who was the president of the first buddhist council held at rajagriha
Dharani


According to the traditional belief in Tibetan texts, states Jose Cabezon – the Dalai Lama professor of Tibetan Buddhism studies, there were three councils and the term "dharani" was recorded and became the norm after the third council. The first council, according to this belief, compiled the "Sutranta", the "Vinaya" and the "Abhidhamma" in Vimalabhada to the south of Rajagriha in India. The first council was held in the year Buddha died, but the compiled dhamma consisted of spoken words that were not written
3846137
Fourth Buddhist council


Fourth Buddhist Council is the name of two separate Buddhist council meetings. The first one was held in Sri Lanka and is traditionally attributed to the 1st century BCE. In this fourth Buddhist council the Theravadin Pali Canon was for the first time committed to writing, on palm leaves. The second one was held by the Sarvastivada school, in Kashmir around the 1st century CE. The Fourth Buddhist council of Theravada Buddhism was held at the Anuradhapura Maha Viharaya in Sri Lanka under the patronage of Valagamba of Anuradhapura in 25 BCE, but
10536175
Pataliputra


Gangetic plains during Magadha's early imperial period. It was a great centre of trade and commerce and attracted merchants and intellectuals, such as the famed Chanakya, from all over India. Two important early Buddhist councils are recorded in early Buddhist texts as being held here, the First Buddhist council immediately following the death of the Buddha and the Second Buddhist council in the reign of Ashoka. Jain and Brahmanical sources identify Udayabhadra, son of Ajatashatru, as the king who first established Pataliputra as the capital of Magadha. During the reign
16538484
History of Buddhism


the community. Modern scholarship has questioned the accuracy and historicity of these traditional accounts. The first Buddhist council is traditionally said to have been held just after Buddha's Parinirvana, and presided over by Mahākāśyapa, one of His most senior disciples, at Rājagṛha (today's Rajgir) with the support of king Ajāthaśatru. According to Charles Prebish, almost all scholars have questioned the historicity of this first council. Over time, these two monastic fraternities would further divide into various Early Buddhist Schools. The Sthaviras gave birth to a large
6903642
Jivakarama vihara


The Jivakarama vihara, also Jivaka Amravana vihara ("Amra-vana" means "mango garden"), Jivakamravana, Jivakamrabana or Jivakavanarama, is an ancient Buddhist monastery, or vihara, established at the time of the Buddha. The location, on the outside of Rajagriha just below the Gijjhakuta hill, was originally a mango orchard which was donated to the samgha by the famous royal doctor Jivaka, who was in the service of king Bimbisara. Jivaka built a monastery on the location and also donated it to the samgha.
6783516
Moggaliputta-Tissa


some monks had been murdered by royal officials attempting to force them to hold the uposatha."" The "Samantapāsādikā" then states that Moggaliputtatissa instructed Ashoka in the Buddha Dhamma for seven days, after which Ashoka summoned all the monks to the Aśokārāma to question them on Buddhist doctrine. Ashoka was able to recognize those who were non-Buddhists and expelled all of them (60,000 monks). After this purification of the sangha, the uposatha ceremony was held and the Third Buddhist Council was convened in the Aśokārāma, presided over
3862555
Bimbisara


of the Buddha. Bimbisara—according to Hiuen Tsang—built the city of Rajgir (Rajagriha), famous in Buddhist writings (others attribute the city's foundation to his successor). He was succeeded on the throne by his son Ajatashatru. Bimbisara was the son of Bhattiya, a chieftain. He ascended to throne at the age of 15 in 543 BC. He established the Haryanka dynasty laid the foundations of Magadha by fortification of a village, which later became the city of Pataliputra. Bimbisara's first capital was at
8625673
First Buddhist council


The First Buddhist council was a gathering of senior monks of the Buddhist order convened just after Gautama Buddha's death in ca. 400 BCE. The story of the gathering is recorded in the Vinaya Pitaka of the Theravadins and Sanskrit Buddhist schools. It is regarded as canonical by all schools of Buddhism, but in the absence of evidence from outside the Buddhist sutras some scholars have expressed doubts as to the event's historicity. A council of 500 Arahants was held at Rajgir (Sanskrit: Rājagṛha) three months following the Buddha's
10536106
Ānanda


from the passions". According to the texts, the First Buddhist Council was held in Rājagaha. In the first "vassa" after the Buddha had died, the presiding monk Mahākassapa () called upon Ānanda to recite the discourses he had heard, as a representative on this council. There was a rule issued that only enlightened disciples ("arahants") were allowed to attend the council, to prevent mental afflictions from clouding the disciples' memories. Ānanda had, however, not attained enlightenment yet, in contrast with
1593773
Buddhist councils


to complete. Although the Sarvastivada are no longer extant as an independent school, its traditions were inherited by the Mahayana tradition. The late Professor Etienne Lamotte, an eminent Buddhologist, held that Kanishka's Council was fictitious. However, David Snellgrove, another eminent Buddhologist, considers the Theravada account of the Third Council and the Sarvastivada account of the Fourth Council "equally tendentious," illustrating the uncertain veracity of much of these histories. Another Buddhist Council, this time presided by Theravada monks took place in Mandalay, Burma, in
18198648
Buddhist councils


304–232 BCE). It was held at Vaishali under the patronage of King Kalasoka and the presidency of Sabakami. In striking contrast to the uniform accounts of the Second Council, there are records of several possible "Third Councils". These different versions function to authorize the founding of one particular school or other. According to the Theravāda commentaries and chronicles, the Third Buddhist Council was convened by the Mauryan king Ashoka at Pātaliputra (today's Patna), under the leadership of the monk Moggaliputta Tissa. Its objective was to purify
18198637
Third Buddhist council


