what does it mean to have a lisp
Syntax (programming languages)


not parse Perl" (because it is undecidable). Similarly, Lisp macros introduced by the codice_6 syntax also execute during parsing, meaning that a Lisp compiler must have an entire Lisp run-time system present. In contrast, C macros are merely string replacements, and do not require code execution. The syntax of a language describes the form of a valid program, but does not provide any information about the meaning of the program or the results of executing that program. The meaning given to a combination of symbols is
6621488
PC-LISP


-LISP runs well in DOS emulators and on modern Windows versions. Because PC-LISP implements Franz LISP, it is a dynamically scoped predecessor to modern Common Lisp. This is therefore an historically important implementation. The session is running the following code which demonstrates dynamic scoping in Franz LISP. Note that PC-LISP does not implement the codice_1 special form that Emacs Lisp provides for local variables. Instead, all variables are what an ALGOL-based language would call "global". The first dialect of Lisp to incorporate ALGOL
10873480
Common Lisp


normal Common Lisp, and may use any Common Lisp (or third-party) operator available. Common Lisp macros are capable of what is commonly called "variable capture", where symbols in the macro-expansion body coincide with those in the calling context, allowing the programmer to create macros wherein various symbols have special meaning. The term "variable capture" is somewhat misleading, because all namespaces are vulnerable to unwanted capture, including the operator and function namespace, the tagbody label namespace, catch tag, condition handler and
6293787
Lisp (programming language)


languages. For example, the Common Lisp Object System can be implemented cleanly as a language extension using macros. This means that if an application needs a different inheritance mechanism, it can use a different object system. This is in stark contrast to most other languages; for example, Java does not support multiple inheritance and there is no reasonable way to add it. In simplistic Lisp implementations, this list structure is directly interpreted to run the program; a function is literally a piece of list structure which is traversed by the
18233786
Greater-than sign


Java and C++) use the operator to mean "greater than". In Lisp-family languages, is a function used to mean "greater than". In Coldfusion and Fortran, operator means "greater than". The double greater-than sign () is used for an approximation of the much greater than sign (≫). ASCII does not have the much greater-than sign. The double greater-than sign () is also used for an approximation of the closing guillemet (»). In
14235689
Null object pattern


safe to deal with possible references to codice_1 in Smalltalk programs. In Lisp, functions can gracefully accept the special object codice_1, which reduces the amount of special case testing in application code. For instance, although codice_1 is an atom and does not have any fields, the functions codice_27 and codice_28 accept codice_1 and just return it, which is very useful and results in shorter code. Since codice_1 is the empty list in Lisp, the situation described in the introduction above doesn't exist. Code which returns codice_1 is returning what
5209390
Lisp


to correct it is more often than not, trial and error. With so many factors, however, isolating the variables (the sound) is imperative to getting to the end result faster. A phonetically consistent treatment strategy means practicing the same thing over and over. What is practiced is consistent and does not change. The words might change, but the phoneme and its positioning is the same (say, sip, sill, soap, …). Thus, successful correction of the disorder is found in manipulating or changing
11101679
Common Lisp


changes and the class of objects can be changed. CLOS has been integrated into ANSI Common Lisp. Generic functions can be used like normal functions and are a first-class data type. Every CLOS class is integrated into the Common Lisp type system. Many Common Lisp types have a corresponding class. There is more potential use of CLOS for Common Lisp. The specification does not say whether conditions are implemented with CLOS. Pathnames and streams could be implemented with CLOS. These further usage possibilities of CLOS for ANSI Common Lisp are
6293798
Common Lisp


in Scheme the value '() which is equivalent to NIL in Common Lisp evaluates to true in a boolean expression. Lastly, the Scheme standards documents require tail-call optimization, which the CL standard does not. Most CL implementations do offer tail-call optimization, although often only when the programmer uses an optimization directive. Nonetheless, common CL coding style does not favor the ubiquitous use of recursion that Scheme style prefers—what a Scheme programmer would express with tail recursion, a CL user would usually express with an
6293813
Common Lisp


codice_75. However, in this context, codice_75 may have a completely different meaning, so codice_73 may not work properly. Common Lisp solves the problem of the shadowing of standard operators and functions by forbidding their redefinition. Because it redefines the standard operator codice_75, the preceding is actually a fragment of non-conforming Common Lisp, which allows implementations to diagnose and reject it. The "condition system" is responsible for exception handling in Common Lisp. It provides "conditions", "handler"s and "restart"s. "Condition"s are
6293792
Lisp (programming language)


, and the number 2. It so happens that this list is also a valid piece of Lisp code; that is, it can be evaluated. This is because the car of the list names a function—the addition operation. Note that a will be read as a single symbol. will be read as the number one hundred and twenty-three. will be read as the string "123". The function evaluates the data, returning zero or more other Lisp data as a result. Evaluation does not have
18233790
Common Lisp


Other data types in Common Lisp include: Like programs in many other programming languages, Common Lisp programs make use of names to refer to variables, functions, and many other kinds of entities. Named references are subject to scope. The association between a name and the entity which the name refers to is called a binding. Scope refers to the set of circumstances in which a name is determined to have a particular binding. The circumstances which determine scope in Common Lisp include: To understand what a symbol refers to, the
6293762
Lisp (programming language)


program to save (and later restore) a particular place in execution. Common Lisp does not support re-entrant continuations, but does support several ways of handling escape continuations. Often, the same algorithm can be expressed in Lisp in either an imperative or a functional style. As noted above, Scheme tends to favor the functional style, using tail recursion and continuations to express control flow. However, imperative style is still quite possible. The style preferred by many Common Lisp programmers may seem more familiar to programmers used to
18233798
Mod lisp


mod_lisp is an extension module for the Apache HTTP Server. It enables Apache to interface with application servers written in Lisp, making it possible to dynamically generate web pages and provide web applications with Lisp programs. Unlike other mod_* projects, such as mod_perl and mod_python, mod_lisp does not embed a Lisp interpreter in Apache. In concept it is closer to FastCGI, handling requests by serializing them into a textual representation and sending that over a socket to a persistent Lisp program, and then sending the Lisp system's response to
11661345
Macsyma


