where did the boll weevil first enter the united states
Boll weevil


. The insect crossed the Rio Grande near Brownsville, Texas, to enter the United States from Mexico in 1892 and reached southeastern Alabama in 1909. By the mid-1920s, it had entered all cotton-growing regions in the U.S., travelling 40 to 160 miles per year. It remains the most destructive cotton pest in North America. Since the boll weevil entered the United States, it has cost U.S. cotton producers about $13 billion, and in recent times about $300 million per year. The boll weevil contributed to the
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Boll Weevil Monument


The Boll Weevil Monument in downtown Enterprise, Alabama, United States is a prominent landmark and tribute erected by the citizens of Enterprise in 1919 to show their appreciation to an insect, the boll weevil, for its profound influence on the area's agriculture and economy. Hailing the beetle as a "herald of prosperity," it stands as the world's first monument built to honor an agricultural pest. The Monument consists of a statue of a woman holding a pedestal with a boll weevil perched on top. The boll weevil (
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Boll Weevil (restaurant)


Boll Weevil was a casual dining chain of hamburger restaurants located in San Diego, California, United States. Boll Weevil was founded in 1966 by Fred and Lorraine Halleman. The original location was adjacent to the upscale Cotton Patch steakhouse, with the Boll Weevil name referring to a smaller restaurant spawned from a cotton patch. Both were located in San Diego on Midway Drive, near Barnett Ave and Pacific Highway in Point Loma. In the first Boll Weevil restaurant, beef left over from the trimmings of prime steak prepared at the Cotton
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Boll weevil


weevil entered the United States, insecticides have always remained the main control methods. In the 1980s, entomologists at Texas A&M University pointed to the spread of another invasive pest, the red imported fire ant, as a factor in the weevils' population decline in some areas. Other avenues of control that have been explored include weevil-resistant strains of cotton, the parasitic wasp "Catolaccus grandis", the fungus "Beauveria bassiana", and the Chilo iridescent virus. Genetically engineered Bt cotton is not protected from the boll weevil
7159851
History of cotton


until the 20th century, when the New Deal and World War II encouraged diversification. Many ex-slaves as well as poor whites worked in the sharecropping system in serf-like conditions. Boll weevils, insects that entered the United States from Mexico in 1892, created 100 years of problems for the U.S. cotton industry. Many consider the boll weevil almost as important as the Civil War as an agent of change in the South, forcing economic and social changes. In total, the boll weevil is estimated to have caused $
19001751
Beetle


. Many feed on economically important plants and stored plant products, including trees, cereals, tobacco, and dried fruits. Some, such as the boll weevil, which feeds on cotton buds and flowers, can cause extremely serious damage to agriculture. The boll weevil crossed the Rio Grande near Brownsville, Texas, to enter the United States from Mexico around 1892, and had reached southeastern Alabama by 1915. By the mid-1920s, it had entered all cotton-growing regions in the US, traveling per year. It remains the
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Boll Weevil Eradication Program


The Boll Weevil Eradication Program is a program sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) which has sought to eradicate the boll weevil in the cotton-growing areas of the United States. It's one of the world's most successful implementations of integrated pest management. The program has enabled cotton farmers to reduce their use of pesticides by between 40-100%, and increase their yields by at least 10%, since its inception in the 1970s. By the autumn of 2009, eradication was finished in all
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Arkansas–Monticello Boll Weevils football


The Arkansas–Monticello Boll Weevils football program is the intercollegiate American football team for the University of Arkansas at Monticello located in the U.S. state of Arkansas. The team competes in the NCAA Division II and are members of the Great American Conference. Arkansas–Monticello's first football team was fielded in 1913. The team plays its home games at Willis "Convoy" Leslie Cotton Boll Stadium in Monticello, Arkansas. The Boll Weevils are coached by Hud Jackson. As of May 2018, there is a total of one Boll Weevil
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Boll weevil


growers together with the assistance of the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). The program has been successful in eradicating boll weevils from all cotton-growing states with the exception of Texas, and most of this state is free of boll weevils. Problems along the southern border with Mexico have delayed eradication in the extreme southern portions of this state. Follow-up programs are in place in all cotton-growing states to prevent the reintroduction of the pest. These monitoring programs rely
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Bureau of Entomology


Boston from Europe. The boll weevil entered Texas about 1892 in the vicinity of Brownsville. The Argentine ant was first discovered in the United States at New Orleans in 1891, New International Encyclopedia and the alfalfa leaf weevil was first discovered in Utah in 1904. Establishing control over an increasing number of insect pests and insect-borne diseases led to the establishment of the Bureau of Entomology. The Bureau of Entomology conducted researches into methods which could reduce the spread and the frequency of occurrence of insect pests. It developed various approaches towards
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Boll Weevil (restaurant)


Patch steakhouse were used to prepare burgers. Because of the success of the chain of Boll Weevil restaurants, the Cotton Patch eventually closed. Entrepreneur Fred Halleman assisted in establishing 20 Boll Weevil restaurants across the country. On September 15, 2008, the company-owned restaurants were closed down as the parent company entered Chapter 7 bankruptcy. A few independently owned franchise stores remain open. As of July 2017, the website representing the remaining locations (which are independently owned) lists five stores still operating. Boll Weevil restaurants were decorated
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Boll weevil


The boll weevil ("Anthonomus grandis") is a beetle which feeds on cotton buds and flowers. Thought to be native to Central Mexico, it migrated into the United States from Mexico in the late 19th century and had infested all U.S. cotton-growing areas by the 1920s, devastating the industry and the people working in the American South. During the late 20th century, it became a serious pest in South America as well. Since 1978, the Boll Weevil Eradication Program in the U.S. allowed full-scale cultivation to
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Boll weevil (politics)


