what are the dots above german letters called
Dot (diacritic)


When used as a diacritic mark, the term dot is usually reserved for the "Interpunct" ( · ), or to the glyphs 'combining dot above' ( ◌̇ ) and 'combining dot below' ( ◌̣ ) which may be combined with some letters of the extended Latin alphabets in use in Central European languages and Vietnamese. Language scripts or transcription schemes that use the dot above a letter as a diacritical mark: The overdot is also used in the Devanagari script, where it is called anusvara. In
2229296
Pigpen cipher


shown in the above image: grid, grid, X, X. Another commonly used system orders the symbols as grid, X, grid, X. Another is grid, grid, grid, with each cell having a letter of the alphabet, and the last one having an "&" character. Letters from the first grid have no dot, letters from the second each have one dot, and letters from the third each have two dots. Another variation of this last one is called the Newark Cipher, which instead of
12979193
Arabic alphabet


, since they distinguish between letters that represent different sounds. For example, the Arabic letters ب (b), ت (t), and ث (th) have the same basic shape, but have one dot below, two dots above, and three dots above; the letter ن (n) also has the same form in initial and medial forms, with one dot above, though it is somewhat different in isolated and final form. Both printed and written Arabic are cursive, with most of the letters within
1913718
Waw (letter)


which in pointed text is marked as vav with a dot above it. It is pronounced (phonemically transcribed more simply as ). The distinction is normally ignored, and the HEBREW POINT HOLAM (U+05B9) is used in all cases. The vowel can be denoted without the vav, as just the dot placed above and to the left of the letter it points, and it is then called "". Some inadequate typefaces do not support the distinction between the ' ⟨⟩ , the consonantal vav pointed with a ' ⟨⟩ (
11115232
Hebrew alphabet


), but in modern Israeli Hebrew, it is simply pronounced /t/. "Shin" and "sin" are represented by the same letter, , but are two separate phonemes. When vowel diacritics are used, the two phonemes are differentiated with a "shin"-dot or "sin"-dot; the "shin"-dot is above the upper-right side of the letter, and the "sin"-dot is above the upper-left side of the letter. Historically, "left-dot-sin" corresponds to Proto-Semitic *, which in
13115585
Ö


Uralic phonetic alphabet uses as in Finnish to denote the front vowel . Historically "O"-diaeresis was written as an "o" with two dots above the letter. O-umlaut was written as an "o" with a small "e" written above in cursive old German (Gothic) script: this minute "e" is represented by two vertical bars connected by a slanted line, which then degenerated to two vertical bars in early modern handwritings. In most later handwritings these bars in turn nearly became dots. The origin
18809184
Slovak orthography


("prehláska", "dve bodky" = two dots) is only used above the letter "a". It indicates a raised vowel, almost an "e", similar to German "ä". The caron (in Slovak "mäkčeň", "palatalization mark" or "softener") indicates a change of alveolar fricatives into either post-alveolar or palatal consonants, in informal Slovak linguistics often called just "palatalization". Eight consonants can bear a caron. Not all "normal" consonants have
3296404
Near letter-quality printing


marketing of printers with the terms ""near letter-quality", or N.L.Q." as "just a neat little bit of hype", but acknowledged that they "really show their stuff in the area of fonts, print enhancements and graphics". "Near letter-quality" is a form of impact dot matrix printing. What The New York Times calls "dot-matrix impact printing", was deemed almost good enough to be used in a business letter Reviews in the later 1980s ranged from "good but
14713562
Holam


it is used with a mater lectionis, the " Cholam" is called "Cholam malei" ( , , "full "), and without it the "Cholam" is called "Cholam chaser" ( , ). Cholam without "mater lectionis" after it or with the letter He, as in (, "here"), is written as a dot above the upper left corner of the letter after which it is pronounced. Letter-spacing is not supposed to be affected by it, although some buggy computer
14014608
Pashto alphabet


ټ, and ڼ, respectively. The letters ښ and ږ ("x̌īn/ṣ̌īn" and "ǵe/ẓ̌e") look like sīn () and re () respectively with a dot above and beneath. The letters representing and look like a ح with three dots above and an hamza (ء) above; څ and ځ. Pashto has ی, ې, ۀ, and ۍ for additional vowels and diphthongs as well. Pashto uses all 28 letters of the Arabic alphabet, and shares 3 letters (چ
656936
Abu al-Aswad al-Du'ali


of placing large colored dots above certain letters to differentiate consonants (because several groups share the same shape), and indicate short vowels (because the sounds are not otherwise indicated). Consonant differentiation is called "I'jam" (or "naqt"). Vowel indication is called "tashkil". Al-Du'ali's large-dot system addressed both of these, resolving readers' confusion and making clear how to read and write Arabic words. Although effective, the large dots were difficult to use on small-size fonts
16748405
Diaeresis (diacritic)


