when did the free the nipple campaign start
Free the Nipple (campaign)


Free the Nipple is a topfreedom campaign created in 2012 during pre-production of a 2014 film of the same name. The campaign highlights the general convention of allowing men to appear topless in public while considering it sexual or indecent for women to do the same, and asserts that this difference is an unjust treatment of women. The campaign argues that it should be legally and culturally acceptable for women to bare their nipples in public. In 2012, filmmaker Lina Esco started this campaign in New York City. She created a documentary
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Free the Nipple (campaign)


posted a topless photo of herself in solidarity. Free the Nipple events were held in Brighton, England, in 2016, 2017 and 2018. The Free the Nipple Brighton group is headed up by Bee Nicholls and Mickey F, both of Brighton. In 2017, a Free The Nipple event was held in Hull, England, on the day also celebrated as Women's Equality Day and Go Topless Day, on the anniversary of when women gained the right to vote in the United States in 1920. Various court cases in the
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Free the Nipple (campaign)


campaign. In 2014, director Lina Esco released her American feature film "Free the Nipple". The film is centered around a group of young women who take to the streets of New York City as they protest the legal and cultural taboos regarding female breasts by way of publicity stunts, graffiti installations, and First Amendment lawyers. After shooting the film in 2012, Esco found it difficult to get the film widely released, motivating her to start the campaign in December 2013. In episode 106 of "The Bold Type"
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Free the Nipple (campaign)


is allowed to expose her body. Every social media platform has their own guideline and policy in regards to nudity and revealing nipples. Facebook only allows photos of nipples to be posted when it is "in the context of breastfeeding, birth giving and after-birth moments, health (for example, post-mastectomy, breast cancer awareness, or gender confirmation surgery), or an act of protest." Instagram's guideline for nudity states "We know that there are times when people might want to share nude images that
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Free the Nipple (campaign)


which a woman's nipples are exposed. Google+ does not allow nipples to be shown unless they are cartoons. Flickr and Tumblr allow users to control how much nudity they want to see, but when the control settings are off then everything is allowed. Twitter allows everything to be shown when it comes to female nudity. A tactic that activists have taken up is the use of the hashtag #FreeTheNipple. This tag has been used on Facebook, Instagram and Twitter, where it can be used for searching the databases for posts
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Nipple


with nipples. This was incentive for the Twitter campaign #FreeTheNipple. Another recent development is the Instagram page that invites users to post images of nipples from both sexes; @genderless_nipples, which displays close ups of both the nipples of men and women for the purpose of spotlighting what may be inconsistency. Some contributors have found 'a way around' this policy. Facebook has also been struggling to define its nipple policy. Filmmaker Lina Esco made a film entitled "Free The Nipple", which is about "...laws against female
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Free the Nipple (campaign)


Senator Bernie Sanders on March 23, 2016. They appeared topless except for pieces of tape over their nipples, and had the words "Free the Nipple", "Equality", and "Feel the Bern" written on their chests. Los Angeles Police officers asked them to cover their breasts, and the two women refused and were arrested. They were held for 25 hours in jail but were not charged with any crime. After being released, Ma filed a federal lawsuit against the Los Angeles Police Department. Ma said
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Lina Esco


. On September 9, 2009, Esco held a private screening of "The Cove" in New York, alongside Russell Simmons and Fisher Stevens hosting the event to bring awareness on the film. Esco may be best known for how involved she is in women's rights and the Free the Nipple campaign. The organization, as Esco states, is to promote sexual equality. "Free the Nipple" has attracted attention from numerous celebrities including Courtney Love and Miley Cyrus, who also has a song on the soundtrack of the Free
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Free the Nipple (film)


Free the Nipple is a 2014 American comedy-drama independent film directed by Lina Esco and written by Hunter Richards. Esco created the film to draw public attention to the issue of gender equality and encourage discussion over what she perceived as America's glorification of violence and repression of sexuality. When in post-production during February 2014, the film was picked up for distribution by Paris-based WTFilms. Led by Liv (Lola Kirke), an army of passionate women launch a revolution to "Free the Nipple" and decriminalize
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Bralessness


Islamic". A resident of Mogadishu whose daughters were whipped said, "The Islamists say a woman's chest should be firm naturally, or flat." Women took part in the Free the Nipple campaign after a movie of that name was made in 2015. They protested the undue attention given women who don't choose to wear bras. In many Western countries, women used social media to show their support of the right to go without a bra. In Iceland during Free the Nipple day in 2015, some female university
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Free the Nipple (campaign)


United States have involved the question of whether women may publicly expose female breasts. Two examples are Erie v. Pap's A. M., and Barnes v. Glen Theatre. These involved ordinances that placed restrictions on how women were legally permitted to appear in public, focusing on banning any public exposure of the female breasts. A lawsuit was filed as Free the Nipple v. City of Fort Collins, which was an attempt to remove the provision in the municipal code of Fort Collins, Colorado, that prohibits women from revealing their breasts. An
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Free the Nipple (campaign)


even in jurisdictions where there was no law explicitly prohibiting doing so. In New York state, female toplessness was made legal around 1990, and when a woman was arrested there in 2005 for appearing topless in public, a court ruled in her favor and she later received US$29,000 in damages. In 2015, the campaign received attention in Iceland after a teenage student activist posted a photo of herself topless and was harassed for doing so. In support of the student and the initiative, Björt Ólafsdóttir, a Member of Parliament,
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Free the Nipple (campaign)


that her action was not lewd because mammary glands are not sexual organs, but rather have the purpose of breastfeeding children, and said she believed she did not at any point show her "genitals" or "private parts". Her attorney claims she was never "nude" and that California's indecent exposure law applies only to genitals, not breasts. Her lawsuit also alleged that her constitutional rights had been violated, that she had been subject to unlawful gender discrimination, and that federal civil rights laws had been violated.
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Free the Nipple (campaign)


