when was the emergence of english court system
Emergency Language Systems


Form was originally written by the Maryland Attorney General's Office. In 2009, Emergency Language Systems made a Spanish translation of Maryland's English language Form, had that translation certified by Dianne Almond, a legal translator in the Maryland Circuit Court System, submitted the translation and certification to MIEMSS, who forwarded both to the Maryland Attorney General's Office, who then granted Emergency Language Systems copyright permission to distribute the bilingual Refusal of Care Form throughout the United States. EMS leaders in the United States use a combination of solutions to solve
969957
Delaware Court of Chancery


to the English common law system, in which separate courts were established to hear law and equity matters. English law courts included the Court of King's Bench (or Queen's Bench when the monarch was female), the Court of Common Pleas, and the Court of the Exchequer. The sole English court of equity was the Court of Chancery. Along with the remainder of the original Thirteen Colonies, Delaware imported the English concept of common law. This included establishing a separate Court of Chancery. As the legal system evolved
13189540
United Kingdom–United States relations


words. The American legal system is largely based on English common law. The American system of local government is rooted in English precedents, such as the offices of county courts and sheriffs. Although the U.S., unlike Britain, remains highly religious, the largest Protestant denominations emerged from British churches brought across the Atlantic, such as the Baptists, Methodists, Congregationalists and Episcopalians. Britain and the United States practise what is commonly referred to as an Anglo-Saxon economy in which levels of regulation and taxes are relatively low, and
939109
Emergency Language Systems


triage involving children. In 2009, Dr. Romig worked with Emergency Language Systems to create an English-Spanish version of the JumpSTART system, which is available free of charge from Dr. Romig or from Emergency Language Systems. The Maryland Institute of Emergency Services Systems (MIEMSS) is the governing body of Maryland EMS systems and providers. MIEMMS has used and maintained a standard EMS Refusal of Care Form in English since 1986, which is used whenever an EMS crew responds to a patient who then chooses not to be transported. The Maryland
969956
Vicarious liability (criminal)


The legal principle of vicarious liability applies to hold one person liable for the actions of another when engaged in some form of joint or collective activity. Before the emergence of states which could bear the high costs of maintaining national policing and impartial court systems, local communities operated self-help systems to keep the peace and to enforce contracts. Until the thirteenth century, one of the institutions that emerged was an involuntary collective responsibility for the actions committed by one of the group. This was formalised into the "community responsibility system"
7012322
Languages of Singapore


"lingua franca" due to British rule of Singapore, and was made the main language upon Singaporean independence. Thus, English is the medium of instruction in schools, and is also the main language used in formal settings such as in government departments and the courts. As Singaporean President Halimah Yacob said during her 2018 speech, “Through the education system, we adopted a common working language in English.” Hokkien (Min Nan) briefly emerged as a "lingua franca" among the Chinese, but by the late 20th
4469841
Oklahoma Emergency Interim Executive and Judicial Succession Act


judge of any court in the Oklahoma Court System is unavailable to exercise the powers of their office, and no other judge is authorized to act or no special judge is appointed to act, the duties of the office are discharged by a Special Emergency Judge. The governor designates Special Emergency Judges for each Justice of the Oklahoma Supreme Court and for each Judge of the Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals. The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, in consultation with the other members of the Court, designates all Special Emergency Judges for each
3452505
Paget Gorman Sign System


grammatical sign system. It has been distinguished when it was first proposed due to the way it introduced a degree of arbitrariness. It is also based on a classificatory system and uses 37 basic signs and 21 standard hand postures, which can be combined to represent a large vocabulary of English words, including word endings and verb tenses. The system was widespread in Deaf schools in the UK from the 1960s to the 1980s, but since the emergence of British Sign Language and the BSL-based Signed English in deaf education, its
9763526
Judiciary of India


- i. the judicial officer to share and extend their legal knowledge in order to established better justice system ii. reduces the unnecessary / petty case burden from the courts. iii. the High Court & Supreme Court can easily review the working of various department Below is the table of Judicial position of Judicial officers hold when posted in the Court (field) work and when posted on deputation. The Master Pay Scale that emerges as per the methodology formula adopted by Justice Padmanabhan Committee starting from ₹ 77840-2160-92960-2590
2700438
English Poor Laws


The English Poor Laws were a system of poor relief which existed in England and Wales that developed out of late-medieval and Tudor-era laws being codified in 1587–98. The Poor Law system was in existence until the emergence of the modern welfare state after the Second World War. English Poor Law legislation can be traced back as far as 1536, when legislation was passed to deal with the impotent poor, although there is much earlier Tudor legislation dealing with the problems caused by vagrants and beggars. The history of the Poor
21718666
Catholic school


until 1997, when the province established a secular public system. The absence of Catholic-Protestant tensions in the provinces of British Columbia, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island resulted in no separate school systems emerging in these provinces. Presently, the Ontario Ministry of Education funds 29 English-language Catholic school boards and 8 French-language Catholic school boards (in addition to 31 English-language secular school boards, 4 French-language secular school boards, and 1 English-language Protestant school board).
5651169
Early Scots