The Third Buddhist council was convened in about 250 BCE at Asokarama in Pataliputra, supposedly under the patronage of Emperor Ashoka. This is however disputed, as mention of the council never appears in the Edicts of Ashoka. The traditional reason for convening the Third Buddhist Council is reported to have been to rid; corruption, the enemies who in guise of supporters infiltrated the Sangha, and monks who held heretical views. The council recommended the ruler Ashoka to expel sixty thousand brahmanic spies as well as reevaluate the Pāli Canon. It was
10536156
Buddhist councils


the Mahavihara Theravada lineage may be regarded as equivalent in significance by other traditions. The earliest councils — for which there is little historical evidence outside of the sutras — are regarded as canonical events by every Buddhist tradition, while some later councils have primarily been concerned only with the Theravada tradition. According to the scriptures of all Buddhist schools, the first Buddhist Council was held soon after the death of the Buddha, dated by the majority of recent scholars around 400 BCE, under the patronage of the king Ajatashatru with the monk Mahakasyapa
18198633
Tampalawela Dhammaratana


in 2006 in recognition of exceptional contribution in promotion of inter-cultural dialogue and Culture of Peace. 1. President, International Council for Buddhist Development in Sri Lanka (since 2010) 2. President, Buddhist Humanities Action (since 2008) 3. Vice-Chair, International Council of the United Nations Day of Vesak (since 2004) 4. President, French Buddhist Union, (2000-2002) 5. Vice-President, World Fellowship of Buddhists (since 1998) 6. Executive Board Member, World Buddhist
9603501
History of Buddhism


, where Buddhism became popular among some Indian intellectuals. One of these was the lawyer [[B. R. Ambedkar]] (1891–1956), leader of the [[Dalit Buddhist movement]], who urged low caste Indian [[Dalit|Dalits]] to convert to Buddhism. In [[Myanmar|Burma]], a central modern figure is [[King Mindon]] (r. 1853–78), who presided over the [[Fifth Buddhist council|5th Buddhist council]] (1868-71) where different editions of the [
6903723
Dharmachari Subhuti


Dharmachari Subhuti, originally Alex Kennedy, is a senior associate of Sangharakshita, founder of the Triratna Buddhist Community (formerly the Friends of the Western Buddhist Order (FWBO)), and President of the London Buddhist Centre. He has held various positions of leadership and has been instrumental in many developments in the community. Subhuti was influential in the building of the London Buddhist Centre, which opened in 1978, and he helped to raise funds from the Greater London Council for its completion. He developed training for men preparing to be
3899062
Sāriputta Thera


Sāriputta Thera was a 12th century Sri Lankan scholar monk of Theravada Buddhism. He was the first leader ("Mahasvami") of the Sri Lankan Buddhist Sangha after Parakramabahu I's reforms and one of Theravada's greatest exegetes. He was the student of Mahakassapa Thera, who presided over the Buddhist council convened by Parakramabahu I and was likely present at the council himself. He was later abbot of the Jetavana Vihara of Polonnaruwa. He wrote at least five sub-commentaries (tika) on Buddhaghosa's commentaries to the Pali Canon
7012783
Buddhist councils


was called at Kaba Aye in Yangon (formerly Rangoon) in 1954, 83 years after the fifth one was held in Mandalay. It was sponsored by the Burmese Government led by the then Prime Minister, the Honourable U Nu. He authorized the construction of the Maha Passana Guha, the "great cave", an artificial cave very much like India's Sattapanni Cave where the first Buddhist Council had been held. Upon its completion The Council met on 17 May 1954. As in the case of the preceding councils, its
18198651
Juliana Awada


the European Council President Donald Tusk, the High Representative of the European Union for Foreign Affairs, Federica Mogherini. The President and the First Lady were received by King Philip and Queen Mathilde at the Royal Palace of Brussels. On September, 2016 Awada accompanied her husband to the G-20 Summit held in Hangzhou, China. During the summit, she fulfilled a personal agenda, on her first day visited a buddhist temple and a pedestrian street of handicrafts. At the next day she visited the Zhejiang University and participate in an activity at
7472691
1998 Temple of the Tooth attack


of mind that I express my shock and profound sorrow on the extensive damage caused by terrorists to the sacred "Sri Dalada Maligawa" [Temple of the Tooth], which is held in deep veneration by the entirely of the Buddhist world." President of the Hindu Council of Sri Lanka, Yogendra Duraiswamy stated that the Hindu Council is "deeply concerned at the cowardly attack perpetrated on the "Dalada Maligawa", the holiest temple of the Buddhists in Sri Lanka." The then Archbishop of Colombo, Nicholas Marcus Fernando stated
14806456
Buddhism in Kashmir


Buddhist Council was held in Kashmir, under the presidency of Katyayaniputra, in Kanishka's time. The south Indian Buddhist philosopher Nagarjuna lived in Kashmir during the Kushana period. During the reign of Abhimanyu, which in Kalhana's chronicle follows that of Kanishka, Buddhist scholars under the guidance of Nagarjuna defeated the Shaivite clergy in debates, encouraging people to choose Buddhism. However, during the time of Chandradeva, revival of knowledge of the works of Patanjali, like the Mahabhashya which had become rare, led to a resurgence of Shaivism.
6726805
Sixth Buddhist council


the day marking the 2500-year celebration of Gautama Buddha's Parinibbāna according to traditional Theravada dating. The Sixth Council was sponsored by the Burmese Government led by Prime Minister U Nu. He authorized the construction of the Kaba Aye Pagoda and the Mahapasana Guha or "Great Cave" in which the work of the council took place. This venue was designed to be like the cave in which the First Buddhist council was held. As in the preceding councils, the Sixth Council's aim was to affirm and preserve the genuine Dhamma and Vinaya
10536217
Thul Hairo Khan (Buddhist Stupa)


particularly through the realm of Ashoka the Great. During the time of Mauryan rule Sindhi monks (Bhikshus) had attended the second and third Buddhist councils held in 278 BC and 253 BC. Faxian who came to Sindh in 641 CE and had recorded eighty-eight thousands stupas up to borders of Sindh. Sindh was hub of Buddhism during Rai Dynasty. Chach was a pioneer of Brahman dynasty of Sindh. His brother Chandra was Buddhist. According to Chach Nama, a first written source material on history of Sindh, during the
8372255
History of India


Rajagriha (modern Rajgir) then Pataliputra (modern Patna). Magadha expanded to include most of Bihar and Bengal with the conquest of Licchavi and Anga respectively, followed by much of eastern Uttar Pradesh and Orissa. The ancient kingdom of Magadha is heavily mentioned in Jain and Buddhist texts. It is also mentioned in the Ramayana, Mahabharata and Puranas. The earliest reference to the Magadha people occurs in the Atharva-Veda where they are found listed along with the Angas, Gandharis, and Mujavats. Magadha played an important role in
13985508
Ayodhya


developed into an urban settlement by the 5th or 6th-century BCE. The site is identified as the location of the ancient Saketa city, which probably emerged as a marketplace located at the junction of the two important roads, the Shravasti-Pratishthana north-south road, and the Rajagriha-Varanasi-Shravasti-Taxila east-west road. Ancient Buddhist texts, such as "Samyutta Nikaya", state that Saketa was located in the Kosala kingdom ruled by Prasenajit (or Pasenadi; c. 6th-5th century BCE), whose
19511250
Allakappa


