what two types of leadership behavior were identified by the program of research at michigan
Michigan Studies of Leadership


The Michigan Leadership Studies were the well-known series of leadership studies that commenced at the University of Michigan in the 1950s by Rensis Likert, with the objective of identifying the principles and types of leadership styles that led to greater productivity and enhanced job satisfaction among workers. The studies identified two broad leadership styles – an employee orientation and a production orientation. They also identified three critical characteristics of effective leaders – task-oriented behavior, relationship-oriented behavior and participative leadership. The studies concluded that an employee orientation rather than a
1062146
Consideration and Initiating Structure


Consideration and Initiating Structure are two dimensions of leader behavior identified in 1945 as a result of the Ohio State Leadership Studies. Reviews of research on these dimensions are in Ralph M. Stogdill (1974): "Handbook of leadership: A survey of theory and research". New York, NY, US: Free Press; and Littrell, R.F. (2013). According to the findings of these studies, leaders exhibit two types of behaviors to facilitate goal accomplishment: The model is similar to the Michigan Studies of Leadership. In
7941186
Contingency theory


leader behaviors in various organizational contexts. Although multiple sets of leadership behaviors were originally identified based on these questionnaires, two types of behaviors proved to be especially typical of effective leaders: (1) consideration leader behaviors that include building good rapport and interpersonal relationships and showing support and concern for subordinates and (2) initiating structure leader behaviors that provided structure (e.g., role assignment, planning, scheduling) to ensure task completion and goal attainment. About the same time, investigators from the University of Michigan's Survey Research Center conducted
4884239
Contingency theory


interviews and distributed questionnaires in organizations and collected measures of group productivity to assess effective leadership behaviors. The leadership behavior categories that emerged from the University of Chicago were similar to the consideration and initiating structure behaviors identified by the Ohio State studies. The University of Michigan investigators, however, termed these leadership behaviors "relation-oriented behavior" and "task-oriented behavior". This line of research was later extended by Robert Blake and Jane Mouton in 1964 to suggest that effective leaders score high on both these behaviors. They suggested
4884240
Zeitgeist


very similar to the trait approach. Trait researchers are interested in identifying the various personality traits that underline human behaviors such as conformity, leadership or other social behaviors. Thus, they agree that leadership is primarily a quality of an individual and that some people are pre-dispositioned to be a leader whereas others are born to follow these leaders. In contrast, situationist researchers believe that social behavior is a product of society. That is, social influence is what determines human behaviors. Therefore, situationism is of the same opinion as
21827519
Leadership


the type of group decision making, praise and criticism (feedback), and the management of the group tasks (project management) according to three styles: authoritarian, democratic, and laissez-faire. In 1945, Ohio State University conducted a study which investigated observable behaviors portrayed by effective leaders, They would then identify if these particular behaviors reflective in leadership effectiveness. They were able to narrow their findings to two identifiable distinctions The first dimension was identified as "Initiating Structure", which described how a leader clearly and accurately
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White Stag Leadership Development Program


Bánáthy formulated the White Stag program to address the needs of youth from 11 to 17 years of age. He did this when defining leadership as a learnable skill was still in its infancy. A number of researchers have identified needs of youth for specific kinds of formative experiences. In one study, Ferber, Pittman, and Marshall described five developmental priorities for youth. These were "learning" (developing positive basic and applied academic attitudes, skills, and behaviors), "thriving" (developing physically healthy attitudes, skills,
9059401
Lesbian


was a significant factor in further connotations of the term "lesbian." In the middle of the 19th century, medical writers attempted to establish ways to identify male homosexuality, which was considered a significant social problem in most Western societies. In categorizing behavior that indicated what was referred to as "inversion" by German sexologist Magnus Hirschfeld, researchers categorized what was normal sexual behavior for men and women, and therefore to what extent men and women varied from the "perfect male sexual type" and the "perfect female sexual type
18036253
Conflict Lens


(Callanan, Benzing, and Perri, 2006). The behaviors were identified through empirical research and indicate how to approach the relational aspects of conflict resolution and the actual issue itself. The instrument is based on a taxonomy of behaviors considering research by Johnson and Johnson (2000), Thomas (1975) and Deutch (1973). The Conflict Lens asks a person to identify two actual conflicts they were involved in, and then asks them to answer 53 items about what they did, felt, or thought during the conflict
7435936
Consideration and Initiating Structure


his Handbook, Stogdill expanded the model to twelve dimensions. Prior to 1945 most studies of leadership sought to identify the individual traits of effective leaders. Trait theories of leadership were the first to attempt a systematic approach of studying leadership. However, these studies yielded disappointing results when no set of traits were found that explained effective leadership. In 1945, a group of researchers at the Ohio State University sought to identify the observable behaviors of leaders instead of identifying personality traits. To accomplish this they generated a list of 1790 statements.
7941187
Perth leadership outcome model


Research in this tradition sought to identify the personal qualities that distinguished leaders from followers or effective leaders from ineffective leaders. This tradition is operationalized in the modern era by the plethora of personality tools used in leadership research and practice. Popular examples include the Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), the Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientations-Behavior(FIRO-B), and assessment tools based on the Five-Factor Model of personality like the NEO PI-R or Hogan Personality Inventory (HPI). These personality measures are based on a standard
17007687
Robert K. Greenleaf


growth of people, and building community (pp. 3–6). It is important to note that these characteristics are not simply traits or skills possessed by the leader; a century of research has rejected what Bass and Stogdill (1990) referred to as an “approach [that] tended to treat personality variables in an atomistic fashion, suggesting that each trait acts singly to determine the effects of leadership” (p. 87). Rather, servant-leadership is an ethical perspective on leadership that identifies key moral behaviors that leaders
22051462
Shashi P. Karna


