who coined the term virus and what does it mean
The purpose of a system is what it does


The purpose of a system is what it does (POSIWID) is a systems thinking heuristic coined by Stafford Beer. Stafford Beer coined the term POSIWID and used it many times in public addresses. In his address to the University of Valladolid, Spain, in October 2001, he said "According to the cybernetician, the purpose of a system is what it does. This is a basic dictum. It stands for bald fact, which makes a better starting point in seeking understanding than the familiar attributions of good intention, prejudices
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Natura naturans


Natura naturans is a Latin tag coined during the Middle Ages, meaning "Nature naturing", or more loosely, "nature doing what nature does". The Latin, "naturans", is the present active participle of "naturo", indicated by the suffix ""-ans"" which is akin to the English suffix ""-ing"". "Naturata" is the perfect passive participle. These terms are most commonly associated with the philosophy of Baruch Spinoza. For Spinoza, "natura naturans" refers to
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List of Dutch discoveries


the genus Rhizobium. Martinus Beijerinck discovered the phenomenon of bacterial sulfate reduction, a form of anaerobic respiration. He learned that bacteria could use sulfate as a terminal electron acceptor, instead of oxygen. He isolated and described "Spirillum desulfuricans" (now called "Desulfovibrio desulfuricans"), the first known sulfate-reducing bacterium. In 1898 Beijerinck coined the term "virus" to indicate that the causal agent of tobacco mosaic disease was non-bacterial. Beijerinck discovered what is now known as the tobacco mosaic virus. He observed
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Adolf Mayer


from the infected sap using filter paper in several repetitions. Filtration experiments with paper and finest porcelain Chamberland filters were replicated by Dmitry Ivanovsky in 1892 and Martinus Beijerinck in 1898 who showed that the infectious agent of the tobacco mosaic disease was in fact infilterable. It was Martinus Beijerinck who first coined the term of "virus" to indicate a non-bacterial nature of the tobacco mosaic disease. In 1935, the tobacco mosaic virus was the first virus to be crystallized. Regardless of the erroneous conclusion, Mayer's pioneer work on
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Dual consciousness


, it must invent a logical reason for why the shovel was chosen. Since the only objects it has to work with are the chicken's claw and head, the left hemisphere interprets the meaning of choosing the shovel as “it is an object necessary to help the chicken, which lives in a shed, therefore, the shovel is used to clean the chicken’s shed”. Gazzaniga famously coined the term left brain interpreter to explain this phenomenon. What does the results of Gazzaniga and LeDoux's work suggest about the existence
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Sheldon coin grading scale


terms. At the same time, there appears to be at least some consensus in the numismatic community for the following definitions. However, bear in mind that if a coin dealer advertises a coin as "Gem Uncirculated", it does not necessarily mean that a third-party coin grading company would assign an MS-65 or MS-66 grade to the coin. Like circulated grades, proof coins are graded on the Sheldon scale from 1 to 70. Proof coins graded 60 to 70 are mirrored to those of Uncirculated grades with the difference
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Ebonics (word)


even among those who agreed with the reason for coining it. Even within Williams' book, the term "Black English" is far more commonly used than the term "Ebonics". John Baugh has stated that the term "Ebonics" is used in four ways by its Afrocentric proponents. It may: or it may refer to what is normally regarded as a variety of "Ebonics" remained a little-known term until 1996. It does not appear in the 1989 second edition of the "Oxford English Dictionary,
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Antivirus software


Creeper virus. The Creeper virus was followed by several other viruses. The first known that appeared "in the wild" was "Elk Cloner", in 1981, which infected Apple II computers. In 1983, the term ""computer virus"" was coined by Fred Cohen in one of the first ever published academic papers on computer viruses. Cohen used the term ""computer virus"" to describe a program that: ""affect other computer programs by modifying them in such a way as to include a
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Crown (British coin)


have been composed of cupro-nickel, special proof versions have been produced for sale to collectors, and as gift items, in silver, gold, and occasionally platinum. The fact that gold £5 crowns are now produced means that there are two different strains of five pound gold coins, namely crowns and what are now termed "quintuple sovereigns" for want of a more concise term. Numismatically, the term "crown-sized" is used generically to describe large silver or cupro-nickel coins of about 40 mm
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Shortage economy


Shortage economy (, ) is a term coined by Hungarian economist János Kornai, who used this term to criticize the old centrally-planned economies of the communist states of the Eastern Bloc. In his article "Economics of Shortage" (1980), Kornai argued that the chronic shortages seen throughout Central and Eastern Europe in the late 1970s (and which continued during the 1980s) were not the consequences of planners' errors, but rather systemic flaws. A shortage of a certain item does not necessarily mean that the item is
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Miniseries


A miniseries (or mini-series) is a television program that tells a story in a predetermined, limited number of episodes. The term "serial" is used in the United Kingdom and in other Commonwealth nations, though its meaning does not necessarily equate to "miniseries" in its usage. A miniseries is distinguished from an ongoing television series; the latter does not usually have a predetermined number of episodes and may continue for several years. Before the term was coined in the USA in the early 1970s, the ongoing
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Adam Cost


give you the meaning of us." At that time the posters included a phone number; those who called heard a woman's recorded voice repeat their questions back to them: "My intuition tells me that you're asking yourselves who are Revs and Cost and what are they doing? What is it? What does it mean? What does it mean? What does it mean?" Cost and Revs continued to write in New York City with impunity, highly visible examples of the graffiti that Mayor Rudolph Giuliani was determined
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Mahmoud Khatami