are artistic or creative in nature, but for a variety of reasons, we don't allow nudity on Instagram. This includes photos, videos, and some digitally-created content that show sexual intercourse, genitals, and close-ups of fully-nude buttocks. It also includes some photos of female nipples, but photos of post-mastectomy scarring and women actively breastfeeding are allowed. Nudity in photos of paintings and sculptures is OK, too." Pinterest allows artistic and non-sexualized nudity. Their reasoning on why
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Free the Nipple (campaign)


they allow nudity and mature content is for "art, safe sex education or advocacy for political protests". Instagram's CEO Kevin Systrom said that because of the Apple's App Store regulations, every app needs an age rating, if an app contains nudity, it has to be rated 17+, the CEO would prefer Instagram remain at its current rating of 12+, to attract a younger audience. YouTube's policy allows nipples to be shown in content, however, will not allow sexually explicit material in content in
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Free the Nipple (campaign)


with the same tag. Some celebrities have expressed support for the #FreeTheNipple movement on social media, including Miley Cyrus, Lena Dunham, Jennifer Aniston, Scout Willis, Rihanna, Cara Delevingne, Emily Ratajkowski, Naomi Campbell, and Willow Smith. Miley Cyrus said, "The nipple, what you can't show, is what everyone has. But the jug part that everybody doesn't, you're allowed to show underboob. I've never understood the way it works" on Jimmy Kimmel Live where she spoke about the
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Dress code


led to backlash against these social norms and has become a traditional form of rebellion. An example of rebellion of general, universal dress codes is cross dressing. Cross dressing is defined as wearing clothing typical of the opposite sex. This is a rebellion to dress codes, because it goes against most social norms of a general dress code for men and women. In the United States, the “Free the Nipple Movement” is a global campaign seeking equality and empowerment for women when it comes to dress code. It emerged as
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Lina Esco


, Carrie Ann Inaba, Chris Tashima, Russell Simmons, James Kyson Lee and Richard Kind to bring awareness on the annual killing of dolphins in Taiji, Japan. She directed "Kids Speak Out Against Dolphin Captivity", a 2012 public service announcement for "The Cove" . She directed "Free the Nipple" in a bid to circumvent female nipple censorship. She directed and starred in "Free the Nipple", which was released in select theaters, video on demand and on iTunes on December 12, 2014. Esco
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Free the Nipple (campaign)


She was topless at a Bernie Sanders campaign rally, March 19, 2016, in Phoenix, Arizona, and she was led to the back of the venue without incident. On 23 January 2016, Anni Ma, as a FEMEN activist, Carly Mitchell, Chelsea Ducote and Marston protested at a "Walk For Life" event at the San Francisco City Hall and the Civic Center. Historically, women have sometimes been arrested or charged with public indecency, disturbing the peace, or lewd behavior for baring their breasts in public,
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Breastfeeding


, and even "inverted" nipples as it is now believed that a baby can still achieve a good latch with perhaps a little extra effort. In one type of inverted nipple, the nipple easily becomes erect when stimulated, but in a second type, termed a "true inverted nipple," the nipple shrinks back into the breast when the areola is squeezed. According to La Leche League, "There is debate about whether pregnant women should be screened for flat or inverted nipples and whether treatments to draw out the nipple
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Nipple (plumbing)


"pipe nipple"). A "close nipple" has no unthreaded area; when screwed tightly between two female fittings, very little of the nipple remains exposed. A close nipple can only be unscrewed by gripping one threaded end with a pipe wrench which will damage the threads and necessitate replacing the nipple, or by using a specialty tool known as a nipple wrench (or known as an internal pipe wrench) which grips the inside of the pipe, leaving the threads undamaged. When the ends are of two different sizes
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Free the Nipple (campaign)


of herself running through the streets of New York topless. As the documentary was being made, she posted teaser clips with the hashtag #FreeTheNipple. In 2013, Facebook removed these clips from its website for violating its guidelines. In 2014, several celebrities such as Miley Cyrus, Lena Dunham, Chelsea Handler, Rihanna, and Chrissy Teigen posted photos on social media to show their support of Esco's initiative. Two protesters, Tiernan Hebron and UCSD graduate student Anni Ma were arrested for indecent exposure outside of a campaign appearance for
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Supernumerary nipple


A supernumerary nipple is an additional nipple occurring in mammals, including humans. Often mistaken for moles, supernumerary nipples are diagnosed in humans at a rate of approximately 1 in 18 people. The nipples appear along the two vertical "milk lines", which start in the armpit on each side, run down through the typical nipples and end at the groin. They are classified into eight levels of completeness from a simple patch of hair to a milk-bearing breast in miniature. "Polythelia" refers to the presence of an
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Nipple tattoo


nipples and the areola appear bigger, more deeply coloured, more shapely or with better definition. However, the cosmetic procedure has been criticized, with one blogger on "The Guardian" complaining that the whole idea of the nipple tattoo "smacks of media confection". Since September 2011, the Royal Derby Hospital offers free nipple tattoos for breast surgery patients in order to mask the scars of surgery. The purchase of the tattoo device was funded by the Ashbourne Breast Cancer Walk. Vinnie Myers of Little Vinnie's Tattoos in Finksburg
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Topfreedom


of clothing so that any portion of such part of the breast may be observed". San Jose bars anything "less than completely and opaquely covered" female breasts. In Los Angeles, UCSD graduate student Anni Ma, a "Free the Nipple" protester, was arrested for indecent exposure at a Bernie Sanders rally on March 23, 2016, when she removed masking tape covering her nipples. She has filed a federal lawsuit against the Los Angeles Police Department. Her attorney claims she was never "nude" and that California
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Inverted nipple


immediately before a feeding may help to draw out inverted nipples. A hospital grade electric pump may be used for this purpose. Some women also find that using a nipple shield can help facilitate breastfeeding. Frequent stimulation such as sexual intercourse and foreplay (such as nipple sucking) also helps the nipple protract. Another method of protracting inverted nipples is to have the nipple pierced. This method will only be effective if the nipple can be temporarily protracted. If pierced when protracted, the jewellery may prevent the nipple from returning to its
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Cracked nipple


