youngest person to be executed in the 20th century in the united states
Capital punishment for juveniles in the United States


of 14 on June 16, 1944. The second youngest person to be executed in the 20th century was Fortune Ferguson in 1927 for rape in Florida. The youngest person ever to be sentenced to death in the United States was James Arcene, a Native American, for his role in a robbery and murder committed when he was ten years old. He was, however, 23 years old when he was actually executed on June 18, 1885. The last execution of a juvenile was convicted murderer Leonard Shockley, who died in
10826790
Capital punishment for juveniles in the United States


Capital punishment for juveniles in the United States existed until March 1, 2005, when the U.S. Supreme Court banned it in "Roper v. Simmons". Since 1642, in the Thirteen Colonies, the United States under the Articles of Confederation, and the United States under the Constitution, an estimated 364 juvenile offenders have been put to death by the individual states (colonies, before 1776) and the federal government. The youngest person to be executed in the 20th century was George Stinney, electrocuted in South Carolina at the age
10826789
Old Sparky


the electric chair in 2001, and now exclusively utilizes lethal injection in executions. Ohio's Old Sparky is now a museum exhibit in the Ohio State Reformatory. The state installed the "Old Sparky" in 1912 at the Central Correctional Institution (CCI) in Columbia. In 1944 it was used to execute 14-year-old George Stinney, the youngest person to be sentenced to death in the United States for more than a century. In 1990 the chair was relocated to the newly built Broad River Correctional Institution. It is managed
14904917
Presidency of John F. Kennedy


the concurrent congressional elections, Democrats retained wide majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. Kennedy was the first person born in the 20th century to be elected president, and, at age 43, the youngest person elected to the office. He was also the first Roman Catholic elected to the presidency. Kennedy was inaugurated as the nation's 35th president on January 20, 1961, on the East Portico of the United States Capitol. Chief Justice Earl Warren administered the oath of office. In his inaugural address,
13759094
Mable E. Buland Campbell


Mable Electa Buland Campbell (1885–1961) was a Professor of English in Washington State during the early 20th century, and was, at one time, the youngest person to hold a PH.D. in the United States. Buland was also active in women's groups associated with women's suffrage. Raised in the West, Buland earned both her B.A. in 1904 and her M.A. in 1908 from the University of Washington. Buland did graduate work at Yale from 1906-1907, and from 1908-1909 and at Columbia University from 1907-
12537462
Mabel Lethbridge


Mabel Florence Lethbridge OBE (7 July 1900 – 14 July 1968) was a 20th-century English writer and business woman. She is the youngest person to date to receive the United Kingdom Order of the British Empire (OBE) awarded for her services in the Great War as a munitions factory worker. She was severely injured when a shell she was packing exploded and described her experiences in a series of autobiographies. Mabel Lethbridge was born on 7 July 1900 in Luccombe, Somerset, the second youngest of six children of John
4280207
Gas chamber


after November 1992 would be executed by lethal injection. Following the execution of Robert Alton Harris, a federal court declared that "execution by lethal gas under the California protocol is unconstitutionally cruel and unusual." By the late 20th century, most states had switched to methods considered to be more humane, such as lethal injection. California's gas chamber at San Quentin State Prison was converted to an execution chamber for lethal injection. As of 2010, the last person to be executed in the gas chamber was German national Walter LaGrand
13491101
Virginia Christian


Virginia Christian (August 15, 1895 – August 16, 1912) was the first female criminal executed in the 20th century in the state of Virginia, and a juvenile offender executed in the United States. She was also the only female juvenile executed by electric chair and, to date, the last female criminal executed in the electric chair by the Commonwealth of Virginia. She was the last female criminal executed by the Commonwealth until Thursday, September 23, 2010 when Teresa Lewis became the first female criminal in nearly a century to
3634936
Stanley Mosk


1939 was given the job of executive secretary to Olson, the first Democrat elected Governor of California in the 20th-century. During Olson's last days in office, after his defeat for re-election by Republican Earl Warren, he appointed Mosk a Los Angeles County Superior Court judge at the age of 31, the youngest in the state. Mosk faced opposition at his first retention election (California is a modified Missouri Plan state), but prevailed. In March 1945, Mosk left the Superior Court to volunteer for service
7886111
Robert Smith Vance


Robert Smith Vance Sr. (May 10, 1931 – December 16, 1989) was a United States Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit and later the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit. He was one of three 20th century United States federal court judges assassinated because of his judicial service. Born in Talladega, Alabama, Vance was the youngest of four children born to parents Harrell Taylor Vance, Sr., and Mae (Smith) Vance. He grew up in Birmingham
19745763
Head writer


A head writer is a person who oversees the team of writers on a television or radio series. The title is common in the soap opera genre, as well as with sketch comedies and talk shows that feature monologues and comedy skits. In prime time series this function is generally performed by an executive producer, who may also be called the showrunner, as in some of the long series that have been produced since the late 20th century in the United States. The head writer conceives and outlines the long-term story of
15002714
Astor family


The Astor family achieved prominence in business, society, and politics in the United States and the United Kingdom during the 19th and 20th centuries. With ancestral roots in the Italian Alps, the Astors settled in Germany, first appearing in North America in the 18th century with John Jacob Astor, one of the wealthiest people in history. John Jacob Astor (born Johann Jakob Astor) was the youngest of four sons born to butcher Johann Jacob Astor (1724–1816) and Maria Magdalena vom Berg (1730–1764). John and his eldest
5491100
United States senior military college