A number of languages in Vanuatu use double dots on consonants, to represent linguolabial (or "apicolabial") phonemes in their orthography. Thus Araki contrasts bilabial "p" with linguolabial "p̈" ; bilabial "m" with linguolabial "m̈" ; and bilabial "v" with linguolabial "v̈" . Seneca uses for . The letter ẗ is used in the ISO 233 transliteration of Arabic for tāʾ marbūṭah ة. Syriac uses a two dots above a letter, called Siyame, to indicate that the word should be
697931
Islam in the Maldives


script the words al-Barbari and al-Tabrizi are very much alike, owing to the fact that at the time, Arabic had several consonants that looked identical and could only be differentiated by overall context (this has since changed by addition of dots above or below letters to clarify pronunciation – For example, the letter "B" in modern Arabic has a dot below, whereas the letter "T" looks identical except there are two dots above it). The first reference to an Iranian origin dates to an 18th
17455342
Syriac alphabet


the letter's position within a word or syllable, location relative to other consonants and vowels, gemination, etymology, and other factors. Foreign words do not always follow the rules for spirantization. Syriac uses two (usually) horizontal dots above a letter within a word, similar in appearance to diaeresis, called (, literally 'placings', also known in some grammars by the Hebrew name [], 'plural'), to indicate that the word is plural. These dots, having no sound value in themselves
4478047
Vayishlach


was not slaughtered according to the procedure prescribed by the Torah. A Midrash noted that dots appear above the word "and kissed him" (, "vayishakeihu") in Rabbi Simeon ben Eleazar taught that wherever one finds the plain writing exceeding the dotted letters, one must interpret the plain writing. But if the dotted letters exceed the plain writing, one must interpret the dotted letters. In the plain writing equals in number the dotted letters, so Rabbi Simeon ben Eleazar taught that conveys that Esau kissed Jacob with all his
8895684
Dotted I (Cyrillic)


и does. In Kazakh and Khakas, і represents , as in "bit". In Kazakh, the letter occurs on most native Turkic words. Most of the loanwords use и. Just like the Latin letters I/i (and J/j), the dot above the letter appears only in its lowercase form and then only if that letter is not combined with a diacritic above it (notably the diaeresis, used in Ukrainian to note the letter "yi" of its alphabet, and the macron).
16780687
Polish alphabet


"Z with a dot") to distinguish it from RZ "(er zet)". The letter U may be called "u otwarte" ("open U", a reference to its graphical form), to distinguish it from Ó, which is sometimes called "u zamknięte" ("closed U") or "o kreskowane" / "o z kreską" ("dashed O"). Polish alphabetical ordering uses the order of letters as in the table under Letters above. Q, V
9861818
Arabic diacritics


dots predates the ", dots used to distinguish between different consonants. Abu al-Aswad's system of Harakat was different from the system we know today. The system used red dots with each arrangement or position indicating a different short vowel. A dot above a letter indicated the vowel ', a dot below indicated the vowel ', a dot on the side of a letter stood for the vowel ", and two dots stood for the "[[tanwin|]]". However, the early manuscripts of the Qur'an
2256559
Ü


words, like "aigüe" (formerly "aiguë), "ambigüe" (formerly "ambiguë) and "argüer" (formerly without the diaeresis). In the Rheinische Dokumenta, a phonetic alphabet for many West Central German, the Low Rhenish, and few related vernacular languages, "ü" represents a range from to . Historically the unique letter "Ü" and U-diaeresis were written as a "U" with two dots above the letter. U-umlaut was written as a "U" with
1273332
Shin (letter)


a sibilant , like English sour, and a , like English shoe. The two are distinguished by a dot above the left-hand side of the letter for and above the right-hand side for . In the biblical name Issachar () only, the second sin/shin letter is always written without any dot, even in fully vocalized texts. This is because the second sin/shin is always silent. In gematria, Shin represents the number 300. Shin, as a prefix, bears the same meaning as
19692941
Syriac alphabet


letters) from (, 'soft' letters). The letters "Bēṯ", "Gāmal", "Dālaṯ", "Kāp̄", "Pē", and "Taw", all stop consonants ('hard') are able to be 'spirantized' (lenited) into fricative consonants ('soft'). The system involves placing a single dot underneath the letter to give its 'soft' variant and a dot above the letter to give its 'hard' variant (though, in modern
4478045
Braille


again, except that for this series position 6 (purple dot in the table above) is used without a dot at position 3. In French braille these are the letters "â ê î ô û ë ï ü ö w" (). "W" had been tacked onto the end of 39 letters of the French alphabet to accommodate English. The "a–j" series shifted down by one dot space () is used for punctuation. Letters "a" and "c" , which only use
3494813
List of Latin-script alphabets


ı) and dotted (İ i). They are considered different letters, and case conversion must take care to preserve the distinction. Note that Irish traditionally does not write the dot, or tittle, over the small letter "i", but the language makes no distinction here if a dot is displayed, so no specific encoding and special case conversion rule is needed like for Turkic alphabets. The chart above lists a variety of alphabets that do not officially contain all 26 letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet. In
1854501
Arabic alphabet


Arabic alphabet contains 28 letters. Adaptations of the Arabic script for other languages added and removed some letters, as for Persian, Ottoman Turkish, Kurdish, Urdu, Sindhi, Malay, Pashto, Arwi and Malayalam (Arabi Malayalam), all of which have additional letters as shown below. There are no distinct upper and lower case letter forms. Many letters look similar but are distinguished from one another by dots (') above or below their central part ('). These dots are an integral part of a letter
1913717
Kubutz and Shuruk