Southerners, remained in the United States Congress throughout the 1970s and 1980s (the Conservative Coalition). These included Democratic House members as conservative as Larry McDonald, who was also a leader in the John Birch Society. During the administration of Ronald Reagan, the term "boll weevils" was applied to this bloc of conservative Democrats, who consistently voted for Reagan administration policies, such as tax cuts, increases in military spending, and deregulation. The boll weevils were contrasted with the "gypsy moth Republicans"—moderate Republicans from the Northeast and
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Boll weevil


resume in many regions. The adult insect has a long snout, is grayish color, and is usually less than 6 mm long. Adult weevils overwinter in well-drained areas in or near cotton fields, and farms after diapause. They emerge and enter cotton fields from early spring through midsummer, with peak emergence in late spring, and feed on immature cotton bolls. The boll weevil lays its eggs inside buds and ripening bolls (fruits) of the cotton plants. The female can lay up to 200 eggs over a
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Boll weevil (politics)


into the Republican Party (see Southern strategy and silent majority). Representative Howard W. Smith of Virginia took up the boll weevil as a symbol in the 1950s, during the Eisenhower administration, but the term did not gain currency until the 1980s, when it was revived by Representative Charles W. Stenholm of Texas. The group adopted the name of the boll weevil, a pest destructive to cotton crops, because of the difficulty of eradicating the weevil and the pest's Southern habitat. Nonetheless, a bloc of conservative Democrats, mostly
5857213
Boll Weevil Monument


boll weevil was not added until thirty years later, when Luther Baker thought the Boll Weevil Monument should have a boll weevil on it. He made the boll weevil and mounted it atop the statue. The boll weevil, and sometimes even the entire monument, has been repeatedly stolen throughout the years. Each time it was found and repaired by the city of Enterprise until July 11, 1998. On that day vandals ripped the boll weevil out of the statue's hands and permanently damaged the statue. City leaders were going to
16302038
Maurice Lukefahr


on control of the immature stages of the boll weevil and pink bollworm, two economically important insect pests of cultivated cotton. In 1953, Lukefahr began a long career as a research scientist with the Agriculture Research Service, an agency of the United States Department of Agriculture. Based primarily at the Brownsville, Texas cotton research station, in 1956 he was the first researcher to identify an alternative host of the boll weevil: "Thespesia populnea", an ornamental plant popular in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas. He subsequently identified
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Boll Weevil (song)


has an element of a dialogue between the boll weevil and a farmer. W.A. Lindsey & Alvin Condor's "Boll Weevil" recorded February 24, 1928 contains these same elements. But the first version to include all the hallmarks of the song is Lead Belly's, first recorded by Lomax on October 15, 1934 in Shreveport, Louisiana. Lead Belly re-recorded the song a number of times between 1934 and his death in 1949, with slightly different lyrics. Fats Domino's "Bo Weevil" song portrays a performance
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Boll weevil


Boll Weevil Monument in 1919, perceiving that their economy had been overly dependent on cotton, and that mixed farming and manufacturing were better alternatives. The boll weevil is the mascot for the University of Arkansas at Monticello and is listed on several "silliest" or "weirdest" mascots of all time. It was also the mascot of a short-lived minor league baseball team, the Temple Boll Weevils, which were alternatively called the "Cotton Bugs." "Boll Weevil" is a traditional blues song which reached #2
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Boll Weevil (song)


"Boll Weevil" is a traditional blues song, also known by similar titles such as "Boweavil" or "Boll Weevil Blues". Many songs about the boll weevil were recorded by blues musicians during the 1920s through the 1940s. However, a rendition by Lead Belly recorded in 1934 by folklorist Alan Lomax led to its becoming well-known. A 1961 adaptation by Brook Benton became a pop hit, reaching number two on the "Billboard" Hot 100. The lyrics deal with the boll weevil "(Anthonomus grandis
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Boll Weevil Eradication Program


US cotton regions with the exception of less than one million acres still under treatment in Texas. Since its migration from Mexico in the late 19th century, the boll weevil had been the single most destructive cotton pest in the United States, and possibly the most destructive agricultural pest in the United States. The cost of its crop depredations has been estimated at $300 million per year. The control measures used have included a wide range of pesticides, including calcium arsenate, DDT, toxaphene, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor
19157015
Harcourt Morgan


, the cattle tick and the cotton boll weevil, both of which had proven destructive to farmers in the state. Camping out in pastures and cotton fields, Morgan collected invaluable data on the habits of both insects that finally enabled scientists to get their populations under control. But the boll weevil infested cotton crops throughout the South in the early 20th century, causing much destruction and costing countless agricultural jobs. Morgan's role in fighting the cattle tick and boll weevil infestations endeared him to many of the state's farmers and gained the
18861453
Oklahoma Department of Agriculture, Food, and Forestry


Department, with an annual budget of over $50 million, is one of the larger employers of the State. For fiscal year 2010, the Bureau was authorized 477 full-time employees. The Agriculture Department has an annual budget of almost $90 million. Each of the Department's operating units how the following operating budget: The purpose of the Oklahoma Boll Weevil Eradication Organization is to assist cotton growers in the State in the eradication of the boll weevil. The OBWEO is funded by assessments made against cotton producers. The
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Boll Weevil (song)


"the next time" the narrator saw the boll weevil and making reference to the weevil's family and home. "Mother of the Blues" Ma Rainey recorded a song called "Bo-Weavil Blues" in Chicago in December 1923, and Bessie Smith covered it in 1924, but the song had little in common with Lead Belly's "Boll Weevil" aside from the subject matter. In both Jaybird Coleman's "Boll Weevil," from the late 1920s, and Blind Willie McTell's, from the 1930s,
8076290
Cotton


, one of the most economically destructive pests in cotton production has been the boll weevil. Due to the US Department of Agriculture's highly successful Boll Weevil Eradication Program (BWEP), this pest has been eliminated from cotton in most of the United States. This program, along with the introduction of genetically engineered Bt cotton (which contains a bacterial gene that codes for a plant-produced protein that is toxic to a number of pests such as cotton bollworm and pink bollworm), has allowed a reduction in the use of
16207016
Boll weevil (politics)


