when was the winter at valley forge revolutionary war
American Revolutionary War


part by a few senior officers. The Americans solved their training dilemma during their stint in Winter Quarters at Valley Forge, where they were relentlessly drilled and trained by General Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben, a veteran of the famed Prussian General Staff. He taught the Continental Army the essentials of military discipline, drills, tactics and strategy, and wrote the Revolutionary War Drill Manual. When the Army emerged from Valley Forge, it proved its ability to equally match the British troops in battle when they fought a successful strategic action at the
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Valley Forge National Historical Park


Valley Forge National Historical Park is the site of the third winter encampment of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, taking place from December 19, 1777 to June 19, 1778. The National Historical Park preserves the site and interprets the history of the Valley Forge encampment. Originally Valley Forge State Park, it became a national historical park in 1976. The Park contains historical buildings, recreated encampment structures, memorials, museums, and recreation facilities. The park encompasses and is visited by over 1.2 million people each year.
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Valley Forge


spilled over into a civil war between the Six Nations of the Haudenosaunee or Iroquois Confederacy. Among the challenges befalling the Continental Army during the Valley Forge winter included poor organization. Two years of revolutionary war, shuffling leadership, and uneven recruitment resulted in irregular unit organization and strength. During the Valley Forge encampment, the army was reorganized into five divisions under Major Generals Charles Lee, Marquis de Lafayette, Johan de Kalb, and William Alexander "Lord Stirling," with Brigadier General Anthony Wayne serving in place of Mifflin. Thanks
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Valley Forge (film)


Valley Forge is a 1975 videotaped adaptation of the 1934 Broadway play by Maxwell Anderson. Directed and produced by Fielder Cook. Originally broadcast as part of the "Hallmark Hall of Fame" series of specials. The film concerns the American Revolutionary War encampment at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania and a planned escape by the men desperate to leave behind the terrible conditions of the winter. To condense the plot, the seventy-five-minute production entirely omits the play's principal female character, Mary Philipse. Shot partly on location in Canada
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National Memorial Arch


The United States National Memorial Arch, located in Valley Forge National Historical Park, Chester County, Pennsylvania, is a monument built to celebrate the arrival of General George Washington and the Continental Army at Valley Forge. Valley Forge was the military camp 18 miles northwest of Philadelphia where the American Continental Army spent the winter of 1777–78 during the American Revolutionary War. Starvation, disease, malnutrition, and exposure killed more than 2,500 American soldiers by the end of February 1778. The Memorial Arch was planned during the height of the post-
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Pennsylvania Route 23


development and crosses into Schuylkill Township, where it becomes Valley Forge Road and curves to the east. PA 23 crosses Pickering Creek at the dam forming Pickering Creek Reservoir to the south and turns southeast through wooded areas of residential development. The route reaches the community of Valley Forge, where it curves east and enters Valley Forge National Historical Park, the site where General George Washington and the Continental Army made an important winter encampment during the American Revolutionary War. Upon crossing Valley Creek, PA 23 enters Upper Merion Township in Montgomery County
12720262
Arnold Friberg


a series of paintings showing the greatest moments in college football, including "The First Game", played in New Brunswick, New Jersey on November 6, 1869 between Rutgers College and the visiting College of New Jersey, for use in their 1969 advertising campaign. After extensive research on the location during winter and the equipment and gear used by Revolutionary War soldiers, Friberg created his 1975 painting "The Prayer at Valley Forge". This depicts George Washington praying while the Continental Army winters at Valley Forge in Pennsylvania during 1777 and
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King of Prussia, Pennsylvania


has over 500 hotel rooms, 600 slot machines, table games, sports betting, seven restaurants, a spa, nightlife, a convention center, and a seasonal poolside club called Valley Beach. Valley Forge National Historical Park, which consists of the site where General George Washington and the Continental Army made their encampment at Valley Forge during the winter of 1777-78 in the American Revolutionary War, is located to the west of King of Prussia. King of Prussia is home to the King of Prussia Volunteer Fire Company 9/11 Memorial
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Upper Merion Township, Pennsylvania


square miles (1.0 km) of it (2.20%) is water. Upper Merion Township is home to Valley Forge National Historical Park, which consists of the site where General George Washington and the Continental Army made their encampment at Valley Forge during the winter of 1777-78 in the American Revolutionary War. King of Prussia, which is the largest mall in the United States in terms of leasable space with over 400 stores, is located in Upper Merion Township. Other points of interest in Upper Merion Township include the Valley
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Bridgeport, Pennsylvania


Bridgeport is a borough in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, north of Philadelphia on the Schuylkill River. Former industries included paper, flour, cotton, woolen mills, steel works, and brickyards. Bridgeport is east of Valley Forge, Pennsylvania. In 1777, during the American Revolutionary War, General George Washington and the Continental Army passed through Bridgeport on their way to their winter encampment in Valley Forge. 3,097 people lived in Bridgeport in 1900; 3,860 in 1910; and 5,904 in 1940. The population was 4,554 at the 2010 census
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American Creation


, as well as their failures to deal with slavery and to reach a just settlement with Native Americans. The book's first chapter, "The Year", examines the Declaration of Independence as well as the American Revolutionary War. Ellis discusses how, "latently and surreptitiously", the Declaration held more long-term revolutionary implications than the Founders realized. The second chapter, "The Winter", discusses General George Washington's achievement in holding the Continental Army together during a hard winter at Valley Forge. The army's
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Delaware Valley


, and Red Bank, the Siege of Fort Mifflin, the winter of 1777–78 at Valley Forge, the Philadelphia Convention, and many others. Philadelphia was one of the nation's capitals in the Revolutionary War, and served as temporary U.S. capital while Washington, D.C., was under construction. Today, the area is home to some of the most prestigious universities in the world, such as the University of Pennsylvania, Drexel University, Villanova University, Saint Joseph's University, University of Delaware, and Temple University. The Wharton
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USS Valley Forge (CV-45)


