what is the default administrative distance of ospf
Administrative distance


that is used, however, this value can usually be adjusted manually by a network administrator. On Cisco routers, routes issued by OSPF have a lower default administrative distance than routes issued by the Routing Information Protocol. By default, OSPF has a default administrative distance of 110 and RIP has a default administrative distance of 120. The administrative distance (AD) value is assigned by the router on a per-protocol basis. Routers, by design, should not install multiple routes into the routing table as this has the potential
12830644
Administrative distance


the router uses its vendor-specific algorithm to determine which route should be installed. Cisco routers simply ignore the values and fall back to the default values, which are never the same. The router will usually compare administrative distances to determine which protocol has the lowest value. The router prefers protocols that have a lower assigned administrative distance. For example, OSPF has a default distance of 110, so it is preferred by the router process, over RIP, which has a default distance of 120. The administrator can arbitrarily reconfigure
12830646
Administrative distance


Juniper routers. The network administrator may modify the administrative distance to change the desired ranking of router protocols. This may be necessary in cases where routing redistribution has to be used, otherwise, routing loops could occur. The Cisco Internetwork Operating System enables network administrators to modify the distance by changing the distance value in sub-router configuration mode. In the example below, RIP's administrative distance is changed to 89 so that it used in preference to OSPF. codice_1 Manually configuring the administrative distance is also required when configuring a floating
12830648
Administrative distance


the administrative distances, which affects the ranking of the preferred routes by the routing process. On Cisco routers, static routes have an administrative distance of 1, making them preferred over routes issued by a dynamic routing protocol. The administrative distance is a value that is always only referenced by the local router itself. The administrative distance is not advertised on the network. The following table lists the default administrative distances for various routing protocols used on Cisco routers. The following table lists the default administrative distances for various routing protocols used on
12830647
Open Shortest Path First


route, taking into account bandwidth, delay and load. Therefore OSPF undertakes route cost calculation on the basis of link-cost parameters, which can be weighted by the administrator. OSPF was quickly adopted because it became known for reliably calculating routes through large and complex local area networks. As a link state routing protocol, OSPF maintains link state databases, which are really network topology maps, on every router on which it is implemented. The "state" of a given route in the network is the cost, and OSPF
20775699
Distance-vector routing protocol


administrators so that certain routes are preferred or avoided. BGP is used by internet service providers (ISPs) and telecommunication companies. Among the distance-vector protocols that have been described as a hybrid, because it uses routing methods associated with link-state routing protocols, is the proprietary Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP). It was developed by Cisco in the 1980s and was designed to offer better convergence and cause less network traffic between routers than the link-state routing protocol Open Shortest Path First (OSPF).
791690
Open Shortest Path First


external links than other IGPs. When the default route to an ISP is injected into OSPF from multiple ASBRs as a Type I external route and the same external cost specified, other routers will go to the ASBR with the least path cost from its location. This can be tuned further by adjusting the external cost. In contrast, if the default route from different ISPs is injected with different external costs, as a Type II external route, the lower-cost default becomes the primary exit and the higher-cost becomes the
20775733
Administrative distance


Administrative distance (AD) or route preference is a number of arbitrary unit assigned to dynamic routes, static routes and directly-connected routes. The value is used by vendor-specific routers to rank routes from most preferred (low administrative distance value) to least preferred (high administrative distance value). When multiple paths to the same destination are available in its routing table, the router uses the route with the lowest administrative distance. Router vendors typically design their routers to assign a default administrative distance to each kind of route
12830643
Open Shortest Path First


An OSPF network can be structured, or subdivided, into routing "areas" to simplify administration and optimize traffic and resource utilization. Areas are identified by 32-bit numbers, expressed either simply in decimal, or often in the same dot-decimal notation used for IPv4 addresses. By convention, area 0 (zero), or 0.0.0.0, represents the core or "backbone" area of an OSPF network. While the identifications of other areas may be chosen at will; administrators often select the IP address of a main router in
20775702
Administrative distance


routing protocols are configured with the same administrative distance, the Cisco router will ignore the configured values and instead use the default values. Verifying the configuration of the administrative distance is done on Cisco equipment using the "show ip route" command in privileged exec mode on the console of the Cisco router. In the example shown below, the administrative distance is 1. The letter "S" indicates that the route is a static route that has, for all intents and purposes, been added manually to the router process by the
12830650
Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol


help prevent calculation errors when attempting to determine the best path to a remote network. EIGRP determines the value of the path using five metrics: bandwidth, load, delay, reliability and MTU. EIGRP routing information exchanged to a router from another router within the same autonomous system has a default administrative distance of 90. EIGRP routing information that has come from an EIGRP-enabled router outside the autonomous system has a default administrative distance of 170. EIGRP does not operate using the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) or the User Datagram
6484828
Open Shortest Path First


algorithm allows every router to calculate the cost of the routes to any given reachable destination. Unless the administrator has made a configuration, the link cost of a path connected to a router is determined by the bit rate (1 Gbit/s, 10 Gbit/s, etc) of the interface. A router interface with OSPF will then advertise its link cost to neighbouring routers through multicast, known as the "hello procedure". All routers with OSPF implementation keep sending hello packets, and thus changes in the cost of
20775700
Open Shortest Path First


Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is a routing protocol for Internet Protocol (IP) networks. It uses a link state routing (LSR) algorithm and falls into the group of interior gateway protocols (IGPs), operating within a single autonomous system (AS). It is defined as OSPF Version 2 in RFC 2328 (1998) for IPv4. The updates for IPv6 are specified as OSPF Version 3 in RFC 5340 (2008). OSPF supports the Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) addressing model. OSPF
20775695
Dial-on-demand routing


cause the connection to be initialized on every update. It is common to see static routes defined for these connections in order to avoid extra service charges. Other routing protocols such as Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) and Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) only send updates when a connection changes. These routing protocols are ideal for DDR and must be configured with "default-information originate" on a Cisco router. Dialer maps are configured on each interface to specify which numbers to dial and how long to stay on
695424
IEEE 802.11s


network physical topology are required. 802.11s requires Hybrid Wireless Mesh Protocol, or HWMP, be supported as a default. However, other mesh, ad hoc (Associativity-Based Routing, Zone Routing Protocol, and location based routing) or dynamically link-state routed (OLSR, B.A.T.M.A.N.) may be supported or even static routing (WDS, OSPF). "See the more detailed description below comparing these routing protocols." A mesh often consists of many small nodes. When mobile users or heavy loads are concerned, there
9319814
Distance-vector routing protocol


OSPF. In this network we have 4 routers A, B, C and D: We mark the current time (or iteration) in the algorithm with T, and begin (at time 0, or T=0) by creating distance matrices for each router to its immediate neighbours. As we build the routing tables below, the shortest path is highlighted in green, and a new shortest path is highlighted in yellow. Grey columns indicate nodes that are not neighbors of the current node, and are therefore not considered as a
791696
Open Shortest Path First


types: The backbone area (also known as "area 0" or "area 0.0.0.0") forms the core of an OSPF network. All other areas are connected to it, either directly or through other routers. Inter-area routing happens via routers connected to the backbone area and to their own associated areas. It is the logical and physical structure for the 'OSPF domain' and is attached to all nonzero areas in the OSPF domain. Note that in OSPF the term Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) is
20775712
Open Shortest Path First


ARPANET in 1980 and the IS-IS routing protocol. OSPF was first standardised in 1989 as RFC 1131, which is now known as OSPF version 1. The development work for OSPF prior to its codification as open standard was undertaken largely by the Digital Equipment Corporation, which developed its own proprietary DECnet protocols. Routing protocols like OSPF calculate the "shortest" route to a destination through the network based on an algorithm. The first routing protocol that was widely implemented, the Routing Information Protocol (RIP), calculated the shortest
20775697
Open Shortest Path First


the TSA-NSSA send all traffic to the ABR, except to routes advertised by the ASBR. A transit area is an area with two or more OSPF border routers and is used to pass network traffic from one adjacent area to another. The transit area does not originate this traffic and is not the destination of such traffic. OSPF defines the following overlapping categories of routers: The router type is an attribute of an OSPF process. A given physical router may have one or more OSPF processes. For example, a router
20775720
IS-IS


IS is neutral regarding the type of network addresses for which it can route. This allowed IS-IS to be easily used to support IPv6. To operate with IPv6 networks, the OSPF protocol was rewritten in OSPF v3 (as specified in RFC 2740). Both OSPF and IS-IS routers build a topological representation of the network. This map indicates the subnets which each IS-IS router can reach, and the lowest-cost (shortest) path to a subnet is used to forward traffic. IS-IS
18051446
IS-IS


hello packets", and can support authentication of routing updates. While OSPF was natively built to route IP and is itself a Layer 3 protocol that runs on top of IP, IS-IS is an OSI Layer 2 protocol. It is at the same layer as Connectionless Network Protocol (CLNP). The widespread adoption of IP may have contributed to OSPF's popularity. IS-IS does not use IP to carry routing information messages. OSPF version 2, on the other hand, was designed for IPv4. IS-
18051445
Link-state advertisement


The link-state advertisement (LSA) is a basic communication means of the OSPF routing protocol for the Internet Protocol (IP). It communicates the router's local routing topology to all other local routers in the same OSPF area. OSPF is designed for scalability, so some LSAs are not flooded out on all interfaces, but only on those that belong to the appropriate area. In this way detailed information can be kept localized, while summary information is flooded to the rest of the network. The original IPv4-only OSPFv2 and
1705369
Link-state advertisement


the newer IPv6-compatible OSPFv3 have broadly similar LSA types. The LSA types defined in OSPF are as follows: The opaque LSAs, types 9, 10, and 11, are designated for upgrades to OSPF for application-specific purposes. For example, OSPF-TE has traffic engineering extensions to be used by RSVP-TE in Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS). Opaque LSAs are used to flood link color and bandwidth information. Standard link-state database (LSDB) flooding mechanisms are used for distribution of opaque LSAs. Each
1705370
IS-IS


through which all inter-area traffic must pass. The logical view is that OSPF creates something of a spider web or star topology of many areas all attached directly to Area Zero and IS-IS by contrast creates a logical topology of a backbone of Level 2 routers with branches of Level 1–2 and Level 1 routers forming the individual areas. IS-IS also differs from OSPF in the methods by which it reliably floods topology and topology change information through the network. However, the basic concepts are similar. OSPF has a
18051449
Open Shortest Path First


an area as the area identifier. Each additional area must have a connection to the OSPF backbone area. Such connections are maintained by an interconnecting router, known as an area border router (ABR). An ABR maintains separate link-state databases for each area it serves and maintains summarized routes for all areas in the network. OSPF detects changes in the topology, such as link failures, and converges on a new loop-free routing structure within seconds. OSPF has become a popular dynamic routing protocol. Other commonly used
20775703
Open Shortest Path First


uses both unicast and multicast transmission modes to send "Hello" packets and link state updates. As a link state routing protocol, OSPF establishes and maintains neighbor relationships for exchanging routing updates with other routers. The neighbor relationship table is called an "adjacency database". Two OSPF routers are neighbors if they are members of the same subnet and share the same area ID, subnet mask, timers and authentication. In essence, OSPF neighborship is a relationship between two routers that allow them to see and understand each other but nothing
20775706
Open Shortest Path First


