when was the first submarine invented and by whom
Anti-Submarine Division (Royal Navy)


The Anti-Submarine Division its original name, was the former anti-submarine warfare, planning and prevention Directorate of the Admiralty Department from 1912-1963. The division evolved out the earlier Anti-Submarine Committee set up in 1910, that coordinated the admiralty's earliest anti-submarine warfare proposals sent for consideration by the Board of Admiralty. Further systematic assessments and experimentation would take place from 1911 until 1915 when the Board of Invention and Research was established. Efforts were made throughout the First World War to search for a system
14028270
Turtle (submersible)


influenced by Bushnell's designs in the development of underwater explosives. Despite "Turtle"'s shortcomings, Bushnell's invention marked an important milestone in submarine technology. The American inventor Robert Fulton conceived of his submarine "Nautilus" in the first years of the nineteenth century and took it to Europe when the United States proved largely uninterested in the design. During the American Civil War, the Confederate States of America, faced with a similar situation to that of the colonies during the War of Independence, developed an operational submarine CSS "
21597361
John Ericsson


iron steamboat. The first hot-air invention of Capt Ericsson was first introduced in the ship "Ericsson", built entirely by DeLamater. The DeLamater Iron Works also launched the first submarine boat, first self-propelled torpedo, and first torpedo boat. When DeLamater died on February 2, 1889, Ericsson could not be consoled. Ericsson's death one month later was not surprising to his close friends and acquaintances." Ericsson then proceeded to invent independently the caloric, or hot air, engine in the 1820s which used
15659459
Mihajlo Pupin


George Campbell and had up to this point been challenging Pupin with Campbell's own patent. AT&T were afraid they would lose control of an invention which was immensely valuable due to its ability to greatly extend the range of long distance telephones and especially submarine ones. When the United States joined the First World War in 1917, Pupin was working at Columbia University, organizing a research group for submarine detection techniques. Together with his colleagues, professors Wils and Morcroft, he performed numerous researches with the aim of discovering submarines at Key West
2714339
Isaac Peral


and test his inventions, lack of official support, and especially his arrogance when dealing with superiors with less vision. Peral's design for a submarine was first conceived on 20 September 1884, when he wrote a paper which would become his "Proyecto de Torpedero Submarino" ("Project for a submarine torpedoboat"). After performing several studies and experiments, and having gained support from his superiors and fellow officers, Peral presented his idea to the Spanish navy staff. In September 1885, he wrote a letter to the Spanish
10187468
RMS Queen Mary 2


service. On 3 August 2007 three men were stopped by police while escorting and piloting a replica of the first American combat submarine within of "Queen Mary 2", which was docked at the cruise ship terminal in Red Hook, Brooklyn. The replica was created by New York artist Philip "Duke" Riley and two out-of-town residents, one of whom claimed to be a descendant of David Bushnell, who had invented it. The Coast Guard issued Riley a citation for having an unsafe vessel, and for
19278764
Timeline of United States inventions (1946–1991)


obtaining biopsies of small bowel mucosa, necessary for the diagnosis of various small bowel diseases. It was invented by Dr. William Holmes Crosby, Jr. in 1955. 1955 Nuclear submarine The USS "Nautilus", the world's first nuclear submarine, revolutionized naval warfare. Conventional submarines need two engines: a diesel engine to travel on the surface and an electric engine to travel submerged, where oxygen for a diesel engine is not available. By relying on nuclear capability, the USS "Nautilus" could travel uninterrupted for thousands of miles
17824149
Robert Fulton


been commissioned by Napoleon Bonaparte, leader of France, to attempt to design a submarine; he produced the "Nautilus", the first practical submarine in history. Fulton is also credited with inventing some of the world's earliest naval torpedoes for use by the British Royal Navy. Fulton became interested in steam engines and the idea of steamboats in 1777 when he was around age 12 and visited state delegate William Henry of Lancaster, Pennsylvania, who was interested in this topic. Henry had learned about inventor James Watt and his Watt
6597625
History of weapons


could have when facing the newly introduced bombards. The use of the bayonet in starting in the 17th century allowed soldiers to use muskets as pikes in close combat. The flintlock, invented slightly earlier, made firearms more reliable. Cartridges were also invented around this time, and made existing firearms easier to load. Submarine technology gradually advanced during the 17th and 18th centuries. Early submarines were mounted with spars and powered by hand cranks. By the mid-19th century, self-propelled torpedoes started to be used. They were largely ineffective
13369059
McCann Rescue Chamber


The McCann Submarine Rescue Chamber is a device for rescuing submariners from a submarine that is unable to surface. During the first two decades of the United States Navy Submarine Force, there were several accidents in which Navy submarines sank with the loss of life. The impetus for the invention for the chamber was the loss of "S-51" on 25 September 1925, and the loss of "S-4" on 17 December 1927. In the case of "S-4", all of her officers and men were able to reach non-
9863503
Isaac Peral


in May 1895. Initially buried in Madrid, in 1911 his body was relocated to Cartagena, where there is now a museum devoted to his persona and inventions. In 1895 John Philip Holland marked a major step forward in submarine development, designing for the first time a mixed internal combustion/electric propulsion system that would overcome the limited range of batteries. The first submarine to go on active duty in the Spanish Navy was built 22 years later based on the Holland class submarine and was named after Peral. His own experimental submarine
10187472
Submarine


century, some submarines—such as the British "Vanguard" class—began to be fitted with pump-jet propulsors instead of propellers. Though these are heavier, more expensive, and less efficient than a propeller, they are significantly quieter, providing an important tactical advantage. The success of the submarine is inextricably linked to the development of the torpedo, invented by Robert Whitehead in 1866. His invention is essentially the same now as it was 140 years ago. Only with self-propelled torpedoes could the submarine make the
9258923
USS Greer (DD-145)


