the iliad and the odyssey are examples of which type of poetry
Poetry


rite in which the king symbolically married and mated with the goddess Inanna to ensure fertility and prosperity; some have labelled it the world's oldest love poem. An example of Egyptian epic poetry is "The Story of Sinuhe" (c. 1800 BCE). Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics, the "Iliad" and the "Odyssey"; the Avestan books, the "Gathic Avesta" and the "Yasna"; the Roman national epic, Virgil's "Aeneid" (written between 29 and 19 BCE
3089090
Poetry


. Broadly it subsumes epic poetry, but the term "narrative poetry" is often reserved for smaller works, generally with more appeal to human interest. Narrative poetry may be the oldest type of poetry. Many scholars of Homer have concluded that his "Iliad" and "Odyssey" were composed of compilations of shorter narrative poems that related individual episodes. Much narrative poetry—such as Scottish and English ballads, and Baltic and Slavic heroic poems—is performance poetry with roots in a preliterate oral tradition. It has been speculated
3089161
Verse novel


A verse novel is a type of narrative poetry in which a novel-length narrative is told through the medium of poetry rather than prose. Either simple or complex stanzaic verse-forms may be used, but there will usually be a large cast, multiple voices, dialogue, narration, description, and action in a novelistic manner. Verse narratives are as old as the "Epic of Gilgamesh", the "Iliad", and the "Odyssey", but the verse novel is a distinct modern form. Although the
15093153
Epic poetry


is the ancient Indian "Mahabharata", which consists of 100,000 ślokas or over 200,000 verse lines (each shloka is a couplet), as well as long prose passages, so that at ~1.8 million words it is roughly four times the length of the "Rāmāyaṇa", and roughly ten times the length of the "Iliad" and the "Odyssey" combined. Famous examples of epic poetry include the Sumerian "Epic of Gilgamesh", the ancient Indian "Mahabharata" and "Rāmāyaṇa", the Tamil "Silappatikaram"
9435681
Dactylic hexameter


Dactylic hexameter (also known as "heroic hexameter" and "the meter of epic") is a form of meter or rhythmic scheme in poetry. It is traditionally associated with the quantitative meter of classical epic poetry in both Greek and Latin and was consequently considered to be "the" grand style of Western classical poetry. Some premier examples of its use are Homer's "Iliad" and "Odyssey", Virgil's "Aeneid", and Ovid's "Metamorphoses". Hexameters also form part of elegiac poetry in
8430336
Ekphrasis


brooch of Odysseus, which depicts a hound strangling a fawn that it captured. The Cloak of Jason is another example of ekphrastic poetry. In "The Argonautika", Jason's cloak has seven events embroidered into it: The description of the cloak provides many examples of ekphrasis, and not only is modeled off of Homer's writing, but alludes to several occurrences in Homer's epics "the Iliad" and "the Odyssey". Jason's cloak can be examined in many ways. The way the cloak's events are
9420329
English poetry


more widespread, with the versions of Ovid's "Metamorphoses" by Arthur Golding (1565–67) and George Sandys (1626), and Chapman's translations of Homer's "Iliad" (1611) and "Odyssey" (c.1615), among the outstanding examples. English Renaissance poetry after the Elizabethan poetry can be seen as belonging to one of three strains; the Metaphysical poets, the Cavalier poets and the school of Spenser. However, the boundaries between these three groups are not always clear and an individual poet could write
8458030
Dactylic hexameter


Syllables containing long vowels, diphthongs and short vowels followed by two or more consonants are counted as long, while all other syllables are counted as short. Such values may not correspond with the rhythms of ordinary spoken English. The hexameter was first used by early Greek poets of the oral tradition, and the most complete extant examples of their works are the "Iliad" and the "Odyssey", which influenced the authors of all later classical epics that survive today. Early epic poetry was also accompanied by music, and pitch
8430340
Poetry


a heroic or important nature to the culture of the time. It recounts, in a continuous narrative, the life and works of a heroic or mythological person or group of persons. Examples of epic poems are Homer's "Iliad" and "Odyssey", Virgil's Aeneid, the "Nibelungenlied", Luís de Camões' "Os Lusíadas", the "Cantar de Mio Cid", the "Epic of Gilgamesh", the "Mahabharata", Valmiki's "Ramayana", Ferdowsi's "Shahnama",
3089164
Animal epithet


whole civilisation. An author could use an animal's name to emphasise a theme or to provide an overview of a complex epic tale. For example, Homer uses animal similes in the "Iliad" and the "Odyssey", where the lion symbolises qualities such as bravery. This leads up to the lion simile at the end of the "Odyssey", where in Book 22 Odysseus kills all Penelope's suitors. In the "Iliad", Homer compares the Trojans to stridulating grasshoppers, which the classicist Gordon Lindsay Campbell
1180992
Martin Litchfield West


by a study of its critical tradition and overall philology, entitled "Studies in the Text and Transmission of the Iliad"; a further volume on "The Making of the Iliad" appeared ten years later for Oxford University Press, and one on "The Making of the Odyssey" in 2014. In addition to the Near-Eastern connection, in 2007 he wrote on the reconstitution of Indo-European culture and poetry, and its influence on Greece, in the book "Indo-European Poetry and Myth". In
1737057
Parallels between Virgil's Aeneid and Homer's Iliad and Odyssey


When writing the "Aeneid", Virgil (or Vergil) drew from his studies on the Homeric epics of the "Iliad" and the "Odyssey" to help him create a national epic poem for the Roman people. Virgil used several characteristics associated with epic poetry, more specifically Homer's epics, including the use of hexameter verse, book division, lists of genealogies and underlying themes to draw parallels between the Romans and their cultural predecessors, the Greeks. The second half of the "Aeneid", Books VI through
1390354
Aoidos


