would have limited citizenship to children born to at least one parent who is a citizen, immigrants living permanently in the U.S. or non-citizens performing active
12950363
Manuel Miranda


grounded positions on immigration" and specifically to urge amending the Constitution to end "birthright citizenship" (the traditional practice of conveying citizenship to individuals born in the U.S. whose parents were not lawful residents at the time). In 2007, Miranda was chosen by the Bush Administration's State Department to be the "Director of Legislative Statecraft" at the U.S. Embassy in Iraq and obtained the security clearances to do so despite the criminal referral by the U.S. Senate Sergeant at Arms. After completing his tenure as "rule of law"
5505897
Utah Constitutional Amendment 3


Utah Constitutional Amendment 3 was an amendment to the Utah state constitution that sought to define marriage as a union exclusively between a man and woman. It passed in the November 2, 2004, election, as did similar amendments in ten other states. The amendment, which added Article 1, Section 29, to the Utah Constitution, reads: On December 20, 2013, federal judge Robert J. Shelby of the U.S. District Court for Utah struck down Amendment 3 as unconstitutional under the Due Process and Equal Protection clauses of the U.S.
5572885
Colorado Amendment 64


its opposition to Amendment 64. The board began by saying, "We believe possession and use of marijuana should be legal," but ultimately encouraged readers to vote against the amendments because "Drug policy simply has no business being in the state constitution." The policies took effect when the Governor ratified the ballots, which was to happen within 30 days of the election. Governor John Hickenlooper officially added the law to his state's constitution on Monday December 10, 2012 making the private consumption of marijuana legal in Colorado. The
16826052
2008 Florida Amendment 2


Florida Amendment 2 is an amendment made to the Constitution of Florida in 2008. It added Article I, Section 27 to the constitution, which defines marriage as a union only between one man and one woman, and thus bans the creation of similar unions, such as civil unions or same-sex marriage. Since 2014, the measure has been litigated in court and has been struck down by multiple state courts so far in several counties of southern Florida. Same-sex marriage became legal in Florida when the decision in the
9170096
Colorado Amendment 47


new section to the Colorado Constitution, which would state, in part: KUSA, the NBC affiliate in Denver, Colorado, analyzed one of the political ads supporting Amendment 47. Among their conclusions were that the particular ad was misleading when it stated, "All it does, it gives workers the right to choose for themselves whether or not they want to join a union." KUSA's analysis states: They also noted that agencies promoting passage of the amendment have received contributions from two organizations in Virginia, the Free Enterprise
18774959
Tenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland


permitted by the Constitution under the amendment made in 1972 to allow accession to the European Communities. In response, the newly elected government of Taoiseach Charles Haughey proposed an amendment to the constitution. Amendment to Article 29.4.3º by the addition of the text in bold (emphasis added): The Tenth Amendment of the constitution Bill 1987 was proposed in the Dáil by Taoiseach Charles Haughey on 22 April 1987 on behalf of the minority Fianna Fáil government. It was also supported by Fine Gael, who had negotiated the SEA during the previous government
9963526
Eighteenth Amendment of the Constitution of India


The Eighteenth Amendment of the Constitution of India, officially known as The Constitution (Eighteenth Amendment) Act, 1966, amended article 3 of the Constitution in order to clarify the "State" in clauses (a) to (e) of that article (but not in the proviso) include "Union territories". It also added another "Explanation" that the power conferred on Parliament by clause (a) includes the power to form a new State or Union territory by uniting a part of any State or Union territory
15013107
Twenty-fifth Amendment of the Constitution Bill 2001