. This was intended to protect the technology transfer to Symbolics. (Such restrictions have been since lifted, 2002 or so.) This so-called DOE Macsyma had been rewritten at MIT in a pre-Common Lisp dialect called NIL lisp, incompletely implemented on VAX/VMS, an unpopular system in academia, where Berkeley VAX Unix was common. DOE Macsyma formed the basis for the much-later open source Maxima system. In 1981, Moses and Richard Pavelle, an MIT staff member and proponent of applying Macsyma to
9071170
Political positions of Jeremy Corbyn


Middle East. He said that he does not condone the actions of either organisation: "Does it mean I agree with Hamas and what it does? No. Does it mean I agree with Hezbollah and what they do? No. What it means is that I think to bring about a peace process, you have to talk to people with whom you may profoundly disagree ... There is not going to be a peace process unless there is talks involving Israel, Hezbollah and Hamas and I think everyone knows that". Corbyn
20354417
Jeremy Corbyn


friends are prepared to talk," and that the specific occasion he used it was to introduce speakers from Hezbollah at a Parliamentary meeting about the Middle East. He said that he does not condone the actions of either organisation: "Does it mean I agree with Hamas and what it does? No. Does it mean I agree with Hezbollah and what they do? No. What it means is that I think to bring about a peace process, you have to talk to people with whom you may profoundly disagree … There
20476123
Emacs Lisp


can be easily modified and re-loaded. In addition, bytecode files are platform-independent. The standard Emacs Lisp code distributed with Emacs is loaded as bytecode, although the matching source files are usually provided for the user's reference as well. User-supplied extensions are typically not byte-compiled, as they are neither as large nor as computationally intensive. Notably, the "cl" package implements a fairly large subset of Common Lisp. Emacs Lisp (unlike some other Lisp implementations) does not do tail-
10320965
Sang-Min Whang


because of being a woman, when we say that what does that woman mean? Does it mean different genitals between a man and a woman or a difference in roles? Whang: It is a difference in roles, right? For example, what is one of the more representative roles? Whang; Mother. Being a mother means having given birth to children, right? In Korean society living as a woman does not mean being born with genitals different from man, but it means [a difference in] role,
18908636
Common Lisp


be executed as appropriate despite the exception. In the following example (using Symbolics Genera) the user tries to open a file in a Lisp function "test" called from the Read-Eval-Print-LOOP (REPL), when the file does not exist. The Lisp system presents four restarts. The user selects the "Retry OPEN using a different pathname" restart and enters a different pathname (lispm-init.lisp instead of lispm-int.lisp). The user code does not contain any error handling code. The whole error handling and
6293795
Common Lisp


output* can be bound to a string stream and called: Common Lisp supports lexical environments. Formally, the bindings in a lexical environment have lexical scope and may have either indefinite extent or dynamic extent, depending on the type of namespace. Lexical scope means that visibility is physically restricted to the block in which the binding is established. References which are not textually (i.e. lexically) embedded in that block simply do not see that binding. The tags in a TAGBODY have lexical scope. The expression (GO X) is
6293772
The Killing (Danish TV series)


plot structure – what does it [a murder] mean for a police investigator, what does it mean for the parents, what does it mean for the politicians. It's not just about finding the murderer. That's important, but it's not all." Over 120 countries have purchased the first two seasons of The Killing. The first series has also been shown in other countries, as follows: "The Killing" has been awarded a number of awards and recognitions from various festivals and organisations from around the
18026649
Lisp machine


, computer graphic rendering, and networking innovations such as Chaosnet. Several firms built and sold Lisp machines in the 1980s: Symbolics (3600, 3640, XL1200, MacIvory, and other models), Lisp Machines Incorporated (LMI Lambda), Texas Instruments (Explorer and MicroExplorer), and Xerox (Interlisp-D workstations). The operating systems were written in Lisp Machine Lisp, Interlisp (Xerox), and later partly in Common Lisp. Artificial intelligence (AI) computer programs of the 1960s and 1970s intrinsically required what
18304761
René Magritte


of my pictures, one asks oneself this simple question, 'What does that mean?'. It does not mean anything, because mystery means nothing either, it is unknowable." Magritte's constant play with reality and illusion has been attributed to the early death of his mother. Psychoanalysts who have examined bereaved children have hypothesized that Magritte's back and forth play with reality and illusion reflects his "constant shifting back and forth from what he wishes—'mother is alive'—to what he knows—'mother is dead'." Contemporary artists have been
6393053
Annabel Port


" was usually a short, comical song introducing the coming weekend, with varying topical verses played live by Annabel. The song was introduced as coming "From the golden throat of miss Annabel Port". "Chorus" Oh what does it mean when the pubs are all packed at five-thirty? Oh what does it mean when we're all having fish for our tea? Oh what does it mean when Top of the Pops is on the telly? Oh yes, the weekend's nearly here; So sing along
18739152
Homoiconicity