. Using OSPF-TE, more information about the topology can be exchanged using opaque LSA carrying type-length-value elements. These extensions allow OSPF-TE to run completely out of band of the data plane network. This means that it can also be used on non-IP networks, such as optical networks. OSPF-TE is used in GMPLS networks as a means to describe the topology over which GMPLS paths can be established. GMPLS uses its own path setup and forwarding protocols, once it has the full
20775729
Open Shortest Path First


network map. In the Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP), OSPF-TE is used for recording and flooding RSVP signaled bandwidth reservations for label switched paths within the link-state database. documents work in optical routing for IP based on extensions to OSPF and IS-IS. The Multicast Open Shortest Path First (MOSPF) protocol is an extension to OSPF to support multicast routing. MOSPF allows routers to share information about group memberships. In broadcast multiple-access networks, neighbor adjacency is formed dynamically using multicast hello packets to
20775730
Link state packet


state packets are usually implemented with Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) protocol. OSPF's reliable flooding mechanism is implemented by Link State Update and Link State Acknowledgment packets. Link State Update packets are OSPF packet type 4. These packets implement the flooding of link state advertisements. Each Link State Update packet carries a collection of link state advertisements one hop further from its origin. Several link-state advertisement may be included in a single packet. Link State Update packets are multicast on those physical networks that support multicast/broadcast.
12478165
Routing loop problem


15. The value 16 is considered infinity and the packet is discarded). In a link-state routing protocol, such as OSPF or IS-IS, a routing loop disappears as soon as the new network topology is flooded to all the routers within the routing area. Assuming a sufficiently reliable network, this happens within a few seconds. Newer distance-vector routing protocols (BGP, EIGRP, DSDV, Babel) have built-in loop prevention: they use algorithms that assure that routing loops can never happen,
15837388
Link-state routing protocol


Link-state routing protocols are one of the two main classes of routing protocols used in packet switching networks for computer communications, the other being distance-vector routing protocols. Examples of link-state routing protocols include Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) and Intermediate System to Intermediate System (IS-IS). The link-state protocol is performed by every "switching node" in the network (i.e., nodes that are prepared to forward packets; in the Internet, these are called routers). The basic concept
998604
Criticism of Windows XP


" However, users by default receive an administrator account that provides unrestricted access to the underpinnings of the system. If the administrator's account is compromised, there is no limit to the control that can be asserted over the PC. Windows XP Home Edition also lacks the ability to administer security policies and denies access to the Local Users and Groups utility. Microsoft executives have stated that the release of security patches is often what causes the spread of exploits against those very same flaws, as crackers figure out what problems the patches fix
90008
Dynamic routing


. Routing Information Protocol (RIP) is a distance-vector routing protocols that prevents routing loops by implementing a limit on the number of hops allowed in a path from source to destination. Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) uses a link state routing (LSR) algorithm and falls into the group of interior gateway protocols (IGPs). Intermediate System to Intermediate System (IS-IS) determines the best route for data through a packet-switched network. Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) and its advanced form Enhanced
2625449
Financial stability


lead to a contagion. The First-to-Default probability, or the probability of observing one default among a number of institutions, has been proposed as a measure of systemic risk for a group of large financial institutions. This measure looks at risk-neutral default probabilities from credit default swap spreads. Unlike distance-to-default measures, the probability recognizes the interconnectedness among defaults of different institutions. However, studies focusing on probabilities of default tend to overlook the ripper effect caused by the failing of a large institution.
21927889
Interior gateway protocol


An interior gateway protocol (IGP) is a type of protocol used for exchanging routing information between gateways (commonly routers) "within" an autonomous system (for example, a system of corporate local area networks). This routing information can then be used to route network-layer protocols like IP. Interior gateway protocols can be divided into two categories: distance-vector routing protocols and link-state routing protocols. Specific examples of IGPs include Open Shortest Path First (OSPF), Routing Information Protocol (RIP),
10479556
Named data networking


packets based on names, which eliminates three problems caused by addresses in the IP architecture: NDN can use conventional routing algorithms such as link state and distance vector. Instead of announcing IP prefixes, an NDN router announces name prefixes that cover the data the router is willing to serve. Conventional routing protocols, such as OSPF and BGP, can be adapted to route on name prefixes by treating names as a sequence of opaque components and doing component-wise longest prefix match of a name in an Interest packet against the FIB table
15680553
Routing


routing tables automatically, based on information carried by routing protocols, allowing the network to act nearly autonomously in avoiding network failures and blockages. Dynamic routing dominates the Internet. Examples of dynamic-routing protocols and algorithms include Routing Information Protocol (RIP), Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) and Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP). Distance vector algorithms use the Bellman–Ford algorithm. This approach assigns a "cost" number to each of the links between each node in the network. Nodes send information from point
6211583
Hazy Sighted Link State Routing Protocol


a node that is still present 10 hops away and a failed node until former neighbors send long-distance announcements. Thus, HSLS may fail in some circumstances requiring high assurance. While the papers describing HSLS do not focus on security, techniques such as digital signatures on routing updates can be used with HSLS (similar to OSPF with Digital Signatures), and BBN has implemented HSLS with digital signatures on neighbor discovery messages and link state updates. Such schemes are challenging in practice because in the ad hoc environment reachability of public key
15774440
Recursive Internetwork Architecture


to protocols like BGP, OSPF and ARP. In this way, the RINA proposes to support features like mobility, multi-homing and Quality of Service without the need for extra specialized protocols like RTP and UDP, as well as allow simplified network administration without the need for concepts like autonomous systems and NAT. The principles behind RINA were first presented by John Day in his book "Patterns in Network Architecture: A return to Fundamentals". This work is a start afresh, taking into account lessons learned in the 35 years
12000552
Open Shortest Path First