Cracked nipple (or "nipple trauma") is a condition that can occur in breastfeeding women as a result of a number of possible causes. Developing a cracked nipple can result in soreness, dryness or irritation to, or bleeding of, one or both nipples during breastfeeding. The mother with a cracked nipple can have severe nipple pain when the baby is nursing. This severe pain is a disincentive for continued breastfeeding. The crack can appear as a cut across the tip of the nipple and may extend to its base.
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Sally Mann


4"), in which her eyes, nipples, and pubic region were now covered with black bars. Mann said he used the image without permission “to illustrate that this is the kind of thing that shouldn’t be shown”. Mann claimed that after Virginia saw the article, she started touching herself on the areas that were blacked out, saying, “what’s wrong with me?” Mann responded to the criticisms saying she did not plan the photographs and that when she was young, she was often nude
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Nipple


the milk through the milk ducts. The result of nipple stimulation by the newborn helps to move breast milk out through the ducts and to the nipple. This contraction of milk is called the “let-down reflex.” Latching on refers to the baby fastening onto the nipple to breastfeeding. A good attachment is when the bottom of the areola (the area around the nipple) is in the baby's mouth and the nipple is drawn back inside his or her mouth. A poor latch results in insufficient nipple stimulation to
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Cracked nipple


against the soft palate in the back of the baby's mouth. When the nipple is near the front of the mouth and being pinched against the hard palate, this will cause pain and development of cracked nipples. One cause of painful, cracked nipples is the incorrect positioning and incorrect latching on to the breast by the infant. The baby can create cracked nipples due to the strong sucking pressure, stretching and pulling the nipple, the friction and rubbing of skin to skin. The cause of sore, cracked nipples can also
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Nipple


create the let down reflex. The nipple is poorly stimulated when the baby latches on too close to the tip of the nipple. This poor attachment can cause sore and cracked nipples and a reluctance of the mother to continue to breastfeed. After the birth of the infant, the milk supply increases based upon the continuous and increasing stimulation of the nipple by the infant. If the baby increases nursing time at the nipple, the mammary glands respond to this stimulation by increasing milk production. Nipple pain can be a disincentive for breastfeeding
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Nipple


when the nipple is squeezed your nipples. Squeezing the nipple to check for discharge can make it worse. Leaving the nipple alone may make the discharge stop. Any nipple discharge in a male usually is of more concern. Most of the time a mammogram and an examination of the fluid is done. Oftentimes a biopsy is performed. A fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy can be fast and least painful. A very thin, hollow needle and slight suction will be used to remove a small sample from under the nipple.
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Maynard carbine


. Once cocked, the loaded weapon could be primed by either placing a percussion cap directly on its nipple or by using Maynard's priming system to advance a primer to the nipple. The brass Maynard cartridge did not have an integral percussion cap; a small hole in the middle of its base fired it when the external cap was detonated. The cartridge, which had a wide rim permitting swift extraction, was reloadable up to 100 times. This proved to be a significant feature for the Confederate troops equipped with it. Another
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The Skateboard Mag


You know, it's really funny, because, at "Transworld" I did my film, "Cross-Process", you know, it was really funny, because right when "The Skateboard Mag" came is when digital photography came ... right when that magazine started is right when I almost switched over to a 100 percent digital. Which gave me a whole different look again ... which really changed the way that my photography looked." In October 2012, the magazine assisted with the "Free Fabes" campaign
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Male chest reconstruction


. The surgeon then contours the chest into a masculine shape, altering the size and position of the areolae and nipples as needed. A transverse inframammary incision with free nipple areolar grafts may be one approach. If there is too much blousing of the skin, the alternatives are to extend the incision laterally (chasing a dog ear) or to make a vertical midline incision (inverted T). The areola is trimmed to a pre-agreed-upon diameter and the nipple sectioned with a pie-shaped excision and reconstituted.
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Mastopexy


marked approximately from the midline, along the mid-breast; and a semicircle with a 38-mm-diameter is delineated around the nipple; the distance of the semicircle from the ptotic nipple-areola complex indicates the new locale of the nipple-areola complex upon the breast hemisphere. With the patient laid supine upon the operating table, the surgeon performs a free-hand, curvilinear delineation of an inverted, upper-case letter-B pattern to the breast. Then, per the landmarks of the initial incision-plan,
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Inverted nipple


pregnancy, or as a result of breastfeeding. Most women with inverted nipples who give birth are able to breastfeed without complication, but inexperienced mothers may experience higher than average pain and soreness when initially attempting to breastfeed. When a mother uses proper breastfeeding technique, the infant latches onto the areola, not the nipple, so women with inverted nipples are actually able to breastfeed without any problem. An infant that latches on well may be able to slush out an inverted nipple. The use of a breast pump or other suction device
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Gerber Products Company


, Gerber tried to enter into the sugar-free food market with a Sugar Free Vanilla Custard flavor, favorable to diabetic babies. The product did not see as much demand as expected, so it was dropped after a few years. Gerber also began to produce juices, which are still being sold as of March 2009. In 1999 Gerber established skincare products for babies. Other Gerber products currently produced include breastfeeding supplies, such as the Premium Feeding System Manual Massaging Pump, as well as baby bottles and nipples. They also
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Cracked nipple


latch. Yet other causes could be poor positioning, use of a feeding bottle, breast engorgement, inexperience, semi-protruding nipples, use of breast pumps and light pigmentation of the nipples. Breast engorgement is also a main factor in altering the ability of the infant to latch-on. Engorgement changes the shape and curvature of the nipple region by making the breast inflexible, flat, hard, and swollen. The nipples on an engorged breast are flat. When the baby is latched on correctly, the nipple is located
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Feminism