Allakappa was, in Buddhist tradition, one of the eight republics to whom were given the relics of the Buddha upon his death, or Parinirvana. Initially, the relics had been kept exclusively by the Mallas of Kusinagara, where the Buddha died, but following the "War of the relics", the relics were spread between eight cities or Republics by Drona the Brahmin. The seven other Republics or cities were Rajagriha, Vaishali, Kapilavastu, Ramagrama, Pava, Kushinagar, and Vethapida. The people of Allakappa were called the
20306026
Sixth Buddhist council


The Sixth Buddhist Council (; ; ) was a general council of Theravada Buddhism, held in a specially built cave and pagoda complex at Kaba Aye Pagoda in Yangon, Burma. The council was attended by 2500 monastics from eight Theravada Buddhist countries. The Council lasted from Vesak 1954 to Vesak 1956, its completion coinciding with the traditional 2500th anniversary of the Gautama Buddha's Parinibbna. In the tradition of past Buddhist councils, a major purpose of the Sixth Council was to preserve the Buddha's teachings and practices as understood in the Theravada
10536215
List of Presidents of Uruguay


Uruguay is a presidential republic in which the President () is both the head of state and head of government. The following is a list of all the people who have held the office of President of Uruguay since 6 November 1830 (when the first constitution was adopted), with the exception of those who held the office of "President" under the National Council of Government, which served as the country's executive directory from 1955 to 1967. The first president of this list is Fructuoso Rivera, who held the office
15585310
Architecture of India


mostly long, oblong building as well, which remind of the construction of several of the Barabar caves. The Buddha is said to have been treated once in the monastery, after having been injured by Devadatta. Religious buildings in the form of the Buddhist stupa, a dome shaped monument, started to be used in India as commemorative monuments associated with storing sacred relics of the Buddha. The relics of the Buddha were spread between eight stupas, in Rajagriha, Vaishali, Kapilavastu, Allakappa, Ramagrama, Pava, Kushinagar, and
1927202
Avanti (Ancient India)


of Magadha fortified Rajagriha to protect it from an invasion led by Pradyota. He also waged war on Pushkarasarin, king of Takshashila Pradyota's chief queen Gopalamata (mother of prince Gopala) was a disciple of Buddhist monk Mahakatyayana and constructed a stupa in Ujjayini. Prodyota had two sons, Gopala and Palaka. He was succeeded by Palaka. According to Jaina accounts Palaka ascended to the throne on the day of passing away of Mahavira. According to the Kathasaritsagara and the "Avashyaka Kathanaka", the kingdom of Vatsa was already a
3580663
Stupa


the form of the Buddhist stupa, a dome shaped monument, started to be used in India as commemorative monuments associated with storing sacred relics of the Buddha. After the parinirvana of the Buddha, his remains were cremated and the ashes divided and buried under eight mounds with two further mounds encasing the urn and the embers. The relics of the Buddha were spread between eight stupas, in Rajagriha, Vaishali, Kapilavastu, Allakappa, Ramagrama, Pava, Kushinagar, and Vethapida. The Piprahwa stupa also seems to have been one of
3617985
Saptaparni Cave


Saptparni Cave, also referred to as Sapta parni guha(Skr.) or Sattapanni guha(Pali), literally Seven(cognate with sapta, sept)-leaves-cave , is a Buddhist cave site about southwest from Rajgir, Bihar, India. It is embedded in a hill. The Saptaparni Cave is important in the Buddhist tradition, because many believe it to be the site in which Buddha spent some time before his death, and where the first Buddhist council was held after Buddha died (paranirvana). It is here that a council of few hundred monks
21394512
Prime Minister of Denmark


a new bicameral parliament () and a Council Presidum, headed by a Council President. The Council Presidium is regarded as the predecessor of the modern Prime Minister's Office. The first Council President was Adam Wilhelm Moltke, who came to power on 22 March 1848. Molte and his next two successors also held the title of , which translates as "prime minister". From 1855 onwards the Prime Minister was known simply as the "Council President" (). Carl Christian Hall became the first Prime Minister/Council President
770749
Nicolas Notovitch


rather than take a wife, leaves his home to wander with a caravan of merchants to India (Sindh), to study the laws of the great Buddhas. Issa is welcomed by the Jains, but leaves them to spend time among the Buddhists, and spends six years among them, learning Pali and mastering their religious texts. Issa spent six years studying and teaching at Jaganath, Rajagriha, and other holy cities. At 29, Issa returns to his own country and begins to preach. He visits Jerusalem, where Pilate
7060469
History of the Indo-Greek Kingdom


putting a stop to their expansion. There may also have been setbacks in the east. The Hathigumpha inscription, written by the king of Kalinga, Kharavela, also describes the presence of the "Yavana" king whose name has been identified as "Demetrius" with his army in eastern India, apparently as far as the city of Rajagriha about 70 km southeast of Pataliputra and one of the foremost Buddhist sacred cities, but claims that this Demetrius ultimately retreated to Mathura on hearing of Kharavela's military successes further south: The interpretation
904417
University of ancient Taxila


, Aṅgulimāla, a close follower of the Buddha, and Jivaka, court doctor at Rajagriha and personal doctor of the Buddha. According to Stephen Batchelor, the Buddha may have been influenced by the experiences and knowledge acquired by some of his closest followers in the foreign capital of Taxila. A Buddhist story about Aṅgulimāla (also called Ahiṃsaka, and later a close follower of Buddha), relates how his parents send him to Taxila to study under a well-known teacher. There he excels in his studies and becomes the teacher
9612147
Sik Kok Kwong


Sik Kok Kwong, (16 May 1919 – 16 November 2014) was a Tiantai Buddhist monk from Hong Kong and the first president of the Hong Kong Buddhist Association. He was also the Honorary Vice President of the World Buddhist Sangha Council, a member of the Hong Kong Basic Law Drafting Committee, and a Hong Kong Affairs Advisor. Born Gu Chenghai (谷成海) in Haicheng, Liaoning, Kok Kwong exhibited interest in Buddhism at an early age. At the age of nine, he left the home life and ordained as
1983998
Buddhist councils


identifies as "Mahadeva". This version of events emphasizes the purity of the Kasmiri Sarvastivadins, who are portrayed as descended from the arahants who fled persecution due to Mahadeva. By the time of the Fourth Buddhist councils, Buddhism had long since splintered into different schools. The Theravada had a Fourth Buddhist Council in the first century BCE in Tambapanni, i.e. Sri Lanka, at Aloka Lena now Alu Vihara during the time of King Vattagamani-Abaya. However it should be clarified that an anonymous local chieftain had given patronage and not
18198644
Buddhism