the American flag. Her identity as an American ship was unmistakable. She was then and there attacked by a submarine. Germany admits that it was a German submarine. The submarine deliberately fired a torpedo at the "Greer", followed by another torpedo attack. In spite of what Hitler's propaganda bureau has invented, and in spite of what any American obstructionist organisation may prefer to believe, I tell you the blunt fact that the German submarine fired first upon this American destroyer without warning, and with the deliberate design to
5504491
Anti-submarine warfare


used, launched from air, surface, and underwater platforms. ASW also involves protecting friendly ships. The first attacks on a ship by an underwater vehicle are generally believed to have been during the American Revolutionary War, using what would now be called a naval mine but what then was called a torpedo, though various attempts to build submarines had been made before this. The first self-propelled torpedo was invented in 1863 and launched from surface craft. The first submarine with a torpedo was "Nordenfelt I" built in 1884–1885
2287548
Percy F. Westerman


the air or fly upwards, and in the remarkable titular submarine that could, when enough helia was used, fly! Eventually he used his flying submarine to win a war between his South American country and its belligerent neighbour. It is highly likely that Westerman derived the idea for this super-weapon from Jules Verne's "Terror", the speedboat, submarine, automobile, or aircraft superweapon invented by Verne's arch-hero Robur in "Master of the World" and "The Clipper of the Clouds". Similarly
11130538
Submarine


tradition, submarines are still usually referred to as "boats" rather than as "ships", regardless of their size. In other navies with a history of large submarine fleets they are also "boats"; in German it is an or (under-sea boat) and in Russian it is a (underwater boat). According to a report in "Opusculum Taisnieri" published in 1562: In 1578, the English mathematician William Bourne recorded in his book "Inventions or Devises" one of the first plans for
9258848
Charles Wesley Shilling


receiving $3,000.00. This small amount was spent to begin the first medical research laboratory dedicated to submarine research. This laboratory grew to become the Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory (NSMRL). In 1939, Shilling was the Senior Medical Officer in the rescue of personnel from the submarine USS "Squalus". Divers from the submarine rescue ship , under the direction of the salvage and rescue expert Charles Momsen, employed the new Rescue Chamber he had invented years earlier but which the US Navy command had repeatedly blocked. Earlier in development
12969137
The Menace of the Mute


(William Harrigan) may have committed a murder, asks Ashton Kirk to investigate the crime. The fiancé admits he went to the man's (Sheldon Lewis) home to retrieve plans for a submarine that was invented by his father, who is a scientist, and stolen by the murdered man, but the fiancé claims he left the home before retrieving the plans. Kirk uses a train conductor's punch ticket to discover the identity of the murderers, one of whom is a mute, and sets a trap to apprehend the
3788590
Shiro Kawase


invade Kiska by late July 1943, and Kawase doubted that his submarine force – originally 13 submarines, but reduced to eight thanks to combat losses since the Battle of Attu began – could complete the 40 to 50 trips necessary to complete an evacuation by then. By 21 June, when Kawase ordered an end to the submarine evacuation operations, the 5th Fleet had lost three more submarines, and Japanese submarines had managed to evacuate only 820 troops, of whom 300 had died in the sinking of the submarines carrying them. An American
11317520
Radio acoustic ranging


step took place in the early 1900s, when the Submarine Signal Company invented a submarine bell signalling device and a hydrophone that could serve as a receiver of the underwater sounds the bells generated. The crew of a ship equipped with the receiving hydrophone could plot their ship's distance from the submarine bell mechanism and plot intersecting lines from two or more bells to determine the ship's position. The bells were installed at lighthouses, aboard lightvessels, and on buoys along the coasts of North America and Europe, and receiving hydrophones were mounted
21001830
Periscope


when using his periscope, since it creates a visible wake (and may also become detectable by radar), giving away the sub's position. Frenchman Marie Davey built a simple, fixed naval periscope using mirrors in 1854. Thomas H. Doughty of the US Navy later invented a prismatic version for use in the American Civil War of 1861–65. Submarines adopted periscopes early. Captain Arthur Krebs adapted two on the experimental French submarine "Gymnote" in 1888 and 1889. The Spanish inventor Isaac Peral equipped his submarine "Peral" (
2857239
Anti-submarine indicator loop


In the first years of World War I submarines were fearful, one-sided weapons because they were invisible. In July 1915 Arthur Balfour replaced Winston Churchill as First Lord of the Admiralty. Balfour appreciated the importance of science, so he set up a Board of Invention and Research (BIR), made up of a three-man central committee supported by an eminent consulting panel. The remits of Section II of the panel included submarines, its members included the eminent physicists Ernest Rutherford and William Henry Bragg. Independently from the
19713198
Wilhelm Bauer


escape to be witnessed and reported. The sunken submarine was raised in 1887 and can now be visited at the museum of military history at Dresden, Germany ("Militärhistorisches Museum der Bundeswehr"). After the sinking of the "Brandtaucher", Bauer instantly began to make plans for an improved, larger submarine. But the government of Schleswig-Holstein refused to support Bauer after their bad experience with Bauer’s first submarine. So Bauer left Schleswig-Holstein. In the following years he tried to obtain support for his invention
4748064
Timeline of United States inventions (1890–1945)


equilibrium is upset by a magnetic object such as a tank or a submarine. In 1943, Panayottis John Eliomarkakis of Philiadelphia filed U.S. patent #2,434,551 which was issued on January 13, 1948. 1943 Modern Coal Burning Steam Locomotive This invention was only primarily used with steam locomotives that had booster valves or superchargers to heat the fire even hotter to produce extra power. The coal used was semi-bituminous and bituminous coal only inside the steam locomotives. Sadly, this invention lasted until 1960 when Diesel's fully replaced American railroads.
968669
Hippolyte Marié-Davy


