who was laid off first during the great depression
Calumet, Pennsylvania


, built by a single company to house coal miners as cheaply as possible. The closing of the Calumet mine during the Great Depression caused enormous hardship in an era when unemployment compensation and welfare payments were nonexistent. On the other hand, Norvelt was created during the depression by the US federal government as a model community, intended to increase the standard of living of laid-off coal miners. Calumet was founded by the Calumet Coke Company in 1888 as a housing site for its workers. The community, as originally laid out
18572237
Great Depression


later 1930s were a prosperous time. Growth in modern manufacture of electrical goods and a boom in the motor car industry was helped by a growing southern population and an expanding middle class. Agriculture also saw a boom during this period. Hoover's first measures to combat the depression were based on voluntarism by businesses not to reduce their workforce or cut wages. But businesses had little choice and wages were reduced, workers were laid off, and investments postponed. In June 1930 Congress approved the Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act which raised tariffs
8299387
History of Ford Motor Company


. During the great depression, Ford in common with other manufacturers, responded to the collapse in motor sales by reducing the scale of their operations and laying off workers. By 1932, the unemployment rate in Detroit had risen to 30% with thousands of families facing real hardship. Although Ford did assist a small number of distressed families with loans and parcels of land to work, the majority of the thousands of unskilled workers who were laid off were left to cope on their own. However, Henry Ford angered many by making
15783265
Calumet-Norvelt, Pennsylvania


of the Calumet mine during the Great Depression caused enormous hardship in an era when unemployment compensation and welfare payments were nonexistent. On the other hand, Norvelt was created during the depression by the US federal government as a model community, intended to increase the standard of living of laid-off coal miners. Calumet-Norvelt is an unincorporated community within Mount Pleasant Township. Calumet-Norvelt is located at (40.213730, -79.493121). According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , all of
9324007
Chinese people in the Netherlands


from two sources: peddlers from Qingtian, Zhejiang who began arriving in the country after World War I, and seamen of Guangdong origin drawn from among the British Chinese community; the latter had initially been brought in as strikebreakers in 1911. During the Great Depression, many of the seamen were laid off and also took to street peddling, especially of "pindakoekjes" (peanut cakes); the Dutch referred to them as ""pindaman"" ("peanut man"). Their numbers dropped as a result of voluntary
4837158
Maurice Strong


Strong was an active honorary professor at Peking University and honorary chairman of its Environmental Foundation. He was chairman of the advisory board for the Institute for Research on Security and Sustainability for Northeast Asia. He died at the age of 86 in 2015. Maurice Strong was a child during the Great Depression, enduring serious poverty. His father was laid off at the beginning of the Depression era and thereafter supported his family on odd jobs; his mother succumbed to mental illness and died in a mental hospital. He was born in Oak
5170227
Kaufman Footwear


Kaufman Footwear was a Kitchener, Ontario-based shoe company. It was known for its Sorel brand. Kaufman Rubber Company was founded by Jacob Ratz Kaufman in 1907 in what is now Kitchener, Ontario. It became Kaufman Footwear in 1964. Jacob's son, Arthur Ratz Kaufman, took over the company in 1920. A. R. Kaufman was a leading Canadian eugenicist who encouraged sterilization of his workers; when Kaufman Rubber laid off workers during the Great Depression, Kaufman's proposed solution to their financial woes was sterilization. Kaufman would
12001481
Joseph N. Pew Jr.


a gyroscopic instrument with high-speed camera and timing device for preventing the drilling of crooked holes in oil wells. Receiving a patent in 1926, the device helped the company drill deeper oil wells. Known for their commitment to employees, the Pews never laid off a single Sun Oil employee during the Great Depression and also developed one of the first stock-sharing plans for employees. Pew remained vice president of the company until being appointed chairman in 1947. He was chairman until his death in Philadelphia, PA in 1963.
20963593
Hinchliffe Stadium


on July 8, 1932, as a combination athletic facility and a "paying investment" for the working people of industrial Paterson, New Jersey, who were by then struggling through the early years of the Great Depression. Many workers laid off from the mills found work under a New Deal-financed program to provide enhancements to the stadium in 1932–34. The stadium immediately played host to Negro League and "barnstorming" games. In 1933, the stadium's first complete season hosting baseball, Hinchliffe hosted the Colored Championship of the
4405451
Comparisons between the Great Recession and the Great Depression


IMF pointed out that unlike the Great Depression, this recession was synchronized by global integration of markets. Such synchronized recessions were explained to last longer than typical economic downturns and have slower recoveries. The chief economist of the IMF, Dr. Olivier Blanchard, stated that the percentage of workers laid off for long stints has been rising with each downturn for decades but the figures have surged this time. "Long-term unemployment is alarmingly high: in the US, half the unemployed have been out of work for over six months,
14362939
Penn Field (Airfield)


track was laid to the site, and by November 1918 five brick buildings totaling 168,000 square feet were constructed. After the war ended in 1918 the site was auctioned off to the highest bidder for $107,000. The Woodward Truck Body Company installed machinery there and manufactured wooden truck bodies until the plant was destroyed by a tornado on May 4, 1922. The buildings were reconstructed, and the Woodward Furniture Factory went into operation in them and manufactured furniture during most of the Great Depression. There was no airfield on the site during
19649616
History of Ybor City


related activity continued, the sense of lawlessness in Ybor City and Tampa in general gradually diminished. The markedly decreased demand for cigars during the Great Depression of the 1930s had serious consequences for Ybor City. Many smokers found themselves unable to afford luxury items and switched to cheaper cigarettes, weakening the neighborhood's dominant industry and starting the area on a slow economic and social decline. As occurred elsewhere, many businesses laid off workers or closed altogether and many banks failed. To help keep food on the table during hard times, many
7387165
Great Depression