USS "Valley Forge" (CV/CVA/CVS-45, LPH-8) was one of 24 s built during and shortly after World War II for the United States Navy. The ship was the first US Navy ship to bear the name, and was named after Valley Forge, the 1777–1778 winter encampment of General George Washington's Continental Army. "Valley Forge" was commissioned in November 1946, too late to serve in World War II, but saw extensive service in the Korean War and the Vietnam War. She was reclassified
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Valley Creek (Pennsylvania)


Valley Creek is a tributary of the Schuylkill River in eastern Chester County, Pennsylvania, United States, flowing through an area known as the Great Valley. Around 1740 a forge was erected along Valley Creek near its confluence with the Schuylkill. This gave rise to the community of Valley Forge. Later the creek powered a saw mill and grist mill there. In 1777, the forge and mills were destroyed by the British Army during the American Revolutionary War. In December 1777, George Washington chose Valley Forge as the site for the
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William Lee (valet)


Lee often traveled with Washington to the House of Burgesses in Williamsburg, or on journeys such as a surveying expedition to the Ohio Valley in 1770 and to the First Continental Congress in Philadelphia in 1774. Lee served at Washington's side throughout the eight years of the Revolutionary War, including the winter at Valley Forge and at the siege of Yorktown. According to historian Fritz Hirschfeld, Lee "rode alongside Washington in the thick of battle, ready to hand over to the general a spare horse or his telescope or whatever else might
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Josiah Harmar


of Canada, fighting in the Battle of Quebec. He served under George Washington and Henry Lee during the war. Harmar was one of the officers of the Continental Army who served under Washington during the winter of 1777-78 at Valley Forge. Washington had a high opinion of Harmar during the Revolutionary War, writing that Harmar was one of the "gentlemen...personally known to me as one of the best officers in the Army". By the end of the war, Harmar was serving as adjutant to General Nathanael Greene
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Joseph Anderson


In 1776, following the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War, he enlisted in the 3rd New Jersey Regiment of the Continental Army, and rose to the rank of captain and paymaster in less than two years. Anderson fought at the Battle of Monmouth, and was with the army during its difficult 1777 wintering at Valley Forge. In 1781, he transferred to the 1st New Jersey Regiment, and fought with this unit at the Battle of Yorktown. At the end of the war, Anderson was discharged with the rank of major
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Martha Washington


live a private life at Mount Vernon and her homes from the Custis estate, Martha Washington followed Washington to his winter encampments for each of eight years. She helped keep up morale among the officers. By tradition, Washington was described as spending her days at the Revolutionary War winter encampments visiting with the common soldiers in their huts. But Nancy Loane, author of "Following the Drum: Women at the Valley Forge Encampment", says there is no evidence that Washington visited with the common soldiers, noting that Martha Washington was
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Valley Forge National Historical Park


the officers and soldiers of the army, combined with Baron Friedrich von Steuben's professional military training program, are considered key to the subsequent success of the Continental Army and marks a turning point in the Revolutionary War. Valley Forge was established as the first state park of Pennsylvania in 1893 by the Valley Forge Park Commission (VFPC) "to preserve, improve, and maintain as a public park the site on which General George Washington's army encamped at Valley Forge.". The area around Washington's Headquarters was chosen as
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W. Herbert Burk


W. Herbert Burk (1867-1933) was an Episcopal priest and founding vicar of the Washington Memorial Chapel in the Valley Forge National Historical Park. He is known for assembling, over the course of many years, the collection of Revolutionary War artifacts that form the core of the collection of the Museum of the American Revolution in Philadelphia, and for his work to preserve Valley Forge, the site of an important Revolutionary War army encampment. Burk was the son of Rev. Jesse Y. Burk rector of Old St Peter's Church,
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William Shepard


French and Indian wars for six years. He was a member of the committee of correspondence for Westfield in 1774, and was a lieutenant colonel of Minutemen in April 1775 and served under Colonel Timothy Danielson. He entered the Continental Army in May 1775 as lieutenant colonel and was commissioned Colonel of the 4th Massachusetts Regiment on October 6, 1776, serving throughout the Revolutionary War, including winter at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, where he commanded the 4th Division of the Massachusetts militia, under the overall command of General John Glover. His
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James E. Slaughter


sides of his family descended from the First Families of Virginia. Col. Robert Slaughter and Lt. William Slaughter fought in the French and Indian War; his namesake Col. James Slaughter supported the patriots in the American Revolutionary War as had another great-grandfather, French Strother (James Slaughter serving on the local Committee of Safety and fighting at the Battle of Great Bridge and wintering with neighbor John Marshall at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania). Through his mother, J.E. Strother was the great-nephew of President James Madison. Generations
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American Revolutionary War


but the effort ultimately failed to stop the raids. During the winter of 1779–80, the Continental Army suffered greater hardships than at Valley Forge. Morale was poor; public support was being eroded by the long war; the national currency was virtually worthless; the army was plagued with supply problems; desertion was common; and whole regiments mutinied over the conditions in early 1780. In 1780, Clinton launched an attempt to retake New Jersey. On June 7, 6,000 men invaded under Hessian general Wilhelm von Knyphausen, but they met
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Freedoms Foundation


The Freedoms Foundation is a national, non-profit, non-partisan, non-sectarian educational organization, founded in 1949. The Foundation is located adjacent to the Valley Forge National Historical Park, near Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, U.S., and sits on ground that was once part of General George Washington's Valley Forge encampment during the American Revolutionary War. In 1985, the Foundation developed a "Bill of Responsibilities" as part of its worldwide educational efforts. It was meant to be a corollary to the Bill of Rights
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William Penn State Forest


William Penn State Forest is a Pennsylvania State Forest in Pennsylvania Bureau of Forestry District #17. The main offices are located in Elverson in Chester County, Pennsylvania in the United States. The forest is named for William Penn, the founder of Pennsylvania. It was originally named "Valley Forge State Forest", for the camp at Valley Forge in the American Revolutionary War. Valley Forge State Park was the first state park in Pennsylvania, and the headquarters of the state forest were located there as well. The state park was
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Emily Parmely Collins


