who makes up the supreme court of the united states
Winters v. United States


the government seemed to turn a blind eye to many non-Indian settlers who were making use of water sources which, under the terms of "Winters v. United States", had been reserved for American Indian reservation use. The United States Supreme Court was not called upon to further define American Indian reserved water rights until the case of "Arizona v. California" in 1963. "Winters v. United States" was a United States Supreme Court Case with many implications. One thing that makes this case so monumental is the precedent
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Lists of United States Supreme Court cases


This page serves as an index of lists of United States Supreme Court cases. The United States Supreme Court is the highest federal court of the United States. Court historians and other legal scholars consider each Chief Justice of the United States who presides over the Supreme Court of the United States to be the head of an era of the Court. These lists are sorted chronologically by Chief Justice and include most major cases decided by the Court. Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States are officially published in the "United States
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Marshal of the United States Supreme Court


The Marshal of the United States Supreme Court heads the United States Supreme Court Police, a security police service answerable to the court itself rather than to the president or attorney general. It handles security for the Supreme Court building and for the justices personally. In accordance with : To carry out these duties, authorizes the Marshal to police the Supreme Court building and protect the Justices, employees of the Court, and visitors to the Court. The Marshal also has authority to make arrests in carrying out these duties. The office of
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State supreme court


In the United States, a state supreme court (known by other names in some states) is the ultimate judicial tribunal in the court system of a particular state ("i.e.", that state's court of last resort). On matters of state law, the decisions of a state supreme court are considered final and binding on state and even United States federal courts. Generally, the state supreme court, like most appellate tribunals, is exclusively for hearing appeals of legal issues. It does not make any finding of
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Demographics of the Supreme Court of the United States


-American candidate was given serious consideration for appointment to the Supreme Court until the election of John F. Kennedy, who weighed the possibility of appointing William H. Hastie of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit. Hastie had been the first African-American elevated to a Court of Appeals when Harry S. Truman had so appointed him in 1949, and by the time of the Kennedy Administration, it was widely anticipated that Hastie might be appointed to the Supreme Court. That Kennedy gave serious consideration to making this appointment "
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Clerk of the Supreme Court of the United States


." The Judicial Code (28 U.S.C. § 671) provides that the Clerk is appointed, and may be removed, by order of the Supreme Court. The Clerk's duties are prescribed by the statute and by Supreme Court Rule 1, and by the Court's customs and practices. The Clerk of the Supreme Court is a court clerk. The role of the clerk and deputies or assistants should not be confused with the Court's law clerks, who assist the Justices by conducting research, making recommendations on which cases to
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Judiciary


United States and approved by the United States Senate. The Supreme Court justices serve for a life term or until retirement. The Supreme Court is located in Washington, D.C. The United States federal court system consists of 94 federal judicial districts. The 94 districts are then divided up into twelve regional circuits. The United States has five different types of courts that are considered subordinate to the Supreme Court: United States bankruptcy courts, United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, United States Court of International Trade, United States courts
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Lists of landmark court decisions


Kingdom; in Scotland by the Court of Session or High Court of Justiciary; in England and Wales by the Court of Appeal or the High Court of Justice of England and Wales. Landmark cases in the United States come most frequently (but not exclusively) from the Supreme Court of the United States. United States Courts of Appeals may also make such decisions, particularly if the Supreme Court chooses not to review the case, or adopts the holding of the court below. Although many cases from state supreme courts are significant in
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United States v. Schwimmer


United States v. Schwimmer, 279 U.S. 644 (1929), was a case decided by the Supreme Court of the United States. It concerned a pacifist applicant for naturalization who in the interview declared not to be willing to "take up arms personally" in defense of the United States. Originally found unable by the District Court for the Northern District of Illinois to take the prescribed oath of allegiance, a decision reversed in appeal, the case was argued before the Supreme Court, which ruled against the applicant, and thus denied
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John F. Kennedy Supreme Court candidates


Whittaker retirement gave Kennedy his first vacancy on the Supreme Court. Two names initially came up as potential nominees: Judge William H. Hastie of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit and Harvard Law School Professor Paul A. Freund. United States Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy had recommended Hastie, who would have become the first African-American on the Supreme Court. Robert F. Kennedy said "it would mean so much overseas that we had a Negro on the Supreme Court." However, Hastie was opposed by Chief Justice
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Civil Rights Act of 1964


"The Justice Department is actually getting back in the business of making anti-transgender law in court." On December 11, 2017, the United States Supreme Court refused to hear an appeal in "Evans v. Georgia Regional Hospital", in which a lower court ruled against the plaintiff, who had argued Title VII protections applied to sexual orientation. The 11th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals stated in its earlier ruling that only the Supreme Court could determine if Title VII applied. In April 2019, the Supreme Court of the
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Buck v. Bell


was making its way through the court system, Priddy died and his successor, Dr. John Hendren Bell, took up the case. The Board of Directors issued an order for the sterilization of Buck, and her guardian appealed the case to the Circuit Court of Amherst County, which sustained the decision of the Board. The case then moved to the Supreme Court of Appeals of Virginia. The appellate court sustained the sterilization law as compliant with both the state and federal constitutions, and it then went to the United States Supreme Court
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Immigration reform in the United States


deferred action. Judge Carolyn Dineen King dissented, arguing that prosecutorial discretion makes the case non-justiciable, and that there had been "no justification" for the circuit court's delay in ruling. On 20 November 2015, the United States Department of Justice appealed directly to the United States Supreme Court. On January 19, 2016, the Supreme Court agreed to review the case. In "United States v. Texas", the Supreme Court deadlocked 4-4 on June 23, leaving in place the appeals court ruling blocking
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Nectow v. City of Cambridge