, they are considered by many to be standard features in OSPF implementations. A newly acquired subsidiary is one example of where it might be suitable for an area to be simultaneously not-so-stubby and totally stubby if the practical place to put an ASBR is on the edge of a totally stubby area. In such a case, the ASBR does send externals into the totally stubby area, and they are available to OSPF speakers within that area. In Cisco's implementation, the external routes can be summarized before injecting them
20775718
Default logic


default: This rule means that, "if is a bird, and it can be assumed that it flies, then we can conclude that it flies". A background theory containing some facts about birds is the following one: According to this default rule, a condor flies because the precondition is true and the justification is not inconsistent with what is currently known. On the contrary, does not allow concluding : even if the precondition of the default is true, the justification is inconsistent with what is known. From this
18829537
Financial stability


In subsequent research, Merton’s model has been modified to capture a wider array of financial activity using credit default swap data. For example, Moody’s uses it in the KMV model both to calculate the probability of credit default and as part of their credit risk management system. The Distance to Default (DD) is another market-based measure of corporate default risk based on Merton’s model. It measures both solvency risk and liquidity risk at the firm level. Unfortunately, there is not yet a singular, standardized model
21927887
Convergence (routing)


but to flush a route that previously existed takes longer due to the holddown timers in use. OSPF is an example of a fast-converging routing protocol. A network of a few OSPF routers can converge in a matter of seconds. Certain configuration and hardware conditions will prevent a network from ever converging. For instance, a "flapping" interface (an interface that frequently changes its state between "up" and "down") might cause conflicting information to propagate throughout the network so the routers never agree on its current
17649239
Open Shortest Path First


to-point link communicate with each other via the OSPF protocol. Routers form "adjacencies" when they have detected each other. This detection is initiated when a router identifies itself in a "Hello" protocol packet. Upon acknowledgment, this establishes a "two-way state" and the most basic relationship. The routers in an Ethernet or Frame Relay network select a "Designated Router" (DR) and a "Backup Designated Router" (BDR) which act as a hub to reduce traffic between routers. OSPF
20775705
Open Shortest Path First


for selective route importing more than IS-IS. IS-IS, in contrast, can be tuned for lower overhead in a stable network, the sort more common in ISP than enterprise networks. There are some historical accidents that made IS-IS the preferred IGP for ISPs, but ISPs today may well choose to use the features of the now-efficient implementations of OSPF, after first considering the pros and cons of IS-IS in service provider environments. As mentioned, OSPF can provide better load-sharing on
20775732
Lyme disease microbiology


role for the protein. OspC attaches to the tick salivary protein Salp15, which protects the spirochete from complement and impairs the function of dendritic cells. OspE and OspF were initially identified in "B. burgdorferi" strain N40. The "ospE" and "ospF" genes are structurally arranged in tandem as one transcriptional unit under the control of a common promoter. Individual strains of "B. burgdorferi" carry multiple related copies of the "ospEF" locus, which are now collectively referred to as "Erp" (Osp'E'/F-like
13615697
Open Shortest Path First


more. OSPF neighbors do not exchange any routing information – the only packets they exchange are Hello packets. OSPF adjacencies are formed between selected neighbors and allow them to exchange routing information. Two routers must first be neighbors and only then, can they become adjacent. Two routers become adjacent if at least one of them is Designated Router or Backup Designated Router (on multiaccess type networks), or they are interconnected by a point-to-point or point-to-multipoint network type. For forming a neighbor relationship between
20775707
Open Shortest Path First


, the interfaces used to form the relationship must be in the same OSPF area. While an interface may be configured to belong to multiple areas, this is generally not practiced. When configured in a second area, an interface must be configured as a secondary interface. Each OSPF router within a network communicates with other neighboring routers on each connecting interface to establish the states of all adjacencies. Every such communication sequence is a separate "conversation" identified by the pair of router IDs of the communicating neighbors. RFC 2328 specifies the
20775708
Open Shortest Path First