The youngest of the SMCs, Texas A&M University was established under the Morrill Act of 1862, and cadets began classes in 1876. During World War II, Texas A&M produced 20,229 Aggies who served in combat. Of those, 14,123 Aggies served as officers: more than the combined total of the United States Naval Academy and the United States Military Academy and more than three times the totals of any other SMC. Texas A&M grew rapidly in the late 20th century and became the third largest university by enrollment in 2013. With an
18356311
John Clem


who had demanded his surrender. After the battle, the "Drummer Boy of Chickamauga" was promoted to sergeant, the youngest soldier ever to be a noncommissioned officer in the United States Army. Secretary of the Treasury, later Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court, and fellow Ohioan, Salmon P. Chase, decorated him for his heroics at Chickamauga. Clem's fame for the shooting is also open for debate, despite press reports supporting the story into the early 20th century. It is possible that he wounded Col.
18087340
Wrongful execution


of this case by showing how the judicial system does not always properly orchestrate. He was the youngest person executed in the United States. More than 70 years later, a judge threw out the conviction, calling it a "great injustice." Carlos DeLuna was executed in Texas in December 1989 for stabbing a gas station clerk to death. Subsequent investigations cast strong doubt upon DeLuna's guilt for the murder of which he had been convicted. His execution came about six years after the crime was committed. The trial ended up
6967383
Autonomous Stained Glass


. Theo van Doesburg, Piet Mondrian, Josef Albers and a handful of other early 20th-century artists did on occasion make autonomous stained glass works. Not until the early 1970s in the United States, however, did a group of stained glass artists devote themselves, in some instances exclusively, to such work. Like painters, they used the medium in expressive, personal ways, designing and executing their own work rather than having them made by outside studios as is common with architectural stained glass windows. The first generation of
8848715
List of youngest members of the United States Congress


their general election campaigns and respectively became the youngest and second-youngest congresswomen ever elected. On taking office, they became the youngest two members of the 116th United States Congress; Ocasio-Cortez also became the youngest congresswoman in United States history. Josh Hawley is the youngest sitting senator of the 116th United States Congress at age . He replaced Arkansas Senator Tom Cotton, who at was the youngest senator of the 115th Congress. The average age of Senators is now higher than in the past. In the 19th century, several
18076463
Race and ethnicity in the United States


child of an African-American sharecropper and a White person was considered Black by the local communities. In terms of the economics of sharecropping, such a person also would likely become a sharecropper as well, thus adding to the landholder or employer's labor force. In short, this theory suggests that in a 20th-century economy that benefited from sharecropping, it was useful to have as many Blacks as possible. Although some scholars of the Jim Crow period agree that the 20th-century notion of invisible Blackness shifted the color
19847648
Reformatory


the common name of Approved schools in 1927 and this was formalised by the 1933 Children and Young Person’s Act, which would effectively ended the Victorian Industrial and Reformatory School System. The remaining schools were re-constituted as Approved Schools with objectives more appropriate for youngsters in the 20th century. Similar to the United Kingdom, reformatories in the United States were an alternative to traditional prisons for youth and young adults that came out of social and prison reform movements of the 19th century and early 20th centuries, also known at the Progressive
773429
Venance Payot


first became a porter, helping to carry the provisions and equipment of clients and guides into the mountains, and then became an aspirant (trainee) guide. He was then accepted into the Chamonix Guides Company (Compagnie des guides du Chamonix), receiving his certificate of admission on 11 May 1852. Payot has been reported in respected 20th-century mountaineering literature as being the youngest person at that time to have reached the summit of Mont Blanc. In 1843, and at the age of 16, he is stated to have
13023235
Lewis Grizzard


the independent "Athens Daily News". Before graduating with an bachelor's degree in journalism, Grizzard moved on to Atlanta, joining the "Atlanta Journal", and becoming the youngest-ever executive sports editor of the "Journal" at the age of 23. The executive editor of the "Journal", Jim Minter, said that had Grizzard stayed there, he would be remembered today as one of the great newspaper editors of the 20th century. His time there included the Marshall University football team tragedy and the "
6713665
Tensas Parish, Louisiana


with the highest number of lynchings in this period, and Louisiana was among the states with the highest number of such murders. But from 1878 through 1920, the Mississippi Delta area of northern Louisiana legally executed more blacks than did any other part of the state, after they had been convicted by all-white juries. For instance, between 1880 and 1920, twelve persons were executed in Tensas Parish, at least seven of them black. By the turn of the 20th century, the parish seat of St. Joseph had 720
11854258
Republican Party of Arkansas


serves as the executive director. Ashley Wells serves as finance director. Bea Grayes serves as the executive assistant. Stephen Houserman serves as communications director. The United States Republican Party, or GOP, is the second oldest currently existing political party in the United States after its older rival, the Democratic Party. Both parties exist in all fifty states. Historically, prior to the late 20th century, the Republican Party was much weaker than the Democrats in the former Confederate States of America, including Arkansas. The Arkansas party did not
21630001
Patriot League


with 22 sports (11 for men and 11 for women), and now had seven full members, including Fordham and the United States Military Academy (Army) as new members. In 1991, the league gained an eighth full member — the United States Naval Academy (Navy). In 1993, the league hired Constance (Connie) H. Hurlbut as executive director. She was the first woman and youngest person to be the leader of an NCAA Division I conference. In 1995, Fordham resigned its full membership (leaving
2096588
Edwin L. Mechem


Edwin Leard Mechem (July 2, 1912 – November 27, 2002) was a prominent Republican politician from New Mexico. He served as the 15th, 17th and 19th governor of New Mexico and represented the state in the United States Senate. Mechem was the first person born in the 20th century to become the state's governor, as well as the first person born in New Mexico after statehood to succeed to the office. He later served as a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of
8263626
Hip hop


the violence and discrimination experienced by black people in the United States, from the slavery that existed into the 19th century, to the lynchings of the 20th century and the ongoing racial discrimination faced by blacks. Paul Gilroy and Alexander Weheliye state that unlike disco, jazz, R&B, house music, and other genres that were developed in the African-American community and which were quickly adopted and then increasingly controlled by white music industry executives, hip hop has remained largely controlled by African American artists, producers and executives. In his
10134131
Swedish emigration to the United States