Kubutz ( ) and Shuruk ( ) are two Hebrew niqqud vowel signs that represent the sound . Kubutz is a short "u" and Shuruk is long "u".. In an alternate, Ashkenazi naming, the Kubutz (three diagonal dots) is called "Shuruk" and Shuruk is called "Melopum" (). The Kubutz sign is represented by three diagonal dots "ֻ" underneath a letter. The Shuruk is the letter Vav with a dot in the middle and to the left of it. The dot is
14928751
Avestan alphabet


had to devise one for standardized transcription. In his system, which he developed based on what he could find, a triangle of three dots serves as a colon, a semicolon, an end of sentence or end of section; which is determined by the size of the dots and whether there is one dot above and two below, or two above and one below. Two above and one below signify — in ascending order of "dot" size — colon, semicolon, end of sentence or end of section. The
12700054
New York Point


, there is a number sign that converts letters to digits. The ten digits are the same four-dot patterns found in braille, but with entirely different values: The only punctuation marks three-dots wide are the number sign above and the quotation mark, which has the same form as the letter "q". The dash, hyphen, and apostrophe are four dots wide. Notes are made by combining two 'primitives', which are the digits 1–7: These may be prefixed by ♯, ♭, or
12451203
Arabic diacritics


use diacritics either for vowels or to distinguish the different values of the "." Vowel pointing was introduced first, as a red dot placed above, below, or beside the ', and later consonant pointing was introduced, as thin, short black single or multiple dashes placed above or below the "rasm" ([[#History|image]]). These "i‘jām" became black dots about the same time as the ' became small black letters or strokes. Typically, Egyptians do not use dots under final '
2256550
Ṡ


Ṡ (lowercase: ṡ or ẛ) is a letter of the extended Latin alphabet, formed by S with the addition of a dot above. Irish orthography, the dot was used only for ẛ and ṡ, while a following h was used for ch ph th; lenition of other letters was not indicated. Later the two systems spread to the entire set of lenitable consonants and competed with each other. Eventually the standard practice was to use the dot when writing in Gaelic script and the following h when writing in antiqua
2844039
Puncta extraordinaria


Puncta extraordinaria, or extraordinary points, refer to certain small dots in the Masoretic Text of the Hebrew Bible, where they appear alongside other, more common, traditional markings (nequddot) found in the Masoretic Text. There are fifteen places in the Masoretic Text where the puncta extraordinaria appear. Ten of the fifteen instances are in the Pentateuch. The dots may appear above or below (usually above) individual letters or even an entire word or group of words. These points have also been referred to as cancellation dots, and
19417286
Arabic alphabet


Hebrew vocalization. Initially, this was done by a system of red dots, said to have been commissioned in the Umayyad era by Abu al-Aswad al-Du'ali a dot above = ', a dot below = ', a dot on the line = ', and doubled dots indicated nunation. However, this was cumbersome and easily confusable with the letter-distinguishing dots, so about 100 years later, the modern system was adopted. The system was finalized around 786 by ". Although Napoleon Bonaparte generally receives credit
1913749
Syriac language


certain lexical root, a root consonant might exist in stop form in one variation and fricative form in another. In the Syriac alphabet, a single letter is used for each pair. Sometimes a dot is placed above the letter ("quššāyā" "strengthening"; equivalent to a dagesh in Hebrew) to mark that the stop pronunciation is required, and a dot is placed below the letter ("rukkāḵā" "softening") to mark that the fricative pronunciation is required. The pairs are: As with some Semitic
14327537
Lenition


, , , and change into , , as a result of the so-called "aspirate mutation" (, "stone" → "her stone"). An exception is Manx orthography, which tends to be more phonetic, although in some cases etymological principles are applied. In the Gaelic script, fricating lenition (usually called simply "lenition") is indicated by a dot above the affected consonant, while in the Roman script, the convention is to suffix the letter to the consonant, to signify that it
3900570
Taylor shorthand


(a ᐟ after the word, or below the last letter for "-ings", so - turned 90° 'kings'), "-tion" (a dot above the last letter, so turned 90° 'notion'), "-tions" (a ᐟ above the last letter), "-ble" (as "b"), "-ment" (as "m"), "-ject" (as "j"), "-ward" (as "w"), "
2288302
N'Ko script


resembling a diaeresis mark, represent a foreign tone: u-two-dots for the French /y/ sound, or e-two-dots for the French /ə/. Diacritics are also placed above some consonant letters to cover sounds not found in Manding, such as gb-dot for /g/; gb-line for /ɣ/; gb-two-dots for /k͡p/; f-dot for /v/; rr-dot for /ʁ/; etc. With the increasing use of computers and the subsequent desire to provide universal access to information technology
84390
Resh


a dot above the letter, and the otherwise identical dalet has a dot below the letter. In the Arabic alphabet, has a longer tail than . In the Aramaic and Hebrew square alphabet, resh is a rounded single stroke while dalet is a right-angle of two strokes. The similarity led to the variant spellings of the name "Nebuchadnezzar" and "Nebuchadrezzar". The Phoenician letter gave rise to the Greek Rho (Ρ), Etruscan , Latin R, and Cyrillic Р. The word "resh" is usually
19614709
Braille pattern dots-246


letters correspond to these values, and is otherwise assigned as needed. Related to Braille pattern dots-246 are Braille patterns 2467, 2468, and 24678, which are used in 8-dot braille systems, such as Gardner-Salinas and Luxembourgish Braille. In the Japanese kantenji braille, the standard 8-dot Braille patterns 358, 1358, 3458, and 13458 are the patterns related to Braille pattern dots-246, since the two additional dots of kantenji patterns 0246, 2467, and 02467 are placed above the base 6-dot cell, instead of below, as
8255308
Braille pattern dots-12456