Nectow v. City of Cambridge, 277 U.S. 183 (1928), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court reversed the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court ruling, and found that the invasion of the plaintiff's property right was "serious and highly injurious," and that the placement of the locus of the zoning ordinance would not promote the health, safety, convenience or general welfare of the inhabitants of Cambridge. It, along with "Euclid v. Ambler", makes up the Supreme Court's case law on zoning
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United States Attorney


receive oversight, supervision, and administrative support services through the Justice Department's Executive Office for United States Attorneys. Selected U.S. Attorneys participate in the Attorney General's Advisory Committee of United States Attorneys. The Office of the United States Attorney was created by the Judiciary Act of 1789, along with the office of Attorney General and the United States Marshals Service. The same act also specified the structure of the Supreme Court of the United States and established inferior courts making up the United States Federal Judiciary, including a district court system.
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United States Supreme Court Building


died. Among the justices known for their on-court prowess was Justice Byron White who, as the runner-up for the 1937 Heisman Trophy and former National Football League player, is considered to be the Supreme Court's preeminent sportsman. Among the Supreme Court clerks who have played is Fox News commentator Laura Ingraham, a critic of the National Basketball Association, and current Supreme Court Justices Elena Kagan and Brett Kavanaugh. Near the entrance to the gym is a sign that reads "PLAYING BASKETBALL AND WEIGHT LIFTING ARE PROHIBITED WHILE
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Supreme Court Police


The Supreme Court of the United States Police is a small U.S. federal law enforcement agency headquartered in the District of Columbia, whose mission is to ensure the integrity of the constitutional mission of the U.S. Supreme Court by protecting the Supreme Court building, the Justices, employees, guests, and visitors. In accordance with , the Supreme Court Police falls under the jurisdiction of the Marshal of the United States Supreme Court who is appointed by the Supreme Court. The Marshal and the Supreme Court Police are authorized by to police the Supreme Court
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Franklin v. South Carolina


-defense and that the peonage laws were unjust. In appeal, the defense claimed that the make-up of the jury, all white based on the requirement that the jury be based on those who were eligible to vote, was based on unconstitutional racism in election laws stemming from the 1895 South Carolina constitution. Franklin's conviction was upheld in all appeals, including the appeal before the United States Supreme Court heard in April 1910. The case was the second time black South Carolina lawyers had appeared before the Supreme Court,
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Faisalabad Three


Faisalabad is the home of Salafi University, a religious institution, supported by donations, that provides free room and board to international students — a number of these have been captured on suspicion of being tied to terrorism. In the summer of 2006 the United States Supreme Court ruled that the United States President lacked the constitutional authority to set up military commissions. The Supreme Court ruled that only the United States Congress had the authority to set up military commissions. All ten captives who had faced charges before the Presidentially authorized military commissions had
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Griswold v. Connecticut


patients and dozens of appointment requests from married women who wanted birth control advice and prescriptions. Griswold and Buxton were arrested, tried, found guilty, and fined $100 each. The conviction was upheld by the Appellate Division of the Circuit Court, and by the Connecticut Supreme Court. Griswold appealed her conviction to the United States Supreme Court, arguing that the Connecticut statute was a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution, which reads that "no state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges
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United States v. Sandoval


or lands. When the Supreme Court reversed its position in 1913, the land title to much of the state was called into question. Justice Miller of the Supreme Court had previously ruled, "Every person who makes a settlement on any lands belonging, secured, or granted by treaty with the United States to any Indian tribe, or surveys or attempts to survey said lands, or to designate any of the boundaries by marking trees or otherwise, is liable to a penalty of $1,000." Congress responded in 1924 and
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United States v. Hubbell


dissent in the Court of Appeals below. Before the U.S. Supreme Court, the prosecutor argued that because the government's possession of the documents was the fruit only of the simple physical act of Hubbell's production of those documents, Hubbell's immunity should not prevent the prosecutor from making derivative use of the documents, even though Hubbell's production of those documents was the result of Hubbell's compliance with the court order granting him immunity. The United States Supreme Court rejected the prosecutor's argument. The Court stated: The Supreme Court
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List of landmark court decisions in the United States


The following is a partial list of landmark court decisions in the United States. Landmark decisions establish a significant new legal principle or concept or otherwise that substantially changes the interpretation of existing law. Such a decision may settle the law in more than one way: In the United States, landmark court decisions come most frequently from the Supreme Court. United States courts of appeals may also make such decisions, particularly if the Supreme Court chooses not to review the case or if it adopts the holding of the lower court, such as
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Clean Air Act (United States)


tightened the NAAQS regarding permissible levels of the ground-level ozone that make up smog and the fine airborne particulate matter that makes up soot. The decision came after months of public review of the proposed new standards, as well as long and fierce internal discussion within the Clinton administration, leading to the most divisive environmental debate of that decade. The new regulations were challenged in the courts by industry groups as a violation of the U.S. Constitution's nondelegation principle and eventually landed in the Supreme Court of the United States, whose 2001
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Cognitive liberty


" brief with the US Supreme Court in the case of "Sell v. United States", in which the Supreme Court examined whether the court had the power to make an order to forcibly administer antipsychotic medication to an individual who had refused such treatment, for the sole purpose of making them competent to stand trial. In the case of "R v Hardison", the defendant, charged with eight counts under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (MDA), including the production of DMT and LSD, claimed that cognitive liberty
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List of United States Supreme Court Justices who also served in Congress