" varied depending on the genre and circumstances (see list above). Women participated in, and sometimes led, laments, according to the "Iliad". Many of the poems of Sappho are addressed to women and seem to assume an audience of women. For narrative (epic) poetry it is sometimes said that the audience was exclusively male; this is an exaggeration (for example, Penelope listens to, and interrupts, one performance depicted in the "Odyssey") but it is probably largely true owing to the
9509888
Poetry


Vedas", Zoroastrian "Gathas", and the Homeric epics, the "Iliad" and the "Odyssey". Ancient Greek attempts to define poetry, such as Aristotle's "Poetics", focused on the uses of speech in rhetoric, drama, song and comedy. Later attempts concentrated on features such as repetition, verse form and rhyme, and emphasized the aesthetics which distinguish poetry from more objectively informative, prosaic forms of writing. Poetry uses forms and conventions to suggest differential interpretation to words, or to evoke emotive
3089086
Homer


tradition, which grew much more stable as the tradition progressed, but which did not fully cease to continue changing and evolving until as late as the middle of the second century BC. Martin Litchfield West has argued that the "Iliad" echoes the poetry of Hesiod, and that it must have been composed around 660–650 BC at the earliest, with the "Odyssey" up to a generation later. He also interprets passages in the "Iliad" as showing knowledge of historical events that occurred in the ancient Near East during the
13331763
Parallels between Virgil's Aeneid and Homer's Iliad and Odyssey


Iliad"? If comparing Aeneas to Achilles and Turnus to Hector, several parallels can be drawn. One example is when Aeneas is absent from the battlefield, Turnus lays waste to the Trojan army, just as Hector did to the Greek army in the absence of Achilles. Just as Hector kills Patroclus, Turnus slaughters Pallas, and to avenge the deaths of their friends, both Achilles and Aeneas slay their opponents. Prophecies contribute a large theme among epics, especially that of the "Iliad", the "Odyssey" and
1390356
Iliad


to discern these effects, it is necessary to take a look at a few examples from each of these categories. Much of the detailed fighting in the "Iliad" is done by the heroes in an orderly, one-on-one fashion. Much like the "Odyssey", there is even a set ritual which must be observed in each of these conflicts. For example, a major hero may encounter a lesser hero from the opposing side, in which case the minor hero is introduced, threats may be exchanged
10470411
Lipogram


one of his poems, entitled "Ode to the Centaurs," of which nothing remains; as well as a "Hymn to Demeter", of which the first verse remains: This translates to: The late antiquity Greek poets Nestor of Laranda and Tryphiodorus wrote lipogrammatic adaptations of the Homeric poems: Nestor composed an "Iliad", which was followed by Tryphiodorus' "Odyssey". Both Nestor's Iliad and Tryphidorous' Odyssey were composed of 24 books (like the original Iliad and Odyssey) each book omitting a subsequent
8794759
Iliad


"Iliad", as well as later Greek warfare, endorsed tactical genius on the part of their commanders. For example, there are multiple passages in the "Iliad" with commanders such as Agamemnon or Nestor discussing the arraying of troops so as to gain an advantage. Indeed, the Trojan War is won by a notorious example of Greek guile in the Trojan Horse. This is even later referred to by Homer in the "Odyssey". The connection, in this case, between guileful tactics of the Greeks in the
10470417
Ancient Greek dialects


authors did not necessarily write in their native dialect, but rather chose a dialect that was suitable or traditional for the type of literature they were writing (see belles-lettres). All dialects have poetry written in them, but only Attic and Ionic have full works of prose attested. Homeric Greek is used in the first epic poems, the Iliad and the Odyssey, and the Homeric Hymns, traditionally attributed to Homer and written in dactylic hexameter. Homeric is a literary dialect with elements of Ionic, Aeolic and Arcadocypriot.
4948092
Homeric scholarship


, for example. Perhaps the most significant developments have been in narratology, the study of how storytelling works, since this combines empirical linguistic study with literary criticism. Irene de Jong's 1987 "Narrators and Focalizers: The Presentation of the Story in the Iliad" draws on the work of the theorist Mieke Bal, and de Jong followed this up in 2001 with her "Narratological Commentary on the Odyssey"; Bakker has published several linguistic-narratological studies, especially his 1997 "Poetry as Speech"; and Elizabeth Minchin's
13202839
Homeric scholarship


as the 7th or 8th century CE (the latest bT scholia). The same scheme applies to the Odyssey, except that A scholia, mainly of the Iliad, are in deficit. There are no printed works publishing all the scholia on the Iliad and Odyssey. Only partial publications according to various principles have been possible. The first was that of Janus Lascaris in 1517. It contained D-scholia of Porphyry. Some subsequent works concentrate on manuscripts or parts of them, others on type of scholia, and still others
13202773
Aoidos


forms in the "Iliad" and "Odyssey" in relation to poetry: In the world described in these poems writing is practically unknown (though its use is implied in one minor episode, the story of Bellerophontes); all poetry is "song", and poets are "singers". Later, in the fifth and fourth centuries, the performance of epic poetry was called "rhapsodia", and its performer "rhapsodos", but the word does not occur in the early epics or in contemporary lyric poetry,
9509884
Rhapsode


A rhapsode () or, in modern usage, rhapsodist, refers to a classical Greek professional performer of epic poetry in the fifth and fourth centuries BC (and perhaps earlier). Rhapsodes notably performed the epics of Homer ("Iliad" and "Odyssey") but also the wisdom and catalogue poetry of Hesiod and the satires of Archilochus and others. Plato's dialogue "Ion", in which Socrates confronts a star player rhapsode, remains the most coherent source of information on these artists. Often, rhapsodes are depicted
21320241
Ancient Greek phonology


as in [an example from the Odyssey]; "kh" with "k": [another example from the Odyssey]; "th" with "t": [an example from the Iliad]. In addition, three consonants are double: "z, x, ps". They are called double because each one of them is made up of two consonants: "z" from "s" and "d", "x" from "k" and "s", and "
265979
Oral-formulaic theory in Anglo-Saxon poetry