/ʀ/ when multiple letters correspond to these values, and is otherwise assigned as needed. Related to Braille pattern dots-12456 are Braille patterns 124567, 124568, and 1245678, which are used in 8-dot braille systems, such as Gardner-Salinas and Luxembourgish Braille. In the Japanese kantenji braille, the standard 8-dot Braille patterns 23568, 123568, 234568, and 1234568 are the patterns related to Braille pattern dots-12456, since the two additional dots of kantenji patterns 012456, 124567, and 0124567 are placed above the base 6-dot cell, instead of
8736586
Postage stamps and postal history of Żarki


and after the 30th position as well as above the 6th position and under the 46th position. Forged 3h (blue) values are known two contain two variations depending on plate position. Odd numbered positions in the forged sheets contain a small blot northwest of the letter "P" and a dot below "rk". Even numbered positions contain a dot on the left side of the center of the right numeral "3", dots below "e", and often above "s". The local delivery service ceased
13479740
Pe (letter)


with 3 dots above) in this case. The character is mapped in Unicode under position U+06A4. The Maghrebi style, used in Northwestern Africa, the dots moved underneath (Unicode U+06A5), because it is based on the other style of (): The Hebrew spelling is . It is also romanized pey, especially when used in Yiddish. The letter Pe is one of the six letters which can receive a Dagesh Kal. The six are Bet, Gimel, Daleth, Kaph, Pe, and Tav. There are two
10919524
History of the Maldives


of this saint now stands opposite the grounds of Hukuru Miski, in the centre of Malé). In the Arabic script the words al-Barbari and al-Tabrizi are very much alike, owing to the fact that at the time, Arabic had several consonants that looked identical and could only be differentiated by overall context (this has since changed by addition of dots above or below letters to clarify pronunciation – For example, the letter "B" in modern Arabic has a dot below, whereas the letter "T"
19488299
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic


, "Gāmal", "Dālaṯ", "Kāp̄", "Pē" and "Taw", all plosives ('hard'), are able to be spirantised into fricatives ('soft'). The system involves placing a single dot underneath the letter to give its 'soft' variant and a dot above the letter to give its 'hard' variant (though, in modern usage, no mark at all is usually used to indicate the 'hard' value). In the 1930s, following
16341254
Qoph


the exception of Libya and Algeria, where the Mashriqi form (two dots above: ) prevails. Within Maghribi texts, there is no possibility of confusing it with the letter ', as it is instead written with a dot underneath () in the Maghribi script. The "Oxford Hebrew-English Dictionary" transliterates the letter Qoph () a transliteration as ' or '; and, when word-final, it may be transliterated as "". The English spellings of Biblical names (as derived from Latin via Biblical
776186
SOS


of CQD appears to have died out thereafter. In both the 1 April 1905 German law and the 1906 international regulations, the distress signal was specified as a continuous Morse code sequence of three dots / three dashes / three dots, with no mention of any alphabetic equivalents. However, in International Morse, three dots comprise the letter ""S"", and three dashes the letter ""O"". It therefore soon became common to refer to the distress signal as ""S O S"".
15175701
Pashto alphabet


are pronounced almost in the same way in modern Pashto. The sound system of the southern dialect of modern Pashto preserves the distinction between all the consonant phonemes of his orthography. Pir Roshan also introduced the letter ږ (rē with dot below and dot above) to represent , like the ⟨s⟩ in "pleasure", for which modern Pashto uses ژ instead. Modern Pashto uses the letter ږ to represent the sound (northern dialect: ), but for that sound, Pir Roshan used a letter looking like ·د (dāl
656933
Kaph


a "dot" in its center, known as a dagesh, it represents a voiceless velar plosive (). There are various rules in Hebrew grammar that stipulate when and why a dagesh is used. When this letter appears as "without" the dagesh ("dot") in its center it represents , like the "ch" in German "Bach". In modern Israeli Hebrew the letter heth is often pronounced as a , but many communities have differentiated between these letters as in other Semitic languages. If the
19614705
Romanization of Armenian


. However, the correct support of these combining diacritics has been poor for long in the past and was not very common on many usual applications and computer fonts or rendering systems., so some documents have been published using, as possible fallbacks, their spacing variants such as the modifier letter dot above ˙ U+02D9 written after the letter instead of above it, or the mirrored comma-apostrophe ‛ U+201B written after the letter instead of above it — or sometimes the spacing Greek spiritus asper ῾ U+1FFE (only in printed versions to
14916172
Old Norse


word, before it was absorbed into a neighboring sound. If the nasal was absorbed by a stressed vowel, it would also lengthen the vowel. These nasalizations also occurred in the other Germanic languages, but were not retained long. They were noted in the First Grammatical Treatise, and otherwise might have remained unknown. The First Grammarian marked these with a dot above the letter. This notation did not catch on, and would soon be obsolete. Nasal and oral vowels probably merged around the 11th century in most of Old East
2648453
Ö


of the letter "ö" was a similar ligature for the digraph OE: "e" was written above "o" and degenerated into two small dots. In some inscriptions and display typefaces, "ö" may be represented as an "o" with a small letter "e" inside. In modern typography there was insufficient space on typewriters and later computer keyboards to allow for both an O-with-dots (also representing "ö") and an "o"-with-bars. Since they looked nearly identical
18809185
Morse code


