as of 2012 what is the official language of the small country of lichtenstein
Grrrrrrrrrrr!!


. Although "Grrrrrrrrrrr!!" is derived from what Guggenheim Senior Curator Susan Davidson calls a "low-grade comic strip" that is a typical Lichtenstein source, it is representative of Lichtenstein's fascination with "the atomic language of Ben-Day dots, black outlines and the three primary colors as the elementary vocabulary of low-budget commercial imagery." According to Jennifer Blessing of the Guggenheim, "There is also an element of humor in creating fine art out of what has customarily been considered 'low,'
20698744
Stanko Subotić


in 2010 in Geneva and 2012 in Belgrade, it was described the mechanism of false texts placing about him. Media campaigns had been initiated by the highly positioned people from the ex-president of SRY Vojislav Koštunica and later the president of Serbia Boris Tadić. Hiding behind official state bodies they used to submit false reports initiating official investigations in six European countries (Lichtenstein, France, Switzerland, Cyprus, Italy, and Greece) and USA that all with no exception resulted in rejection of the stated doubts. The culmination of the
22051274
Pfullingen


, there were regular meetings between the Friedrich Schiller Gymnasium in Pfullingen and the Lycée de Mont-Blanc Passy. This extended to events between associations of both cities and ended in 1985, finally in an official twinning, which celebrated its 25th anniversary in 2010. Since 2012 is also the Saxon community Lichtenstein twinned with Pfullingen. It was signed in a partnership ceremony on September 29, 2012, in Lichtenstein. Parks and gardens include the 'Wedding meadow', monastery garden, monastery sea, the park of Villa Laiblin, Castle
14260670
Leroy Vail


ratification of a British protectorate over what became Nyasaland, there were many ethnic groups in the area. Missionaries in the late 19th and early 20th centuries homogenised the various local dialects into a relatively small number of standardised languages, so that the Tumbuka language became the medium of teaching in the north of the country, the Chewa language in the centre and Nyanja and Yao languages in the south. The Chewa and Nyanja languages are closely related and the official standard was called Chinyanja until 1968, when the president of Malawi Hastings Banda,
7178240
German language in Namibia


Namibia is a multilingual country wherein German is recognised as a national language (a form of minority language). While English has been the sole official language of the country since 1990, in many areas of the country, German enjoys official status at a community level. German, a Germanic language, is especially widely used in central and southern Namibia and was until 1990 one of three official languages in what was then South West Africa, alongside Afrikaans and English, two other Germanic languages in Namibia. German is the main or
17956124
Cross-border language


languages. Cross-border languages are limited international languages when they are spread over a geographical area which is small compared to the size of the country; they may or may not have official status. They are international when they are situated over one or several geographical areas (ranging from regional to continental) with official status in at least one country. According to the population criteria, cross-border languages are either symmetrical or asymmetrical. Symmetrical border languages are those spoken by small or large linguistic groups on both sides of a
10071525
English language


where it is not an official language (that is, the countries other than the UK, Ireland and Malta). In a 2012 official Eurobarometer poll, 38 percent of the EU respondents outside the countries where English is an official language said they could speak English well enough to have a conversation in that language. The next most commonly mentioned foreign language, French (which is the most widely known foreign language in the UK and Ireland), could be used in conversation by 12 percent of respondents. A working knowledge of
14843367
Aharon Lichtenstein


(née Soloveitchik) moved to Alon Shvut, where Yeshivat Har Etzion is located. They were married in 1960 and had six children. On January 4, 2006, Rabbi Yaaqov Medan and Rabbi Baruch Gigi were officially invested as co-roshei yeshiva alongside Rav Amital and Rav Lichtenstein, with an eye toward Rabbi Amital's intention to retire. On October 28, 2008, Rav Lichtenstein's eldest son, Rabbi Mosheh Lichtenstein, was officially invested as co-Rosh Yeshiva, simultaneous with Rav Amital's official retirement, this time
18253731
The Other Country (book)


The Other Country: Dispatches from the Mofussil is a 2012 book by the Indian journalist, television presenter and writer Mrinal Pande. The book examines the growing divides between small-town and big-city India, such as inequitable development and opportunities. Pande investigates the "Great Language Divide" between India's two official languages, Hindi and English and analyses the water management issues facing India. Pande also writes about the increasing polarisation on social issues between urban areas and smaller towns. The book features various stories of women who have
5716651
Language Management


to be published in English. which can become official language in certain meetings, teleconferences, or video conferences. This poses obvious questions of language management. How are workers educated in a new language for work in the case that English is not an official language of the country where they find themselves assigned? What is the pertinence of imposing a foreign language on workers in a company, in the measure of usage of this language as part of their competence and effect on their productivity. What is the economic equation to resolve between
6577243
2011 Finnish parliamentary election


throw into doubt the eurozone's capacity to maintain financial stability. Yet another important issue during the campaign was that of the languages in the country. The status of the Swedish and Russian languages was an hot-button issue. A growing number of people believe that the Swedish language should be abolished as the country's second official language, as only a small percentage of the country use Swedish as their first language and that a large number of government officials do not use Swedish. A report by the Council of Europe stated that
2127338
Czech language


that the first language of 98 percent of Czech citizens was Czech, the third-highest in the European Union (behind Greece and Hungary). Czech, the official language of the Czech Republic (a member of the European Union since 2004), is one of the EU's official languages and the 2012 Eurobarometer survey found that Czech was the foreign language most often used in Slovakia. Economist Jonathan van Parys collected data on language knowledge in Europe for the 2012 European Day of Languages. The five countries with the greatest use
6481586
Languages of Malta