Following is a list of United States Supreme Court Justices who also served in Congress. Since the United States Supreme Court was established in 1789, 114 persons have served on the Court. Of these, several also served in the U.S. Congress, either before or after their tenure as a justice. Six were incumbent members of the United States Senate at the time of their appointment, while one—James Moore Wayne—was an incumbent member of the House of Representatives. The others had previously served in the Senate or the House
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Civil liberties in the United States


Civil liberties in the United States are certain unalienable rights retained by (as opposed to privileges granted to) citizens of the United States under the Constitution of the United States, as interpreted and clarified by the Supreme Court of the United States and lower federal courts. Civil liberties are simply defined as individual legal and constitutional protections from entities more powerful than an individual, for example, parts of the government, other individuals, or corporations. The liberties explicitly defined, make up the Bill of Rights, including freedom of speech,
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James Alger Fee


after the bombing of Pearl Harbor. The curfew only applied to those of Japanese heritage, with Yasui being the first person to be arrested for violating the curfew. This case would make it all the way to the United States Supreme Court. The decision to take this trial to the Supreme Court made national news. Yasui was an attorney who was a United States Army reservist and, until the start of the war, worked for the Japanese consulate in Chicago, Illinois. The trial was held at the Federal Courthouse in downtown
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State court (United States)


person, in open court. In most, but not all states (California and New York are significant exceptions), the state supreme court or a related administrative body has the power to write the rules of procedure that govern the courts through a rule-making process. In a minority of the states, criminal and civil procedure are largely governed by state statutes. Most states model their general jurisdiction trial court rules closely upon the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure with modifications to address types of cases that come up only in state
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Habeas corpus in the United States


United States Supreme Court held that the declaration of martial law did not permit the trial of civilians in military tribunals for offenses unrelated to the military (in this case, public drunkenness). In 1942, eight German saboteurs, including two U.S. citizens, who had secretly entered the United States to attack its civil infrastructure as part of Operation Pastorius were convicted by a secret military tribunal set up by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. In "Ex parte Quirin" (1942), the U.S. Supreme Court decided that the writ of "
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Arkansas Militia and the Mexican–American War


"Judges of the supreme and circuit courts, secretary of state, auditor and treasurer of the State, clerks of the supreme and circuit courts, postmasters who have the care of the mails of the United States, postriders, ferrymen on all public roads, and ministers of the gospel". However, in addition to the compulsory service for all able bodied free white males, the law also authorized the raising of Volunteer Militia Companies for up to five years at a time. Each regiment was authorized to raise up to three
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Burks v. United States


to make that determination. The Supreme Court ultimately agreed with Burks, but it had to address and overrule contrary precedent to do so. "The Court's holdings in this area. . . . can hardly be characterized as models of consistency and clarity."—"Burks v. United States", 437 U.S. 1, 9 (1978) (Burger, C.J.). In 1950, the Supreme Court rejected an argument, essentially the same as Burks', in "Bryan v. United States." There, the Court held that
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Women in the United States Senate


century, long after women began to make up a significant portion of the membership of the House. The trend of few women in the Senate began to change in the wake of the Clarence Thomas Supreme Court nomination hearings, and the subsequent election of the 103rd United States Congress in 1992, which was dubbed the "Year of the Woman." In addition to Barbara Mikulski, who was reelected that year (1992), four women were elected to the Senate, all Democrats. They were Patty Murray of Washington, Carol
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Judges of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom


, this is to be provided in a report to the Lord Chancellor, who is then required to consult the judges and politicians already consulted by the commission before deciding whether to recommend (in the Act, "notify") a name to the Prime Minister, who in turn advises the Queen to make the appointment. The Act provides for up to three stages in the Lord Chancellor's consideration of whether to do so: The Supreme Court was established on 1 October 2009 and assumed the former judicial functions of the House of
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Hodges v. United States


Hodges v. United States, 203 U.S. 1 (1906), was a decision by the United States Supreme Court limiting the power of Congress to make laws under the Thirteenth Amendment. Three White men had been convicted in the Eastern Arkansas District Court for conspiring against black sawmill workers. The statute that was used to convict the men prohibits conspiracy to deprive American citizens of their constitutional liberties, including the right to make contracts. The Supreme Court overturned the conviction, holding that Congress did not have the right to intervene against racially motivated
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Anti-miscegenation laws in the United States


. However, attitudes towards bans on interracial marriage quickly changed in the 1960s. By the 1960s, civil rights organizations were helping interracial couples who were being penalized for their relationships to take their cases to the Supreme Court. Since Pace v. Alabama, the court had declined to make a judgment in such cases. But in 1964, the Warren Court decided to issue a ruling in the case of an interracial couple from Florida who had been convicted because they had cohabited. In "McLaughlin v. Florida", the Supreme Court ruled
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2000 United States presidential election recount in Florida


U.S. Supreme Court's final ruling on the 12th) to consider the question of including overvotes. Subsequent statements by Lewis and internal court documents support the likelihood that overvotes would have been included in the recount. Florida State University professor of public policy Lance deHaven-Smith observed that, even considering only undervotes, "under any of the five most reasonable interpretations of the Florida Supreme Court ruling, Gore does, in fact, more than make up the deficit". Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting's analysis of the NORC study and
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Abbate v. United States