Edme Hippolyte Marié-Davy (28 April 1820 – 26 July 1893) was a French chemist and inventor of the 19th century. He was born in Clamecy, Nièvre. In 1854, he invented the first naval periscope, consisting in a vertical tube with two small mirrors fixed at each end at 45°. He also invented a mercury bisulfate battery that bears his name, "the Marie-Davy". In 1854, Marié-Davy invented an electromagnetic motor. Based on it, he proposed a submarine with an
4778136
Parian ware


invention of Parian is 1845 when Minton produced trials, with versions on sale in June 1845. The judges at the Great Exhibition were undecided as to whom the first inventor was"; ... the Jury find that they could not recommend an award of the Council Medal for the invention of Parian without deciding on the disputed claim of priority between the very eminent firms, who severally advanced that claim with equal confidence. We have not felt it our duty to come to any such decision; especially as it would appear from the statement
20625734
Tom Swift


invents for 1929's "Tom Swift and His House on Wheels" pre-dated the first house trailer by a year."Tom Swift and His Diving Seacopter" (1952) features a flying submarine similar to one planned by the United States Department of Defense four years later in 1956. Other inventions of Tom's have not happened, such as the device for silencing airplane engines that he invents in "Tom Swift and His Magnetic Silencer" (1941). The character of Tom Swift was conceived about 1910 by Edward Stratemeyer
8001557
RAF Coastal Command


the bomber function. De la Ferté was highly critical of the Air Ministry's attitude to his service. In 1937 several exercises were carried out by Coastal Command in co-operation with submarines against the Home Fleet to judge the surface fleet's defence against submarine and air attack. However, despite the experiences of the First World War, no attention was paid to the problem of attacking submarines from the air as part of trade protection measures. Owing to misplaced faith in the imperfect ASDIC invention which was never intended to detect surface
1058485
Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea


years of his dangerous work. Nemo remarks that the diver, as an inhabitant of British Colonial India, "is an inhabitant of an oppressed country". Verne took the name "Nautilus" from one of the earliest successful submarines, built in 1800 by Robert Fulton, who later invented the first commercially successful steamboat. Fulton's submarine was named after the paper nautilus because it had a sail. Three years before writing his novel, Jules Verne also studied a model of the newly developed French Navy submarine "Plongeur" at
17363863
List of Dutch inventions and innovations


drawn vehicles. A replica of reduced scale of Drebbel's submarine built by the team of the TV-series "Building the Impossible" (2002). Cornelius Drebbel was the inventor of the first navigable submarine, while working for the British Royal Navy. He designed and manufactured a steerable submarine with a leather-covered wooden frame. Between 1620 and 1624 Drebbel successfully built and tested two more, successively larger vessels. The third model had 6 oars and could carry 16 passengers. This model was demonstrated to King James I
452170
Robert Davis (inventor)


Sir Robert Henry Davis (1870 – 1965) was an English inventor and director of the Siebe Gorman company. His main invention was the Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus, an oxygen rebreather that Davis patented for the first time in 1910, inspired by the rebreathers that Henry Fleuss patented as of 1876. Davis breathing set was destined to allow British submarine crews to escape when their ship started to sink. While still directing Siebe Gorman Davis was the first British to buy a licence from the Cousteau-Gagnan Aqua-Lung (from the
367266
Ballast tank


life, such as the blowfish or argonaut octopus, and the concept has been invented and reinvented many times by humans to serve a variety of purposes. The first documented example of a submarine using a ballast tank was in David Bushnell's Turtle, which was the first submarine to ever be used in combat. Also, in 1849 Abraham Lincoln, then an Illinois attorney, patented a ballast-tank system to enable cargo vessels to pass over shoals in North American rivers. To provide adequate stability to vessels at sea, ballast
11609380
Edward Gordon Perry Jr


was unable to make the alteration. This enabled him to get paid while inventing new camera ideas and registering patents on these inventions. This camera optics experience and his engineering background would contribute to his future invention of the Optical Retina Reader After the US entered World War II, Perry joined Geophysical Service Inc.(GSI) to help create a magnetic airborne submarine detector. The underwater radar he designed to detect German and Japanese submarines from airplanes was successful and helped contribute to find enemy's subs, even as close to the US as the Gulf
16374955
Narcís Monturiol


Narcís Monturiol i Estarriol (; 28 September 1819 – 6 September 1885) was a Spanish artist and engineer. He was the inventor of the first air-independent and combustion-engine-driven submarine. Monturiol i Estarriol was born in the city of Figueres, Spain. He was the son of a cooper. Monturiol went to high school in Cervera and got a law degree in Modtoles in 1845. He solved the fundamental problems of underwater navigation. In effect, Monturiol invented the first fully functional engine-driven submarine. Monturiol
3599547
L. Sprague de Camp


The International Correspondence Schools. De Camp transferred to the Scranton, PA division. He was Principal of the School of Inventing and Patenting when he resigned in 1937. His first book "Inventions and Their Management" resulted and was published in July 1937. On August 12, 1939, de Camp married Catherine Crook, with whom he collaborated on science fiction and nonfiction beginning in the 1960s. During World War II, de Camp served as a researcher at the Philadelphia Naval Yard along with his fellow writers Isaac Asimov and Robert A.
1535451
ASV Mark III radar


to listen for their signals. This gave the submarine a warning of the aircraft approach long before it became visible on the aircraft's radar. The RAF noticed this in early autumn when crews reported that they would detect submarines that would disappear as they approached. An ASV working in microwave frequencies using the newly invented cavity magnetron had been under development for some time at this point, known as ASVS, but had not matured for various reasons. Robert Hanbury Brown suggested using H2S radar for the ASV role, but this had been
10625902
Ezra Lee


Ezra Lee (August 1749 – October 29, 1821) was an American colonial soldier, best known for commanding the "Turtle" submarine. Lee was born in Lyme, Connecticut. In August 1776 he was selected by brother-in-law Brigadier General Samuel Holden Parsons, also of Lyme, as one of several volunteers to learn to operate the "Turtle", an early submarine invented by Saybrook, Connecticut, native David Bushnell. When General George Washington authorized an attack on British Admiral Richard Howe's flagship HMS "
7339426
HMAS Ovens