Department and as a Member of the Department of Energy, Office of Energy Basic Research, Energy Frontiers Research Centers (FERC) Review Panel. He holds adjunct professor positions at the State University of New York, Buffalo, Michigan Technological University, and Morgan State University. Karna conducts basic and applied research in nanomaterials, mentors young scientists and engineers, identifies critical science and technology areas in nanoscience relevant to Army technologies and work with Army S&E and senior leadership to develop relevant program, identify and recommend to management chain R&D leveraging opportunities
4527601
White Stag Leadership Development Program


. He learned that the U.S. Army's Human Resources Research Organization (HumRRO) at the Presidio of Monterey was conducting research into the leadership characteristics of non-commissioned officers. Bánáthy contacted research psychologist Paul Hood, Task Leader of Task NCO (Non-commissioned Officer), and began a fruitful collaboration. A HumRRO publication titled, "A Guide for the Infantry Squad Leader – What the Beginning Squad Leader Should Know About Human Relations" defined a core set of leadership competencies. Bánáthy found Hood's research useful, identifying characteristics
9059383
Behavior modification facility


psychologists with behavioral training American psychological association offers a diplomat (post Ph.D. and licensed certification) in behavioral psychology. Often the practice of behavior modification in facilities comes into question (see recent interest in Judge Rotenberg Educational Center, Aspen Education Group and the World Wide Association of Specialty Programs and Schools). Often these types of restrictive issues are discussed as part of ethical and legal standards (see Professional practice of behavior analysis). Recent research has identified some best practices for use in such facilities In general policies in such facilities require
13411501
Leadership


did contribute an additional behavior identified in leaders. This was participative behavior; allowing the followers to participate in group decision making and encouraged subordinate input. Another term used to describe this is "Servant Leadership", which entails the leader to reject a more controlling type of leadership and allow more personal interaction between themselves and their subordinates. The managerial grid model is also based on a behavioral theory. The model was developed by Robert Blake and Jane Mouton in 1964 and suggests five different leadership styles, based on the leaders' concern
7562289
Shared leadership


, a sense of recognition and importance, and high levels of involvement, challenge, and cooperation. Scholars have also described the important role that external team leaders and support can have in the development of shared leadership. When framing this dynamic or antecedent, scholars have stressed the importance of external coaching behaviors. One scholar defines these coaching behaviors as: "direct interaction with a team intended to help team members make coordinated and task-appropriate use of their collective resources in accomplishing the team's task." Researchers have identified two
5843146
Authentic leadership


model within teams and organizations. This research has been used to explain what precedes the appearance of authentic leadership behaviors, what makes authentic leadership effective, and the consequences of adopting an authentic leadership style. These factors contribute to why authentic leadership works within teams and organizations. Several leader characteristics may be important to the appearance of authentic leadership behaviors by leaders. For instance, both leader self-knowledge and self-consistency have been shown to act as antecedents for authentic leadership (the former being a static process of understanding one's
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University of Michigan Institute for Social Research


. The two groups united to form the Institute for Social Research on February 1, 1949. In 1962, Warren Miller, a political scientist, created the Inter-university Consortium for Political Research (now known as ICPSR) to help fund the maintenance and dissemination of the large data sets that the election studies and others were generating. Making such data sets available to all interested researchers was considered revolutionary at a time when the norm was for researchers to closely guard their data. The SRC's Political Behavior Program, which had
12392526
Leadership


and accurately measure leadership performance. Job performance generally refers to behavior that is expected to contribute to organizational success (Campbell, 1990). Campbell identified a number of specific types of performance dimensions; leadership was one of the dimensions that he identified. There is no consistent, overall definition of leadership performance (Yukl, 2006). Many distinct conceptualizations are often lumped together under the umbrella of leadership performance, including outcomes such as leader effectiveness, leader advancement, and leader emergence (Kaiser et al., 2008). For
7562342
Mating call


with females and pass on their genes and specific mating call. As a result, this female preference may lead to divergence of two species. In Amazonian frogs, sexual selection for different calls has led to the behavioral isolation and speciation of the túngara frog ("Engystomops petersi)". From genetic and mating call analysis and, researchers were able to identify that two populations of the túngara frog were almost completely reproductively isolated. From their research, scientists believe that differences in female preferences for mating call type have led to the
7560153
White Stag Leadership Development Program


between external control of the group and personal control of their own behavior. They learn that controlling the group is something that everyone in the group contributes to. They learn about different techniques to influence group success. They gain skills in balancing the group's versus the individual's needs. "Counseling" helps individuals to define key counseling ideas, learn simple counseling methods, and identify when simple counseling is appropriate. "Setting the Example" helps participants identify what it means to set a good example, why setting an example is
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White Stag Leadership Development Program


part of his Master's thesis, Bánáthy identified eleven specific leadership competencies that he taught in the program's summer camp. The efforts of the four men, assisted by Maury Tripp, rapidly gained the attention of the National Council of the Boy Scouts of America. They conducted extensive research that validated Bánáthy's leadership model and developed its own version for nationwide use. They introduced the leadership competencies during the 1970s into both the adult Wood Badge program and youth-focused National Youth Leadership Training. These two programs had originally focused primarily
9059369
Contingency theory