Oral-formulaic theory in Anglo-Saxon poetry refers to the application of the hypotheses of Milman Parry and Albert Lord on the Homeric Question to verse written in Old English. That is, the theory proposes that certain features of at least some of the poetry may be explained by positing oral-formulaic composition. While Anglo-Saxon (Old English) epic poetry may bear some resemblance to Ancient Greek epics such as the "Iliad" and "Odyssey", the question of if and how Anglo-Saxon poetry was passed
12540574
History of poetry


", written in "Hieratic" and ascribed a date around 2500 B.C.E. Other sources ascribe the earliest written poetry to the "Epic of Gilgamesh" written in "cuneiform"; however, it is most likely that "The Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor" predates "Gilgamesh" by half a millennium. The oldest epic poetry besides the "Epic of Gilgamesh" are the Greek epics "Iliad" and "Odyssey" and the Indian Sanskrit epics "Ramayana" and "Mahabharata". Some scholars believe that either the "
9472116
Thestorides of Phocaea


Thestorides of Phocaea () was a legendary or semi-legendary early Greek poet, one of those to whom the epic "Little Iliad" was ascribed. Thestorides figures as a major character in the fictional "Life of Homer" fraudulently ascribed to Herodotus. According to this, when Homer came to Phocaea Thestorides offered him food and lodging in exchange for the right to record his poetry in writing. Homer had little choice but to accept, and recited to Thestorides the "Iliad", the "Odyssey" and also an
10362855
Athletics in epic poetry


"Odyssey", and Virgil's "Aeneid". In "Iliad" 22, Achilles is seeking to avenge the death of Patroclus by killing Hector, Patroclus' killer. After being distracted by Apollo, Achilles: spoke, and stalked away against the city, with high thoughts in mind, and in tearing speed, like a racehorse with his chariot who runs lightly as he pulls the chariot over the flat land. Such was the action of Achilleus in feet and quick knees ("Iliad" 22.21-24,
13395093
On Translating Homer


and direct in the substance of his thought, that is, in his matter and ideas; and, finally, that he is eminently noble After a discussion of the meters employed by previous translators, and in other existing English narrative poetry, he argues the need for a translation of the "Iliad" in hexameters in a poetical dialect, like the original. He notes the German translations of the "Iliad" and "Odyssey" into hexameters by Johann Heinrich Voss. He quotes English hexameter translations of short Homeric passages by
9138454
Iliad


song and chant, in his travels and at the Panathenaic Festival of athletics, music, poetics, and sacrifice, celebrating Athena's birthday. Originally, Classical scholars treated the "Iliad" and the "Odyssey" as written poetry, and Homer as a writer. Yet, by the 1920s, Milman Parry (1902–1935) had launched a movement claiming otherwise. His investigation of the oral Homeric style—"stock epithets" and "reiteration" (words, phrases, stanzas)—established that these "formulae" were artifacts of oral tradition easily applied
10470401
Aoidos


so it is unknown whether Hesiod and the poet(s) of the "Iliad" and "Odyssey" would have considered themselves rhapsodes (it has been argued by Walter Burkert, and is accepted by some recent scholars, that "rhapsodos" was by definition a performer of a fixed, written text and not a creative oral poet). It is not even known to what extent the makers of oral epic poetry were specialists. Phemius and Demodocus, in the "Odyssey", are depicted performing non-epic as well as
9509885
Old English literature


on the Homeric Question came to be applied (by Parry and Lord, but also by Francis Magoun) to verse written in Old English. That is, the theory proposes that certain features of at least some of the poetry may be explained by positing oral-formulaic composition. While Anglo-Saxon (Old English) epic poetry may bear some resemblance to Ancient Greek epics such as the "Iliad" and "Odyssey", the question of if and how Anglo-Saxon poetry was passed down through an oral tradition remains
2582097
George Psychoundakis


he could write. He started his translation of the Iliad that year. Psychoundakis made considerable contributions to Cretan culture. He learned much of Crete's tradition of oral poetry and also wrote. Psychoundakis translated Homer's works, "Iliad" (560 pages) and "Odyssey" (474 pages), from ancient Greek into Cretan dialect. For this he was honoured by the Academy of Athens. From 1974 until his retirement, Psychoundakis, together with another fighter in the Greek resistance, Manolis Paterakis, were caretakers at the
20264521
Iliad


an end the poem has told a more or less complete tale of the Trojan War. The "Iliad" is paired with something of a sequel, the "Odyssey", also attributed to Homer. Along with the "Odyssey", the "Iliad" is among the oldest extant works of Western literature, and its written version is usually dated to around the 8th century BC. In the modern vulgate (the standard accepted version), the "Iliad" contains 15,693 lines; it is written in Homeric Greek,
10470345
Epic poetry


's "Divine Comedy") self-consciously presents itself as a continuation of the tradition begun by these poems. Classical epic poetry employs a meter called dactylic hexameter and recounts a journey, either physical (as typified by Odysseus in the "Odyssey") or mental (as typified by Achilles in the "Iliad") or both. Epics also tend to highlight cultural norms and to define or call into question cultural values, particularly as they pertain to heroism. In his work "Poetics", Aristotle defines an epic
9435685
Andrew Dalby


after the time of the traditional Homer, at last saw the "Iliad" and "Odyssey" recorded in writing. As he teasingly suggested, based on what we can judge of this poet's interests and on the circumstances in which oral poetry has been recorded elsewhere, "it is possible, and even probable, that this poet was a woman." Dalby's book "Language in Danger: The Loss of Linguistic Diversity and the Threat to Our Future", focuses on the decline and extinction of languages from ancient
12254100
Rhapsode


epic poetry was called in classical Greek "rhapsōidia" (ῥαψῳδία), and its performer "rhapsōidos". The word does not occur in the early epics, which use the word aoidos (ἀοιδός "singer") for performers in all genres including this one. It is unknown whether Hesiod and the poet(s) of the "Iliad" and "Odyssey" would have recognised and accepted the name of rhapsode; it has been argued by Walter Burkert, and is accepted by some recent scholars, that "rhapsōidos" was
21320244
Stichometry