Scots shared many Northumbrian borrowings from Old Norse and Anglo-Norman French. The reduced set of verb agreement endings in particular give the language an uncannily modern appearance when compared to the writing of English contemporaries such as Geoffrey Chaucer. Some orthographic features distinguishing Northern Middle English and Early Scots from other regional variants of written Middle English are: By the end of the period when Middle Scots began to emerge, orthography and phonology had diverged significantly from that of Northern Middle English. The Early Scots vowel system (c 1375) The major
17390411
Legal profession in Thailand


the Ayutthaya Period (1351–1767 AD), the first semblance of a legal system emerged. The law code was the Royal Stone Inscription which was formulated from a set of rules derived from the Kings’ decisions in the Court of Law. Although the law code allowed for people to be represented in court for civil and criminal matters, the lawyer's work was limited. He could not be involved in the examination of witnesses before the court and was mainly concerned with writing plaints and filing them before the court. When Thailand was
13019268
King's Bench jurisdiction


until the American Revolution in 1776 when Pennsylvania adopted its first Constitution. In Pennsylvania, King's Bench power is a 12th-century English common law legal authority which the Legislature bestowed in 1722 on the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, granting that court by charter constitutional authority over legal and supervisory aspects of the court system in the English colony. The now codified authority provides that, "Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Supreme Court may, on its own motion or upon petition of any party, in any matter pending before
7165645
Jury


on the English tradition has a major impact on court procedure in these systems. This makes it imperative that lawyers be highly prepared for trial because errors and misjudgments related to the presentation of evidence at trial to a jury cannot generally be corrected later on appeal, particularly in court systems based on the English tradition. The higher the stakes, the more this is true. Surprises at trial are much more consequential in court systems based on the English tradition than they are in other legal systems. "Jury nullification" means deciding
1128312
Peremptory writ of mandamus


for anyone desiring such an order is to file a petition for the alternative writ. If the officials do not comply with the order and fail to convince the court that the writ of mandate should not be issued, then the court will issue the peremptory writ. In some emergency situations or when there is no conceivable reason for the government not to follow the law, then the peremptory writ will be issued after a notice of hearing without the alternative writ." In some jurisdictions or court systems, all types or kinds of
17708032
Emergency Price Control Act of 1942


Supreme Court. Two important cases--"Lockerty v. Phillips", 319 U.S. 182 (1943), and "Yakus v. United States", 321 U.S. 414 (1944)--continue to inform understandings of the relationship between Congress and the federal judiciary system. Federal Courts is the study of the relationship between state courts, federal courts, and the other branches of government. The Emergency Price Control Act and the associated Emergency Court of Appeals raised several questions about the relationship between Congress and the Federal Judiciary: (1) Can Congress "carve up"
4634339
Languages of Scotland


1700, when southern Modern English was generally adopted as the literary language. There is no institutionalised standard variety, but during the 18th century a new literary language descended from the old court Scots emerged. This variety abandoned some of the more distinctive old Scots spellings, adopted many standard English spellings (although from the rhymes it is clear that a Scots pronunciation was intended) and introduced what came to be known as the apologetic apostrophe, generally occurring where a consonant exists in the Standard English cognate. This Written Scots drew not only
18354334
Law of Australia


from the common law system of English law. The High Court of Australia is the highest court in Australia, and hears appeals from federal and State courts on matters of both federal and State law. Unlike the United States, there is only one common law of Australia rather than common laws for each of the several jurisdictions of the states and territories. The legal institutions and traditions of Australian law are monocultural in character, reflecting its English origins. When the British arrived in Australia, they considered the continent to be "terra
14259631
Economy of Puerto Rico


that trespass the local jurisdiction are managed by the federal court system with the United States District Court for the District of Puerto Rico being the first in line. Fire protection, rescue, and protection from hazards is provided by the Puerto Rico Firefighters Corps which has at least one fire station in each municipality on the island. A separate agency, the Puerto Rico Medical Emergencies Corps, provides emergency medical services to all Puerto Rico. The island is also part of the 9-1-1 system. All local emergencies and disasters
8298765
English orthography


other languages generally carry their original spellings, which are often not phonetic in English. The Romanization of languages (e.g., Chinese) using alphabets derived from the Latin alphabet has further complicated this problem, for example when pronouncing Chinese proper names (of people or places). The regular spelling system of Old English was swept away by the Norman Conquest, and English itself was supplanted in some spheres by Norman French for three centuries, eventually emerging with its spelling much influenced by French. English had also borrowed large numbers of words
9965194
English trust law


English trust law concerns the creation and protection of asset funds, which are usually held by one party for another's benefit. Trusts were a creation of the English law of property and obligations, but also share a history with countries across the Commonwealth and the United States. Trusts developed when claimants in property disputes were dissatisfied with the common law courts and petitioned the King for a just and equitable result. On the King's behalf, the Lord Chancellor developed a parallel justice system in the Court of Chancery, commonly referred as
15840207
Exchequer Standards


The Exchequer Standards may refer to the set of official English standards for weights and measures created by Queen Elizabeth I (English units), and in effect from 1588 to 1826, when the Imperial Units system took effect, or to the whole range of English unit standards maintained by the Court of the Exchequer from the 1200s, or to the physical reference standards physically kept at the Exchequer and used as the legal reference until the such responsibility was transferred in the 1860s, after the Imperial system had been established. The Exchequer standards
13463911
Politics of Samoa


Tamaaiga id Tuimalealiifano who was the deputy Head of State or a member of the Council of Deputies when Samoa gained its independence in 1962. The judicial system is based on English common law and local customs. The Supreme Court of Samoa is the court of highest jurisdiction. The Court of Appeal has a limited jurisdiction to hear only those cases referred to it by the Supreme Court. Below the Supreme Court are the district courts. The chief justice of the Supreme Court is appointed by the Head of State on the recommendation of
7474453
English law


or incompetent, acquiring their positions only by virtue of their rank in society. Thus, a standardised procedure slowly emerged, based on a system termed stare decisis which roughly means "let the decision stand". The doctrine of precedent which requires similar cases to be adjudicated in a like manner, falls under the principle of "stare decisis". Thus, the ratio decidendi (reason for decision) of each case will bind future cases on the same generic set of facts both horizontally and vertically in the court structure. The
5142713
Emergency Alert Australia