Cosby allegations, 2014 Isla Vista killings, 2016 trial of Jian Ghomeshi, 2017 Harvey Weinstein allegations and subsequent Weinstein effect, and the 2017 Westminster sexual scandals. Examples of fourth-wave feminist campaigns include the Everyday Sexism Project, No More Page 3, Stop Bild Sexism, "Mattress Performance", "10 Hours of Walking in NYC as a Woman", #YesAllWomen, Free the Nipple, One Billion Rising, the 2017 Women's March, the 2018 Women's March, and the #MeToo movement. In December
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Wieners Out


"Wieners Out" is the fourth episode in the twentieth season of the American animated television series "South Park". The 271st episode of the series overall, it first aired on Comedy Central in the United States on October 12, 2016. The episode lampooned modern social protest movements and campaigns (like Free the Nipple and Black Lives Matter) and commented on Internet anonymity, while also progressing the plot and themes of the season's previous episodes. A Danish narrator explains the Danish history of dealing with trolls and that now
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Fourth-wave feminism


named a group of activists prominent in the #MeToo movement, dubbed "the silence breakers", as its 2017 Person of the Year. Other fourth-wave feminist campaigns include the Everyday Sexism Project, No More Page 3, "Ni una menos", Stop "Bild" Sexism, Free the Nipple, SlutWalk, the 2017 and 2018 Women's Marches, Time's Up, and One Billion Rising. Artistic endeavors include "Mattress Performance" and "10 Hours of Walking in NYC as a Woman". Discourse
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Nipple


The nipple is a raised region of tissue on the surface of the breast from which, in females, milk leaves the breast through the lactiferous ducts to feed an infant. The milk can flow through the nipple passively or it can be ejected by smooth muscle contractions that occur along the ductal system. The nipple is surrounded by the areola, which is often a darker color than the surrounding skin. A nipple is often called a teat when referring to non-humans. Nipple or teat can also be used to describe the
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Breastfeeding difficulties


the nipple to blanch. This can be caused by trauma to the nipple through early breastfeeding or candidal infection of the nipple. The pain is intense during the latch stage and in between breastfeeding sessions there is a throbbing pain when the nipple is blanched. The nipple can be massaged to help blood flow return to reduce pain, as well as avoiding cold. In some instances, heart medication, nifedipine, is used to help the blood flow return to the nipple. Infants with classic galactosemia cannot digest lactose and therefore can
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Free Tibet


authorities did initiate a state of "de facto" martial law in Tibet by moving troops into Tibetan areas and handing down harsh sentences for Tibetans who protested against Chinese rule or who reported on the human rights conditions in Tibet. Again in 2012, Free Tibet started a campaign with a focus on the Olympics, the new campaign was titled Fly the Flag. In order to highlight China's illegal occupation of Tibet, Free Tibet encouraged supporters to send in pictures of themselves with the flag of Tibet at Olympic locations around London and
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Male chest reconstruction


There may be varying sensory loss because of nerve disruption. One of the most common male chest reconstructive procedures, double incision involves an incision above and below the breast mass, the removal of the fatty and glandular tissue, and the closure of the skin. This method leaves scars under the pectoral muscles, stretching from the underarms to the medial pectoral. Double incision is usually accompanied by free nipple grafts to make male-looking nipples. The areola and nipple is removed from the breast tissue, cutting away along the circumference and
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Orgasm


, and the labia minora (inner lips) become darker. As orgasm becomes imminent, the outer third of the vagina tightens and narrows, while overall the vagina lengthens and dilates and also becomes congested from engorged soft tissue. Elsewhere in the body, myofibroblasts of the nipple-areolar complex contract, causing erection of the nipples and contraction of the areolar diameter, reaching their maximum at the start of orgasm. A woman experiences full orgasm when her uterus, vagina, anus, and pelvic muscles undergo a series of rhythmic contractions
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Nipple confusion


be given in ways that do not involve artificial nipples. Nipple confusion can result in sub optimal nutrition for the infant and using artificial nipples is discouraged by the World Health Organization. The American College of Paediatrics recommends the use of pacifiers to prevent sudden infant death syndrome. This, however, conflicts with the recommendations of the World Health Organisation to discourage the use of artificial nipples because it may cause nipple confusion and then inadequate nutrition. For getting the infant habituated, what is recommended is breastfeeding only when the infant is calm,
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Orchestral percussion


with one another. A gong, generally, is a large hung cymbal with a nipple. As such, they are usually known as nipple gongs. This nipple is a small dome in the centre of the cymbal that produces a single note when struck with a soft beater. Conversely, a tam-tam has no nipple, and so has a flat central area. When this cymbal is struck with a beater (most usually a soft beater), it produces a myriad of sounds with no single overruling note. One
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Cracked nipple


and sore nipples. Because cracked nipples can result in the infant being exposed to blood, women with certain blood-borne diseases may be advised to stop breastfeeding if they have a cracked nipple. It has been found safe for breastfeeding mothers with hepatitis B and cracked nipples to breastfeed. In the event that a nursing woman experiences cracked and bleeding nipples or breast inflammation within one to two weeks immediately following an acute Toxoplasmosis infection (when the organism is still circulating in her bloodstream), it is theoretically possible that she could transmit
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Gypsy Taub


members despite there being no policy in San Francisco's police code defining a minimum number of people required to have a parade. A discrimination claim by Taub was settled for $20,000 by the city in June 2015, and in September, she was granted a restraining order against the police department to prevent them denying her a permit for a nude parade at Jane Warner Plaza that was held that month. On 13 September 13 2017, Taub attended aBerkeley City Council meeting about a proposal by the Topfreedom "Free the Nipple" campaign
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Campaign for Lead Free Air