A contingency theory is an organizational theory that claims that there is no best way to organize a corporation, to lead a company, or to make decisions. Instead, the optimal course of action is contingent (dependent) upon the internal and external situation. A contingent leader effectively applies their own style of leadership to the right situation. The contingency approach to leadership was influenced by two earlier research programs endeavoring to pinpoint effective leadership behavior. During the 1950s, researchers at Ohio State University administered extensive questionnaires measuring a range of possible
4884238
Yale School of Management


students were enrolled in its MBA program, 114 in the EMBA program, 63 in the MAM program, and 51 in the PhD program; 122 students were pursuing joint degrees. In the 2017–18 school year, the school launched a one-year Master of Management Studies degree in Systemic Risk. The School has 86 full-time faculty members, and the dean is Kerwin_Kofi_Charles. The School conducts education and research in leadership, behavioral economics, operations management, marketing, entrepreneurship, organizational behavior, and other areas. The EMBA
14107404
Organizational citizenship behavior


transformational leadership behavior, transactional leadership behavior, behaviors having to do with the path-goal theory of leadership, and behaviors having to do with the leader-member exchange theory. Transformational leadership behaviors, including articulating a vision, providing an appropriate model, fostering the acceptance of group goals, high performance expectations, and intellectual stimulation, have significant positive relationships with Organ's dimensions of OCB. Two types of behaviors representative of transactional leadership style, contingent reward behavior and non-contingent punishment behavior, have significant relationships with Organ's
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The Iclif Leadership and Governance Centre


of leaders, and what their current leaders are missing. The research identified 10 attributes that are important for leadership effectiveness in Asia. Leadership Energy A study on Iclif’s proprietary concept of Leadership Energy. Over 10,000 randomly selected individuals from 27 countries were asked to answer three questions on leadership and personal success. The same questions were then directed to 500 individuals with exposure to the concept of Leadership Energy. The goal of the research was to determine whether the questions would be answered differently by those with context and education on the discipline
8656410
White Stag Leadership Development Program


and behaviors), "connecting" (developing positive social attitudes, skills, and behaviors), "working" (developing positive vocational attitudes, skills, and behaviors), and "leading" (developing positive civic attitudes, skills, and behaviors). Educators report that successful programs use "positive and sustained relations with a caring adult, mentoring in life skills and opportunities to use newly learned skills." Other elements identified for training of youth are strong relationships with adults; training in mediation, conflict resolution, team
9059402
History of contingency theories of leadership


(LBDQ) developed by these studies are still in common use. Edwin A. Fleishman published one of the first taxonomies of leadership behavior in 1953 with top level categories of consideration and initiating structure. This work advanced the description of observed leadership behavior rather than a prescriptive theory to determine the best leadership style. However this taxonomy formed the basis for the later development of prescriptive theories. The Michigan Leadership studies were also conducted in the 1950s. These studies focused on how leadership behaviors affect small groups. A major result was development of
17880045
Leadership


traits, situational interaction, function, behavior, power, vision and values, charisma, and intelligence, among others. Sanskrit literature identifies ten types of leaders. Defining characteristics of the ten types of leaders are explained with examples from history and mythology. In the field of political leadership, the Chinese doctrine of the Mandate of Heaven postulated the need for rulers to govern justly and the right of subordinates to overthrow emperors who appeared to lack divine sanction. Pro-aristocracy thinkers have postulated that leadership depends on one's "blue
7562272
Global Leadership


statements (knowledge, skills, and personal characteristics) were recommended by a DoD focus group in order to foster the career development of cross-cultural competence in military and civilian personnel. Geert Hofstede has performed research for several decades that continues to impact research in global and international arenas of global leadership. Hofstede's research is primarily focused on how values in the workplace are influenced by culture. According to him, all behaviors are determined by culture. In his definition; culture is ‘the collective programming of the mind distinguishing the
20622685
Trait leadership


Integrated Model of Leader Traits, Behaviors, and Effectiveness (Derue et al., 2011). This model combines traits and behaviors in predicting leader effectiveness and tested the mediation effect of leader behaviors on the relationship between leader traits and effectiveness. The authors found that some types of leader behaviors mediated the effect between traits and leader effectiveness. The results of Derue and colleagues' (2011) study supported an integrated trait-behavioral model that can be used in future research. Although there has been an increased focus by researchers on
632115
Behavioral Science Unit


Instruction Unit compiles research programs (such as VICAP) containing evidence to help improve behavior analyses; this evidence is reviewed by an outside board of scientific and academic experts to ensure that research is valid and is scientifically and academically accepted. These structured professional judgment tools are used to identify and measure human belief states, cognitive behavior, potential threat, or deception. These research databases are used by the Behavioral Research and Instruction Unit for specialized and applied training courses and by intelligence analysts for in-field services. The Evil Minds Research
21273123
Authentic leadership


to behave genuinely regardless of formal job titles (referred to as salience of self over role), to acknowledge accountability for mistakes, and to avoid manipulation of subordinates. The LAS was developed by education researchers who identified leader authenticity as an important indicator of organizational climate in schools. Later researchers questioned the reliability and generalizability of the LAS due to the small and non-diverse sample used in its development. The Authentic Leadership Questionnaire (ALQ) is a survey completed by followers to capture the level of authentic leadership behaviors exhibited by
6545506
Attribution bias


explanations by examining the function of specific types of attribution biases and their behavioral correlates through a variety of methods (e.g., research with children or using brain imaging techniques). Recent research on attribution biases has focused on identifying specific types of these biases and their effect on people's behavior. Additionally, some psychologists have taken an applied approach and demonstrated how these biases can be understood in real-world contexts (e.g., the workplace or school). Researchers have also used the theoretical framework of attributions and attribution biases in order
21291879
Michigan School of Psychology


four-year, post-masters program, and a Certificate in Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA), a two-year certificate that can be completed concurrently with the MA program in clinical psychology. The Michigan School of Psychology is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission of the North and the American Psychological Association. The Behavior Analyst Certification Board has designated the courses in the Certificate in Applied Behavior Analysis as a Verified Course Sequence. It is approved by the State of Michigan Board of Education to grant graduate degrees in clinical psychology and
17179459
CaMLA


Michigan Language Assessment, formerly known as the English Language Institute Testing and Certification Division at the University of Michigan, has been providing English language assessments, learning resources, teacher development, consultancy and research since 1941. Their range of assessments, which include what are often referred to as the Michigan Tests, is used for university admissions, IEP programs, K-12 ELL programs, professional licensing, and employment. Michigan Language Assessment is a not-for-profit collaboration between the University of Michigan and the University of Cambridge – two institutions
14198690
Thin-slicing