Emergency Alert Australia is an emergency communications scheme set up by the Australian Commonwealth Government in response to the Black Saturday bushfires of 2009, utilizing telecommunications systems as another form of alert for citizens. The system sends both SMS messages and pre-recorded sound messages with information regarding the alert which can be statewide, or reduced to a small location. The landline telephone message starts off with the Standard Emergency Warning Signal (SEWS) followed by the words "Emergency! Emergency!" which is then followed by a verbal alert in English
20005246
England


on legislation which only affects England to English MPs. The English law legal system, developed over the centuries, is the basis of common law legal systems used in most Commonwealth countries and the United States (except Louisiana). Despite now being part of the United Kingdom, the legal system of the Courts of England and Wales continued, under the Treaty of Union, as a separate legal system from the one used in Scotland. The general essence of English law is that it is made by judges sitting in courts, applying
9378950
Jersey


English common law and modern French civil law. Jersey's legal system is therefore described as 'mixed' or 'pluralistic', and sources of law are in French and English languages, although since the 1950s the main working language of the legal system is English. The principal court is the Royal Court, with appeals to the Jersey Court of Appeal and, ultimately, to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. The Bailiff is head of the judiciary; the Bailiff and the Deputy Bailiff are appointed by the Crown.
15696393
Chief Justice of the Common Pleas


The Chief Justice of the Common Pleas was the head of the Court of Common Pleas, also known as the Common Bench or Common Place, which was the second-highest common law court in the English legal system until 1875, when it, along with the other two common law courts and the equity and probate courts, became part of the High Court of Justice. As such, the Chief Justice of the Common Pleas was one of the highest judicial officials in England, behind only the Lord High Chancellor and the Lord
17410907
Bachelor of Laws


subsequently of importance for the education of lawyers in the English speaking world. In England in 1292 when Edward I first requested that lawyers be trained, students merely sat in the courts and observed, but over time the students would hire professionals to lecture them in their residences, which led to the institution of the Inns of Court system. The original method of education at the Inns of Court was a mix of moot court-like practice and lecture, as well as court proceedings observation. By the seventeenth century, the Inns
7325441
Emergency Language Systems


Simple Triage and Rapid Treatment) MCI Triage system used widely by EMS and fire companies in the United States. In 2009, The Newport Beach Fire Department granted permission to Emergency Language Systems to create an English-Spanish version of the START program, which is available free from either the Newport Beach Fire Department or Emergency Language Systems. Dr. Lou Romig, of Miami, Florida owns and maintains the standards governing the JumpSTART (pediatric Simple Triage and Rapid Treatment) MCI Triage system used internationally by EMS and fire companies for mass casualty
969955
Court of Chancery


three centuries. After about 1430, the use of English in administrative documents replaced French which had been used since the Norman conquest. Consequently, the written English that developed at the Court of Chancery eventually became a standard, both in its style of handwriting ('Chancery hand') and in its grammar and vocabulary. By the 1440s and 1450s comparative regularisation of spelling had begun to emerge. The early Elizabethan period featured a dispute between the Court of Chancery and common-law courts over who held pre-eminence. It
2911535
Gender responsive approach for girls in the juvenile justice system


Gender responsive approach for girls in the juvenile justice system represents an emerging trend in communities and courts throughout the United States, Australia and Latin America, as an increasing number of girls are entering the juvenile justice system. A gender responsive approach within the juvenile justice system emphasizes considering the unique circumstances and needs of females when designing juvenile justice system structures, policies, and procedures. A new approach to juvenile justice or juvenile delinquency for females is to factor in the idea that females have different experiences than boys. Girls who have negative
9382649
Tudor Revival architecture


achievements of the Tudor age". Subsequent changes in court fashion saw the emergence of Elizabethan architecture among the elite, who built what are now called prodigy houses in a distinctive version of Renaissance architecture. Elizabeth I herself built almost nothing, her father having left over 50 palaces and houses. Outside court circles styles were much more slow-moving, and essentially "Tudor" buildings continued to be built, eventually merging into a general English vernacular style. When the style was revived, the emphasis was typically on the simple,
118524
Emergency Broadcast System


read it in another language (for example, French or Spanish), if a station broadcast in a language other than English. Copies of the warning message script had a note saying that it was acceptable to broadcast in any other language, so long as it was broadcast in English as well. Usually the post-test recorded announcement began with the phrase, "This has been a test of the Emergency Broadcast System...", followed by the here-in-above stated recitations. The purpose of the test was
1282343
Silla


dominance outside the capital and royal court. The tail end of this period, called the Later Three Kingdoms period, briefly saw the emergence of the kingdoms of Later Baekje and Later Goguryeo, which were really composed of military forces capitalizing on their respective region's historical background, and Silla's submission to the Goryeo dynasty. From at least the 6th century, when Silla acquired a detailed system of law and governance, social status and official advancement were dictated by the bone rank system. This rigid lineage-based system also dictated
16036767
Renvoi


will also ensure parity of result so long as no other relevant law is using it. In this scenario, the forum court considers that it is sitting as the foreign court and will decide the matter as the foreign court would. In this system, there can never be more than two remissions, e.g. English forum refers to French law (a single renvoi system) so English law is applied (1st remission) and France accepts the remission (2nd and final). At present, only English law uses this approach.
11766006
Manx law