. Coined by Khatami himself, the term "ontetic" does not merely mean "ontological" or "existential" in the western sense; in addition to these, this term also means "fuzzy" and "hierarchic". It indicates the order of Being and its purity. Consequently, the ontetic philosophy is the intellectual articulation of human approach toward a complete grasp of the order of Being. "ontetic" in his terminology refers to the old understanding Persian conception of light which simultaneously indicates being, consciousness, life and
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Darby Pop Publishing


will be hers to make. Dozens of people from all across the United States suddenly find themselves recalling random things: song lyrics, places, and events that seem to have been erased from both collective memory and recorded history. Fearing the spread of a virus-like plague, a mysterious group known as “The Handlers” is tasked with hunting and destroying those who recollect. But, does the end justify the means? And what if you were the one whose mind was unwittingly filled with things you shouldn’t remember?
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Alcoholism


laypeople, but the word is poorly defined. The WHO calls "alcoholism" "a term of long-standing use and variable meaning", and use of the term was disfavored by a 1979 WHO expert committee. "The Big Book" (from Alcoholics Anonymous) states that once a person is an alcoholic, they are always an alcoholic, but does not define what is meant by the term "alcoholic" in this context. In 1960, Bill W., co-founder of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA),
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Disparate impact


often used interchangeably with "disparate impact," which was a legal term coined in one of the most significant U.S. Supreme Court rulings on disparate or adverse impact: "Griggs v. Duke Power Co.", 1971. Adverse Impact does not mean that an individual in a majority group is given preference over a minority group. However, having adverse impact does mean that there is the "potential" for discrimination in the hiring process and it could warrant investigation. The 80% test was originally framed by a panel of 32 professionals
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Multipartite virus


A multipartite virus is a computer virus that infects and spreads in multiple ways. The term was coined to describe the first viruses that included DOS executable files and PC BIOS boot sector virus code, where both parts are viral themselves. Prior to the discovery of the first of these, viruses were categorized as either file infectors or boot infectors. Because of the multiple vectors for the spread of infection, these viruses could spread faster than a boot or file infector alone. Ghostball was the first multipartite virus, discovered by Fridrik Skulason
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Metamorphic code


the child's binary representation will typically be completely different from the parent's. Mutation can be achieved using techniques like inserting NOP instructions (brute force), changing what registers to use, changing flow control with jumps, changing machine instructions to equivalent ones or reordering independent instructions. Metamorphism does not protect a virus against heuristic analysis. Metamorphic code can also mean that a virus is capable of infecting executables from two or more different operating systems (such as Windows and GNU/Linux) or even different computer architectures. Often,
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Originalism


or statute, which should govern its subsequent interpretation. The divisions between the theories relate to what exactly that identifiable original intent or original meaning is: the intentions of the authors or the ratifiers, the original meaning of the text, a combination of the two, or the original meaning of the text but not its expected application. Bret Boyce described the origins of the term "originalist" as follows: The term "originalism" has been most commonly used since the middle 1980s and was apparently coined by Paul Brest in "
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Psychic vampire


vampirism a combination of psychic and psychological pathology, and distinguished between what she considered to be true psychic vampirism and mental conditions that produce similar symptoms. For the latter, she named folie à deux and similar phenomena. The term "psychic vampire" was popularized in the 1960s by Anton LaVey and his Church of Satan. LaVey wrote on the topic in his book, "The Satanic Bible", and claimed to have coined the term. LaVey used "psychic vampire" to mean a spiritually or emotionally weak person who drains
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Culture jamming


others. The term meme was coined and first popularized by geneticist Richard Dawkins, but later used by cultural critics such as Douglas Rushkoff, who claimed memes were a type of media virus. Memes are seen as genes that can jump from outlet to outlet and replicate themselves or mutate upon transmission just like a virus. Culture jammers will often use common symbols such as the McDonald's golden arches or Nike swoosh to engage people and force them to think about their eating habits or fashion sense. In one example, jammer Jonah Peretti
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Difference (philosophy)


entitled "Writing and Difference" (1967). Elsewhere, Derrida coined the term (a deliberate misspelling of ) in order to provide a conceptual hook for his thinking on the meaning processes at work within writing/language. This neologism is a play on the two meanings of the French word : to differ and to defer. Derrida thereby argues that meaning does not arise out of fixed differences between static elements in a structure, but that the meanings produced in language and other signifying systems are always partial, provisional and infinitely
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Morphemization


Morphemization is a term describing the process of creating a new morpheme using existing linguistic material. While one source cites Eric B. as the first person who coined the term , another holds that the term had already been used by Shirley Silver, though the meaning is different from Eric's. Silver used the term for fused words, or for phrasal words like "La Brea Tar Pits" as a proper noun. The term is also used by some Korean linguists, e.g., Lee 1998 and Kim 2010 who has coined the term
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Field hockey stick


more 'open' hooks Fig. 3, some at 45° and a significant increase in horizontal head length, some as much as 120 mm. New names have been coined to describe the various hook shapes but there is much confusion and overlapping of names. 'Maxi' and 'Mega' are also terms for styles of hook shape but there is no common agreement about what these terms mean outside of each 'brand' name that employs them: what one brand terms a midi another calls a 'hook' but
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Essence


the what it was to be" and corresponding to the scholastic term quiddity) or sometimes the shorter phrase "to ti esti" (τὸ τί ἐστι, literally meaning "the what it is" and corresponding to the scholastic term haecceity) for the same idea. This phrase presented such difficulties for its Latin translators that they coined the word "essentia" (English "essence") to represent the whole expression. For Aristotle and his scholastic followers, the notion of essence is closely linked to that of definition (ὁρισμός
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Love Metal