dit, Dah-di-dah-dit dah-dah-dah dah-di-dit dit". There is little point in learning to read Morse as above; rather, the of all of the letters and symbols need to be learned, for both sending and receiving. All Morse code elements depend on the dot length. A dash is the length of 3 dots, and spacings are specified in number of dot lengths. An unambiguous method of specifying the transmission speed is to specify the dot duration as,
19257320
Papyrus 121


is written irregular, spaces between letters are not equal. Though the text is very small, it contains two of the nomina sacra: ΙΣ and ΜΗΙ (dative case from ΜΗΡ). Above letter iota two dots (diaeresis). On page recto, in lower line, from the left a scribe did not used letter iota in word και (and), though inserted diaeresis above letter alpha. Possibly it is a scribal error. The Greek text of the codex is too brief to determine its textual character. It
8651199
Ä


Ae". Historically A-diaeresis was written as an "A" with two dots above the letter. A-umlaut was written as an "A" with a small "e" written above: this minute "e" degenerated to two vertical bars in medieval handwriting (A̎ a̎). In most later handwritings these bars in turn nearly became dots. Æ, a highly similar ligature evolving from the same origin as "Ä", evolved in the Icelandic, Danish and Norwegian alphabets. The Æ ligature was
18809193
Malayalam script


letter, making a digraph (just like used instead of in Greek). The spelling is therefore read either "nṟa" (two separate letters) or "nṯa" (digraph) depending on the word. Similarly, is read either "ṟaṟa" or "ṯṯa". In the traditional orthography, a dead consonant "r" before a consonant sometimes takes an above-base form, known as a "dot reph", which looks like a short vertical line or a dot. Generally, a "chillu
1289526
Pahawh Hmong


." 1990:58). Pahawh has twenty onset letters to transcribe sixty phonemic onsets. This is accomplished with two diacritics, a dot and a tack, written above the onset. However, although there is some scattered similarity between the sounds of the resulting forms, there is no overall pattern to the system. For example, the letter for "h" with a dot is pronounced "th," and with a tack is pronounced "pl." The null consonant does not take diacritics in Hmong Daw, but does
20367335
Braille


table below): : The next ten letters (the next "decade") are the same again, but with dots also at both position 3 and position 6 (green dots in the table above). Here "w" was left out as not being a part of the official French alphabet at the time of Braille's life; the French braille order is "u v x y z ç é à è ù" (). The next ten letters, ending in "w", are the same
3494812
Hebrew spelling


the "dots") partially, for instance with , where only the vav () is vowelized. This clarifies that the vowel is an "o" () and not "u" (). In addition, 3 letters (historically 6), can take a different sound depending on if there is a dot (called a dagesh) in the middle of the letter (a bet, kaf, and pe). In full spelling, the dot is not included, regardless if it is making one sound
13617269
Dotted and dotless I


sometimes severely distorting the sense of a text. In one instance, a miscommunication played a role in the deaths of Emine and Ramazan Çalçoban in 2008. A common substitution is to use the character "1" for dotless "ı". This is also common in Azerbaijan (see also translit), but the meaning of words is generally understood. John Cowan proposed disunification of plain Ii and capital letter dotless I and small letter I with dot above to make the casing more consistent.. The UTC had previously rejected a similar
10702277
Microïds


Microïds, White Birds, also used similar simple drawings of birds as their logo. In the mid-1990s the company changed their logo slightly to contain the colours of the rainbow, but without a background. This logo remained until the merger with MC2 France, when a red/grey logo was used. By the time of "Still Life" being released the company was using a logo containing a blocky stylised letter M and dot below it. In 2005 this had a smooth typeface and no dots above the letter i. By the
18628723
German orthography


back vowel to be modified, but German printers developed the space-saving typographical convention of replacing the full "e" with a small version placed above the vowel to be modified. In German Kurrent writing, the superscripted "e" was simplified to two vertical dashes, which have further been reduced to dots in both handwriting and German typesetting. Although the two dots of umlaut look like those in the diaeresis (trema), the two have different origins and functions. When it is not possible to use the umlauts (
11772920
Hangul


into pure vowels: There is no letter for "y". Instead, this sound is indicated by doubling the stroke attached to the baseline of the vowel letter. Of the seven basic vowels, four could be preceded by a "y" sound, and these four were written as a dot next to a line. (Through the influence of Chinese calligraphy, the dots soon became connected to the line: .) A preceding "y" sound, called "iotization", was indicated by doubling this dot:
17299808
Ve (Arabic letter)


Ve (based on name of the letter ) is a letter of the Arabic-based Central Kurdish, Comoro, Wakhi, Karakhanid alphabets derived from the Arabic letter () with two additional dots. It represents the sound in the aforementioned uses. It is sometimes used in Arabic language to write names and loanwords with the phoneme , such as (Volvo) and "viyenna" (Vienna), but rather described, for example, in Egyptian Arabic, it is called "" (, "F with three dots"
5679954
Bet (letter)


in the word: The letter normally renders sound, except in some names and loanwords where it can also render , often arabized as , as in (Persil). For , it may be used interchangeably with the Persian letter - "pe" (with 3 dots) in this case. Hebrew spelling: The Hebrew letter represents two different phonemes: a "b" sound () (bet) and a "v" sound () (vet). The two are distinguished by a dot (called a dagesh
9692511
History of the Czech language


a reform of the orthography was suggested in "De orthographia bohemica", a work attributed to Jan Hus – the so-called diacritic orthography. For recording of soft consonants, digraphs are replaced by a dot above letters. The acute is used to denote the vowel length. The digraph "ch" and the grapheme "w" are preserved. The interchangeability of the graphemes "i" and "y" is cancelled. The suggestion is a work of an individual person, therefore this graphic system was accepted slowly,
5256238
Arabic diacritics