In computer programming, homoiconicity (from the Greek words "homo-" meaning "the same" and "icon" meaning "representation") is a property of some programming languages. A language is homoiconic if a program written in it can be manipulated as data using the language, and thus the program's internal representation can be inferred just by reading the program itself. For example, a Lisp program is written as a regular Lisp list, and can be manipulated by other Lisp code. In homoiconic languages, all code
13344311
Common Lisp


Common Lisp programmer must know what kind of reference is being expressed, what kind of scope it uses if it is a variable reference (dynamic versus lexical scope), and also the run-time situation: in what environment is the reference resolved, where was the binding introduced into the environment, et cetera. Some environments in Lisp are globally pervasive. For instance, if a new type is defined, it is known everywhere thereafter. References to that type look it up in this global environment. One type of environment
6293763
Emacs Lisp


call optimization. Without this, tail recursions can eventually lead to stack overflow. The apel library aids in writing portable Emacs Lisp code, with the help of the polysylabi platform bridge. Emacs Lisp is a Lisp-2 meaning that it has a function namespace which is separate from the namespace it uses for other variables. Like MacLisp, Emacs Lisp uses dynamic scope, offering static (or lexical) as an option starting from version 24. It can be activated by setting the file local variable codice_9. In dynamic scoping, if a
10320966
Cognitive semantics


developed by Talmy, take into account syntactic structures as well. As a field, semantics is interested in three big questions: what does it mean for units of language, called lexemes, to have "meaning"? What does it mean for sentences to have meaning? Finally, how is it that meaningful units fit together to compose complete sentences? These are the main points of inquiry behind studies into lexical semantics, structural semantics, and theories of compositionality (respectively). In each category, traditional theories seem to be
22765
CMU Common Lisp


CMUCL is a free Common Lisp implementation, originally developed at Carnegie Mellon University. CMUCL runs on most Unix-like platforms, including Linux and BSD; there is an experimental Windows port as well. Steel Bank Common Lisp is derived from CMUCL. The Scieneer Common Lisp is a commercial derivative from CMUCL. The earliest implementation predates Common Lisp and was part of Spice Lisp, around 1980. In 1985 Rob MacLachlan started re-writing the compiler to what would become the Python compiler and CMUCL was ported to Unix workstations such as
8705184
Common Lisp


with the function "load" into a running Common Lisp system. Depending on the implementation, the file compiler generates byte-code (for example for the Java Virtual Machine), C language code (which then is compiled with a C compiler) or, directly, native code. Common Lisp implementations can be used interactively, even though the code gets fully compiled. The idea of an Interpreted language thus does not apply for interactive Common Lisp. The language makes distinction between read-time, compile-time, load
6293803
Common Lisp Object System


numbers, strings, characters, symbols, ...), CLOS dispatch works also with these non-CLOS classes. CLOS also supports dispatch over individual objects (eql specializers). CLOS does not by default support dispatch over all Common Lisp data types (for example dispatch does not work for fully specialized array types or for types introduced by codice_6). However, most Common Lisp implementations provide a metaobject protocol which allows generic functions to provide application specific specialization and dispatch rules. Dispatch in CLOS is also different from most OO languages
17727604
Homoiconicity


to Lisp's codice_14 function. The concept of treating code as data and the manipulation and evaluation thereof can be demonstrated very neatly in Rebol. (Rebol, unlike Lisp, does not require parentheses to separate expressions). The following is an example of code in Rebol (Note that codice_15 represents the interpreter prompt; spaces between some elements have been added for readability): (codice_16 is in fact a built-in function in Rebol and is not a language construct or keyword). By enclosing the code in square brackets
13344320
Doris Salcedo


how this system, being in jail and then going out, has so many collateral effects that a fairly large portion of the population are not allowed to be alive. The idea of having a large portion of the population excluded from civil rights, from many, many possibilities, implies that you have people that can almost be considered socially dead. What does it mean to be socially dead? What does it mean to be alive and not able to participate? It’s like being dead in life. That’s what I
1173936
Null object pattern


also represents the empty list, codice_5 is a subclass of the codice_36 class, too. Methods parameters specialized to codice_41 or codice_36 will thus take a codice_1 argument. Of course, a codice_5 specialization can still be defined which is a more specific match for codice_1. Unlike Common Lisp, and many dialects of Lisp, the Scheme dialect does not have a nil value which works this way; the functions codice_27 and codice_28 may not be applied to an empty list; Scheme application code therefore has to use the codice_53 or codice_54 predicate
5209393
Two Dogmas of Empiricism


of formal sentences to explain analyticity by arguing that this method is an explication of a poorly understood notion. Paul Grice and P. F. Strawson criticized "Two Dogmas" in their (1956) article "In Defense of a Dogma". Among other things, they argue that Quine's skepticism about synonyms leads to a skepticism about meaning. If statements can have meanings, then it would make sense to ask "What does it mean?". If it makes sense to ask "What does it mean?", then
4701964
Common Lisp


in Common Lisp is the dynamic environment. Bindings established in this environment have dynamic extent, which means that a binding is established at the start of the execution of some construct, such as a codice_51 block, and disappears when that construct finishes executing: its lifetime is tied to the dynamic activation and deactivation of a block. However, a dynamic binding is not just visible within that block; it is also visible to all functions invoked from that block. This type of visibility is known as indefinite scope. Bindings which exhibit
6293764
Hygienic macro


is desired, some systems allow the programmer to explicitly violate the hygiene mechanisms of the macro system. For example, the following Scheme implementation of codice_1 will have the desired behavior: In some languages such as Common Lisp, Scheme and others of the Lisp language family, macros provide a powerful means of extending the language. Here the lack of hygiene in conventional macros is resolved by several strategies. Macro systems that automatically enforce hygiene originated with Scheme. The original algorithm (KFFD algorithm) for a hygienic macro system was presented by
8208081
EINE and ZWEI