American Republicanism and civil rights. In the early 20th century, the Swedish-American dream even embraced the idea of a welfare state responsible for the well-being of all its citizens. Underneath these shifting ideas ran from the start the current which carried all before it in the later 20th century: America as the symbol and dream of unfettered individualism. Swedish debate about America remained mostly theoretical before the 19th century, since very few Swedes had any personal experience of the nation. Emigration was illegal and population was seen as the
16807997
List of youngest members of the United States Congress


The following are historical lists of the youngest members of the United States Congress, in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. These members would be the equivalent to the "Baby of the House" in the parliaments of Commonwealth countries; the U.S. Congress does not confer a similar title upon its youngest members. Youngest U.S. congressmen tend to be older than the youngest MPs in Commonwealth countries. This is partly so because minimum ages are written into Article One of the United States Constitution, which bars persons under the age of
18076461
One-drop rule


The one-drop rule is a social and legal principle of racial classification that was historically prominent in the United States in the 20th century. It asserted that any person with even one ancestor of sub-Saharan African ancestry ("one drop" of black blood) is considered black ("Negro" or "colored" in historical terms). This concept became codified into the law of some states in the early 20th century. It was associated with the principle of "invisible blackness" that developed after the long history
5160128
Moritzburg (Halle)


Today the chapel is a place of worship and home to two religious communities: The United and Uniting University Church Community and the Lutheran Saint Magdalene Community of Halle/Salle. The Moritzburg houses the art museum of the state Saxony-Anhalt. It has a collection of artworks mainly from the 20th and 21st century. The permanent collection includes: The Moritzburg was the last of numerous castles built along the river Saale. Together with Burg Giebichenstein the city of Halle is therefore home to the oldest and the youngest of the Saale castles
4669259
V6 (band)


Similar to their agency seniors Hikaru Genji, the group is separated into two subgroups based on age. For V6, the group is split into 20th Century and Coming Century, which consists of the three oldest members and three youngest members respectively. The band sold more than 13.5 million albums and singles. In an interview on "Hey! Hey! Hey! Music Champ", the group stated that the "V" in V6 also stood for "Versus" (20th Century versus Coming Century) at first. However,
743606
History of the United States (1991–2008)


, thus laying the groundwork for another three-way race during the 1996 presidential election. Aged 46 when he took office in January 1993, Clinton was one of the youngest presidents in US history and the first born after WWII. Historians and political analysts immediately referred to him as marking a "generational shift" in American politics similar to when John F. Kennedy had become the first president born in the 20th century. His promising to focus on and resolve some of the United States' many domestic issues, he entered office with
13015342
Scott Carpenter (murderer)


Scott Dawn Carpenter (January 2, 1975 – May 8, 1997) was a convicted American murderer. At the age of 22, he was the youngest person to be executed in the United States after capital punishment was reinstated by the United States Supreme Court by a 7–2 decision in the "Gregg v. Georgia" case. On February 6, 1994, Carpenter filled his pickup truck with $37 worth of gasoline, then went into a convenience store, where he placed a sandwich, soft drink, and chewing tobacco near
8126377
Corse (surname)


of immigrants (albeit yet small) into the United States bearing this surname originated in Italy and Sardinia. One point of origin of the Corse surname into the United States was through the person of James Corse in the late 17th century, on whom a significant amount of genealogical research has been expended. "Corse" was apparently uncommon in 19th and 20th century United States and England. In 1891 the surname was found in London and several counties of England (7 of 39) and Wales (1 of 13). In
10080020
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom


of the constitution. Many of the Prime Minister's executive and legislative powers are actually royal prerogatives which are still formally vested in the Sovereign, who remains the head of state. Despite its growing dominance in the constitutional hierarchy, the premiership was given little formal recognition until the 20th century; the legal fiction was maintained that the Sovereign still governed directly. The position was first mentioned in statute only in 1917, in the schedule of the Chequers Estate Act. Increasingly during the 20th century, the office and role of Prime Minister
4572461
Tony Horton (personal trainer)


various jobs, including as a stand-up comedian and gofer for 20th Century Fox. After moving to California in 1980, Horton became a personal trainer to an executive at 20th Century Fox, working out of his garage and charging $20 per lesson. His clientele grew, eventually including Bruce Springsteen, Usher, Tom Petty, Billy Idol and Annie Lennox. He did some improv and worked as an actor. He appeared in the Thighmaster infomercial and a Shakeology commercial and as a spokesperson for NordicTrack. He starred in a
14253151
Race and ethnicity in the United States


In the 20th century, efforts to classify the increasingly mixed population of the United States into discrete categories generated many difficulties (Spickard 1992). By the standards used in past censuses, many mixed-race children born in the United States were classified as of a different race than one of their biological parents. In addition, a person may change personal racial identification over time because of cultural aspects, and self-ascribed race can differ from assigned race (Kressin "et al." 2003). Until the 2000 census
19847662
Sodomy laws in the United States


Sodomy laws in the United States, which outlawed a variety of sexual acts, were inherited from colonial laws in the 1600s. While they often targeted sexual acts between persons of the same sex, many statutes employed definitions broad enough to outlaw certain sexual acts between persons of different sexes as well, sometimes also acts between married persons. Through the 20th century, the gradual liberalization of American sexuality led to the elimination of sodomy laws in most states. During this time, the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of sodomy laws in "
8059915
Francis Forsyth