CLEAR, the Campaign for Lead Free Air, was started in 1981 when a wealthy property developer, Godfrey Bradman, recruited the veteran campaigner and former Director of Shelter, Des Wilson to get lead-free petrol into the United Kingdom. Wilson ran the public campaign and co-opted Dr Robin Russell-Jones as the unpaid medical and scientific advisor. In April 1983, the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution (RCEP) published a report that confirmed the dangers of lead to children's health, and recommended that lead should not
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Nipple confusion


gets used to nipple on a bottle and fast-flowing milk can have trouble making the transition. Nipple confusion or nipple preference may occur when an infant switches from the breast to an artificial feeding method before the proper breastfeeding routine is established. Young infants who are exposed to artificial teats or bottle nipples might find the switch back and forth from bottle to breast a little tricky as the feeding mechanism of both breasts and bottle differ. An infant learns to feed on different nipples differently. How an infant feeds from the breast to
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Breastfeeding difficulties


not normal. The mother should see a doctor for further evaluation. Sore nipples, a common cause of pain, often come from the baby not latching on properly. Factors include too much pressure on the nipple when not enough of the areola is latched onto and an improper release of suction at the end of the feeding. Improper use of breast pumps or topical remedies can also contribute. Nipple pain can also be a sign of infection. When the baby bites the nipple it can also be painful. Symptoms of candidiasis of
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Breast torture


Breast torture, boobs torture, nipple torture or tit torture is a BDSM sexual activity involving the application of pain or constriction to the breasts. The nipples are the part of the breast that is commonly used for this type of activity. Pain is typically applied to them using nipple clamps, a type of sex toy which can be attached to erect nipples to pinch them and to restrict the blood flow to them by applying pressure. When nipple clamps are removed, further pain is caused by the return of normal blood flow.
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Outdoor Co-ed Topless Pulp Fiction Appreciation Society


the occasional nude male also involved. On Twitter the group has participated in advocacy for body-positivity and body-freedom, including the Free the Nipple campaign, as well as sharing and promoting full female nudity. The first explicit mention of sexual activity in the blog was in August 2017. In May 2016 in Central Park, and September 2016 in Prospect Park, the Society performed a version of Shakespeare's play The Tempest with an all-female cast and incorporating full nudity and body painting. The Society took advantage of
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Duggie Fields


Los Angeles by artist and benefactor Amanda Eliasch with fashion designer Pam Hogg for Opfashart, which Eliasch had put together for "Britweek". From 2013 to 2015, Fields worked for the preservation of Earls Court Exhibition Centre designed by architect Howard Crane and the surrounding area. The campaign was not successful but made people aware of the general decline of architecture in the London area. 2016 Duggie Fields was celebrated by the British Film Institute FLARE with a collection of his videos, Mr Fields could have been responsible for the Free the Nipple
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Free the Nipple (campaign)


injunction prohibiting Fort Collins from enforcing the prohibition is currently in place.. The city of Fort Collins appealed the injunction to the 10th circuit, but lost. The 10th circuit ruled 2-1 in favor of the 9th circuit decision, stating the Fort Collins statute for arrest that only applies to shirtless women is likely unconstitutional. There are three U.S. states where the mere showing of women's breasts is illegal: Indiana, Tennessee, and Utah. Fourteen states and many other cities have laws with ambiguous implications on how much a woman
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Nipple confusion


Nipple confusion is the tendency of an infant to unsuccessfully adapt between breast-feeding and bottle-feeding. It can happen when the infant is put back onto breast-feeding. Nipple confusion can turn into nipple refusal in which the infant refuses both the bottle and breastfeeding. Preventing nipple confusion requires avoiding bottles and pacifiers for the first few weeks after birth. An infant that is used to feeding at the breast and gets switched to a bottle cannot use the same technique as latching on to the breast. An infant who
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Breast shell


Breast shells are hollow, lightweight plastic disks worn inside the brassiere to help correct flat or inverted nipples either in preparation for or during breastfeeding. Also known as milk cups, breast cups, breast shields, or Woolwich shields, they can also be used to ease sensitive nipples or collect milk when the baby has not finished the teat. Breast shells function by applying gentle but firm pressure to the region surrounding the nipple to stretch underlying adhesions and draw out the nipple. Nipple shields may be confused with breast shells, but shields
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Nipple (album)


Nipple is the seventh studio album by Dutch rock and roll band Claw Boys Claw. Coming on the heels of the commercially successful "$uga(r)", "Nipple" continues musically where the previous album left off, in the area of "swamp rock." The album was not a great commercial success, reaching #71 on 10 December 1994 on the Dutch album chart; the three singles that came from the album did not chart. The CD was reissued in 2008, with three extra tracks, all of which
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Nipple


protest for some and a crime for others. The exposure of nipples is usually considered immodest and in some instances is viewed as lewd or indecent behavior. A case in Erie, Pennsylvania concerning the exposure of breasts and nipple proceeded to the Supreme Court in the US. The Erie ordinance was regulating the nipple in public as an act that is committed when a person "'... knowingly or intentionally, ... appears in a state of nudity commits Public Indecency.'" Later in the statute, nudity is further described as an
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Areolar gland