One of the first series conducted by James Bugental and his colleagues showed that parents' expectancies, identified from brief clips of their tone, are related to their children's behavior process. The tone of a mother with a normal child and one whose child has behavioral problems differed significantly. A quick observation of parents of normal children and parents of children with behavioral problem can easily help the observer to distinguish the two types. The conceptions above provide an underlying basis that there actually is an ability to judge from brief observations. Research
126507
SAMHSA National Registry of Evidence-Based Programs and Practices (NREPP)


their needs. In the behavioral health field, there is an ongoing need for researchers, developers, evaluators, and practitioners to share information about what works to improve outcomes among individuals coping with, or at risk for, mental disorders and substance abuse. Discussing how this need led to the development of NREPP, Brounstein, Gardner, and Backer (2006) write: The focus of NREPP is on delivering an array of standardized, comparable information on interventions that are evidence based, as opposed to identifying programs that are “effective
8901451
Development Dimensions International


Bray, Ph.D. DDI introduced the assessment center approach for identifying leadership skills. Byham’s article, "Assessment Centers for Spotting Future Managers" ("Harvard Business Review)," led to inquiries about the process, and later, Byham approached Bray about a partnership. DDI later branched out into leadership development. It introduced a leadership development program based on behavior modeling: Interaction Management. DDI next created a stand-alone behavioral interviewing system, Targeted Selection, which ensures compliance with Equal Employment Opportunity laws. DDI’s also works
17861196
Diel vertical migration


false or second bottom. Once scientists started to do more research on what was causing the DSL, it was discovered that a large range of organisms were vertically migrating. Most types of plankton and some types of nekton have exhibited some type of vertical migration, although it is not always diel. These migrations may have substantial effects on mesopredators and apex predators by modulating the concentration and accessibility of their prey (e.g., impacts on the foraging behavior of pinnipeds). There are two different factors that are known to play a role
11796248
Servant leadership


Researcher Polleys distinguished servant leadership from three predominant leadership paradigms: The Trait, Behavioral, and Contingency approaches to leadership. Polleys's views aligned with transforming leadership but, once again, made no distinctions among Charismatic, Transformational, and Servant Leadership. Servant leadership predominately draws on two social theories to explain how it influences follower behavior: Social Learning and Social Exchange Theory. In servant leadership literature, the use of Social Learning Theory argues that servant leaders are influencing their followers, as their followers observe and emulate the leader’s positive behaviors
9932417
S. Alexandra Burt


Sybil Alexandra Burt is an American psychologist and behavior geneticist. She is professor of psychology at Michigan State University and the co-director of its Michigan State University Twin Registry. She is known for researching the role of genetic factors in parenting and popularity. She has also researched the link between antisocial behavior and marriage, finding that the relationship appears to be bidirectional: in her research, men with fewer antisocial behaviors were more likely to get married, and once they did so, their rates of antisocial behavior decreased even more.
19106933
Michael Rao


research university. CMU is the fourth largest of Michigan's 15 public universities. His work at CMU focused on interdisciplinary academic program development, economic development through commercialization of research, fundraising for the university, and outreach to the Central Michigan region. During his tenure and despite state budget cuts, CMU significantly increased faculty positions and research productivity, developed academic programs and improved performance. Under Rao's leadership, CMU gained approval to establish a medical school and M.D. degree program, partnering with large healthcare systems. When he left CMU in
15215834
Task-oriented and relationship-oriented leadership


"people-oriented" is used synonymously, whilst in a business setting, this approach may also be referred to as "employee-oriented". In the 1940s, research in leadership began straying away from identifying individual leadership traits, to analyzing the effects of certain leadership behaviors – predominantly task-oriented and relationship-oriented leadership. The table below compares task-oriented and relationship-oriented leadership styles side-by-side: Mixed conclusions have risen from studies that try to determine the effects of task-oriented and
9287056
Applied behavior analysis


, a child may scream, hit, and cry to obtain attention from their parent. What the behavior looks like often reveals little useful information about the conditions that account for it. However, identifying the conditions that account for a behavior, suggests what conditions need to be altered to change the behavior. Therefore, assessment of function of a behavior can yield useful information with respect to intervention strategies that are likely to be effective. FBA methods can be classified into three types: This method uses structured interviews, checklists, rating
20614146
Applied behavior analysis


interest in pediatric psychology, and Director, Pediatric Psychology Consultation Program, Professor of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, conducted the first experimental analysis of the maintaining variables for self-injurious behavior. In the paper, the researchers alternated between specific conditions to examine whether or not the behavior occurred under specific environmental conditions. Through direct manipulation of the environment, the researchers could accurately identify the controlling variables of the aberrant behavior, and provide interventions that targeted the functional relationship between the behavior and the environment. Since this seminal article was published,
20614136
Shared leadership


; transactional leadership; and consideration and initiating structure).· Shared leadership enables team members to express their different abilities, thus letting members of a team exhibit different leadership behaviors. Bergman et al. (2012) found that teams did, in fact, experience more types of leadership behaviors when multiple members of the team participated in the team's leadership. Additionally, they found that each leader only effectively engaged in one type of leadership, indicating that shared leadership lets more leadership behaviors be expressed than vertical leadership. The effect
5843154
Early childhood education


quality of ECE programs. Because ECE is a relatively new field, there is little research and consensus into what makes a good program. However, the National Association of the Education of Young Children (NAEYC) is a national organization that has identified evidence-based ECE standards and accredits quality programs. Continuing the leadership role it established with the Common Core, the federal government could play a key role in establishing ECE standards for states. The American legal system has also played a hand in public ECE. State adequacy cases can
2448899
Innovation leadership


vs. exploratory). Frequently associated leadership styles include transformational leadership, transactional leadership, and Ambidextrous leadership. The type of leadership most strongly associated with innovation is transformational leadership. As mentioned above, different leadership styles and behaviors may be more appropriate at different stages of the innovation process. Current research supports the notion that in the idea generation process, innovation leadership requires a leader to use a more transformational style of leadership. During this stage, a leader needs to promote a safe environment for employees/team members to voice novel ideas
5843101
Music and emotion