in 1936. During forty years of hegemony, it was the most successful political party in the history of Western liberal democracy. In Thailand, then known as the Kingdom of Siam, the Great Depression contributed to the end of the absolute monarchy of King Rama VII in the Siamese revolution of 1932. The World Depression broke at a time when the United Kingdom had still not fully recovered from the effects of the First World War more than a decade earlier. The country was driven off the gold standard in 1931. The world
8299382
First Baptist Church (Hammond, Indiana)


laid off. An article in the January 2013 issue of Chicago Magazine about First Baptist Church stated, "A string of assaults and sexual crimes committed by pastors across the country have one thing in common: The perpetrators have ties to the megachurch in Hammond, Indiana." In January 2013, Schaap asked the court for the minimum 10-year sentence, claiming he was under great stress, exhausted and depressed at the time of the relationship. In a sentencing memorandum, prosecutors revealed that Schaap "groomed" the girl, including kissing
6464226
Causes of the Great Depression


his immediate predecessors (Warren G. Harding, Calvin Coolidge) believed. But he was not willing to go as far as Franklin D. Roosevelt later did. Therefore, he is described as the "first of the new presidents" and "the last of the old". Hoover's first measures were based on voluntarism by businesses not to reduce their workforce or cut wages. But businesses had little choice and wages were reduced, workers were laid off, and investments postponed. The Hoover administration extended over $100 million in emergency
8191856
Magna, Utah


and cross valley roads were in marginal condition. Workers lived in the town and walked to the mills. Downtown Magna included churches, saloons, fraternal halls, and stores. Several small neighborhoods, such as Japtown, Snaketown, and Little Italy, developed around Main Street. Many early residents were immigrants, primarily from Eastern Europe. Between 1915 and 1960, the town's fortunes fluctuated with the copper industry. During the Great Depression, the mills shut down for a period and workers were laid off. About 1940, there
11082238
Buhl Building


"" The Guardian Building opened in 1930. With the onset of the Great Depression, Rowland was laid off from Smith, Hinchman & Grylls. As a result, he formed his own office where his work decreased to a small number of churches, schools and construction projects. Late in life, he returned to a purer, Gothic idiom for his last few projects, notably the Kirk in the Hills church which was built after he died in 1946. During World War II, the Guardian Building would serve as headquarters for
16960193
Chester Edward Ide


: Seven and Sixty Folk-Songs, published in 1918 by G. Schirmer Inc. (see record in Worldcat), and The folk-song way to harmony, co-written with Ms. Seymour, also published in 1918 by G. Schirmer In the 1920s, Ide moved to Connecticut, where he worked as a music teacher at the Unquowa School in Fairfield, Connecticut, a private elementary school. In the early 1930s, during the Great Depression, Ide was laid off from his teaching position. Out of work, he embarked
7088837
The Providence Journal


. He accused management of "assuming a counterproductive attitude toward its staff," which included fights over expenses, and over-reliance on freelancers and interns. In the face of declining revenue, the paper began charging for obituaries on January 4, 2005. The paper's last Massachusetts edition was published on March 10, 2006. On Oct. 10, 2008, the paper stopped publishing all of its zoned editions in Rhode Island and laid off 33 news staffers, including three managers. Even during the Great Depression, the "
9758295
Roman Catholic Diocese of Maitland-Newcastle


parishioners who, in the midst of the Great Depression, bought bricks for an average of twopence each. A donation of ten pounds was the norm and in total, 700,000 bricks were used. Monsignor Peters was influenced by the architecture of the Cathedral in Thurles in Ireland; the Cathedral Church of Philadelphia in USA and the brick work in front of the Pisa church in Italy. The foundation stone was laid on 23 September 1928. The first brick was laid on 1 February 1929 and the last brick just ten months later on
21254600
Hard Times: An Oral History of the Great Depression


Hard Times: An Oral History of the Great Depression (original: 1970/ latest edition: 2005) is a telling of the oral history of the Great Depression written by Studs Terkel. It is a firsthand account of people of varying socio-economic status who lived in the United States during the Great Depression. The first edition of the book was published in 1970. The 1986 print included a new introduction by Terkel. The latest edition was published in 2005. "Hard Times" is known for providing an equal representation of
8606520
Leno Prestini


modeler, creating distinctive architectural ornaments (which can still be seen on many buildings around the Pacific Northwest) and designing decorative tiles, which were marketed under the 'WACO' trade name. He had also developed a reputation as an eccentric and adventurous character, filling his free time with, among many other things, mountain climbing and exploring the bottoms of local lakes in a homemade diving suit. During the Great Depression, Prestini was sometimes laid off by Washington Brick & Lime for several months at a time. For a couple
10134360
ArcelorMittal Bremen


In 1922 the Stumm group (Saar) became a major shareholder; after 1927 Krupp became the major shareholder. Much of the workforce was also from outside Bremen, both from Westphalia and from Poland. During the Great Depression two blast furnaces and the cement plant were idled, and 850 workers laid off, with the workforce reduced to a low of around 200 in 1933. Blast furnaces were restarted in 1935 and 1937/8. As part of economic policy toward self-sufficiency under Nazi Germany a steel production plant was added, and
13395200
Fraser Mills, British Columbia


, 400 Francophones were recruited from Quebec. They settled in an area just north of the mill now known as Maillardville. Similarly in the early 20th century, many Punjabi Sikhs came to work in the mills and settled on the south slope of Coquitlam. During the Great Depression many workers were laid off. Wage reductions which were imposed on the remaining workforce led to a ten-week strike. The mill eventually closed in 2001. The Fraser Mills neighbourhood is located in the southwestern part of Coquitlam, and south of Maillardville neighbourhood
19866452
History of Honduras