Stichometry refers to the practice of counting lines in texts: Ancient Greeks and Romans measured the length of their books in lines, just as modern books are measured in pages. This practice was rediscovered by German and French scholars in the 19th century. "Stichos" is the Greek word for a 'line' of prose or poetry and the suffix '-metry' is derived from the Greek word for measurement. The length of each line in the "Iliad" and "Odyssey", which may have been among the first
7963632
Homeric Question


other extreme, scholars such as Gregory Nagy see "Homer" as a continually evolving tradition, which grew much more stable as the tradition progressed, but which did not fully cease to continue changing and evolving until as late as the middle of the second century BC. Martin Litchfield West has argued that the "Iliad" echoes the poetry of Hesiod, and that it must have been composed around 660-650 BC at the earliest, with the "Odyssey" up to a generation later. He also interprets passages in the
20966687
Odyssey


The Odyssey (; "Odýsseia", in Classical Attic) is one of two major ancient Greek epic poems attributed to Homer. It is, in part, a sequel to the "Iliad", the other Homeric epic. The "Odyssey" is fundamental to the modern Western canon; it is the second-oldest extant work of Western literature, while the "Iliad" is the oldest. Scholars believe the "Odyssey" was composed near the end of the 8th century BC, somewhere in Ionia, the Greek coastal
2474331
Long poem


The long poem is a literary genre including all poetry of considerable length. Though the definition of a long poem is vague and broad, the genre includes some of the most important poetry ever written. With more than 220000 (100000 shloka or couplets) verses and about 1.8 million words in total, the "Mahābhārata" is the longest epic poem in the world. It is roughly ten times the size of the "Iliad" and "Odyssey" combined, roughly five times longer than Dante's "Divine Comedy",
16522445
Homer


Iliad" and the "Odyssey" were put together from a large number of short, independent songs, and proponents of the "nucleus theory", which held that Homer had originally composed shorter versions of the "Iliad" and the "Odyssey", which later poets expanded and revised. A small group of scholars opposed to the Analysts, dubbed "Unitarians", saw the later additions as superior, the work of a single inspired poet. By around 1830, the central preoccupations of Homeric scholars, dealing with whether
13331756
Empire and Communications


metres and stock phrases of epic poetry which included the Homeric poems, the "Iliad" and "Odyssey". The epics were sung by professional minstrels who pleased audiences by reshaping the poems to meet the needs of new generations. Innis points out that music was central to the oral tradition and the lyre accompanied the performance of the epic poems. He argues that the Homeric poems reflected two significant developments. The first was the rise of an aristocratic civilization which valued justice and right action over the traditional ties of kinship. The
14967630
William Cullen Bryant


, which was published between 1872 and 1874. This two-volume set was lavishly illustrated and described scenic places in the United States and Canada. In his last decade, Bryant shifted from writing his own poetry to a blank verse translation of Homer's works. He assiduously worked on the "Iliad" and "The Odyssey" from 1871 to 1874. He is also remembered as one of the principal authorities on homeopathy and as a hymnist for the Unitarian Church, both legacies of his father's enormous influence on him.
8052581
Tmesis


, such as Dutch and German. Tmesis in Ancient Greek is something of a misnomer, since there is not necessarily a splitting of the prefix from the verb; rather the consensus now seems to be that the separate prefix or pre-verb reflects a stage in the language where the prefix had not yet joined onto the verb. There are many examples in Homer's epics, the "Iliad" and the "Odyssey", both of which preserve archaic features. One common and oft-cited example is ("kata
11746232
Rediscovering Homer


Rediscovering Homer is a 2006 book by Andrew Dalby. It sets out the problems of origin, dating and authorship of the two ancient Greek epics, "Iliad" and "Odyssey", usually attributed to Homer. "Rediscovering Homer" originated as a development and expansion of two academic papers published in the 1990s in which Dalby argued that the "Iliad" and "Odyssey" must be seen as belonging to the same world as that of the early Greek lyric poets but to a less aristocratic genre. This contradicted a widespread
352769
Homer


character of certain passages of the "Odyssey" in relation to the "Iliad"." Nearly all scholars agree that the "Iliad" and the "Odyssey" are unified poems, in that each poem shows a clear overall design, and that they are not merely strung together from unrelated songs. It is also generally agreed that each poem was composed mostly by a single author, who probably relied heavily on older oral traditions. Nearly all scholars agree that the "Doloneia" in Book X of the "Iliad"
13331760
English translations of Homer


This is a list of English translations of the main works attributed to Homer, the "Iliad" and "Odyssey". Translations are ordered chronologically by date of first publication, with first lines often provided to illustrate the style of the translation. Not all translators translated both the "Iliad" and "Odyssey"; in addition to the complete translations listed here are numerous partial translations, ranging from several lines to complete books, which have appeared in a variety of publications. The "original" text cited below is that
9432801
Slavery in ancient Greece


". In the Iliad, slaves are mainly women taken as booty of war, while men were either ransomed or killed on the battlefield. In the "Odyssey", the slaves also seem to be mostly women. These slaves were servants and sometimes concubines. There were some male slaves, especially in the "Odyssey", a prime example being the swineherd Eumaeus. The slave was distinctive in being a member of the core part of the "oikos" ("family unit", "household"): Laertes
12609236
Telephus