, there have been very few controlled studies observing this behavior. Within the comparison between elicited and conveyed emotions, researchers have examined the relationship between these two types of responses to music. In general, research agrees that feeling and perception ratings are highly correlated, but not identical. More specifically, studies are inconclusive as to whether one response has a stronger effect than the other, and in what ways these two responses relate. In one study, participants heard a random selection of 24 excerpts, displaying six types of emotions,
14203496
Termination analysis


on smaller arguments. Sized types are implemented in Agda as a syntactic extension. There are several research teams that work on new methods that can show (non)termination. Many researchers include these methods into programs that try to analyze the termination behavior automatically (so without human interaction). An ongoing aspect of research is to allow the existing methods to be used to analyze termination behavior of programs written in "real world" programming languages. For declarative languages like Haskell, Mercury and Prolog, many results exist (mainly because of the
1023647
Communibiology


Eysenck found that the two main aspects of personality are temperament and intelligence. He identified three personality types: Eysenck argues that these three personalities are inherited lending it useful to the communibiological paradigm. Other research has also found that the genetic component of these three personalities is between 50% and 80%. J.A. Gray proposed a behavioral inhibition system (BIS) and a behavioral activation system (BAS). The threshold for activation of the BIS or BAS is inherited. Horvath compared identical and fraternal twins in order to determine if communicator
20506135
Master of Marketing Research


(JPSM) is the nation's oldest and largest program offering graduate training in the principles and practices of survey research. Founded in 1993, it is sponsored by the Federal Interagency Consortium on Statistical Policy and is housed in The College of Behavioral and Social Sciences at the University of Maryland. Founded in 2011, the MSMR program at Michigan State University is the only program in big four which has dual format. The full-time program is a 12-month program with required internship, while the online program is a 19-month program.
5982522
Human Research Program


identifying gaps and tasks in the research plan. Risks include physiological effects of radiation, low gravity, terrestrial environments as well as unique challenges in medical support, human factors and behavioral health support. Risks are identified in the Program Requirements Document (PRD) and assigned to an Element within HRP to quantify, mitigate or monitor. A current list of risks being evaluated can be found at the Human Health and Performance in Space portal as well as at the HRR website. For each risk, the HRP Element identifies gaps in knowledge
13644117
Thin-slicing


ratings of those teachers afterwards. Impressions formed after viewing thin slices of behavior are considered accurate if they match impressions formed after a more detailed observation of the subject and if they match the impressions formed by other raters. While people are often not able to report the factors that influence their judgments, researchers identify types of information in brief slices of behavior that are responsible for accurate judgments. Types of information include visual and verbal information. More specifically, researchers look at how people make judgments based on their observations of others' minor
126492
Leadership


communicates with their followers, defines goals, and determine how tasks are performed. These are considered "task oriented" behaviors The second dimension is "Consideration", which indicates the leader's ability to build an interpersonal relationship with their followers, to establish a form of mutual trust. These are considered "social oriented" behaviors. The Michigan State Studies, which were conducted in the 1950s, made further investigations and findings that positively correlated behaviors and leadership effectiveness. Although they had similar findings as the Ohio State studies, they
7562288
Eye tracking


, or as a method of input in gaze-contingent displays, also known as gaze-based interfaces. Interpretation of the data that is recorded by the various types of eye-trackers employs a variety of software that animates or visually represents it, so that the visual behavior of one or more users can be graphically resumed. The video is generally manually coded to identify the AOIs(Area Of Interests) or recently using artificial intelligence. Graphical presentation is rarely the basis of research results, since they are limited in terms of what
14191081
Van Andel Institute


as well as other state benchmarks, and provides teachers with the tools they need to incorporate inquiry-based learning in their classrooms. Van Andel Institute Graduate School (VAIGS) offers an accredited Ph.D. program in cell and molecular genetics that is designed to foster problem-based thinking and research leadership. VAIGS also offers an M.D./Ph.D. program in partnership with Michigan State University College of Human Medicine and Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. Medical School. VAIGS was founded in 2005 under the leadership of then-VAEI director Gordon Van Harn
2803162
Frank W. Notestein


twentieth century. Frank W. Notestein in 1945 provided labels for the types of growth patterns of the demographic transition that was found by Warren Thompson sixteen years earlier. With his modern thinking about population, Notestein introduced a program of research and graduate training at American University, as well as creating leadership in scholarship, the formation of policy, and technical assistance in matters relating to populations. Frank W. Notestein was born in Alma, Michigan in August 16, 1902. In high school. Notestein played football and served as the captain of
15044349
Voting behavior


to which voting decision is affected by internal processes and external influences alters the quality of making truly democratic decisions. The existing literature does not provide an explicit classification of voting behavior types. However, research following the Cypriot referendum of 2004, identified four distinct voting behaviors depending on the election type. Citizens use different decision criteria if they are called to exercise their right to vote in presidential, legislative, local elections or in a referendum. In national elections it is usually the norm that people vote based on their political beliefs.
6983709
Pariah state


postures, leadership or general behavior, "suffer from diplomatic isolation and widespread global moral opprobrium"." This definition, as the previous one, does not indicate what kind of political system, ideological posture, leadership or general behavior, is ascribed to the pariah state by the other nations. The second type of definitions is most simply exemplified by Weiss's definition, according to which pariah states are "states that "violate international norms."" Similarly, Harkavy offers, "A Pariah State is one whose "conduct
11732264
Homotopy type theory


of mathematical propositions into programming languages more difficult. As of 2015, intense research work was underway to model and formally analyse the computational behavior of the univalence axiom in homotopy type theory. "Cubical type theory" is one attempt to give computational content to homotopy type theory. However, it is believed that certain objects, such as semi-simplicial types, cannot be constructed without reference to some notion of exact equality. Therefore, various "two-level type theories" have been developed which partition their types into fibrant
10595263
Bernard Weiner