, were dashed with the onset of the Great Depression. Banana exports peaked in 1930, then declined rapidly. Thousands of workers were laid off, and the wages of those remaining on the job were reduced, as were the prices paid to independent banana producers by the giant fruit companies. Strikes and other labor disturbances began to break out in response to these conditions, but most were quickly suppressed with the aid of government troops. As the depression deepened, the government's financial situation deteriorated; in 1931 Mejía Colindres was forced
13004084
History of Denver


that would later be referred to as the "Dust Bowl." Dry weather, soil erosion, and a depressed economy led to a huge social upheaval felt across the entire nation. The Dust Bowl decimated agriculture and the Great Depression caused industries and mines to close, their workers laid off. Many of these unemployed came to Denver looking for work and a better life. It was estimated that in 1933 one in four Denverites was out of work. The Hoover administration promised that recession would be over quickly, but the economy
14413464
Cowans Gap State Park


set off by sparks from passing steam locomotives. An immense reforestation effort, led by the young men of the Civilian Conservation Corps, began in earnest during the Great Depression. The Civilian Conservation Corps created by President Franklin D. Roosevelt during the Great Depression, provided work for the unemployed from throughout the United States. A CCC camp, Richmond Furnace Camp PA-SP-54, was built at the site of Cowans Gap State Park. At first the young men lived in tents, but they soon built cabins (which are still in
15891809
Causes of the Great Depression


government spending. "In light of these developments, the Keynesian explanation of the Great Depression was increasingly accepted by economists, historians, and politicians". In their 1963 book "A Monetary History of the United States, 1867–1960", Milton Friedman and Anna Schwartz laid out their case for a different explanation of the Great Depression. Essentially, the Great Depression, in their view, was caused by the fall of the money supply. Friedman and Schwartz write: "From the cyclical peak in August 1929 to a cyclical trough
8191770
Boonton Branch


the First World War. During the 1920s, it continued to grow, necessitating additional tracks being laid on the Boonton Branch. But by the time of the Second World War, the Lackawanna was already in decline, having suffered during the Great Depression (like most other American railroads), and although traffic saw a large upswing during the war, by the 1950s the financial outlook was bleak. In attempt to avoid inevitable bankruptcy, the railroad merged with the Erie Railroad in 1960. The new railroad, Erie Lackawanna Railroad (
656615
Iorwith Wilbur Abel


he worked as a molder for the American Sheet and Tin Plate Company (now U.S. Steel) in Canton. He switched jobs often and found employment at the Canton Malleable Iron Company, the Timken Roller Bearing Company and the Colonial Foundry. Abel married Bernice Joseph in 1930. The couple had two children. She died in 1982, and Abel married Martha Turvey a few years later. Laid off during the Great Depression, Abel worked at a brickmaking company loading a kiln at less than a quarter his former pay. Convinced that
12978246
Ditchburn Boats


employment to 130 men. Ditchburn's reputation for quality craftsmanship grew, opening its market to the United States, where eventually half the company's production was shipped. The company was impacted by the Great Depression, experiencing its first layoff in July 1930. Slow orders were compounded by the opening of Greavette's boats in 1931, dividing a smaller market between two competitors. That year, two-thirds of the Gravenhurst plant had been laid off as orders declined, and a potentially lifesaving government order was produced at the larger Orillia
2499705
History of Honduras (1838–1932)


were dashed with the onset of the Great Depression. Banana exports peaked in 1930, then declined rapidly. Thousands of workers were laid off, and the wages of those remaining on the job were reduced, as were the prices paid to independent banana producers by the giant fruit companies. Strikes and other labor disturbances began to break out in response to these conditions, but most were quickly suppressed with the aid of government troops. As the depression deepened, the government's financial situation deteriorated; in 1931 Mejía Colindres was forced to
3354050
Textile workers strike (1934)


of the communist-led National Textile Workers Union. The Communist Party founded the NTWU in its short-lived attempt to create revolutionary unions. In the meantime, the Great Depression made matters worse. The economic collapse drove a number of New England and Mid-Atlantic manufacturers into bankruptcy, while those employers who survived laid off workers and increased the amount and pace of work for their employees even further. Textile workers across the region, from worsted workers in Lawrence, Massachusetts and silk weavers in Paterson, New Jersey, to
8969999
Chapter 8 (American Horror Story)


family ritual, the Polks first resorted to cannibalism with a group of pig thieves as their first victims during the Great Depression. The son cuts off Lee's right ear, detailing another family tradition of presenting pickled ears as gifts during Christmas. After Mama left Jether to watch over Lee at the cellar; the latter commiserates with the son, insisting that he was being treated by his family as an inept, by giving him the fame and attention that he desired for. Jether, who displayed his interest to Lee without any
16562138
Timeline of the Great Depression


Bank of Commerce, the two largest banks in Detroit. First National and Guardian National were threatened with failure if the Ford Motor Company made good on its desire to withdraw all of its deposits in the two banks; Ford needed the cash to cover its $75 million loss in 1932. At this time, over 80% of Detroit's manufacturing capacity laid idle, and over 400,000 people were unemployed. Michigan's bank holiday set off a contagion of fear across the country, and by March 6th an additional 37 states would
18024993
Nichols, Connecticut


the countryside every summer during the 1930s of the Great Depression. They spent the summer of 1936 at Pinewood Lake. During this time, they produced works by the most important American playwrights. Their emphasis on realistic dramas changed stage and film forever. The road linking the village of Nichols to Stratford center, three miles (5 km) to the south, was first called the "Farm Highway", now called "Nichols Avenue" or (Route 108). The historic road was laid out or surveyed to the south
7712093
Economic history of Colombia


investment and public works during this period because of the strong performance of coffee and other exports. The rapid growth and development of the economy in the early twentieth century helped to strengthen the country so it was largely resistant to the Great Depression that began in 1929. Colombia continued to produce raw materials, and, although coffee prices collapsed during the Depression, output continued to expand. Nonetheless, social and economic improvements were uneven. The expansion of the coffee industry laid the groundwork for national economic integration after World War II. During
16529771
Roby, Texas