1992. It provided that abortion would be regulated for by specific legislation that would be named in the text to be added to the Constitution. The legislation, the Protection of Human Life in Pregnancy Act 2002, would be given the same protection as provisions of the Constitution, such that it could be amended only by referendum. Article 40.3.3º reads The Twenty-fifth amendment would have ultimately added two sub-sections immediately following, as Article 40.3.4º and 40.3.5º: The proposed text of 40.3.5º would have ensured that the provisions of Article
21224549
Constitution of Vermont


duty as guardians of the people". They also had the power to call a convention, if needed, to amend the constitution. This council had been based on a similar element of the Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776. In 1786, the constitution was amended with language proposed by the 1785 Council of Censors, their first meeting, and adopted by the 1786 Constitutional Convention. The section on the Council of Censors remained generally unchanged, with only an added clarification of scope. In 1793, the constitution was amended with language proposed
19097259
Constitution (Amendment No. 1) Act 1925


The Constitution (Amendment No. 1) Act, 1925 was an Act amending the Constitution of the Irish Free State. It made technical amendments to the provisions regarding election of members of Seanad Eireann. The Act added two new articles to the Constitution, Articles 31A and 32A. The new Article 31A provided that the term of office of the first Senators would run from 6 December 1922. The method of numbering new constitutional articles by reference to the previous article number plus "A" remains in use to this day (see Articles
4310519
Constitution of the Irish Free State


v. McBride" (1928) it was ruled that this kind of section was unnecessary because even if a law did not contain such a provision it could be interpreted as a tacit amendment of the constitution anyway, owing to the doctrine of implied repeal. This meant that, in addition to formal amendments, almost any act of the Oireachtas could be considered an amendment of the constitution. The long process of "ad hoc" amendment that occurred until 1937 meant that, by the time it was replaced the constitution had become,
3999409
Convention to propose amendments to the United States Constitution


short of the 31-state threshold. As new states were being added the threshold increased, however those States had already passed resolutions supporting such a Convention. The final count is somewhat uncertain, but when either one or two further states were required the Senate finally conceded and passed its version of an amendment in May 1911, which was then approved by the House in 1912 and submitted to the states. There have been two nearly successful attempts to amend the Constitution via an Article V Convention since the late 1960s. The first try was
17995563
2012 Puerto Rican constitutional referendum


Police Department, Pedro Toledo, expressed himself in favor of the amendments. He added that some guidelines could be needed to allow judges to define the issue of the dangerousness of the accused. Astrologer Walter Mercado said on a statement that he favored both amendments to the Constitution. He wrote that he considered the amendment on the right to bail to be an important tool on the fight against crime, and that it was "a step ahead in the control of the rising crime rate." He added that the amendment would "
18556383
Birthright generation


but that’s something that we clearly need to look at. Regardless of how you feel about the various aspects of immigration reform, I don’t think anybody thinks that’s something they’re comfortable with." Senators Harry Reid and Lindsey Graham have been quoted supporting amendments to the citizenship clause for children born to undocumented immigrants. Harry Reid argues "We should change our Constitution and say if you come here illegally and you have a child, that child’s automatically not a citizen." Another term referencing the opposition of the
12182075
Tuaua v. United States


Tuaua v. United States is a court case, originally filed in 2012, in which a group of American Samoans sued the State Department and the Obama administration. They sued to force the government to recognize American Samoans' birthright citizenship, arguing that the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution guarantees that anyone born in the United States is automatically granted citizenship. The case originated as a complaint filed in 2012 in the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia, by American Samoan and U.S. national Leneuoti Tuaua, who was prohibited from
1532318
Birth tourism


country). The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution guarantees U.S. citizenship to those born in the United States, provided the person is "subject to the jurisdiction" of the United States. Congress has further extended birthright citizenship to all inhabited U.S. territories except American Samoa. (A person born in American Samoa becomes a non-citizen US national). The parent(s) and child are still subject to "de jure" and "de facto" deportation, respectively. However, once they reach 21 years of age,
7623237
State ratifying conventions


State ratifying conventions are one of the two methods established by Article V of the United States Constitution for "ratifying" proposed constitutional amendments. The only amendment that has been ratified through this method thus far is the 21st Amendment. Article V reads in pertinent part (italics added): Ratification of a proposed amendment has been done by state conventions only once—the 1933 ratification process of the 21st Amendment. The 21st is also the only constitutional amendment that repealed another one, that being the 18th Amendment, which had been ratified
18522371
Constitution (Thirtieth Amendment) Act, 2017