Francis Robert George Henry James 'Flossie’ Forsyth was a British criminal who became one of the youngest prisoners to be executed in a British prison in the 20th century. He was just 18 years old when he was hanged at Wandsworth Prison by Harry Allen (assisted by Royston Rickard) on 10 November 1960 for the murder of Allan Edward John Jee on 25 June 1960. One of his accomplices, 23-year-old Norman James 'Flash' Harris, was executed at Pentonville Prison on the same morning by Robert Leslie Stewart (
13799409
Natalia Poklonskaya


election as MP in the State Duma during the 2016 Russian legislative election. Prior to her resignation she was the youngest female general in Russia, at age 36. In 2015, Poklonskaya announced that she would be running as an MP in the State Duma for the United Russia party. Poklonskaya was elected during the 2016 Russian legislative election. Throughout Russia, she was sometimes considered a potential candidate at the early stages of the presidential elections in 2018. In office, Poklonskaya became notable for her defense of early 20th century Tsar Nicholas
12396005
Frank McCarthy (producer)


McCarthy is thus the youngest Assistant Secretary of State in United States history. However, he only held the office as a placeholder, from September 1, 1945, until October 11, 1945, when he was replaced by Donald S. Russell. After the war, McCarthy moved to Hollywood and became a film producer, first for 20th Century Fox, then for Universal Studios. In 1951, "Decision Before Dawn", a spy picture that McCarthy produced with Anatole Litvak was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture. He
14981470
John Grenier


state's first Republican governor of the 20th century. Grenier (pronounced Grain YEY) was born in New Orleans, the youngest of three children of Charles Desire Grenier Sr. (1893-1951), a banker, and the former Beatrice Schaumburg (1893–1971). Grenier graduated from Jesuit High School in New Orleans and lettered in track, football and baseball. In 1953, Grenier received his undergraduate and law degrees, having completed a five-year program at Tulane University. Then he served as a United States Marine Corps
4060076
Joseph A. Suozzi


. In 1980, he left that bench and resumed the general practice of law as a senior partner in the law firm of Meyer, Suozzi, English & Klein, P.C. Suozzi is the father of former Nassau County Executive Thomas R. Suozzi, who was elected Mayor of the City of Glen Cove at the age of 31, and became the youngest person ever to hold the Nassau County Executive position, which he held from 2002-2009.Thomas R. Suozzi is now in the United States House of Representatives from New York's 3rd Congressional
4118740
Transfer mispricing


that it is better to be a cow in Europe than to be a poor person in a developing country…… Without subsidies, it would not pay for the Unites States to produce cotton; with them, the United States is, as we have noted, the world's largest cotton exporter” This issue of prices, for which good and services are sold between the connected persons is addressed by the OECD Guidelines in accordance with international agreements to avoid double taxation. Since in the second half of the 20th century, transfer mispricing
17048011
Anti-miscegenation laws in the United States


enforced other forms of racial segregation. In Florida, the new Constitution of 1888 prohibited marriage between "a white person and a person of negro descent" (Article XVI, Section 24). A number of northern and western states permanently repealed their anti-miscegenation laws during the 19th century. This, however, did little to halt anti-miscegenation sentiments in the rest of the country. Newly established western states continued to enact laws banning interracial marriage in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Between 1913 and 1948,
7430501
Darienne Driver


Darienne Driver Hudson (born 1978) is an American education official and nonprofit executive. She joined United Way for Southeastern Michigan as president and CEO in July 2018. Before joining United Way, Driver Hudson spent the previous four years as superintendent of Milwaukee Public Schools, one of the largest school districts in the United States and the largest school district in Wisconsin. Driver Hudson was appointed superintendent in October 2014, becoming the youngest person to serve as Superintendent of the Milwaukee school district, and the only woman to do so on a
20292986
William Fox (producer)


broadcast television networks in the United States. However as of December 14, 2017, The Walt Disney Company (which owns and operates networks such as ABC and ESPN) announced plans to purchase 21st Century Fox, which includes 20th Century Fox, for $52.4 billion, the deal was completed on March 20, 2019. Fox personally oversaw the construction of many Fox Theatres in American cities including Atlanta, Detroit, Oakland, San Francisco and San Diego. For numerous years, many historians claimed that 20th Century Fox was founded in
20876057
Mulatto


free person of color in New Orleans, emancipated all his slaves and organized them into a company in the Second Regiment of the Louisiana Native Guards. The men of color below spanned the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Mulatto was used as an official census racial category in the United States, to acknowledge multiracial persons, until 1930. (In the early 20th century, several southern states had adopted the one-drop rule as law, and southern Congressmen pressed the US Census Bureau to drop the mulatto category: they wanted
18349257
William Goetz


William B. "Bill" Goetz (March 24, 1903 – August 15, 1969) was an American film producer and studio executive. Goetz was one of the founders of Twentieth Century Pictures, later renamed 20th Century Fox. He served as Fox's vice president and later became the head of production at Universal-International. Born to a Jewish working-class family in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Goetz was the youngest of eight children. His mother died when he was ten years old and shortly thereafter his father abandoned the family
1762451
FoxNext


FoxNext, LLC is a video game, virtual reality and theme park unit of 20th Century Fox. Prior to Disney's acquisition of 21st Century Fox, it was operated under Twentieth Century Fox Film and the Fox Networks Group. It will handle development and publishing of video games, virtual reality and augmented reality titles, as well as the development of 20th Century Fox's theme and amusement parks, including 20th Century Fox World Malaysia. The division's president is Salil Mehta, a former executive from NBCUniversal and The Walt Disney Company
10031031
Ashkenazi Jews