1914. Roby received its first railroad in 1907 (The Texas Central) and in 1915 the Roby and Northern laid 4.4-miles of track to connect Roby proper with North Roby. In 1930 the population was 801. It actually increased during the Great Depression – reaching 904 for the 1940 Census. The Roby and Northern line was scrapped during World War II and its rails went to the war effort. Roby incorporated in 1915, and its population grew to 801 in 1930 and 904 in 1940. The population peaked in 1950 with 1,040
10275415
History of Alberta


Deer, a railroad and trading center midway between Calgary and Edmonton that depended on farmers. Hardship during the early 1920s was as severe, or even somewhat worse, than those experienced during the much longer Great Depression of the 1930s. The groundwork for the economic collapse had been laid as early as 1913, when the speculative boom that had fueled Alberta's prosperity had collapsed. But the outbreak of the First World War in 1914 initiated an enormous demand for agricultural products and helped to mask the serious weaknesses of the provincial economy.
15200165
Racial liberalism era


Racial liberalism is an era in American history during the 1940s that is considered by many historians as the precursor to the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s. Historians contend that the era of racial liberalism had its roots in New Deal liberalism. President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal programs laid out a legacy that inspired and empowered many American citizens who had fallen victim to the Great Depression to challenge the power of corporations and other institutions. The Double V campaign is considered one of the most important events during the period of
11258492
Causes of the Great Depression


The causes of the Great Depression in the early 20th century have been extensively discussed by economists and remain a matter of active debate. They are part of the larger debate about economic crises. The specific economic events that took place during the Great Depression are well established. There was an initial stock market crash that triggered a "panic sell-off" of assets. This was followed by a deflation in asset and commodity prices, dramatic drops in demand and credit, and disruption of trade, ultimately resulting in widespread unemployment (
8191759
Great Recession


, but this depends crucially on the right policies being adopted today." The IMF pointed out that unlike the Great Depression, this recession was synchronised by global integration of markets. Such synchronized recessions were explained to last longer than typical economic downturns and have slower recoveries. Olivier Blanchard, IMF Chief Economist, stated that the percentage of workers laid off for long stints has been rising with each downturn for decades but the figures have surged this time. "Long-term unemployment is alarmingly high: in the United States, half
9521770
United States corporate law


. They sold shares "en masse", meaning meant companies found it hard to get finance. The result was that thousands of businesses were forced to close, and they laid off workers. Because workers had less money to spend, businesses received less income, leading to more closures and lay-offs. This downward spiral began the Great Depression. Berle and Means argued that under-regulation was the primary cause in their foundational book in 1932, "The Modern Corporation and Private Property". They said directors had become
16314477
Great Depression


" is set during the Great Depression. Margaret Atwood's Booker prize-winning "The Blind Assassin" is likewise set in the Great Depression, centering on a privileged socialite's love affair with a Marxist revolutionary. The era spurred the resurgence of social realism, practiced by many who started their writing careers on relief programs, especially the Federal Writers' Project in the U.S. A number of works for younger audiences are also set during the Great Depression, among them the Kit Kittredge series of "American Girl" books written by
8299402
Great Depression


on the subject is "The Grapes of Wrath", published in 1939 and written by John Steinbeck, who was awarded both the Nobel Prize for literature and the Pulitzer Prize for the work. The novel focuses on a poor family of sharecroppers who are forced from their home as drought, economic hardship, and changes in the agricultural industry occur during the Great Depression. Steinbeck's "Of Mice and Men" is another important novella about a journey during the Great Depression. Additionally, Harper Lee's "To Kill a Mockingbird
8299401
Rolla, Kansas


Morton County was established, which included the land for modern day Rolla. The first post office at Rolla was established in 1907. Rolla was laid out in 1913. Rolla is named after Rollie Ray Williamson, who came to Western Kansas in 1907 in a covered wagon with his mother and uncle to meet his father, who had homesteaded in the area. In the 1930s, the prosperity of the area was severely affected by its location within the Dust Bowl. This catastrophe intensified the economic impact of the Great Depression in the
21489997
American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee


the settlers who had not already fled were killed by the Nazis. The JDC during The Great Depression During October 1929, the Great Depression began in America, and most American citizens began to face a financial hardship. Shortly after, the JDC felt the effect of the Great Depression. Their funding began to dwindle down, as people had a hard time donating money to the organization. Due to their lower lessened resources, the JDC focused their efforts on the Jews who remained in Germany. In addition to their financial difficulties,
18210920
Alvah N. Belding Memorial Library


was selected to design the library. The cornerstone was laid in the summer of 1917 and the building completed in 1918. However, the next few decades marked a downturn for Belding, as the silk industry gave way to synthetic fabrics. Alvah Belding died in 1925, and the silk mills were sold. As the Great Depression worsened, the mills were closed by 1932. During this time, the library was a social center for the city, used by the unemployed in Belding. Belding slowly emerged from the Depression, but
21928860
James Eayrs