The Constitution (Thirtieth Amendment) Act, 2017 was a proposed amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan seeking to create seats for the Federally Administered Tribal Areas in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Assembly and establish a new judicial system in the tribal belt. The amendment would have added new provisions to the Constitution to create room for FATA lawmakers in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Assembly after the merger of FATA and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The amendment was introduced to the National Assembly of Pakistan alongside the Tribal Areas Rewaj Act. It was never adopted and never officially became part
15734854
Constitution of Massachusetts


The framers of the state constitution intended by this means to prevent the abuse of power by any one branch. One hundred and twenty Articles of Amendment have been added to the Massachusetts Constitution. The most recent one disqualified incarcerated felons from voting and was approved by a vote of 60.3% to 33.9% in 2000. The amendment process is governed by the 48th Article of Amendment to the Constitution, which establishes an "indirect initiative" process that requires action by the state legislature followed by a referendum. For an amendment to be
21676629
Forty-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of India


The Forty-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of India, officially known as The Constitution (Forty-seventh Amendment) Act, 1984, amended the Ninth Schedule to the Constitution, and added 14 legislations relating to land reforms, enacted by the States of Assam, Bihar, Haryana, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal and the union territory of Goa, Daman and Diu with a view to provide that the enactments shall not be deemed to be void on the ground that they are inconsistent with any of the provisions of
3714200
Tennessee General Assembly


is also being held. The amendment to be passed must receive over half of the total votes cast in the gubernatorial election in order to be ratified and come into effect. The 1870 constitution of Tennessee had never been amended in this manner until 1998, when the "Victims' Rights Amendment" was added. A similar process was used in 2002 to enact the state lottery. Two amendments proposed by the General Assembly were presented to voters on the 2006 ballot. In 2005 the "Tennessee Marriage Protection Amendment," specifying that
21407872
Ordonnance


ratification bill, it does not go into effect. The Constitutional Council and the Council of State have admitted that ratification, in addition to explicit means (vote on the ratification bill, or ratification amendment added to another bill), could also be performed "implicitly", when Parliament refers to an "ordonnance" as though it were a statute. However, implicit ratification was prohibited by a 2008 constitutional amendment. It has occasionally happened that the Executive did not make use of the authorization that they had requested and obtained.
404995
Constitution of Finland


amended in 1928, remained unchanged during the first fifty years of Finnish independence, as there was little pressure or need for any amendments to the Constitution Act. However, this did not prevent the Constitution from adapting to the changing needs of the day. The flexibility of the Finnish Constitution is due to the use of "exceptive laws," a distinctive feature of the Finnish system: instead of amending or changing the Constitution, an act may be passed as an "ad hoc" exception to it. Such an exceptive law
909144
United States v. Sprague


. The court did not agree, however, ruling that the Constitution explicitly authorized Congress to determine the method used in ratifying amendments. In part, Article Five states that any amendment "shall be valid to all Intents and Purposes, as part of this Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three-fourths of the several States, or by Conventions in three fourths thereof, "as the one or the other Mode of Ratification may be proposed by the Congress"" (emphasis added). Furthermore, the court rejected
14295807
Amendments to the Constitution of Ireland


a temporary special mechanism by which the Government could order their amendment once it was satisfied that certain commitments made by other parties to the Good Friday Agreement had been complied with. The sections added to the text of the Constitution which provided for this later amendment to Articles no longer appear in the published official text of the Constitution, in line with their own provisions. A similar method would have been used with the Twenty-fifth Amendment of the Constitution Bill 2001 to restrict abortion, which was rejected. The proposed Thirty-second
9963876
Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution


"Approved" and added his signature to the joint resolution on February 1, 1865. On February 7, Congress passed a resolution affirming that the Presidential signature was unnecessary. The Thirteenth Amendment is the only ratified amendment signed by a President, although James Buchanan had signed the Corwin Amendment that the 36th Congress had adopted and sent to the states in March 1861. When the Thirteenth Amendment was submitted to the states on February 1, 1865, it was quickly taken up by several legislatures. By the end of the month,
13051767
2012 Latvian constitutional referendum


A constitutional referendum on the "Amendments to the Constitution of the Republic of Latvia" was held on 18 February 2012. Proposed amendments included Articles 4, 18, 21, 101 and 104 of the Constitution of Latvia by adding the condition about Russian as the second official language, as well as prescribing two working languages — Latvian and Russian — for self-government institutions. The referendum's question was "Do you support the adoption of the Draft Law "Amendments to the Constitution of the Republic of Latvia" that provides for
20808223
Ninth Amendment to the United States Constitution


Article One, Section 8 of the Constitution. The Anti-Federalists persisted in favor of a Bill of Rights during the ratification debates, but also were against ratification, and consequently several of the state ratification conventions gave their assent with accompanying resolutions proposing amendments to be added. In 1788, the Virginia Ratifying Convention attempted to solve the problem that Hamilton and the Federalists had identified by proposing a constitutional amendment specifying: This proposal ultimately led to the Ninth Amendment. In 1789, while introducing to the House of Representatives nineteen draft Amendments
13051648
Same-sex marriage in North Carolina


Carolina Amendment 1, a constitutional amendment banning same-sex marriage and any "domestic legal union." On September 13, 2011, North Carolina State Senate voted 30–16 in favor of the bill. On May 8, 2012, North Carolina voters approved of the amendment by a vote of 61.04% to 38.96%. The amendment added to Section XIV of the North Carolina Constitution: North Carolina was the 30th state, and the last of the former Confederate states, to adopt a constitutional amendment defining marriage so as to exclude
16995885
Part I of the Constitution of India


amendment of the constitution for the purposes of article 368. Before 1971, there were few articles [Articles 4 (2), 169 (3)-1962, 239A (2)-1962, 244A (4)-1969, para 7(2) of Schedule V and para 21(2) of Schedule VI] other than Article 368 which permitted marginal amendments to the constitution. However Article 4 (2) got superseded by the 24th amendment in the year 1971 to Article 368 (Power of Parliament to amend the Constitution and Procedure there for). was added by 24th
10530369
Balanced budget amendment


A balanced budget amendment is a constitutional rule requiring that a state cannot spend more than its income. It requires a balance between the projected receipts and expenditures of the government. Balanced-budget provisions have been added to the constitutions of most U.S. states, the Basic Law of Germany, the Hong Kong Basic Law, Spain, Italy and the Swiss Constitution. It is often proposed that a balanced-budget rule be added to the federal United States Constitution. Most balanced-budget provisions make an exception for times of war
11389267
2008 Arizona Proposition 102


Arizona Proposition 102 was an amendment to the constitution of the state of Arizona adopted by a ballot measure held in 2008. It added Article 30 of the Arizona Constitution, which says: "Only a union of one man and one woman shall be valid or recognized as a marriage in this state." The amendment added a constitutional ban on same-sex marriage to existing statutory bans in place since 1996. In October 2014, Article 30 of the Arizona Constitution was struck down as unconstitutional in the United States District Court for
2945243
Twenty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India


, Meitei (Manipuri) and Nepali. The 92nd Amendment, added Bodo, Dogri, Santhali and Maithali in 2004, raising the total number of languages to 22. The "Constitution (Twenty-first Amendment) Bill, 1967" (Bill No. 1 of 1967) was introduced in the Rajya Sabha on 20 March 1967. It was introduced by Yashwantrao Chavan, then Minister of Home Affairs, and sought to amend the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution to include Sindhi as one of the languages listed in the schedule.
15497524
Constitutional Convention (United States)