At the time when the "i‘jām" was optional, letters deliberately lacking the points of "i‘jām": , , , , , , , , — could be marked with a small v-shaped sign above or below the letter, or a semicircle, or a miniature of the letter itself (e.g. a small [[س]] to indicate that the letter in question is س and not [[ش]]), or one or several subscript dots, or a superscript "[[hamza]]
2256552
Patach


next to it. The following table contains the pronunciation and transliteration of the different s in reconstructed historical forms and dialects using the . The pronunciation in IPA is above and the transliteration is below. The letters Bet and Het used in this table are only for demonstration. Any letter can be used. A ' on a letter , , or (that is, with a dot (mappiq) in it) at the end of a word is sounded "before" the letter, and not after. Thus, (Noah
14014616
From A to Z-Z-Z-Z


chase. Ralph takes the capital D and Y from the alphabet row above and uses them to make a bow and arrow; he fires at an 8, destroying it. He then takes the dot from both the lowercase i and j and loads them into the i. He then uses the i as a weapon similar to a shotgun. Miss Wallace brings Ralph back to reality and sends him out to mail a letter. He responds by becoming a Pony Express courier who braves a horde of Indians on what becomes his desert journey
16784979
Á


such as "slán" ("goodbye"). It is the only diacritic used in Modern Irish, since the decline of the dot above many letters in the Irish language. Fada is only used on vowel letters i.e. á, é, í, ó, ú. It symbolises a lengthening of the vowel. Á is the 2nd letter of the Czech, Hungarian and Slovak languages and represents . Á is the 2nd letter of the Faroese alphabet and represents or . Á is the second letter of the Icelandic alphabet and
13379911
Morse code


. Each Morse code symbol is formed by a sequence of dots and dashes. The dot duration is the basic unit of time measurement in Morse code transmission. The duration of a dash is three times the duration of a dot. Each dot or dash within a character is followed by period of signal absence, called a "space", equal to the dot duration. The letters of a word are separated by a space of duration equal to three dots, and the words are separated by a space equal to seven dots
19257272
George Müller


States. Whilst "Mueller" is a possible substitute spelling for "Müller" in German, George Müller never changed his name from the original spelling and always took care to place the two dots over the letter "u" to form the umlaut. When asked by his nephew, Edward Groves, what difference this made to the pronunciation, Müller pronounced his name as though it was spelt "Meller". Müller was born in Kroppenstädt (now Kroppenstedt), a village near Halberstadt in the Kingdom of Prussia. In 1810
3566021
Holam


Cholam ( "", , ) is a Hebrew niqqud vowel sign represented by a dot above the upper left corner of the consonant letter. For example, here the "Cholam" appears after the letter "mem" ‎: . In modern Hebrew it indicates the mid back rounded vowel, , and is transliterated as an "o". The mater lectionis letter which is usually employed with "Cholam" is vav, although in a few words, the letters ' or ' are used instead of "". When
14014607
Ṅ


Ṅ (lowercase ṅ) is a letter of the Latin alphabet, formed by N with the addition of a dot above. The letter is used in Igbo and Emilian-Romagnol for the voiced velar nasal (IPA: ), corresponding to the pronunciation of the English digraph "ng" in final position. Furthermore, the letter is used in some transliteration systems of South Asian languages. The letter is used in the International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration for the "ng" sound corresponding to the Indian letters ङ / ঙ /
16385198
Standard Alphabet by Lepsius


"ń" , "χ́" , "š́" , "γ́" , "ž́" , "ĺ" , "‘ĺ" , "ǀ́" , "ṕ" , etc. These can also be written "ky, py" etc. Labialized velars are written with an over-dot: "ġ" , "n̈" , etc. (A dot on a non-velar letter, as in "ṅ" and "ṙ" in the table above, indicates a guttural articulation.
8346253
Tamil script


' letters. Together with the consonants ("mei", which are called 'body' letters), they form compound, syllabic (abugida) letters that are called 'living' letters ("uyir mei", i.e. letters that have both 'body' and 'soul'). Tamil vowels are divided into short and long (five of each type) and two diphthongs Using the consonant 'k' as an example: The special letter , represented by three dots and called "" or "akh"
12961290
Diacritic


those used to write Hindi and Thai, diacritics indicate vowels, and may occur above, below, before, after, or around the consonant letter they modify. The tittle (dot) on the letter "i" or the letter "j", of the Latin alphabet originated as a diacritic to clearly distinguish "i" from the minims (downstrokes) of adjacent letters. It first appeared in the 11th century in the sequence "ii" (as in "ingeníí)", then spread to "i"
8379563
Dots and Dashes


code being tapped out did not match what was actually being said according to Walton of "The Moving Picture News". Another reviewer wrote, "It is rather to be regretted that the Thanhouser people did not make the most of this climax by introducing telegraphic dots and dashes in a manner to create suspense. By this is meant that had a few lines of dots and dashes been flashed on the screen, word by word, and with each word spelled out in letters beneath each dot and dash, it would have given
6311655
Slow Riot for New Zero Kanada