Abbate v. United States, 359 U.S. 187 (1959), is a decision of the U.S. Supreme Court. The decision held that the Double Jeopardy Clause of the Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution does not prohibit the prosecution of a conspiracy in federal court under federal law when that same conspiracy has already resulted in a conviction in state court under state law. Abbate was part of conspiracy to blow up multiple facilities owned by the Southern Bell Telephone Company. He was convicted in Illinois under a state law making it a crime to
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Federal Corrupt Practices Act


disclosure to the public, and it set no penalties for failure to comply. The law did not regulate total contributions, which encouraged parties and donors to set up multiple committees and make multiple donations, all under $100, to evade the law's limits. Enforcement was left up to Congress, which rarely acted. The US Supreme Court upheld the reporting requirements in "Burroughs v. U.S." 290 U.S. 534 (1934). In 1941, the Supreme Court, in "United States v. Classic," 313 U.S. 299
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Competence (law)


. This is a result of Ford v. Wainwright, a case filed by a Florida inmate on death row who took his case to the United States Supreme Court, declaring he was not competent to be executed. The court ruled in his favor, stating that a forensic professional must make that competency evaluation and, if the inmate is found incompetent, must provide treatment to aid in his gaining competency so the execution can take place. Generally, in the United States, a person has the capacity or competence to make the decision
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Maria Altmann


to be worth approximately US$135 million, making the filing fee over $1.5 million. Although the Austrian courts later reduced this amount to $350,000, this was still too much for Altmann, and she dropped her case in the Austrian court system. In 2000, Altmann filed a lawsuit in the United States District Court for the Central District of California under the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (FSIA). The case, "Republic of Austria v. Altmann", ended up in the Supreme Court of the United States, which
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Sell v. United States


Sell v. United States, 539 U.S. 166 (2003), is a decision in which the United States Supreme Court imposed stringent limits on the right of a lower court to order the forcible administration of antipsychotic medication to a criminal defendant who had been determined to be incompetent to stand trial for the sole purpose of making them competent and able to be tried. Specifically, the court held that lower courts could do so only under limited circumstances in which specified criteria had been met. In the case of Charles Sell, since the
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Cameras in the Supreme Court of the United States


the Court to be televised. Upon introducing his bill to require televising the Supreme Court of the United States proceedings, Arlen Specter announced, "[t]he Supreme Court makes pronouncements on constitutional and federal law that have direct impacts on the rights of Americans. Those rights would be substantially enhanced by televising the oral arguments of the Court so that the public can see and hear the issues presented." Eight U.S. Senators co-sponsored Spector's resolution. Ted Poe, R-TX2, introduced a related bill in the House of
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UKSCblog


UKSCblog (The United Kingdom Supreme Court blog) is a law blog dedicated to the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom. The blog is based on the SCOTUSblog in the US which provides commentary and information about the United States Supreme Court. The establishment of the Supreme Court marks an important constitutional change for the UK, and to mark this development, the UKSC Blog has been set up to provide commentary on the court and its judgments. UKSCblog was created by, amongst others, Hugh Tomlinson QC of Matrix Chambers and Dan Tench
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Nullification (U.S. Constitution)


the state legislature or state courts. Because such a lawsuit recognizes the authority of the Supreme Court to make the ultimate decision on constitutionality, it is not a use of nullification. As noted above, the Supreme Court indicated in "Prigg v. Pennsylvania", 41 U.S. 539 (1842), that the states cannot be compelled to use state law enforcement resources to enforce federal law. The Supreme Court reaffirmed this principle in cases such as "Printz v. United States", 521 U.S. 898 (1997) and "New
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Cigna Healthcare of Texas, Inc. v. Calad


Court decision to the United States Supreme Court. Because of their similarity, both the CIGNA appeal and the Aetna appeal were argued before the Supreme Court together, determining the reach that "Pilot v. Life" might have on HMOs, with the 5th Circuit Court possibly having reversed prior ERISA-related US Supreme Court decisions. Making arguments before the Court included lawyers for CIGNA and Aetna, a lawyer arguing on behalf of the State of Texas, and some "Friend of the Court" arguments. The Supreme Court ruling struck down
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Sexual orientation in the United States military


, 2013, the Supreme Court held in "United States v. Windsor" that the statute under which the U.S. military was withholding benefits from servicemembers in same-sex marriages, Section 3 of the Defense of Marriage Act, was unconstitutional. Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel stated: "The Department of Defense welcomes the Supreme Court's decision [and] will immediately begin the process of implementing the Supreme Court's decision in consultation with the Department of Justice and other executive branch agencies. The Department of Defense intends to make the same
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List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States by court composition


the Supreme Court since 1789. Justices have life tenure, and so they serve until they die in office, resign or retire, or are impeached and removed from office. The graphical timeline below lists the justices of the Supreme Court of the United States by court composition. As Supreme Court historians categorize eras in the court's history by the name of the presiding chief justice, the timeline is divided into sections, according to who was chief justice at the time. The incumbent associate justices at the start of each court era
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Perkins v. Elg


administration of Franklin D. Roosevelt, when the case was appealed to the Supreme Court. Chief Justice Hughes wrote for the Court: The Court's first holding, that Elg was a citizen upon birth within the United States, was a reaffirmation of "United States v. Wong Kim Ark" (1898). The case was argued for the United States by Robert H. Jackson, who later became a Supreme Court justice. This was the only Supreme Court case that Jackson lost in his two years as Solicitor General. The case was
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Utah Supreme Court


The Utah Supreme Court is the supreme court of the state of Utah, United States. It has final authority of interpretation of the Utah Constitution. The Utah Supreme Court is composed of five members: a chief justice, an associate chief justice, and three justices. All justices are appointed by the governor of Utah, with confirmation by the Utah Senate. The five justices vote among themselves for the position of chief justice and associate chief justice, who each serve a term of four years. In 1850, the United States
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Duren v. Missouri


