what are the main ethnic groups in colombia
Colombians


three main groups—the Quimbayas, who inhabited the western slopes of the Cordillera Central; the Chibchas; and the Kalina (Caribs). The Muisca culture, a subset of the larger Chibcha ethnic group and famous for their use of gold, were responsible for the legend of El Dorado. Today indigenous people comprise roughly 3.4% of the population in Colombia. More than fifty different indigenous ethnic groups inhabit Colombia. Most of them speak languages belonging to the Chibchan and Cariban language families. Historically there are 567 reserves ("
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Race and ethnicity in Colombia


Race and ethnicity in Colombia descends mainly from three racial groups—Amerindians, Africans, and Caucasians—that have mingled throughout the last 500 years of the country's history. Some demographers describe Colombia as one of the most ethnically diverse countries in the Western Hemisphere and in the World, with 85 different ethnic groups. Most Colombians identify themselves and others according to ancestry, physical appearance, and sociocultural status. Social relations reflect the importance attached to certain characteristics associated with a given racial group. Although these characteristics no longer accurately differentiate
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Indigenous peoples in Colombia


American Indians, or Indigenous peoples of Colombia, are the ethnic groups who have been in Colombia prior to the Europeans in the early 16th century. Known as "pueblos indígenas" in Spanish, they comprise 3.4% of the country's population and belong to 87 different tribes. Approximately 50% of the indigenous peoples of Colombia live in the La Guajira, Cauca, and Nariño Departments. While the Amazonian region of Colombia is sparsely populated, it is home to over 70 different indigenous ethnic groups. Some theories claim the earliest
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Wayuu people


Wayuu (also Wayu, Wayúu, Guajiro, Wahiro) is a Native American ethnic group of the Guajira Peninsula in northernmost part of Colombia and northwest Venezuela. The Wayuu language is part of the Maipuran (Arawak) language family. The Wayúu inhabit the arid Guajira Peninsula straddling the Venezuela-Colombia border, on the Caribbean Sea coast. Two major rivers flow through this mostly harsh environment: the Rancheria River in Colombia and the El Limón River in Venezuela representing the main source of water, along with artificial ponds designed to hold
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History of Somali Bantus in Maine


The Bantus are an ethnic group from Somalia. A significant community of them reside in Maine; as of 2012, there were around 1,000 in Lewiston. Bantus are a minority ethnic group in Somalia, a country largely inhabited by ethnic Somalis. They are the descendants of people from various Bantu ethnic groups originating from what are modern-day Tanzania, Malawi and Mozambique who were brought to Somalia as slaves in the 19th century. Bantus are ethnically, physically, and culturally distinct from Somalis, and have remained marginalized since their arrival
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Mennonites in Colombia


Mennonites in Colombia were until 2016 almost only converts from the general and indigenous Colombian population to the Mennonite faith. Since then conservative ethnic Mennonites with a German background who belong to the so-called Russian Mennonites started to immigrate to Colombia. Converts to the Mennonite faith are both people who speak Spanish and groups with an indigenous Amerindian background, notably Embera-Wounaan. These converts do not differ much from other Protestants in Colombia. Ethnic German Mennonites have their own customs and language (Plautdietsch) and live in colonies. Conservative ethnic
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South America


European descendants are the third group in number (15%). Mestizos (mixed European and Amerindian) are the largest ethnic group in Paraguay, Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador and the second group in Peru. South America is also home to one of the largest populations of Africans. This group is significantly present in Brazil, Colombia, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Venezuela and Ecuador. Brazil followed by Peru have the largest Japanese, Korean and Chinese communities in South America, Lima has the largest ethnic Chinese community in
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Salvatore Mancuso


main Lieutenant. The paramilitary groups in Colombia later expanded, and in April 1997 created what was known as "Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia" (AUC), an umbrella organization under the leadership of the ""Autodefensas Campesinas de Córdoba y Urabá"" led by Mancuso and Castaño. Following the death of Castaño, Mancuso became the strong man, along with Castaño's brother Vicente and, consequently, the main leader in the peace process with the Colombian government of president Álvaro Uribe. His name has been involved in the command
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Race and ethnicity in Colombia


social categories, they still contribute to one's rank in the social hierarchy. Genetic research with over 60,000 blood tests and 25 variables, determined that the average Colombian (of all races) has an admixture of 70% European, 20% native Amerindian and 10% African ancestry, however these proportions vary widely from one region to another. These proportions also vary widely among ethnicities. Colombia officially acknowledges three ethnic minority groups: the Afro-Colombian, indigenous, and Romani populations. The Afro-Colombian population consists mainly of
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Music of Colombia


of Colombia. It is a mixture of Spanish, Native Colombian and African music. The style of dance is designed to recall the shackles worn around the ankles of the slaves. In the 19th century, slavery was abolished and Africans, Indians and other ethnic groups got a more complete integration in the Colombian culture. Cumbia is a complex, rhythmic music which arose on Colombia's Atlantic coast. In its original form, cumbia bands included only percussion and vocals; modern groups include saxophones, trumpets, keyboards and trombones as well
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Yoruba religion


, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago, St. Vincent & The Grenadines, Uruguay, Venezuela, and other parts of the Americas. With them, they carried their religious beliefs. The school-of-thought integrated into what now constitutes the core of the "New World lineages": The Vodun faith, which originated amongst a different ethnic group (the Gbe speaking peoples of present-day Benin, Togo, and Ghana), holds influential aspects on the African diaspora in countries such as Haiti
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Race and ethnicity in Colombia


paramilitaries and guerrillas struggled for control of the department's key drug- and weapons-smuggling corridors. Colombia has received across its history different groups of immigrants. White Colombians are mainly of Spanish descent, who arrived in the beginning of the 16th century when Colombia was part of the Spanish Empire. During the 19th and 20th centuries, other European and Middle Eastern peoples migrated to Colombia, notably Lebanese people but also Palestinians, Syrians, Germans, Italians, French, Lithuanians, and British among others. Colombia was one of early focus
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Colombia–Panama border


Cueva people before the 16th century). Travel is often by specialized canoes (piragua). On the Panamanian side, La Palma is the capital of the province and the main cultural centre. Corn, cassava, plantains, and bananas are staple crops wherever land is developed. The Cunas were living in what is now Northern Colombia and the Darién Province of Panama at the time of the Spanish invasion, and only later began to move westward due to a conflict with the Spanish and other indigenous groups. Centuries before the conquest
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Internment of Japanese Americans


, came from Peru. An additional 250 were from Panama, Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, El Salvador, Mexico, Nicaragua, and Venezuela. The first group of Japanese Latin Americans arrived in San Francisco on April 20, 1942, on board the "Etolin" along with 360 ethnic Germans and 14 ethnic Italians from Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia. The 151 men — ten from Ecuador, the rest from Peru — had volunteered for deportation believing they were to be repatriated to Japan. They
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Colombia


is made in these particular areas. Colombia has three major national radio networks: Radiodifusora Nacional de Colombia, a state-run national radio; Caracol Radio and RCN Radio, privately owned networks with hundreds of affiliates. There are other national networks, including Cadena Super, Todelar, and Colmundo. Many hundreds of radio stations are registered with the Ministry of Information Technologies and Communications. Colombia's varied cuisine is influenced by its diverse fauna and flora as well as the cultural traditions of the ethnic groups. Colombian dishes and ingredients vary
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Ecuador


city. What is now Ecuador was home to a variety of Amerindian groups that were gradually incorporated into the Inca Empire during the 15th century. The territory was colonized by Spain during the 16th century, achieving independence in 1820 as part of Gran Colombia, from which it emerged as its own sovereign state in 1830. The legacy of both empires is reflected in Ecuador's ethnically diverse population, with most of its /1e6 round 1 million people being mestizos, followed by large minorities of European, Amerindian, and African descendants. Spanish
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La Venta (Colombia)


La Venta is a fossil locality located in the modern departments of Tolima and Huila in Colombia. This site is one of the richest Neogene fossil assemblages in South America and represents the best-known Cenozoic fossil site outside of Argentina. It provides a glimpse of what life in the region was like before the main wave of the Great American Interchange. The fossils occur in Middle Miocene rocks of the Honda Group, which is divided into the younger Villavieja Formation and the older La Victoria Formation. The La Venta fauna contained ancient species
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Lobi people


The Lobi belong to an ethnic group that originated in what is today Ghana. Starting around 1770, many Lobi peoples migrated into southern Burkina Faso and later into Côte d'Ivoire. The group consists of around 180,000 people. Lobiri is the name of the language spoken by the Lobi people. Lobi is a blanket term that refers to several closely related ethnic groups that comprise roughly 7% of the Burkinabe population, including the main Lobi proper, Birifor, Dagara, Dorossy, Dyan (aka Jãa), Gan and Tenbo/Loron
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Caribbean region of Colombia


ethnic group in the region is the pardo, a mixture of European, mainly Spanish, the indigenous peoples and Afro-Colombian. During the early 20th century, a wave of immigrants came from Europe and the Middle East, mostly from Lebanon, Syria and Turkey. A second wave followed during World War II. Most of the immigrants settled in the main urban centers or trade port towns such as in Barranquilla, Santa Marta, Cartagena, Sincelejo, Santa Cruz de Mompox, El Banco, etc. The two most populous
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Ethnic groups in Central America


present day Colombia and Venezuela. These groups include the Miskitos, Ramas and Sumos. In the 19th century, there was a substantial indigenous minority, but this group was also largely assimilated culturally into the mestizo majority. There are over 104,000 Amerindian inhabitants, comprising 2.4% of the Costa Rican population. Most of them live in secluded reservations, distributed among eight ethnic groups: Quitirrisí (in the Central Valley), Matambú or Chorotega (Guanacaste), Maleku (northern Alajuela), Bribri (southern Atlantic), Cabécar (
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Cuiba language