Revolutionary War, James enlisted in Captain Mill's company, Colonel Webb's regiment. Being a natural musician, James enlisted as a drummer, and saw service at the time of George Washington's evacuation of New York, and during the march of the army across New Jersey, as well as in the battle of Trenton, and in other skirmishes on the Delaware River, and in winter quarters during Valley Forge. Later, at the Battle of Monmouth, he was prostrated with the heat and was never a robust man afterwards
20405851
Theater in the United States


" by Robert Rogers, had been published in London a year earlier. 'Cato', a play about revolution, was performed for George Washington and his troops at Valley Forge in the winter of 1777–1778. The Revolutionary period was a boost for dramatists, for whom the political debates were fertile ground for both satire, as seen in the works of Mercy Otis Warren and Colonel Robert Munford, and for plays about heroism, as in the works of Hugh Henry Brackenridge. The post-war period saw the birth of American
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Battle of Monmouth


the American Revolutionary War, the British commander-in-chief General Sir William Howe launched the Philadelphia campaign to capture the rebels' capital and persuade them to sue for peace. In the fall of that year, Howe inflicted two significant defeats on General George Washington and his Continental Army, at Brandywine and Germantown, and occupied Philadelphia, forcing the Second Continental Congress to hurriedly decamp to York, Pennsylvania. Washington avoided battle for the rest of the year, and in December he withdrew to winter quarters at Valley Forge, despite
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John Marshall


Thomas and John Marshall volunteered for service in the 3rd Virginia Regiment. In 1776, Marshall became a lieutenant in the Eleventh Virginia Regiment of the Continental Army. During the American Revolutionary War, he served in several battles, including the Battle of Brandywine, and endured the winter at Valley Forge. After he was furloughed in 1780, Marshall began attending the College of William and Mary. Marshall read law under the famous Chancellor George Wythe at the College of William and Mary, and he was admitted to the state bar in 1780
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Jean Baptiste Joseph, chevalier de Laumoy


Jean Baptiste Joseph, chevalier de Laumoy (1750–1832) French engineer, fought in the American Revolutionary War, and was on the staff of Lafayette and was captured with him, by the Austrians. De Laumoy was the son of a French infantry captain. He entered the French military engineering school in 1760. He was assigned to America in 1777. On 17 November Laumoy was commissioned Colonel of Engineers; he joined Washington's winter camp at Valley Forge. The French engineers, de Laumoy, La Radiere, and Duportail, provided
22097531
Battle of Monmouth


The Battle of Monmouth was fought near Monmouth Court House (modern-day Freehold Borough, New Jersey) on June 28, 1778, during the American Revolutionary War. It pitted the Continental Army, commanded by General George Washington, against the British Army in North America, commanded by General Sir Henry Clinton. It was the last battle of the Philadelphia campaign, begun the previous year, during which the British had inflicted two major defeats on Washington and occupied Philadelphia. Washington had spent the winter at Valley Forge rebuilding his army
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Hopkins County, Kentucky


coal. Some of the early settlers were Revolutionary War veterans who received land grants for their service from Virginia in the area southwest of the Green River. Among these was Baron Von Steuben, a Prussian officer who had trained George Washington's Continental Army at Valley Forge during the winter of 1776-77. He had received a grant of several thousand acres in the northwest part of the county. According to tradition, Von Steuben was wounded in an Indian attack on his first visit to Kentucky. He then quit-claimed his
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Philadelphia Pepper Pot


Pepper Pot is a thick stew of beef tripe, vegetables, pepper and other seasonings. The origins of the stew are steeped in legend, with one story attributing the dish to Christopher Ludwick, baker general of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. According to this story, during the harsh winter of 1777–1778 farmers near Valley Forge sold food to the British rather than accepting the weak continental currency. The Continental Army survived on soup made of tripe, vegetables, and whatever else they could find. In the early 19th
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Lawrence Taliaferro Dade


Kentucky. Lawrence Taliaferro Dade was born to Captain Francis Dade and Sarah Taliaferro in 1785. Captain Francis Dade and his cousin (Lawrence's uncle) Baldwin Dade were patriots of the Revolutionary War serving in the 3rd Continental Light Dragoons. Both were survivors of the winter encampment in Valley Forge and the vicious British attack known as the "Baylor Massacre" at Old Tappan, New Jersey. Lawrence Taliaferro Dade's Great Great Grandfather was Francis Dade (Francis Dade (Virginia Burgess)) also known as John Smith (John Smith (
19216345
Walnut, Iowa


Devin, widow of Private Robert Devin, who served in the Revolutionary War from January 1777 until February 1780, applied for and was granted bounty warrant #13745 for 160 acres in southwest Iowa. Robert was from Pittsylvania County, Virginia, and served in the 14th Virginia Regiment, under the command of George Washington. He spent the winter at Valley Forge in 1777-78, where starvation, disease, malnutrition and exposure killed 2,500 of his compatriots. Ms. Devin's grant was for the SE 1/4 of Section 9, Township
21142312
Windham, Maine


inhabitants took shelter in the stockade between 1745 and 1751. The last Indian attack on the town occurred on May 14, 1756. New Marblehead Plantation was incorporated on June 12, 1762 as Windham, named for Wymondham in Norfolk, England. Windham Minutemen marched to Portland in response to the Burning of Falmouth on 18 October 1775 and sixteen men were drafted from the town for the Penobscot Expedition. Thirteen Windham men are reported as being members of the Continental Army with George Washington's American Revolutionary War winter encampment at Valley Forge.
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Frederick Coombs


would study maps while planning his campaigns for the Revolutionary War. He was reported to have spent a winter starving himself until he was convinced by concerned friends that the Battle of Valley Forge was over. In his office as President he composed letters to the United States Congress and issued proclamations, just as Norton did. During the day he would often be seen in Montgomery Street wearing a powdered wig and tricorne hat and carrying a banner proclaiming himself "The Great Matrimonial Candidate". Initially he, Norton, and the two well
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Thomas Noble Stockett