Midwest who opposed many Reagan economic policies. Most of the boll weevils eventually retired from politics, or in the case of some, such as Senators Phil Gramm and Richard Shelby, switched parties and joined the Republicans. Since 1988, the term "boll weevils" has fallen out of favor. A bloc of conservative Democrats in the House, including some younger or newer members as well as the remaining boll weevils who refused to bow to pressure to switch parties, organized themselves as the "Blue Dogs" in the early 1990s
5857215
Conservative Democrat


was also a leader in the John Birch Society. During the administration of Ronald Reagan, the term "boll weevils" was applied to this bloc of conservative Democrats, who consistently voted in favor of tax cuts, increases in military spending, and deregulation favored by the Reagan administration but opposed to cut social welfare spending. "Boll weevils" was sometimes used as a political epithet by Democratic Party leaders, implying that the boll weevils were unreliable on key votes or not team players. Most of the boll weevils eventually retired from
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Boll Weevil Eradication Program


, malathion, and parathion. In 1958, the National Cotton Council garnered the Congressional support to create the USDA Boll Weevil Research Lab. In 1959 J. R. Brazzel and L. D. Newsom published a paper outlining the winter dormancy (diapause) behavior of the boll weevil. Brazzel published the results of his first diapause control insecticide treatment trial in 1959, finding that methyl parathion treatments in the fall significantly reduced the overwintering population, especially when combined with plowing of the stalks into the ground. More sophisticated trapping and monitoring devices were developed
19157016
Boll Weevil (song)


of the Bo Weevil song at celebration on a farm. The following is a list of versions of the song by other artists. The 1961 recording by American R&B singer Brook Benton was released as "The Boll Weevil Song" in an adaptation by Benton and frequent musical collaborator Clyde Otis. Considered a novelty record, it was produced by Shelby Singleton and appeared on an album called "The Boll Weevil Song and 11 Other Great Hits". Benton's recording was a hit single during the summer of 1961 and became the highest
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Boll weevil


on pheromone-baited traps for detection. The boll weevil eradication program, although slow and costly, has paid off for cotton growers in reduced pesticide costs. This program and the screwworm program of the 1950s are among the biggest and most successful insect control programs in history. The Library of Congress American Memory Project contains a number of oral history materials on the boll weevil's impact. A 2009 study found "that as the weevil traversed the American South [in the period 1892-1932], it seriously disrupted local economies
7159854
Grandisol


major constituent of the mixture known as grandlure, which is used to protect cotton crops from the boll weevil. Grandisol was first isolated, identified, and synthesized by J. Tumlinson "et al". at Mississippi State University in 1969. The most recent and highest yielding synthetic route to grandisol was reported in January 2010 by a group of chemists at Furman University. Though enantioselective syntheses have been reported, racemic grandisol has proven equally effective at attracting boll weevils as the natural enantiomer, rendering moot the need for enantioselective syntheses for agricultural
21483011
Boll Weevil (song)


UK Singles Chart and remained in the Top 40 for eight weeks during the summer of 1961. The majority of the song's lyrics are spoken by Benton, as in when the farmer inquires, "Say, why'd you pick my farm?", to which the boll weevils reply, "We ain't gonna do ya much harm". The chorus of "we're lookin' for a home" was sung by Benton and the Mike Stewart Singers. "Boll Weevil Song" is an adaption of the
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Boll Weevil (song)


-charting single of his career on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart, where the singer had eight Top 10 hits between 1959 and 1970. "The Boll Weevil Song" spent three weeks at number two on the Hot 100 chart. On the R&B chart, where Benton had enjoyed even greater success, the song also reached number two. On the week ending July 17, 1961, "Billboard" Magazine debuted the "Easy Listening chart" (renamed the Adult Contemporary chart in 1979). This separate chart was
8076293
1980 United States House of Representatives elections


The 1980 United States House of Representatives elections was an election for the United States House of Representatives in 1980 which coincided with the election of Ronald Reagan as President. Reagan's victory also allowed many Republican House candidates to secure election, and the Republicans gained a net of 35 seats from the Democratic Party. The Democrats nonetheless retained a significant majority, unlike the Senate elections, where Republicans gained control of the chamber. However, many Democratic congressmen from the south (known as "Boll weevils") frequently took conservative stances on
14999140
Charles Henry Tyler Townsend


a new pest, the cotton boll weevil in Texas and northern Mexico. He quickly determined the seriousness of the threat and made recommendations for controlling the outbreak. In 1896 the USDA sent him to tropical Mexico to continue his research on the boll weevil and search for predators or parasites that might provide biological control. He was unsuccessful in finding effective biological control agents but he did succeed in collecting a wide array of flies for his own studies. Upon his return from Mexico in 1899 he settled with his family in El Paso,
18226704
Beetle


most destructive cotton pest in North America. Mississippi State University has estimated, since the boll weevil entered the United States, it has cost cotton producers about $13 billion, and in recent times about $300 million per year. The bark beetle, elm leaf beetle and the Asian longhorned beetle ("Anoplophora glabripennis") are among the species that attack elm trees. Bark beetles (Scolytidae) carry Dutch elm disease as they move from infected breeding sites to healthy trees. The disease has devastated elm trees across Europe and
7354209
Boll Weevil Monument


in a flowing gown with arms stretched above her head She raises high a trophy topped by an enlarged-scale boll weevil. The statue stands atop an ornately detailed base which supports two round streetlamps. The base stands in the center of a fountain, which is surrounded by a wrought-iron railing. The monument stands more than tall. At the base of the monument appears the following inscription: The original statue of the woman, excluding the fountain and boll weevil, was built in Italy for approximately $1,800. The
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Boll weevil


, significantly reduced the value of land (at this time still the most important asset in the American South), and triggered substantial intraregional population movements." A 2018 National Bureau of Economic Research paper found that the boll weevil spread between 1892 to 1922 had a beneficial impact on educational outcomes, as children were less likely to work on cultivating cotton. The boll weevil infestation has been credited with bringing about economic diversification in the Southern US, including the expansion of peanut cropping. The citizens of Enterprise, Alabama, erected the
7159855
History of cotton