The legal system on the Isle of Man is Manx customary law, a form of common law. Manx law originally derived from Gaelic Brehon law and Norse Udal law. Since those early beginnings, Manx law has developed under the heavy influence of English common law, and the uniqueness of the Brehon and Udal foundation is now most apparent only in property and constitutional areas of law. Manx law has a distinct system of insular binding precedent based on cases brought before the Island's courts. Precedents in the English legal system, when
22152167
Gacaca court


authorities was clearly motivated by the fact that the ordinary justice system was virtually non-existent after the genocide. The Gacaca had to do what it did before—relieve the pressure on the ordinary courts. These were now not working slowly, as they did before, but not working at all. Once they started to work, they were quickly overloaded with the cases of genocide suspects who were filling the prisons. This new form of justice was bold, but not unprecedented: This becomes evident when one considers the emerging numbers
8617682
Fiduciary


proscriptive (negative) and prescriptive (positive) fiduciary obligations. In English common law, the fiduciary relation is an important concept within a part of the legal system known as equity. In the United Kingdom, the Judicature Acts merged the courts of equity (historically based in England's Court of Chancery) with the courts of common law, and as a result the concept of fiduciary duty also became applicable in common law courts. When a fiduciary duty is imposed, equity requires a different, stricter standard of behavior than the
15853169
Bleak House


narrative were the narrative of life! But my little body will soon fall into the background now" (chap. 3). This does not turn out to be true. For most readers and scholars, the central concern of "Bleak House" is its indictment of the English Chancery court system. Chancery or equity courts were one half of the English civil justice system, existing side-by-side with law courts. Chancery courts heard actions having to do with wills and estates, or with the uses of private
5228206
Catholic school


, leaving English as the only official language in use in the province until it was reinstated in 1985. In the province of Quebec, publicly funded Catholic and Protestant schools were maintained until 1997, when the system was replaced by linguistic-based secular school system, after passing a constitutional amendment that exempted Quebec from certain conditions of Section 93. Newfoundland and Labrador also operated separate schools for several Christian denominations, including Catholics, prior to 1997. This school system emerged prior to Newfoundland's entry into Confederation in 1949, and continued
5651168
Stenotype


the specific combinations in that company's dictionary. However, it is not uncommon for students and reporters to add a significant number of entries to a stock dictionary (usually when creating briefs of their own). Some court reporters use "scopists" to translate and edit their work. A scopist is a person who is trained in the phonetic writing system, English punctuation, and usually in legal formatting. They are especially helpful when a court reporter is working so much that they do not have time to edit their own work
509516
Emergency population warning


Nations uses for all systems that are used to send emergency population warnings. The United Nations relies on the Everbridge Aware emergency notification system (ENS) to alert its 10,000 staff to address their safety and security when a critical incident or event occurs. The United Nations Development Programme uses the Send Word Now Emergency Notification System to alert its worldwide staff when an urgent situation arises. The Standard Emergency Warning Signal was originally adopted by the Bureau of Meteorology in the 1970s for tropical cyclone warnings. It became a standard national emergency warning signal
2914411
Academic drama


transitioned from masques to plays, the so-called third university served as a cradle for classical English drama. Eventually, by the early 17th century, writers such as Ben Jonson and William Shakespeare began producing English comedies at the Inns of Court, thus expanding the range of materials performed. After 1614, the masques were written and designed by professionals; simultaneously the new emerging dramas were written and performed by professional theatre practitioners. Due to the close proximity to the English court, nobility frequently attended the performances at the Inns of
3177906
Common law


rules so that similar facts will yield similar results, lies at the heart of all common law systems. The common lawso named because it was "common" to all the king's courts across Englandoriginated in the practices of the courts of the English kings in the centuries following the Norman Conquest in 1066. The British Empire spread the English legal system to its historical colonies, many of which retain the common law system today. These "common law systems" are legal systems that give great precedential weight to common law, and
5058857
History of South African nationality


settlements. In 1822, the court system was anglicized, posing a significant disadvantage to Afrikaans-speaking individuals. Incentives were offered to teachers who conducted their lessons in English, resulting in a transition from Dutch to English education with adverse long-term effects on Afrikaner education levels. The British introduced the Roman Dutch law system. Law enforcement and court systems were centralized by the British, countering the Boer tradition of small, local courts and decentralized democracy. Under British rule, relations with the Afrikaners were harmonious at first, but
21355982
Law of Puerto Rico


The legal system of Puerto Rico is a mix of the civil law and the common law systems. Puerto Rico is the only current U.S. possession whose legal system operates primarily in a language other than American English: namely, Spanish. However, because the U.S. federal government operates primarily in English, the result is that all Puerto Rican attorneys must be bilingual in order to litigate in English in U.S. federal courts and to litigate federal preemption issues in Puerto Rican courts. Puerto Rico had about a million residents at the time it became
934686
Novomessor ensifer


scrub forests around the Pacific Slope in Mexico. This speculation is consistent with the preferred habitat of "N. ensifer". "Novomessor" was synonymized in 1974, although evidence to retain it as a valid genus emerged when scientists discovered an exocrine gastral glandular system in two "Novomessor" species and none in "Aphaenogaster". However, "N. ensifer" does not have this glandular system. English myrmecologist Barry Bolton argues that basing the genus on such feature cannot justify the separation of "Novomessor" and "Aphaenogaster"
10463204
English law


pass primary legislation until the Government of Wales Act 2006 came into force after the 2007 Welsh general election. That said, the Welsh legal system remains English common law, in that the legal system administered through both civil and criminal courts remains unified throughout England and Wales. This is different from the situation of Northern Ireland, for example, which did not cease to be a distinct jurisdiction when its legislature was suspended (see Northern Ireland (Temporary Provisions) Act 1972). A major difference is also the use of the Welsh
5142722
Emergence