U.S. population and 0.1% of the world population, 27% of United States Nobel prize winners in the 20th century, 25% of Fields Medal winners, 25% of ACM Turing Award winners, 50% of the world's chess champions, including 8% of the top 100 world chess players, and 25% of Westinghouse Science Talent Search winners have Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry. "Time" magazine's person of the 20th century, Albert Einstein, was an Ashkenazi Jew. According to a study performed by Cambridge University,
17750032
Margarine


of their cholesterol-lowering effect. Several studies have indicated that consumption of about 2 grams per day provides a reduction in LDL cholesterol of about 10%. Margarine, particularly polyunsaturated margarine, has become a major part of the Western diet and had overtaken butter in popularity in the mid-20th century. In the United States, for example, in 1930, the average person ate over of butter a year and just over of margarine. By the end of the 20th century, an average American ate around of butter and nearly of
18227621
Jesse Owens


, either". The Jesse Owens Award is USA Track and Field's highest accolade for the year's best track and field athlete. Owens was ranked by ESPN as the sixth greatest North American athlete of the 20th century and the highest-ranked in his sport. In 1999, he was on the six-man short-list for the BBC's Sports Personality of the Century. Jesse Owens, originally known as "J.C.", was the youngest of ten children (three girls and seven boys) born to Henry
3070369
James A. Walsh (Medal of Honor)


James Aloysius Walsh (July 24, 1897 – May 29, 1960) was a United States Navy sailor and a recipient of the U.S. military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor, for his role in the occupation of Veracruz. Only 16 at the time of his actions, he was possibly the youngest recipient of the Medal in the 20th century. A native of New York City, Walsh joined the Navy from there and by April 21, 1914, was serving as a seaman on the . On that day and
22143919
United States abortion-rights movement


pregnancy should be her personal choice, as it involves her body, personal health, and future. They also argue that the availability of legal abortions reduces the exposure of women to the risks associated with illegal abortions. More broadly, abortion-rights advocates frame their arguments in terms of individual liberty, reproductive freedom, and reproductive rights. The first of these terms was widely used to describe many of the political movements of the 19th and 20th centuries (such as in the abolition of slavery in Europe and the United States,
9858091
United Kingdom constitutional law


of a separation of powers is seen as an essential part of maintaining the rule of law. In theory, originally advocated by Baron de Montesquieu, there should be a strict separation of the executive, legislature and judiciary. While other systems, notably the United States, attempted to put this into practice (e.g. requiring the executive does not come from the legislature) it is clear that modern political parties may undermine such a separation by capturing all three branches of government, and democracy has been maintained since the 20th century despite the
16631460
Studio glass


the 20th century, some glass artists began to class themselves as sculptors working in glass and as part of the fine arts. In the early 20th century, most glass production happened in factories. Even individual glassblowers making their own personalized designs would do their work in those large shared buildings. The idea of "art glass" grew – small decorative works in small production runs, often with designs or objects inside. By the 1970s, there were good designs for smaller furnaces, and in the United States this gave rise to
19942339
American Century


The American Century is a characterization of the period since the middle of the 20th century as being largely dominated by the United States in political, economic, and cultural terms. It is comparable to the description of the period 1815–1914 as Britain's Imperial Century. The United States' influence grew throughout the 20th century, but became especially dominant after the end of World War II, when only two superpowers remained, the United States and the Soviet Union. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the United States remained
3341692
Energy in the United States


decrease in importance. Wind and solar will continue to grow in importance; their combined generation was 5.29% of US electric generation for 2015 or 5.20% of total US consumption. From the beginning of the United States until 1973, total energy (including electrical) use increased by about 3% per year, while population increased an average of 2.2% per year. Per-capita energy use from 1730 to 1870 was about per person. In the 20th century this increased to around ( per person per year in 1981)
7990092
Lethal injection


the late 20th century as a form of execution intended to supplant other methods, notably electrocution, gas inhalation, hanging and firing squad, that were considered to be less humane. It is now the most common form of execution in the United States. Lethal injection was first proposed on January 17, 1888, by Julius Mount Bleyer, a New York doctor who praised it as being cheaper than hanging. Bleyer's idea was never used, due to a series of botched executions and the eventual rise of public disapproval in electrocutions
16221783
Culture of the United States


the airplane, the transistor, the atomic bomb, nuclear power, the personal computer, the iPod, video games, online shopping, and the development of the Internet. This propensity for application of scientific ideas continued throughout the 20th century with innovations that held strong international benefits. The twentieth century saw the arrival of the Space Age, the Information Age, and a renaissance in the health sciences. This culminated in cultural milestones such as the Apollo moon landings, the creation of the Personal Computer, and the sequencing effort called
684282
Politics of the United States


voters, and an executive officer, assisted by various department heads, to manage the city's affairs. Cities in the West and South usually have nonpartisan local politics. There are three general types of city government: the mayor-council, the commission, and the council-manager. These are the pure forms; many cities have developed a combination of two or three of them. This is the oldest form of city government in the United States and, until the beginning of the 20th century, was used by nearly
13508211
Willa Beatrice Player


President Lyndon B. Johnson as the first female Director of the Division of College Support in the United States Department of Health, Education and Welfare, serving until 1986. Willa Player, the youngest of three children, was born to Clarence C. and Beatrice (Day) Player in Jackson, Mississippi in 1909. Her family moved to Akron, Ohio in 1917 when Player was 8 years old, as part of the Great Migration in the first half of the 20th century of African Americans to northern and midwestern industrial cities for work and
10645393
A. K. Mozumdar


brothers and one sister. The Mozumdars were a well-established, high caste family. Mozumdar's mother was very devout and seemed to foresee her youngest child's career as a spiritual teacher when she named him Akhay Kumar, meaning "Son of God." Mozumdar was a dynamic teacher, lecturer, and writer of the New Thought Movement in the United States during the first half of 20th-century. He exhibited a deep knowledge of God and taught what he called, the ""Cosmic Creative Principle"."
12942105
Woodrow Wilson Skirvin