inclusion of the heartagram on the cover was done as "a statement of intent [...] musically, visually and ideologically", as well as to "get the symbol across". The term "love metal" was coined by the band in the late-nineties as way to respond to peoples' difficulty categorizing HIM's music, and was chosen as the title of the album in order to explain to people what the term means, with Valo stating: "When somebody asks 'what is love metal',
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South Bronx


crime by the influx of young, minority criminals because they were seen as easy prey; this became so common that the street slang terms "crib job" (meaning how elderly residents were as helpless as infants) and "push in" (meaning what would now be called a home invasion robbery) were coined specifically in reference to them. Property owners who had waited too long to try to sell their buildings found that almost all of the property in the South Bronx had already been redlined by the banks and insurance companies
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Stafford Beer


the purpose of a system is what it does) to refer to the commonly observed phenomenon that the de facto purpose of a system is often at odds with its official purpose. Beer coined the term POSIWID and used it many times in public addresses. Perhaps most forcefully in his address to the University of Valladolid, Spain in October 2001, he said "According to the cybernetician the purpose of a system is what it does. This is a basic dictum. It stands for bald fact, which makes a better starting point
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Realpolitik


imply politics that are perceived as coercive, amoral, or Machiavellian. The term "Realpolitik" was coined by Ludwig von Rochau, a German writer and politician in the 19th century. His 1853 book "Grundsätze der Realpolitik angewendet auf die staatlichen Zustände Deutschlands" describes the meaning of the term: Historian John Bew suggests that much of what stands for modern "Realpolitik" today deviates from the original meaning of the term. "Realpolitik" emerged in mid-19th century Europe from the collision of the Enlightenment with state formation and power politics
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2017 Uganda Marburg virus outbreak


25 October, the number of individuals rose to 155 in terms of contact tracing According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Marburg virus was first recognised in 1967. In terms of diagnosis the presentation is similar to malaria or typhoid fever and therefore not easy to identify (diagnose). The Marburg virus is considered a filovirus, which is the same as the Ebola virus in terms of viral classification. According to Mehedi, et al macrophages, monocytes, and dendritic cells, are what the virus
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Philosophy of Søren Kierkegaard


to know who he is by an intensely personal and passionate pursuit of what will give meaning to his life. As an existing individual, who must come to terms with everyday life, overcome its obstacles and setbacks, who must live and die, the single individual has a life that no one else will ever live. In dealing with what life brings his way, the individual must encounter them with all his psycho-physical resources. Subjectivity is that which the individual—and no one else—has. But what does
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Technocentrism


rational, scientific and technological means. They also believe in scientific research. Indeed, technocentrics see the way forward for both developed and developing countries, and the solutions to environmental problems, as lying in scientific and technological advancement (sometimes referred to as sustainopreneurship). The term was claimed to have been coined by Seymour Papert in 1987 as a combination of "techno"- and "egocentrism": "I coined the word technocentrism from Piaget's use of the word egocentrism. This does not imply that children are selfish, but simply
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Beur


Beur (or alternatively, Rebeu) is a colloquial term to designate European-born people whose parents or grandparents are immigrants from North Africa, more specifically Maghreb. The equivalent term for a female beur is a beurette. The term "rebeu" is neither applicable to females nor does it have a female version. The word beur was coined using verlan for the word "arabe", which means Arabic or Arab in French. Since the late 1990s, a lot of young people have used the twice-verlanised term "
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Missing and murdered Indigenous women


who coined the term "genocide". Lemkin had explained that genocide does not exclusively mean the "immediate destruction of a nation" but signifies "a coordinated plan of different actions aiming at the destruction of essential foundations of the life of national groups, with the aim of annihilating the groups themselves." According to a "Global News" article, Canada's 2000 Crimes Against Humanity and War Crimes Act "offers a broader definition, saying genocide can encompass not only acts of commission, but 'omission' as well.
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Alternative comedy


what makes it hard for some people to sit down and actually just do the fucking work, because doing the work means you're making a commitment. The official history of London's Comedy Store credits comedian and author Tony Allen with coining the term. However, in his autobiography, the late Malcolm Hardee claims to have coined the term in 1978. Alternative comedy came to describe an approach to stand-up comedy that was neither racist nor sexist but free-form and devised by the performers themselves. This style won out
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Western African Ebola virus epidemic


awareness campaigns among the communities in Western Africa. "... what we mean by social mobilization is to try to convey the right messages, in terms of prevention measures, adapted to the local context—adapted to the cultural practices in a specific area," said Vincent Martin, FAO's representative in Senegal. Denial in some affected countries also made containment efforts difficult. Language barriers and the appearance of medical teams in protective suits sometimes increased fears of the virus. In Liberia, a mob attacked an Ebola isolation centre, stealing
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Antonio Cañizares Llovera