studying achievement motivation. He used TAT to identify differences in people’s achievement needs and then turned to the study of individual issues people face when they think of their own successes and failures. He further conducted research into the cognitive processes that have motivational influence. Attribution theory seeks to explain the causes of an event or behavior. A three stages process, they are observations, determination of behavior, and attributing to causes. There are two types of attributions, namely external and internal. External attribution relates causality to outside agents,
444923
Predictive analytics


reasonably complex model was used to identify fraudulent monthly reports submitted by divisional controllers. The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) of the United States also uses predictive analytics to mine tax returns and identify tax fraud. Recent advancements in technology have also introduced predictive behavior analysis for web fraud detection. This type of solution utilizes heuristics in order to study normal web user behavior and detect anomalies indicating fraud attempts. The predicting of the outcome of juridical decisions can be done by AI programs. These programs can be used as assistive tools for professions
16417590
Leadership development


's leadership effectiveness and require formalized programs for developing leadership competencies. Classroom-style training and associated reading for leadership development may ail from the possible divergence between knowing what to do and doing what one knows; management expert Henry Mintzberg is one person to highlight this dilemma. It is estimated that as little as 15% of learning from traditional classroom-style training results in sustained behavioral change within workplaces. The success of leadership development efforts has been linked to three variables: Military officer-training academies, such as the Royal Military
6491552
Valentin Fuster


Under Fuster's leadership, these last five years have been crucial in two aspects: 1)For the development of an outstanding center of research, earning the prestigious award "Severo Ochoa Center of Excellence", as determined by three international committees. 2) The creation of an ambitious and comprehensive training program, the "CNIC-JOVEN," composed of 15 different programs aimed to identify and train the best and brightest talents for cardiovascular research, starting from levels of secondary education forward. With Fuster as a principal investigator, is aimed
5040735
Leadership


Hackman & Wageman (2005), Morgeson (2005)), Klein, Zeigert, Knight, and Xiao (2006) observed five broad functions a leader performs when promoting organization's effectiveness. These functions include environmental monitoring, organizing subordinate activities, teaching and coaching subordinates, motivating others, and intervening actively in the group's work. A variety of leadership behaviors are expected to facilitate these functions. In initial work identifying leader behavior, Fleishman (1953) observed that subordinates perceived their supervisors' behavior in terms of two broad
7562303
Conservation psychology


identify the most promising strategies for shifting the societal discourse about human–nature relationships, and 4) measure the success of these applications with respect to the conservation psychology mission. The ultimate success of conservation psychology will be based on whether its research resulted in programs and applications that made a difference with respect to environmental sustainability. We need to be able to measure the effectiveness of the programs in terms of their impact on behavior formation or behavior change, using tools developed by conservation psychologists. Conservation psychology research has broken down the four
20848292
Bugchasing


through their qualitative research that some barebackers were in search of HIV. Dr. Richard Tewksbury was one of the first researchers to acknowledge bug chasing online and that bug chasers were using the Internet to assist their seroconversive efforts. In his more recent research, he gave a strong analysis of what bug chasers and gift givers resemble in their behaviors, attitudes, and demographics. Drs. Christian Grov and Jeffrey T. Parsons' (2006) research using the internet profiles of 1,228 bug chasers and gift givers identified six subsets of bug chasers and
13543535
White Stag Leadership Development Program


knowledge. The participant then gets a chance to apply what he has learned, and lastly, evaluates his performance improvement. The program believes that learning never stops and embraces this as the "infinity principle". According to Bánáthy, leadership behavior cannot be developed "during a few weeks, not even during several months," but must be ongoing. It takes months for individuals to gain proficiency in leadership skills. "The White Stag continues to leap on—upward and forward—in a never-ending journey that
9059422
Innovation leadership


certain characteristics. These include expertise in the domain, creativity, ability to carry out transformational leadership behaviors, planning and sense-making, and social skills. Innovative leaders can be recruited and hired through professional networks and referrals or alternatively found through succession planning, which involves identifying innovative leaders who are already working within the organization. In addition to these foundations, various styles play an important role in innovation leadership, each of which are used at different stages of the innovation process or for different types of innovation (value-added
5843100
Shared leadership


skills and traits to effectively perform the necessary leadership functions. Thus, shared leadership is becoming increasingly popular in teams, as multiple team members emerge as leaders, especially when they have the skills/knowledge/expertise that the team needs. There are two main ways that most researchers measure the existence and extent of shared leadership in a team: Ratings of the team's collective leadership behavior and Social Network Analysis. A less common technique of measuring shared leadership is with the use of behaviorally anchored rating scales. Many studies measure shared
5843135
DuPont Central Research


a specialized topic and most chemists are unfamiliar, or at least uncomfortable, with the synthesis and behavior of organofluorine compounds,” remain true today. CRD undertook a program on alternatives for chlorofluorocarbons in refrigerants in the late 1970s after the first warnings of damage to stratospheric ozone were published. The Catalysis Center of CRD, under the leadership of Leo Manzer, was quick to respond with new technology to produce alternative hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) that were commercialized as DuPont's Suva refrigerants. During the 1960s and 1970s, CRD developed a program
15188122
School of Medicine, University of Split


(BN), Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM) and Translational Research in Biomedicine (TRIBE). In 2009/2010 academic year the School has offered specialized one-year postgraduate program in Clinical Epidemiology. Majority of the research activities in the School are focused on clinical and life sciences. There is also some research in the field of social and behavioral sciences. In the Strategy of development of School of Medicine in Split 2009-2014, core research activities were identified, based on the ongoing research activities: cardiovascular science, oncology
437672
Declaration (computer programming)