for constitutional amendment, in which two-thirds of the states had to ask Congress to convene a convention for consideration of amendments. Upon Gerry's urging, the Convention added back the Virginia Plan's original method whereby Congress would propose amendments that the states would then ratify. All amendments to the Constitution, save the 21st amendment, have been made through this latter method. Despite their successes, these three dissenters grew increasingly unpopular as most other delegates wanted to bring the Convention's business to an end and return home. As
17333404
Amendments to the Constitution of Bangladesh


amendment was passed on 25 January 1975. Significant changes included: This Amendment Act was passed by the Jatiya Sangsad on 6 April 1979. This Act amended the Fourth Schedule to the constitution by adding a new paragraph 18 thereto, which provided that all amendments, additions, modifications, substitutions and omissions made in the constitution during the period between 15 August 1975 and 9 April 1979 (both days inclusive) by any Proclamation or Proclamation Order of the Martial Law Authorities had been validly made and would not be called in question in or
8472845
John Paul Stevens


courts. In 2014, Stevens published "Six Amendments: How and Why We Should Change the Constitution", where he proposed that six amendments should be added to the U.S. Constitution to address political gerrymandering, anti-commandeering, campaign finance reform, capital punishment, gun violence, and sovereign immunity. In 2019, at age 99 and shortly before his death, Stevens published "The Making of a Justice: Reflections on My First 94 Years". Stevens married Elizabeth Sheeren in 1942. He was on the high court when
16117260
Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation


created in 1956 during the term of Governor Raymond D. Gary by an amendment to the Oklahoma Constitution. The Department was created in 1956 when the voters of Oklahoma approved State Question 374, which amended the Oklahoma Constitution by adding Article 26. The State Question was brought before the voters of the state through an initiative petition process. The Department is overseen by the Oklahoma Secretary of Energy and Environment. Under Governor Kevin Stitt, Michael Teague is serving as the Secretary. The Wildlife Conservation Department, with an annual budget of over $
8384464
Proposed 2019 amendment to the Constitution of Malaysia


very deep disappointment on the failure to amend the constitution. In a statement, he expressed: Despite the deep disappointment, Shafie said the result of the voting is not the end of their struggle for equalities but instead its just becoming the first one after 55 years with the struggle will continues by all means, adding that he refuse to blaming anyone on the result when asked by the media whether he thought their counterpart Sarawak was to be blame for placing their politics above the bill with the Sabah government would continue their co-
9505980
Twenty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India


The Twenty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India, officially known as The Constitution (Twenty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1971, enables Parliament to dilute Fundamental Rights through Amendments of the Constitution. It also amended article 368 to provide expressly that Parliament has power to amend any provision of the Constitution. The amendment further made it obligatory for the President to give his assent, when a Constitution Amendment Bill was presented to him. The 24th Amendment was enacted, by the Congress government headed by Indira Gandhi, to abrogate the
15728175
American Family Association


" to counter the SPLC, and they took out full page ads in two Washington D.C. newspapers, defending their work "to protect and promote natural marriage and the family." The advertisement stated the "undersigned stand in solidarity" with the organizations designated as hate groups, and that they "support the vigorous but responsible exercise of the First Amendment rights of free speech and religious liberty that are the birthright of all Americans." House Speaker-Designate John Boehner and the governors of Louisiana, Minnesota and Virginia were among those
2026731
Immigration reduction in the United States


birthright citizenship, through a constitutional amendment or a congressional act. Denial of public benefits to undocumented individuals is believed to remove the incentives and rewards for illegal immigrants. The 1994 California Proposition 187 and the 2004 Arizona Proposition 200 "Protect Arizona Now" were written to require proof of legal status in order to receive non-mandated benefits. Many who support reduced immigration numbers oppose association with the more extreme groups. The Federation for American Immigration Reform has spoken out in 2004 against the views of another reductionist leader, Virginia Abernethy,
20317729
Birthright citizenship in the United States