. A DR and BDR are elected normally, and function normally. For non-broadcast multiple-access networks (NBMA), the following two official modes are defined: Cisco has defined the following three additional modes for OSPF in NBMA topologies: OSPF is the first widely deployed routing protocol that can converge a network in a few seconds and guarantee loop-free paths. It has many features that allow the imposition of policies about the propagation of routes that it may be appropriate to keep local, for load sharing, and
20775731
Near-term digital radio


of two components: clustering and routing. The clustering algorithms dynamically organize a given network into cluster heads and cluster members. The cluster heads create a backbone; the cluster members use the services of this backbone to send and receive packets. The cluster heads use a link-state routing algorithm to maintain the integrity of their backbone and to track the locations of cluster members. The NTDR routers also use a variant of Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) that is called Radio-OSPF (ROSPF). ROSPF does not use
4188830
Wildcard mask


activate OSPF on a specific interface in a very clear and simple way. If you insist on matching a range of networks, the network and wildcard mask combination of 1.1.0.0 0.0.255.255 would match any interface in the range of 1.1.0.0 to 1.1.255.255. Because of this, it's simpler and safer to stick to using wildcard masks of 0.0.0.0 and identify each OSPF interface individually, but once configured, they function exactly the same, therefore one way is not better than the other. Wildcard masks are used in situations where subnet masks may not
4516291
Probability of default


unit transformation typically involves the application of the inverse-normal distribution function, thereby converting measures of median or average PDs into measures of median or average “default distance” (DD). At this point, one has a set of indices measuring the distance between current and long-run-average DD in each of a selected set of sectors. Depending on data availability and portfolio requirements, such indices can be created for various industries and regions with 20+ years covering multiple recessions. After developing these indices, one can
13907918
Credit (Repossession) Act 1997


protection to only the purchase of consumer goods. Part 2 of the Act details what steps a creditor must first do before they can lawfully repossess goods, with the main criteria is that the debtor must be in default under the security agreement normally for non payment). If the debtor is in default, the creditor must then give Notice to the debtor of the default, which is in the form of what is called a Pre Possession Notice. And finally, the creditor must allow the debtor time to remedy the default,
2216901
Border Gateway Protocol


An example is the joining of a number of large Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) networks, when OSPF by itself does not scale to the size required. Another reason to use BGP is multihoming a network for better redundancy, either to multiple access points of a single ISP or to multiple ISPs. Routers, especially small ones intended for Small Office/Home Office (SOHO) use, may not include BGP software. Some SOHO routers simply are not capable of running BGP / using BGP routing tables of any size.
17886836
Open Shortest Path First


their links become known to neighbouring routers. The information about the cost of a link, that is the speed of a point to point connection between two routers, is then cascaded through the network because OSPF routers advertise the information they receive from one neighbouring router to all other neighbouring routers. This process of flooding link state information through the network is known as "synchronisation". Based on this information, all routers with OSPF implementation continuously update their link state databases with information about the network topology and adjust their routing tables.
20775701
Open Shortest Path First


dynamic routing protocols are the RIP and the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). Today routers support at least one interior gateway protocol to advertise their routing tables within a local area network. Frequently implemented interior gateway protocols besides OSPF are RIP, IS-IS, and the proprietary Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) by Cisco. OSPF supports complex networks with multiple routers, including backup routers, to balance traffic load on multiple links to other subnets. Neighboring routers in the same broadcast domain or at each end of a point-
20775704
Open Shortest Path First


protocol for initiating these conversations ("Hello Protocol") and for establishing full adjacencies ("Database Description Packets", "Link State Request Packets"). During its course, each router conversation transitions through a maximum of eight conditions defined by a state machine: Unlike other routing protocols, OSPF does not carry data via a transport protocol, such as the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) or the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). Instead, OSPF forms IP datagrams directly, packaging them using protocol number 89 for the
20775709
Open Shortest Path First


IP Protocol field. OSPF defines five different message types, for various types of communication: An OSPF network can be divided into "areas" that are logical groupings of hosts and networks. An area includes its connecting router having interfaces connected to the network. Each area maintains a separate link state database whose information may be summarized towards the rest of the network by the connecting router. Thus, the topology of an area is unknown outside the area. This reduces the routing traffic between parts of an autonomous system. Areas are
20775710
Open Shortest Path First


historic, in the sense that many OSPF domains can coexist in the same Internet-visible autonomous system, RFC 1996. The backbone area is responsible for distributing routing information between nonbackbone areas. The backbone must be contiguous, but it does not need to be physically contiguous; backbone connectivity can be established and maintained through the configuration of virtual links. All OSPF areas must connect to the backbone area. This connection, however, can be through a virtual link. For example, assume area 0.0.0.1 has a physical connection to area
20775713
Link-state routing protocol


The technique was later adapted for use in the contemporary link-state routing protocols IS-IS and OSPF. Cisco literature refers to enhanced interior gateway routing protocol (EIGRP) as a "hybrid" protocol, despite the fact it distributes routing tables instead of topology maps. However, it does synchronize routing tables at start up as OSPF does, and sends specific updates only when topology changes occur. In 2004, Radia Perlman proposed using link-state routing for layer 2 frame forwarding with devices called routing bridges or Rbridges.
998608
Default trap


. It may be that at one point, the credit history is upgraded so quickly that the default probability decreases. This is because the periods which the country needs to pay default premium are so short, the impact of default premium on the default probability is quite small. What policies should countries adopt to avoid the problem of default traps? Default trap is a chronic long term problem to address. Policymakers in emerging markets need to internalize the country specific “safe” debt threshold which depends heavily on the country’s default and
11516731
Long-distance calling