22 billion in damages. In the late 1950s, the U.S. cotton industry faced economic problems, and eradication of the boll weevil was prioritized. The Agricultural Research Service built the Boll Weevil Research Laboratory, which came up with detection traps and pheromone lures. The program was successful, and pesticide use reduced significantly while the boll weevil was eradicated in some areas. After the Cotton Famine, the European textile industry looked to new sources of raw cotton. The African colonies of West Africa and Mozambique provided a cheap supply. Taxes and
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Arkansas–Monticello Boll Weevils and Cotton Blossoms


The Arkansas–Monticello Boll Weevils and Cotton Blossoms are composed of 10 teams representing the University of Arkansas at Monticello in intercollegiate athletics, including men and women's basketball, cross country, and golf. Men's sports include baseball and football. Women's sports include volleyball and softball. The Boll Weevils and Cotton Blossoms compete in the NCAA Division II and are members of the Great American Conference. Arkansas–Monticello has had 5 Major League Baseball Draft selections since the draft began in 1965. The Battle of the Timberlands is an
19123138
Boll Weevil (restaurant)


in a style reminiscent of the American Old West, and also featured pool tables and video games. While discussing Hodad's, OB Rag editor Frank Gormlie criticized the food served at Boll-Weevil's as being too greasy. "San Diego Reader" editor Ben Kers included Boll Weevil in his list of "fourteen more things you’ll never see in San Diego again". He said that while there are still a few restaurants bearing the name, he felt that the food was no longer the same as it once was
9314734
Collett E. Woolman


, where he received a Bachelor of Arts in agriculture. Woolman married Helen H. Fairfield in 1916 with whom he had two daughters. By 1920, they had moved to Monroe in northeastern Louisiana. Woolman was 76 years old when he died in 1966 in Houston, Texas. Shortly after graduating from college, Woolman became an Agricultural Extension Agent at Louisiana State University. At the time, the Southern United States was battling a cotton-destroying pest, the boll weevil. Woolman assisted Dr. B. R. Coad, a United States Department
2136927
History of Georgia (U.S. state)


through important legislation covering judicial affairs, schools, food and drug regulation, taxation and labor measures. He failed to obtain necessary penal and railroad reforms. In the early 1900s, Georgia experienced economic expansion in both the manufacturing and agricultural sectors. The cotton industry benefited from the depredations of the boll weevil further west. In 1911, Georgia produced a record 2.8 million bales of cotton. However, the boll weevil arrived in Georgia four years later. By 1921, infestation had reached such epidemic proportions that 45% of the states
14372098
Blue Dog Coalition


Blue Dog materials. In the early years of the caucus, the Blue Dogs were viewed by some as the political successors to a Southern Democratic group known as the Boll Weevils. The Boll Weevils may, in turn, be considered the descendants of the Dixiecrats and the "states' rights" Democrats of the 1940s through the 1960s, and even the Bourbon Democrats of the late 19th century. The founding members of the Blue Dog Coalition were: Glen Browder and Bud Cramer of Alabama; Blanche Lambert Lincoln of Arkansas; Gary
9829701
The Boll Weevil Song and 11 Other Great Hits


The Boll Weevil Song and 11 Other Great Hits is a studio album released by Brook Benton in 1961 on Mercury LP record MG 20641 (mono) and SR 60641 (stereo). The album appeared on Billboard's album charts in 1961 for thirteen weeks, reaching position number 70. The orchestrations were done by Stan Applebaum, who also conducted the orchestra on the sessions. Following the significant popularity of Benton's hit The Boll Weevil Song, Mercury quickly arranged sessions which largely rely on American Caucasian folk music for material, although
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Boll Weevil Eradication Program


the producer (70%). Since the weevil can travel long distances quickly, it was important to implement the program on a regional basis. Expansion of the program usually required cotton producers within the area of proposed expansion to pass a referendum with at least a two-thirds majority. Some states passed legislation to help growers pay their share of program costs. The program was extended into the southeast and southwest during the 1980s. Eradication is now complete in all cotton growing states except Texas, where problems along the Mexican border
19157018
Boll Weevil (song)


created to list songs that the magazine deemed were not rock and roll records. Since the number-one song on the Hot 100 chart at the time was "Tossin' and Turnin'" by rock and roll singer Bobby Lewis, and Benton's song was not considered rock and roll by the magazine, "The Boll Weevil Song" holds the distinction of being the first number-one song on the "Billboard" Easy Listening chart. In the UK, the song reached a peak position of number 30 on the
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Enterprise, Alabama


holding a boll weevil, which is located in the middle of Main Street. The city erected the statue because the destruction of the cotton crop by the boll weevil had led to agricultural diversity, starting with peanuts and more prosperity than had ever come from cotton alone. It is said to be the only statue to an insect pest in the world. Enterprise is right outside Fort Rucker, an Army base which is the home of Army Aviation. Enterprise is home to Enterprise State Community College. The founder of Enterprise, John
14959103
Black Belt (region of Alabama)


can be visited by tourists today. Many descendants of freed slaves continued to work as sharecroppers and laborers after emancipation, but many migrated among the counties, moved to cities, or left the state for other opportunities. Around 1910–20, the infestation of the cotton crop by the boll weevil destroyed much of the crops and plantation system, but the lingering effects of a cotton economy remain evident. To escape lynchings and social oppression, and after the boll weevil and increased mechanization of agriculture, thousands of African Americans left Alabama to go
20536523
Boll Weevil Monument


"Anthonomus grandis"), sometimes referred to as the "Mexican cotton boll weevil" was indigenous to Mexico, but appeared in Alabama in 1915. By 1918 farmers were losing whole crops of cotton. H. M. Sessions saw this as an opportunity to convert the area to peanut farming. In 1916 he convinced C. W. Baston, an indebted farmer, to back his venture. The first crop paid off their debts and was bought by farmers seeking to change to peanut farming. Cotton was grown again, but farmers learned to
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Boll Weevil (song)