EINE and ZWEI are two discontinued Emacs-like text editors developed by Daniel Weinreb and Mike McMahon for Lisp machines in the 1970s and 1980s. EINE was a text editor developed in the late 1970s. In terms of features, its goal was to "do what Stallman's PDP-10 (original) Emacs does". It was the first of what would become many Emacs-like text editors (each of which is also called an Emacs, so EINE can be called the second Emacs ever written). EINE's main difference
21738709
Lisp


skills (ability to formulate correct sounds in the brain: What sounds do I need to make?), motor planning (voicing and jaw and tongue movements: How do I produce the sound?), and auditory processing (receptive feedback: Was the sound produced correctly? Do I need to correct?). A student with an articulation or lisp disorder has a deficiency in one or more of these areas. To correct the deficiency, adjustments have to be made in one or more of these processes. The process
11101678
Prettyprint


. Early versions operated on the executable (list structure) form of the Lisp program and were oblivious to the special meanings of various functions. Later versions had special read conventions for incorporating non-executable comments and also for preserving read macros in unexpanded form. They also allowed special indentation conventions for special functions such as codice_1. The term "grind" was used in some Lisp circles as a synonym for pretty-printing. Many open source projects have established rules for code layout. The most typical are the GNU style and
18974362
Mixin


-about way via other language constructs. C# and Visual Basic .NET support the addition of extension methods on interfaces, meaning any class implementing an interface with extension methods defined will have the extension methods available as pseudo-members. Common Lisp provides mixins in CLOS (Common Lisp Object System) similar to Flavors. codice_12 is a generic function with one argument that uses the codice_8 method combination. This combination determines that all applicable methods for a generic function will be called and the results will be added. codice_14 is a class
483986
X3J13


was published as American National Standard X3.226, and also in hypertext form as the Common Lisp HyperSpec. The book "Common Lisp the Language", although authored mostly by Guy L. Steele Jr., was the product of an ad hoc committee that had formed around 1980 and had worked collaboratively to produce the original "de facto" standard for Common Lisp before the formation of X3J13. X3J13 began its work with "Common Lisp the Language" as a base document and proceeded from there in the design of what would become ANSI Common
2876389
Fexpr


the operands will be evaluated. In particular, the compiler cannot tell whether a subexpression can be safely optimized, since the subexpression might be treated as unevaluated data at run-time. Since the decline of MacLisp and Interlisp, the two Lisp languages that had risen to dominance by 1993 — Scheme and Common Lisp — do not support fexprs. newLISP does support fexprs, but calls them "macros". In Picolisp all built-in functions are fsubrs, while Lisp-level functions are exprs, fexprs, lexprs,
13574763
Lisp (programming language)


key issue that makes this an objective rather than subjective matter is that Scheme makes specific requirements for the handling of tail calls, and thus the reason that the use of tail recursion is generally encouraged for Scheme is that the practice is expressly supported by the language definition. By contrast, ANSI Common Lisp does not require the optimization commonly termed a tail call elimination. Thus, the fact that tail recursive style as a casual replacement for the use of more traditional iteration constructs (such as , or ) is discouraged in Common Lisp
18233795
Common Lisp


form. This new form can also use a macro. The macro expansion is repeated until the new source form does not use a macro. The final computed form is the source code executed at runtime. Typical uses of macros in Lisp: Various standard Common Lisp features also need to be implemented as macros, such as: Macros are defined by the "defmacro" macro. The special operator "macrolet" allows the definition of local (lexically scoped) macros. It is also possible to define macros for symbols using "
6293781
Adam Cost


give you the meaning of us." At that time the posters included a phone number; those who called heard a woman's recorded voice repeat their questions back to them: "My intuition tells me that you're asking yourselves who are Revs and Cost and what are they doing? What is it? What does it mean? What does it mean? What does it mean?" Cost and Revs continued to write in New York City with impunity, highly visible examples of the graffiti that Mayor Rudolph Giuliani was determined
11697545
EINE and ZWEI


was that, while Richard Stallman's original Emacs was written in TECO, EINE was the first Emacs to be written in Lisp. It used Lisp Machine Lisp. Stallman later wrote GNU Emacs, which was written in C and Emacs Lisp and extensible in Emacs Lisp. EINE also made use of the window system of the Lisp machine and was the first Emacs to have a graphical user interface. In the 1980s, EINE was developed into ZWEI. Innovations included programmability in Lisp Machine Lisp, and a new and more flexible doubly
21738710
Metaphysics


of what, exactly, it means for something to be identical to itself, or — more controversially — to something else. Issues of identity arise in the context of time: what does it mean for something to be itself across two moments in time? How do we account for this? Another question of identity arises when we ask what our criteria ought to be for determining identity? And how does the reality of identity interface with linguistic expressions? The metaphysical positions one takes on identity have far-reaching implications on issues
19256044
Scope (computer science)


implementing local variables, and the practice survives in some dialects which are still in use, such as GNU Emacs Lisp. Lexical scope was introduced into Lisp later. This is equivalent to the above shallow binding scheme, except that the central reference table is simply the global variable binding environment, in which the current meaning of the variable is its global value. Maintaining global variables isn't complex. For instance, a symbol object can have a dedicated slot for its global value. Dynamic scoping provides an excellent abstraction for thread local
15925197
Homoiconicity