-555-4141 to allow a subscriber to identify the default InterLATA carrier for their line. Long-distance calls may be classified into two groups. "Interstate long-distance" or "inter-LATA interstate long-distance", the most common group, is the one for which long-distance carriers are usually chosen by telephone customers. Another form of long-distance call, increasingly relevant to more U.S. states, is known as an "inter-LATA intrastate long-distance" call. This refers to
21018637
Diocesan administrator


for long. In any beside their primary bishopric, they would have to be called an "administrator". Nevertheless, in local tradition often they are called bishops in all their bishoprics. An episcopal conference can transfer the functions of the consultors to the cathedral chapter. In those countries in which the episcopal conference has transferred the functions, the cathedral chapter, and not the consultors, elect the diocesan administrator. Capitular election was the default rule before the adoption of the 1983 Code of Canon Law; this old default rule is
15978030
Warning Forever


the player is destroyed. The player flies a relatively small green ship. There are no power-ups - the player's only weapon is a very rapid-fire revolving cannon which is fired by holding down the shoot button (Z key by default). By default, it fires straight ahead with a small spread. Alternatively, after the switch button (D key by default) is pressed, a green arc is displayed originating from the ship and widening as distance increases. This arc represents the spread of the weapon
6617419
Open Shortest Path First


virtual links, all neighbor exchanges use IPv6 link-local addressing exclusively. The IPv6 protocol runs per link, rather than based on the subnet. All IP prefix information has been removed from the link-state advertisements and from the "hello" discovery packet making OSPFv3 essentially protocol-independent. Despite the expanded IP addressing to 128-bits in IPv6, area and router identifications are still based on 32-bit numbers. OSPF-TE is an extension to OSPF extending the expressivity to allow for traffic engineering and use on non-IP networks
20775728
Default route


process in each router uses the longest prefix match method to obtain the most specific route. The network with the longest subnet mask that matches the destination IP address is the next-hop network gateway. The process repeats until a packet is delivered to the destination. Each router traversal counts as one hop in the distance calculation for the transmission path. The device to which the default route points is often called the default gateway, and it often carries out other functions such as packet filtering, firewalling, or proxy server operations.
8271346
Storm Financial


and audits, were to the effect that Storm's conduct was, in general, appropriate and lawful, subject only to minor matters. The Commonwealth Bank forced Storm into administration on 9 Jan 2009 when the bank called up its lending facilities to Storm citing a default on Storms own margin lending facility with the bank. Whilst the date of the alleged default by Storm was 10 October 2008, the Commonwealth Bank records at the time showed Storm to not be in default. The banks acceptance of non-default was evidenced by the
1572183
Default route


The default route in Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4) is designated as the zero-address 0.0.0.0/0 in CIDR notation, often called the quad-zero route. The subnet mask is given as /0, which effectively specifies all networks, and is the shortest match possible. A route lookup that does not match any other route, falls back to this route. Similarly, in IPv6, the default route is specified by ::/0. In the highest-level segment of a network, administrators generally point the default route
8271347
Default effect


. It has been argued that this difference in policy is the main cause of the significant difference in donor rates across the respective countries. Some default effects are implied by the situation. In social settings, for example, the normative choice (what others are doing) may be adopted unconsciously as a social default effect. People are thus more likely to choose what they observe other choosing, even if they do not believe that other person is the more knowledgeable person. People are also more likely to treat choices that require less
9126129
Galerie Gmurzynska


and held for two days until the gallery paid the judgment. Edelman was awarded an additional $250,000 for what the judge described as the gallery's "wilful conduct" in the matter, i.e. their failure to respond to the lawsuit. Gmurzynska and Rastorfer disputed any wrongdoing, stating that "The gallery never received any notice that Mr. Edelman had applied for a default judgment". In 2013, the gallery was raided by the Swiss Federal Customs Administration regarding VAT on imported artworks worth 85M Swiss Francs supplied by the Gmurzynska gallery
9570664
Economic policy of the Nicolás Maduro administration


, declared Venezuela to be in “selective default” and the Fitch ratings agency declared the state owned PDVSA oil company in "restrictive default" after failing to pay interest on its obligations. These ratings were one level above full default (a full default would mean PDVSA's assets could be seized by creditors - such as oil shipments and the Citgo refinery in Texas). Venezuela's foreign debt was estimated at US$105 billion and reserves at US$10 billion. Nevertheless, commentators believed Venezuela might still be able to get loans
6240826
Default judgment


and often does, order conditions to be satisfied, such as a draft defense being filed first, money paid into court, or similar conditions. Setting aside Judgment in Default is covered by Part 13 of the Civil Procedure Rules. In the United States the law relating to a default judgment depends upon the jurisdiction within which the civil action was filed. State courts, United States Federal Courts, Tribal Courts and many Administrative Agencies have their own laws and local procedural rules relating to the granting and setting aside of a default judgment
8031273
Wolf Wolfensberger


to serve more groups of devalued people in federally prescribed ways broadened GAO’s purview past the point of incoherence; distance grew between what federal administrators assessed and what GAO did; chronic conflict with other groups that more board members and managers believed should be close partners compromised clarity; links to the Training Institute grew weaker; changes of management brought new understandings of the work. GAO continues to do good and important work to the benefit of people with disabilities, though at some distance from its initial design Those few Citizen Advocacy Offices able
14263755
Economic policy of the Nicolás Maduro administration


" inflation rate. In July 2017, Standard & Poor's lowered both the domestic and foreign credit ratings of Venezuela to CCC- due to the increasing risk of default. Fitch Ratings followed suit in August 2017, lowering local and foreign credit ratings to CC. In November 2017 Standard & Poor's rated Venezuela in technical default and Fitch ratings rated Venezuela's oil company PDVSA in restrictive default - one rank above full default. The growth in the BCV's money supply accelerated during the beginning of President Maduro's presidency, which caused
6240843
Comparison of relational database management systems


presence of numbers or special characters. Note (3): How do you get security updates? Is it free access, do you need a login or to pay? Is there easy access through a Web/FTP portal or RSS feed or only through offline access (mail CD-ROM, phone). Note (4): Does database process run as root/administrator or unprivileged user? What is default configuration? Note (5): Is there a separate user to manage special operation like backup (only
17767893
Employees' Provident Fund Organisation