Malta has two official languages: Maltese and English. Maltese is the national language. Until 1934, Italian was also an official language in Malta. The country having been governed by many different countries in the past, the Maltese population is generally able to converse in languages which are not native to the country, namely English and Italian. According to the Eurobarometer poll conducted in 2012, 98% of Maltese people can speak Maltese, 88% can speak English, 66% can speak Italian, and more than 17% speak
3239355
Nigeria


their own languages, English as the official language is widely used for education, business transactions and for official purposes. English as a first language is used only by a small minority of the country's urban elite, and it is not spoken at all in some rural areas. Hausa is the most widely spoken of the three main languages spoken in Nigeria itself. With the majority of Nigeria's populace in the rural areas, the major languages of communication in the country remain indigenous languages. Some of the largest of these,
1645829
National language


de facto" sole national language is Serbo-Croatian. It is officially defined under the three names Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian, corresponding to the country's constituent nations. The Latin and Cyrillic alphabets both have official status. Bulgarian is the sole official language in Bulgaria. Canada's official languages since the Official Languages Act of 1969 are English (Canadian English) and French (Canadian French). Depending on one's views of what constitutes a "nation", these two languages may be considered two equal national languages of
6041913
Cross-border language


considered a symmetrical and limited language, but thanks to the recognition of Kurdish as an official language in Iraqi Kurdistan in the new constitution of Iraq, it became an asymmetrical and limited cross-border language with the 15 October 2005 referendum. This strengthened the possibilities for survival and vigorous use of the language, as well as giving hope to neighbouring communities. When considering both asymmetrical and symmetrical cross-border languages, the population of the country in question remains key. A minority language among small language groups in a small country may
10071527
Tswana language


culture [Bakgatla, Barolong, Bakwena, Batlhaping, Bahurutshe, Bafokeng to name a few] the written language remains the same. Although Tswana is spoken mostly in South Africa and Botswana, a small number of speakers are also found in Zimbabwe and Namibia; respectively, an unknown number of people and about 10,000 people speak the language there. The first European to describe the Tswana language was the German traveller H. Lichtenstein, who lived among the Tswana people Batlhaping in 1806, although his work was not published until 1930. He
12607643
David Lichtenstein


a small savings account. Over a three-year period, Lichtenstein reinvested capital from his properties to fund the down-payments on more properties. The new properties were then leveraged with loans, allowing Lichtenstein to continue to add to his portfolio. Following the success of running a small real estate business during the early to mid-1980s, Lichtenstein founded The Lightstone Group in 1988. The company was founded in Lakewood, New Jersey, and grew quickly during the early years of the company's history. His initial focus during the first
2106750
Languages of Zimbabwe


it is the third-most widely spoken indigenous language in the country, after Shona and Ndebele." Chewa is one of Zimbabwe's official languages. Chibarwe, also known as Sena, is a Bantu language, mainly found in Malawi and Mozambique, with a small number of speakers in Zimbabwe. Chibarwe is one of Zimbabwe's official languages. Kalanga is a Shona Bantu language spoken by the Kalanga people of northwestern Zimbabwe. It is spoken by over 300,000 people, and is one of Zimbabwe's official languages. Koisan,
17764729
Latin Americans


are widely spoken in Peru, Guatemala, Bolivia, Paraguay, and to a lesser degree, in Mexico, Chile and Ecuador. In Latin American countries not named above, the population of speakers of indigenous languages is small or non-existent. In Peru, Quechua is an official language, alongside Spanish and any other indigenous language in the areas where they predominate. In Ecuador, while holding no official status, the closely related Quichua is a recognized language of the indigenous people under the country's constitution; however, it
14327030
Roy Lichtenstein


2012 before going to the National Gallery of Art in Washington, Tate Modern in London, and the Centre Pompidou in Paris in 2013. 2013:Roy Lichtenstein, Olyvia Fine Art. 2014: Roy Lichtenstein: Intimate Sculptures, The FLAG Art Foundation. Roy Lichtenstein: Opera Prima, Civic Gallery of Modern and Contemporary Arts, Turin. 2018: Exhibition at The Tate Liverpool, Merseyside, United Kingdom. In 1996 the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C. became the largest single repository of the artist's work when Lichtenstein
14755653
Drowning Girl


Lichtenstein's association with romance comics, in his day "no comics publisher would have hired Lichtenstein—he wasn't good enough." Kinstler said Lichtenstein lacked the ability to portray the emotional range of the story through facial expressions and body language independently. Many sources describe "Whaam!" and "Drowning Girl" as Lichtenstein's most famous works. The "Daily Mail" listed it along with "Whaam!" and "Oh, Jeff...I Love You, Too...But..." as one of his most
21103445
Roy Lichtenstein


including books on American Indian design from Lichtenstein's small library. Lichtenstein's "Still Life" paintings, sculptures and drawings, which span from 1972 through the early 1980s, cover a variety of motifs and themes, including the most traditional such as fruit, flowers, and vases. In 1983 Lichtenstein made two anti-apartheid posters, simply titled "Against Apartheid". In his "Reflection" series, produced between 1988 and 1990, Lichtenstein reused his own motifs from previous works. "Interiors" (1991–1992) is
14755642
Hispanic America


, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Argentina, and Chile amongst other countries. In some Hispanic American countries, the population of speakers of indigenous languages tend to be very small or even non-existent (e.g. Uruguay). Mexico is possibly the only country that contains the largest variety of indigenous languages than any other Hispanic American country, and the most spoken native language is Nahuatl. In Peru, Quechua is an official language, alongside Spanish and any other indigenous language in the areas where they predominate. In Ecuador, while
7515346
Geographical renaming