)", a beetle, which feeds on cotton buds and flowers, that migrated into the U.S. from Mexico in the late 19th century and had infested all U.S. cotton-growing areas by the 1920s, causing severe devastation to the industry. Perhaps as early as 1908, blues pioneer Charley Patton wrote a song called "Mississippi Boweevil Blues" and recorded it in July 1929 (as "The Masked Marvel") for Paramount Records. Some of the lyrics are similar to "Boll Weevil," describing the first time and
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Enterprise High School (Alabama)


Enterprise High School is a 7A public high school at 1801 Boll Weevil Circle in Enterprise, Coffee County, Alabama, USA, in the Enterprise City School District. The school houses grades 9-12. The city of Enterprise approved the rebuilding of Enterprise High School at a new location on the northwestern side of town off of Boll Weevil Circle, the city's main bypass. The school was constructed with more than $45 million in FEMA, insurance settlements, and state approved grant money. The town also approved a sales
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Boll Weevil Eradication Program


over the next decade. Further progress was made when the male boll weevil pheromone was identified in the 1960s; the insects could be lured into traps baited with this pheromone, further reducing their reproduction, and enhancing the monitoring system. The first full-scale eradication trial began in 1978 in southern Virginia and eastern North Carolina. After initial success, the USDA's APHIS (Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service) agency established an eradication plan. The cost of the program was borne both by APHIS (30%) and by
19157017
Boll weevil


economic woes of Southern farmers during the 1920s, a situation exacerbated by the Great Depression in the 1930s. The boll weevil appeared in Venezuela in 1949 and in Colombia in 1950. The Amazon Rainforest was thought to present a barrier to its further spread, but it was detected in Brazil in 1983, and an estimated 90% of the cotton farms in Brazil are now infested. During the 1990s, the weevil spread to Paraguay and Argentina. The International Cotton Advisory Committee has proposed a control program similar to that used in the
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Boll Weevil Eradication Program


the first killing frost. The final phase of the program involves monitoring and trapping at a density of one trap per , with spot spraying as required. The program has become more high-tech in recent years, employing GPS mapping technology and bar code readers that transmit trap data electronically. In portions of its range, the program has been bolstered by the spread of the red imported fire ant, which attacks the larvae and pupae of the boll weevil. At one time, cotton growers applied more than 41 percent of all
19157021
List of Billboard Easy Listening number ones of 1961


songs topped the Easy Listening chart in 24 issues of the magazine. The number one song on the first Easy Listening chart was "The Boll Weevil Song" by Brook Benton, which was at number 2 on the Hot 100 that week. Benton had achieved a string of chart-toppers on the R&B chart, but "The Boll Weevil Song" would prove to be his only Easy Listening number one. The song held the top spot on the new chart for three weeks before being replaced by "Together" by Connie
9361931
Boll Weevil Eradication Program


have halted the program there. Eradication was not complete in Texas as of 2012. USDA’s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) provides technical support and limited Federal funds. The state departments of agriculture provide regulatory support, and USDA’s Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Services help in disseminating program information. Three main techniques are employed over a 3-5-year period: pheromone traps for detection, cultural practices to reduce the weevil’s food supply, and malathion treatments. During the first year, applications of
19157019
Robert Henry Boll


Basel, Switzerland, when Boll was three years old for a short period before returning to Germany, where they lived in Karlsruhe before hardship reportedly led them to move to Mühlhausen and, later, Freiburg. The younger of Boll's sisters as well as his father died when Boll was 10 years old, and he entered the Lyceum at age 11. His mother remarried when he was 14, prompting Boll to emigrate with a maternal aunt and friends to the United States, settling briefly in Zanesville, Ohio, in 1890.
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Boll Weevil Eradication Program


malathion are made every five to seven days starting in late summer. The frequency is reduced to every 10 days during the later part of the growing season until the first frost. The cotton stalks are shredded and plowed into the ground to eliminate their use as a winter shelter. During years 2 through 5, the automatic spraying is supplemented by an intensive trapping program (one trap per 1–2 acres), and malathion applications are made only in those fields where weevils are detected. This phase begins in late spring and continues until
19157020
Southern United States


the 20th century. The first major oil well in the South was drilled at Spindletop near Beaumont, Texas, on the morning of January 10, 1901. Other oil fields were later discovered nearby in Arkansas, Oklahoma, and under the Gulf of Mexico. The resulting "Oil Boom" permanently transformed the economy of the West South Central states and produced the most significant economic expansion after the Civil War. In the early 20th century, invasion of the boll weevil devastated cotton crops in the South, producing an additional catalyst to
12101323
Boll weevil


U.S. During early years of the weevil's presence, growers sought relatively warm soils and early-ripening cultivars. Following World War II, the development of new pesticides such as DDT enabled U.S. farmers again to grow cotton as an economic crop. DDT was initially extremely effective, but U.S. weevil populations developed resistance by the mid-1950s. Methyl parathion, malathion, and pyrethroids were subsequently used, but environmental and resistance concerns arose as they had with DDT, and control strategies changed. While many control methods have been investigated since the boll
7159850
Maurice Lukefahr


several other alternative host plants (including the weevil's likely original host) that have proved critical to the understanding of boll weevil ecology. These discoveries helped to explain the failure of subsequent large-scale, expensive and environmentally damaging eradication campaigns in the US and elsewhere. Lukefahr also showed in 1957 that the pink bollworm enters diapause in response to the shortened day lengths of early fall. These findings were used to improve an existing control program based on early harvest and mandatory areawide stalk destruction. In 1969 he received a Rockefeller Foundation
13231115
Weevil


. The grain or wheat weevil ("Sitophilus granarius") damages stored grain. The boll weevil ("Anthonomus grandis") attacks cotton crops; it lays its eggs inside cotton balls and the larvae eat their way out. Other weevils are used for biological control of invasive plants. Some weevils have the ability to fly, such as the rice weevil. One species of weevil, "Austroplatypus incompertus", exhibits eusociality, one of the few insects outside the Hymenoptera and the Isoptera to do so. Because so many
20410077
Utica, New York