Areolar glands or Glands of Montgomery are sebaceous glands in the areola surrounding the nipple. The glands make oily secretions (lipoid fluid) to keep the areola and the nipple lubricated and protected. Volatile compounds in these secretions may also serve as an olfactory stimulus for newborn appetite. The portions of the gland visible on the skin's surface are called "Montgomery tubercles". The round bumps are found in the areola, and on the nipple itself. They can become exposed and raised when the nipple is stimulated. The skin over
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Supernumerary nipple


focuses on Louw’s attempts to understand why he was born with extra nipples, a condition he shares with the likes of Mark Wahlberg, Lily Allen, and Tilda Swinton, as well as well known TV and film characters such as Scaramanga and Chandler Bing. Fascinated and confused by this seemingly pointless mutation, Louw sets off on a personal journey of discovery to try and unwrap "the riddle of the triple nipple". He starts out by consulting the man in the street and even a renowned teratologist, an expert in physical
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Haberman Feeder


breastfeeding (primarily pumping). The feeder's design enables the feeder to be activated by tongue and gum pressure, imitating the mechanics involved in breastfeeding, rather than by sucking. A one-way valve separates the nipple from the bottle. Before starting the feeding, air is squeezed out of the nipple and is automatically replaced by breastmilk or formula through the valve. Milk cannot flow back into the bottle and is replenished continuously as the baby feeds. A slit valve opening near the tip of the nipple shuts between jaw
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Instagram


bikini bottoms, and March 2015, when artist and poet Rupi Kaur's photos of menstrual blood on clothing were removed, prompting a rallying post on her Facebook and Tumblr accounts with the text "We will not be censored", gaining over 11,000 shares. The incidents have led to a #FreetheNipple campaign, aimed at challenging Instagram's removal of photos displaying women's nipples. Although Instagram has not made many comments on the campaign, an October 2015 explanation from CEO Kevin Systrom highlighted Apple's content guidelines for apps published through
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Antechinus


12 nipples. Odd numbers of teats only occur in transition zones and probably occur when populations with a different number of teats mate. The number of nipples are thought to correlate with the number of young that can be supported. In more seasonal environments, where more nipples occur there is a larger increase in the availability of food for supporting the young. Females with fewer nipples are more likely to survive until the next breeding season, this is thought to be because it is less stressful to raise a smaller litter. The rate
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Nipple


hypothalamus. Oxytocin is a hormone that increases during pregnancy and acts on the breast to help produce the milk-ejection reflex. Oxytocin release from the nipple stimulation of the infant causes the uterus to contract even after childbirth. The strong uterine contractions that are caused by the stimulation of the mother's nipples help the uterus contract to clamp down the uterine arteries. These contractions are necessary to prevent post-partum hemorrhage. When the baby suckles or stimulates the nipple, oxytocin levels rise and small muscles in the breast contract and move
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Breastfeeding difficulties


of factors and conditions can interfere with successful breastfeeding: Pain often interferes with successful breastfeeding. It is cited as the second most common cause for the abandonment of exclusive breastfeeding after perceived low milk supply. Inverted or retracted nipples sometimes make attachment to the breast difficult. These mothers need additional support to feed their babies. Treatment is started after the birth of the baby. The nipple is manually stretched out several times a day. A pump or a plastic syringe is used to draw out the nipple and the baby is then put
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Postpartum bleeding


subject is not strong enough to draw solid conclusions. Nipple stimulation and breastfeeding triggers the release of natural oxytocin in the body, therefore it is thought that encouraging the baby to suckle soon after birth may reduce the risk of PPH for the mother. A review looking into this did not find enough good research to say whether or not nipple stimulation did reduce PPH. More research is needed to answer this question. Uterine massage is a simple first line treatment as it helps the uterus to contract to reduce bleeding. Although the evidence
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Bowden cable


that terminates a housing, is selected to make a "loose fit" within the barrel-adjuster's end. In this way the barrel will "slip" on the ferrule as it is turned during adjustments. If the ferrule were to be "jammed" into the barrel end, then the cable would twist during fruitless attempts at adjustment. Nipples are also available separately from the cable, for purposes of repair or custom cable construction. They are fitted to the cable by soldering. Where free rotation of nipples, relative
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Poor People's Campaign


the movement's "Little Bighorn." Andrew Young, vice president of the SCLC, suggested that Resurrection City was spending $27,000 a week on food () and had been about to run out of money. The mainstream media contrasted the Poor People's Campaign unfavorably with (an idealized version of) the 1963 March on Washington, which they portrayed as organized and palatable. The campaign did produce some changes, however subtle. They included more money for free and reduced lunches for school children and Head Start programs in Mississippi
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Pop culture influenced by Sesame Street


she dated him, and then flashes back to a time where they were beginning to have sex (showing her taking off her shirt with the camera on to her back) and the Count started counting her nipples, but is repulsed on discovering that she has three (One nipple! HAHAHA! Two nipples! HAHAHA! Three nip-oh, hell no, I'm outta here). In early episodes, Stewie also owns a Sesame Street Telephone toy. Seth MacFarlane has also had "Sesame Street" in his other
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Vladimir Ranković


for the 2013–14 Bundesliga. In July 2014, when his contract with Bayern Munich had been expired, he moved to fellow Bundesliga side Hannover 96 on a free transfer, signing a three-year contract until 2017. For Hannover however, he did not receive a single call for an official match during the first leg of the 2014–15 campaign. In the winter break, he was consequently loaned to 2. Bundesliga side Erzgebirge Aue for the remainder of the season. For Aue he became a regular, starting in eleven matches consecutively
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Hose clamp


the hose. To ensure a good seal, the barb, hose nipple, or beaded tube must be smooth and free of nicks, scratches, or contamination. Stuck hoses should never be removed by slitting them, as this can leave a scratch on the fitting which will cause a leak. The other goal of a hose clamp is to provide mechanical attachment keeping the hose attached to a barb, hose nipple, or tube. To do this the clamp is typically placed on the hose behind the first ramp of the barb
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Seiko Epson