Duren v. Missouri, 439 U.S. 357 (1979), was a United States Supreme Court case related to the Sixth Amendment. It challenged Missouri's law allowing gender-based exemption from jury service. Ruth Bader Ginsburg, who later became a Supreme Court Justice herself, and Lee Nation argued for Duren in what became Ginsburg's last case before the Supreme Court as an attorney. Part of her argument was that making jury duty optional for women should be struck down because it treated women's service on juries as less valuable than
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State court (United States)


like class actions and many pretrial procedures (such as out-of-court discovery in the absence of a court order). Most state supreme courts also have general supervisory authority over the state court system. In this capacity they are responsible, for example, for making budget requests and administrative management decisions for the court system as a whole. In most states, such administrative authority has been transferred or delegated to a state judicial council which includes members of lower courts. All state supreme courts are the "de jure"
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Chy Lung v. Freeman


that the United States federal government, as opposed to state governments, were in charge of immigration policy and diplomatic relations with other nations, so it was not up to the state of California to impose restrictions on Chinese immigration. The Supreme Court also noted that this action by the government of California could jeopardize foreign relations for the United States government insofar as it ran afoul of treaty obligations. The court did note that states could make reasonable and necessary regulations concerning paupers and convicted criminals, but that this regulation went far beyond that
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Railroad Commission v. Pullman Co.


local District Court judges, who held the agency action violated the law of Texas. The case was appealed directly to the Supreme Court. Although the parties did not raise the issue before the United States Supreme Court, this case presented an opportunity for the Court to discuss whether it was appropriate for the United States District Court to grant relief, when the suit could have been brought in a state court in Texas. The Supreme Court, in an opinion by Justice Frankfurter, noted that there are a number of reasons that this
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Supreme Court of the United States


opportunity to appoint a justice, but made appointments during their subsequent terms in office. No president who has served more than one full term has gone without at least one opportunity to make an appointment. The Supreme Court consists of a chief justice, currently John Roberts, and eight associate justices. Among the current members of the Court, Clarence Thomas is the longest-serving justice, with a tenure of days () as of ; the most recent justice to join the court is Brett Kavanaugh, whose tenure began on October
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Appointment and confirmation to the Supreme Court of the United States


); an elected president who makes a nomination ought to be viewed differently from a president-by-succession ("S"); and, a nomination made post-election-of-successor ("PE") should be distinguished from a nomination made earlier. Following is a list of those people who were nominated to the Supreme Court during the last year of a president's last term. This list does not include presidents who never had an opportunity to serve what would have been their last year, due
1216576
Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution


Alabama", , the Supreme Court ruled that "in a capital case, where the defendant is unable to employ counsel, and is incapable adequately of making his own defense because of ignorance, feeble mindedness, illiteracy, or the like, it is the duty of the court, whether requested or not, to assign counsel for him." In "Johnson v. Zerbst", , the Supreme Court ruled that in all federal cases, counsel would have to be appointed for defendants who were too poor to hire their own
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List of federal judges appointed by Ulysses S. Grant


Following is a list of all Article III United States federal judges appointed by President Ulysses S. Grant during his presidency. In total Grant appointed 46 Article III federal judges, making him the first President to appoint more federal judges than George Washington. Grant's appointments included 4 Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States, 10 judges to the United States circuit courts, and 32 judges to the United States district courts. Grant also appointed Edwin M. Stanton to the Supreme Court in 1869; Stanton was confirmed and his commission was
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Wickard v. Filburn


commerce" as to authorize the regulation of the carrying of handguns, especially when there was no evidence that carrying them affected the economy on a massive scale. (In a later case, "United States v. Morrison", the Court ruled in 2000 that Congress could not make such laws even when there was evidence of aggregate effect.) The Supreme Court has since relied heavily on "Wickard" in upholding the power of the federal government to prosecute individuals who grow their own medicinal marijuana pursuant to state law. The Supreme
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Associate justice


Associate justice or associate judge is the title for a member of a judicial panel who is not the chief justice in some jurisdictions. The title "Associate Justice" is used for members of the Supreme Court of the United States and some state supreme courts, and for some other courts in Commonwealth of Nations countries, as well as for members of the Supreme Court of the Federated States of Micronesia, a former United States Trust Territory. In other common law jurisdictions, the equivalent position is called "Puisne Justice". In
3402991
Supreme Court of the United States


now is smaller today than when he first joined the Supreme Court, he also stated that he has not changed his standards for deciding whether to review a case, nor does he believe his colleagues have changed their standards. He attributed the high volume of cases in the late 1980s, at least in part, to an earlier flurry of new federal legislation that was making its way through the courts. Critic Larry Sabato wrote: "The insularity of lifetime tenure, combined with the appointments of relatively young attorneys who give long service
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Media lock-up


the Australian Government, the New Zealand Treasury, the United States Department of Labor, the South African Treasury, the Government of Canada and the Supreme Court of Canada. The Supreme Court of Canada has stated that it uses media lock-ups "to improve the accuracy of media reporting of Supreme Court of Canada decisions and to assist members of the media in reporting on cases that have attracted a high level of public interest." Lock-ups associated with the Australian budget have been controversial. In 2014, members of several
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Neil Gorsuch


Justice Antonin Scalia. On January 31, 2017, President Trump announced his nomination of Gorsuch to the Supreme Court. Gorsuch was 49 years old at the time of the nomination, making him the youngest nominee to the Supreme Court since the 1991 nomination of Clarence Thomas (who was 43). It was reported by the Associated Press that, as a courtesy, Gorsuch's first call after the nomination was to President Obama's pick for the same position, Merrick Garland, Chief Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for
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William R. Day