, the interpreter does not evaluate it, but merely treats it as a block containing words: This block has the type block! and can furthermore be assigned as the value of a word by using what appears to be a syntax for assignment, but is actually understood by the interpreter as a special type (codice_17) and takes the form of a word followed by a colon: The block can still be interpreted by using the codice_18 function provided in Rebol (similar to codice_14 in Lisp). It is possible to interrogate
13344321
Lisp (programming language)


Lisp (historically LISP) is a family of computer programming languages with a long history and a distinctive, fully parenthesized prefix notation. Originally specified in 1958, Lisp is the second-oldest high-level programming language in widespread use today. Only Fortran is older, by one year. Lisp has changed since its early days, and many dialects have existed over its history. Today, the best-known general-purpose Lisp dialects are Clojure, Common Lisp, and Scheme. Lisp was originally created as a practical mathematical
18233733
Antonio Cañizares Llovera


What does it mean to receive communion in the mouth? What does it mean to kneel before the Most Holy Sacrament? What does it mean to kneel during the consecration at Mass? It means adoration, it means recognizing the real presence of Jesus Christ in the Eucharist; it means respect and an attitude of faith of a man who prostrates before God because he knows that everything comes from Him, and we feel speechless, dumbfounded, before the wondrousness, his goodness, and his mercy. That is why it is not
4815570
SHINE Expert System


to assist in building stand-alone knowledge-based system applications, shells and tools. SHINE comes with libraries that implement most common problem solving techniques and representations. This means that you can make use of classical AI solutions that have been extensively used and tested by other users. These libraries can also be extended by your own problem solving techniques and representations. SHINE facilities are invoked directly by a programmer in the Common Lisp language. For improved efficiency, an optimizing compiler is included that generates highly optimized Common LISP code. SHINE
20054474
Macintosh Common Lisp


Macintosh Common Lisp (MCL) is an implementation and IDE for the Common Lisp programming language. Various versions of MCL run under the classic Mac OS (m68k and PPC) and Mac OS X. Versions of MCL up to and including 5.1 are proprietary. Version 5.2 has been open sourced. In 2009 a new different version of MCL has been open sourced: RMCL. RMCL is based on MCL 5.1 and does run under Rosetta on Intel-based Macs. MCL was famous for its integration with the Macintosh toolbox (later:
18494511
Smallville (season 2)


does not always have all of the facts; just because he thinks he is doing the right thing does not necessarily mean that he is. In this case, Clark believes that he is saving Byron from his abusive parents. Gough clarifies, "[Clark]'s doing what he thinks is right, but ultimately unleashes the kid, and [Byron] causes damage. Just because you have the power and you think you're right doesn't always mean you're taking the right course of action." Another "what
4253881
Class Library for Numbers


). CLN uses class inheritance to model the natural subsets of the available number types: E.g. the integer class is a subtype of the rational class, just as the integer numbers are a subset of the rational numbers. The complex numbers and all its subtypes behave exactly like the types of numbers known to the Common Lisp language, giving CLN another meaning: it becomes an abbreviation of "Common Lisp Numbers". Due to this, CLN can be and is used for implementations of Common Lisp, other interpreted languages, or
7425575
ACT-R


EPIC), the ACT-R theory has a computational implementation as an interpreter of a special coding language. The interpreter itself is written in Common Lisp, and might be loaded into any of the Common Lisp language distributions. This means that any researcher may download the ACT-R code from the ACT-R website, load it into a Common Lisp distribution, and gain full access to the theory in the form of the ACT-R interpreter. Also, this enables researchers to specify models of human cognition in the
9220815
S-expression


were originally intended only for data to be manipulated by M-expressions, but the first implementation of Lisp was an interpreter of S-expression encodings of M-expressions, and Lisp programmers soon became accustomed to using S-expressions for both code and data. This means that Lisp is homoiconic, that is, the primary representation of programs is also a data structure in a primitive type of the language itself. Nested lists can be written as S-expressions: codice_20 is a two-element S-expression whose elements
9716186
Søren Kierkegaard


three parts. It included "Purity of Heart is to Will One Thing", "What we Learn from the Lilies in the Field and from the Birds in the Air", and "The Gospel of Sufferings". These questions are asked, What does it mean to be a single individual who wants to do the good? What does it mean to be a human being? What does it mean to follow Christ? He now moves from "upbuilding (Edifying) discourses" to "Christian discourses", however
7346038
Trademark argument


causally, dependent on God. They do not inhere in God as subject, but are effects of God as creator.” To avoid confusion, it is important to note that the degree of reality is not related to size—a bowling ball does not have more reality than a table tennis ball; a forest fire does not have more reality than a candle flame. Descartes says, ‘Formal reality’ is roughly what we mean by ‘actually existing.’ ‘Objective reality’ does not mean objective as opposed to
13445115
Common Lisp


usually referred to as the "Lisp-1 vs. Lisp-2 debate". Lisp-1 refers to Scheme's model and Lisp-2 refers to Common Lisp's model. These names were coined in a 1988 paper by Richard P. Gabriel and Kent Pitman, which extensively compares the two approaches. Common Lisp supports the concept of "multiple values", where any expression always has a single "primary value", but it might also have any number of "secondary values", which might be received and inspected by interested callers. This concept is distinct
6293760
DWIM