James George Eayrs (born 1926) is a retired Canadian historian, who won the Governor General's Award for English-language non-fiction at the 1965 Governor General's Awards for his book "In Defence of Canada: From the Great War to the Great Depression". The book, which examined Canadian military and defence policy during the period between World War I and the Great Depression, was the first in a multi-volume series on Canadian military history, and was followed by "In Defence of Canada, Vol
1470323
Cathedral of Saint John the Divine


of Joan of Arc for the Cathedral's French Chapel, which was dedicated in January 1923. The first stone of the nave was laid, and the west front was undertaken in 1925. Bishop Manning had announced a $10 million capital campaign to raise money for this project at a major press conference; the New York campaign committee, headed by Franklin D. Roosevelt, campaigned from 1923 to 1925 to raise US$6 million (). Work at the church went on during the Great Depression as a result of monies raised in
18488939
Tiger Bay


the three-storey houses to help pay the rents. By 1932, in the depths of the Great Depression which followed the 1926 United Kingdom general strike, coal exports had fallen to below 5 million tons, and dozens of locally owned ships were laid-up. It was an era of depression from which Cardiff never really recovered, and despite intense activity at the port during the Second World War, coal exports continued to decline, finally ceasing in 1964. The name "Tiger Bay" was applied in popular literature and
13308709
Cedar Grove (Edgefield, South Carolina)


well as old English boxwoods and traces of an original rose garden like at John Blocker's father's home, the Blocker House. The gardens at Cedar Grove were reputedly laid out by Andre Michaux, the renowned botanist who had designed the gardens at Middleton Place in Charleston, South Carolina. The famous English boxwoods of Cedar Grove were sold during the Great Depression to the Rockefeller family and placed in the gardens of the Governor's Palace in Williamsburg, Virginia. Also on the property are the contributing servant's quarters and original kitchen
14742473
Bonnington (sternwheeler)


on the Arrow Lakes, the "Bonnington", the "Minto" and the all-purpose propeller steamboat "Columbia". "Bonnington" with her large crew and high expenses, could not survive the Great Depression, which caused tourist traffic to fall off considerably. "Bonnington" withdrawn from service after the season of 1931, and laid up at Nakusp, where the vessel remained for a long time and slowly deteriorated. "Bonnington" was able to serve as a spare parts source for the other vessels of her
21805230
Cocktail umbrella


after World War II. It is there that Beach and Yee traded cocktail ideas, recipes, and somewhere along the line, cocktail umbrellas. Afterwards, both of the bartenders began to use the umbrellas in tropical drinks. Cocktail umbrellas are a Great Depression-era invention, but they didn't take off in popularity until after World War II. According to an Eater article published in 2015, many people, during the difficult times faced during the Great Depression, saw the South Pacific as "a place of exotic abandon,
15253468
SS Maui (1916)


Francisco where she would be decommissioned and returned to Matson upon unloading. By January 1920 "Maui" had been restored to commercial configuration and had made two trips to Hawaii on her regular schedule. After renovation at Bethlehem Shipbuilding's Union Plant the ship departed for Honolulu on 5 May with full cargo and complete list of passengers for the first time since the war. Due to the difficult economic circumstances prevailing during the Great Depression, she was laid up at San Francisco in 1933. In 1934, "Maui" was converted into
18082429
Hooverville


A "Hooverville" was a shanty town built during the Great Depression by the homeless in the United States of America. They were named after Herbert Hoover, who was President of the United States of America during the onset of the Depression and was widely blamed for it. The term was coined by Charles Michelson, publicity chief of the Democratic National Committee. There were hundreds of Hoovervilles across the country during the 1930s and hundreds of thousands of people lived in these slums. Homelessness was present before the Great Depression, and was
13846177
Vivien Thomas


and was the son of Mary (Eaton) and William Maceo Thomas. The grandson of a slave, he attended Pearl High School in Nashville in the 1920s. Thomas had hoped to attend college and become a doctor, but the Great Depression derailed his plans. He worked at Vanderbilt University in the summer of 1929 doing carpentry but was laid off in the fall. In that same year, Thomas enrolled in the Tennessee Agricultural and Industrial College , currently known as Tennessee State University, as a premedical student. In the wake
10918705
James H. Gray


James Henry Gray, (August 31, 1906 – November 12, 1998) was a Canadian journalist, historian and author. Born in Whitemouth, Manitoba, he moved to Winnipeg with his parents in 1911. In 1922, he dropped out of public school and went to work at the Winnipeg Grain Exchange as a messenger. Over the next eight years, he worked at the Exchange as an office clerk, bookkeeper, statistician and grain trader. He was laid off in 1930 because of the Great Depression, and spent the
15319053
Louis Linck


the new buildings there included sculptures, bas-reliefs, etc.) Louis was one of the winners, so he, his wife, and their youngest daughter left for Chicago in February, 1927. After living there several months, they decided to stay, and sent for their older daughter to join them. Around 1930, Northwestern laid off most of their workers, a result of the Great Depression. Fortunately, Rose had a job, so Louis was able to continue his art work in spite of the lack of
16975808
Love on the Dole


its main action takes place in 1931. The novel follows the Hardcastle family as they are pulled apart by mass unemployment. The seventeen-year-old Harry Hardcastle of Mansfield, studying in Lincoln starts the novel working in a pawn shop, but is attracted to the glamour of working in the engineering factory Marlows Ltd. After seven years working there as an apprentice, he is laid off in the midst of the Great Depression, and is thereon unable to find work. He becomes romantically involved with a girl on his street,
6902967
Robert Robinson (engineer)


out Model T cars. In 1930, a Russian delegation visited the Company, where Robinson worked as a toolmaker. The delegation leader offered him and others a one-year contract in the Soviet Union. The pay would be far greater. They were promised free rent in a grand apartment, maid service, and a car. At 23, fearing he could be laid off at any moment due to the effects of the Great Depression and the institutionalised racism in the United States, and taking into account that a cousin of
8571479
Causes of the Great Depression


Andrew Mellon as Secretary of the Treasury until February 1932. It was during 1932 that Hoover began to support more aggressive measures to combat the Depression. In his memoirs, President Hoover wrote bitterly about members of his Cabinet who had advised inaction during the downslide into the Great Depression: Before the "Keynesian Revolution", such a liquidationist theory was a common position for economists to take and was held and advanced by economists like Friedrich Hayek, Lionel Robbins, Joseph Schumpeter, Seymour Harris and others. According to the liquidationists a depression
8191849
Great Storm of 1987