Board under Section 5D for efficient administration of the Act and Schemes. To this end, the Commissioners of the Organization are vested with vast powers under the statute conferring quasi-judicial authority for assessment of financial liability on the employer, search and seizure of records, levy of damages, attachment and auction of a defaulter's property, prosecution and arrest and detention of defaulters in civil prison etc. Administratively, the organization is divided into zones which are headed by an Additional Central Provident Fund Commissioner. At present, there are 10
4194550
Secure by default


Security by default, in "software", means that the default configuration settings are the most secure settings possible, which are not necessarily the most user friendly settings. In many cases, security and user friendliness are evaluated based on both risk analysis and usability tests. This leads to the discussion of "what" the most secure settings actually are. As a result, the precise meaning of "secure by default" remains undefined. In a network operating system, this typically means first and foremost that there are no listening
12742167
Equity (finance)


structural model", where bankruptcy is modeled using a microeconomic model of the firm's capital structure - it treats bankruptcy as a continuous probability of default, where, on the random occurrence of default, the stock price of the defaulting company is assumed to go to zero. This microeconomic approach, to some extent, allows us to answer the question "what are the economic causes of default?". The notion of equity as it relates to real estate derives from the concept called equity of redemption. This equity is a
19317677
Secure by default


systems that are not capable of networking with other systems, and, when considering the amount of network-based security compromises today, one can argue such an operating system is more secure. OpenBSD is a network operating system. Ubuntu is a Linux distribution aimed at desktop users that hides the administrative account by default and only allows the first user to gain administrative privileges for certain system tasks (such as installing system updates, and managing disk drives). macOS does not hide this account, but users with limited rights can still
12742171
Comparison of relational database management systems


dump/restore permissions), security officer (audit), administrator (add user/create database), etc.? Is it default or optional? Note (6): Common Criteria certified product list. Note (7): FirebirdSQL seems to only have SYSDBA user and DB owner. There are no separate roles for backup operator and security administrator. Note (8): User can define a dedicated backup user but nothing particular in default install. Note (9): Authentication methods. Note (10):
17767894
Canonical units


A canonical unit is a unit of measurement agreed upon as default in a certain context. In astrodynamics, canonical units are defined in terms of an object's reference orbit. In this system, a reference mass, for example the sun, is assumed to be 1 "mass unit" and the mean distance from the orbiting object to the reference object is considered the "distance unit". Canonical units are useful when the precise distances and masses of objects in space are not available. However, by setting the mass of
19563601
The Odisha Right to Public Services Act, 2012


penal action against officials failing to provide the services within the stipulated time.It looks towards addressing the growing demand of citizens for improved public services, reducing corruption through imposing penalties on Public Authorities for default in delivery of services and aims at universalization of public services. In addition, what was under the Citizens’ Charters, an administrative guarantee has been translated into a legal right, justiciable under the provisions of ORTPS Act. 3. (1) The State Government may, by notification, from time to time, declare the
20414484
Long-distance calling


or five digits). Long distance calling from landlines was opened to competition in the early 1990s and the use of long distance revenue to subsidise local service phased out a few years later. It is not possible for mobile telephone subscribers or coin-paid telephone users to select a default carrier, so long distance calls are often priced higher from these services. The use of prepaid telephone calling cards is a possible workaround. The regulatory structure in British Telecom exchanges differs from the North American system as there are no free local calls
21018630
Default Credential vulnerability


A Default Credential vulnerability is a type of vulnerability that is most commonly found to affect the devices like modems, routers, digital cameras, and other devices having some pre-set (default) administrative credentials to access all configuration settings. The vendor or manufacturer of such devices uses a single pre-defined set of admin credentials to access the device configurations, and any potential hacker can misuse this fact to hack such devices, if those credentials are not changed by the consumers. There are several Proof-of-Concept (
8204959
BackSlash Linux


by default, the programs run with standard user privileges, but administrator privileges are given whenever required. For increased security, the sudo tool is used to assign temporary privileges for performing administrative tasks, which allows the root account to remain locked and helps prevent inexperienced users from inadvertently making catastrophic system changes or opening security holes. Most network ports are closed by default to prevent hacking. A built-in firewall allows end-users who install network servers to control access. A GUI is available to configure it. BackSlash compiles its
15628034
Open by default


Records Administration. As a result, Data.gov was launched in late May 2009. The development of the portal focused on centralizing data-sets widely scattered across different federal agencies, releasing previously unavailable data, and enhancing machine-readability, with civic experts and academic consortium. OECD's 2013 research has acknowledged the efforts of Obama Administration to open government data in "default setting." Over the years, Data.gov provided one-point access to thousands of public data-sets, which in turn were ranked and refined with increasing civic
9832650
Open by default


participation. However these ongoing efforts were thought to have stalled under President Donald Trump's administration, in regards to the fact it has not appointed Chief Technology Officer that should oversee the management of the portal and data quality advocated by civil society. During the transition period, there were active movements among the transparency advocacy groups and researchers to save the public data from the federal websites, in a fear that these data will no longer be open by default. The Open Government Plan documents of National Archives and Records Administration have since moved
9832651
Default rule


theory concerns the proper role or purpose of default rules. The idea of a default rule in contract law is sometimes connected to the notion of a complete contract. In contract theory, a complete contract fully specifies the rights and duties of the parties to the contract for all possible future states of the world. An incomplete contract, therefore, contains gaps. Most contract theorists find that default rules fill in the gaps in what would otherwise be incomplete contracts. This is often stated pragmatically as whether a court will imply terms so
6307529
Correlation function (astronomy)