In philosophy, systems theory, science, and art, emergence occurs when an entity is observed to have properties its parts do not have on their own. These properties or behaviors emerge only when the parts interact in a wider whole. For example, smooth forward motion emerges when a bicycle and its rider interoperate, but neither part can produce the behavior on their own. Emergence plays a central role in theories of integrative levels and of complex systems. For instance, the phenomenon of "life" as studied in biology is
16742675
Equity (law)


In jurisdictions following the English common law system, equity is the body of law which was developed in the English Court of Chancery and which is now administered concurrently with the common law. For much of its history, the English common law was principally developed and administered in the central royal courts: the Court of King's Bench, the Court of Common Pleas, and the Exchequer. Equity was the name given to the law which was administered in the Court of Chancery. The Judicature Reforms in the 1870s effected a procedural fusion
9287169
New Amsterdam judicial system


the Duke of York, the proprietor of the colony) were adopted. The Duke’s laws introduced an English centralized system of government and adjudication, as opposed to the Dutch decentralized structure. The governor and his council had yearly meetings with the high-sheriff and justices of the peace in the Court of Assizes. This was the highest court in the colony; appeal was only possible to the English king. There was to be a court of sessions, made up of justices of the peace and the under-sheriff,
9337910
Appellate court


An appellate court, commonly called an appeals court, court of appeals (American English), appeal court (British English), court of second instance or second instance court, is any court of law that is empowered to hear an appeal of a trial court or other lower tribunal. In most jurisdictions, the court system is divided into at least three levels: the trial court, which initially hears cases and reviews evidence and testimony to determine the facts of the case; at least one intermediate appellate court; and a
28935
Emergency Price Control Act of 1942


it is necessary to understand a bit about Article III. Article III does not "require" Congress to create lower federal courts, but when Congress does--as they did in the Judiciary Act of 1789, establishing the federal court system we know today--they are subject to limitations emanating from Article III and other constitutional provisions. For example, Congress cannot prohibit all African Americans from bringing a lawsuit, as this would independently violate Equal Protection under the 14th Amendment. In addition, Congress potential could not, for example
4634343
English Heritage


particular buildings. When originally formed in 1983, English Heritage was the operating name of an executive non-departmental public body of the British Government, officially titled the Historic Buildings and Monuments Commission for England, that ran the national system of heritage protection and managed a range of historic properties. It was created to combine the roles of existing bodies that had emerged from a long period of state involvement in heritage protection. In 1999 the organisation merged with the Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England and the National Monuments Record,
12318466
Roderigo Lopez


first at Essex House, then the Tower of London. He confessed when threatened with torture, but promptly recanted this statement. Revelations regarding Lopez's secret correspondence with Spanish officials did not help his case, particularly when it emerged that he had given the Spanish information about the English court and apparently donated money to a secret synagogue in Antwerp. Burghley and the spymaster William Wade were soon "ready to believe the worst", to quote Samuel. Lopez, Ferreira da Gama and Tinoco were tried by a commission headed by Essex
2377472
Lord Chancellor's Department


for the Magistrates Courts to the department also served to increase its responsibilities. The department ceased to exist as an independent body in 2003, when its functions were transferred to the newly created Department for Constitutional Affairs. At the time of its merger the Lord Chancellor's Department was charged with appointing and advising on the appointment of judges, running the court system and a certain number of tribunals and assisting in the reform of the English law. To this end it controlled the Public Trust Office, the Courts Service, the Official Solicitor
15220646
Coram nobis


. Writs were especially important when the federal government, as well as each state, first established its judicial system. During those times, there were very few (if any) statutes or case laws for courts to rely upon as guidance. In those circumstances, the English writs provided fledgling federal and state courts an important source of law. Over time, writs became significantly less important as Congress and state legislatures enacted more statutes and further defined rules for its judiciary. Writs also evolved independently in the federal judicial system and each
20486189
Court system of Canada


the Federal Court of Appeal, the Federal Court, the Tax Court of Canada and the Court Martial Appeal Court. Parliament has expanded on that constitutional guarantee to ensure the federal courts are institutionally bilingual. The right to use either language in the provincial and territorial courts varies. The Constitution guarantees the right to use either French or English in the courts of Quebec and New Brunswick. There is a statutory right to use either English or French in the courts of Ontario and Saskatchewan, and a limited right to use French in oral
9478848
William Murray, 1st Earl of Mansfield


to Lord Chief Justice in 1754, he became Attorney General, and when Ryder unexpectedly died several months later, he took his place as Chief Justice. The most powerful British jurist of the century, his decisions reflected the Age of Enlightenment and moved England on the path to abolishing slavery and the slave trade. He advanced commercial law in ways that helped establish the nation as the world leader in industry, finance and trade. He modernised both English law and the English courts system; he sped up the system for submitting motions
12623260
Alfred George Hinds


with the English legal system, titled "Contempt of Court". His notorious jail breaks from three high security prisons and his successful libel case earned Hinds celebrity status. He soon became a sought-after speaker criticizing the English legal system. When invited to take part in a debate before The Polytechnic (now University of Westminster) Students' Union by President Owen Spencer-Thomas in 1967, he was confronted by another attempt to deprive him of his liberty. During a drink in a nearby pub after the debate, he
3449151
Network Automation, Inc. v. Advanced Systems Concepts, Inc.