Achilles spear was the healing agent. The healing of Telephus was a frequent theme in Augustan age and later Roman poetry. There is no mention of the battle in Mysia in the "Iliad" or the "Odyssey". However, the "Cypria" (late seventh century BC?), one of the poems of the Epic Cycle, told the story. According to Proclus' summary of the "Cypria", the Greeks mistook Mysia for Troy, Telephus killed Thersander, but was wounded by Achilles. Telephus,
1926512
Epic poetry


, the Persian "Shahnameh", the Ancient Greek "Odyssey" and "Iliad", Virgil's "Aeneid", the Old English "Beowulf", Dante's "Divine Comedy", the Finnish "Kalevala", the German "Nibelungenlied", the French "Song of Roland", the Spanish "Cantar de mio Cid", the Portuguese Os "Lusíadas", John Milton's "Paradise Lost", and Adam Mickiewicz's "Pan Tadeusz". The first epics were products of preliterate societies and
9435682
Ancient Greek religion


forms of epic poetry (such as the "Iliad", the "Odyssey" and the "Argonautica") and plays (such as Euripides' "The Bacchae" and Aristophanes' "The Frogs"). The mythology became popular in Christian post-Renaissance Europe, where it was often used as a basis for the works of artists like Botticelli, Michelangelo and Rubens. One of the most important moral concepts to the Greeks was the fear of committing hubris. Hubris constituted many things, from rape to desecration of
830966
Greek mythology


there was truth behind the account of the Trojan War in the "Iliad" and "Odyssey". According to Victor Davis Hanson, a military historian, columnist, political essayist and former classics professor, and John Heath, a classics professor, the profound knowledge of the Homeric epos was deemed by the Greeks the basis of their acculturation. Homer was the "education of Greece" (), and his poetry "the Book". After the rise of philosophy, history, prose and rationalism in the late 5th century
11771326
Epic of Gilgamesh


ascribed to Homer. These influences are detailed by Martin Litchfield West in "The East Face of Helicon: West Asiatic Elements in Greek Poetry and Myth". According to Tzvi Abusch of Brandeis University, the poem "combines the power and tragedy of the "Iliad" with the wanderings and marvels of the "Odyssey". It is a work of adventure, but is no less a meditation on some fundamental issues of human existence." The "Epic of Gilgamesh" has inspired many works of literature, art, and
2355955
Iliad


in the late fifth century BC, "it was the sign of a man of standing to be able to recite the "Iliad" and "Odyssey" by heart." Moreover, it can be argued that the warfare shown in the "Iliad", and the way in which it was depicted, had a profound and very traceable effect on Greek warfare in general. In particular, the effect of epic literature can be broken down into three categories: tactics, ideology, and the mindset of commanders. In order
10470410
Think of Lampedusa


face the electric fence of hate. It is also, through time and space, a rewrite with a touch of irony, the Iliad as well as the Odyssey and in a general way, the myth of Ulysses. "Think of Lampedusa" is a collection of poems that presents itself as a single text. The work appears as a verse for a story and therefore holds both poetry and narration. It uses in places, anaphora and allegories. The author presents memories but also expectations through a hike that leads him through
11193245
Literature


the composition and redaction of the two most influential Indian epics, the "Mahabharata" and the "Ramayana", with subsequent redaction progressing down to the 4th century AD. Other major literary works are Ramcharitmanas & Krishnacharitmanas. In ancient Greece, the epics of Homer, who wrote the "Iliad" and the "Odyssey", and Hesiod, who wrote "Works and Days" and "Theogony", are some of the earliest, and most influential, of Ancient Greek literature. Classical Greek genres included philosophy, poetry
236484
Athletics in epic poetry


In epic poetry, athletics are used as a literary tools to accentuate the themes of the epic, to advance the plot of the epic, and to provide a general historical context to the epic. Epic poetry emphasizes the cultural values and traditions of the time in long narratives about heroes and gods. The word "athletic" is derived from the Greek word athlos, which means a contest for a prize. Athletics appear in some of the most famous examples of Greek and Roman epic poetry including Homer's "Iliad" and
13395092
Proto-Greek language


"foot" < "pod-". This was useful for the composer of the Iliad and Odyssey, since "possí" with double "ss" scans as long-short, while "posí" with single "s" scans as short-short. Thus the writer could use each form in different positions in a line. Examples of initial "*ts": Examples of medial "*ts" (morphologically opaque forms, first palatalization only): Examples of medial "*ťť" (morphologically transparent forms
8497871
Byzantine literature


it extant in popular poetry. The existing versions exhibit a blending of several cycles, modeled after the Homeric poems. Its principal subjects are love, adventures, battles, and a patriarchal, idyllic enjoyment of life; it is a mixture of the "Iliad" and the "Odyssey", the majority of the material being drawn from the latter, suffused with a Christian atmosphere. Genuine piety and a strong family feeling combine with an intimate sympathy with nature. Artistically, the work lacks the dramatic quality and diverse characters of
1466800
Pádraig de Brún


Chairman of the Council of the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. He was close friend of the executed 1916 leader Sean Mac Dermott. De Brún was a prolific writer of poetry, including the well-known poem in the Irish language "Tháinig Long ó Valparaiso". He translated into Irish many classical works, including Homer's "Iliad" and "Odyssey", Sophocles' "Antigone" and "Oedipus Rex", and Plutarch's "Lives", as well as Dante's "The Divine Comedy". The
15225305
Chiastic structure


are commonly found in ancient literature such as the epic poetry of the "Iliad" and the "Odyssey". Classicist Bruno Gentili describes this technique as "the cyclical, circular, or 'ring' pattern ("ring composition"). Here the idea that introduced a compositional section is repeated at its conclusion, so that the whole passage is framed by material of identical content". Meanwhile in classical prose, scholars often find chiastic narrative techniques in the "Histories" of Herodotus: "Herodotus frequently uses ring composition
15316760
Augustan poetry


tests in grammar school. Pope's translation of Homer's "Iliad" and "Odyssey" was not an attempt to make the works available to an Augustan audience, but rather to make a new work occupying a middle ground between Homer and Pope. The translation had to be textually accurate, but it was intended to be a Pope translation, with felicity of phrase and neatness of rhyme from Pope. Additionally, Pope would "versify" John Donne, although his work was widely available. The changes Pope makes are the
21954145
Homeric Greek