William Rufus Day (April 17, 1849 – July 9, 1923) was an American diplomat and jurist, who served for nineteen years as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. Prior to his service on the Supreme Court, Day served as the 36th United States Secretary of State during the administration of President William McKinley and also served as a United States Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit and the United States Circuit Courts for the Sixth Circuit. Day was born in
1211036
Incorporation of the Bill of Rights


, the Supreme Court in "United States v. Cruikshank" (1876) still held that the First and Second Amendment did not apply to state governments. However, beginning in the 1920s, a series of United States Supreme Court decisions interpreted the Fourteenth Amendment to "incorporate" most portions of the Bill of Rights, making these portions, for the first time, enforceable against the state governments. The United States Bill of Rights is the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution. Proposed following the oftentimes bitter 1787–88 battle over
11033722
Supreme Court of Missouri


being named, the Commission shall make the appointment. Once the judge has served for at least a year, he or she is placed on the general election ballot for a retention vote of the people. If retained, judges serve a term of 12 years. The following is a list of notable cases decided by the Supreme Court of Missouri or which came to the Supreme Court of the United States from the Supreme Court of Missouri. Since 1973, the Supreme Court of Missouri has heard all cases en banc (before all
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Sheriffs in the United States


94 United States Marshals, one for each federal judicial district. The U.S. Marshal and his or her Deputy Marshals are responsible for the transport of prisoners and security for the United States district courts, and also issue and enforce certain civil processes. The other is the Marshal of the United States Supreme Court who performs all court related duties for the Supreme Court of the United States. In Alabama, a sheriff is an elected official and the chief law enforcement officer in any given county. There is one sheriff for each of Alabama
10077694
Demographics of the Supreme Court of the United States


the immediate past President of the United States and one of the wealthiest men in the country. "About three-fifths of those named to the Supreme Court personally knew the President who nominated them". There have been exceptions to the typical portrait of justices growing up middle class or wealthy. For example, the family of Sherman Minton went through a period of impoverishment during his childhood, resulting from the disability of his father due to a heat stroke. In 2008, seven of the nine sitting justices were millionaires, and
18995264
Unsuccessful nominations to the Supreme Court of the United States


's successor. Senate Republicans refused to hold hearings on Garland, and Garland's nomination remained before the Senate longer than any other Supreme Court nomination. Garland's nomination expired with the end of the 114th United States Congress. The vacancy caused by Scalia's death remained unfilled for 422 days, making it just the second Supreme Court vacancy since the end of the Civil War to remain unfilled for more than one year. On January 31, 2017, President Donald Trump nominated federal appeals court Judge Neil Gorsuch to replace Justice Scalia.
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Chief Justice of Gibraltar


The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Gibraltar is one of the four judges who make up the supreme court of Gibraltar. Previously the Chief Justice was appointed by the Governor of Gibraltar on the advice of the British Foreign and Commonwealth Office. Under the 2006 Constitution the Governor, on the advice of the Judicial Service Commission, makes the appointment on behalf of the Monarch. As a judge of the Supreme Court, the Chief Justice is responsible for hearing civil and criminal proceedings, including Family Jurisdiction, Court of Protection, Admiralty
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Appointment and confirmation to the Supreme Court of the United States


The appointment and confirmation of Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States involves several steps set forth by the United States Constitution, which have been further refined and developed by decades of tradition. Candidates are nominated by the President of the United States and must face a series of hearings in which both the nominee and other witnesses make statements and answer questions before the Senate Judiciary Committee, which can vote to send the nomination to the full United States Senate. Confirmation by the Senate allows the President to formally appoint the candidate to
1216553
Janie Shores


Janie Ledlow Shores (April 30, 1932 – August 9, 2017) was a judge on the Supreme Court of Alabama who was the first woman to ever serve on that court. Shores also was considered by President Bill Clinton in 1993 as a possible nominee to the United States Supreme Court. A native of Butler County, Alabama, who grew up in Baldwin County, Alabama, Shores attended Judson College and earned a bachelor's degree from Samford University. She also graduated with honors with a law degree from the University of
4911418
Matal v. Tam


narrowly tailored the statute is, that it makes sense that the Lanham Act should survive scrutiny. The United States Patent and Trademark Office appealed the decision to the United States Supreme Court, presenting the following question in its petition for certiorari: "whether the disparagement provision in 15 U.S.C. 1052(a) is facially invalid under the Free Speech Clause of the First Amendment"? The Supreme Court agreed to grant certiorari in September 2016. Oral arguments were heard on January 18, 2017. On June 19, 2017 the Supreme Court delivered judgment
787904
Timbs v. Indiana


that the use of asset forfeiture is imbalanced against poor people, who are more likely to be caught in drug trafficking and have the fewest assets to lose, and makes it difficult for such people to re-integrate with society without these assets. The Supreme Court has previously ruled in "Austin v. United States" (1993) that the Eighth Amendment applies to federal asset forfeitures, protecting citizens from excessive fines which would include asset forfeiture. In the Supreme Court's 2017 term, a petition for a case related to state
14698319
Modern liberalism in the United States


Specific definitions of Third Way policies may differ between Europe and the United States. Republican and staunch conservative George W. Bush won the 2000 president election in a tightly contested race that included multiple recounts in the state of Florida. The outcome was tied up in courts for a month until reaching the Supreme Court. In the controversial ruling "Bush v. Gore" case on December 9, the Supreme Court reversed a Florida Supreme Court decision ordering a third recount, essentially ending the dispute and resulting in Bush winning the presidency by electoral vote
6201098
Supreme Court of Hawaii


uses only evidence provided in previous trials. The court meets in Aliiōlani Hale in Honolulu. The Hawaii State Supreme Court has original jurisdiction to answer questions of law that have been passed to it from trial courts or the federal court, hear civil cases submitted to the Supreme Court on agreed statements of facts, and decide questions coming from proceedings of writs of mandamus, prohibition, and habeas corpus. The Supreme Court consists of five justices who are initially appointed to ten-year terms by the Governor of Hawaii, who makes his
3190013
Husain Haqqani