DWIM (do what I mean) computer systems attempt to anticipate what users intend to do, correcting trivial errors automatically rather than blindly executing users' explicit but potentially incorrect inputs. The term was coined by Warren Teitelman in his DWIM package for BBN Lisp, part of his PILOT system, some time before 1966. Teitelman's DWIM package "correct[ed] errors automatically or with minor user intervention", similarly to a spell checker for natural language. Teitelman and his Xerox PARC colleague Larry Masinter later described the philosophy of DWIM in
6335997
Rustam Singh


can be recognized and identified. It has an identity but no self. Does it have a soul? No, it does not, because to have a soul means to have compassion. Yet it is regardful of what is not itself. It needs to eat and drink and sleep. To walk or sit quietly if it has to. But it does not accumulate, it does not consume in excess. It is regardful of the earth, too. In the essay "To Be Regardful of the Earth" Singh further
20149827
Ethelbert Talbot


said, “We have just been contemplating the great Olympic Games. What does it mean? It means that young men of robust physical life have come from all parts of the world. It does mean, I think, as someone has said, that this era of internationalism as seen in the Stadium has an element of danger. Of course, it is very true, as he says, that each athlete strives not only for the sake of sport, but for the sake of his country. Thus a new rivalry
18180810
Flow-based programming


of available processors. Jackson discusses the possibility of directly executing the network model that exists prior to this step, in section 1.3 of his book (italics added): FBP was recognized by M A Jackson as an approach that follows his method of "Program decomposition into sequential processes communicating by a coroutine-like mechanism" W.B. Ackerman defines an applicative language as one which does all of its processing by means of operators applied to values. The earliest known applicative language was LISP. An FBP component can be regarded as a function
1892177
Symbol (programming)


following programming languages provide runtime support for symbols: A symbol in Lisp is unique in a namespace (or "package" in Common Lisp). Symbols can be tested for equality with the function EQ. Lisp programs can generate new symbols at runtime. When Lisp reads data that contains textual represented symbols, existing symbols are referenced. If a symbol is unknown, the Lisp reader creates a new symbol. In Common Lisp symbols have the following attributes: a name, a value, a function, a list of properties and
1476913
Butler Lampson


It is now considered to be the first actual personal computer in terms of what has become the "canonical" GUI mode of operation. All the subsequent computers built at Xerox PARC except for the "Dolphin" (used in the Xerox 1100 LISP machine) and the "Dorado" (used in the Xerox 1132 LISP machine) followed a general blueprint called "Wildflower", written by Lampson, and this included the D-Series Machines: the "Dandelion" (used in the Xerox Star and Xerox 1108 LISP machine
1026831
Lisp machine


machine (named after the list construction operator codice_1 in Lisp). Often it was affectionately referred to as the "Knight machine", perhaps since Knight wrote his master's thesis on the subject; it was extremely well received. It was subsequently improved into a version called CADR (a pun; in Lisp, the codice_2 function, which returns the second item of a list, is pronounced or , as some pronounce the word "cadre") which was based on essentially the same architecture. About 25 of what were
18304767
SHINE Expert System


intelligence software. SHINE is an optimizing compiler-based system. When an application is developed using SHINE, it is first translated into Common LISP code and then passed through an extensive optimizer. SHINE generates tailored code for each application. There are no intermediate levels of interpretation for execution unlike many commercial systems. SHINE programs are executed directly by the LISP interpreter and compiled directly by the LISP compiler. This means much greater speed and better portability to other machines. SHINE is a set of high level and low level software tools designed
20054473
List of games on I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue


I've seen prizes, what have I seen?". (On one occasion, the line became "Points mean prizes – what does moronic bellowing mean?" The audience obligingly roared, "Prizes!") In a 2007 episode, Lyttleton began the usual introduction, before interrupting with "what we used to do, in the old days, was I then said something about points being awarded, and I used to say 'What do points mean?' (Audience obligingly roars "Prizes!") But
799494
Paul Graham (programmer)


range from "Beating the Averages", which compares Lisp to other programming languages and introduced the hypothetical programming language Blub, to "Why Nerds are Unpopular", a discussion of nerd life in high school. A collection of his essays has been published as "Hackers & Painters" by O'Reilly, which includes a discussion of the growth of Viaweb and what Graham perceives to be the advantages of Lisp to program it. In 2001, Graham announced that he was working on a new dialect of Lisp named Arc. Over the
8755993
Common Lisp


Lisp standardization process. The final ANSI Common Lisp standard then was published in 1994. Since then no update to the standard has been published. Various extensions and improvements to Common Lisp (examples are Unicode, Concurrency, CLOS-based IO) have been provided by implementations and libraries (many available via Quicklisp). Common Lisp is a dialect of Lisp. It uses S-expressions to denote both code and data structure. Function calls, macro forms and special forms are written as lists, with the name of the operator
6293744
Lisp (programming language)


are more than a dozen implementations of Common Lisp. Differences between dialects may be quite visible—for instance, Common Lisp uses the keyword codice_1 to name a function, but Scheme uses codice_2. Within a dialect that is standardized, however, conforming implementations support the same core language, but with different extensions and libraries. After having declined somewhat in the 1990s, Lisp has experienced a resurgence of interest after 2000. Most new activity has been focused around implementations of Common Lisp, Scheme, Emacs Lisp, Clojure, and Racket
18233743
Lisp (programming language)


have been successfully embedded in the GIMP image processor under the generic name "Script-fu". LIBREP, a Lisp interpreter by John Harper originally based on the Emacs Lisp language, has been embedded in the Sawfish window manager. Lisp was the first language where the structure of program code is represented faithfully and directly in a standard data structure—a quality much later dubbed "homoiconicity". Thus, Lisp functions can be manipulated, altered or even created within a Lisp program without lower-level manipulations. This is generally
18233754
ML (programming language)