. The boll weevil adversely affected southern cotton crops in this period. During the late 1940s, air-conditioned mills opened in the southern United States, and jobs were lost as factories were moved south, where labor costs were lower because "right to work" laws weakened unions. Other industries also moved out of the city during a general restructuring in older industrial cities. New industries to rise in the city were electronics manufacturing (led by companies such as General Electric, which produced transistor radios), machinery and equipment,
5142622
Enterprise, Alabama


A two-year college, the Enterprise campus is home to the Boll Weevils. Murals were produced from 1934 to 1943 in the United States through the Section of Painting and Sculpture, later called the Section of Fine Arts, of the Treasury Department. Paul Theodore Arlt was an artist with the United States Department of the Treasury's Section of Fine Arts and painted the post office mural, "The Section", in the Enterprise post office in 1941. The post office was torn down in 1991, but Mr. Arlt's
14959118
Enterprise, Alabama


to stave off disaster, but its economy was renewed by the thriving new crop base. In appreciation, the people of Enterprise erected a monument in the city center to what the monument describes as their "herald of prosperity"; the boll weevil. The Boll Weevil Monument was dedicated on December 11, 1919, as a reminder of how the city adjusted in the face of adversity. It is the only monument to an agricultural pest in the world. In the early afternoon of March 1, 2007, Enterprise was hit
14959106
Baby Doll


, Mississippi and New York City. According to Kazan, Williams did not stay long while the film was shooting in Benoit, because of the way people looked at him. Some locals were used for minor roles, and one, "Boll Weevil" not only acted but was the production unit's utility man as well. The working titles for the film included the name of the play and "Mississippi Woman"; actress Carroll Baker claims that Kazan changed the title to "Baby Doll" as a present to her.
17366817
Wilkinson County, Mississippi


with Jim Crow laws. In the early 20th century the boll weevil infestation destroyed much of the cotton crops, and mechanization caused a further loss of agricultural jobs. The exit of many African Americans from the state did not change the state's exclusion of African Americans from politics. They were not enabled to vote until after passage of the federal Voting Rights Act in 1965. Cotton cultivation was revived, but it is produced on a highly mechanized, industrial scale. Southwest Mississippi was an area of white violence against blacks during the
10555500
Cotton production in the United States


from cotton farming during this period. Studies conducted during the same period indicated that two in three black women from black landowning families were involved in cotton farming. The introduction of modern textile machinery such as the spinning jenny, power loom, and cotton gin brought in more profits, and cotton towns, “more benign than the British” came to be established in the country. Following the end of slavery in the southern states the boll weevil, a pest from Mexico, began to spread across the United States, affecting yields
4882155
Grandisol


Grandisol is a natural organic compound with the molecular formula CHO. It is a monoterpene containing a cyclobutane ring, an alcohol group, an alkene group and two chiral centers (one of which is quaternary). Grandisol is a pheromone primarily important as the sex attractant of the cotton boll weevil ("Anthonomus grandis"), from which it gets its name. It is also a pheromone for other related insects. The cotton boll weevil is an agricultural pest that can cause significant economic damage if not controlled. Grandisol is the
21483010
Kannapolis Intimidators


boll weevil as the team's new mascot, indicative of Kannapolis' history as a textile mill town (Kannapolis natives are even called "lintheads"). The Piedmont Boll Weevils kept that mascot until after the 2000 season, when NASCAR racer Dale Earnhardt purchased a share in the team's ownership. It was then that the name was changed to the Kannapolis Intimidators, in honor of Earnhardt's nickname. The team's logo was designed by Sam Bass, who has designed paint schemes and uniforms on many NASCAR, IndyCar,
4471730
Boll weevil


. Although it was possible to control the boll weevil, to do so was costly in terms of insecticide costs. The goal of many cotton entomologists was to eventually eradicate the pest from U. S. cotton. In 1978, a large-scale test was begun in eastern North Carolina and in Southampton County, Virginia, to determine the feasibility of eradication. Based on the success of this test, area-wide programs were begun in the 1980s to eradicate the insect from whole regions. These are based on cooperative effort by all
7159852
Black Mountain Open Space Park


's Ridge Loop trail. The mine was established in the 1920s by Escondido rancher, rodeo cowboy, and actor Frank Hopkins, due to the demand for white arsenic, a key ingredient in pesticides that attacked infesting boll weevils. As the boll weevil population shrank, the demand for white arsenic fell, causing the abandoning of the mine in 1927. According to a 1939 article, published in the Vista Press, Hopkins also used this mine to find gold. In 2016, the University of San Diego conducted soil sampling in the
10507768
Temple Boll Weevils


The Temple Boll Weevils were a minor league baseball team which played their home games at Woodson Field in Temple, Texas as a member of the Texas League from 1905 to 1907. Local newspapers took to calling them the "Cotton Bugs," a nickname coined by the "Galveston Daily News". The team finished with a record of 71-59 in its debut season in 1905, behind the Fort Worth Panthers by just a half game for second place in the league. After Temple got off to a slow start in
10987832
Rome, Georgia


were displaced, and many African Americans left the area in the Great Migration, seeking work in cities, including those in the North and Midwest. Cotton crops were being destroyed by the boll weevil, a tiny bug that reached Georgia in 1915 (invading from Louisiana). The boll weevil destroyed many fields of cotton and put a damper on Rome's economy. While the Rome area was not as devastated as many big cities during the Depression, many families struggled through hard financial times. Jobs were scarce, and prices of
18870292
Collett E. Woolman


of Agriculture entomologist, in his fight against the boll weevil. Coad was using calcium arsenate to rid the cotton plants of boll weevils, but the application of the dry powder was difficult to apply to the fields. Woolman, Coad, and their team began using army-loaned aircraft and pilots to conduct dusting experiments from the air. Huff-Daland Aero Corporation, an aircraft manufacturer, took notice of their experiments and decided to form a new division for crop dusting. Woolman was chosen to lead the new division, called
2136928
Kannapolis Intimidators