HMAS "Ovens" (S 70) was an "Oberon"-class submarine of the Royal Australian Navy (RAN). She was one of six "Oberon"s built for the Royal Australian Navy by the Scottish Scotts Shipbuilding and Engineering Company, and entered service in 1969. The vessel was named for Irishman and Australian explorer John Ovens (1788-1825) and for whom the Victorian river Ovens was named. During her career, "Ovens" was the first RAN submarine to deploy with the ANZUK force, and the first RAN submarine
4724740
Graham Hawkes


Graham Hawkes (born 23 December 1947) is a London-born marine engineer and submarine designer. Through the 1980s and 1990s, Hawkes designed 70% of the manned submersibles produced in those two decades. As late as 2007, he held the world solo dive record of in the submarine Deep Rover. Hawkes invented the first robotic machine gun, the "Telepresent Rapid Aiming Platform" (TRAP), the first weapon he designed. He had been inspired to create a safer way for police to deal with situations after watching
18075529
Ultrasound


Spallanzani in 1794, when he demonstrated that bats hunted and navigated by inaudible sound, not vision. Francis Galton in 1893 invented the Galton whistle, an adjustable whistle that produced ultrasound, which he used to measure the hearing range of humans and other animals, demonstrating that many animals could hear sounds above the hearing range of humans. The first technological application of ultrasound was an attempt to detect submarines by Paul Langevin in 1917. The piezoelectric effect, discovered by Jacques and Pierre Curie in 1880, was useful in transducers to generate
13187586
Technology during World War II


a first generation of aircraft, and then improved on them much for use in German aircraft. These new inventions lead the way to major success for the Germans in World War II. Germany had always been and has continued to be in the forefront of internal combustion engine development. Göttingen was the world center of aerodynamics and fluid dynamics in general, at least up to the time when the highly dogmatic Nazi party came to power. This contributed to the German development of jet aircraft and of submarines with improved under-water performance
16422723
John Rodgers (1772–1838)


promised Hamilton he "would not only prevent the application of any torpedoes which he has yet invented, but any which he will ever be able to invent…" On September 24, 1810, several thousand residents of New York City gathered on the banks of Corlear's Hook overlooking the East River to watch the widely publicized demonstration of a mock torpedo attack against the brig , commanded by Lieutenant James Lawrence. Fulton, the successful inventor of the first commercially viable steamboat the Clermont and the first practical submarine Nautilus, was confident that
6684974
List of warships sunk during the Russo-Japanese War


This is a list of warships sunk during the Russo-Japanese War. Although submarines, torpedoes, torpedo boats, and steel battleships had existed for many years, the Russo-Japanese war was the first conflict to see mature forms of these weapon systems deployed in large numbers. Over a hundred of the newly invented torpedo boats and nearly the same number of torpedo boat destroyers were involved. The Imperial Russian Navy would become the first navy in history to possess an "independent operational submarine fleet" on 1 January 1905. With
5904176
Submarine communications cable


enough voltage, any cable could be driven. Because of the excessive voltages recommended by Whitehouse, Cyrus West Field's first transatlantic cable never worked reliably, and eventually short circuited to the ocean when Whitehouse increased the voltage beyond the cable design limit. Thomson designed a complex electric-field generator that minimized current by resonating the cable, and a sensitive light-beam mirror galvanometer for detecting the faint telegraph signals. Thomson became wealthy on the royalties of these, and several related inventions. Thomson was elevated to Lord Kelvin for his
1587400
High entropy alloys


alloys for over a decade, most other countries in Europe, the United States and other parts of the world lagged behind in the development of HEAs. Significant research interest from other countries did not develop until after 2004 when Jien-Wei Yeh and his team of Taiwanese scientists invented and built the world's first high-entropy alloys that can withstand extremely high temperatures and pressures. Potential applications include use in state-of-the-art race cars, spacecraft, submarines, nuclear reactors, jet aircraft, nuclear weapons,
17591411
Clarence Johnston


the Yangtze river. By 1931, he had decided to specialise in anti-submarine warfare, and served in destroyers and the anti-submarine training centre at "HMS Osprey". It was here that he invented the Towed Asdic Repeater Target. By 1937 he had become a commander - his first command was "HMS Viscount". After Viscount he spent some time on secondment to the Royal Hellenic Navy, where he was decorated by the Greeks. By the outbreak of the Second World War, he was back at the
11222604
Birger Ek


was appointed the Mannerheim Cross (No. 106) and knighthood on 8 February 1943. He flew 171 wartime missions, including 29 in the Winter War. Captain Ek was the first Finnish "Suto" ("sukellusveneentorjuntalentäjä"), or submarine hunter pilot. He is credited with inventing and refining the method of dropping naval depth charges from aircraft. Immediately at the outbreak of the Winter War, Ek noticed that the small bombs used up to that time to combat submersibles were too weak against the Soviet submarines with their strong
14552958
Catamaran


volume below the waterline, using a pair of tubular, submarine-like hulls, connected by pylons to the bridge deck with a narrow waterline cross-section. The submerged hulls are minimally affected by waves. The SWATH form was invented by Canadian Frederick G. Creed, who presented his idea in 1938 and was later awarded a British patent for it in 1946. It was first used in the 1960s and 1970s as an evolution of catamaran design for use as oceanographic research vessels or submarine rescue ships. In 1990, the US
19191471
The Spy Who Loved Me (film)


subsequently a new civilisation would be established underwater. He leaves for "Atlantis" with Amasova. Bond escapes and frees the captured British, Russian and American sailors and they battle the "Liparus"s crew. Bond reprograms the submarines to fire missiles at each other, saving Moscow and New York City. The victorious submariners escape the sinking "Liparus" on the American submarine. The submarine is ordered to destroy "Atlantis" but Bond insists on rescuing Amasova first. He confronts and kills Stromberg but again encounters Jaws, whom he drops
13525003
History of submarines