Thomas Noble Stockett was an American surgeon and revolutionary war veteran as well as a prominent landowner in Maryland. He served in Colonel Thomas Ewing's battalion under General William Smallwood's 1st Maryland Regiment, Flying Camp where he spent the winter at Valley Forge as part of the Maryland Line. He was named a member of the Maryland Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of the State of Maryland in 1799 by an act of the Maryland General Assembly. He inherited the family home known as Obligation in Harwood, Maryland. His father was Thomas Stockett
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American Revolutionary War


did not follow-up on his victory, leaving the American army intact and able to fight. Later, after several days of probing American defences at White Marsh, Howe inexplicably ordered a retreat to Philadelphia, astonishing both sides. Howe ignored the vulnerable American rear, where an attack could have deprived Washington of his baggage and supplies. On December 19, Washington's army entered winter quarters at Valley Forge. Poor conditions and supply problems resulted in the deaths of some 2,500 troops. Howe, only 20 miles (32 km
217523
Monmouth County, New Jersey


Sir Henry Clinton, in the longest land battle of the American Revolutionary War. It was at Monmouth that the tactics and training from Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben developed at Valley Forge during the winter encampment were first implemented on a large scale. At independence, Monmouth's population included 1,640 slaves, as well as an undetermined number of free African Americans. The number of enslaved persons fell steeply after 1820, though a small number remained until at least 1850. Monmouth's free African American population climbed from 353 in 1790 to 2,658 in
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Charles Scott (governor)


there, they abandoned the idea. After a series of skirmishes with Howe's men near Whitemarsh, Washington's army camped for the winter at Valley Forge. Scott was afforded the luxury of boarding at the farm of Samuel Jones, about three miles from the camp, but rode out to inspect his brigade daily. Washington granted him a furlough in mid-March 1778, and he returned to Valley Forge on May20, 1778. When Washington and his men abandoned Valley Forge in mid-June 1778, Scott was ordered to
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Valley Forge Pilgrimage


The Valley Forge Pilgrimage and Encampment is the oldest annual Scouting event in the World. It was first held on February 22, 1913 (George Washington's 181st birthday), and has been held every year since. The event is hosted by the Cradle of Liberty Council and commemorates the soldiers of the Continental Army who braved the winter of 1777-78 at Valley Forge. Each year more than 2,000 brave the winter chill of the Delaware Valley to participate. Boy Scouts of America (BSA) was only three years old,
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Nicholas Gilman


Englanders had to spend a harsh winter in the snows of Valley Forge. That winter encampment put the units of the Continental Army to their supreme test, a time of suffering and deprivation from which they emerged as a tough, professional combat team. Gilman's administrative skills came to the fore at this time. When Washington selected Colonel Scammell to serve as the Continental Army's Adjutant General, Scammell made Gilman his assistant. Promotion to the rank of captain followed in June 1778. For the remainder of the war, Gilman found
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Valley Forge, York County, Pennsylvania


Valley Forge is a village in the southwest corner of Springettsbury Township, York County, Pennsylvania, United States. The community is located just to the northeast of the city of York near the intersection of US Route 30 and North Sherman Street. Harley-Davidson's York plant is nominally located in Valley Forge. This Valley Forge is one of two communities in Pennsylvania with the same name. The other Valley Forge is roughly east, in Chester County. The other village is the one associated with the pivotal winter encampment of the
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Tuxedo, New York


the Revolutionary War. In 1779 the rebel government built the Continental Road from Eagle Valley through the present-day village of Tuxedo Park to what is now Route 17 near Warwick Brook Road. The first industry in Tuxedo was the Augusta Forge at the falls on the Ramapo River, founded by Solomon Townsend in 1783, soon after the end of the war. The town of Southfield (now part of the town of Tuxedo) was renamed Monroe in 1808. An iron forge was operated in this area, still known as Southfields
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Winter Fields (painting)


American Revolutionary War that took place in Brandywine Valley of Pennsylvania, as Wyeth was known for his interest in local history. In 2011, Ken Johnson of "The New York Times" reviewed an exhibition where "Winter Fields" was included, and wrote about a recurring theme in 20th-century art of declining spirituality: ""Winter Fields", a painting that Andrew Wyeth made in 1942 when he was leaning toward Magic Realism, puts it more succinctly. With the exacting touch and the pagan religiosity of a Pre-
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Oley Valley


in the area. The first settler, named John Palmer Fleck of Wyomissing, moved to the Maxatawny region of the Oley Valley Another one of the Valley’s early residents was the Boone family. Daniel Boone the famous pioneer was born in Oley in 1734. Oley played an important role during the early days of the Revolutionary War. During George Washington's encampment at Valley Forge, Oley’s farmers sent large amounts of food along with cannonballs made at the Oley Furnace to bolster Washington's army. The "Annals of Oley Valley
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Wears Valley, Tennessee


, and will not occur in the foreseeable future. Wears Valley is named after Samuel Wear (1753–1817), a Revolutionary War veteran who erected a fort near the entrance to the valley in what is now Pigeon Forge. The original name of the valley was "Crowson Cove," after its first settler, Aaron Crowson (1774–1849). While no one is sure why its name changed, the valley was using its current name by 1900. Crowson arrived in Wears Valley from North Carolina in 1792 along with his friend,
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Valley Forge


any real threat to Washington's leadership, a series of leaks and embarrassing exposures in the fall and winter of 1777 and 1778 dissolved the threat. Thanks to the demise of the so-called Conway Cabal, following the Valley Forge encampment George Washington's reputation in the American war effort improved. Increasing military efficiency, morale, and discipline improved the army's well-being with better supply of food and arms. The Continental Army had been hindered in battle because units administered training from a variety of field manuals, making coordinated
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George Washington's political evolution


his skill in keeping it from dissolution over the difficult winter of 1777–1778 at Valley Forge – a winter in which food was always in short supply and deaths from disease accounted for 15 percent of its strength – ensured there was still an army that could take the field when France entered the war as an ally early in 1778. Washington was the glue that kept the army together, the hope of victory and independence alive. With his clever campaign of political infighting having largely silenced his critics, Washington's position became unassailable. He
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Departments of the Continental Army