The Brookfield case also emphasized flexibility in applying the law to the Internet, a new, emerging technology: The district court ordered a preliminary injunction against Network using the "ActiveBatch" mark. The district court analyzed the eight Sleekcraft factors and emphasized that the "Internet troika" from Brookfield were most significant, and found that they all favored Systems. The court's decision relied on Network usage of an identical mark, "ActiveBatch", to sell a product directly competing with Systems' product, and the fact both Network and
20522015
Temporary Emergency Court of Appeals


appeals, and it was authorized to prescribe its own rules of practice, which it did when its three district and six circuit court judges convened for the first time in February 1972. The Temporary Emergency Court of Appeals was modeled on the Emergency Court of Appeals, which was established in 1942 to hear appeals in cases involving various wartime price control measures and which heard its last case in 1961. It was created by the Act of December 22, 1971 (, ). Although the Economic Stabilization Act expired in 1974, Congress
6803754
Judiciary of Niger


and appeals courts. Nigeren law is based on the French legal system, in which investigative judges develop and bring to trial criminal cases which they judge. Criminal courts are based on this "investigating magistrate" system. Appeals courts – up to and including the Supreme Court of Niger – are panels of professional judges who hear criminal appeals. The 1999 constitution and Nigerien law require a warrant for an arrest, and this generally is observed in practice, outside areas under special states of emergency, such as the entire Agadez Region between
16694715
Crime in Chicago


created by Chicago officials and, to make the court system more organized and specific, specialized courts, like those for domestic disputes, were created. Not only did the court and corrections systems change, there was also a change in policing. Divisions and squads became specialized on particular types of crime. The courts began to incorporate specialists, like scientists and psychologists, to make the trial and evidence more reliable and trustworthy. Chicago was among the first U.S. cities to create an integrated emergency-response center to coordinate the response to
8190386
History of United States prison systems


British North America. But penal incarceration had been utilized in England as early as the reign of the Tudors, if not before. When post-revolutionary prisons emerged in United States, they were, in Hirsch's words, not a "fundamental departure" from the former American colonies' intellectual past. Early American prisons systems like Massachusetts' Castle Island Penitentiary, built in 1780, essentially imitated the model of the 1500s English workhouse. Although early colonization of prisons were influenced by the England law and Sovereignty and their reactions to
19937055
Diocese of Durham


the Tweed at Norham also came to an end. 1882 saw the Bishop lose the religious leadership for the whole of Northumbria when the part north of the River Tyne became the newly created Diocese of Newcastle. In 1971 the Courts Act modernised the English courts system and abolished the Palatinate courts. Since 1906, there has again been a suffragan bishop in the diocese – the Bishop of Jarrow. Still, people born in Bedlington or the other parts of old North Durham, had birth certificates issued with the County Palatine of Durham printed
4652725
Duke Cunningham


the purchase of his Rancho Santa Fe mansion. Court records show that Wade paid off one of those loans. In 1997, Cunningham had pushed the Pentagon into buying a $20 million document-digitization system created by ADCS Inc., one of several defense companies owned by Wilkes. The Pentagon did not want to buy the system. When it had not done so three years later, Cunningham angrily demanded the firing of Lou Kratz, an assistant undersecretary of defense Cunningham held responsible for the delays. It later emerged that Wilkes reportedly
11823908
Digital Collection System Network


communications services delivered via emerging digital technologies used by wireless carriers in advance of any CALEA solutions being deployed." Citing the OIG report, the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) filed an FOIA request later that year in order to obtain more information about the two programs. When the FBI did not respond with more information, the EFF sued, and in May 2007 obtained a court order to release documents concerning the programs. On August 29, 2007, "Wired" magazine published an article on these systems, citing the EFF
1953844
Sources of Singapore law


; other legal principles expressed that are not crucial to the final decision ("obiter dicta") are only persuasive. As English courts do not form part of Singapore's hierarchy of courts, decisions of such courts are not binding on Singapore courts. However, as a result of Singapore's colonial heritage, English judicial precedents continue to exercise a strong influence on the legal system and are regarded as highly persuasive, particularly as regards the development of the common law, and the interpretation of English statutes applicable in Singapore and Singapore
16187684
Soobramoney v Minister of Health, KwaZulu-Natal


emergency health care when their life is in danger. Thiagraj Soobramoney died shortly after the court returned its decision. The South-African Constitutional Court referred to a 1996 case of the Indian Supreme Court on access to emergency health care in the Soobramoney case. More recently, the European Court of Human Rights has also recognised that there exists a right to access to emergency health care in the member states of the Council of Europe. The Council of Europe member states have a positive obligation to protect this right under Article 2 of the
7156018
Supreme Court of Indonesia


The Supreme Court of the Republic of Indonesia () is the independent judicial arm of the state. It maintains a system of courts and sits above the other courts and is the final court of appeal. It can also re-examine cases if new evidence emerges. The Supreme Court is independent as of the third amendment to the Constitution of Indonesia. The Supreme Court has oversight over the high courts ("Pengadilan Tinggi") and district courts ("Pengadilan Negeri"). There are about 68 high courts: 31
18483575
Henry III of England


concerns about the roles of the Church and state, and examined the changing nature of kingship under Henry, the emergence of English nationalism during the period and what they perceived to be the malign influence of the Papacy. During the English Civil War, historians also drew parallels between Henry's experiences and those of the deposed Charles I. By the 19th century, Victorian scholars such as William Stubbs, James Ramsay, and William Hunt sought to understand how the English political system had evolved under Henry. They explored the emergence of Parliamentary institutions
2631746
Emergency medical services


result in a patient being taken to hospital. Training and qualification levels for members and employees of emergency medical services vary widely throughout the world. In some systems, members may be present who are qualified only to drive ambulances, with no medical training. In contrast, most systems have personnel who retain at least basic first aid certifications, such as basic life support (BLS). In English-speaking countries, they are known as emergency medical technicians (EMTs) and paramedics, with the latter having additional training such as
8182960
United Kingdom


for the continuation of Scotland's separate legal system. Today the UK has three distinct systems of law: English law, Northern Ireland law and Scots law. A new Supreme Court of the United Kingdom came into being in October 2009 to replace the Appellate Committee of the House of Lords. The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, including the same members as the Supreme Court, is the highest court of appeal for several independent Commonwealth countries, the British Overseas Territories and the Crown Dependencies. Both English law, which applies in
13052389
OLL Ltd v Secretary of State for Transport