." It's unclear whether or not Napier ever carried out his plans. Henry Briggs, who was professor of mathematics at Gresham College, London, and later at Oxford, was a friend of Napier, whom he visited in 1615 and 1616, and was also an acquaintance of Cornelius Van Drebbel, a Dutchman in the service of James I of England, who designed and built the first successful submarine in 1620. Hence, it is not impossible that it was because of the interest taken by Napier in the submarine that
18993068
History of submarines


was by means of a crankset projecting above the surface. There is no obvious accommodation for crew. The first submersible to be actually built in modern times was constructed in 1605 by Magnus Pegelius. Its fate was to become buried in mud. In 1596 the Scottish mathematician and theologian John Napier wrote in his "Secret Inventions" the following: "These inventions besides devises of sayling under water with divers, other devises and strategems for harming of the enemyes by the Grace of God and worke of expert Craftsmen I hope to perform
18993067
Submarine


an underwater navigation vehicle. A few years later the Scottish mathematician and theologian John Napier wrote in his "Secret Inventions" (1596) the following: "These inventions besides devises of sayling under water with divers, other devises and strategems for harming of the enemyes by the Grace of God and worke of expert Craftsmen I hope to perform." It's unclear whether he ever carried out his idea. The first submersible of whose construction there exists reliable information was designed and built in 1620 by Cornelis Drebbel, a Dutchman in
9258849
Dodecanese campaign


and 204 German guards on board, of whom only 539 were saved. On 14 September, the first Allied loss occurred, when the Greek submarine RHN "Katsonis", was rammed and sunk by U-boat hunter "UJ 2101". The "Luftwaffe" also intervened on 26 September, when 25 Junkers Ju 88s sank RHN "Vasilissa Olga" and at Lakki Bay, Leros, followed on 1 October by the Italian destroyer and on 9 October sank and seriously damaged the cruiser . At the same time, the
6543226
List of Dutch inventions and innovations


in 1927. It was essentially an analog computer, and bombardiers were trained in great secrecy on how to use it. The device was used to drop bombs accurately from an aircraft, supposedly accurate enough to hit a 100-foot circle from an altitude of 21,000 feet – but under actual combat situations, such an accuracy was never achieved. A submarine snorkel is a device that allows a submarine to operate submerged while still taking in air from above the surface. It was invented by the Dutchman J.J. Wichers shortly before World War II and
452089
Isaac Peral


Isaac Peral y Caballero (Cartagena, 1 June 1851 – 22 May 1895, Berlin), was a Spanish engineer, naval officer and designer of the Peral Submarine. He joined the Spanish navy in 1866, and developed the first electric-powered submarine which was launched in 1888, but it was not accepted by the naval authorities. He then left the navy to develop other inventions commercially. Isaac Peral was the son of Juan Manuel Peral and Isabel Caballero. He had two siblings who later also became naval officers. He
10187464
Demetrius Comino


a Greek oyster merchant who had migrated from the island of Kythira in 1884. He demonstrated his creativity aged 12 when he invented a toy submarine, and after attending Sydney Grammar School, travelled to London in 1921 to study electrical engineering at University College London. After graduating with a first class honours degree in 1924, Comino served a three-year apprenticeship with British Thomson-Houston in Rugby before leaving to establish a printing business, Krisson Printing Ltd, near Oxford Circus in central London ("Krisson" being Greek for '
4312760
Winfield Scott Sims


was the first to apply electricity to the propulsion of torpedoes. Among his inventions is a submarine boat with a cylindrical hull of copper having conical ends and with a screw propeller and rudder operated by electric power generated on shore or on ship board, by means of which the torpedo is propelled, guided and exploded. Among Sims’ earlier inventions were various devices in electromagnets and the construction of an electric motor, weighing 45 pounds for light work, with a battery of twenty half gallon Bensen cells that propelled an open boat sixteen
2305559
Periscope


. Johannes Hevelius described an early periscope with lenses in 1647 in his work "Selenographia, sive Lunae descriptio" [Selenography, or an account of the Moon]. Hevelius saw military applications for his invention. In 1854, Hippolyte Marié-Davy invented the first naval periscope, consisting of a vertical tube with two small mirrors fixed at each end at 45°. Simon Lake used periscopes in his submarines in 1902. Sir Howard Grubb perfected the device in World War I. Morgan Robertson (1861–1915) claimed to have tried to
2857229
Museum of the Peaceful Arts


and Industry at New York City’s Museums of the Peaceful Arts. Much of his scientific research focused on the element selenium. Early in his career, Brown invented a device using selenium, which translated printed text into sound. Among the items owned by the Museum of the Peaceful Arts was America's first submarine: "Dr. Peter J. Gibbons and his son, Austin Flint Gibbons, who recently bought the old United States submarine boat Holland from junk dealers, yesterday presented the relic in perpetuity to the Association for the Establishment and
14935253
Momsen lung


The Momsen lung was a primitive underwater rebreather used before and during World War II by American submariners as emergency escape gear. The Momsen lung was invented by Charles B. Momsen (nicknamed "Swede"). Submariners would train in an deep Escape Training Tank at New London, Mare Island , or Pearl Harbor using this apparatus. It was first introduced as standard equipment on "Porpoise" (P)-class and "Salmon"-class boats. The device recycled the breathing gas by using a counterlung containing soda lime to scrub carbon dioxide. The lung
5013375
Type commander (Kriegsmarine)


Unterseeboote". In the early days of Dönitz's tenure, his submarine force consisted of a single flotilla which he also commanded. At the height of World War II, the submarine force consisted of several U-boat regional commands within which were interspersed over thirty U-boat flotillas. The submarine force would see its greatest amount of combat in the Battle of the Atlantic. Dönitz himself personally directed the movement of individual submarines from his headquarters and also invented the "wolfpack" concept where submarines would group together to attack multiple
14503335
Isaac Peral


were supposed to supervise his project, retired from active naval duty in November 1891. He established his family in Madrid, founding an electric company and still inventing and patenting other inventions, such as an electric machine gun or the blueprints of the first electric power plants of Spain. He still was hoping that his submarine design would be adopted by the government at any moment. After an operation in Berlin to cure the brain tumor he had been suffering from for some years, Peral contracted meningitis. He died from it in Berlin
10187471
Joseph Barker Stearns


of Franklin Telegraph Co., from 1869 to 1871, during which time he invented the first practical system of duplex telegraphy which was successfully applied to the English, French and Belgian lines. Two years later this system was used for the Atlantic cables. He sold rights under his duplex patents to the Western Union Telegraph and Cable Companies, receiving large royalties for the use of his inventions from governments in England, France, Italy, Spain, Belgium, Russia and India, and several submarine cable companies. From 1879 to 1880,
12257849
John Ernest Williamson