, then to Mosaic, and now with Campaigners INC. The Mosaic contract expired with Epson on June 24, 2007 and Epson is now represented by Campaigners, Inc. The sales reps of Campaigners, Inc. are not outsourced as Epson hired "rack jobbers" to ensure their retail customers displayed products properly. This frees up their regular sales force to concentrate on profitable sales solutions to VAR's and system integrators, leaving "retail" to reps who did not require sales skills. Starting in 1983, Epson entered the personal computer market
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Taxi Media


the past Taxi Media has been known to offer free taxi rides as a way of promoting taxi advertising in London. A famous case of this was in 2006 when Taxi Media offered free cab rides for 10 weeks. Taxi Media made headlines in the outdoor advertising arena when they announced they would be offering two week advertising campaigns. This was the first of its kind in the UK. From the start of a campaign through to completion, Taxi Media advise on what will work well on a taxi format. This includes concept art
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Breast reduction


scar technique best applies to the woman whose oversized breasts are too large for a vertical-incision technique (e.g. the lollipop pattern); and it has two therapeutic advantages: no vertical incision-scar to the breast hemisphere, and better healing of the periareolar scar of the transposed NAC. The potential disadvantages are box-shaped breasts with thick (hypertrophied) incision scars, especially at the inframammary fold. The breast reduction performed with the free nipple-graft technique transposes the nipple-areola complex (NAC) as a tissue
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Nipples (Peter Brötzmann album)


Nipples is a 1969 album by free jazz saxophonist Peter Brötzmann, originally released on the Calig record label. The title track is performed by a sextet comprising Brötzmann (tenor saxophone), Evan Parker (also on tenor saxophone), Derek Bailey (guitar), Fred Van Hove (piano), Han Bennink (drums), and Buschi Niebergall (bass). The other track featured, "Tell a Green Man", is performed by a quartet made up of Brötzmann, Van Hove, Niebergall, and Bennink.
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Steel Battalion: Line of Contact


up until April 15, 2010 when support for the original version of Xbox live was dropped, however the LAN portion of the game, which is similar to Free Mission mode, is still played online using XLink Kai. Free Mission mode relied only on the Xbox Live matchmaking services for players to host sessions, thus no external servers were required. Unlike Campaign Mode, Free Mission did not have a complex economy or persistent online conflict, instead players hosted individual battle sessions using both the original campaign "Conquest" mode of play
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Attachment parenting


sleeping was not new in modern Western societies; as early as in 1976, Tine Thevenin had campaigned for the "family bed". Sears doesn't see a problem when a three-year-old still shares their mother's bed every night. He doesn't even object if a child is in the habit of spending the whole night with her mother's nipple in her mouth, except when the mother really feels uncomfortable. Sears advises working mothers to co-sleep on all accounts in order to compensate the child for
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Nipple


. Sore nipples that progress to cracked nipples is of concern since many woman cease breastfeeding due to the pain. In some instances an ulcer will form on the nipple. One reason for the development of cracked and sore nipples is the incorrect latching-on of the infant to the nipple. If a nipple appears to be wedge-shaped, white and flattened, this may indicates that the attachment of the infant is not good and there is a potential of developing cracked nipples. Herpes infection of the nipple is painful. Nipple
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Mitt Romney 2008 presidential campaign


also discovered that Dr. King did not visit Grosse Pointe until after Broder's book was published. The "Detroit Free Press" reported on December 20, 2007, that the Romney campaign later asserted that when Romney made these two statements to a national audience about his father marching with King that he was "speaking figuratively, not literally." Subsequently, The Politico reported that at least two witnesses "did" remember George Romney and King marching together. and the Romney campaign put out a string of citations affirming them appearing together
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Albert I, Margrave of Meissen


preferring his younger brother Theodoric. Albert did not accept this and started a war against his father and brother. In 1188, he even took his father prisoner. Under the orders of the Hohenstaufen emperor Frederick Barbarossa, he had to set him free but in 1190 he was able to obtain the margravial title upon Otto's death. Albert accompanied Barbarossa's son Henry VI on his campaign to Sicily; nevertheless, he quickly abandoned the Imperial forces and returned to Meissen when his brother tried to regain the margraviate. Theodoric, with
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Jan Jananayagam


seat, but garnered 2.86% of the vote. The main policies on which she campaigned on were: She campaigned against the British National Party. She had been endorsed by the Oscar-nominated musician Maya Arulpragasam (MIA). MIA has started an online campaign in support of Jan and offered a free song. Despite winning many votes for an Independent, she did not win a seat against competitive parties. Jan came 8th out of the 19 parties/independents contesting London after receiving 50,014 votes (2.86%). This
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Nipple


for nipple discharge: Sometimes, babies can have nipple discharge. This is caused by hormones from the mother before birth. It usually goes away in 2 weeks. Cancers such as Paget disease (a rare type of cancer involving the skin of the nipple) can also cause nipple discharge. Nipple discharge that is not normal is bloody, comes from only one nipple, or comes out on its own without squeezing or touching the nipple. Nipple discharge is more likely to be normal if it comes out of both nipples or happens
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Masturbation


one or more fingers. There are many other variations on male masturbation techniques. Men may also rub or massage the glans, the rim of the glans, and the frenular delta. Some men place both hands directly on their penis during masturbation, while others may use their free hand to fondle their testicles, nipples, or other parts of their body. The nipples are erogenous zones, and vigorous stimulation of them during masturbation usually causes the penis to become erect more quickly than it would otherwise. Some may keep their hand
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Fontana Delle Tette


Treviso and the surrounding countryside. Originally the statue was placed inside the Praetorian Palace, in via Calmaggiore. Every year of the autumn of the Serenissima Republic of Venice, in honor of every new Podesta, red wine flowed from the nipple of one breast, and white wine from nipple of the other breast, and all citizens could drink the wine for free for three days. There is a plaque near the fountain that says: "Located at the beginning of Calmaggiore street and so has described her Matteo Sernagiotto (1810-
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Compression molding