Jorge Padilla, Ryan Madson, and Brett Myers played for the 2000 Piedmont Boll Weevils. Also, NFL running back Ricky Williams played for the Boll Weevils during the late 1996 and 1997 seasons while he was also playing college football for the University of Texas. On October 30, 2018, ground was broken on a new ballpark scheduled to be ready for the team's 2020 season. In February 2019, the team asked people living in the area to submit their choices for a new team name, to be used starting in
4471734
Boll weevil


F). Research at the University of Missouri indicates they cannot survive more than an hour at −15 °C (5 °F). The insulation offered by leaf litter, crop residues, and snow may enable the beetle to survive when air temperatures drop to these levels. Other limitations on boll weevil populations include extreme heat and drought. Its natural predators include fire ants, insects, spiders, birds, and a parasitic wasp, "Catolaccus grandis". The insects sometimes emerge from diapause before cotton buds are available
7159847
Peach


peach its official fruit in 1984. The peach became the state fruit of Georgia, nicknamed the "Peach State", in 1995. The peach went from feral trees utilized opportunistically to a tended commercial crop in the Southern United States in the 1850s, as the boll weevil attacked regional cotton crops. When Georgia reached peak production in the 1920s, elaborate festivals celebrated the fruit. By 2017, Georgia's production was 3–5% of the U. S. total. Alabama named it the "state tree fruit" in 2006. Delaware
6120447
Mark A. Carleton


success. The family home was lost in a mortgage foreclosure. This was followed, in 1918, by his requested resignation from the Department of Agriculture for unethical behavior and conflicts of interest. For the next several years Carleton worked for a number of agro-businesses including the United States Grain Corporation and the United Fruit Company. In 1925, while studying an infestation of pink boll weevils in the Peruvian cotton crop, he died of heart disease complicated by malaria. Carleton was a member of the Botanical Society of America, the
5007950
Hurricane Audrey


was particularly damaging to rice, while strong winds blew down corn and heavy rains flooded cotton fields; these were the main crop losses attributed to Audrey. In Louisiana, preliminary estimates of crop damage reached $5 million. Forests were also heavily impacted, with an estimated of timber lost primarily in the parishes of Jeff Davis, Allen, Evangeline, and LaSalle. Poisoning efforts that had begun prior to Audrey's arrival to mitigate a boll weevil infestation were disrupted, leading to resurgence in boll weevils following the hurricane. The highest
20695272
Boll weevil


10- to 12-day period. The oviposition leaves wounds on the exterior of the flower bud. The eggs hatch in 3 to 5 days within the cotton squares (larger buds before flowering), feed for 8 to 10 days, and finally pupate. The pupal stage lasts another 5 to 7 days. The lifecycle from egg to adult spans about three weeks during the summer. Under optimal conditions, 8 to 10 generations per season may occur. Boll weevils begin to die at temperatures at or below −5 °C (23 °
7159846
Cotton production in the United States


it quickly gained appeal and affordability throughout the U.S. cotton growing area. The cotton industry in the United States hit a crisis in the early 1920s. Cotton and tobacco prices collapsed in 1920 following overproduction and the boll weevil pest wiped out the sea island cotton crop in 1921. Annual production slumped from 1,365,000 bales in the 1910s to 801,000 in the 1920s. In South Carolina, Williamsburg County production fell from 37,000 bales in 1920 to 2,700 bales in 1922 and one farmer in McCormick County produced 65 bales in 1921 and just 6 in
4882158
Migration Series


twenty-three years old. He did so with the help of funding from the Works Progress Administration, one of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal agencies. The series is based on the Great Migration of African Americans from the rural south to the urban north that began in the 1910s. The early part of the migration ran through 1930 and numbered some 1.6 million people. The panels depict the dire state of black life in the South, with poor wages, economic hardship due to the boll weevil, and a justice
7946453
Rick Adams (baseball)


Royals in 1905, instead playing with the Class-C Temple Boll Weevils of the Texas League. In 16 games, Adams went 13–3. During the 1905 season, while playing with the Temple Boll Weevils, Adams joined the Washington Senators Major League Baseball franchise. Adams made his major league debut on July 13, 1905. On the season, Adams went 2–5 with a 3.59 ERA, three complete games, one shutout and 25 strikeouts in 11 games, six starts. His last appearance in Major League Baseball was on September
10098344
Temple Boll Weevils


the following season and Temple manager Con Lucid resigned, owner J.E. Edens sold the team to the Temple Baseball Association, a local stock company headed by Temple mayor Fred P. Hamill, who replaced Lucid with manager Fred Moore. With the Texas League struggling financially, it decided in mid-season to drop the Boll Weevils. The Temple Baseball Association, having only recently spent $3,000 to buy the team, filed an unsuccessful lawsuit against the league. In 1907 the Texas League took on several teams from the South Texas League and
10987833
Boll weevil (politics)


Boll weevils (beetles which feed on cotton buds) was an American political term used in the mid- and late-20th century to describe conservative Southern Democrats. During and after the administration of Franklin D. Roosevelt, conservative Southern Democrats were part of the coalition generally in support of Roosevelt's New Deal and Harry Truman's Fair Deal economic policies, but were opposed to desegregation and the American civil rights movement. On several occasions between 1948 and 1968, prominent conservative Southern Democrats broke from the Democrats to run a third party campaign for President on
5857211
Wilmon Newell