data types, pattern matching, and exception handling. ML uses static scoping rules. ML can be referred to as an "impure" functional language, because although it encourages functional programming, it does allow side-effects (like languages such as Lisp, but unlike a purely functional language such as Haskell). Like most programming languages, ML uses eager evaluation, meaning that all subexpressions are always evaluated, though lazy evaluation can be achieved through the use of closures. Thus one can create and use infinite streams as in
490138
Take Me to the Pilot


in the early days, there were a lot of inquiries about 'What does this song mean? What does that song mean?' and in the case of 'Take me to the pilot/Lead me through the chamber/Take me to the pilot/I am but a stranger', I have no idea! You're on your own, I tell you." American Idol season 3 winner Fantasia Barrino and Season 11 Top 3 finalist Joshua Ledet performed this song on the "American Idol" season 11 Finale
18989571
Lisp machine


space of the most common research computer, the DEC PDP-10, researchers considered a new approach: a computer designed specifically to develop and run large artificial intelligence programs, and tailored to the semantics of the Lisp language. To keep the operating system (relatively) simple, these machines would not be shared, but would be dedicated to single users. In 1973, Richard Greenblatt and Thomas Knight, programmers at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (AI Lab), began what would become the MIT Lisp Machine
18304763
Sherman Alexie


and alcoholism among the lives of Native American people, both on and off the reservation. They are lightened by wit and humor. According to Sarah A. Quirk from the "Dictionary of Library Biography," Alexie asks three questions across all of his works: "What does it mean to live as an Indian in this time? What does it mean to be an Indian man? Finally, what does it mean to live on an Indian reservation?" The protagonists in most of his literary works exhibit a constant struggle with
9442105
Philosophical Investigations


I am simply supposing that he has just the same as I have so often had." — That gets us no further. It is as if I were to say: "You surely know what 'It is 5 o'clock here' means; so you also know what 'It's 5 o'clock on the sun' means. It means simply that it is just the same there as it is here when it is 5 o'clock." — The explanation by means of "identity" does not work here. Thus
4151332
American Computer Science League


of two parts: a written section (called "shorts") and a programming section. Written topics tested include "what does this program do?", digital electronics, Boolean algebra, computer numbering systems, recursive functions, data structures (primarily dealing with heaps, binary search trees, stacks, and queues), lisp programming, regular expressions and Finite State Automata, bit string flicking, graph theory, assembly programming and prefix/postfix/infix notation. There are five divisions in ACSL: Elementary, Classroom,
16756492
John E. Sanders


what we are likely to do so God is not caught off-guard. This does not mean that Sanders believes God’s knowledge of the future is “limited” as some critics have charged. Rather, Sanders holds that what is referred to as “the” future is not an ontological reality—it does not exist. If it is does not exist then there is literally “no thing” or actuality for God to know. Open theists are not saying that there is a reality about which God is ignorant (
3435068
Kent Bach


means.” Context provides constraints on what a speaker can reasonably mean and on what a hearer can reasonably interpret a speaker to mean. “contextualist platitude” does not preclude the “older picture of language and communication” and “a fairly standard semantic-pragmatic distinction.” Pragmatic considerations and context do not contribute to the content of what is said. Bach admits that there is meaning in utterances beyond the semantic content of a sentence, but he maintains that context does not determine speaker meaning but rather constrains how a speaker
7949917
Simon Bloom


's page: ""What's it about? What does that title mean? What will the cover look like? Will Simon have new sneakers in this picture, too? "All I'll tell you is that the story continues what's been happening in books 1 & 2, involves a visit to the Order of Chemistry, and has a guy named Simon Bloom in it. "Oh, and Of Course, The Narrator is back. Duh. (I mean, seriously...who else is going to tell
1287921
Krista Kim


technological or philosophical, as a medium in and of itself. For this reason, Techism does not mean how it sounds. It does not put technology before art but rather, sees art and technology as companions meeting the next wave of human expression – digital humanism. We are the masters of technology, and creating art is the expression of digital humanism. What does it mean to be human in the digital age, and where is the beauty in it? Many traditional practices of artisanship have remained, and they will continue
18300735
Multiple dispatch


among its (user-visible) objects, spaceships and asteroids. When two objects collide, the program may need to do different things according to what has just hit what. In a language with multiple dispatch, such as Common Lisp, it might look more like this (Common Lisp example shown): and similarly for the other methods. Explicit testing and "dynamic casting" are not used. In the presence of multiple dispatch, the traditional idea of methods as being defined in classes and contained in objects becomes less
17727583
Logo (programming language)


robot termed a turtle. The language was conceived to teach concepts of programming related to Lisp and only later to enable what Papert called "body-syntonic reasoning", where students could understand, predict, and reason about the turtle's motion by imagining what they would do if they were the turtle. There are substantial differences among the many dialects of Logo, and the situation is confused by the regular appearance of turtle graphics programs that are named Logo. Logo is a multi-paradigm adaptation and dialect of Lisp, a
18666588
P.S.K. What Does It Mean?