Geographical renaming is the changing of the name of a geographical feature or area. This can range from the change of a street name to a change to the name of a country. Some names are changed locally but the new names are not recognised by other countries, especially when there is a difference in language. Other names may not be officially recognised but remain in common use. Many places have different names in different languages, and a change of language in official or general use has often resulted in what is arguably a
9627066
Yehuda Amital


of 80, Amital asked the management of Yeshivat Har Etzion to select his successors. The yeshiva chose Rabbis Yaaqov Medan and Baruch Gigi. On January 4, 2006, Medan and Gigi were officially invested as co-roshei yeshiva, alongside Amital and Aharon Lichtenstein. On September 25, 2008, Amital officially announced his retirement, to take effect on the last day of the Jewish month of Tishrei, in the year 5769 (October 28, 2008). He also announced that Mosheh Lichtenstein, the son of Aharon Lichtenstein,
3591538
Spanish immigration to Equatorial Guinea


even a small contingent of Asians. Furthermore, the island experienced small numbers of repatriated indentured slave-servants from Cuba and Brazil during the 17th century and 19th century. Most Spanish settlers left after Spanish Guinea became independent in 1968. Many more Spanish Equatoguineans stepped out of the nation after 'brutal' rule of Masie Nguema Biyogo to them, but then, their numbers increased quite greatly. Since their ancestors ruled the country, they made Spanish the first national official language. They also speak the country’s second official language,
18732413
Latin America


Mexico, and to a lesser degree, in Panama, Ecuador, Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela, Argentina, and Chile amongst other countries. In Latin American countries not named above, the population of speakers of indigenous languages tend to be very small or even non-existent (e.g. Uruguay). Mexico is possibly the only country that contains a wider variety of indigenous languages than any Latin American country, but the most spoken language is Nahuatl. In Peru, Quechua is an official language, alongside Spanish and any other indigenous
18792141
David Lichtenstein


homes that are built on it. Lichtenstein has publicly spoken about the risks and predictions in the Commercial Real Estate on CNBC and Bloomberg News. Lightstone continues seek new acquisitions across the country in both urban and suburban locations and across a wide range of property types, including industrial, office, retail, multifamily and hospitality. Bill de Blasio appointed Lichtenstein to the NYC Economic Development Corporation’s Board of Directors in 2015. Lichtenstein is on the Board of Governors of the Real Estate Board of New York. Lichtenstein is a trustee of
2106764
Roy Lichtenstein


and oil. The comic painting "Sleeping Girl" (1964) from the collection of Beatrice and Phillip Gersh established a new Lichtenstein record $44.8 million at Sotheby's in 2012. In October 2012, his painting "Electric Cord" (1962) was returned to Leo Castelli's widow Barbara Bertozzi Castelli, after having been missing for 42 years. Castelli had sent the painting to an art restorer for cleaning in January 1970, and never got it back. He died in 1999. In 2006, the Roy Lichtenstein Foundation
14755662
Sleeping Girl


Sleeping Girl is a 1964 oil and Magna on canvas pop art painting by Roy Lichtenstein. It held the record for the highest auction price for a Lichtenstein painting from May 2012 until May 2013. The painting is based on a panel from the romance comic "Girls' Romances" #105 published by DC National Comics in 1964. On May 9, 2012, the comic painting "Sleeping Girl" (1964) from the collection of Beatrice and Phillip Gersh established a new Lichtenstein record $44.8 million at Sotheby's. The
21365235
Minority language


no majority in any country, but whose language has the status of an official language in at least one country: A treasure language is one of the thousands of small languages still spoken in the world today. The term was proposed by the Rama people of Nicaragua as an alternative to heritage language, indigenous language, and "ethnic language", names that are considered pejorative in the local context. The term is now also used in the context of public storytelling events. The term "treasure language" references the desire of
14643451
Russian language


no official status, but is a "lingua franca" of the country. 26% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 5% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. In China, Russian has no official status, but it is spoken by the small Russian communities in the northeastern Heilongjiang province. In Georgia, Russian has no official status, but it is recognized as a minority language under the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities. Russian is the
5786255
Whaam!


of the key works exhibited in a major Lichtenstein retrospective in 2012–2013 that was designed, according to Li-mei Hoang, to demonstrate "the importance of Lichtenstein's influence, his engagement with art history and his enduring legacy as an artist". In his review of the Lichtenstein Retrospective at the Tate Modern, Adrian Searle of "The Guardian"—who was generally unenthusiastic about Lichtenstein's work—credited the work's title with accurately describing its graphic content: "Whaam! goes the painting, as the rocket hits, and the enemy
20349961
Languages of South America


and Bolivia; Aymara in Bolivia, Peru and to a lesser extent in Chile; Wayuu in northern Colombia and northwest Venezuela; and Mapudungun in small pockets of southern Chile and Argentina. In Bolivia, Quechua, Aymara, and Tupi Guarani are co-official alongside Spanish. In Paraguay, Guarani shares joint official status with Spanish. In Colombia, the languages of the country's ethnic groups are constitutionally recognized as official languages in their territories; more than 60 such aboriginal languages exist today. In Ecuador, Spanish, Northern Quechua
6409119
Lichtenstein Castle (Württemberg)


meters away. The name Lichtenstein translates as "shining stone." The castle is located on an escarpment that marks the northwestern edge of the Swabian Jura. It is in the Reutlingen district and has an altitude of . and about above the Echaz river, a small tributary of the Neckar river. The ruins of Lichtenstein Castle's medieval predecessor, the Burg Alt-Lichtenstein, lies away. Beginning around 1100, a castle belonging to a family of ministerials of the counts of Achalm and later counts of Württemberg, was located
20829026
Look Mickey


When Leo Castelli saw both Lichtenstein's and Warhol's large comic strip-based works, he elected to show only Lichtenstein's, causing Warhol to create the "Campbell's Soup Cans" series to avoid competing with the more refined style of comics Lichtenstein was then producing. He once said "I've got to do something that really will have a lot of impact that will be different enough from Lichtenstein and James Rosenquist, that will be very personal, that won't look like I'm doing exactly what they're doing
20698801
Portrait of Madame Cézanne (Roy Lichtenstein)