, similar to the First Council, that helped compose Buddhist scriptures. The Second Buddhist council resulted in the first schism in the Sangha, probably caused by a group of reformists called Sthaviras who split from the conservative majority Mahāsāṃghikas. After unsuccessfully trying to modify the Vinaya, a small group of "elderly members", i.e. "sthaviras", broke away from the majority Mahāsāṃghika during the Second Buddhist council, giving rise to the Sthavira Nikaya. The Sthaviras gave rise to several schools, one of which was the Theravada school.
11285567
Magadha


the area of Bihar south of the Ganges; its first capital was Rajagriha (modern day Rajgir), then Pataliputra (modern Patna). Rajagriha was initially known as 'Girivrijja' and later came to be known as so during the reign of Ajatashatru. Magadha expanded to include most of Bihar and Bengal with the conquest of Vajji confederation and Anga, respectively. The kingdom of Magadha eventually came to encompass Bihar, Jharkhand, Orissa, West Bengal, eastern Uttar Pradesh, and the areas that are today the nations of Bangladesh
7804603
History of Buddhism


[Pāli Canon|Pali Canon]] where cross-checked and a final version was inscribed on [[Tripiṭaka tablets at Kuthodaw Pagoda|729 stone slabs, currently still the world's largest book]]. A new meditation movement arose, called the [[Vipassana movement]], beginning with figures such as [[Medawi]] (1728–1816), who was instrumental in the promotion of Buddhist meditation practices. In 1956, Burmese politician [[U Nu]] presided over the [[Sixth Buddhist council|sixth council]],
6903724
Second Buddhist council


The Second Buddhist council took place at Vaishali approximately in 383 BCE, seventy years after the Buddha's parinirvāṇa. The Second Council resulted in the first schism in the Sangha, probably caused by a group of rigorist reformists called Sthaviras who split from the majority Mahāsāṃghikas. After unsuccessfully trying to modify the Vinaya, a small group of "elderly members", i.e. "sthaviras", broke away from the majority Mahāsāṃghika during the Second Buddhist council, giving rise to the Sthavira sect. The Second Council is commonly said to have resulted
1201706
Thus have I heard


regard to how the text was originally intended to be read. The formula has also been used in later Mahāyāna and Vajrayāna discourses. According to Buddhist tradition—based on the commentary to the Dīgha Nikāya—the formula was first used by the disciple Ānanda during the First Buddhist Council held at Rājagṛha (present-day Rajgir). At this gathering, the Buddhist Canon was established, and Ānanda was given the role of 'rapporteur' () of the Buddha's teachings, being the personal attendant of the Buddha. The
14474955
Baotong Temple


abbot Wenxian () refurbished and redecorated the temple. On November 24, 1935, the President Li Yuanhong's surpassing ceremony was held in Baotong Temple. After the founding of the Communist State in 1952, Wuhan Municipal Government has allocated a large sum of money for constructing the temple. Baotong Temple has been inscribed as a National Key Buddhist Temple in Han Chinese Area by the State Council of China in 1983. In 1994, the Wuchang Buddhist College was elected in Baotong Temple. The Mahavira Hall was completed in April 2005.
13458473
Trần Ngọc Châu


Da Nang (most of whose soldiers Châu describes as Catholics originally from northern Vietnam and anti-Buddhist). A Buddhist elder who arrived from Huế (Châu's hometown, about 100 km. north of Da Nang) endorsed Châu to his co-religionists as a loyal Buddhist. As Da Nang mayor he ordered the release of Buddhists held in detention by the army. When an army colonel refused to obey Châu, he called President Diệm who quickly replaced the rebellious colonel. "The city returned to near-normal.
11317038
World Buddhist Sangha Council


The World Buddhist Sangha Council (WBSC) is an international non-government organisation (NGO) whose objectives are to develop the exchanges of the Buddhist religious and monastic communities of the different traditions worldwide, and help to carry out activities for the transmission of Buddhism. It was founded in Colombo, Sri Lanka in May 1966. WBSC's current President is Ven. Liao Zhong () of Taiwan; its Honorary President is Sik Kok Kwong () of Hong Kong, Thich Tam-Chau () of Canada. Among the
7668832
Nyanaponika Thera


Ven. Mahasi Sayadaw Thera. The experience he gathered motivated him to write his best-known work, "The Heart of Buddhist Meditation", published by the Buddhist Publication Society. This work was reprinted in many editions, and was translated into more than seven languages. In 1954, the teacher and the pupil returned to Burma for the opening ceremonies of the Sixth Buddhist Council, which was held in a cave-like structure built similar to the Sattaprani Caves in Rajagaha (Rajgir), India, where the First Buddhist
2061972
MITRA Youth Buddhist Network


topics. The MITRA Youth Buddhist Network has, since 2004, organised an annual Buddhist conference. Traditionally held in July, except for 2010 which was held in May to coincide with the Buddhist Festival Month celebrations run by the Buddhist Council of New South Wales. The MITRA Buddhist Conference is convened by a member, or members, of MITRA inviting local and international learned speakers to give talks and lead discussions at the Conference. Run and managed entirely by volunteers, the MITRA Buddhist Conference relies on the goodwill of the community in keeping
1608428
Reiyūkai