, Pakistan's Supreme Court wrapped up the case saying that "the Supreme Court has nothing to do with this matter." Husain Haqqani has long had a difficult relationship with Pakistan's military. Haqqani had made enemies among some in Pakistan's military due to his criticism of the Army. In 1999, he was kidnapped by Pakistani intelligence agents who roughed him up and held him for two months until a court ordered his release. The ISI tried to stop Haqqani from being appointed Ambassador to the United States, and kept him
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United States Supreme Court Building


at the appointed time to line up in numerical order, usually one hour before the argument. At this time, there usually are several hundred persons waiting outside the Court, most of whom are not able to observe either argument. While the Courtroom does have seating for some 250 public visitors, in practice there are almost always large groups of students or officials that reduce that number, and visitors who are admitted to observe the first argument generally stay for the second argument, making the total seats available for the second argument generally
14788308
Addyston Pipe & Steel Co. v. United States


unjust use of those fruits by the other party. If the primary purpose is to restrain trade, then the agreement is invalid, and in this case, the restraint was direct and therefore invalid. The opinion was written by Chief Judge William Howard Taft (who later became President of the United States and then Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court). Taft's reasoning was subsequently adopted by the Supreme Court as the proper interpretation of the Sherman Act. This case was appealed to the Supreme Court as "Addyston Pipe
15714728
Cameras in the Supreme Court of the United States


The Supreme Court of the United States does not allow cameras in the courtroom when the court is in session, a policy which is the subject of much debate. Although the Court has never allowed cameras in its courtroom, it does make audiotapes of oral arguments and opinions available to the public. In 2009, Pennsylvania Senator Arlen Specter and seven co-sponsors introduced a resolution to express the sense of Congress that sessions of the Court should be televised. In 2009, Specter also introduced a bill that would require open sessions of
17778319
Gillespie v. United States Steel Corp.


the District Court's order. In light of the circumstances, the Supreme Court of the United States (Supreme Court) believed the Court of Appeals properly implemented the same policy Congress sought to promote in Section:1292(b) by treating this obviously marginal case as final and appealable. Though the Court of Appeals review of this case could have been seen as piecemeal, it did not appear that the inconvenience and cost of trying the case was increased just because the Court of Appeals decided on the issues raised, instead of making the parties go
5553945
History of the United States Constitution


from the highest state courts, like the South Carolina court he presided over as Chancellor. Rufus King (MA) thought national district courts in each state would cost less than appeals that otherwise would go to the 'supreme court' in the national capital. National inferior courts passed but making appointments by 'congress' was crossed out and left blank so the delegates could take it up later after "maturer reflection." The Constitutional Convention created a new, unprecedented form of government by reallocating powers of government. Every previous national
18787798
Britt Grant


President Donald Trump as a potential nominee to the Supreme Court of the United States. On August 3, 2018, her service on the state supreme court was terminated due to her elevation to the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit. On April 10, 2018, President Donald Trump nominated Grant to serve as a United States Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit. She was nominated to the seat vacated by Judge Julie E. Carnes, who assumed senior status on June 18, 2018
11292754
Privacy and the US government


the U.S. Constitution. The judicial branch consists of a federal court system with a final level of appeal of the United States Supreme Court. The Supreme Court can influence an individual's or entity's right to privacy through judicial interpretation of isolated court cases that explore privacy infringement. The privacy cases that reach the Supreme Court ultimately lead to Supreme Court decisions and precedent that modify the accepted privacy rights within the country. While it is still unclear whether Congress or Court decisions come first when making strides in the arena of privacy protections,
9436052
United States territorial court


Supreme Court concluded as an argument of non-incorporation: The United States District Court (in Puerto Rico) is not a true United States court established under Article 3 of the Constitution to administer the judicial power of the United States therein conveyed. It is created by virtue of the sovereign congressional faculty, granted under Article 4, §3, of the Constitution, of making all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory belonging to the United States. The resemblance of its jurisdiction to that of true United States courts, in
7253522
Richard Cordray


by the U.S. Supreme Court, but not ruled on because of its similarity to a previous Wisconsin ruling. In 1993 the government of Ohio created the office of state solicitor general to handle the state's appellate work. The state solicitor, appointed by the Ohio attorney general, is responsible for cases that are to be argued before the Ohio Supreme Court and the United States Supreme Court. Until 1998, the Solicitor worked without any support staff. Cordray, who had earlier worked for a summer in the office of the United States
17825927
Merrick Garland Supreme Court nomination


On March 16, 2016, President Barack Obama nominated Merrick Garland for Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States to succeed Antonin Scalia, who had died one month earlier. At the time of his nomination, Garland was the Chief Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. Scalia's death brought about an unusual situation in which a Democratic president had the opportunity to appoint a Supreme Court justice while the Republicans controlled the United States Senate. Before 2016, such a situation had last
1098853
Judges of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom


2010, Justices of the Supreme Court, including the Deputy President, were in Group 2 of the judicial salary scheme, with an annual salary of £206,857. This is the same group as the Chancellor of the High Court, Lord Justice Clerk, President of the Family Division and President of the Queen's Bench Division. The President of the Supreme Court, Lord Chief Justice of Northern Ireland, Lord President of the Court of Session and Master of the Rolls make up Group 1.1 of the scale on £214,165, below
11405980
Cross v. United States (1916)