What does it mean to receive communion in the mouth? What does it mean to kneel before the Most Holy Sacrament? What does it mean to kneel during the consecration at Mass? It means adoration, it means recognizing the real presence of Jesus Christ in the Eucharist; it means respect and an attitude of faith of a man who prostrates before God because he knows that everything comes from Him, and we feel speechless, dumbfounded, before the wondrousness, his goodness, and his mercy. That is why it is not
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Hinduism


sole means of valid knowledge [...]". The term Vaidika dharma means a code of practice that is "based on the Vedas", but it is unclear what "based on the Vedas" really implies, states Julius Lipner. The Vaidika dharma or "Vedic way of life", states Lipner, does not mean "Hinduism is necessarily religious" or that Hindus have a universally accepted "conventional or institutional meaning" for that term. To many, it is as much a cultural term. Many Hindus do
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Web 2.0


term is unclear or simply a buzzword. For many people who work in software, version numbers like 2.0 and 3.0 are for software versioning or hardware versioning only, and to assign 2.0 arbitrarily to many technologies with a variety of real version numbers has no meaning. The web does not have a version number. For example, in a 2006 interview with IBM developerWorks podcast editor Scott Laningham, Tim Berners-Lee described the term "Web 2.0" as a jargon: "Nobody really knows what it means... If Web 2.0
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Søren Kierkegaard


three parts. It included "Purity of Heart is to Will One Thing", "What we Learn from the Lilies in the Field and from the Birds in the Air", and "The Gospel of Sufferings". These questions are asked, What does it mean to be a single individual who wants to do the good? What does it mean to be a human being? What does it mean to follow Christ? He now moves from "upbuilding (Edifying) discourses" to "Christian discourses", however
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HIV/AIDS research


) tissue due to HIV-1 infection with the help of a biomarker of aging, which is known as epigenetic clock. A long-term nonprogressor is a person who is infected with HIV, but whose body, for whatever reason, naturally controls the virus so that the infection does not progress to the AIDS stage. Such persons are of great interest to researchers, who feel that a study of their physiologies could provide a deeper understanding of the virus and disease. An HIV vaccine is a vaccine that would be given to a
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Projectivism


to discuss as if it were a feature of the world. In short: when we believe we have observed a causal connection all we have really experienced is a conjunction between two separate events. We can only know about the world through experience, so causation as a feature of the world is something unknowable to a human being. What does it mean to say that the probability that a coin lands heads is ½? One might think that the coin will either land upward or it will not, the probability is not a
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Intersex rights in Germany


to the feminine more than the male, the person does not receive the order. If the reverse, the person is able to receive but ought not to be ordained on account of deformity and monstrosity." Historical accounts of intersex people are scarce, but 19th-century medical journals document Gottlieb Göttlich, a man who made a living from being studied by medical practitioners. In the 20th century, the term intersex was coined by the German-born geneticist Richard Goldschmidt. In 1932 gynecologist and obstetrician Hans Naujoks performed what was
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Mark 1


synagogue on the sabbath. Eventually, in , at the Transfiguration of Jesus, Mark uses the technical term , "", "rabbi", meaning a Jewish teacher of Mosaic Law. See also Rabboni. Gathering disciples (students) and teaching are thus the first part of what Jesus does to proclaim the kingdom of God. Mark does not relate what Jesus taught, which could mean he left it out because he did not deem it important enough for his book or because he did not know what Jesus taught there.
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Harvey (play)


injection that will make him into a "perfectly normal human being, and you know what bastards they are!" (in the words of a taxi cab driver who has become involved in the proceedings) does Veta realize that she would rather have Elwood the same as he has always been — carefree and kind — even if it means living with Harvey. But the only reason Veta hears from the cab driver is that she can't find her coin purse and has to get the cab fare from Elwood. That is when
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Mainland China


of what that "China" means. Each interprets and believes it is the legitimate government of China and has a claim on the territories held by the other. In this context, the term "Mainland China" is agreeable to both sides since they both conceive "China" as including mainland and Taiwan, and therefore need this term to distinguish the two areas. However, since it was the KMT who came to this consensus with mainland China, the Pan Green Coalition does not embrace this term as the Pan Blue Coalition
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Influenza A virus subtype H5N1


that cause single amino acid substitutions can significantly alter the ability of viral hemagglutinin proteins to bind to receptors on the surface of host cells. Such mutations in avian H5N1 viruses can change virus strains from being inefficient at infecting human cells to being as efficient in causing human infections as more common human influenza virus types. This doesn't mean that one amino acid substitution can cause a pandemic, but it does mean that one amino acid substitution can cause an avian flu virus that is not pathogenic in humans to become pathogenic in humans.
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Papaya ringspot virus


been made for both of the CI and AI proteins as well as for the capsid protein of PRSV-W. Aphids are the predominant means by which PRSV is transmitted. PRSV is a non-persistent virus, meaning it does not enter beyond the feeding mouthparts of the aphid, and does not circulate or multiply within its insect host. Non-persistent viruses are transmitted quickly and easily between plants. Many species of aphid can transmit PRSV, particularly the Peach Aphid and Melon Aphid. Seed transmission has been observed at rates of
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ANTI (computer virus)


be detected by specific resource names and IDs; a slower string comparison search is required in order to find signatures associated with the virus. The University of Hamburg's Virus Test Center recommends detection with an antivirus application such as Disinfectant (version 2.3 and later), Interferon, Virus Detective, or Virus Rx, while McAfee recommends Virex. However, the loss of resource attributes means that removal of the virus does not restore the original application to its pristine state; only restoring from a virus-free backup is completely effective.
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Contact immunity


Contact immunity is the property of some vaccines, where a vaccinated individual can confer immunity upon unimmunized individuals through contact with bodily fluids or excrement. In other words, if Amelia has been vaccinated for virus "X" and Roberto has not, Roberto can receive immunity to virus "X" just by coming into contact with Amelia. The term was coined by Romanian physician Ion Cantacuzino. The potential for contact immunity exists primarily in "live" or attenuated vaccines. Vaccination with a live, but attenuated, virus can produce immunity
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Helper dependent virus