John Ernest Williamson (8 December 1881 – 15 July 1966) invented the "photosphere" from which he filmed and photographed undersea. He is credited as being the first person to take an underwater photograph from a submarine. He was born in Liverpool, England 1881 to Charles Williamson, a sea captain from Norfolk, Virginia. Charles had invented a deep-sea tube, made of concentric iron rings, "which stretched like an accordion". The tube was used for underwater repair and for ship salvage. In 1912 Williamson
5549208
X-Men: First Class


the mutants, whom Shaw invites to join him. Salvadore accepts; and when Summers and Muñoz retaliate, Shaw kills Muñoz. In Moscow, Shaw compels the general to have the USSR install missiles in Cuba. Wearing a helmet that blocks telepathy, Shaw follows the Soviet fleet in a submarine to ensure the missiles break a US blockade. Raven, thinking McCoy is attracted to her in her natural form, tells him not to use the cure. When she later attempts to seduce Lehnsherr by taking the forms of various women,
14159165
First to file and first to invent


countries to use "first-to-invent" systems, but each switched to first-to-file in 1989, 1998 and 2013 respectively. Invention in the U.S. is generally defined to comprise two steps: (1) conception of the invention and (2) reduction to practice of the invention. When an inventor conceives of an invention and "diligently" reduces the invention to practice (by filing a patent application, by practicing the invention, etc.), the inventor's date of invention will be the
11574278
George Rapée


for Sam Stayman. (It was first published in 1945 under Stayman's name. One of the world's most popular bridge conventions, generally as "Stayman", it was invented also and perhaps earlier by Jack Marx, for whom it is named in the U.K.) According to Truscott, Rapée had the idea that a two clubs response to one notrump asks for a major suit; his long-time partner Stayman "enlarged and publicized the idea". Rapée was 21 years old when he first won a national title
3703144
De Oratore


. In his conclusion on invention Antonius shares his personal practices as an orator. He tells Sulpicius that when speaking his ultimate goal is to do good and if he is unable to procure some kind of good then he hopes to refrain from inflicting harm. Antonius offers two principles for an orator when arranging material. The first principle is inherent in the case while the second principle is contingent on the judgment of the orator. Antonius shares the story of Simonides of Ceos, the man whom he credits with introducing the art of memory
18428722
List of Dutch inventions and innovations


heart at the center that produces zero potential when the voltages are summed. It is named after Willem Einthoven, who theorized its existence. When German bombers attacked The Hague in 1940 while Willem Johan Kolff was there, he organised the first blood bank in continental Europe. It was located in the "Zuidwal" hospital in The Hague. Eleven patients were given blood transfusions in The Hague, six of whom survived. Donated blood was also used for victims of the bombardment of Rotterdam, whither it was transported by civilian car.
452079
Nornickel


overhaul of the submarines, nor whom would own and control the submarines (Defense, MMP, or Nornickel), nor whom would pay for the cost of the overhaul and refit which Anatoly Gorshkovsky, the head of the Northern Sea Route administration in the Russian Ministry of Transport, suggested to Interfax that the state (either a Russian Federal Ministry or Defense), MMP, and Nornickel should all contribute funds. Also, there is no agreement between the United States and Russia to use United States built submarines nor to use nuclear
17342050
Walter Hunt (inventor)


realize the significance of many of these when he invented them; today, many are widely used products. He thought little of the safety pin, selling the patent for $400 to the company W R Grace and Company, to pay a man to whom he owed $15. He is said to have failed to patent his sewing machine at all because he feared it would create unemployment among seamstresses. (This led to an 1854 court case when the machine was re-invented by Elias Howe; Hunt's machine shown
15379338
Arthur Hastings


1937, he appears in seven. Moreover, when Christie expanded "The Submarine Plans" (1923) as "The Incredible Theft" (1937), she removed Hastings. Hastings appears to have been introduced by Christie in accordance with the model of Sherlock Holmes's associate, Doctor Watson, to whom he bears a marked resemblance. Both narrate in the first person, both are slow to see the significance of clues, and both stand as a form of surrogate for the reader. There are even similarities of role:
17715951
J. M. Robertson


books he argued that Jesus was not a historical person, but was an invention by a first-century Jewish messianic cult of Joshua, whom he identifies as a solar deity. In Robertson's view, religious groups invent new gods to fit the needs of the society of the time. Robertson argued that a solar deity symbolized by the lamb and the ram had long been worshiped by an Israelite cult of Joshua and that this cult had then invented a new messianic figure, Jesus of Nazareth. Robertson argued that a possible source
8418417
Periscope


developed in 1886 but launched on September 8, 1888) with a fixed, non-retractable periscope that used a combination of prisms to relay the image to the submariner. (Peral also developed a primitive gyroscope for submarine navigation and pioneered the ability to fire live torpedoes while submerged.) The invention of the collapsible periscope for use in submarine warfare is usually credited to Simon Lake in 1902. Lake called his device the "omniscope" or "skalomniscope". There is also a report that an Italian, Triulzi, demonstrated
2857240
Ronald Stuart


of whom was reported to have told him to "Go to hell! And shut the door behind you!" In the spring of 1916 he was transferred as first lieutenant to a Q-ship under Gordon Campbell. A Q-ship was a merchant ship with hidden weaponry, commanded secretly by the navy and manned by a Royal Navy crew. When attacked by a submarine, the Q-ship would feign damage until the enemy was close enough to engage and then reveal its weapons to counter-attack. Campbell,
21847709
USS Tuna (SS-203)