Homeric Greek is the form of the Greek language that was used by Homer in the "Iliad" and "Odyssey" and in the Homeric Hymns. It is a literary dialect of Ancient Greek consisting mainly of Ionic and Aeolic, with a few forms from Arcadocypriot, and a written form influenced by Attic. It was later named Epic Greek because it was used as the language of epic poetry, typically in dactylic hexameter, by poets such as Hesiod and Theognis of Megara. Compositions in Epic Greek may date from as late
9066050
Janus Djurhuus


accomplished Faroese translations of Ancient Greek and Latin works, including some of Plato's Dialogues and poetry by Sappho, and (posthumously) a poetic translation of the "Iliad". (He also published translations of poetic works by Goethe, Dante, Heinrich Heine and Gustaf Fröding). There is a story that on one occasion when a Greek steamer called at Tórshavn, he went on board and sent a cabin boy for the captain. On his arrival, he began to recite the "Odyssey" in Ancient Greek. The
13988744
The Apotheosis of Homer


standing beside a seated poet, flanked by figures from the "Odyssey" and "Iliad", with the nine Muses standing above them and a procession of worshippers approaching an altar, believed to represent the Alexandrine Homereion. Apollo, the god of music and poetry, also appears, along with a female figure tentatively identified as Mnemosyne, the mother of the Muses. Zeus, the king of the gods, presides over the proceedings. The relief demonstrates vividly that the Greeks considered Homer not merely a great poet but the divinely
17358083
Homeric Question


of Welcker's work was to show that the Homeric poems had influenced both the form and the substance of epic poetry. Thus arose a conservative school who admitted more or less freely the absorption of preexisting lays in the formation of the "Iliad" and "Odyssey", and also the existence of considerable interpolations, but assigned the main work of formation to prehistoric times and the genius of a great poet. Whether the two epics were by the same author remained an open question; the tendency of this group of scholars was
20966677
Olympos (novel)


Olympos is a science fiction novel by American writer Dan Simmons published in 2005; it is the sequel to "Ilium" and final part of the "Ilium/Olympos" series. Like its predecessor it contains many literary references: it blends together Homer's epics the "Iliad" and the "Odyssey", Shakespeare's "The Tempest", and has frequent smaller references to other works, including Proust, James Joyce, Caliban upon Setebos, Shelley's "Prometheus Unbound", Shakespearean poetry and even William Blake and
5442689
Undead Legacy


Heart Bled Dry". According to guitarist/singer/songwriter Paschalis Theotokis, "Undead Legacy" is constructed on Homer poems. Homer is the author of the Iliad and the Odyssey, and is revered as the greatest of ancient Greek epic poets. The album has three main parts; It kicks in with "War I Wage" (track 1) which is based on the Iliad. The Iliad relates a part of the Trojan War, the siege of Troy. It runs through some songs to meet the second station
10372677
In medias res


egg laid by Leda following her seduction by Zeus in the guise of a swan. Probably originated in oral tradition, the narrative technique of beginning a story "in medias res" is a stylistic convention of epic poetry, the exemplars in Western literature being the "Iliad" and the "Odyssey" (both 7th century BC), by Homer. Likewise, the technique features in the Indian "Mahābhārata" (c. 8th century BC – c. 4th century AD). The classical-era poet Virgil (Publius Vergilius Maro
10332459
Trojan War


traditions. Both the Homeric epics and the Epic Cycle take origin from oral tradition. Even after the composition of the "Iliad", "Odyssey", and the Cyclic Epics, the myths of the Trojan War were passed on orally in many genres of poetry and through non-poetic storytelling. Events and details of the story that are only found in later authors may have been passed on through oral tradition and could be as old as the Homeric poems. Visual art, such as vase painting, was another medium in
10889108
Greece


beginning of Greek literature stand the two monumental works of Homer: the "Iliad" and the "Odyssey". Though dates of composition vary, these works were fixed around 800 BC or after. In the classical period many of the genres of western literature became more prominent. Lyrical poetry, odes, pastorals, elegies, epigrams; dramatic presentations of comedy and tragedy; historiography, rhetorical treatises, philosophical dialectics, and philosophical treatises all arose in this period. The two major lyrical poets were Sappho and Pindar. The Classical
11740194
Homer


. It is here that Hector takes his final stand against Achilles. Archaeologists, however, have uncovered no evidence that springs of this description ever actually existed. The Homeric epics are written in an artificial literary language or 'Kunstsprache' only used in epic hexameter poetry. Homeric Greek shows features of multiple regional Greek dialects and periods, but is fundamentally based on Ionic Greek, in keeping with the tradition that Homer was from Ionia. Linguistic analysis suggests that the "Iliad" was composed slightly before the "Odyssey", and
13331770
Arnold Ehrlich


"Iliad" and the "Odyssey". He was a lover of the Greek classics and had a great comprehension of classic civilizations. He had a special love for Arabic. He enjoyed it as a language and he enjoyed its literature and its poetry. Many of those who taught Arabic in the Semitics departments of universities came to Ehrlich for instruction, and among them was Professor Richard J.H. Gottheil of Columbia University, son of Gustav Gottheil, who claimed that Ehrlich had admitted to changing his faith to Christianity in Germany and was
16934924
Homeric Question