Woodrow Wilson Skirvin (September 19, 1916 – February 7, 1961 ) was an American inventor, industrialist, aviator and a prominent Indiana businessmen in the mid-20th century. His contribution to US aircraft engineering lead to the United States' setting of multiple world air speed records. W.W. Skirvin was the youngest of ten children (six boys, four girls). They all lived together on tobacco farms in Kentucky and Indiana. At a young age Skirvin learned to work the fields. As a child in the 1920s Skirvin curiosity got
5396171
Ridgewood, Queens


were dislocated in the aftermath of World War I—and Irish, followed soon after by Italians. In April 1934, a large, 9,000-person boycott of Nazi Germany resulted in brawls between Nazi sympathizers and Jewish Communist groups. In the mid-20th century, Romanians, Serbs, and Puerto Ricans arrived. By the late 20th century, Poles, Dominicans, and Ecuadorians—including a significant population of Quechua speaking Amerindians from the Imbabura and Cañar provinces of Ecuador—had moved to Ridgewood. Based on data from the 2010 United States Census
21853433
Pat Suzuki


Japanese instruments. When she was growing up, she was nicknamed "Chibi", which is Japanese for 'short person' or 'small child', as the youngest sister. Suzuki lived with her family in Cressey, California. In February 1942, a few months after the United States entered World War II, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066. Under XO 9066, the Suzuki family and more than 110,000 other Japanese American residents of the U.S. Pacific coast states were forced to evacuate their homes and enter
16796231
Alien (law)


were all products of the turbulence in the early part of the 20th century. Under the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) of the United States, "[t]he term 'alien' means any person not a citizen or national of the United States." Every foreign national, including a refugee or an asylum seeker, is considered as an alien unless his or her status has been lawfully upgraded. A lawful permanent resident (LPR) of the United States is not a foreign national but explicitly referred to as a legal
12730118
Refrigeration


, electricity was introduced into rural homes in the United States, which allowed refrigeration technology to continue to expand on the farm, increasing output per person. Today, refrigeration's use on the farm reduces humidity levels, avoids spoiling due to bacterial growth, and assists in preservation. The introduction of refrigeration and evolution of additional technologies drastically changed agriculture in the United States. During the beginning of the 20th century, farming was a common occupation and lifestyle for United States citizens, as most farmers actually lived on their farm. In
2303445
David Joseph Watson


David Joseph Watson (died September 15, 1948) was executed by the United States Federal Government in Florida for a murder committed on the High Seas (a federal offense). He was 23 years old at the time. Watson was the third federal inmate executed under President Harry S. Truman and one of only two inmates executed on federal warrant in Florida during 20th century. Unlike the first, Caucasian American James Aldermon, Watson was put to death in Florida's electric chair in Raiford Prison. Aldermon was hanged at the U.S.
16523141
Afro-Puerto Ricans


in the United States, whereby persons of any known African ancestry were classified as black. As white Democrats regained power in state legislatures after the Reconstruction era, they asserted white supremacy, and passed laws for racial segregation and Jim Crow. The one-drop rule was formalized in laws passed in the South in the early 20th century, after the whites had disenfranchised most blacks at the turn of the century by creating barriers to voter registration and voting. During the 19th century, however, many southern states had looser constructions of
17029306
History of transgender people in the United States


their wish "to unite for defense against the world's bitter persecution". Jennie June (born in 1874 as Earl Lind), a member of the Cercle Hermaphroditos, wrote "The Autobiography of an Androgyne" (1918) and "The Female Impersonators" (1922), memoirs that provide rare first-person testimony about the early-20th-century life of a transgender person. The words "transsexual" and "transgender" had not yet been coined, and June described herself as a "fairie" or "androgyne
19581330
Smuggler's Gulch


20th century. In the late 20th century, the gulch was used by illegal immigrants when crossing from Mexico into the United States, being described as a "prime route" during that period. Located on the Mexico–United States border, since 2009 it has been partially filled and traversed by the Mexico–United States barrier. Sewage flows through the gulch into the Tijuana River when it rains. The flora of the gulch consist of coastal sage scrub. In the early 20th Century, golden-spined cereus ("bergerocactus
18564909
History of the United States Coast Guard Auxiliary


The history of the United States Coast Guard Auxiliary began in 1939. From its formation, the United States Coast Guard Auxiliary has been supporting the United States Coast Guard. The Auxiliary works within the Coast Guard in carrying out its noncombatant and non-law enforcement missions. The development of the single-operator motorboat, and later the outboard engine, during the early 20th century increased the number of recreational boaters operating on federal waters. By 1939 there were more than 300,000 personal watercraft in operation. The previous year the United States
20340903
Signing of the United States Constitution


's federal government and delineates how its 3 branches (legislative, executive, and judicial) are to function. Of those who signed it, virtually every one had taken part in the American Revolution; seven had signed the Declaration of Independence, and thirty had served on active military duty. In general, they represented a cross-section of 18th-century American leadership, with individuals having experience in local or colonial and state government. Jonathan Dayton, age 26, was the youngest to sign the Constitution, while Benjamin Franklin
4582318
Governor (United States)


who was born on . Among territorial governors, Ricardo Rosselló of Puerto Rico is youngest, born on . The youngest person to ever serve as a governor in the United States was Stevens T. Mason of the Michigan Territory, elected in 1835 having just turned 24. Mason would later become the first governor of the state of Michigan when it was admitted to the Union in January 1837, when he was 25. Mason was re-elected in November 1837, then age 26. The second youngest governor ever elected was J. Neely
16495467
Government trifecta


ones. Early in the 20th century, for example, government trifectas were common in the United States, but since the 1970s they have become increasingly rare. Government trifectas are contrasted by divided governments—a different situation in which one party controls the executive branch while another party controls one or both houses of the legislative branch. The term "government trifecta" is primarily used in the United States, where there at the federal level is a President and a Congress with two chambers (the House and the Senate) and at
15289833
Amsterdam, Missouri