. The operator would try to open the clam shell mold top, and then lean the top of the mold back against the press. Exposed is the bottle with the core still inside. While the bottle was still hot the operator would insert prongs like reverse pliers in between the bottle rubber and the steel core. The operator would then stretch the bottle at the neck over the core to free the bottle. In preparation of compression molding baby nipples and golf ball centers the preforms were extruded. The baby nipple was a kidney
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No Bra Day


campaign that educated women about the appearance of their breasts. It featured comedienne Elaine C. Smith showing pictures of typical breasts displaying cancer symptoms. But New Zealand's Commercial Approval Bureau would have likely given the ad showing breasts and nipples for medical purposes an Adults Only classification, requiring it to be broadcast after 8:30 pm. The Breast Cancer Foundation opted to place objects strategically in front of the nipples instead. One writer criticized the Facebook site's message "P.S. Ladies…. Wearing a white t-shirt on this day is not
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Nipple adenoma


A nipple adenoma is a rare benign tumour of the breast. The condition may also be known as : Nipple adenomas may be felt as a lump under the nipple or areola. They may come to attention because of nipple pain, ulceration, swelling or discharge. A nipple adenoma is a type of intraductal papilloma that arises within the lactiferous ducts that are located within the nipple. The microscopic appearance of a nipple adenoma can be mistaken for carcinoma. Other conditions that have similar symptoms and signs as nipple adenoma include Paget's disease
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Cracked nipple


or blisters or ulcers can form. The nipples of nursing mothers naturally make a lubricant to prevent drying, cracking, or infections. Cracked nipples may be able to be prevented by: Roman chamomile can be applied directly to the skin for pain and swelling and is used to treat cracked nipples. Cracked nipples can be treated with 100% lanolin. Glycerin nipple pads can be chilled and placed over the nipples to help soothe and heal cracked or painful nipples. If the cause of cracked nipples is from thrush, treatment is usually
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Inverted nipple


An inverted nipple (occasionally invaginated nipple) is a condition where the nipple, instead of pointing outward, is retracted into the breast. In some cases, the nipple will be temporarily protruded if stimulated. Both women and men can have inverted nipples. The most common causes of nipple inversion include: Around 10–20% of all women are born with this condition. Most common nipple variations that women are born with are caused by short ducts or a wide areola muscle sphincter. Inverted nipples can also occur after sudden and major weight
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Bralessness


the bra-free period, the distance between the woman's right and left nipples became wider, and their breasts sagged more. Professor Jean-Denis Rouillon, a sports science expert from the University of Franche-Comté at Besançon, France, conducted a 15-year long study that studied the benefits women get from wearing a bra. He discussed his preliminary research in 2013, generating considerable media attention in France and elsewhere. In a controversial finding, he concluded that that the nipples of 330 women aged 18 to 35 who never
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Free the Nipple (film)


female toplessness. Based on true events, a mass movement of topless women, backed by First Amendment lawyers, graffiti installations, and national publicity stunts, invade New York City to protest censorship hypocrisies and promote gender equality legally and culturally in the U.S. Miley Cyrus, who had worked with Esco on "LOL", came forward to support the film and a woman's right to bare a nipple in public. Joining Cyrus in her support of Esco and the film are Rumer Willis, Nico Tortorella, Lydia Hearst, Giles Matthey
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Nipple shield (breastfeeding)


A nipple shield is a nipple-shaped sheath worn over the areola and nipple during breastfeeding. Modern nipple shields are made of soft, thin, flexible silicone and have holes at the end of the nipple section to allow the breast milk to pass through. Nipple shields are used in various situations: Most doctors and lactation consultants stress that nipple shields use should be temporary; the aim is always to return to regular breastfeeding, unless otherwise indicated. Breast shells may be confused with nipple shields, but shields are intended for use
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Percussion cap


" with a nipple and by replacing the cock or hammer that held the flint by a smaller hammer formed with a hollow made to fit around the nipple when released by the trigger. On the nipple was placed the copper cap containing the detonating composition, now made of three parts of chlorate of potash, two of fulminate of mercury and one of powdered glass. The hollow in the hammer contained the fragments of the cap if it fragmented, reducing the risk of injury to the firer's eyes. The detonating cap brought about
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Lactiferous duct


Lactiferous ducts are those ducts that converge and form a branched system connecting the nipple to the lobules of the mammary gland. When lactogenesis occurs, under the influence of hormones, the milk is moved to the nipple by the action of smooth muscle contractions along the ductal system to the tip of the nipple. They are also referred to as "galactophores", "galactophorous ducts", "mammary ducts", "mamillary ducts" or "milk ducts". Lactiferous ducts are lined by a columnar epithelium supported by myoepithelial cells
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Nipple


, or other wearing apparel [is permitted] provided the areola is not exposed, in whole or in part.'" Instagram has a 'no nipples' policy with exceptions: material that is not allowed includes "...some photos of female nipples, but photos of post-mastectomy scarring and women actively breastfeeding are allowed. Nudity in photos of paintings and sculptures is OK, too". Previously, Instagram had removed images of nursing mothers. Instagram removed images of Rihanna and had her account cancelled when she posted selfies
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Spoke nipple


A spoke nipple holds a bicycle wheel's rim to each spoke. The spoke nipple is a headed cylinder with threading on the inside through part of its length (there is an unthreaded lead-in nearest the "flats"). Traditionally, the nipples fit in holes in the rim, so that the head of the nipple is on the outermost part of the rim, while the other end of the nipple points inwards towards the hub. Many different types of nipples are now available, including internal nipples that sit entirely
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