Portrait of Madame Cézanne (sometimes Portrait of Mrs. Cézanne) is a 1962 pop art painting by Roy Lichtenstein. It is a quotation of Erle Loran's diagram of one of Paul Cézanne's 27 portraits of his wife Marie-Hortense Fiquet, now in the Barnes Foundation, Philadelphia. It was one of the works exhibited at Lichtenstein's first solo exhibition in Los Angeles. The work became controversial in that it led to a reconsideration of what constitutes art. Lichtenstein and Loran sparred in the press, and art critics were intrigued
21151024
David Lichtenstein


$19.3 million. Lichtenstein and Lightstone Group announced the launch of Phoenix Development Partners, which aimed to develop large-scale renting opportunities in New York City. Despite the focus moving to New York City-based investments, Lichtenstein continued to grow his portfolio in other locations across the United States. In September 2012, Lightstone Group announced they would be purchasing a $51 million residential development in Long Island City. In 2013, Lichtenstein and Marriott completed their first deal, which was the purchase of three Marriott-branded hotels in
2106761
Artist's Studio—Look Mickey


Henri Matisse, with this work specifically referring to "L'Atelier Rouge". The work incorporates several other Lichtenstein works and gets its name from the large portion of Lichtenstein's "Look Mickey" that is included. Lichtenstein used a much more realistic representation of his own works than is standard for most artists. Elements of the work also refer to works from both Fernand Léger and Matisse. Lichtenstein's studios reference what are known as Matisse's four Symphonic Interiors of 1911 ("The Pink Studio", "The Painter's Family
21104048
Woman with Flowered Hat


auction for $95,216,000 in 2006. Lichtenstein specifically used the 1939-40 portrait of Maar in the Morton G. Neumann Family Collection as the template for "Woman with Flowered Hat". Neumann himself had sent a reproduction of the portrait to Lichtenstein after seeing one of Lichtenstein's earlier reworkings of a Picasso painting. Lichtenstein painted "Woman with Flowered Hat" when he was pastiching various types of sources, including commercial illustrations, comic imagery and modernist masterpieces. The masterpieces represented what could have been dubbed the "canon" of art
2372009
Spanish language


terms of native speakers. Spanish is the third most spoken language by total number of speakers (after Mandarin and English). Internet usage statistics for 2007 also show Spanish as the third most commonly used language on the Internet, after English and Mandarin. In Europe, Spanish is an official language of Spain, the country after which it is named and from which it originated. It is widely spoken in Gibraltar, and also commonly spoken in Andorra, although Catalan is the official language there. Spanish is also spoken by small
7030170
Jamaican Country Sign Language


Jamaican Country Sign Language, also Country Sign, or Konchri Sain (KS) in Jamaican Patois, is an indigenous village sign language of Jamaica. It is used by a small number of Deaf and hearing Jamaicans, spread over several communities in the rural south-western parish of St. Elizabeth. The introduction of formal education for the St. Elizabeth deaf in 1975 by American Mennonite missionaries introduced two additional signed systems which have negatively affected KS: Signed English and American Sign Language. School officials strongly discouraged the use of the language inside
18626601
Russification of Ukraine


; many do have some proficiency in Ukrainian. Estimates of their prevalence in the country vary, but according to different studies, "russified Ukrainians" comprise a third to a half of the total population of Ukraine. In post-Soviet Ukraine, Ukrainian remains the only official language in the country; however, in 2012, President Victor Yanukovitch introduced a bill recognizing "regional languages", according to which, in particular, Russian could be used officially in the predominantly Russian-speaking areas of Ukraine, in schools, courts
2498830
Russian language


the main language with family, friends, or at work. On 18 February 2012, Latvia held a constitutional referendum on whether to adopt Russian as a second official language. According to the Central Election Commission, 74.8% voted against, 24.9% voted for and the voter turnout was 71.1%. In Lithuania, Russian is not official, but it still retains the function of a "lingua franca". In contrast to the other two Baltic states, Lithuania has a relatively small Russian-speaking minority (5.0% as
5786250
Official language


official language, and 101 of these countries recognise more than one language. Many of the world's constitutions mention one or more official or national languages. Some countries use the official language designation to empower indigenous groups by giving them access to the government in their native languages. In countries that do not formally designate an official language, a "de facto" national language usually evolves. English is the most common official language, with recognized status in 51 countries. Arabic, French, and Spanish are also widely recognized. An
18227216
Nordic countries


right to use sign language is set in the Finnish Language Act and in Sweden the Swedish sign language is an official minority language. In 2012, net migration had the greatest impact on the population increase in Sweden. That was also the case with Denmark, Finland, Åland and Norway. In the Faroe Islands, Greenland and Iceland, natural population increase had the greatest impact on the population change, but both Greenland and the Faroe Islands still had a slight decrease in the population due to a negative net migration in 2012.
19857369
Ten Dollar Bill (Roy Lichtenstein)


reception from critics, and is considered to be one of the best artistic portrayals of currency. Roy Lichtenstein began experimentation with printmaking in the late 1940s, well before its rise in popularity in the early 1960s. Lichtenstein created his first lithograph and woodcut artwork in 1948 while he was working on receiving his graduate degree in fine arts from Ohio State University. During the late 1940s, he created abstract paintings influenced by several artists, especially Pablo Picasso. From 1951 through early 1956, Lichtenstein painted what were considered by Gianni Mercurio to
12591715
Coins of the South African rand


1996, the coins carried the name in one of the country's 11 new official languages. The 10, 20 and 50 cent coins were slightly redesigned by enlarging the numerals of the coin's denomination. From 2000 coins carried South Africa's new coat of arms. From 2002, R1, R2 and R5 coins carried the country's name in two of the official languages. Minting of 1c and 2c coins ceased at the end of March 2002. Minting of the 5c coin ceased on 1 April 2012, and the 10c
9005013
Warren Lichtenstein