Amsterdam is a city in Bates County, Missouri, United States. The population was 242 at the 2010 census. Amsterdam was platted in 1891. The city was named after Amsterdam, capital of the Netherlands. Arthur Stilwell, an early-20th-century railroad executive, chose it because the Dutch capital was where the firm of an important railway financier, Jan de Goeijen, was located. A post office has been in operation at Amsterdam since 1892. Amsterdam is located at (38.350484, -94.587497). According to the United States
2291924
Irma Grese


Irma Ida Ilse Grese (7 October 1923 – 13 December 1945) was an "SS" guard at the Nazi concentration camps of Ravensbrück and Auschwitz, and served as warden of the women's section of Bergen-Belsen. Grese was convicted for crimes involving the ill-treatment and murder of prisoners committed at Auschwitz and Bergen-Belsen concentration camps, and sentenced to death at the Belsen trial. Executed at 22 years of age, Grese was the youngest woman to die judicially under British law in the 20th century. Auschwitz
13496868
Executive Mansion (Virginia)


The Virginia Governor's Mansion, better known as the Executive Mansion, is located in Richmond, Virginia, on Capitol Square and serves as the official residence of the Governor of the Commonwealth of Virginia. Designed by Alexander Parris, it is the oldest occupied governor's mansion in the United States. It has served as the home of Virginia governors and their families since 1813. This mansion is both a Virginia and a National Historic Landmark, and has had a number of successive renovations and expansions during the 20th century. Adjacent and
13750665
Alex Young (studio executive)


Hutch Parker brought Young across to 20th Century Fox where he was named Vice-President of Production. Young rose from Vice President to Senior Vice President to Executive Vice President, working on films such as X-Men 2: X-Men United, "", Live Free or Die Hard, and "Fantastic Four". In January 2007, Young was promoted along with Emma Watts to become Co-President of Production at 20th Century Fox. Becoming a producer at Fox in 2010, Young has produced Unstoppable, The
17717031
Little (film)


Little is a 2019 American fantasy comedy film directed and co-written by Tina Gordon. It stars Regina Hall, Issa Rae, and Marsai Martin, and follows an overbearing boss who is transformed into the child version of herself. Martin serves as an executive producer on the project, and at 14 years old is the youngest person to ever hold the title on a Hollywood production. The film was released in the United States on April 12, 2019, by Universal Pictures, and grossed over $48 million worldwide. It
21125339
Florence Griswold


Florence Ann Griswold (December 25, 1850 – December 6, 1937) was a resident of Old Lyme, Connecticut, United States who became the nucleus of the "Old Lyme Art Colony" in the early 20th century. Her home has since been made into the Florence Griswold Museum, a National Historic Landmark. Florence Griswold was the youngest daughter of Helen Powers Griswold and ship captain Robert Harper Griswold. As one of Old Lyme’s oldest and richest families, the Griswolds enjoyed a privileged life until economic difficulties changed the family
13544235
Darrell Pace


Darrell Owen Pace (born October 23, 1956) is a former archer from the United States, who won two individual Olympic and World Championships titles each during his career. In 2011, he was declared as the Men's archer for 20th century by the International Archery Federation (FITA). Pace, at the age of 16, became the youngest member of the U. S. team at the world championships, where he finished twenty-third. Pace went on to win four consecutive national archery championships, from 1973 through 1976
17171843
Arthur Calwell


the Clerical Association's delegates to the state conference. He was elected to the state executive in the same year, and was state president of the party from 1930 to 1931 – at the time, the youngest person to have held the position. Calwell unsuccessfully sought Labor preselection for the Victorian Legislative Assembly and the Senate on a number of occasions, and was elected to the party's federal executive in 1926. He was an assistant secretary to state MP Tom Tunnecliffe for a period, and from 1926 served as secretary to William
14292021
United States corporate law


technical point: the state county had included too much property in its calculations. Differential treatment between natural persons and corporations was therefore not squarely addressed. In the late 20th century, however, the issue of whether a corporation counted as a "person" for all or some purposes acquired political significance. Initially, in "Buckley v Valeo" a slight majority of the US Supreme Court had held that natural persons were entitled to spend unlimited amounts of their own money on their political campaigns. Over a strong dissent, the majority
16314500
LGBT retirement issues in the United States


that come with that to LGBTQ+ citizens. The transgender population of the United States has been fairly hidden until the late 20th century, not being exposed to the national spotlight until recently, and only being declassified as a mental illness in 2012. As the earlier set of transgender population reaches retirement age, or as older persons come out as transgender, there are certain issues that have arisen. There is a large variance in medical treatment across the United States, for example; a lasting issue is the fact that many health insurance
21594471
I Dream of Jesus


Hilton guest starred. Recurring voice actors for the show, including Patrick Warburton, Adam West, Johnny Brennan, writer Alec Sulkin, writer John Viener, writer Kirker Butler, co-executive producer Steve Callaghan, co-executive producer Mark Hentemann and executive producer Danny Smith also made minor appearances. "I Dream of Jesus", along with the first eight episodes of the seventh season were released on DVD by 20th Century Fox in the United States and Canada on June 16, 2009, one month after it had completed broadcast
8813027
Ballinrobe