RIOCR) opened its office in Cambodia. The next year, Reiyūkai International Committee was inaugurated. In 1994, the Tenth International Youth Year Speech Festival was held in Kathmandu, Nepal. In 1996 Tsugunari Kubo resigned as President of Reiyūkai and Yae Hamaguchi became her successor. The Reiyūkai-sponsored Lumbini International Research Institute (LIRI) was inaugurated in Nepal and the International College for Advance Buddhist Studies (ICABS) was established in Tokyo. The First Reiyūkai Supervisory Council was inaugurated. In 1999, Reiyūkai established Japanese and English homepages on
16475500
Bhāṇaka


pre-literary period of these traditions is available. The earliest evidence for the association of monks known as bhāṇaka with knowledge and recitation of specific parts of the Buddhist canon dates to the 2nd or 3rd Century BCE. All schools of Buddhism agree that shortly after the death of the Buddha, a council of his senior students was held to clarify and record his teachings. At this gathering (known as the First Buddhist Council), Upali was questioned regarding the contents of the Vinaya and Ananda was similarly questioned regarding the Dhamma.
19213651
Second Buddhist council


the Buddha's parinibbāna he told Ananda that the community may (unanimously) relinquish the minor rules of the Vinaya but at the First Buddhist Council there was uncertainty about which rules he was referring to and it was unanimously decided to keep the Vinaya as it was during the Buddha's lifetime. However, 100 years later some monks felt that certain rules could be relaxed. The Second Buddhist Council made the unanimous decision not to relax any of the rules, and censured the behaviour of the monks who were accused of violating the "
1201715
Early Buddhist schools


source for understanding their doctrinal similarities and differences. According to the scriptures ("Cullavagga" XI.1 ff), three months after the passing of Gautama Buddha, the first council was held at Rajagaha by some of his disciples who had attained arahantship. At this point, Theravāda tradition maintains that no conflict about what the Buddha taught occurred; the teachings were divided into various parts and each was assigned to an elder and his pupils to commit to memory. The accounts of the council in the scriptures of the schools differ as to
12894487
President of the European Union


, or "configuration"), except for the Foreign Affairs Council (one so-called "configuration" of the Council of the EU), which is usually chaired by the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy. The Presidency of the Council of the European Union has been held by Finland (and by extension Prime Minister Antti Rinne) since 1 July 2019. According to protocol, it is the President of the Parliament who comes first, as it is listed first in the treaties. However
5451963
George Hoshida


Buddhist who served at a Buddhist temple. Hoshida also became president of a Hawaii Island Judo Federation. He married and had a family. After the 1941 Pearl Harbor attack, many Japanese Americans were interned in camps. Japanese nationals, such as Hoshida, were picked up on fear of divided loyalties and initially held in Kilauea Military Camp on Hawaii in 1942. During this period he drew his first known picture of this period, "Kilauea Military Detention Camp". Hoshida taught other internees the art of drawing. In 1942 Hoshida
21354233
Thupstan Chhewang


career as a political activist in the year 1972, when he along with some other youths organised a protest when Syed Mir Qasim visited Ladakh and was imprisoned for twenty days.He spearheaded the agitations for inclusion of the Ladakhis as Scheduled Tribes, autonomy for the region demanding the status of Union Territory for Ladakh. He served as the President of the Ladakh Buddhist Association from 1988 to 1995. He became the first Chief Executive Councilor of the local autonomous administrative body, Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Leh  when elections were held for
10965381
Chitrasena


boy's talents. D.B. Jayatilake, who was Vice-chairman of the board of Ministers under British council administration, Buddhist scholar, founder and first President of the Colombo Y.M.B.A, freedom fighter, Leader of the State Council and Minister of Home Affairs, was a great source of encouragement to the young dancer. Chitrasena learnt Kandyan dance from Algama Kiriganithaya Gurunnanse, Muddanawe Appuwa Gurunnanse, Bevilgamuwe Lnpaya Gurunnanse. Having mastered the traditional Kandyan dance, his 'Ves Bandeema' ceremony of graduation by placing the 'Ves Thattuwa' on the
3055342
Buddhist councils


presiding, at Sattapanni caves Rajgriha (now Rajgir). Its objective was to preserve the Buddha's sayings (suttas) and the monastic discipline or rules (Vinaya). The Suttas were recited by Ananda, and the Vinaya was recited by Upali. Western scholarship has suggested that the Abhidhamma Pitaka was likely composed starting after 300 BCE because of differences in language and content from other Sutta literature. Some scholars of Indian Buddhism have questioned the event's historicity. The circumstances surrounding the First Buddhist Council are recorded in the Vinaya Pitaka
18198634
Community of Christ


into vast geographical areas termed fields (which can include areas that are not adjoining, such as Australia and parts of Canada). Each field is presided over by a member of the Council of Twelve Apostles, who are collectively overseen by a member of the First Presidency, in his or her capacity of Director of Field Ministries (this role was previously held by the President of the Council of Twelve but followed the outgoing president when he joined the First Presidency in 2013). Fields are further divided into multiple Mission Centers,
9392339
Politics of Cuba


who held the title of First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba. As of 2018 Miguel Díaz-Canel is now the president of Cuba. Executive power is exercised by the Government, which is represented by the Council of State and the Council of Ministers. Legislative power is exercised through the unicameral National Assembly of People's Power, which is constituted as the maximum authority of the state. With effect from 19 April 2018, Miguel Díaz-Canel is President of the Council of State and President of the Council of Ministers
21655640
Cambridge Buddhist Association


The Cambridge Buddhist Association was informally founded in 1957 when D.T. Suzuki moved to Cambridge, Massachusetts and befriended John and Elsie Mitchell, who ran a vast library of books on Buddhism and held zazen for various practitioners. The institution was incorporated in 1959 and remains active. In 1979 Maurine Stuart, a Rinzai rōshi, became President of the organization, and several influential Buddhist teachers in the United States have been members. The Cambridge Buddhist Association ceased to offer a place of practice in September 2011, when the property that housed the Zendo
20946984
Ordination of women


Dharma transmission in Zen Buddhism. Also in 2006, for the first time in American history, a Buddhist ordination was held where an American woman (Sister Khanti-Khema) took the Samaneri (novice) vows with an American monk (Bhante Vimalaramsi) presiding. This was done for the Buddhist American Forest Tradition at the Dhamma Sukha Meditation Center in Missouri. In 2010 the first Tibetan Buddhist nunnery in America (Vajra Dakini Nunnery in Vermont) was officially consecrated. It offers novice ordination and follows the Drikung Kagyu lineage of Buddhism
9809589
Mahākāśyapa


Maha Kasyapa or Mahākāśyapa (Pali: "Mahākassapa") or Kāśyapa was one of the principal disciples of Gautama Buddha. He came from the kingdom of Magadha. He became an arhat and was the disciple of the Buddha who was foremost in ascetic practice. Mahākāśyapa assumed the leadership of the Sangha following the death of the Buddha, presiding over the First Buddhist Council. He is considered to be the first patriarch in a number of Mahayana School dharma lineages. In the Theravada tradition, he is considered to be the Buddha's
11219704
1937 Madras Presidency Legislative Council election