on the first salvo, holing "Takima Maru" near the stern. Ten minutes later, the trawler settled beneath the waves, stern first, leaving the waters littered with secret papers and the surviving Japanese. Meanwhile, submarine arrived on the scene and assisted in the pickup of confidential documents and prisoners. Each submarine picked up 30 documents; "Tuna" fished out three prisoners, one of whom died later. The two remaining prisoners were transferred to "Haddock". "Tuna" lost her senior enlisted man, the
1602946
Family Tree (TV series)


actors. The show's first series consisted of 8 episodes. Filming took place in London and Los Angeles. The closing credits song "I'm Alone But That's OK" is performed by Ron Sexsmith and was written for the series by Christopher Guest and Harlan Collins. Oddball inventions: Tom's father has invented a shoe tree that can cool or heat up a shoe; a woman whom Tom and Pete meet has invented a glass, attached around her aged mother's neck, that allows her to see if she's
20263206
Type 091 submarine


The Type 091 (Chinese designation: 09-I; NATO reporting name: Han class) is a first generation nuclear attack submarine produced by the People's Republic of China. They were the first nuclear-powered submarine employed by the People's Liberation Army Navy Submarine Force, and the first indigenously produced nuclear attack submarines in Asia. The Chinese naval nuclear power program started in July 1958 when Mao Zedong and the Central Military Commission gave approval to start the 091 submarine project. Peng Shilu was the first chief designer of this project.
17871064
Vertical Submarine


of color for the success of his business. But there is a hidden twist to this exhibit: There is no Chien Swee-Teng or poem — the collective invented the writer and his poem about avarice. Analogic, is an antithetical exhibition by Vertical Submarine. The title, Analogic with prefix ANA- means “against”, suggests a frivolity, nonsensical exercise of wit. Exhibition Text:"“Vertical Submarine’s ANALOGIC features a series of paintings inspired by the concept of analogy and its proximity to the past as expounded in Umberto Eco’s novel
20989311
Jesse L. Reno


the Ordnance Board in Washington, D.C. He was promoted to first lieutenant, in 1853, and sent to conduct a road survey from the Big Sioux River to Mendota, Minnesota. When he returned to Washington, he married Mary Blanes Cross, and the couple had five children, two of whom had notable achievements of their own: Conrad Reno became an attorney and writer of note in Boston, Massachusetts, and Jesse W. Reno graduated from Lehigh University and invented the first working escalator. Reno's next assignment was as ordnance officer
10981999
Abingdon-on-Thames


legends, invented to raise its status and explain the place name. The name seems to mean 'Hill of a man named Æbba, or a woman named Æbbe', possibly the saint to whom St Ebbe's Church in Oxford was dedicated (Æbbe of Coldingham or a different Æbbe of Oxford). However, Abingdon stands in a valley and not on a hill. It is thought that the name was first given to a place on Boars Hill above Chilswell, and the name was transferred to its present site when the
20641373
Margaret Collingridge Wheeler


. She met a childhood friend, Robert Norfolk, a submarine commander, whom she married. In 1941, Norfolk's submarine HMS "Thorn" went down in the Eastern Mediterranean. Margaret Norfolk married Mortimer Wheeler in 1945, when Wheeler was Director General of Archaeology in India. She travelled extensively with Wheeler to sites in India, Iran and Afghanistan. In 1954, Margaret Wheeler joined Kathleen Kenyon's excavations at Jericho. Her book "Walls of Jericho" (1956) describes the excavation and personnel. She followed its publication
11695744
49th Parallel (film)


thought that they might become nervous. The actors were replaced by dummies before the bombs were detonated. Michael Powell's voice can be heard faintly in some of the submarine scenes. Once, when the camera boat almost collides with the submarine, Powell says "Keep rolling." The men in the lifeboat at the start of the film were mainly local merchant seamen, many of whom had already been torpedoed. One of the camera grips, Canadian teenager William Leslie Falardeau, also played an aviator on the rescue floatplane as it
8169059
History of submarines


" was sunk by Russian torpedo boats carrying Whiteheads. During the 1870s and 1880s, the basic contours of the modern submarine began to emerge, through the inventions of the English inventor and curate, George Garrett, and his industrialist financier Thorsten Nordenfelt, and the Irish inventor John Philip Holland. In 1878, Garrett built a long hand-cranked submarine of about 4.5 tons, which he named the "Resurgam". This was followed by the second (and more famous) "Resurgam" of 1879, built by Cochran &
18993087
List of Dutch inventions and innovations


and several thousand Londoners. The submarine stayed submerged for three hours and could travel from Westminster to Greenwich and back, cruising at a depth of from . This submarine was tested many times in the Thames, but never used in battle. In 2002, the British boatbuilder Mark Edwards built a wooden submarine based on the original 17th-century version by Drebbel. This was shown in the BBC TV programme "Building the Impossible" in November 2002. It is a scale working model of the original and was built using tools and
452171
Submarine


Due to the blockade at Port Arthur, the Russians sent their submarines to Vladivostok, where by 1 January 1905 there were seven boats, enough to create the world's first "operational submarine fleet". The new submarine fleet began patrols on 14 February, usually lasting for about 24 hours each. The first confrontation with Japanese warships occurred on 29 April 1905 when the Russian submarine "Som" was fired upon by Japanese torpedo boats, but then withdrew. Military submarines first made a significant impact in World War I. Forces such
9258861
French Navy


Franco-Siamese War of 1893. The 19th century French Navy brought forth numerous new technologies. It led the development of naval artillery with its invention of the highly effective Paixhans gun. In 1850, became the first steam-powered battleship in history, and became the first seagoing ironclad warship nine years later. In 1863, the Navy launched , the first submarine in the world to be propelled by mechanical power. In 1876, became the first steel-hulled warship ever. In 1887, became the world's first armoured
11048636
Winfield Scott Sims


feet long with six persons on it, at the rate of four miles an hour. His invention of the submarine torpedo boat was followed by the devising of a boat with a speed of 22 miles an hour to carry a 500 pound charge of dynamite. He invented also a wireless dirigible torpedo for the Japanese Government in 1907. The Sims-Dudley dynamite gun, also of his invention, was used by the Cuban insurgents, and, at the battle of Santiago by the "Rough Riders". Others of his designs
2305560
Henry Ford