, a company through its consolidated holdings employs 13,500 people in 155 plants and facilities in 20 countries with a combined revenue of more than $3.6 billion. He is chairman of Steel Partners LLC based in New York City. Lichtenstein is also chairman of Aerojet Rocketdyne Holdings, Inc., an American rocket and missile propulsion manufacturer. Lichtenstein graduated from the University of Pennsylvania with a Bachelor's degree in economics. Before that, he attended Tulane University. Lichtenstein serves as chairman of Steel Sports, Inc., an organization he founded in 2011
2338253
List of country names in various languages


onlyincludeMost countries of the world have different names in different languages. Some countries have also undergone name changes for political or other reasons. This article attempts to give all known alternative names for all nations, countries and sovereign states. It does not offer any opinion about what the "original", "official", "real", or "correct" name of any country is or was. Countries are listed alphabetically by their current best-known name in English. Each English name is followed by its currently best-
6351564
Official language


is the official language of 9 countries and German is official in 6. Some countries—like Australia, United Kingdom and the United States—have no official language recognized as such at national level. On the other extreme, Bolivia officially recognizes 37 languages, the most by any country in the world. Second to Bolivia is India with 23 official languages. South Africa is the country with the most official languages, all at equal status to one another, in the world as Bolivia gives primacy to Spanish and India gives primacy
18227220
Ohhh...Alright...


in appearance, as if they all came out of the same pot of makeup." This particular example is one of several that are cropped so closely that the hair flows beyond the edges of the canvas. The image was featured in the edition of November 8, 1993 of "Time", which discussed the 1993 Lichtenstein retrospective at the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum. It was also the image used to promote the 2012 Lichtenstein retrospective at the Art Institute of Chicago. This was painted at the apex of Lichtenstein's use of
21365250
Linguistic landscape


original technical scope of "linguistic landscape" involved plural languages, and almost all writers use it in that sense, but Papen has applied the term to the way public writing is used in a monolingual way in a German city and Heyd has applied the term to the ways that English is written, and people's reactions to these ways. The languages used in public signs indicate what languages are locally relevant, or give evidence of what languages are becoming locally relevant (Hult 2009; Kasanga 2012). In many multilingual countries
8208681
Ghulam-Sarwar Yousof


’s most prolific and original authors in the English language. His poetry has been published in several journals in various countries. To date he has published three collections of verse: Performed Memories (1982), Songs for Shooting Stars: Mystical Verse (2011) and Transient Moments (2012). Other volumes are expected to see the light of day in the coming years. While a small number of Ghulam-Sarwar’s poems explore ordinary everyday life, most of his verse reflects a fascination with what he calls alternative realities,
15877069
Love Unlimited (Sofi Marinova song)


Turkish, Greek and Serbian are the languages of three of Bulgaria's neighbouring countries - Turkey, Greece and Serbia. Greek and Turkish are official languages in Cyprus as well, while the languages of Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro are all variants of Serbo-Croatian. Azerbaijani is the language of Eurovision 2012's host country, Azerbaijan. To date it is the only Eurovision entry to include Azerbaijani lyrics, Azerbaijan itself having entered eleven entries all in English. After a preliminary selection process, the semi-finals of
6262535
Roy Lichtenstein


between 1943 and 1946. After being in training programs for languages, engineering, and pilot training, all of which were cancelled, he served as an orderly, draftsman, and artist. Lichtenstein returned home to visit his dying father and was discharged from the Army with eligibility for the G.I. Bill. He returned to studies in Ohio under the supervision of one of his teachers, Hoyt L. Sherman, who is widely regarded to have had a significant impact on his future work (Lichtenstein would later name a new studio he funded
14755614
Official language


An official language, also called state language, is a language given a special legal status in a particular country, state, or other jurisdiction. Typically a country's official language refers to the language used in government (judiciary, legislature, administration). The term "official language" does not typically refer to the language used by a people or country, but by its government, as "the means of expression of a people cannot be changed by any law". About half the countries of the world have
18227214
History of the Russian language in Ukraine


The first known mention of Russian-speaking people in Ukraine refer to a small ethnic sub-group of Russians known as the Goriuns who resided in Putyvl region (what is modern northern Ukraine). These mentions date back to the times of Grand Duchy of Lithuania or perhaps even earlier. The Russian language in Ukraine has primarily come to exist in that country through two channels: the migration of ethnic Russians into what later became Ukraine and through the adoption of the Russian language as a language of communication by Ukrainians. The first
7308019
Drowning Girl


of the ocean than call for aid. Lichtenstein's version of the scene eliminates everything but the sea and a few body parts of the subject: her head, shoulder and hand, which are barely above the water. As her face is presented her eyes are shut with drops of what appear to be tears flowing from them. Because Lichtenstein only presents a single frame, the viewer does not know what happened before this moment and what is going to happen after it. Furthermore, the viewer has no way to know who
21103435
Roy Lichtenstein


1970, Lichtenstein purchased a former carriage house in Southampton, Long Island, built a studio on the property, and spent the rest of the 1970s in relative seclusion. In the 1970s and 1980s, his style began to loosen and he expanded on what he had done before. Lichtenstein began a series of "Mirrors" paintings in 1969. By 1970, while continuing on the "Mirrors" series, he started work on the subject of entablatures. The "Entablatures" consisted of a first series of paintings from 1971 to
14755638
Grrrrrrrrrrr!!