In computer programming, a declaration is a language construct that specifies properties of an identifier: it declares what a word (identifier) "means". Declarations are most commonly used for functions, variables, constants, and classes, but can also be used for other entities such as enumerations and type definitions. Beyond the name (the identifier itself) and the kind of entity (function, variable, etc.), declarations typically specify the data type (for variables and constants), or the type signature (for
5617552
Abnormal psychology


identifies multiple causes for different conditions, employing diverse theories from the general field of psychology and elsewhere, and much still hinges on what exactly is meant by "abnormal". There has traditionally been a divide between psychological and biological explanations, reflecting a philosophical dualism in regard to the mind-body problem. There have also been different approaches in trying to classify mental disorders. Abnormal includes three different categories; they are subnormal, supernormal and paranormal. The science of abnormal psychology studies two types of behaviors: adaptive and maladaptive behaviors
9557662
Three levels of leadership model


addresses the leader's technical, psychological and moral development and its impact on his or her leadership presence, skill and behavior. It is, essentially, the key to making the theory of the two outer behavioral levels practical. Scouller went further in suggesting (in the preface of his book, "The Three Levels of Leadership"), that personal leadership is the answer to what Jim Collins called "the inner development of a person to level 5 leadership" in the book "Good to Great" – something that Collins
14996272
Meg Wheatley


consultant and researcher began in 1973. She has worked on every inhabited continent in "virtually every type of organization" and considers herself a global citizen. Since then she has been Associate Professor of Management at the Marriott School of Management, Brigham Young University, and Cambridge College, Massachusetts, and served as a professor of management in two graduate programs. She has served in a formal advisory capacity for leadership programs in England, Croatia, Denmark, Australia and the United States, and through her work in Berkana, with leadership
7395311
Facial Action Coding System


have not distinguished specific behaviors as precisely as they have for the AUs. For example, FACS can be used to distinguish two types of smiles as follows: Although the labeling of expressions currently requires trained experts, researchers have had some success in using computers to automatically identify FACS codes, and thus quickly identify emotions. Computer graphical face models, such as CANDIDE or Artnatomy, allow expressions to be artificially posed by setting the desired action units. The use of FACS has been proposed for use in the analysis of depression, and
3733574
Knowledge broker


that committed knowledge leadership is key to mobilizing research across organisational boundaries and embedding it in practice. In the longitudinal research funded by the National Institute of Health Research, the study found three variations of knowledge leadership, of "transposing", "appropriating" and "contending" academic research. A successful knowledge broker will possess: Every individual or organization, which has access to knowledge from several, unconnected entities, can theoretically act as a knowledge broker. Certain types of organizations have been identified to be acting primarily as knowledge brokers
10251580
Norbert Schwarz


1993 to 2013, he worked at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, where he held appointments as the Charles Horton Cooley Collegiate Professor of Psychology in the Social Psychology program, Professor of Marketing at the Ross School of Business, Research Professor in the Program in Survey Methodology, and Research Professor at the Institute for Social Research. He was a Fellow at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences (2000/01; 2009/10) and held visiting positions at universities in Europe (e.g., University of Würzburg, Germany) and
13389186
Functionalism (philosophy of mind)


not so much concerned with "what there is" than with what it is that characterizes a certain type of mental state, e.g. pain, as the type of state that it is. Previous attempts to answer the mind-body problem have all tried to resolve it by answering "both" questions: dualism says there are two substances and that mental states are characterized by their immateriality; behaviorism claimed that there was one substance and that mental states were behavioral disposition; physicalism asserted the existence of just one substance and characterized the
18009360
Association for Behavior Analysis International


Western Michigan University (WMU) in Kalamazoo, Michigan. The association changed its name to the Association for Behavior Analysis in 1979. In 2002, the headquarters were moved off WMU's campus. In 2008, the association relocated to nearby Portage, Michigan (where it is today), and added "International" to its name. Today ABAI has more than 7,000 active members worldwide. One can obtain an ABAI membership if they want to further education, practice, and research goals in behavior analysis. ABAI offers different membership
4603845
J. P. Guilford


II, Guilford's use of these factors in the development of the two-day Classification Test Battery was significant in increasing graduation rates for aircrew trainees. Discharged as a full colonel after the war, Guilford joined the Education faculty at the University of Southern California and continued to research the factors of intelligence. He published widely on what he ultimately named the Structure of Intellect theory, and his post-War research identified a total of 90 discrete intellectual abilities and 30 behavioral abilities. Guilford's 20 years of research at Southern California
7383115
Larry Brendtro


who operate in leadership and service roles, creating the relationships and environments where children can flourish. Drawing on emerging research on neuroscience, trauma, and positive psychology, this model identifies two additional needs or drives that motivate behavior, namely safety and adventure. Safety is the foundation for healing trauma; adventure is the elixir that transforms surviving into thriving. A new training curriculum, "The Drive to Thrive", presents this six-factor model of positive development portrayed as a resilience compass. Brendtro and colleagues have authored numerous books
1640178
Herd behavior


copying, or the byproduct of communication by social animals or runaway positive feedback. Characteristics of escape panic include: The philosophers Søren Kierkegaard and Friedrich Nietzsche were among the first to criticize what they referred to as "the crowd" (Kierkegaard) and "herd morality" and the "herd instinct" (Nietzsche) in human society. Modern psychological and economic research has identified herd behavior in humans to explain the phenomenon of large numbers of people acting in the same way at the same time. The British surgeon Wilfred Trotter popularized
17639238
Cognitive science


mind having the ability to experience or to feel a sense of self. Many different methodologies are used to study cognitive science. As the field is highly interdisciplinary, research often cuts across multiple areas of study, drawing on research methods from psychology, neuroscience, computer science and systems theory. In order to have a description of what constitutes intelligent behavior, one must study behavior itself. This type of research is closely tied to that in cognitive psychology and psychophysics. By measuring behavioral responses to different stimuli, one can understand something
5602851
Center for Organizational Performance