Instead of stormy weather over a considerable part of the UK, the models suggested that severe weather would reach no farther north than the English Channel and coastal parts of southern England. During the afternoon of 15 October, winds were very light over most parts of the UK. The pressure gradient was slack. A depression was drifting slowly northwards over the North Sea off eastern Scotland. A trough lay over England, Wales and Ireland. Over the Bay of Biscay, a depression was developing. The first gale warnings for sea areas
2626062
Wilson McCarthy


ultimate beneficiary being a rehabilitated Rio Grande. Despite its inability to pay interest on $122 million in debt, McCarthy and Swan worked to repair and rebuild the Rio Grande. In 1937 alone the two pumped $18 million into the property. Under McCarthy's administration, the Rio Grande built over 1,130 bridges and laid over two million ties. At one point during the Great Depression, the Rio Grande spent one million dollars a year for five years running. The road also bought its first new motive power in over ten years
13550261
History of Argentina


conservative opposition against Yrigoyen, which grew even stronger after Argentina was devastated by the beginning of the Great Depression after the Wall Street Crash. On September 6, 1930, a military coup led by the pro-fascist general José Félix Uriburu overthrew Yrigoyen's government and began a period in Argentine history known as the Infamous Decade. During the Great Depression, exports of frozen beef, especially to Great Britain, provided much needed foreign currency, but trade fell off sharply. In 1929, Argentina was wealthy by world standards, but
8300856
Wayland Academy, Wisconsin


or of any student. It was founded as a Baptist university, though it is now a non-denominational high school. The cornerstone of Wayland Hall was laid in 1855, marking the beginning of a new institution aimed at increasing the number of Midwestern students at Baptist seminaries. Wayland was closed twice, once during the Civil War, and once during the Great Depression. During the 1960s, it became known as Wayland Junior College. After including a middle school in the 1980s, Wayland became the college preparatory high school that
10598166
Presidency of Martin Van Buren


to recover, and an alliance of Democrats and Whigs repealed the Specie Circular that year. A second economic downturn, known as the Panic of 1839, began as the result of a cotton glut. With less income coming in from the cotton trade, land prices plummeted, industries laid off employees, and banks failed. According to historian Daniel Walker Howe, the economic crisis of the late 1830s and early 1840s was the most severe recession in U.S. history until the Great Depression. Partly in response to this second economic downturn,
13661479
Eugene Turenne Gregorie


Harley Earl in the Art and Colour design department. Due to the Great Depression and the poor economy that followed, he was laid off since he was a new hire. He then tried to get a job at the Lincoln Motor Company in Detroit, but they were not hiring at the time. Gregorie obtained various odd jobs related to yachts for much of 1930. He spent the winter of 1930 with his family in a South Carolina cottage. Gregorie received a telegram at the end of December 1930 from Lincoln Motor Company's
13927022
Grace Towns Hamilton


Augustine Reid. Prior to her marriage, Grace Towns had taught at both Clark College and the Atlanta School of Social Work. At the time of the marriage, Cookie Hamilton served in the capacity of both professor and dean at LeMoyne–Owen College in Memphis, Tennessee. The new Mrs. Hamilton joined the faculty at LeMoyne as a professor of psychology. In 1934, she became a statistic of the Great Depression when she was one of several employees laid off. Until 1941, she associated herself with the Memphis branch of the
15262733
Great Depression


Quarter by quarter the economy went downhill, as prices, profits and employment fell, leading to the political realignment in 1932 that brought to power Franklin Delano Roosevelt. It is important to note, however, that after volunteerism failed, Hoover developed ideas that laid the framework for parts of the New Deal. Shortly after President Franklin Delano Roosevelt was inaugurated in 1933, drought and erosion combined to cause the Dust Bowl, shifting hundreds of thousands of displaced persons off their farms in the Midwest. From his inauguration onward, Roosevelt argued
8299391
Great Depression in the United States


, Keynesian economics, and Social Security. It also shaped modern American literature, resulting in famous novels such as John Steinbeck's "The Grapes of Wrath" and "Of Mice and Men". Examining the causes of the Great Depression raises multiple issues: what factors set off the first downturn in 1929; what structural weaknesses and specific events turned it into a major depression; how the downturn spread from country to country; and why the economic recovery was so prolonged. Many banks began to fail in October 1930 when farmers
14414153
Estonian kroon


of the country and to the improvement of the reputation of the Estonian state in the international arena. During the Great Depression in 1933, the kroon went off the gold standard, devalued 35% and obtained a currency peg with the Great Britain Pound (GBP) at 1 GBP = 18.35 kroon. The Estonian kroon kept this peg and circulated until the Soviet occupation of 1940. The kroon was exchanged for the Soviet ruble at a rate of 1 ruble = 0.8 kroon. In 1928, the first coins of this currency were
18284486
Fencing practice and techniques


. The first international competitions to use the reel-less versions of these weapons were held in 2006. In the case of foil and épée, hits are registered by depressing a small push-button on the end of the blade. In foil, the hit must land on the opponent's lame to be considered on-target. (On-target hits set off coloured lights; off-target hits set off white lights.) At high level foil and épée competitions, grounded conductive pistes are normally laid down to
19372525
Faithless (1932 film)