Princeton. The Philadelphia campaign was fought in this department, after which the Continental Army went into winter quarters at Valley Forge. In 1778 this department was the scene of the Monmouth campaign. After Monmouth, on June 28, 1778, major military operations in the United States shifted to the Southern Department. The department existed until the close of the war. It was the scene of one of the war's last episodes when the British Army evacuated New York City on November 25, 1783. The Western Department covered the frontier
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Jacob Nagle


Jacob Nagle (1761–1841) was an American and British soldier, sailor, and, above all, diarist who provides an exceptional first-hand account of many of the dramatic events of his lifetime. Nagle was born in Reading, Pennsylvania, and fought in the American Revolutionary War along with his father. He was in the Battle of Brandywine and in George Washington's artillery at Valley Forge. He resigned from the Continental Army in 1778 and enlisted in the tiny Continental Navy. When construction on the "USS Saratoga" was
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Harbor Defenses of the Delaware


negotiations resulted in France declaring war on Britain in March 1778. Washington and his army encamped at Valley Forge in December 1777, about 20 miles (32 km) from Philadelphia, where they stayed for the next six months. Over the winter, 2,500 men (out of 10,000) died from disease and exposure. However, the army eventually emerged from Valley Forge in good order. Meanwhile, there was a shakeup in the British command. General Howe resigned his position, and was replaced by Lieutenant General Henry Clinton as commander
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Cato the Younger


it performed during the winter at Valley Forge in spite of a Congressional ban on such performances. The death of Cato ("La mort de Caton d'Utique") was a popular theme in revolutionary France, being sculpted by Philippe-Laurent Roland (1782) and painted by Bouchet Louis André Gabriel, Bouillon Pierre, and Guérin Pierre Narcisse in 1797. The title-page of the third Book of David Hume's 'A Treatise of Human Nature' ("Of Morals') features an epigraph from Lucan's 'Pharsalia
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USS Valley Forge (CG-50)


USS "Valley Forge" (CG-50) was a in the United States Navy. She was named for Valley Forge, where the Continental Army camped during one winter in the American Revolution. The ship was built by Ingalls Shipbuilding in Pascagoula, Mississippi, and was launched on 29 September 1984, by her sponsor Julia Vadala Taft, wife of Deputy Secretary of Defense William H. Taft IV. During the 1986 RIMPAC naval exercise, she acted as the plane guard for the aircraft carrier . In March 2003, "Valley Forge"
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Valley Forge


Valley Forge functioned as the third of eight military encampments for the Continental Army's main body, commanded by General George Washington. In September 1777, British forces had captured the American capital of Philadelphia. After failing to retake the city, Washington led his 12,000-man army into winter quarters at Valley Forge, located approximately 18 miles (29 km) northwest of Philadelphia. They remained there for six months, from December 19, 1777 to June 19, 1778. At Valley Forge, the Continentals struggled to manage a disastrous supply crisis
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Valley Forge


posted the army's mounted troops at Trenton, New Jersey, and additional outposts at Downingtown and Radnor, Pennsylvania, among other places. In the two winter encampments prior to Valley Forge, the Continental army had sheltered themselves in a combination of tents, constructed huts, civilian barns and other buildings. Valley Forge would mark the first time Washington ordered the army primarily concentrated into a more permanent post where they constructed their own shelters. This strategic shift encouraged a whole new host of problems for the American Patriots. The Valley Forge
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Valley Forge National Historical Park


Continental soldiers encamped at Valley Forge, ranger-led gallery programs and walks, a storytelling program, a photo gallery, a visitor information desk staffed by Park Rangers, Representatives from the Valley Forge Tourism and Convention Board, & Park Volunteers, and the Encampment Store for books and souvenirs. 90-minute Trolley tours of the park and bike rentals are available seasonally from this location. A short 18-minute film, "Valley Forge: A Winter Encampment" is shown in the park's theater next door. The Visitor Center, built in
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Harmony Hall (Kinston, North Carolina)


Cobb, began building their home in 1772 when they were married, and by 1776, construction of the house was complete. That same year, Cobb left to fight in the Battle of Moore's Creek Bridge near Wilmington. By the time he returned home, Elizabeth had given birth to their son, John. Later that year Cobb left again to fight in the war, serving in the Continental Army with General George Washington during the New York and New Jersey campaign and winter at Valley Forge. During the war, the
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Wear Cove


U.S. Route 441. This section of 321 is known as "Wears Valley Road". Lyon Springs Road connects Wears Valley Road with Little River Road inside the national park, crossing the gap between Cove Mountain and Roundtop and emerging at the Metcalf Bottoms campground. Wear Cove is named after Samuel Wear, a Revolutionary War veteran who erected a fort near the entrance to the valley in what is now Pigeon Forge. The original name of the valley was "Crowson Cove", after its first settler, Aaron Crowson (1774–1849)
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Samuel Brady


, there was little, if any element of surprise, and the British stoutly repulsed the Colonials at heavy cost to the Colonials. After his defeat at the Battle of Germantown, Washington set up camp at Valley Forge, where the hardships endured by the Continental Army that cold winter are legendary. Samuel Brady likely wintered with George Washington at Valley Forge in that terrible winter of 1777 and 1778. In the Spring of 1778, General Washington logically deployed the Pennsylvanians to the Pennsylvania and Ohio frontiers (their home territory, with which
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Valley Forge National Historical Park


for different activities such as jogging, walking and biking. Other activities include horseback riding and canoeing/kayaking (though visitors must provide horses and boats). There are three picnic areas located on the site. In addition, Park Rangers dressed in Period Uniforms are stationed as the Muhlenburg Brigade Huts and Washington's Headquarters, ready to inform visitors about the historic events that happened on the site. The Valley Forge 5-Mile Revolutionary Run is also held in the park every April. Near Washington's Headquarters is the "Valley Forge Train
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Tredyffrin Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania


lived in the Great Valley to hold a meeting every other month in Tredyffrin, which was called the Valley Meeting. There was also an Anglican church, built in 1700. As Tredyffrin includes part of Valley Forge National Historical Park, there are many Revolutionary War-related sites in the township, especially the park and houses where various generals were quartered. Development in the township was sparked in the 19th century by construction and advertisement of the "Main Line" railroad service, which terminated in Paoli, which straddles the western border
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Valley Forge


and pictures as blanketed in snow or coated in ice. In such stories, exposure and frostbite supposedly claimed the lives of many soldiers. While amputations did occur, no corroborating sources claim that death occurred from the freezing temperatures alone. Rather, at Valley Forge snowfall was infrequent, above-freezing temperatures were regular, and ice was uncommon. Stories of harsh winter largely originate from the 1779-1780 winter encampment at Jockey Hollow, near Morristown, New Jersey. The winter of 1779-1780 was reportedly one of the worst
6957231
Margaret Bayard Smith