structure consisting of: (1) Excellent Leadership; (2) Managerial Behaviors; (3) Environmental Influences; (4) Personal Qualities; and (5) Organizational Demands. The results of the research have significant practical implications in that organizations can use the profile to tailor their management development programs, evaluation and coaching programs, and recruiting processes. The above research showed that the framework for HPM is valid for both the Dutch and British context. The research results indicate that the five-factor structure is a sound representation
14463595
Low back pain


has been found to reduce pain and increase function. Behavioral therapy may be useful for chronic pain. There are several types available, including operant conditioning, which uses reinforcement to reduce undesirable behaviors and increase desirable behaviors; cognitive behavioral therapy, which helps people identify and correct negative thinking and behavior; and respondent conditioning, which can modify an individual's physiological response to pain. The benefit however is small. Medical providers may develop an integrated program of behavioral therapies. The evidence is inconclusive as to whether mindfulness-based stress reduction
22008952
Leadership


behaviors from subordinates. Organizations such as Frito-Lay, 3M, Goodrich, Michigan Bell, and Emery Air Freight have all used reinforcement to increase productivity. Empirical research covering the last 20 years suggests that reinforcement theory has a 17 percent increase in performance. Additionally, many reinforcement techniques such as the use of praise are inexpensive, providing higher performance for lower costs. Situational theory also appeared as a reaction to the trait theory of leadership. Social scientists argued that history was more than the result of intervention of great men
7562292
Brand Keys


Brand Keys is a brand research consultancy specializing in predictive consumer behavioral brand equity, loyalty, and engagement metrics. Brand Keys is headquartered in New York, NY and has offices in Dublin, Dubai, London, Madrid, Sydney, and Tokyo. Robert Passikoff founded Brand Keys in 1984 and developed the consumer listening system to show measures of brand equity. The approach identifies what motivates, maintains, reinforces, and drives consideration, engagement, purchase behavior, and consumer loyalty. Research conducted by the Advertising Research Foundation indicated that the
16805773
Alexander Wagenaar


Alexander C. Wagenaar is professor of health outcomes and policy at the University of Florida College of Medicine, where he also serves on the graduate faculty. Wagenaar received his B.A. in sociology from Calvin College and his M.S.W. (in Program Evaluation and Research) and Ph.D. (in Health Behavior) from the University of Michigan. Wagenaar worked at the University of Michigan as a research scientist from 1980 to 1989. From 1989 to 1990, he worked as a visiting scholar at the Marin Institute for the Prevention of Alcohol and Other Drug Problems
22190486
Behavior analysis of child development


support for the notion that the development of autistic behaviors are due to escape and avoidance of certain types of sensory stimuli. However, most behavioral models of autism remain largely speculative due to limited research efforts. One of the largest impacts of behavior analysis of child development is its role in the field of education. In 1968, Siegfried Englemann used operant conditioning techniques in a combination with rule learning to produce the direct instruction curriculum. In addition, Fred S. Keller used similar techniques to develop programmed instruction. B.F. Skinner developed a programmed
8758404
Elaboration principle


Agnew's "Strain Theory" identifies five types of strain on youth that seem to detect and predict criminal behavior, two of which can be traced back to the elaboration principle. Research has suggested that a youth's interaction with delinquent peers as well as the mere existence of gangs in the individuals neighborhood are strong indicators of gang joining activity. In many cases, young adults are searching for companionship and excitement, two items that gangs readily provide to at-risk-children. These gangs represent a family, people to look
15368539
Noreen M. Clark


Noreen M. Clark was the Myron E. Wegman Distinguished University Professor, Director of the Center for Managing Chronic Disease, Professor of Health Behavior & Health Education, and Professor of Pediatrics at the University of Michigan. From 1995-2005 she served as Dean of Public Health and Marshall H. Becker Professor of Public Health at the University of Michigan. She was interested in systems, policies and programs that promote health, prevent illness, and enable individuals to manage disease. Among the numerous leadership positions held by Dr. Clark, she served as
10358489
Innovation leadership


and original thinking as well as provide workers with the resources to do so effectively. Research has also found that leaders who engage in unconventional behaviors, associated with transformational leadership, were seen as stronger role models and, as a result, increase creative performance in their subordinates. For example, the founders of Google have been known to wear capes and jump-shoes around the office, thus inspiring more outside-the-box thinking in their employees. These open leadership behaviors convey that unorthodox and unconventional ideas and behaviors are not
5843102
Ambidextrous organization


range of organizational solutions to engender the existence of ambidexterity. One recent hot research topic in this area focused on the leadership characteristics that enable organizations to manage the contradictions that they face and achieve ambidexterity, which is the origin of the concept ‘ambidextrous leadership’. Several antecedents, outcomes of organizational ambidexterity as well as related moderators have also been identified in the studies on structural and behavioral mechanisms. The studies on "ambidextrous organizations" take the organization as the unit of analysis and ambidextrous organizing is conceptualized as the simultaneous pursuit and
11762884
History of contingency theories of leadership


situational leadership theory. This theory was unique in bringing these concepts together: Situational leadership is a prescriptive theory offering the manager guidance about what style to use in a given situation. After the development of situational leadership, a third taxonomic category was recognized independently by Goran Ekvall and Jouko Arvonen in 1991 and Gary Yukl in 1997. Yukl describes the resulting taxonomy as a three-dimensional model of leadership behavior. They were influenced by the theories of charismatic leadership and transformational leadership to add change-oriented behavior to the existing categories of
17880049
Homelessness in the United States


20 percent and 40 percent identify as LGBT. Research shows that a disproportionate number of homeless youth in the United States identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender, or LGBT. In addition, LGBT youth are at greater risk for risky sexual behavior, substance abuse, and mental health issues. The topic of homeless families first emerged in the United States during the 1980s when social welfare programs were being cut and high rates of income equality, child poverty, and the lack of affordable housing were becoming an issue. The
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