The first legislative council election for the Madras Presidency after the establishment of a bicameral legislature by the Government of India Act of 1935 was held in February 1937. The Indian National Congress obtained a majority by winning 27 out of 46 seats in the Legislative Council for which the elections were held. This was the first electoral victory for the Congress in the presidency since elections were first conducted for the Council in 1920 and C. Rajagopalachari (Rajaji) became the Chief Minister. The Justice Party which had ruled the presidency for most of the
10519119
Malaysian Vajrayana


The Vajrayana Buddhist Council of Malaysia, or VBCM in short, is a council or umbrella body consisting of member organizations which represents all Vajrayana Buddhist traditions in Malaysia. It also accepts individuals who are inclined towards Vajrayana Buddhism as associate members. The VBCM is a council body whereby Buddhist Societies from the four Tibetan Buddhist Traditions in Malaysia work together under one umbrella to co-ordinate the religious activities of Vajrayana Buddhists. The motto of the council is: "To UPHOLD the Unity, Harmony and Understanding among Vajrayana Buddhist Organisations in Malaysia
15282636
Mahadeva (Buddhism)


Mahādeva (; ) is a controversial figure who appears in various roles in the histories of the early Buddhist schools. Various sources present Mahādeva as playing different roles, and the historical existence of such a person is often criticized. In sources deriving from the Sthaviravāda branch, he is taken to be the founder of the Mahāsāṃghikas, and the figure who caused the split between the two branches. According to this account, some 35 years after the Second Buddhist Council at Vaishali, there was another meeting over five points allegedly held by a
20451072
Buddhist councils


the main focus of interest for these Theravada histories, is Mahinda, who travelled to Sri Lanka where he founded the school we now know as Theravada. The Theravāda's own Dipavamsa records a quite different Council called the "Great Recital" (Mahāsangiti), which it claims was held by the reformed Vajjiputtakas following their defeat at the Second Council. The Dipavamsa criticizes the Mahasangitikas (who are the same as the Mahasanghikas) for rejecting various texts as non-canonical: the [Vinaya] Parivāra; the 6 books of the
18198641
Eurogroup


co-ordination and consultation forum on eurozone matters. The December 1997 European Council endorsed its creation and the first meeting was held on 4 June 1998 at Senningen Castle in Luxembourg . To begin with, the chair of the Eurogroup mirrored that of the rotating presidency of the Council of the European Union, except where the Council presidency was held by a non-eurozone country, in which case the chair was held by the next eurozone country that would hold the Council presidency. In 2004 the ministers decided to elect a president and
13357137
H. W. Amarasuriya


Later he was President of the All Ceylon Buddhist Congress as well as the Colombo Young Men's Buddhist Association. He was the president of Sri Lanka Regional Centre of the World Fellowship of Buddhists and was the vice president of the World Fellowship of Buddhists. He patronized the Mahabodi Society and held leadership of the Lanka Maha Bodhi Samagama as well. Henry Woodward Amarasuriya married Eileen Rachel Perera, eldest daughter of M. C. Perera of Panadura in 1928. They had a son, Mahiman and four daughters, Rukmani, Indrani, Priyani and
881557
Ancient church councils (pre-ecumenical)


. These were a prelude to the holding of the first assembly of all bishops, the First Council of Nicaea, the event that marked the end of the period of the ancient pre-ecumenical councils. The earliest known church councils were held in Asia Minor in the mid-2nd century. They condemned Montanism. One of these was held at Hierapolis, presided over by the local bishop, Apollinaris Claudius, and attended by 26 other bishops. Another council of 13 bishops was held at Anchialus under the presidency of Bishop Sotas. In
2362015
First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba


government), when those positions are held by different individuals. From 1961 until 2011, the position of First Secretary was held by Fidel Castro, who was Prime Minister of Cuba and, until 2008, President of the Council of State. The current first secretary is his brother, Raúl Castro, who was President and Prime Minister of Cuba from 2008 until 2018. The post was named in imitation of the office of First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, which was staffed by Leonid Brezhnev at the time
11426516
Soka Gakkai International


SGI) was formed at a world peace conference of Nichiren Buddhists on January 26, 1975, on the island of Guam. Representatives from 51 countries attended the meeting and chose Daisaku Ikeda, who served as third president of the Japanese Buddhist organization Soka Gakkai, to become the SGI's founding president. The SGI was created in part as a new international peace movement, and its founding meeting was held in Guam in a symbolic gesture referencing Guam's history as the site of some of World War II's bloodiest battles, and
16223089
Bhante Vimalaramsi


Khema) took the Samaneri (novice) vows with an American monk (Bhante Vimalaramsi) presiding, and this was done for the American Forest Tradition at the Dhamma Sukha Meditation Center. On May 17, 2011, he was conferred the title of Sasana Tilakana, by The Supreme Sangha Council of Bangladesh. It was awarded for his intense work on preserving and teaching the Buddha Dhamma in the West. Bhante Vimalaramsi is the first American born monk who has been named as the first U.S. Representative to the World Buddhist Supreme Conference in
16022945
Sanchi Stupa No. 2


Stupa number 3. The Stupa contained a relic box with four small caskets of steatite inside, containing human bones. An inscription in early Brahmi was found on the relic box, mentioning that it contained "the relics of all teachers, including Kasapagota and Vachi-Suvijayita". Besides, ten saints were mentioned on the caskets, who either participated to the Third Buddhist Council held under Ashoka, or were sent as emissaries to the Himalayas to preach the Buddhist doctrine. Among them is a "Mogaliputa",who may be Mogaliputa Tissa,
1386227
Tang dynasty


capable leader who listened to the advice of the wisest members of his council. In 628, Emperor Taizong held a Buddhist memorial service for the casualties of war, and in 629 he had Buddhist monasteries erected at the sites of major battles so that monks could pray for the fallen on both sides of the fight. This was during the Tang campaign against the Eastern Turks, a Turkic Khaganate that was destroyed after the capture of its ruler, Illig Qaghan by the famed Tang military officer Li Jing (571–649); who later
20866174
History of India


and West Bengal. King Bimbisara was overthrown and killed by his son, Prince Ajatashatru, who continued the expansionist policy of Magadha. During this period, Gautama Buddha, the founder of Buddhism, lived much of his life in Magadha kingdom. He attained enlightenment in Bodh Gaya, gave his first sermon in Sarnath and the first Buddhist council was held in Rajgriha. The Haryanka dynasty was overthrown by the Shishunaga dynasty. The last Shishunaga ruler, Kalasoka, was assassinated by Mahapadma Nanda in 345 BCE, the first of the so
13985510
Buddhist caves in India