Faithless is a 1932 American pre-Code romantic drama film about a spoiled socialite who learns a sharp lesson when she loses all her money during the Great Depression. The film stars Tallulah Bankhead and Robert Montgomery and is based on Mildred Cram's novel "Tinfoil", which was the film's working title. Spoiled New York socialite Carol Morgan (Bankhead), romping through the Depression with her lavish lifestyle, breaks off her engagement with Bill Wade (Montgomery) over her refusal to live on his comparatively modest salary rather than
2452536
RV George Bligh


stringency and a lack of fuel, brought about by a miner’s strike, made it impossible to run her full time during her early days with the Ministry. Similarly, she was laid up in Lowestoft for five months during 1930 as a requirement for ‘national economy’ during the Great Depression and due to staff shortages. On 10 June 1931 she was re-registered at London. By the mid 1930s the situation was improving, so much so that, not only did the RV "George Bligh" return to full
17668882
Joe Tinker


of South Florida. During the Great Depression, he was forced to liquidate most of his real estate holdings. Tinker owned a billiard parlor during the Depression. He opened one of Orlando's first bars after the end of Prohibition. He also returned to baseball. Tinker scouted the Philadelphia Athletics' hitters for the Cubs prior to the 1929 World Series. During the 1930 season, Tinker returned to baseball as a coach for the Buffalo Bisons of the International League, who were managed by Clymer. Tinker became the manager of the
15642557
Newfoundland Commission of Government


The Commission of Government was a non-elected body that governed the dominion of Newfoundland from 1934 to 1949. Established following the collapse of Newfoundland's economy during the Great Depression, it was dissolved when the dominion became the tenth province of Canada. It was composed of civil servants who were directly subordinate to the British Government in London. Newfoundland's economic difficulties were exacerbated by debt incurred during the First World War and the collapse of fish prices during the Depression. In 1933, following a prolonged period of economic crisis and severe
952005
East Midwood Jewish Center


adjunct professor of pastoral psychiatry at the Jewish Theological Seminary of America (JTSA), would go on to serve as rabbi for 49 years, until his retirement in 1977, four years before his death in 1981. The Great Depression took its toll on the congregation, and membership dropped. In order to cope with the financial burdens, dues were raised, teachers were given endorsed notes rather than paychecks, the Executive Secretary was laid off, pews were sold, and individual members provided mortgage guarantees. The synagogue survived, and
6088238
Doffer


the US textile industry was left with surplus capacity and went into a slump, not recovering until after the 1930s Great Depression. In response, mill owners cut wages and laid off workers, or put them on short hours, while mechanizing further to improve efficiency. New laws made child labor more expensive, and children could not handle the new machinery. The practice of using child labor in the mills declined, finally ending completely when the NIRA Cotton Textile Code was adopted in 1933. Changes to the Factories Act in 1922 reduced
8809165
Felix M. Warburg


during, the Great Depression. Warburg actively raised funds in the United States on behalf of European Jews who faced hunger following World War I. As early as 1919, he was quoted in "The New York Times" discussing the dire situation of Jewish war sufferers. Warburg served as the founder and first president of the American Friends of the Hebrew University, which supports the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in Jerusalem, Israel, in 1925. Warburg and the Joint Distribution Committee were also instrumental in the 1930s after the global Great Depression following
17777413
Lady's companion


World War are generally elderly women who grew up in Victorian times without the expectation of having to provide for themselves, but who find themselves impoverished due to the decline of the fortunes of many once well-to-do families as a result of the Great Depression and the investment losses incurred during the War. At the same time, the women who employ them are often not so well off as they once were themselves, especially in net terms due to high rates of taxation. This situation is complicated by the collapse in
630686
Sanjay Puri


, Optimos, was founded as an IT services firm 1993, and that year the company began developing technology for government and commercial organizations out of its headquarters in Northern Virginia. Puri was appointed CEO and chairman of the Optimos advisory board. In 1993 the Commonwealth of Virginia awarded Puri a grant to "re-train employees who had been laid off during the telecommunications bust" to work at Optimos, with Puri subsequently recruiting and retraining a number of laid-off workers. The company’s first client was the World Bank,
16933494
Baby boom


. At the height of this baby boom, a child was born every seven seconds. Factors that contributed to the baby boom consisted of young couples who started families after putting off marriage during the War, government encouragement of growth of families through the aid of GI benefits, and popular culture that celebrated pregnancy, parenthood, and large families. The baby boom was the result of couples holding off on having children due to the Great Depression and World War II. Once the baby boom began, the average woman started getting married
9866583
Economy of Denmark


century, the Danish farmers made an impressive and uniquely successful change from vegetarian to animal production leading to a new boom period. Parallelly industrialization took off in Denmark from the 1870s. At the turn of the century industry (including artisanry) fed almost 30% of the population. During the 20th century agriculture slowly dwindled in importance relative to industry, but agricultural employment was only during the 1950s surpassed by industrial employment. The first half of the century was marked by the two world wars and the Great Depression during the 1930s.
8107501
Comparisons between the Great Recession and the Great Depression


Depression; only the first part of that projection turned out to be true by mid-2014. Current US debt levels are around 400% of GDP and well over the levels seen either before or during the Great Depression. According to economist Irving Fisher, the two dominant factors in a depression are over-indebtness to start with and deflation soon after. Fed policy to prevent deflation at all costs has been greatly influenced by Fisher's work. On 10 February 2009, Ed Balls, Secretary of State for Children, Schools and Families
14362949
HMCS Prince Robert


through February each year, Skagway froze over during winter and "Prince Robert" was laid up for overhaul. The three sister ships were considered economic failures for Canadian National, with their arrival coinciding with the Great Depression. Their failure was one of the contributing factors in the resignation of the president of Canadian National, Sir Henry Thornton. The ships were expensive to operate and did not generate new business. In mid-1939, "Prince Robert" was chosen to act as a royal yacht during the visit of King George VI and
21883218
Depression (economics)