OLL Ltd v Secretary of State for Transport [1997] 3 All E.R. 897 is a landmark English court case concerned with negligence from the Queen's Bench Division of the High Court of England and Wales with particular regard to the duty of care owed by the emergency services. Her Majesty's Coastguard do not usually owe a duty of care to people who require its assistance. In this case, Her Majesty's Coastguard (HMCG) had failed to respond in an adequate period of time to emergency calls concerning a group of schoolchildren
9699220
New Amsterdam judicial system


language at the Mayor’s Court until well into the 1670s, and records were kept in Dutch and English until 1673. One could say that the only real change was the introduction of the English concept of jury trials. Several authors have suggested that the Dutch did not appreciate the concept of trial by jury. Traditionally, the Dutch courts relied heavily on arbitrators and referees. It is suggested that the Dutch community in the New York area withdrew from the changed legal system that was now dominated by English juries, and instead turned
9337913
Court


royal judges created a body of law by combining local customs they were made aware of through traveling and visiting local jurisdictions. This common standard of law became known as "Common Law". This legal tradition is practiced in the English and American legal systems. In most civil law jurisdictions, courts function under an inquisitorial system. In the common law system, most courts follow the adversarial system. Procedural law governs the rules by which courts operate: civil procedure for private disputes (for example); and criminal procedure for violation
392391
Alert messaging


technologies such as RSS and now alert notification are an effort directed to creating an antithesis to spam: the information being received by users is exclusively from opt-in requests. The Federal Communications Commission is continually working to improve their ability to put in place a notification system in case of emergency, in an attempt to help protect citizens. The first system was the Emergency Broadcast System, an emergency warning system in the United States, used from 1963 to 1997, when it was replaced by the Emergency Alert System. On April
1577584
History of English criminal law


English law did not originally make a distinction between criminal and civil proceedings. The first signs of the modern distinction between crimes and civil matters emerged during the Norman conquest of England in 1066. The earliest criminal trials had very little, if any, settled law to apply. However, the civil delictual law was highly developed and consistent in its operation (except where the King wanted to raise money by selling a new form of Writ). The development of the state dispensing justice in a court only emerged parallel to or after
4624561
Certiorari


Certiorari is a court process to seek judicial review of a decision of a lower court or administrative agency. The term comes from the name of an English prerogative writ, issued by a superior court to direct that the record of the lower court be sent to the superior court for review. "Certiorari" was inherited as part of English common law by the countries in the Commonwealth of Nations and by the United States. It has subsequently evolved in the legal system of each nation, as court decisions and statutory amendments are made
468940
Francesco Melzi d'Eril


and become knowledgeable about the emerging, Enlightenment-influenced European political systems as well as the English parliamentary system. In this context, he developed a liberalist view and sympathized for the French Revolution, although this was later mitigated by his disapproval of the radical, anti-religious developments the Revolution would bring about. He also thoroughly embraced the cause of the Italian unification. Melzi d'Eril's attitude towards Napoleon was as mixed as that he had had towards the French Revolution. When Napoleon began his Italian campaign, and entered Milan,
4479639
Emergency Language Systems


Copyrights for "EMSpañol: Ambulance Edition" and "EMSpañol: Pocket Edition" are registered with the United States Copyright Office. The word "EMSpañol" is a trademark owned by Emergency Language Systems. "EMSpañol" books are printed in Salisbury, Maryland. "EMSpañol" is a simple system for English-speaking EMS providers to assess and manage Spanish-speaking patients. "EMSpañol" uses simplified Spanish phrases to elicit as many yes/no and non-verbal answers as possible. "EMSpañol" follows standard EMS practice
969953
English contract law


are traceable to obligations in Ancient Athenian and Roman law, while the formal development of English law began after the Norman Conquest of 1066. William the Conqueror created a common law across England, but throughout the middle ages the court system was minimal. Access to the courts, in what are now considered contractual disputes, was consciously restricted to a privileged few through onerous requirements of pleading, formalities and court fees. In the local and manorial courts, according to English law's first treatise by Ranulf de Glanville in 1188, if
18880797
Supreme Court of Cyprus


on both the constitutionality of the law, with individual constitutional complaints and with appeals from lower courts. The Republic of Cyprus became an independent sovereign republic with a presidential system on August 16, 1960. Before 1960, Cyprus was considered a Crown Colony of Britain and was governed by English common law. As an independent republic, Cyprus drafted a new constitution and ordered the Supreme Court to adopt English case law. However, the Supreme Court rejected this request and, in 1962, adopted the position that English case law did not
20208497
Broome v Cassell & Co Ltd


ignore "Rookes v Barnard", which he considered as being incompatible with the hierarchical system of English courts. Lord Hailsham's speech in "Broome v Cassell" is cited today in relation to the hierarchical nature of the English legal system and for lower courts' duty in following the decision of higher courts. The parts of "Rookes v Barnard" concerning exemplary damages remains good law, although they have been rejected in most leading Commonwealth jurisdictions. Irving continued to provoke controversy, later becoming a prominent Holocaust denier. He was
15911300
Telephone numbers in China