Hodge (1740–1780). At the time of her birth during the Revolutionary War, her father was serving with George Washington at Valley Forge. One of her first cousins was Rev. Charles Hodge (1797–1878). Her mother died in 1780, when Margaret was a toddler. Her father remarried to Mary (née Grant) Hodgson (d. 1785), a widow of John Hodgson of South Carolina. She died in 1785. John Bayard married again to Johannah White (d. 1834), sister of General Anthony Walton White (
14993176
Henry Burbeck


by Colonel John Crane. He marched with General Washington and the Continental Army from Valley Forge to New Jersey in 1778. Following the march, he fought in the Battle of Monmouth. His unit was sent North and he remained in White Plains, New York, to defend the Hudson Highlands from 1779-1783. Burbeck became an original member of the Society of the Cincinnati upon its founding in 1783. He marched into New York City when the British army evacuated it at the close of the Revolutionary War. Burbeck knew General
6568983
History of Connecticut


. The Redding encampment allowed Putnam's soldiers to guard the replenished supply depot in Danbury and support any operations along Long Island Sound and the Hudson River Valley. Some of the men were veterans of the winter encampment at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania the previous winter. Soldiers at the Redding camp endured supply shortages, cold temperatures and significant snow, with some historians dubbing the encampment "Connecticut's Valley Forge." The state was also the launching site for a number of raids against Long Island orchestrated by Samuel Holden Parsons and Benjamin Tallmadge
20214787
Forman's Additional Continental Regiment


Marsh the men of Forman's Regiment do appear on the Regimental Muster Rolls of the Continental Army when they move from White Marsh to the winter encampment at Valley Forge. Forman's Additional Regiment remained at Valley Forge until it took part in the Monmouth Campaign in June 1778. The regiment is not listed in Brendan Morrissey's order of battle, due to the regiment's attachment to Colonel Israel Shreve's 2nd New Jersey Regiment in early April 1778. At this time Forman was under investigation by NJ's governor William Livingston over his
19872130
Crestwood, Missouri


, is located on property formerly owned by president Ulysses S. Grant in the period between the Mexican War and the Civil War. Crestwood is the burial place of Sgt. John Sappington. He was a Revolutionary War soldier who was a personal bodyguard to Gen. George Washington at Valley Forge. He was also one of the pioneers at Fort Boonesborough in Madison County, Kentucky. The Sappingtons were large land owners in the area, and Mark and Thomas Sappington's homes still stand in the vicinity. The Sappington Cemetery is maintained by the
2546524
Valley Forge Pilgrimage


and was sweeping the country when approximately 300 Scouts from Philadelphia and suburban Delaware and Montgomery Counties took part in the first pilgrimage. Typical attendance ranged from 125 to 275 Scouts and leaders until the Great Depression. The event has been held every year, even during the Depression and World War II, though the event was then held at a reduced scale. In the early years, Scouts traveled to Valley Forge by train and foot, arriving at the Valley Forge Train Station. The event was organized by an Episcopal priest, Rev.
7990876
Americans Will Always Fight for Liberty


motivations of soldiers of the U.S. Army in World War II to Continental soldiers stationed at Valley Forge, drawing a connection between the soldiers from the Revolutionary War and the soldiers engaged in combat against the Axis powers. The poster was displayed throughout the United States in public areas such as schools, libraries, post offices and factories. It helped to instill patriotism during the Second World War and has been called one of the most recognized and enduring posters produced during the World War II era. The poster in underlining the word "always
21354865
George E. Royce


Edmund Rice an early immigrant to Massachusetts Bay Colony as follows: Rice's father Captain Alpheus Royce (who was born Alpheus Rice and changed his name in middle age) led a company of Vermont militia in the War of 1812 at the Battle of Plattsburgh. His grandfather Jonas was a lieutenant in the Revolutionary War, serving at Valley Forge, the Battle of Trenton and the Battle of Princeton. His great grandfather Adonijah Rice, was a member of Rogers' Rangers during the French and Indian War, and his great, great
15988557
Seth Ledyard Phelps


Peru. Seth Phelps was named after his grandfather, who served in the American Revolutionary War and at times with George Washington and was present at Valley Forge. The senior Seth was later promoted to captain and became an aide to General Washington. Seth Ledyard's father's name was Alfred Phelps, who served in the War of 1812 under Winfield Scott in the Battle of Queenston Heights in Ontario. After the war Alfred returned home, started a law practice, and then met and married Ann B. Towsley on July 1, 1820
15992562
Valley Forge


Philadelphia. Some members of the Continental Congress also believed that the army might be able to launch a winter campaign. Interested parties suggested other sites for an encampment, including Lancaster, Pennsylvania and Wilmington, Delaware. However, following the inconclusive Battle of Whitemarsh from December 5–8, increasing numbers of officers and politicians began to appreciate the need to defend the greater Philadelphia region from British incursions. Considering these questions, an encampment at Valley Forge had notable advantages. Valley Forge's high terrain meant that enemy attacks would be difficult. Its
6957192
Valley Forge


's decision to establish their encampment near Valley Forge, Pennsylvania in the winter of 1777-1778. Washington conferred with his officers to select the site that would be most advantageous to his army. Washington first asked his generals where to quarter the Continental Army in the winter of 1777–1778 on October 29, 1777. In addition to suggestions from his officers, Washington also had to contend with the recommendations of politicians. Pennsylvania state legislators and the Continental Congress expected the Continental Army to select an encampment site that could protect the countryside around
6957191
John Kilby Smith