A helper dependent virus also termed a gutless virus is a synthetic viral vector dependent on the assistance of a helper virus in order to replicate. Hepatitis D virus (HDV) is an example of a replication defective, helper dependent ssRNA virus because it requires Hepatitis B virus (HBV) to provide HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) for the encapsidation of its genome. The envelope proteins on the outer surface of HDV are entirely provided by HBV. Since the genome of the gutless virus does not include genes encoding the enzymes and/or structural
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Carrot mottle virus


Intro The virus is carrot mottle virus (CMoV). The Wikipedia article is blank and needs improvement over all topics. This means all topics should be thoroughly researched and understood, and key components identified. Host and symptoms The typical hosts for this virus are "apiaceous" plants, which is known as the carrot family. The virus specifically targets carrots, parsnips, and cilantro but only effects carrot as this is the only host for the vector. This virus alone does not cause symptoms in carrots, but in connection with
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Eucatastrophe


A eucatastrophe is a sudden turn of events at the end of a story which ensures that the protagonist does not meet some terrible, impending, and very plausible and probable doom. The writer J. R. R. Tolkien coined the word by affixing the Greek prefix "eu", meaning "good", to "catastrophe", the word traditionally used in classically inspired literary criticism to refer to the "unraveling" or conclusion of a drama's plot. For Tolkien, the term appears to have had a thematic meaning that went
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Cthulhu


much closer to her coined term than the Greek root, and her description of its meaning coincides with Lovecraft's idea of the apocalyptic scale of the threat of Cthulhu, with his horrifying tentacles, to collapse civilization into an endless dark horror: "Chthulucene does not close in on itself; it does not round off; its contact zones are ubiquitous and continuously spin out loopy tendrils." In 2015, an elongated, dark region along the equator of Pluto, initially referred to as "the Whale", was proposed to
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Gay pornography


the other. The implication of this study is that the term "bareback" ultimately does have a dark meaning as it relates to HIV/AIDS, regardless if it does not mention protection in its name. Thus, studies have shown that barebacking is decreasing in popularity within the gay subculture. Bareback pornography does not necessarily encourage more unprotected anal sex in reality, nor do all men who participate in anal sex necessarily want to have unprotected sex. What is clear is that there is still a sense of risk among participants of
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Fedayeen


Fedayeen ( "fidāʼīyīn"; ) is a term used to refer to various military groups willing to sacrifice themselves for a larger campaign. The term "fedayi" is derived from Arabic: "fidā'īyūn" , literally meaning: "those who sacrifice themselves". Hassan-i-Sabbah(circa 1050–1124), who founded the Nizari Ismaili state in Persia and Syria, first coined the term to refer to the Hashshashins. "fidāʼīyīn" is the plural of "fidāʼī", which means "sacrifice." It is widely understood
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Philippine kinship


kinakapatid, which literally means someone made into a sibling. The term "Kuya" is used in Filipino for older brother and "Ate" is used in Filipino for older sister, and those terms are what one also usually use to refer to or respect other people (including cousins and other strangers) who are in the same generation but a little older, or one could use the older term Manong ("big brother") and Manang ("big sister") for the much older people that one does not
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Anton Popovič


" [Theory of artistic translation], 1975. Considering translation a particular case of metacommunication, he proposed the terms "prototext" and "metatext" as alternatives to what are most commonly known as the "source text" and the "target text". He also coined the term "translationality" (prekladovosť), signifying the features of a text that denounce it as a translated text, and the term "creolization", meaning something in between a source culture text and a target culture text. His books have
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Cultural consumer


The cultural consumer describes a person who avidly consumes art, books, music, and live cultural events within a society. With the rise of expressive technologies, cultural consumers have harnessed the Internet to fuel their own creative efforts. The term was coined by author Patricia Martin in her book, "The Rise of the Cultural Consumer and What It Means For Your Business", in which she suggests that the convergence of art, technology and entertainment is remaking the American consumer. This new type of consumer values creativity, design and
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Alfred Adler


now'. The 'here-and-now' aspects are especially relevant to those Adlerians who emphasize humanism and/or existentialism in their approaches. Metaphysical Adlerians emphasise a spiritual holism in keeping with what Jan Smuts articulated (Smuts coined the term "holism"), that is, the spiritual sense of one-ness that holism usually implies (etymology of holism: from ὅλος holos, a Greek word meaning all, entire, total) Smuts believed that evolution involves a progressive series of lesser wholes integrating into larger ones. Whilst
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Compact space


David Hilbert and Erhard Schmidt. For a certain class of Green's functions coming from solutions of integral equations, Schmidt had shown that a property analogous to the Arzelà–Ascoli theorem held in the sense of mean convergence—or convergence in what would later be dubbed a Hilbert space. This ultimately led to the notion of a compact operator as an offshoot of the general notion of a compact space. It was Maurice Fréchet who, in 1906, had distilled the essence of the Bolzano–Weierstrass property and coined the term "
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Culinology


Culinology, according to Jeff Cousminer in "Food Product Design Magazine", is a term that was coined by the first president and founder of the Research Chefs Association, Winston Riley. The original meaning of the word was quite different from what it has come to mean today. Originally, the word was designed to be a combination of two words: "culinary" and "technology". So the first meaning of the word was the convergence of culinary arts and all technology, which includes communications, chemistry, physiology,
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Tulip breaking virus


gossypii". McKenny-Hughes reported in 1934 that "Yezabura tulipae" transmitted the virus between stored tulip bulbs, but this has not been confirmed. The transfer of the virus is non-persistent, which means it is accomplished through the insect feeding. In non-persistent transmission, viruses become attached to the distal tip of the stylet in the insect's mouthparts, so that the next plant it feeds on is inoculated with the virus. The virus does not affect the seed that produces a bulb, only the bulb
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RGBA color space


alpha value, and if they are it does not state what color space that premultiplication was done in. This means more information than just "RGBA" is needed to determine how to handle an image. To further confuse the issue, in some contexts the term "RGBA" means a specific layout in memory of the four channels, with other terms such as "BGRA" used for alternatives. In other contexts the alternatives are used more often but the term "RGBA" means any layout. In computer graphics, pixels
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Collapse into Now