In astronomy, a correlation function describes the distribution of galaxies in the universe. By default, "correlation function" refers to the two-point autocorrelation function. The two-point autocorrelation function is a function of one variable (distance); it describes the excess probability of finding two galaxies separated by this distance (excess over and above the probability that would arise if the galaxies were simply scattered independently and with uniform probability). It can be thought of as a lumpiness factor - the higher the value for some distance
6002573
User profiles in Microsoft Windows


lead to confusion. For this reason, the administrator might want to avoid renaming user accounts if at all possible, or rename the folder manually and edit the registry to reflect the changes. The new profile is created by making a copy of a special profile named Default User. It is permissible to modify this Default User profile (within certain guidelines) so as to provide a customized working environment for each new user. Modification of the Default User profile should ideally be done prior to any users logging-on to the computer
11778646
Dell DRAC


In combination with the remote console, this gives administrators the ability to completely re-install an operating system, a task which traditionally required local console access to the physical machine. Administrators can control virtual media through the browser or through the OpenManage tools provided by Dell, though specific versions of browsers restrict some functionality. The main DRAC management takes place via a web interface. All generations of the DRAC use the default user name codice_1 and the default password codice_2. Starting with the DRAC 3, Microsoft Active Directory can also provide
2928579
SmartRider


machine, resulted in a four-zone fare being charged to the SmartRider regardless of distance travelled. However, Transperth has maintained that the default fare is "equal to the cash fare on the assumed basis that a passenger who has failed to tag off has travelled to the final destination of that particular bus, train or ferry service", and that the four-zone rate only applies to rail travel. During the implementation trial phase, the default fare was charged at the Cash Fare less the customer's discount based on
8889413
Oracle Database


Oracle instance by means of values in a parameter file. This file in its ASCII default form ("pfile") normally has a name of the format codice_21. The default binary equivalent server parameter file ("spfile") (dynamically reconfigurable to some extent) defaults to the format codice_22. Within an SQL-based environment, the views codice_23 and codice_24 give access to reading parameter values. Implementation The Oracle DBMS kernel code depends on C programming. Database administrators have limited access to Oracle-internal C structures via V$
15928242
Economy of Venezuela


the country was in default, meaning it could not pay its lenders. August 24, 2017 President Trump imposed sanctions on the state debt of Venezuela which ban to make transactions with state debt of Venezuela including the participation in debt restructuring. November 13, 2017 the technical default period ended and Venezuela didn’t pay coupons on its dollar eurobonds. This caused a cross default on other dollar bonds. November 30 ISDA committee consisting of 15 biggest banks admitted default on state debt obligations what in its turn entailed payments on CDS. According
14116472
Rzip


large-distance matches and then LZMA compress the remaining data. For example, on computer with 2 GB RAM, REP finds matches that is at least 512 bytes long at the distances up to 1 GB, and then LZMA finds any remaining matches at the distances up to 128 MB. So, working together, they provide the best compression possible on 2 GB RAM budget. Being optimized for stream decompression and collaborative work with LZMA, REP has some differences from the original RZIP implementation. First, by default it finds only
20112272
Babel (protocol)


The Babel routing protocol is a distance-vector routing protocol for Internet Protocol packet-switched networks that is designed to be robust and efficient on both wireless mesh networks and wired networks. Babel is based on the ideas in Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector routing (DSDV), Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing (AODV), and Cisco's Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP), but uses different techniques for loop avoidance. Babel has provisions for using multiple dynamically computed metrics; by default, it uses hop
7348771
Theta criterion


by (3d). A verb like "eat" can choose to take an object, as shown in (4): For this type of verb, the potential object is usually semantically limited and therefore can be inferred from the verb at a default value . For instance, for (4a), the listener/reader automatically assumes that John ate "something." What necessitates the object in (4c) is the distinction from the default meaning achieved by specifying what John ate . As a result, this type
12791907
Tree girth measurement


. There is no one ideal height at which to measure girth. Tree trunks flare outward at their base. In some trees this flare or buttressing extends only a short distance up the trunk, while in others it may extend or more up the tree, but the measurement is still taken at this default height for consistency. If the flare at the base of the tree extends above this default girth height, then ideally a second girth measurement should be collected where possible above the basal flare and this height noted. Tree girth
15827963
Kent Bach


justification between internalists and externalists is that internalists are interested in what makes a believer justified and externalists are concerned with what makes a belief justified. Bach argues that the reasoning method employed by humans is "default reasoning", which is to say that when humans reason, many steps in their reasoning are taken by default- i.e. they are “based on some generalization or stereotype which is overridden only if there occurs the thought of an alternative or of a reason to the contrary.” An example of this would be seeing an apple
7949920
Sheet metal forming analysis


, is not captured optically but results from the theoretical point distance defined in the project parameters. As a default, Forming analysis system presumes an exactly regular initial pattern which is on one plane and for which the point distance is known. This is called the "virtual reference stage" and is marked with Stage 0 in italic letters in the software. All strain values refer to the adjusted computation parameter Point distance. The Forming analysis system software is also capable of analyzing several static deformation states (stages) within one project where
13029581