Day. The dots and dashes above the letters are called trope. They dictate the tune and intonation and are found in the Torah as well as the rest of the Hebrew Bible. On the inside cover, this text is put into greater context, with Jer 4:23–27 provided in both Hebrew and English (seemingly the Jewish Publication Society version): The back of the EP contains a diagram with instructions in Italian on how to make a molotov cocktail. Unusually, each side of the LP is meant to be played at a
15131538
History of music in the biblical period


scene as a minstrel to King Saul." :" Different types of music were also defined: Musical notation in the modern sense did not exist during this period. However, the Hebrew alphabet allows for special symbols to indicate how the music was to be performed. The alphabet consists of consonants and half-consonants, and vowels are indicated by dots and dashes above and below letter symbols. In addition to the vowel signs, a number of other signs, called "masoretic," refers not to single notes but to
7348335
Yemenite Hebrew


" , represents . The Hebrew character "Tau" (), without a dot of accentuation, represents . The Hebrew character "Gimal" (), with a dot of accentuation, represents . The Hebrew word גנאי (in the above middle column, and meaning 'a thing detestable'), is written in Yemenite Jewish tradition with a vowel "qamaṣ" beneath the , but since it is followed by the letters אי it represents . The vowel "ḥolam" in the Yemenite dialect is transcribed here with , and
1722521
Greek diacritics


below a circumflex. Accents are written above a diaeresis or between its two dots. When a word is written entirely in capital letters, diacritics are far less used; the word  (or), is an exception to this rule because of the need to distinguish it from the nominative feminine article . Diacritics can be found above capital letters in medieval texts. The diaeresis is always written. There have been problems in representing polytonic Greek on computers, and in displaying polytonic Greek on computer screens and printouts, but these have largely
8551953
Syriac alphabet


redundancy, some modern usage forgoes points when vowel markings are present. There are no firm rules for which letter receives ; the writer has full discretion to place them over any letter. Typically, if a word has at least one , then are placed over the that is nearest the end of a word (and also replace the single dot above it: ). Other letters that often receive are low-rising letters—such as and —or letters that appear near the middle or end of a word. Besides plural
4478049
O'Reilly Media


that survived the dot com bust from those that died, and identified key drivers of future success, including what is now called “cloud computing,” big data, and new approaches to iterative, data-driven software development. In May 2006 CMP Media learned of an impending event called the "Web 2.0 Half day conference." Concerned over their obligation to take reasonable means to enforce their trade and service marks CMP sent a cease and desist letter to the non-profit Irish organizers of the event. This attempt to
3159910
Stokoe notation


shape of the hands, the "dez" includes their orientation. This is indicated, when necessary, with subscripts, which are introduced in the next section. There are three diacritics that modify the shape of the "dez." A dot placed above it shows that a finger not normally seen is prominent, usually because it is involved in the production of the sign. For example, ( 'A) is a fist with the thumb extended, as in . Three dots or ticks over a letter shows the fingers
16458886
IPA Braille


. The distinction is therefore not necessary in braille, but can be maintained if the text is to be transliterated into print. The wedge, which indicates voicing when below a letter, can be placed above to represent Americanist notation such as and . The placement dot distinguishes the tilde from the letter , and the ring from the letter . Many diacritics are identical in form to the corresponding symbols in Unified English Braille, but always follow the letter in IPA Braille. When there is more than one diacritic, they are written in
852846
Arabic nouns and adjectives


end in ', but some do not (e.g. ' "mother", " "earth"). Most words ending in are also feminine (and are indeclinable). The letter used for feminine nouns is a special form known as ' "tied T", which looks like the letter ' ("h") with the two dots that form part of the letter ' ("t") written above it. This form indicates that the feminine ending ' is pronounced ' in pausa (at the end
6270195
Arabic chat alphabet


the Egyptian dialect). Those letters that do not have a close phonetic approximation in the Latin script are often expressed using numerals or other characters, so that the numeral graphically approximates the Arabic letter that one would otherwise use (e.g. is represented using the numeral "3" because the latter looks like a vertical reflection of the former). Since many letters are distinguished from others solely by a dot above or below the main portion of the character, the transliterations of these letters frequently use the same letter or number with an
835942
Morse code


to the number which had been sent. However, the code was soon expanded by Alfred Vail in 1840 to include letters and special characters so it could be used more generally. Vail estimated the frequency of use of letters in the English language by counting the movable type he found in the type-cases of a local newspaper in Morristown. The shorter marks were called "dots" and the longer ones "dashes", and the letters most commonly used were assigned the shorter sequences of dots and dashes. This code was
19257281
Ġ


Ġ (minuscule: ġ) is a letter of the Latin script, formed from G with the addition of a dot above the letter. Ġ is used in some Arabic transliteration schemes, such as DIN 31635 and ISO 233, to represent the letter (ġain). Ġ is used in the romanization of Classical or Eastern Armenian to represent the letter (ġat). Ġ in the Chechen Latin alphabet is an analog of Cyrillic гI. Ġ is used in some dialects of Inupiat to represent the voiced uvular fricative /ʁ/. Ġ was
11971854
Modern Hebrew