: "The idea was to present a 21st-century version of an album. What does an album mean in the year 2011, especially to generations of people for whom the word album is an archaic term? An album for me as a teenager in the '70s was a fully formed concept. It was a body of work from an artist I liked or trusted or who excited me..[...] I wanted to present an idea of what an album could be in the age of YouTube and the Internet.
6517792
Evolution of influenza


geographic relationships among species. They indicate that the human influenza virus is minimally impacted by geographic differences. However, both swine and avian influenza does appear to be geographically dependent. All three groups (avian, swine, and human) show chronological differences. The human influenza virus is retained in humans only, meaning it does not spread to other species. Some lineages and sublineages of the virus emerge and may be more prevalent in certain locations. For instance, many human influenza outbreaks begin in Southeast Asia. Phylogenetic analysis can help
3712880
Oncovirus


"hit-and-run" and so the virus would be lost from the clinically diagnosed tumor. In practical terms, this is an uncommon occurrence if it does occur. The theory that cancer could be caused by a virus began with the experiments of Oluf Bang and Vilhelm Ellerman in 1908 who first show that avian erythroblastosis (a form of chicken leukemia) could be transmitted by cell-free extracts. This was subsequently confirmed for solid tumors in chickens in 1910-1911 by Peyton Rous, and for liquid cancer in
6219326
Banana bunchy top virus


epidermis of the plant tissue until it reaches the phloem of the leaves. Then the aphid injects saliva and sucks the cell contents. This ingestion of viral components is done inadvertently by the aphid. Vector transmission of the BBTV is circulative and non-propagative, meaning that transmission of the virus occurs from and to the phloem tissues and the virus does not replicate within the aphid’s midgut. Acquisition of the virus by the banana aphid requires about 18 hours of feeding and then the aphid can retain the virus for approximately two weeks
3185181
Scientologie, Wissenschaft von der Beschaffenheit und der Tauglichkeit des Wissens


. But the German courts have rejected this in the light of Nordenholz having coined the term long before the church registered it as a trademark; also refusing the argument of "possible confusion" because Free Zone "per se" does not sell courses nor indeed anything else; and that the use of a similar name in these circumstances was covered by the "fair use" policy. The English-language term "Scientology" originated neither with Hubbard nor Nordenholz, but with philologist Allen Upward, who coined the term in 1907
12277156
Metteur en scène


Metteur en scène (literally "scene-setter") is a phrase that refers to the "mise en scène" of a particular film director. It suggests that the director has technical competence when it comes to film directing, but does not add personal style to the aesthetic of the film. The term was coined by "Cahiers du cinéma" co-founder André Bazin, and the expanded meaning of the term was introduced by the French New Wave filmmaker and film critic François Truffaut in his 1954 essay "A Certain
6342149
H5N1 genetic structure


bind to receptors on the surface of host cells. Such mutations in avian H5N1 viruses can change virus strains from being inefficient at infecting human cells to being as efficient in causing human infections as more common human influenza virus types. This doesn't mean that one amino acid substitution can cause a pandemic, but it does mean that one amino acid substitution can cause an avian flu virus that is not pathogenic in humans to become pathogenic in humans. H3N2 ("swine flu") is endemic in pigs in China, and has
2883594
Racism in Germany


devouring" or "destruction" in some dialects of the Romani language) used by Gypsies, or the Polish word ""Zagłada"" (literally meaning "annihilation", or "extinction") often used by Poles as a synonym of the word Holocaust. The Holocaust was one of many outbreaks of antisemitism, a term coined in the late 19th century in Germany as a more scientific-sounding term for "Judenhass" ("Jew-hatred"). Scientific theories on antisemitism are divided into what degree it
18832325
Cornelius Castoriadis


. When reading Castoriadis, it is helpful to understand what he means by the terms he uses, since he does not redefine the terms in every piece where he employs them. The concept of autonomy was central to his early writings, and he continued to elaborate on its meaning, applications, and limits until his death, gaining him the title of "Philosopher of "Autonomy"." The word itself is Greek, where "auto" means "for/by itself" and "nomos" means "law.
20134111
Anekantavada


Jain context "syadvada" does not mean a doctrine of doubt or skepticism, rather it means "multiplicity or multiple possibilities". "Syat" in Jainism connotes something different from what the term means in Buddhism and Hinduism. In Jainism, it does not connote an answer that is "neither yes nor no", but it connotes a "many sidedness" to any proposition with a sevenfold predication. "Syādvāda" is a theory of qualified predication, states Koller. It states that all knowledge claims must be qualified in
12577409
Exonumia


cheques, credit cards and similar paper. These can also be considered notaphily or scripophily. The noun "exonumia" is derived from two classical roots: "exo", meaning "out-of" in Greek, and "nummus", meaning "coin" in Latin (from Greek νοῦμμος - "noummos", "coin"); thus, "out[side]-of-[the category]coins". Usually, the term "exonumia" is applied to these objects in the United States, while the equivalent British term is paranumismatica. The
6181614
Folklore studies