" #66 (February 1962), which was published by National Periodical Publications (now DC Comics). In that frame only a portion of the dog's head is visible and the speech balloon says "Grrrrr!" In addition to the painting itself, Lichtenstein produced a small graphite on paper study. The painting was bestowed to the Guggenheim Museum after Lichtenstein's 1997 death, following a promise made in 1992. The museum used "Grrrrrrrrrrr!!" in the promotional posters for the 1993 exhibition "Roy Lichtenstein:
20698742
Liberia


There is a high percentage of interracial marriage between ethnic Liberians and the Lebanese, resulting in a significant mixed-race population especially in and around Monrovia. A small minority of Liberians who are White Africans of European descent reside in the country. The Liberian constitution restricts citizenship to "Negroes or persons of Negro descent." English is the official language and serves as the "lingua franca" of Liberia. Thirty-one indigenous languages are spoken in Liberia, but each is a first language for only a small percentage of the
17919641
Five Brushstrokes (Lichtenstein series)


Five Brushstrokes is a 1983–84 sculpture series from the Brushstrokes series by Roy Lichtenstein that was fabricated in 2012 and acquired by the Indianapolis Museum of Art in 2013. It was installed in front of the entrance of the main building of the museum. The painted and fabricated aluminum and steel sculptural series is a gift of the Robert L. and Marjorie J. Mann Fund and partial gift of the Roy Lichtenstein Foundation. The first showing of Element E of the series was displayed in the rotunda of City Hall Academy (the former Tweed Courthouse)
7415320
Mr. Bellamy


. The text balloon says "I am supposed to report to a Mr. Bellamy. I wonder what he's like." In November 1961, Lichtenstein sent "Mr. Bellamy" to Leo Castelli for sale. The work represents Lichtenstein's "gentle, professorial humor" and his penchant for "corny themes, colors, and postures." Apart from enlarging its size, Lichtenstein presented a "mere copy, lacking artistic originality and creativity" in this work. This subject matter sourced from comic books was regarded as "the
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Languages in censuses


is particularly useful for communication with Qatar's large expatriate community. In 2012, Qatar joined the international French-speaking organisation of La Francophonie as a new associate member, justifying its inscription by the consequent number of French speakers in the country (10% of the Qatari population would be francophone). Reflecting the multicultural make-up of the country, many other languages are also spoken, including Hindi, Malayalam, Urdu, Tamil, Nepali and Tagalog. Romanian is the official language of Romania. According to the last census
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List of countries where Spanish is an official language


The following is a list of countries where Spanish is an official language, plus a number of countries where Spanish, or any language closely related to it, is an important or significant language. Spanish is the official language (either by law or "de facto") in 20 sovereign states and one dependent territory, totaling around 442 million people. It is additionally the main official language in Equatorial Guinea. In these countries and territories, Spanish is the main or mostly used language of communication of the vast majority of the
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Whaam!


Fort Worth. Lichtenstein was not a comic-book enthusiast as a youth, but was enticed as an artist by the challenge of creating art based on a subject remote from the typical "artistic image". Lichtenstein admitted he was "very excited about, and very interested in, the highly emotional content yet detached impersonal handling of love, hate, war, etc., in these cartoon images." Lichtenstein's romance and war comic-based works took heroic subjects from small source panels and monumentalized them. "Whaam
20349926
English-language Scrabble


. Inter-School competitions are held by companies and organisations such as Mattel and Broadlearning. In May 2015, Hong Kong Student Scrabble Players Association organised the Inter-School Scrabble Championship. Some schools also organise invitational Scrabble competitions every year. Many countries have small English-language Scrabble associations. 23 countries have been represented at the World Scrabble Championship, including some where English is not an official language, such as Romania, Thailand and France. Other countries that do not use the Latin script also may play in English if the
20603575
Service ribbon


A service ribbon, medal ribbon, or ribbon bar is a small ribbon, mounted on a small metal bar equipped with an attaching device, which is generally issued for wear in place of a medal when it is not appropriate to wear the actual medal. Each country's government has its own rules on what ribbons can be worn in what circumstances and in which order. This is usually defined in an official document and is called "the order of precedence" or "the order of wearing." In some countries (
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Culture of Fiji


its isolation and relatively small size, Tovata has been politically dominant since Fiji gained its independence in 1970. English, Fijian (based on the speech of Bau Island), and Hindustani are the official languages of Fiji. The Fijian language has many dialects, and there is a clear distinction between the dialects of the West, Central and Eastern parts of the country. Other languages spoken in the country are Fiji Hindi, Cantonese, Rotuman, Gilbertese (Rabi Island), and Tuvaluan (Kioa Island). The Fiji Islands
20213861
Translating for legal equivalence


Translating for legal equivalence is the production of translations that are acceptable by a legal jurisdiction. What is acceptable varies greatly from country to county, with some demanding the translator to be state-appointed for this particular purpose, with others only requiring that a short statement attesting to the translation's accuracy be added. For legal and official purposes, evidentiary documents and other official documentation are usually required in the official language(s) of a jurisdiction. In some countries, it is a requirement for translations of such documents that a translator swear
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Equatorial Guinea


into the Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP) included access to several professional and academic exchange programs and facilitated cross-border circulation of citizens. The adoption of Portuguese as an official language was the primary requirement to apply for CPLP acceptance. In addition, the country was told it must adopt political reforms allowing effective democracy and respect for human rights. The national parliament discussed this law in October 2011. In February 2012, Equatorial Guinea's foreign minister signed an agreement with the IILP on the promotion of Portuguese in the country
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M-Maybe