Shaanxi, Gansu and Qinghai, as well as the autonomous regions of Ningxia and Xinjiang. The provincial capital Xi'an uses code 29. Xianyang uses the same code as Xi'an starting from 16 September 2006. From within Mainland China, the following emergency numbers are used: In most cities, the emergency numbers provide assistance in Mandarin Chinese and English. 1. Starting from 2012 in Shenzhen, a system upgrade was put in place to unify three emergency reporting services into one number, 110. This similar system is being installed in more
19173056
Hong Kong English


Hong Kong English is the English language as it is used in Hong Kong. The variant is either a learner interlanguage or emergent variant, primarily a result of Hong Kong's British overseas territory history and the influence of native Cantonese speakers. Colloquial portmanteau words for Hong Kong English are "Hongkonglish" and "Honglish", both in used since 1993. English is one of the official languages in Hong Kong, and is used widely in the Government, academic circles, business and the courts. All road and government signs are
3868094
Administrative law in Singapore


of English administrative law, which Singapore inherited at independence. Like the English system, Singapore does not have a separate system of specialist administrative courts as is the case in most civil law jurisdictions. Singapore courts are generally conservative in their approach towards administrative law, drawing heavily from English case law in some respects but not engaging in innovative elaboration of the existing heads of judicial review. In the light of modernization and the resulting necessity for a more interventionist state, administrative law has an increasingly important role to play in Singapore to ensure
6165952
History of bankruptcy law in the United States


. Instead, a model "Emergency Rule" was adopted as a local rule by the district courts. The purpose of the rule was to avoid the collapse of the bankruptcy system, and it was a temporary measure to provide for the orderly administration of bankruptcy cases and proceedings after Marathon. The rule remained in effect until enactment of the 1984 legislation on July 10, 1984. Although the constitutionality of the "Emergency Rule" was under constant attack, the Supreme Court consistently denied certiorari. In 1984, Congress implemented a "
11266114
Court of King's Bench (England)


The Court of King's Bench (or Court of Queen's Bench during the reign of a female monarch), formally known as The Court of the King Before the King Himself, was an English court of common law in the English legal system. Created in the late 12th to early 13th century from the "curia regis", initially following the monarch on his travels, the King's Bench finally joined the Court of Common Pleas and Exchequer of Pleas in Westminster Hall in 1318, making its last travels in 1421.
7955470
Judiciary of Malawi


The Judiciary of Malawi is the branch of the Government of Malawi which interprets and applies the laws of Malawi to ensure equal justice under law and to provide a mechanism for dispute resolution. The legal system of Malawi is based on English law, modified since 1969. The Constitution defines the judiciary as a hierarchical system of courts, with the highest court being a Supreme Court of Appeal, together with a High Court and a number of magistrates' courts. The Supreme Court of Appeal has jurisdiction only in appeals from lower courts.
18525839
Politics of Quebec


British North America Act. English and French were made the official languages in Quebec Courts and the |provincial legislature. The Quebec school system was provided public funding for a dual system based on the Roman Catholic and Protestant religions. Under the Constitution Act, 1867 the provinces were granted control of education. The religious-based separate school systems continued in Quebec until the 1990s when the Parti Québécois government of Lucien Bouchard requested an amendment under provisions of the Constitution Act, 1982 to formally secularize the school system along linguistic lines. Premier Maurice
7421614
Parliament of England


ownership of land and the feudal obligations of their tenants (some of whom held lands on condition of military service). The Church was virtually a law unto itself in this period as it had its own system of religious law courts. In order to seek consultation and consent from the nobility and the senior clergy on major decisions, post-Norman Conquest English monarchs called Great Councils. A typical Great Council would consist of archbishops, bishops, abbots, barons and earls, the pillars of the feudal system. When this system
9523636
Hunting


part of human culture where the environment and social conditions allowed. Hunter-gatherer societies persisted, even when increasingly confined to marginal areas. And within agricultural systems, hunting served to kill animals that prey upon domestic and wild animals or to attempt to extirpate animals seen by humans as competition for resources such as water or forage. When hunting moved from a subsistence activity to a social one, two trends emerged: The meaning of the word "game" in Middle English evolved to include an animal which is hunted. As game
17885512
Emergency Alert System


The Emergency Alert System (EAS) is a national warning system in the United States put into place on January 1, 1997 (approved by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in November 1994), when it replaced the Emergency Broadcast System (EBS), which in turn replaced CONELRAD. It is jointly coordinated by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The EAS regulations and standards are governed by the Public Safety and
9760194
Boumediene v. Bush


Court distinguished that fact by stating that Scotland kept its unique system of laws even after union with England in 1707. The Court turned to Ireland for a more amenable historical example, pointing out that while it was nominally a sovereign country in the 18th century, English habeas corpus review did apply there since Ireland was under "de facto" English control and shared the English legal system. The majority opinion rejected the government's argument comparing the habeas corpus restriction under the MCA to those affected by the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act
5452774
International English


language whose original, more suitable orthography had been forgotten after centuries of nonuse. During the late medieval period, King Henry V of England (lived 1387–1422) ordered the use of the English of his day in proceedings before him and before the government bureaucracies. That led to the development of Chancery English, a standardised form used in the government bureaucracy. (The use of so-called Law French in English courts continued through the Renaissance, however.) The emergence of English as a language of Wales results from the incorporation
15157554
Katarungang Pambarangay


similar traditional, hybrid courts in other countries such as the Solomon Islands, Papua New Guinea, Nigeria and South Africa, among others. Such courts emerged during colonial periods as Western imperial powers introduced western legal systems. The Western legal systems were usually applied to westerners while the local dispute resolution systems were integrated into the Western system in a variety of ways including incorporation of local decision makers into the government in some way. After independence, many states faced the same problems as their former rulers, especially "limited geographical reach of
2895083