John Kilby Smith (born Boston, Massachusetts, December 17, 1752; died Portland, Maine, August 9, 1842) was a public servant from New England, who served in the American Revolution. Smith was an original Member of the Massachusetts Society of the Cincinnati, and his descendants have continued this membership to the current day. During the Revolutionary War Smith was aide-de-camp to General Lafayette During the war he was at Ticonderoga and in the Burgoyne and New Jersey campaigns, as well as at Valley Forge
13033276
Connecticut


up winter quarters. Major General Israel Putnam chose Redding as the winter encampment quarters for some 3,000 regulars and militia under his command. The Redding encampment allowed Putnam's soldiers to guard the replenished supply depot in Danbury and to support any operations along Long Island Sound and the Hudson River Valley. Some of the men were veterans of the winter encampment at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania the previous winter. Soldiers at the Redding camp endured supply shortages, cold temperatures, and significant snow, with some historians dubbing the encampment "Connecticut's Valley
6548017
George Washington in the American Revolution


winter of 1779–80 was one of the coldest in recorded colonial history. New York Harbor froze over, and the winter camps of the Continental Army were deluged with snow, resulting in hardships exceeding those experienced at Valley Forge. The war was declining in popularity, and the inflationary issuance of paper currency by Congress and the states alike harmed the economy, and the ability to provision the army. The paper currency also hit the army's morale, since it was how the troops were paid. Congress fixed the rate between paper and
19157441
Prisoners of war in the American Revolutionary War


ships as prisons. Conditions were appalling, and many more Americans died of neglect while imprisoned than were killed in battle. While the Continental Army named a commissary to supply them, the task was almost impossible. Elias Boudinot, as one of these commissaries, was competing with other agents seeking to gather supplies for George Washington's army at Valley Forge. Historian Edward G. Burrows writes that, "by the end of 1776, disease and starvation had killed at least half of those taken on Long Island and perhaps two-thirds
5169773
Valley Forge Military Academy and College


War motif for the school. The school colors are buff and blue, the colors of the uniforms of the Continental Army. The buildings in the Wayne campus were named for Revolutionary War leaders, while the uniforms, crest, Alma Mater, and rank structure were patterned from those of the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York. During the 1935–1936 school year Baker expanded the academy to include a two-year college program, with the first college cadets joining the corps that year. Subsequently, the school was
5734730
Catoctin Furnace


Catoctin Furnace (also known as Catoctin Iron Furnace) is a historic iron forge located on Route 15 between Frederick and Thurmont in Catoctin Furnace, Maryland. The smelting blast furnace is shown. No forge is at the site now. Forges were present when the ironworks was operational. Catoctin Furnace was constructed in 1774 by four brothers Thomas, Baker, Roger and James Johnson to produce pig iron from locally mined hematite. In blast by 1776, the furnace provided ammunition (cannonballs) for the American Revolutionary War. Some sources state
12131809
Elbridge G. Spaulding


(1737–1825), a member of the 3rd New Hampshire Regiment that saw action during the Revolutionary War at the Battle of Bunker Hill, the Battles of Saratoga, and the Battle of Newtown. In addition, the 3rd participated in or was present at the Siege of Boston, the Invasion of Canada, Valley Forge, and Sullivan's Expedition. His maternal grandfather was the Rev. Sewall Goodridge (1747–1809), the son of Capt. Benjamin Goodridge, Sr. (1701–1773), an attorney in Lunenburg, Massachusetts who was
4500330
Marcius D. Raymond


He was the son of Alfred Raymond, Sr. and Sarah Gardiner. He was a grandson of Mabel Gray, the daughter of John Gray and Elizabeth Skeel; and Newcomb Raymond, the son of David Raymond and Bethia Newcomb-Gray. He was one of the Proprietors and Pioneers of Sherburne, New York and had served in the American Revolutionary War as a private from Connecticut. He was at the Battle of Brandywine, Valley Forge and at the Siege of Yorktown. Mabel and Newcomb were the parents of ten children.
2970547
Valley Forge National Historical Park


listing those that served in the Revolutionary War, and the chapel grounds hosted the World of Scouting Museum. Sitting atop a hill at the intersection of the Outer Line of Defense with the Gulph Road, the "National Memorial Arch" dominates the southern portion of the park. It is dedicated "to the officers and private soldiers of the Continental Army December 19, 1777 – June 19, 1778." The arch was commissioned by an act of the 61st Congress in 1910 and completed in 1917. It is inscribed with George
7589309
USS Valley Forge (CV-45)


on 15 January 1970, "Valley Forge" was placed out of commission. Her name was struck from the Navy List on the same day. After the failure of attempts to raise funds for using the ship as a museum, she was sold on 29 October 1971 to the Nicolai Joffre Corporation, of Beverly Hills, California, for scrap. "Valley Forge" was awarded eight battle stars for Korean War service and nine for Vietnam War service, as well as three Navy Unit Commendations. While at Long Beach, from
15707522
Canandaigua (city), New York


23 longhouses, was destroyed during the American Revolutionary War by the Sullivan Expedition on September 10, 1779. American rebels had mounted this attack in reprisal for an attack by Mohawk and other British allies on Cherry Valley in the eastern part of the territory. The American forces attacked Iroquois villages throughout western New York, destroying 40 and burning the winter stores of the people. The Iroquois fled to Fort Niagara as refugees, and many died of starvation that winter. After the war, pioneer settlers came from eastern New York and New
17104475
Pierce Butler


highest combat rank. Meanwhile, Britain was shifting its war strategy. By 1778, King George III and his ministers faced a new military situation in the colonies. Their forces in the northern and middle colonies had reached a stalemate with Washington's Continentals, more adequately supplied and better trained after the hard winter at Valley Forge. There was the risk of France entering the war as a partner of the Americans. The British developed a "southern strategy." They believed that the many Loyalists in the southern states (with whom
10204638
James Potter