, are located on the edge of the Deccan Plateau, where dramatic erosion has left massive sandstone outcrops. The area's many caves and grottos have yielded primitive tools and decorative rock paintings. During the time of the Buddha (c. 563/480 or c. 483/400 BCE), Buddhist monks were also in the habit of using natural caves, such as the Saptaparni Cave, southwest from Rajgir, Bihar. Many believe it to be the site in which Buddha spent some time before his death, and where the first Buddhist council was held
7077049
Mahajanapadas


, Kushagrapura and Bimbisarapuri. It was an active center of [[Jainism]] in ancient times. The first [[Buddhist Council]] was held in Rajagaha in the Vaibhara Hills. Later on, [[Pataliputra]] became the capital of Magadha. The [[Malla (India)|Mallas]] are frequently mentioned in Buddhist and [[Jain]] works. They were a powerful people dwelling in Northern South Asia. According to Mahabharata, Panduputra Bhimasena is said to have conquered the chief of the Mallas/
17884196
Malaysian Vajrayana


." In 1998, with the encouragement of the Malaysian Government, a Malaysian Buddhist Coordinating Committee (MBCC) was formed, consisting of several national Buddhist councils. At that time, there was no council representing the Vajrayana Buddhist organizations in Malaysia. Hence, a proposal to form a council representing Vajrayana Buddhist organizations was first mooted in 1998. At the same time, the number of Tibetan-based Buddhist organizations had increased and there was a need for a representation of the Vajrayana Buddhist Community in dealing with the Government and other
15282637
Shi Yinshun


Shi Yinshun (; born 1974), courtesy name Yuanli (), is a Chinese Buddhist monk, Chan master and religious leader who serves as vice president of the Buddhist Association of China. He held several abbatial posts, such as abbot of the Hongfa Temple, Zhonghua Temple, and Nanshan Temple. He is also the rector of Nanhai Buddhist Academy. Born in Xiangyang, Hubei in 1970 to a family of teachers, he graduated from the Department of Philosophy, Peking University. His mother died when he was six and then
5536553
Thomas Wharton Jr.


Robert Morris opposed this radically democratic constitution, Wharton supported it. On a joint ballot of the Council and the General Assembly Wharton was elected the first President of the Council. Wharton, and each of his successors in that office, may be referred to, quite properly, as President of Pennsylvania. However, the position is analogous to the modern office of Governor, and Presidents of Council are often listed with those who have held the latter title. Wharton was elected March 5, 1777 and took office immediately, under the
6139162
Buddhist councils


the king, since he was a firm follower of the Abayagir school (a Mahayana Sect.). In fact one of the main reasons for the Council was the cruel policy the king held against the Mahavihara Priests who were Theravadians who were once attacked at the Mahavihara Premises killing many and driving away the others. The temple was destroyed and in its place a Mahayana Temple was built. The other main reasons for the Council were the unstable political situation within the country due to constant invasions which lead the king himself to flee
18198645
Sixth Buddhist council


tradition. Over the two-year period, monks ("") from different countries recited from their existing redaction of the Pāli Canon and the associated post-canonical literature. As a result, the Council synthesized a new redaction of the Pali texts ultimately transcribed into several native scripts. The Council was convened 83 years after the Burmese Fifth Buddhist council was held in Mandalay. The Council commenced proceedings on Vesak, 17 May 1954, in order to allow sufficient time to conclude its work on Vesak, 24 May 1956,
10536216
Buddhism in the West


, was a co-founder and president of the Buddhist Publication Society and author of the influential book on meditation, "The Heart of Buddhist Meditation." The English Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu was another inflential author associated with the Island Hermitage, known for his numerous translations of Pali texts into English. In 1954, Nyanatiloka and Nyanaponika were the only two Western-born monks invited to participate in the Sixth Buddhist council in Yangon, Burma. Nyanaponika read out Nyanatiloka's message at the opening of the council. During the 20th century there
6746141
MITRA Youth Buddhist Network


the Conference sustainable. Between 2004 and 2009, the food for the Conference was donated by the community including the "Friends of Mitra", a conglomerate of elder lay Buddhists, and local Sydney vegetarian restaurants. The "Buddhism: Unplugged" 2010 MITRA Buddhist Conference was held at the Sydney Masonic Centre. The theme explored the world of different Buddhist practices and "back to basic" principles which all Buddhist schools of thought accept and promote. This year the MITRA Youth Buddhist Network collaborated with the Buddhist Council of New South Wales
1608429
National Afro-American Council


. In 1903, the Council convened in Louisville, Kentucky, followed by St. Louis (1904), Detroit (1905), and New York City (1906). Its final meeting was held in 1907 at Baltimore, Maryland. Walters, who served as president until 1902, was succeeded that year by Fortune. Fortune then served until his resignation in 1904, although William A. Pledger served as acting president in 1903. Fortune was followed by first vice president William Henry Steward of Kentucky, who served until Walters’s reelection
4887003
Abhidharma


. Thus, there is a similarity between the traditions of the Adhidhamma and that of the Mahayana, which also claimed to be too difficult for the people living in the Buddha's time. The Sarvastivadin Vaibhasikas held that the Buddha and his disciples taught the Abhidharma, but that it was scattered throughout the canon. Only after his death was the Abhidharma compiled systematically by his elder disciples and was recited by Ananda at the first Buddhist council. The Sautrāntika school ('those who rely on the sutras') rejected the status of
20038177
Sri Lanka


back. There also were incursions by the kingdoms of Kalinga (modern Odisha) and from the Malay Peninsula as well. The Fourth Buddhist council of Theravada Buddhism was held at the Anuradhapura Maha Viharaya in Sri Lanka under the patronage of Valagamba of Anuradhapura in 25 BC. The council was held in response to a year in which the harvests in Sri Lanka were particularly poor and many Buddhist monks subsequently died of starvation. Because the Pāli Canon was at that time oral literature maintained in several recensions by "dhammabhāṇaka"s (dharma reciters)
6977490
A. W. H. Abeyesundere


rule. As a staunch Buddhist he was very active in Buddhist affairs and was Vice-President of the All Ceylon Buddhist Congress. He was the person who introduced Dudley Senanayake (who became Sri Lanka's 2nd Prime Minister) to the public at his first political meeting. Until joining public service he played an active role in pre-independence politics with his intimate friends Prime Minister S.W.R.D. Bandaranaike and President Junius Richard Jayewardene. Abeyesundere joined Public Service as an Assistant Legal Draftsman in the late 1940s and rose to be Legal Draftsmen in
10380386
Vasumitra (Buddhism)