; the fairy tales, originally told around a winter fire, have become animated film characters, stuffed animals and bed linens. Their meaning, however far removed from the original story telling tradition, does not detract from the importance and meaning they have for their young audience. Fakelore refers to artifacts which might be termed "pseudo-folklore"; these are manufactured items claiming to be traditional. The folklorist Richard Dorson coined this word, clarifying it in his book "Folklore and Fakelore". Current thinking within the discipline is
7898166
Virus nanotechnology


is based on the prefix "nano" which is from the Greek word meaning "dwarf". In more technical terms, the word "nano" means 10-9, or one billionth of something. For a meaningful comparison, a virus is roughly 100 nanometers (nm) in size. So that a virus can also call as a nanoparticle. The word nanotechnology is generally used when referring to materials with the size of 0.1 to 100 nanometres, however, it is also inherent that these materials should display different properties
14237492
Walter Murch


anyone as Sound Designer, a professional designation that Murch is widely attributed to have coined as a means to help legitimate the field of post-production sound, much in the way William Cameron Menzies coined the term "Production Designer" in the 1930s. "Apocalypse Now" was also notable for being among the first films to be released in what has come to be known as 5.1, with three screen speaker channels, low-frequency enhancement, and two surround channels (one more channel than standard surround sound arrangements at the
3094783
Morsicatio buccarum


of hairy leukoplakia, linea alba and leukoedema. In people with human immunodeficiency virus, who are at higher risk of oral hairy leukoplakia, a tissue biopsy may be required to differentiate between this and frictional keratosis from cheek and tongue chewing. Morsicatio buccarum is a type of frictional keratosis. The term is derived from the Latin words, "morusus" meaning "bite" and "bucca" meaning "cheek". This term has been described as "a classic example of medical terminology gone astray". The Diagnostic and Statistical
7427380
The Seventh Coin


begins to lose his mind and eventually believes that he is the reincarnated Herod himself. This does not go well for two teenagers who possess the coin, American tourist Ronnie and Arab pickpocket Salim. As Emil continues on his murderous rampage, the teenagers must avoid him while also protecting the coin. Stephen Holden, writing for "The New York Times", described "The Seventh Coin" as having "plenty of snazzy local color but no idea what kind of film it wants to be". The film won two festival
3288121
Boulevard House


which must be managed, the situation mirrored critical questions about changes taking place within Detroit: What does it mean to occupy space which is tenuous as an indirect result of economic politics? Who has claim to the city and how is that expressed through land policies? In looking at occupancy, what does it mean to be authentic and legitimate, and whose voices govern the determination? If Boulevard House must relocate, does it relocate to another Southwest location or elsewhere in the city - and what questions does that raise about the service
4631194
Molecular gastronomy


Blumenthal and Harold McGee published a 'Statement on the "New Cookery" in the Observer in order to summarise what they saw as the central tenets of modern cuisine. Ferran Adria of El Bulli and Thomas Keller of the French Laundry and Per Se signed up to this and together released a joint statement in 2006 clarifying their approach to cooking, stating that the term "molecular gastronomy" was coined in 1992 for a single workshop that did not influence them, and that the term does not describe any style of cooking. In
9535421
Deafhood


Deafhood is a term coined by Paddy Ladd in his book "Understanding Deaf Culture: In Search of Deafhood". While the precise meaning of the word remains deliberately vague—Ladd himself calls Deafhood a "process" rather than something finite and clear—it attempts to convey an affirmative and positive acceptance of being deaf. Unlike deafness, which is often used to describe deaf people only in terms of their hearing loss, Deafhood asserts being deaf has a positive value for humankind and does not need to be cured like a disease
855115
Monumental sculpture


certainly the dominant part of what he means by the word, and Schapiro's further comments suggest that a lack of "excess of virtuousity" does not form part of what he intends to convey. Nonetheless, parts of the Murray's concept ("grand, noble, elevated in idea") are included in his meaning, although "simple in conception and execution" hardly seems to apply. The term 'Monumental Sculptures' has acquired various meanings over the years, but these different meanings have not caused much difficulty in
14529430
Issun-bōshi


("yubi", meaning "finger", refers to the place of birth), Mameichi (referring to the thumb), Gobu Tarō (or Jirō) ("Gobu" is literally "five bu" but also a general term for small things), Sanmontake ("mon" is a counter for coins, so it means "three coins height" or the height of a stack of three coins), Issun Kotarō, Tanishi (meaning "pond snail"), Katamutsuri (meaning "snail"
18011111
Professional performances


is amateur, meaning a person who does not play for money, but in an academic (e.g. college football) or other private setting. The term "professional" is commonly used incorrectly when referring to sports, as the distinction simply refers to how the athlete is funded, and not necessarily to what competitions he engages in or what results he achieves. Sometimes the professional status of an activity is controversial; for example, there is debate as to whether professionals should be allowed to compete in the Olympic Games. The motivation
8228389
Carrot yellow-leaf virus