M-Maybe is a 1965 pop art painting by Roy Lichtenstein. It is one of his romance comics-based works. When Lichtenstein had his first solo show at The Leo Castelli Gallery in February 1962, it sold out before opening. "Engagement Ring" sold for $1200 and "Blam" sold for $1000. Prices for his work rose quickly. In 1965, German collector Peter Ludwig asked Castelli, what price Lichtenstein might accept to sell "M-Maybe" from his personal collection. By then,
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Lichtenstein (novel)


were no bluer than those of the Danube, Scotch men were no braver, Scotch women no lovelier than the old Swabians and Saxons. "Lichtenstein", modelled after the Waverley Novels, was a direct protest against the novel with a foreign historical background, and was an attempt to recreate the romance of a bit of Swabian history; as Scott had done for the country of "Ivanhoe" and "Waverley". The great success of the book prompted the rebuilding of Lichtenstein Castle in 1840–1842. The 1846 opera of the
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Minority language


languages, insofar as they are the national language of a stateless nation. For the purposes of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages: In most European countries the minority languages are defined by legislation or constitutional documents and afforded some form of official support. In 1992, Council of Europe adopted European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages to protect and promote historical regional and minority languages in Europe. The signatories that have not yet ratified it as of 2012 are Azerbaijan, France, Iceland, Ireland (since Irish is the first
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David Lichtenstein


for six months. "We are fortunate to have the ability to house families affected by this traumatic event and can only hope that in some small way, those affected by this tragedy will be able to take some comfort in receiving this temporary shelter", Lichtenstein said. Lichtenstein himself matched contributions to relief efforts dollar-for-dollar from all employees in The Lightstone Group's family of companies: The Lightstone Group, Prime Retail Inc., Prime Group Realty Trust (PGRT), Park Avenue Funding, LLC, Park Avenue
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Engagement Ring (Roy Lichtenstein)


201.9 cm (67 3/4 in × 79 1/2 in), "Engagement Ring"'s "patchy" screen of small flesh coloring Ben-Day dots and "staccato" drawing are considered tentative. The general "rawness" of the work links it to Lichtenstein's work from the 1950s, while its "integrated formality" links it to his subsequent works. Lichtenstein used only a few basic colors, with the same red being used for the fingernails, lips, drapes, and wall, while the same yellow provided the
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Woman with Flowered Hat


and was thought of as "high art," while the "low-art" subject matter included comic strip images. His masterworks sources included the likes of Cézanne, Mondrian and Picasso. During this time in his career, Lichtenstein noted that "the things that I have apparently parodied I actually admire." The painting is one of four variations on Picassos that Lichtenstein created during 1962 and 1963. Lichtenstein worked by creating a small-scale line-drawing based on the Picasso reproduction. He then projected the drawing onto
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Magna (paint)


, while Magna is miscible with turpentine or mineral spirits, though both can dry rapidly to a matte or glossy finish. It was used by artists such as Barnett Newman, Morris Louis, and Roy Lichtenstein. Roy Lichtenstein used magna with oil paints. Golden Artist Colors produces Mineral Spirit Acrylics  as a direct replacement for Magna. Any differences between the two are small, if any, and Roy Lichtenstein used them for that purpose. If anything, he thought the available color spectrum of MSA Conservation Color was better than Bocour's
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Languages of Ukraine


for which no population data is available): As a result of legislation entitled the 'Bill on the principles of the state language policy", which was adopted by the Verkhovna Rada in August 2012, languages spoken by at least 10% of an oblast's population were made possible to be elevated to the status of 'regional language'. Whilst Ukrainian remained the country's only 'official' language nationwide, other languages, dependent on their adoption by oblast authorities, became accepted mediums of communication in education, local government
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Bangui


to 427,435 in 1988 to 524,000 by 1994. and to 652,000 in 2001. Apart from the ethnic people of the country, the city is also home for a minority group of Greek, Portuguese and Yemeni traders, and also has a small community of French people. The Bangui resident community includes diamond traders from western Africa and Chad, traders from many African countries, and refugees from the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Nigeria. The official languages of the country are French and Sango; the latter (originally a language from
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Bill Lichtenstein


with the top media awards from the major national mental health organizations, including the National Institute of Mental Health; American Psychiatric Association; National Mental Health Association; National Alliance on Mental Illness; American College of Neuropsychopharmacology; and the National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression. The September 9, 2012 Sunday New York Times published an op-ed by Bill Lichtenstein entitled "A Terrifying Way to Discipline Children". that exposed the use of physical restraints and seclusion rooms in schools nationwide, including in 2006 with Lichtenstein's own
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Central African Republic


forces in 2002–3, but many of them have now returned to continue their work. According to Overseas Development Institute research, during the crisis ongoing since 2012, religious leaders have mediated between communities and armed groups; they also provided refuge for people seeking shelter. The Central African Republic's two official languages are French and Sango (also spelled Sangho), a creole developed as an inter-ethnic lingua franca based on the local Ngbandi language. CAR is one of the few African countries to have an African language as their official
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List of territorial entities where German is an official language


The following is a list of the territorial entities where German is an official language. It includes countries, which have German as (one of) their nationwide official language(s), as well as dependent territories with German as a co-official language. German is the official language of six countries, all of which lie in central and western Europe. These countries (with the addition of South Tyrol of Italy) also form the Council for German Orthography and are referred to as the "German Sprachraum" (German language area
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Lichtenstein radar


Lichtenstein B/C" almost useless for several crucial weeks. By late 1943, the Luftwaffe was starting to deploy the greatly improved FuG 220 Lichtenstein SN-2, operating on a lower frequency of 90 MHz (lower end of the US VHF FM broadcast band) which was far less affected by electronic jamming, but this required the much larger "Hirschgeweih" (stag's antlers) antennas, with only eight dipole elements, looking like a much-enlarged version of what occupied the forward end of each one of the earlier quadruple
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Drowning Girl


avoid competing with the more finished style of comics by Lichtenstein. He once said "I've got to do something that really will have a lot of impact that will be different enough from Lichtenstein and James Rosenquist, that will be very personal, that won't look like I'm doing exactly what they're doing." "Drowning Girl" depicted the advancement of Lichtenstein's cartoon work, which represented his 1961 departure from his abstract expressionism period, from animated cartoons to more serious themes such as romance and wartime armed forces
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Pakistan


of children under five are malnourished. Mortality of the under-fives was 86 per 1,000 live births in 2012. More than sixty languages are spoken in Pakistan, including a number of provincial languages. Urdu—the "lingua franca" and a symbol of Muslim identity and national unity—is the national language understood by over 75% of Pakistanis. It is the main medium of communication in the country but the primary language of only 8% of Pakistan's population. Urdu and English are the official languages of Pakistan,
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Languages of Colombia