. William Brooke Joyce (24 April 1906 – 3 January 1946) Known by his nickname Lord Haw Haw. His parents were farmers from Ballinrobe and he ran a public house there for a number of years in the early 20th century. He was convicted of one count of high treason in 1945 and sentenced to death. The Court of Appeal and the House of Lords upheld his conviction. He was hanged on 3 January 1946, making him the last person to be executed for treason in the United Kingdom. Ambrose Birmingham (
9213892
Chike Ukaegbu


Chike Ukaegbu (born 12 June 1983) is a Nigerian American businessman, educator and entrepreneur. He is the chief executive officer of Startup52. At 35, Chike became the youngest person in Africa to officially run for the Seat of the President, as the 2019 youngest presidential candidate in Nigeria, Africa's most populous nation and it's largest economy. Chike was born in Owerri, Imo State, a Southeastern state in Nigeria. He is of the Igbo tribe and speaks the Igbo language. Chike is one of six siblings
13214150
Cai Guo-Qiang


to the United States was "The Century with Mushroom Clouds: Project for the 20th Century"—a series of hand-held detonations executed in New York and Nevada. Cai deployed 10 grams of gunpowder in cardboard rolls to create mushroomoid smoke clouds at key points relating to the Manhattan project to re-enact and commemorate the atomic ignitions in the 20 Century. The ignitions were realized between February–April, 1996 at the Nuclear Test Site, Nevada; at Michael Heizer’s "Double Negative" (1969–70), Mormon Mesa, Overton
832137
The Tammy Grimes Show


, executive producer William Dozier called the series an "organized disaster". He added, "It was the wrong idea for the wrong person at the wrong time. Movies were not for Mary Martin; television was not for Tammy Grimes." "The Tammy Grimes Show" was created by George Axelrod and executive produced by William Dozier. The series was produced by Richard Whorf and Alex Gottlieb and filmed at 20th Century Fox Studios in Century City, Los Angeles. The theme was written by composer John Williams (credited as
8907504
Upright jerker


The upright jerker was an execution method and device intermittently used in the United States during the 19th and early 20th century. Intended to replace hangings, the upright jerker did not see widespread use. As in a hanging, a cord would be wrapped around the neck of the condemned. However, rather than dropping down through a trapdoor, the condemned would be violently jerked into the air by means of a system of weights and pulleys. The objective of this execution method was to provide a swift death by breaking the condemned's
3828734
Serial killer


in the United States, responsible for the death of at least nine victims in the early 1890s. Here as well, the case gained notoriety and wide publicity through possibly sensationalized accounts in William Randolph Hearst's newspapers. At the same time in France, Joseph Vacher became known as "The French Ripper" after killing and mutilating 11 women and children. He was executed in 1898 after confessing to his crimes. 76% of all known serial killers in the 20th century were from the United States. Some commonly found characteristics of
20234592
Flicka


country singer Tim McGraw, who also served as executive producer of the soundtrack album. This USD15 million-budgeted film grossed $21 million in the United States theaters, and then it went on to become a surprise hit in DVD market in the United States; it made more than $48 million on DVD sales and more than $19 million on DVD/Home Video rental. The film was theatrically released on October 20, 2006 by 20th Century Fox. A sequel "Flicka 2" was released direct to DVD on
4351619
Invasion of the United States


other side's home territory. After the Civil War, the threat of an invasion from a foreign power was small, and it was not until the 20th century that any real military strategy was developed to address the possibility of an attack on America. In 1915, the Liberating Army of Races and Peoples attempted to execute its Plan of San Diego to reconquer the southwestern United States, setting off the Bandit War and conducting raids into Texas from across the Mexican Border. On March 9, 1916, Mexican revolutionary Pancho Villa and
7424283
Economy of Colorado


The economy of the US state of Colorado according to The Bureau of Economic Analysis gross state product estimates for 2008 was $248.6 billion. The Colorado economy ranked 20th largest in the United States in 2008. per capita personal income in 2003 was $34,561, putting Colorado 8th in the nation. The state's economy broadened from its mid-19th century roots in mining when irrigated agriculture developed, and by the late 19th century, raising livestock had become important. Early industry was based on the extraction and processing of minerals and agricultural products
11392983
Religion and politics in the United States


leadership positions in the early 20th century American labor movement and helped to found unions that played a major role in left wing politics and, after 1936, in Democratic Party politics. For most of the 20th century since 1936, the vast majority of Jews in the United States have been aligned with the Democratic Party. Towards the end of the 20th century and at the beginning of the 21st century, Republicans have launched initiatives to woo American Jews away from the Democratic Party. Over the past century, Jews in Europe and the
19534909
The Carling


was situated in the middle of a block, rather than on a corner. It was constructed and managed by Atlanta's Dinkler Hotel Company, which owned and operated nearly two dozen upscale hotels in the southeastern United States. The facility was named after Carling L. Dinkler, who claimed to be the youngest hotel executive in the U.S. The facility changed its name to the Hotel Roosevelt in 1936 and it was a downtown landmark for over a quarter century. A two-story addition was constructed in 1937 at the rear of the building
19693465
William L. Schultz


William ‘Bill’ L. Schultz (November 25, 1923–June 7, 2009), was a late 20th century American circus performer (acrobat and flying trapeze artist), national paddleball champion, national racquetball champion, U.S. Marine, Big Time wrestler, the youngest executive director of the YMCA, and poet. He also sparred with John Wayne and other Hollywood celebrities. William ‘Bill’ L. Schultz was born in 1923 in Manitowoc, Wisconsin, USA into his father, William ('Billy', 'Lester') Schultz
11128290