Depression, has at times been termed a depression, but this terminology is not widely used, with the episode instead being referred to by other terms, such as the "Great Recession". The largest Great Depression of all time occurred during the General Crisis. The Ming Province of China went bankrupt, the nation of Poland ceased to exist, and the Stuart Monarchy was in the civil war on three fronts in Ireland, Scotland, and England. Thomas Hobbes, a University of Edinburgh Professor, created the first recorded explanation
17478154
Causes of the Great Depression


of 1937–38, which slowed down economic recovery from the great depression, is explained by fears of the population that the moderate tightening of the monetary and fiscal policy in 1937 would be first steps to a restoration of the pre March 1933 policy regime. Austrian economists argue that the Great Depression was the inevitable outcome of the monetary policies of the Federal Reserve during the 1920s. In their opinion, the central bank's policy was an "easy credit policy" which led to an unsustainable credit-driven boom. In the Austrian view
8191794
Ted Serong


Imperial Force (1st AIF) in France during the First World War, before specializing in the maintenance of weapons and engineering stores, and working for the Department of Defence as a quality control engineer. Serong's younger brother, Raymond, was born in 1917. William believed in physical fitness and discipline, and he taught both of his sons to box, as well as to scout, shoot rabbits, and live off the land. Between 1930 and 1932, during the Great Depression, the boys lived in the bush for
16317147
Suzanne (novel)


life beyond Ottawa. In discussing Suzanne’s family, particularly her father, during the Great Depression, the narrator comments on the nature of unemployment and government-assigned temporary work, commenting on the policies of Premier Maurice Duplessis, who held office during the Great Depression. Duplessis was a very conservative leader who supported rural areas, economic development, and a strong investment in Catholic education, while opposing labor unions, communists, and any anti-establishment group. Suzanne’s later involvement in anti-establishment artistic movements such as the
9507716
American Austin Car Company


. Styling resembled small Chevrolets, with Stutz- and Marmon-style horizontal hood louvres. The bodies were designed by Alexis de Sakhnoffsky and made by the Hayes Body Company of Detroit. The coupe was billed as a sedan, and sold for $445, slightly less than a Ford V8 roadster. The Great Depression made the cheaper secondhand cars more appealing, so sales dropped off. More than 8,000 cars were sold during the company's first (and best) year of sales, but sales fell off to the point that production
10420313
Great Depression


The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression that took place mostly during the 1930s, beginning in the United States. The timing of the Great Depression varied across nations; in most countries it started in 1929 and lasted until the late 1930s. It was the longest, deepest, and most widespread depression of the 20th century. In the 21st century, the Great Depression is commonly used as an example of how intensely the world's economy can decline. The Great Depression started in the United States after a major fall in
8299277
Causes of the Great Depression


The U.S. economy during this period went through a number of cycles of boom and bust. The depressions often seemed to be set off by bank panics, the most significant occurring in 1873, 1893, 1901, 1907, and 1920. Before the 1913 establishment of the Federal Reserve, the banking system had dealt with these crises in the U.S. (such as in the Panic of 1907) by suspending the convertibility of deposits into currency. Starting in 1893, there were growing efforts by financial institutions and business men to intervene during
8191774
Tropical Storm Josephine (1996)


from the flight, it is estimated that Tropical Depression Ten formed at 1800 UTC that day off the northeast coast of Mexico. During its formative stages, the depression interacted with a ridge near the Great Lakes to produce strong winds across the Gulf Coast of the United States. With weak steering currents, the depression moved slowly to the northeast, and initially, wind shear prevented further organization. On October 6, a strong trough caused the system to accelerate to the east-northeast. The storm's west to east motion across
5186072
Earl Durand


was a mountain man who lived off the land in the mountains of Wyoming during the years following the Great Depression. He was arrested for poaching elk, as he did not believe in the new hunting license system and refused to get a license. While in jail in Cody, Wyoming, Durand escaped by taking a Deputy sheriff/Jailer's gun and forcing the officer to drive him into the countryside before he returned to his home. Durand shot and killed two police officers who came to his house to take him back to
7391366
Monaghan Mill


overcrowded, charged tuition, and provided no transportation, mill executives lobbied for the creation of a new school district and offered to pay for the school themselves. Despite opposition and a suit that took the issue to the South Carolina Supreme Court, the Parker School District was created by the South Carolina legislature, and Parker High School opened in 1923. Pete Hollis organized the new district and became superintendent. During the Depression demand for textiles fell, and mills lowered wages and laid off workers. During the early 1930s, workers were
2372750
Bill Sutch


some travel he then returned to New Zealand which was experiencing the Great Depression. The Depression, and his family's position also, deeply affected his personal philosophy. In April 1933, Sutch was one of four people that included Morva Williams, his future wife, who were reported missing in the Tararua Range during an attempt to be the first people to follow a particular route during the winter season. Despite plans to complete the trip within two days, they were held up when two of the members suffered a fall and subsequent
5383430
Helen Forrester


Helen Forrester was the pen name of June Bhatia (née Huband; 6 June 1919 – 24 November 2011), who was an English author known for her books about her early childhood in Liverpool during the Great Depression, as well as several works of fiction. June Huband was born in Hoylake, Cheshire, Wirral Peninsula, the eldest of seven children of inept, socialite, middle-class parents who lived on credit. When her father went bankrupt during the Great Depression, the family was thrown into poverty. Evicted from
4348343
Robert Evans


Days" in 2003, his most recent film). Evans was born in New York City, New York, the son of Florence, a housewife who came from a wealthy family, and Archie Shapera, a dentist in Harlem. He has described both of his parents as "second-generation Jews." He grew up on New York City's Upper West Side during the 1930s, where he was better off than most people living during the Great Depression. In his early years, he did promotional work for Evan
19298889
Harry S. Truman


store went bankrupt during the recession of 1921. Truman did not pay off the last of the debts from that venture until 1935, when he did so with the aid of banker William T. Kemper, who worked behind the scenes to enable Truman's brother Vivian to buy Truman's promissory note during the asset sale of a bank that had failed in the Great Depression. The note had risen and fallen in value as it was bought and sold, interest accumulated and Truman made payments, so by the time the last bank to
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