"P.S.K. What Does It Mean?" (also written as "P.S.K. (What Does It Mean?)") is a song released in 1985 by Philadelphia rapper Schoolly D on his independent label Schoolly D Records. P.S.K. is the abbreviation for Park Side Killas, a street gang with which Schoolly D was affiliated. The highly influential song is considered the first hardcore rap song and features incidents of graphic sex, gunplay, drug references and one of the first uses of the word "nigga" in a rap song (
16554464
What Does Anything Mean? Basically


What Does Anything Mean? Basically is the second studio album by English post-punk band the Chameleons. It was recorded in January 1985 and released 1 October 1985 by record label Statik. One single was released from the album: "Singing Rule Britannia (While the Walls Close In)". "What Does Anything Mean? Basically" was recorded in January 1985 at Highland Studios in Inverness, Scotland. The album's sole single, "Singing Rule Britannia (While the Walls Close In)", was released on
19961715
Double Dee and Steinski


compilation of Stein's work entitled "What Does It All Mean? 1983-2006 Retrospective", which Spin Magazine listed as the #1 reissue of 2008. The collection also received a rating of 8.7 from Pitchfork, and 4 stars from Rolling Stone. Steinski's 2006 compilation CD "What Does it all Mean?" contained a new track - "Number 3 on Flight 11", a meditation on the 9/11 terrorist attacks - which has been widely praised. In their reviews of "What Does it all Mean"
7203339
Null object pattern


all, but since the function call to codice_36 needs to reduce its argument expression to a value, the null object is automatically substituted. In Common Lisp, the object codice_1 is the one and only instance of the special class codice_5. What this means is that a method can be specialized to the codice_5 class, thereby implementing the null design pattern. Which is to say, it is essentially built into the object system: The class codice_5 is a subclass of the codice_41 class, because codice_1 is a symbol. Since codice_1
5209392
Trade unions in the Soviet Union


does not always, or even usually, mean that union members are entirely powerless "victims" of the state. It does not mean that they never criticize anything and have no power to effect changes in working conditions; rather, what it means is that there are strong limits on criticism of senior levels of the system and, as a counterpart to that, even greater tendency to criticize the lower levels. In general, citizens in an authoritarian society are not all "victims" of the system; many are active participants
6595097
Monumental sculpture


certainly the dominant part of what he means by the word, and Schapiro's further comments suggest that a lack of "excess of virtuousity" does not form part of what he intends to convey. Nonetheless, parts of the Murray's concept ("grand, noble, elevated in idea") are included in his meaning, although "simple in conception and execution" hardly seems to apply. The term 'Monumental Sculptures' has acquired various meanings over the years, but these different meanings have not caused much difficulty in
14529430
Boolean data type


most modern dialects of Lisp predefine the atom codice_46 to have value codice_46, so that codice_46 can be used as a mnemonic notation for "true". This approach ("any value can be used as a Boolean value") was retained in most Lisp dialects (Common Lisp, Scheme, Emacs Lisp), and similar models were adopted by many scripting languages, even ones having a distinct Boolean type or Boolean values; although which values are interpreted as "false" and which are "true" vary from language to
14108152
Scheme (programming language)


objects, binding them to variables and passing them as arguments to procedures. (let* ((yin When executed this code displays a counting sequence: codice_31 In contrast to Common Lisp, all data and procedures in Scheme share a common namespace, whereas in Common Lisp functions and data have separate namespaces making it possible for a function and a variable to have the same name, and requiring special notation for referring to a function as a value. This is sometimes known as the "Lisp-1 vs. Lisp-2" distinction, referring to
8346086
Lisp (programming language)


were added during the language's evolution. (Lisp's original conditional operator, , is the precursor to later structures.) Programmers in the Scheme dialect often express loops using tail recursion. Scheme's commonality in academic computer science has led some students to believe that tail recursion is the only, or the most common, way to write iterations in Lisp, but this is incorrect. All oft-seen Lisp dialects have imperative-style iteration constructs, from Scheme's loop to Common Lisp's complex expressions. Moreover, the
18233794
What Does Anything Mean? Basically


1 August 1985. This song used uncredited Lennon-McCartney lyrics, with the final passage of the song quoting key lyrics of the Beatles song "She Said, She Said". "What Does Anything Mean? Basically" was released 1 October 1985 on record label Statik. "What Does Anything Mean? Basically" has been generally well received by critics. In his retrospective review, Ned Raggett of AllMusic called it "[a] rarity of sophomore albums, something that at once made the band all the more unique
19961716
Warren Teitelman


errors automatically or with minor user intervention"—thus making the code do what the user meant, not what they wrote. The program was developed based upon Teitelman's own writing style and idiosyncrasies in 1972, and then used by other individuals in his office, followed by users across the industry. In 1977, he and Bob Sproull implemented the first client–server window system, D-Lisp. D-Lisp used the Alto as a display device on which ran the window manager and event handler, communicating with Interlisp running on a
206315
Fexpr


or a mixture of those. Starting with Brian Smith's 3-Lisp in 1982, several experimental Lisp dialects have been devised to explore the limits of computational reflection. To support reflection, these Lisps support procedures that can reify various data structures related to the call to them — including the unevaluated operands of the call, which makes these procedures fexprs. By the late 1990s, fexprs had become associated primarily with computational reflection. Some theoretical results on fexprs have been obtained. In 1993, John C. Mitchell used Lisp with fexprs as an
13574764
Genera (operating system)


applications of Genera have then been using Dynamic Windows for their user interface. Eventually there was a move to port parts of the window system to run on other Common Lisp implementations by other vendors as the Common Lisp Interface Manager (CLIM). Versions of CLIM have been available (among others) for Allegro Common Lisp, LispWorks and Macintosh Common Lisp. An open source version is available (McCLIM). "Dynamic Windows" uses typed objects for all output to the screen. All displayed information keeps its connection to the objects
15652502