Wilmon Newell (4 March 1878 – 25 October 1943) was an American entomologist. He received his bachelor's (1897) and master's (1898) degrees from Iowa State University, along with an honorary doctorate in 1920. In 1903, he was named State Entomologist of Georgia. In 1904, he served as Secretary of the Louisiana Crop Pest Commission, where he is credited for making important discoveries controlling the cotton boll weevil using powdered lead arsenate. In 1910, Newell became state entomologist in Texas for five years.
16539077
Florida


full service to Tampa. In 1894 the Florida East Coast Railway reached West Palm Beach; in 1896 it reached Biscayne Bay near Miami. Until the mid-20th century, Florida was the least populous state in the southern United States. In 1900, its population was only 528,542, of whom nearly 44% were African American, the same proportion as before the Civil War. The boll weevil devastated cotton crops. Forty thousand blacks, roughly one-fifth of their 1900 population levels in Florida, left the state in the Great Migration
21176860
African-American history of agriculture in the United States


Studies conducted during the same period indicated that 2 in 3 black women from black landowning families were involved in cotton farming. The cotton industry in the United States hit a crisis in the early 1920s. Cotton and tobacco prices collapsed in 1920 following overproduction and the boll weevil pest wiped out the sea island cotton crop in 1921. Annual production slumped from 1,365,000 bales in the 1910s to 801,000 in the 1920s. In South Carolina, Williamsburg County production fell from 37,000 bales in 1920 to 2,700 bales in 1922 and one farmer in McCormick
5253490
Dode Criss


, Criss pitched a no-hitter against the Temple Boll Weevils. Criss signed with the Browns in the beginning of the 1908 season, where his father told Criss not to sign for them for less than a dollar a day. In his first season on the big leagues, Criss became the first player to pinch hit at least 40 times in a season, with 41 out of 82 at-bats, making 12 pinch hits, (28 overall) for a .341 batting average, higher than the league leader, Ty
5286560
Brown County, Texas


Fe Railway was built into Brownwood in 1895. In 1903, the Gulf, Colorado and Santa Fe line extended the line to Menard. Also in 1903, the county voted itself a dry county. Alcohol did not become legal again until the 1950s. In 1909, the boll weevil moved into the county, destroying the cotton economy. The irst commercial production of oil came from the efforts of Jack Pippen at Brownwood in 1917. The first large field began producing from a depth of in 1919 near Cross Cut. In 1926
8620803
Stanley R. Tiner


Ray Tiner attended the University of Arkansas at Monticello, then Arkansas A&M College, where he played football and captained the Boll Weevil basketball team. On the university's centennial in 2009, Ray Tiner served as grand marshal of the homecoming parade. Stanley Tiner was reared in Cotton Valley, where he was the first-grade reporter for "The Cotton Valley Wildcat", and after 1950 in Shreveport in Caddo Parish, the largest city in north Louisiana. In 1960, he graduated from Fair Park High School there. He has
14904241
Greg Legg


a 70–72 record. In 1997, Legg was given his first managing position, leading the Batavia Clippers to the New York–Penn League finals, where they lost to the Pittsfield Mets. He managed the Martinsville Phillies in 1998, and returned to Batavia in 1999, where the newly renamed Muckdogs lost in the semi-finals. He led the Piedmont Boll Weevils to another semi-final defeat in 2000, and was named the Lakewood BlueClaws inaugural manager in 2001. In 2002, the Reading Phillies named Legg their manager,
5008668
Harry Scott Smith


, Psyche. Following Smith's graduation from the University of Nebraska in 1908, he was hired by Leland Ossian Howard to work at the USDA's Bureau of Entomology. During this time Smith held several assignments including the Boll Weevil Eradication Program, the Gypsy Moth Parasite Laboratory in Melrose Highlands, Massachusetts, and a 1912 collaboration in Italy with Filippo Silvestri to identify a natural predator to the alfalfa weevil. On the recommendation of his boss, Howard, Smith was selected by the California State Commissioner of Horticulture, A. J. Cook,
11100956
Enterprise, Alabama


Enterprise is a city in the southeastern part of Coffee County and the southwestern part of Dale County in the southeastern part of Alabama in the Southern United States. The population was 26,562 at the 2010 census. Enterprise is the primary city of the Enterprise Micropolitan Statistical Area (with the portion of the city located in Dale County part of the Ozark Micropolitan Statistical Area), and is also part of the Dothan-Enterprise-Ozark Combined Statistical Area. Enterprise is famous for the Boll Weevil Monument, a large monument of a woman
14959102
Democratic Party (United States)


the late 20th century as well as the shift of its base from the Northeast and Midwest to the South. Into the 1980s, the Democratic Party had a conservative element, mostly from the South and Border regions. Their numbers declined sharply as the Republican Party built up its Southern base. They were sometimes humorously called "Yellow dog Democrats", or "boll weevils" and "Dixiecrats". In the House, they form the Blue Dog Coalition, a caucus of fiscal conservatives and social conservatives and moderates, primarily Southerners
20046050
Republican In Name Only


pejorative. In the 1980s, the term "gypsy moth Republican" described Republicans from the Northeast and Midwest who voted against the Ronald Reagan administration's proposed cuts in aid to economically distressed people, contrasting with boll weevil Democrats, who voted for these cuts. The gypsy moth is an invasive species destructive to trees in the Northeastern United States. In 2015 the term "cuckservative", a portmanteau of "cuckold" and "conservative", was popularized on the online forum 4chan, and embraced by both internet trolls and the
20777399
Red River (Koner)


The walls were scraped and the deposits further refined to make 100% pure arsenic. Arsenic was used as a pesticide for the boll weevil ("Anthonomus grandis") in the cotton fields of the United States, as well as in the paint and dye industry producing new colours such as canary yellow and emerald green. High stone-faced banks, are the remains of ten sluices which controlled the flow of water, to enable the recovery of tailings. The sluices were part of the Tolgarrick tin treatment operations which closed in
6439248
Lynching in the United States


reaction to economic stresses during downturns when cotton prices dropped, and larger disasters such as the boll weevil. According to a "Time" magazine article, April 2, 2000: In 1903, the St. Louis Post-Dispatch reported a new, popular children's game: "The Game of Lynching”. "Imaginary mayor gives order not to harm imaginary mob, and an imaginary hanging follows. Fire contributes realistic touch." "It has crowded out baseball", and if it continues, "may deprive of some
6968382