"; in 1939 he went so far as to claim that the torpedoing of U.S. merchant ships by German submarines was the result of conspiratorial activities undertaken by financier war-makers. The financiers to whom he was referring was Ford's code for Jews; he had also accused Jews of fomenting the First World War. In the run-up to World War II and when the war erupted in 1939, he reported that he did not want to trade with belligerents. Like many other businessmen of the Great Depression era, he
13003385
Submarine Escape and Rescue system (Royal Swedish Navy)


The Royal Swedish Navy’s Submarine Escape and Rescue (SMER) system deals with development and manufacturing of submarines. It consist of 3 major components. From the very beginning of the Royal Swedish Navy’s submarine era, the issue of Submarine Escape and Rescue has been an integrated part of the submarine system. The first submarine of the Royal Swedish Navy ("Hajen", which was delivered in 1904), could be equipped with prefabricated pontoons that were constructed for fulfilling two goals. First, they reduce draft when needed e.g.
10012461
Submarine Voyage


powered submarines, and also the first company in the world to manufacture submarines. The windows in the submarines, or portholes, were first cut out by hand—this cutout was then used to carve out the other windows on the submarine. The vessels were painted in military gray livery with black lower hulls until 1986, when the attraction was updated. The exterior color of the submarines was changed to yellow with white around the 'periscope towers' along with pastel blue or pastel pink trim on the hatch doors, periscope tower
9213028
HMS Griffin (H31)


and still assigned to the 1st Destroyer Flotilla. In October she was transferred to home waters. On 7 October she was escorting the troopship from Avonmouth bound for Gibraltar when the German submarine torpedoed the troopship in the Western Approaches about west of Bloody Foreland in Ireland. 96 people were killed but "Griffin" attacked and chased away the submarine with depth charges and then rescued 766 survivors, whom she landed at Greenock on the Firth of Clyde on 9 October. She rejoined her flotilla at Harwich in November, where they patrolled the
13644851
Charles Momsen


safely deeper than . Momsen, already famous for the invention of his Momsen lung, achieved even more fame for directing the rescue and recovery of the 33 crewmen of the submarine "Squalus", which sank in May 1939 in of water off the Isles of Shoals, New Hampshire. Working from the submarine rescue ship USS "Falcon" (ASR-2), Momsen instructed the team of deep-sea divers as they dived to the submarine and attached cables to the rescue chamber. He also supervised rescue chamber operators as it made
12430273
History of submarines


, but underwater such an engine would quickly consume the submarine's oxygen. To solve this problem, Monturiol invented an air-independent propulsion system. As the air-independent power system drove the screw, the chemical process driving it also released oxygen into the hull for the crew and an auxiliary steam engine. Apart from being mechanically powered, Monturiol's pioneering double hulled vessels also solved pressure, buoyancy, stability, diving and ascending problems that had bedeviled earlier designs. The submarine became a potentially viable weapon with the development of
18993085
History of submarines


War stimulated research in this area. The British made early use of underwater hydrophones, while the French physicist Paul Langevin worked on the development of active sound devices for detecting submarines in 1915 using quartz. In 1916, under the British Board of Invention and Research, Canadian physicist Robert William Boyle took on the active sound detection project with A B Wood, producing a prototype for testing in mid-1917. This work, for the Anti-Submarine Division of the British Naval Staff, was undertaken in utmost secrecy, and used quartz piezoelectric
18993128
Wilhelm Bauer


a sunken ship by using inflatable balloons made of canvas. But his more ambitious plans all failed because of a complete lack of funding. Disappointed, Bauer died in 1875 in Munich. It would be wrong to claim the German submarine fleet of the World wars was directly descended from Wilhelm Bauer’s prototypes, but he nevertheless influenced them. The modern submarine began its history with the inventions of Simon Lake and John Philip Holland. However, the submarine pioneers of the 19th century - de Villeroi, Monturiol, Hunley and others -
4748068
Foundation series


the Roman Empire", and was invented spontaneously on his way to meet with editor John W. Campbell, with whom he developed the concepts of the collapse of the Galactic Empire, the civilization-preserving Foundations, and psychohistory. Asimov wrote these early stories in his West Philadelphia apartment when he worked at the Philadelphia Naval Yard. The first four stories were collected, along with a new introductory story, as a fixup published by Gnome Press in 1951 as "Foundation". The later stories were published in pairs by Gnome as
14755261
Thom Mayne


would eschew the normal bounds of traditional forms. Beginning as an informal collaboration of designers that survived on non-architectural projects, its first official commission was a school in Pasadena, attended by Mayne's son. Publicity from this project led to a number of residential commissions, including the Lawrence Residence. Mayne describes the early days of the group as more of a "garage band" than a practice. They spent their free time experimenting with new inventions for their clients, whom consisted of friends and parents of students. When
3409178
How the Scots Invented the Modern World


in his ancestral background of whom he is aware. The book is divided into two parts. The first part, Epiphany, consists of eight chapters and focuses on the roots, development, and impact of the Scottish Enlightenment on Scotland and Great Britain. The roots come from an appreciation for democracy and literacy that developed from the Scottish Reformation, when John Knox brought Calvinist Presbyterianism to Scotland. He preached that God ordained power into the people and that it was for the people to administer and enforce God's laws, not the
8854782
Maritime history


of some controversy; some claim that it was merely a bell towed by a boat. Two improved types were tested in the Thames between 1620 and 1624.In 1900,the U.S. navy was sold their first submarine by an Irish man named John Holland. From 1945 to 1955, tremendous changes were made for a great time when the first submarine was sent out to sail for the first time. The United States heavily depended on the submarines as a weapon of war when they were going to war with the Japanese. Steam was first applied to
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