Iliad" and "Odyssey" may have been products of oral-formulaic composition, composed on the spot by the poet using a collection of memorized traditional verses and phases. Milman Parry and Albert Lord have pointed out that such elaborate oral tradition, foreign to today's literate cultures, is typical of epic poetry in an exclusively oral culture. The crucial words here are "oral" and "traditional". Parry starts with the former: the repetitive chunks of language, he says, were inherited by the singer-poet
20966660
Rediscovering Homer


assumption that the epics come from an older stage of civilization and literature than the personal poetry of Archilochus, Sappho and others. Returning to these themes, Dalby summarizes the contents and significance of the two epics and hypothesizes the transmission they probably followed, from oral invention and circulation to written versions. He then spotlights the unknown poet who, long after the time of the traditional Homer, at last saw the "Iliad" and "Odyssey" recorded in writing. Dalby notes that "no early author describes or names the singer
352770
Classics


to the vocabulary of English and many other European languages, and has been a standard subject of study in Western educational institutions since the Renaissance. Latinized forms of Ancient Greek roots are used in many of the scientific names of species and in other scientific terminology. The earliest surviving works of Greek literature are epic poetry. Homer's "Iliad" and "Odyssey" are the earliest to survive to us today, probably composed in the eighth century BC. These early epics were oral compositions, created without the use of writing.
4896830
Romantic nationalism


the Bodleian Library and put it into print in 1837; it was timely: French interest in the national epic revived among the Romantic generation. In Greece, the "Iliad" and "Odyssey" took on new urgency during the Greek War of Independence. Amongst the world's Jewish community, the early Zionists considered the Bible a more suitable national epic than the Talmud. Many other "national epics," epic poetry considered to reflect the national spirit, were produced or revived under the influence of Romantic nationalism: particularly in
6454125
Greek literature


"Iliad" and the "Odyssey". Though dates of composition vary, these works were fixed around 800 BC or after. Another significant figure was the poet Hesiod. His two surviving works are "Works and Days" and "Theogony". During the classical period, many of the genres of western literature became more prominent. Lyrical poetry, odes, pastorals, elegies, epigrams; dramatic presentations of comedy and tragedy; histories, rhetorical treatises, philosophical dialectics, and philosophical treatises all arose in this period. The
7800180
Homer


Homer (; , "Hómēros") is the legendary author of the "Iliad" and the "Odyssey", two epic poems that are the central works of ancient Greek literature. The "Iliad" is set during the Trojan War, the ten-year siege of the city of Troy by a coalition of Greek kingdoms. It focuses on a quarrel between King Agamemnon and the warrior Achilles lasting a few weeks during the last year of the war. The "Odyssey" focuses on the ten-year journey home of
13331741
Greek epic in film


Bana. Another Homeric epic often used in modern film, the "Odyssey" (Ὀδύσσεια) serves as a sort of sequel to the "Iliad". The poem narrates the journey home (or "nostos") of Greek hero Odysseus after ten years of fighting in the Trojan War. Like the "Iliad", the poem begins "in medias res", or "in the middle of things," beginning Ulysses is a fantasy-adventure film based on Homer's "Odyssey". The film tells the
14672861
Animal sacrifice


especially in Homer's epics. Throughout the poems, the use of the ritual is apparent at banquets where meat is served, in times of danger or before some important endeavor to gain the favor of the gods. For example, in Homer's "Odyssey" Eumaeus sacrifices a pig with prayer for his unrecognizable master Odysseus. However, in Homer's "Iliad", which partly reflects very early Greek civilization, not every banquet of the princes begins with a sacrifice. These sacrificial practices, described in these pre-Homeric
13910869
The Singer of Tales


the work of Homer in general before more carefully examining its application to the "Iliad", "Odyssey", and medieval epic. Chapter Seven, "Homer", attempts to prove, using the theory developed in the first half of the book, that the poet modern-day readers refer to as Homer was an oral-formulaic composer. Chapters Eight and Nine, "The Odyssey and The Iliad", examine those two works in the context of composition by an oral poet. Chapter Ten, "Some Notes
14135107
Sequel


or to know what happens next in the narrative after it has ended. This capacity for expansive curiosity is certainly not restricted to a particular era in human history. Indeed, we can point to Homer's "Odyssey" as a sequel to the "Iliad" in the sense that it expands upon plot and character elements established in the first text. That both the "Odyssey" and the "Iliad" were written in the 8th century B.C.E. and are traditionally held to represent the first extant works of western literature lends credence
19302793
Homeric Question


, theology, ethics, vocabulary, and geographical perspective, and by the apparently imitative character of certain passages of the "Odyssey" in relation to the "Iliad"." Nearly all scholars agree that the "Iliad" and the "Odyssey" are unified poems, in that each poem shows a clear overall design, and that they are not merely strung together from unrelated songs. It is also generally agreed that each poem was composed mostly by a single author, who probably relied heavily on older oral traditions. Nearly
20966684
Book collecting


were many editions of Alexander Pope's translation of "The Iliad" and "The Odyssey". The first edition of 1715-1720 is worth a small fortune whereas slightly later 18th-century editions are a lot less expensive but still garner premium prices. The John Ogilby 17th-century translations of Homer's "The Iliad" and "The Odyssey" garner hefty prices, but not as much as the first edition of the Pope translation. This may be in part due to a significant number of copies of Ogilby's
3617444
Aoidos


while he tended his sheep on Mount Helicon and granted him this inspiration, permitting him to sing of the future as well as the past. An anecdote in the "Iliad" about Thamyris shows that the Muses could take away what they had given. As in certain other cultures, blind men sometimes became singers: Demodocus in the "Odyssey" is blind, and the legendary creator of the "Iliad" and "Odyssey", Homer, was often said to have been blind. The audience for performances by "aoidoi
9509887
George Murnu


order to complete his postgraduate studies in Munich, and, after several years he returned to Romania after completing a doctorate in philology. A fruitful scholarly activity followed, culminating in Murnu becoming a chairman professor of archaeology at the University of Bucharest. In 1909, he was appointed head of the National Archaeological Museum in Bucharest by the Ministry of Public Instruction and Religious Confessions. He has translated an accomplished version of the "Odyssey" and "Iliad" into Romanian. He also wrote his own works of poetry (with bucolic themes
11785120
Mamdouh Adwan