Vasumitra was a Buddhist monk of the Sarvastivada school who flourished in the 2nd century CE. A native of Gandhāra, he presided over the 4th Buddhist council in Kashmir, administered by Kanishka I. He is credited as contributing to the Mahāvibhāṣā. Vasumitra put forward a thesis to defend the tent of the Sarvastivada school that dharmas exist in the past and future as well as the present. According to this argument, dharmas exist in a noumenal or latent state in the future until they attain a moment of causal efficacy (karitra) in
19884447
Szekler National Council


The Szekler National Council (; ) is a NGO civic organization representing the Székelys of Romania. The organisation serves as a platform to promote Szekler autonomy. The Council was founded on October 16, 2003. Its first president was József Csapó, who served until late 2006, when he resigned. Until the Council held a new presidential election in February 2008, in which Balázs Izsák emerged victorious, the president "ad interim" had been Imre Fodor, the former mayor of Târgu Mureş. The Council wants to obtain self-government
22063287
LGBT rights in Taiwan


thus not voted on. In 2011, aiming to promote awareness about same-sex marriage, about 80 lesbian couples held Taiwan's then biggest same-sex wedding party, attracting about 1,000 friends, relatives and curious onlookers. In 2012, the first same-sex Buddhist wedding was held for Fish Huang and her partner You Ya-ting, with Buddhist master Shih Chao-hui presiding over the ritual. In 2013, Chen Ching-hsueh and Kao Chih-Wei, the second Taiwanese same-sex couple to we
7634870
Regional council of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté


subsequently replaced by Julien Odoul as group president on 7 September 2017. On 4 January 2016, Marie-Guite Dufay of the Socialist Party (PS), who presided over the regional council of Franche-Comté before its merger, was elected president of the regional council. Despite the fact the left held a majority, Dufay was not elected in the first round of the ballot, securing only 49 votes against Sophie Montel with 24 votes and 27 blank votes (the right having decided not to present a candidate), because
7540555
Gholam-Hossein Elham


Gholam-Hossein Elham (, born 1959) is an Iranian politician who held several posts during the term of the former President Mahmoud Ahmedinejad. Elham was born in western Iran in 1959. He holds a PhD in criminology from Tarbiat Modares University. Elham was a member of the Guardian Council from 2003 to 2008 and also held the post of spokesperson of the council. He served as government spokesperson during the first term of the former President Mahmoud Ahmedinejad. He was appointed minister of justice upon the death of Jamal Karimi-Rad
6181080
Mahajanapadas


trade of those days contributed to its wealth. All these factors helped [[Magadha]] to emerge as the most prosperous state of that period. [[File:Bamboo garden (Venuvana) at Rajagriha, the visit of Bimbisara.jpg|thumb|left|King [[Bimbisara]] of Magadha visits the Bamboo Garden (Venuvana) in Rajagriha; artwork from [[Sanchi]].]] The kingdom of the [[Magadha]]s roughly corresponded to the modern districts of [[Patna]] and [[Gaya, India|Gaya]] in
17884194
Shin Upagutta


be either Moggaliputta-Tissa, a Buddhist monk who presided the Third Buddhist council, Upagupta, a Mahayana arhat, or a creation of Mahayana Buddhism, because he is not described in the Pali Canon and only mentioned in the Burmese historical chronicle "Maha Yazawin". He was a monk named Eindagotta (ဣန္ဒာဂုတ္တ, ) during Kassapa Buddha's time. He told some fellow monks to leave the monk life and to live a human life again. The Buddha told him that he would become an arhat after 218 years of the
13544712
Nicholas Attygalle


to 1969 he was the president of the Ceylon Medical Council. Attygalle served as President of the Sri Lanka Medical Association and Chairman of the National Science Council. He was one of the founders of the Association of Southeast Asian Institutions of Higher Learning, Member of the Council of the Association of Commonwealth Universities and President of the Inter University Board of India and Sri Lanka. He was also the President of the Buddhist Theosophical Society succeeding S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike, Vice-President of the Royal College Union, Chairman Board of Trustees
5612423
David Fullmer


1854. The stake then had a total of twenty-nine wards when President Spencer returned. None of the wards had been transferred or discontinued. President Fullmer appointed four members of the high council during his presidency and twenty new bishops. As the officers of Salt Lake Stake were presented during the semiannual conference of the Church held October 8, 1853, as was the usual practice, it was reported that there were three members of the First Presidency and nine members of the Council of the Twelve who resided and had their membership
243235
Third Buddhist council


presided over by the elder monk Moggaliputta-Tissa and one thousand monks participated in the Council. The council is recognized and known to both the Theravada and Mahayana schools, though its importance is central only to the Theravada. The account of the background to the Third Council is as follows: Emperor Ashoka was crowned in the two hundred and eighteenth year after the Buddha's parinibbāna. At first he paid only token homage to the Dhamma and the Sangha and also supported members of other religious sects as his father had done before him
10536157
National Afro-American Council


in 1905. Bishop Walters was then reelected in 1906 and 1907. Early officers in the Council included the nation’s only black congressman, Rep. George Henry White (R-N.C.), who served several terms as vice president and sought twice, unsuccessfully, to be elected president; Bishop Benjamin W. Arnett of Ohio and attorney William H. Lewis of Boston, both vice presidents; attorney Fredrick L. McGhee of Minnesota, who held several offices; Ida B. Wells-Barnett, first secretary and national organizer; journalists William A. Pledger
4887004
Sutta Piṭaka


first Buddhist council. It was held shortly after the Buddha's death, and collected the set of rules (Vinaya) and five sets of Dhamma. Tradition holds that little was added to the Canon after this. Scholars are more skeptical, but differ in their degrees of skepticism. Richard Gombrich thinks most of the first four nikayas (see below) go back to the Buddha, in content but not in form. The late Professor Hirakawa Akira says that the First Council collected only short prose passages or verses expressing important doctrines
21518043