More than 99.2% of Colombians speak the Spanish language; also 65 Amerindian languages, 2 Creole languages and the Romani language are spoken in the country. English has official status in the San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina Islands. The overwhelming majority of Colombians speak Spanish (see also Colombian Spanish), but in total 101 languages are listed for Colombia in the Ethnologue database. The specific number of spoken languages varies slightly since some authors consider as different languages what others consider to be varieties or dialects of the same language.
7827130
Demographics of Ukraine


Romanian 0.3%, Polish 0.3%, Jewish 0.2%, other 1.8% (2001 est.) Ukrainian (official) 67.5%, Russian (regional language) 29.6%, other (includes small Crimean Tatar-, Moldovan/Romanian-, and Hungarian-speaking minorities) 2.9% (2001 est.) Note: in February 2018, the Constitutional Court ruled that 2012 language legislation entitling a language spoken by at least 10% of an oblast's population to be given the status of "regional language" - allowing for
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Postage stamps and postal history of Andorra


Andorra, officially the "Principality of Andorra", is a small country located in the Pyrenees mountains and bordered by Spain and France. The official language is Catalan, although Spanish, French, and Portuguese are also commonly spoken. Postal services in Andorra are unique in that they are not operated by the country itself, but by its two larger neighbouring countries, Spain and France. "Correos" of Spain and "La Poste" of France operate side by side. Both postal administrations issue their own postage stamps for use
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Bandes dessinées


"Suske en Wiske" ("Spike and Suzy") which is popular across the border. Concurrently, the socio-cultural idiosyncrasies contained within many Dutch/Flemish comics also means that these comics have seen far less translations into other languages than their French-language counterparts have due to their more universal appeal, and the French language's cultural status.. Belgium is actually and officially a tri-lingual country as there is also a small, yet sizable, officially recognized German-speaking minority, though Belgian comic home market
5547803
Official multilingualism


. Apart from it, North Macedonia officially recognizes five national minority languages: Turkish, Romani, Serbian, Bosnian, and Aromanian. The Macedonian Sign Language is the country's official sign language. As of 2019, the Albanian language is recognized as an official language on the territory of North Macedonia. The Philippine constitution designates Filipino as the national language and – along with English – as official languages. Spanish was the national and official language of the country for more than three centuries under Spanish colonial rule, and became the lingua
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Bernard St-Laurent (broadcaster)


Bernard St-Laurent is a Canadian retired journalist and radio personality, best known as a longtime host of programming on CBC Radio. In 2012, he was given the Award of Excellence – Promotion of Linguistic Duality by the Commissionner of official languages Graham Fraser for having "dedicated his life to keeping English-speaking Canadians informed of what's happening in the other official language". Originally from Compton, Quebec, he began his career as a journalist with the "Sherbrooke Record" before joining CJAD in Montreal in 1976 as a
3029285
Languages of South America


The languages of South America can be divided into three broad groups: Portuguese is the most spoken language of South America, by a small margin. Spanish, with slightly fewer speakers than Portuguese, is the second most spoken language on the continent. Other official and majority languages in specific countries are: Indigenous languages of South America include, among several others, the Quechua languages in Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador and to a lesser extent in Argentina, Chile and Colombia; Guaraní in Paraguay and to a much lesser extent in Argentina
6409118
Roy Lichtenstein


out to art restorer Daniel Goldreyer by the Leo Castelli Gallery. The card urged the public to report any information about its whereabouts. In 2012, the foundation authenticated the piece when it surfaced at a New York City warehouse. Between 2008 and 2012, following the death of photographer Harry Shunk in 2006, the Lichtenstein Foundation acquired the collection of photographic material shot by Shunk and his János Kender as well as the photographers' copyright. In 2013, the foundation donated the Shunk-Kender trove to five institutions – Getty Research Institute
14755656
Drowning Girl


Night", Matisse's "Dance" and Lichtenstein's "Drowning Girl", all of which were touring outside the United States for the first time. "Drowning Girl" was part of the largest ever retrospective of Lichtenstein that visited the Art Institute of Chicago from May 16 to September 3, 2012, the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C. from October 14, 2012 to January 13, 2013, the Tate Modern in London from February 21 to May 27, 2013 and The Centre Pompidou from July 3 to
21103447
Masterpiece (Roy Lichtenstein)


of the largest ever retrospective of Lichtenstein that visited The Art Institute of Chicago from May 16 to September 3, 2012, the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C. from October 14, 2012 to January 13, 2013, the Tate Modern in London from February 21 to May 27, 2013 and The Centre Pompidou from July 3 to November 4, 2013. Several publications presented "Masterpiece" as part of their announcement of the retrospective. In January 2017, Agnes Gund sold the 1962 painting "Masterpiece", which for
8657267
Languages of the European Union


are shared by two or more countries in the EU. Dutch, English, French, German, Greek, and Swedish are all official languages at the national level in multiple countries (see table above). In addition, Croatian, Czech, Danish, Hungarian, Irish, Italian, Slovak, and Slovene are official languages in multiple EU countries at the regional level. Furthermore, not all national languages have been accorded the status of official EU languages. These include Luxembourgish, an official language of Luxembourg since 1984, and
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Galician language


Following the victory of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War, the written or public use of the Galician language was outlawed. Publishing of Galician-language material revived on a small scale in the 1950s. With the advent of democracy, Galician has been brought into the country's institutions, and it is now co-official with Spanish in Galicia. Galician is taught in schools, and there is a public Galician-language television channel, Televisión de Galicia. Today, the most common language for everyday use in the
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