Mamdouh Adwan (, 23 November 1941 – 19 December 2004) was a prolific Syrian writer, poet, playwright and critic. He published his first collection of poetry, "al-Dhul al-Akhdhar" [The Green Shadow] in 1967 and since then has published 18 further collections. He has also published two novels, twenty-five plays, translated twenty-three books from English including the "Iliad", the "Odyssey" and a biography of George Orwell and "Report to Greco" by Nikos Kazantzakis
21525979
Joel Gersmann


paper's first year of existence. From 1998 until his death, Gersmann studied ancient Greek, and made his own translations into English of the "Iliad" and the "Odyssey". His wide-ranging interest in poetry, music, and literature continued at this time in his life, and the booklist reviews he wrote for "Isthmus" since the early 80s kept on until his death. Gersmann had an encyclopedic knowledge of jazz and classical music recordings. He meticulously acquired an enormous collection of CDs. After being misdiagnosed
21755490
Gregory Nagy


Gregory Nagy (, ; born Budapest, October 22, 1942) is an American professor of Classics at Harvard University, specializing in Homer and archaic Greek poetry. Nagy is known for extending Milman Parry and Albert Lord's theories about the oral composition-in-performance of the "Iliad" and "Odyssey". Nagy received his A.B. from Indiana University in 1962 in classics and linguistics, and his Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1966 in classical philology. Since 1966, he has been a professor at Harvard University. Since
5698839
British literature


Baroque, and taking as his subject matter both Christian mysticism and eroticism, Donne's metaphysical poetry uses unconventional or "unpoetic" figures, such as a compass or a mosquito, to reach surprise effects. George Chapman (?1559-?1634) was a successful playwright who is remembered chiefly for his translation in 1616 of Homer's Iliad and Odyssey into English verse. This was the first ever complete translation of either poem into the English language and it had a profound influence on English literature. Philosopher Sir Francis Bacon (1561–1626) wrote
6493496
Trojan War


, the "Iliad" and the "Odyssey", composed sometime between the 9th and 6th centuries BC. Each poem narrates only a part of the war. The "Iliad" covers a short period in the last year of the siege of Troy, while the "Odyssey" concerns Odysseus's return to his home island of Ithaca following the sack of Troy and contains several flashbacks to particular episodes in the war. Other parts of the Trojan War were told in the poems of the Epic Cycle, also known as the
10889106
Homeric scholarship


duplicated some scholia. The works of Homer have been heavily annotated from their written beginnings. The total number of notes on manuscripts and printed editions of the Iliad and Odyssey are for practical purposes innumerable. The number of manuscripts of the Iliad is currently (2014) approximately 1800. The papyri of the Odyssey are less in number but are still in the order of dozens. The inventory is incomplete, and new finds continue to be made, but not all these texts contain scholia. No compendium has collated all of the Homeric
13202767
Homeric Question


first study of Dietmar Najock particularly shows the internal cohesion of the Iliad and the Odyssey. Taking into account the repetition of the letters, a recent study of Stephan Vonfelt highlights the unity of the works of Homer compared to Hesiod. The thesis of modern Analysts being questioned, the debate remains open. Most scholars, although disagreeing on other questions about the genesis of the poems, agree that the "Iliad" and the "Odyssey" were not produced by the same author, based on "the many differences of narrative manner
20966683
Homeric scholarship


seen that the opinions, elucidations and emendations to the Iliad and Odyssey in manuscript texts far outweigh those texts in numbers of pages. By the Classical Period the Homeric Question had advanced to the point of trying to determine what works were attributable to Homer. The Iliad and the Odyssey were beyond question. They were considered to have been written by Homer. The D-scholia suggest that they were taught in the schools; however, the language was no longer self-evident. The extensive glossaries of the D-scholia were
13202775
Homer


are allegories. The "Iliad" and the "Odyssey" were widely used as school texts in ancient Greek and Hellenistic cultures. They were the first literary works taught to all students. The "Iliad", particularly its first few books, was far more intently studied than the "Odyssey" during the Hellenistic and Roman periods. As a result of the poems' prominence in classical Greek education, extensive commentaries on them developed to explain parts of the poems that were culturally or linguistically difficult. During the Hellenistic and Roman
13331749
Iliad


10th century AD, is the oldest fully extant manuscript of the "Iliad." The first edition of the "Iliad", "editio princeps", edited by Demetrius Chalcondyles and published by Bernardus Nerlius, and Demetrius Damilas in Florence in 1488/89. In antiquity, the Greeks applied the "Iliad" and the "Odyssey" as the bases of pedagogy. Literature was central to the educational-cultural function of the itinerant rhapsode, who composed "consistent" epic poems from memory and improvisation, and disseminated them, via
10470400
Sofiyivka Park


It is one of the most famous examples of late 18th or early 19th century European landscape garden design that has been preserved to the present time. The Sofiyivsky Park was named one of the Seven Wonders of Ukraine on August 21, 2007, based on voting by experts and the Internet community. By original idea of the architect, the park illustrates different parts of Homer's poems Odyssey and Iliad. Park starts with 'Main entrance' on Sadova Street. The central alley starts after main entrance. Main entrance towers, which
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