office. Throughout the history of the United States, the fundamental legal principle governing citizenship has been that birth within the United States grants U.S. citizenship; although enslaved persons and children of enslaved mothers, under the principle of "partus sequitur ventrem", were excluded. The United States did not grant citizenship after the American Civil War to all former slaves until the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1866, which was subsequently confirmed by the Fourteenth Amendment. American Indian tribal members are not covered specifically by the constitutional guarantee. Those
5362125
Amendments to the Constitution of Canada


the Prairies (Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba) and the Atlantic (New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland and Labrador, and Prince Edward Island). In addition to the amendment listed in the following table, many important changes were made to the constitutional structure of Canada by adding entire extra documents to the Constitution. These include orders that added provinces to Canada, such as the "British Columbia Terms of Union" and documents that altered the structure of the government of Canada, such as the "Parliament of Canada Act,
15040668
Third Amendment of the Constitution of South Africa


The Third Amendment of the Constitution of South Africa made changes to allow the creation of municipalities that cross provincial boundaries. It was enacted by the Parliament of South Africa, signed by President Mandela on 20 October 1998, and came into force on the 30th of the same month. The changes it made were reversed in 2005 by the Twelfth Amendment. The amendment added two clauses to the Constitution. The first allowed municipal boundaries to be established across provincial boundaries by the agreement of the national and the relevant provincial governments, and provided
4300535
1978 California Proposition 8


Proposition 8 (or Senate Constitutional Amendment No. 67) was an amendment of the Constitution of California relating to the assessment of property values. It was proposed by the California State Legislature and approved by voters in a referendum held on 7 November 1978. The amendment was necessitated by the passage of Proposition 13 in June of the same year. Proposition 8 allowed for a reassessment of real property values in a declining market. For this purpose it amended Article 13A of the state constitution, which had been added by Proposition 13.
8311103
Fundamental rights in India


validity of 24th constitutional amendment is upheld by the Supreme Court (Constitutional amendments 25, 42, 44, 50, 77, 81, 85, 86, 93, and 97). Articles 31A and are added by the first constitutional amendment in 1951. Article 31B says that any acts and regulations included in the Ninth Schedule of the constitution by the Parliament can override the fundamental rights and such laws cannot be repealed or made void by the judiciary on the grounds of violating fundamental rights. Thus fundamental rights given in are
13026596
Patriation Reference


consent. Under the leadership of Prime Minister Pierre Elliot Trudeau, the federal government of Canada sought to patriate the Constitution. Specifically, the aim of the government was to make a request to the United Kingdom Parliament—then the only body with the appropriate legal authority—to amend the Constitution of Canada, adding to it a domestic amendment formula (permitting Canada to henceforth modify the Constitution itself) and entrenching the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. "Canada would have its own constitution, with a procedure for making future amendments
21110843
Colorado Amendment 43


Colorado Amendment 43 was a referendum approved by the voters in 2006 that added a new section to Article II of the Colorado Constitution to define marriage in Colorado as only a union between one man and one woman. It passed with 56% of the vote. On November 3, 1992, Colorado voters approved Amendment 2, which added language to the state constitution that prohibited the state and all of its subdivisions from allowing "homosexual, lesbian or bisexual orientation, conduct, practices or relationships" to provide the basis for any "
13763651
Parental Rights Amendment to the United States Constitution


The Parental Rights Amendment was proposed multiple times in the 112th Congress. On January 5, 2011, Rep. John Fleming (R-LA) proposed the Parental Rights Amendment without the additional section added in S.J.Res.16; it was numbered H.J.Res.3. It was referred to the Subcommittee on the Constitution on January 24, 2011. It received 17 cosponsors. On March 29, 2012, Rep. Trent Franks (R-AZ), chairman of the Subcommittee on the Constitution, proposed the Parental Rights Amendment with a slightly modified first section;
14642269
Constitutional amendment


referenda" of "Part Seven: Final Provisions" The Turkish constitution was adopted and implemented in 1982. , it had been amended 21 times. Every amendment which has been approved into the document was passed by the people through a constitutional referendum that occurred in 2017. This means that all twenty-one amendments were added at the same time. Due to the contents that it would exponentially extend presidential tenure as well as controversies about electoral misconduct, the referendum was intensely controversial. Global attention was drawn to it both before and
17913144
Burrow-Giles Lithographic Co. v. Sarony