Cross v. United States, 242 U.S. 4 (1916), was a United States Supreme Court case regarding remuneration for clerks of the court for the copying and docketing of naturalization claims. Appellant Cross, a federal court clerk, filed a claim against the United States to be paid fees for making triplicate copies of original declarations of intention for naturalization and attaching the seal of the court to the same. The United States Court of Claims (then simply the "Court of Claims") denied his claim. The clerk appealed.
14903458
Runkle v. United States


Runkle v. United States, 122 U.S. 543 (1887), was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States determined that the president cannot delegate the power vested in him to approve the proceedings and sentence of a court-martial because the president is the only person bestowed with the judicial power of making a final determination. Benjamin Piatt Runkle, a Civil War veteran who was wounded at the Battle of Shiloh, was, from 1867 to 1870, serving as an active duty army major and disbursing officer in
14210611
Mike Crapo


right to make nominations to the Supreme Court, with the advice and consent of the Senate. As part of its role in this process, the Senate may, at its discretion, withhold consent. The next Supreme Court justice will make decisions that affect every American and shape our nation's legal landscape for decades. Therefore, the current Supreme Court vacancy should be filled by an individual nominated by the next President of the United States. In 2017, Crapo was one of 22 senators to sign a letter to President Donald Trump
10707553
NAACP v. Alabama


The United States Supreme Court reversed the first contempt judgment. The Alabama Supreme Court then claimed the U.S. Supreme Court had relied on a "mistaken premise" and reinstated the contempt judgment, which the U.S. Supreme Court reversed again. The NAACP moved to try the case on the merits; this motion was denied and again appealed up to the U.S. Supreme Court, which remanded the case to Alabama, and ordered the Federal district court to try the case on the merits if the Alabama court system continued to refuse to do so.
6371449
Washington v. Trump


In a "per curiam" decision, on June 26, 2017, the United States Supreme Court reinstated key provisions narrowed to apply only to foreign nationals who have no "credible claim of a bona fide relationship with a person or entity in the United States" and set case for final consideration in October. The court also granted certiorari and set oral arguments for the fall term. In an unsigned statement the Supreme Court stated that denying entry to foreign nationals abroad who have no connection to the United States "does not burden
13229038
Certiorari


it gained the ability to review the decisions of the courts of appeals at its discretion through writ of "certiorari". Since the Judiciary Act of 1925 and the Supreme Court Case Selections Act of 1988, most cases cannot be appealed to the Supreme Court of the United States as a matter of right. A party who wants the Supreme Court to review a decision of a federal or state court files a "petition for writ of certiorari" in the Supreme Court. A "petition" is printed in booklet format and
468952
Federal government of the United States


The power of judicial review was asserted by Chief Justice Marshall in the landmark Supreme Court Case "Marbury v. Madison" (1803). There have been instances in the past where such declarations have been ignored by the other two branches. Below the U.S. Supreme Court are the United States Courts of Appeals, and below them in turn are the United States District Courts, which are the general trial courts for federal law, and for certain controversies between litigants who are not deemed citizens of the same state ("diversity jurisdiction"
18918612
Presidency of Bill Clinton


. Clinton announced Ginsburg's nomination in June 1993 and she was confirmed by the Senate two months later, making her the second woman to serve on the Supreme Court after Sandra Day O'Connor. Harry Blackmun retired in 1994, and Clinton successfully nominated Breyer to succeed Blackmun. The appointments did not greatly affect the ideological balance of the Rehnquist Court, as conservatives continued to hold a narrow majority on the Supreme Court. Clinton also appointed 66 judges to the United States Courts of Appeals and 305 judges to the United States district courts.
5004850
Rooker v. Fidelity Trust Co.


an Indiana state court. The judgment was affirmed by the Indiana Supreme Court, and the plaintiff was denied review by the United States Supreme Court. The plaintiff then filed a claim in the United States district court in Indiana, seeking to overturn the judgment of the Indiana Supreme Court on constitutional grounds. The district court dismissed the claim for lack of jurisdiction, and the plaintiff again appealed to the United States Supreme Court. The issue in this case was whether the United States district court had properly dismissed the claim for lack of
13635364
Mature minor doctrine


Supreme Court of Illinois interpreted the Supreme Court of the United States to have already adopted major aspects of mature minor doctrine, concluding, An ongoing case of Z.M is being heard in Maryland regarding the minor's right to refuse chemotherapy. In Connecticut, Cassandra C. a seventeen year old was ordered by the Connecticut Supreme Court to receive treatment. The court decided that Cassandra was not mature enough to make medical decisions. In 2009, the Supreme Court of Canada ruling in "A.C. v. Manitoba" [2009] SCC 30 (CanLII
10820007
Certified question


, the United States Supreme Court confronted a situation where a circuit court of appeals could not "make a competent guess" about how the Florida courts would construe an insurance statute. The court observed that the Florida legislature had passed a statute allowing the federal courts to certify questions of state law to the Florida Supreme Court, but that the Florida courts had not yet made a rule establishing procedures under the statute. After the "Clay" decision, the various states began to adopt statutes or rules allowing for the certification of questions
19496841
Oregon Supreme Court


1960). In that case the court ruled that state estate laws trumped a federal statute concerning the property of U.S. Veterans who died at Veterans Administration hospitals without a valid will. The U.S. Supreme Court then overturned the Oregon Supreme Court's decision in "United States v. Oregon", 366 U. S. 643 (1961). On the administrative end of the court, the Oregon Court of Appeals was created in 1969 as an intermediate appellate court in Oregon. With this change, the Supreme Court now generally does not hear appeals
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