Convention. During the American Revolutionary War, he led militia troops at the battles of Trenton, Princeton, Brandywine and Germantown. In April 1777, he was promoted to brigadier-general of the Pennsylvania militia. In 1777, with the troops under his command in the counties of Philadelphia, Chester, and Delaware, he obtained important information for George Washington, and prevented supplies from reaching the enemy. On 11 December, while the army under Washington was on its way to Valley Forge, after part of it had crossed the
15224682
Clement Biddle


the Commissary General at Valley Forge under George Washington, and his headquarters was at Moore Hall. Biddle resigned from the Army in 1780. In 1781, Biddle was made quarter-master general of the Pennsylvanian troops. After the Revolutionary War, he was the first U.S. Marshal (1789–1793) for Pennsylvania. In the 1790 census, Biddle's jobs were "Notary, Scrivener, and Broker," which made him a rich man. He died in Philadelphia on July 14, 1814, and is buried at Christ Church in
16317099
Reading, Massachusetts


house was constructed, in the area which is now the Common in Reading. A stone marker commemorates the site. Reading played an active role in the American Revolutionary War. It was prominently involved in the engagements pursuing the retreating British Army after the battles of Lexington and Concord. John Brooks, later to become Governor of Massachusetts, was captain of the "Fourth Company of Minute" and subsequently served at the Battle of White Plains and at Valley Forge. Only one Reading soldier was killed in action during the Revolution; Joshua
16412389
Isaac Anderson (congressman)


at Valley Forge and the Congress, then in session at York, Pennsylvania. He served three terms of service in the American Revolutionary War before reaching the age of eighteen, at which time he became an ensign in the Fifth Battalion of Chester County Militia. He was commissioned on May 24, 1779, as first lieutenant, Fifth Battalion, Sixth Company. He served as justice of the peace in Charlestown Township for several years, and was a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives in 1801. Anderson was elected as a
21162351
Clow Rebellion


The Clow Rebellion was a Loyalist insurrection that took place in mid-April 1778, during the American Revolutionary War. It took place on the Delaware side of the Maryland-Delaware border and was led by Cheney Clow (sometimes spelled "China" Clow). The rebellion was suppressed by Maryland and Delaware militia. The insurrection was spurred by a foraging party that arrived in the area in late-February under the command of Henry Lee, who collected supplies for the Continental Army stationed at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania. Discontent over
7826128
Cradle of Liberty Council


" of Philadelphia and Valley Forge Councils to create Resica Falls Scout Reservation. Joint development and use occurred until 1965, when Valley Forge Council bought out Philadelphia Council's interest and the federation was dissolved. When the two councils merged in 1996 to create Cradle of Liberty Council, Scouts from Philadelphia, Delaware, and Montgomery Counties once again camp together. Since February 22, 1913, Valley Forge Council, and its predecessor had hosted an annual Scouting event, the Valley Forge Pilgrimage and Encampment, which is sponsored by the Cradle of
1416332
1st Virginia State Regiment


In January 1778, the Virginia General Assembly passed an act directing that the 1st Virginia State Regiment "now in Continental service, be continued in said service instead of the Ninth Virginia Regiment, made prisoners by the enemy in the Battle of Germantown." The regiment camped at Valley Forge in the winter of 1777-78 and at Middlebrook in the winter of 1778-79 and participated in the Battle of Monmouth. The regiment remained in the service of the Continental Army until late 1779 when redeployed Virginia. Unlike the standard division
12362427
26th Continental Regiment


the 9th and, some say, the 1st Canadian Regiment. When in battle formation, the regiment was always positioned in the second line of the left wing, between the 3rd Mass and the 6th Mass. Overall command was by Major General Stirling. The regiment served in what was known as the Northern Department during the war. It participated at Fort Stanwix, Saratoga and Valley Forge. At Valley Forge (1777–1778), under the command of Col. Wesson and assisted by Lt. Col. James Mellen, it was incorporated
20808519
USS Valley Forge (CV-45)


Unit Commendations. Although she was extensively modified internally as part of her conversion to an amphibious assault ship, external modifications were minor, so throughout her career "Valley Forge" retained the classic appearance of a World War II "Essex"-class ship. She was decommissioned in 1970, and sold for scrap in 1971. The citizens of the Philadelphia Area in 1945 bought over $76,000,000 worth of E Bonds during the Seventh War Loan Drive to pay for "Valley Forge"—equal to $ million today. School children of Philadelphia sold $7,769,351 of
15707471
Valley Forge


on route to the encampment. That winter, starvation killed perhaps as many as 1,500 horses, but soldiers fared better. Nonetheless, they suffered from continual, gnawing hunger due to inconsistent supplies. At Valley Forge, Washington ordered that soldiers' rations include either one to one-and-a-half pounds of flour or bread, one pound of salted beef or fish, or three-quarters pound of salted pork, one gill of whiskey or spirits, or one-and-a-half pounds of flour or
6957198
Mill Grove


building to one side, and a gabled porch shelters the main entrance. The house was built about 1762 by James Morgan, who also operated a mill and lead mine on the property. He built the addition in 1765 to serve as a tavern for passing travelers. Due to its proximity to Valley Forge, it was looted during the American Revolutionary War, although the house was spared from significant damage. The property was purchased in 1789 by Jean Audubon, a French sea captain. In 1803 he sent his seventeen-year
10182523
Washington Memorial Chapel


with its central location, can appear to be a part of the park. However, the Chapel and surrounding property belong to the Episcopal Church. Across Valley Forge Park Road (formerly, Port Kennedy Road), standing opposite from the Chapel, is the builder's model of the Washington Monument. This obelisk marks the grave of Lieutenant John Waterman. The original Waterman gravestone had been on display in the visitor's center museum. The Bell Tower houses the DAR Patriot Rolls, listing those that served in the Revolutionary War,
10431797
Drum rudiment


part of the king's honour guard in the 17th and 18th centuries. The craft was improved during the reign of Napoleon I. Le Rigodon is one of the cornerstones of modern rudimental drumming. Many attempts at formalizing a standard list of snare drum rudiments have been made. American rudimental manuals have prescribed rudimental exercises at least as far back as "A Revolutionary War Drummers Book" in 1778, which displayed 20 exercises that can be taken as rudiments as well as "drum beatings" such as the piece "Valley Forg" [
10439831