of 1790, and that etchings and engravings were added when it was first amended in 1802. The members of Congress that passed these first copyright acts were contemporaries of the Framers of the Constitution, and many of them attended the Constitutional Convention itself. As such, their interpretation of the Constitution, Justice Miller wrote, "is of itself entitled to very great weight, and when it is remembered that the rights thus established have not been disputed during a period of nearly a century, it is almost conclusive." Even if
1460161
Birthright citizenship in the United States


the Articles of Confederation, free blacks had already been considered citizens in five states and carried that citizenship forward when the Constitution was ratified. Justice Curtis wrote: The first section of the second article of the Constitution uses the language "a natural-born citizen". It thus assumes that citizenship may be acquired by birth. Undoubtedly, this language of the Constitution was used in reference to that principle of public law, well understood in the history of this country at the time of the adoption of the Constitution, which referred
5362130
Twelfth Amendment of the Constitution of South Africa


Mount Currie enclave of KwaZulu-Natal surrounded by the Eastern Cape. The Twelfth Amendment added to the constitution Schedule 1A, entitled "Geographical Areas of Provinces", which listed for each province a series of maps depicting the boundaries of the district municipalities that made up the territory of the province. These maps were published by the Municipal Demarcation Board in . The amendment also replaced section 103 of the constitution; the original text of this section defined the provincial boundaries by reference to the 1993 constitution, while the substituted text defined them
10635927
Amendments to the Constitution of Bangladesh


A new Article 47A was also added, which specified that certain fundamental rights will be inapplicable in those cases. Second amendment of the constitution was passed on 22 September 1973 that suspended some of the fundamental rights of the citizens during a state of emergency. The act made following changes to the constitution: Third Amendment was passed on 28 November 1974 that brought changes in Article 2 of the constitution. An agreement was made between Bangladesh and India in respect of exchange of certain enclaves and fixation of boundary lines between the countries. The
8472844
Proposed 2019 amendment to the Constitution of Malaysia


how the hastily proposed amendment could restore the position of Sabah and Sarawak. She also noted the absence of several Sarawak PH MPs when the bill was tabled during its first reading on 4 April and added stated her desire for a deferral of the amendment to a select committee for an in-depth review, with an eye towards ensuring related legislation is also amended accordingly. Nonetheless, she called for members of Gabungan Parti Sarawak (GPS) and Pakatan Harapan (PH) to come together in a show of bipartisanship and to cooperate
9505955
Direct democracy


oversight provisions. Modern-era citizen lawmaking began in the towns of Switzerland in the 13th century. In 1847, the Swiss added the "statute referendum" to their national constitution. They soon discovered that merely having the power to veto Parliament's laws was not enough. In 1891, they added the "constitutional amendment initiative". Swiss politics since 1891 have given the world a valuable experience base with the national-level constitutional amendment initiative. In the past 120 years, more than 240 initiatives have been put to referendums
11264693
Semi-direct democracy


1847, the Swiss added the "statute referendum" to their national constitution. They soon discovered that merely having the power to veto Parliament's laws was not enough. In 1891, they added the "constitutional amendment initiative". Swiss politics since 1891 have given the world a valuable experience base with the national-level constitutional amendment initiative. In the past 120 years, more than 240 initiatives have been put to referendums. The populace has been conservative, approving only about 10% of these initiatives; in addition, they
4319833
Sword and Crown


that Colin McComb, co-designer of the original Birthright rules, "supplies plenty of staging tips and helpful NPCs — too helpful, some might say", noting that a bandit conveniently volunteers too much information about his family at one point. He admitted that the adventure doesn't break any new ground, and relies on "AD&D" conventions rather than concepts unique to the Birthright setting, so that the adventure acts as a bridge "intended to ease the transition from standard "AD&D" to the more sophisticated Birthright setting
1369618