, which is an abjad, or consonant-only script of 22 letters based on the "square" letter form, known as "Ashurit" (Assyrian), which was developed from the Aramaic script. A cursive script is used in handwriting. When necessary, vowels are indicated by diacritic marks above or below the letters known as "Nikkud", or by use of "Matres lectionis", which are consonantal letters used as vowels. Further diacritics like Dagesh and Sin and Shin dots are used to indicate variations in
9072877
Aleph


is transliterated as in ALA-LC, in DIN 31635, in ISO 233-2, and in ISO 233. As a numeral, alaph/olaf stands for the number one. With a dot below, it is the number 1,000; with a line above it, alaph/olaf will represent 1,000,000. With a line below it is 10,000 and with two dots below it is 10,000,000. The Aramaic reflex of the letter is conventionally represented with the Hebrew in typography for convenience, but the actual graphic form varied significantly
20545227
Braille


also several abbreviation marks that create what are effectively logograms. The most common of these is dot 5, which combines with the first letter of words. With the letter "m", the resulting word is "mother". There are also ligatures ("contracted" letters), which are single letters in braille but correspond to more than one letter in print. The letter "and", for example, is used to write words with the sequence "a-n-d" in them, such as
3494830
Homoglyph


a' and the Cyrillic letter 'а' (the same can be applied to the Latin letters "aBeHKopcTxy" and the Cyrillic letters "аВеНКорсТху"). A domain name can be spoofed simply by substituting one of these forms for another in a separately registered name. There are also many examples of near-homoglyphs within the same script such as 'í' (with an acute accent) and 'i', É (E-acute) and Ė (E dot above) and È (E-grave
20008235
Oboe (navigation)


it was received by the aircraft as a Morse code dot or dash. The Cat station sent continuous dots if the aircraft was too close and continuous dashes if the aircraft was too far and from these the pilot could make course corrections. (The Germans used a similar method with "Knickebein".) Various Morse letters could also be sent, for example to notify an aircrew their Mosquito was within a range of the target. The Mouse station sent five dots and a dash to indicate bomb release. The Mouse station included
10786068
Origin of Hangul


"yang" vowels, and for this reason was called "mediating". The letters for the "yin" vowels were ㅡ "ɨ," ㅜ "u," ㅓ "ə;" dots, if present, were placed in the "yin" directions of down and left. The "yang" vowel letters were ㆍ "ʌ," ㅗ "o," and ㅏ "a," with the dots in the "yang" directions of up and right. Of these seven vowel sounds,
11776550
SOS


letter "S", and three dashes make the letter "O", so ""S O S"" became a way to remember the order of the dots and dashes. In modern terminology, is a Morse "procedural signal" or "prosign, and the formal way to write it is with a bar above the letters or enclosed in angle brackets: or SOS. Even though does not stand for anything, in popular usage it became associated with such phrases as "Save Our Souls" and "Save
15175697
Dot matrix printer


to a true letter-quality printer—the daisy wheel or laser-printer, as manufacturing costs declined, 24-pin printers gradually replaced 9-pin printers. To obtain the maximum output speed, albeit at a lower quality, each character and line is only printed once. This is called "draft mode". "Near Letter Quality" mode—informally specified as almost good enough to be used in a business letter—endowed dot-matrix printers with a simulated typewriter-like quality. By using multiple passes of the carriage,
20157409
Ó Begléighinn


this the letter G with a dot above-accent was used for the spelling of the letter's "GH" together. This letter was known as a "gay", the surname is pronounced with a silent H and is pronounced as O-Beg-layin. This is how we can see how the variant spellings of the name have occurred when the name became anglicised. The first recorded spelling to be found of the surname Beglin in the history of Ireland is recorded in The Annals of the Four Masters in AD
7096453
Pe (letter)


the prevalent style, it is now only used in Maghribi countries for writing Qur'an, with the exception of Libya and Algeria, which adopted the Mashriqi form (dot above). The Maghrebi alphabet has taken the shape of ' () to mean ' instead. Normally, the letter ' renders sound, but may also be used some names and loanwords where it can render , might be arabized as in accordance to its spelling, e.g., (Unilever). It may be used interchangeably with the modified letter - ' (
10919523
Swedish orthography


the Protestant Reformation, could be printed. In 1526 the New Testament was printed in Swedish for the first time, and in 1541 the entire Bible (Gustav Vasa Bible) was also printed in Swedish. In the Bible printings of the 1500s, the letters and were replaced with two new letters. These were and with a small written above them. Later this was replaced with two dots, and became and . A new letter, , which replaced the digraph , was used for the first time in the 1526 Bible printing
11282200
Dot matrix printing


-down motion, on the page and prints by impact, striking an ink-soaked cloth ribbon against the paper, much like the print mechanism on a typewriter. However, unlike a typewriter or daisy wheel printer, letters are drawn out of a dot matrix, and thus, varied fonts and arbitrary graphics can be produced. Although nearly all inkjet, thermal, and laser printers also print closely spaced dots rather than continuous lines or characters, it is not customary to call them dot matrix printers. Each dot is produced
5613328
Ä


as the letter's position in a word, allows for either and . In German and Slovak "Ä" stands for (or a bit archaic but still correct ). In the Nordic countries, the vowel sound was originally written as "Æ" when Christianisation caused the former Vikings to start using the Latin alphabet around A.D. 1100. The letter Ä arose in German and later in Swedish from originally writing the E in AE on top of the A, which with time became simplified as two dots. In the Icelandic,
18809188