; it is transmitted horizontally, not vertically. This means a pregnant aphid does not transmit the virus to the offspring, and the virus is not transmitted after molting. There is no research specifically on the cytopathic effect of CYLV, however there is a general pattern in the family Closteroviridae that might apply to this particular virus. Closteroviruses are usually phloem-limited, but some groups might infect parenchyma and mesophyll cells; therefore, closteroviruses are more often described simply as "phloem-associated" with regard to tissue tropism. That
10848407
Taiye Selasi


oversimplify; the effort to understand what is ailing in Africa alongside the desire to honor what is wonderful, unique." Selasi does not seek recognition as the originator of Afropolitanism, "She makes a point not to claim to have coined it, and she downplays her own role in the whole phenomenon that followed from it." The conversation of Afropolitanism did increase, following the essay, and this paved way for scholars like Simon Gikandi and Achille Mbembe to "further develop" the term, Afropolitan, into a widely known
13685046
Presidential $1 Coin Program


pricing of gold coin: 2016 Pricing Grid † Chester A. Arthur's wife Ellen died before he succeeded to the presidency. Since there was no First Lady during his presidency, the act explicitly states that Alice Paul, who was born during his term, would appear on this coin. Since Paul was never First Lady, the coin does not have a served date. The act also has two other provisions, for the following: In 2009, numismatic cents that have the metallic copper content of cents minted in 1909 were issued
252566
Yaoi fandom


for such works has developed. The term "fujoshi" is a homophonous pun on , a term for respectable women, created by replacing the character (pronounced "fu"), meaning married woman, with the character (also pronounced "fu"), meaning fermented or spoiled, indicating that a woman who enjoys fictional gay content is ruined for marriage. The name was coined by 2channel in the early 2000s as a derogatory insult, but was later reclaimed as a self-descriptive term. "Fujoshi" carried a
21746606
Jakob von Uexküll


properties of the sensors. What we now call a "feedback loop" he calls a "function-circle" and "circle" seems to be something like "system". He uses the term "melody" to mean something close to "algorithm". He coins around 75 technical terms, and a proper understanding of his book would require clearly defining them in modern terms and understanding their relations. He notices qualia, comes close to object-oriented programming (page 98) uses the image of a helmsman which
6035855
Social affordance


he writes: “The affordances of the environment are what it offers the animal, what it provides or furnishes, either for good or ill. The verb to afford is found in the dictionary, but the noun affordance is not. I have made it up. I mean by it something that refers to both the environment and the animal in a way that no existing term does. It implies the complementarily of the animal and the environment” Possibilities for motor action — or what Gibson termed affordances — depend on the match
12643303
Confirmation bias


(1897) "What Is Art?", Russian novelist Leo Tolstoy wrote: The term "confirmation bias" was coined by English psychologist Peter Wason. In his initial experiment published in 1960 (which does not mention the term "confirmation bias"), he challenged participants to identify a rule applying to triples of numbers. At the outset, they were told that (2,4,6) fits the rule. Participants could generate their own triples and the experimenter told them whether or not each triple conformed to the rule. While
14132505
Gender


with. However, a person's gender does not always align with what has been assigned at birth. Factors other than learned behaviors play a role in the development of gender. Sexologist John Money coined the term "gender role" in 1955. The term "gender role" is defined as the actions or responses that may reveal their status as boy, man, girl or woman, respectively. Elements surrounding gender roles include clothing, speech patterns, movement, occupations, and other factors not limited to biological sex. In
17363549
Separation of concerns


demonstrates that activity inside one module, which is a circuit with consumers of electricity attached, does not affect activity in a different module, so each module is not concerned with what happens in the other. The term "separation of concerns" was probably coined by Edsger W. Dijkstra in his 1974 paper "On the role of scientific thought". Fifteen years later, it was evident the term Separation of Concerns was becoming an accepted idea. In 1989, Chris Reade wrote a book titled "Elements of Functional Programming" that
8675739
Antitheism


as dystheism, which would actually mean "belief in a deity that is not benevolent", or misotheism – strictly speaking, this means "hatred of God". Examples of belief systems founded on the principle of opposition to the existence of a god or gods include some forms of Atheistic Satanism and maltheism. Another use of the term "antitheism" was coined by Christopher New in a thought experiment published in 1993. In his article, he imagines what arguments for the existence of an evil god would look like: "
18663251
Thematic analysis


). A theme represents a level of patterned response or meaning from the data that is related to the research questions at hand. Determining what can be considered a theme can be used with deciding prevalence. This does not necessarily mean the frequency at which a theme occurs, but in terms of space within each data item and across the data set. It is ideal that the theme will occur numerous times across the data set, but a higher frequency does not necessarily mean that the theme is more important to understanding the data
3800540
Dark Enlightenment


2007 and 2008, Curtis Yarvin, writing under the pen name Mencius Moldbug, articulated what would develop into Dark Enlightenment thinking. Yarvin's theories were elaborated and expanded by Nick Land, who first coined the term Dark Enlightenment in his essay of the same name. The term Dark Enlightenment refers to the Age of Enlightenment, in a pejorative sense. In July 2010, Adjunct scholar at the Cato Institute, Arnold Kling coined the term "The Neo-Reactionaries" to describe Yarvin and his followers. Neoreactionaries are an informal community
5605036
Spoiled child


what "spoiled" means, and professionals are often unwilling to use the label because it is considered vague and derogatory. Being spoiled is not recognized as a mental disorder in any of the medical manuals, such as the ICD-10 or the DSM-IV, or its successor, the DSM-5. Richard Weaver, in his work "Ideas Have Consequences", introduced the term “spoiled child psychology” in 1948. In 1989, Bruce McIntosh coined the term the "spoiled child syndrome". The syndrome is characterized by "
2985797
Ethics


structure for judgment, see rule consequentialism). Thus, from a consequentialist standpoint, a morally right action is one that produces a good outcome, or consequence. This view is often expressed as the aphorism ""The ends justify the means"". The term "consequentialism" was coined by G.E.M. Anscombe in her essay "Modern Moral Philosophy" in 1958, to describe what she saw as the central error of certain moral theories, such as those propounded by Mill and Sidgwick. Since then, the term has become
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