language is spoken in the state of Apure, one of the state border with Colombia, which is found alongside the Capanaparo river. The term Cuiba is usually used to describe the ethnic group itself, although they do not refer to themselves as Cuiba. Most of those who speak the Cuiba language are monolingual, which is why the language is threatened seeing as the ethnic population itself is only approximately 2,950 and continues to decrease. The Cuiba ethnic group are characterized as being hunter-gatherers, who live a nomadic lifestyle in small
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History of anthropology by country


anthropologists who often debate and participate, but write very little. The goal of this type of anthropology was to alter the symbols of national identity and to accompany new ethnic movements in finding representation. Anthropologists and ethnic groups aimed to challenge the way indigenous groups were being ostracized by cultural hegemony. Later on in 1991, Colombia underwent a process of constitutional reform and development in attempt to recognize more cultural and ethnic rights. Some of its current most influential institutions are the Colombian Institute of Anthropology and History, the Colombian National University,
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Demographics of South America


are Iberian genes (Portuguese and Spaniard). After Iberian (i.e.Lusitanian, Galician, Castilian and Catalan), the main European ethnicities are Italian, German and Slavic, followed by French and Dutch. Brazil has 31 million Italians and Argentina 20, Uruguay, Venezuela, Peru, Chile, Colombia and Ecuador also have considerable Italian diasporas. Brazil has 15.7 million Germans, Austrians, Luxembourgers and Swiss (second largest German diaspora after US) and Argentina 3.5 million consisting mostly of Russian Volga Germans. Other German groups can
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Cuiba language


Cuiba is a Guahiban language that is spoken by about 2,300 people in Colombia and additional 650 in Venezuela. More than half of Cuiba speakers are monolingual, and in Colombia there is a 45% literacy rate. Cuiva is also referred to as Cuiba, Cuiba-Wámonae, Kuiva, Chiricoa, Hiwi, and Maiben. In Colombia, Cuiva is spoken among those who live and who are born surrounding the Colombian rivers, Meta Casanare and Capanaparo. The Cuiba ethnic group is often found in the Casanare region. In Venezuela the
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Amazonian Kichwas


Napu runas or Amazonian Kichwas are a grouping of indigenous Kichwa peoples in the Ecuadorian Amazon, with minor groups across the borders of Colombia and Peru. Amazonian Kichwas consists of two different ethnic peoples, Napu-Kichwa (living in the Napo and Sucumbíos provinces, with some parts of their community living in Colombia and Peru) and Canelo-Kichwa (also referred to as "Kichwa del Pastaza", living in the Pastaza Province). There are approximately 419 organized communities of the Amazonian Kichwas. The basic socio-political unit
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Ethnic federalism


the main cities. In October 2015, South Sudan's President Salva Kiir issued a decree establishing 28 states, again largely along ethnic lines, to replace the former 10 states. The measure was approved in parliament in November. Following the secession in 1971 of East Pakistan to become Bangladesh, the Pakistani government sought ways to accommodate the ethno-nationalist demands of the different groups within what had been West Pakistan. The 1973 Constitution imposed a federal structure giving autonomy to the four main provinces, each historically identified with an ethno-
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Pueblo Bello


Pueblo Bello (Pretty Village), is a village and municipality in the northern region of the Department of Cesar, Colombia. It is located in the mountains of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta and is home to Amerindians pertaining to the Arhuaco ethnicity, whom consider Pueblo Bello a sanctuary but by the name of "Arumake" in their language. Pueblo Bello is the main producer of coffee in the Caribbean Region of Colombia. Pueblo Bello is the only municipality that is completely within the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta mountains. The
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Video gaming in Colombia


"Entrepreneurial innovation system" Ruta N promotes innovative business based on technology in Medellin, while Colombia 3.0 is a national summit of digital content held yearly in Bogota. Non-profit organization Colombian chapter of the International Game Developers Association (IGDA) is a key player, focusing on fostering game-development in the country. In 2015, educational video games were released in Colombia that were designed to help children learn about a few of the country's many ethnic groups. The video games were released in order to "contribute to
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Race and ethnicity in Colombia


Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina, which Colombia inherited from Spain after the Spanish had overcome an initial British settlement, is mostly Afro-Colombian, including several thousand "raizal" (those with roots) blacks. Despite the length of time during which Colombia has had jurisdiction over them, most "raizales" on these Caribbean islands have retained their Protestant religion, have continued to speak an English-based creole language as well as English, and have regarded themselves as a group distinct from mainland residents. A minute percentage of
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CIA activities in Colombia


The Central Intelligence Agency focuses on fighting two major conflicts of the cultivation and trafficking of cocaine and the local extremist groups in Colombia. The Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia, otherwise known as the FARC, is one of the main extremist groups in Colombia. The FARC has resulted in the killings of innocent civilians making them a top priority for the CIA. The CIA activities revolve heavily around stopping the production of cocaine and the FARC. As part of transnational counterdrug activity, the CIA financed a military intelligence network in Colombia in 1991
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List of ethnic groups in Laos


The following is a list of ethnic groups within Laos. Specialists are largely in agreement as to the ethnolinguistic classification of the ethnic groups of Laos. For the purposes of the 1995 census, the government of Laos recognized 149 ethnic groups within 47 main ethnicities. whereas the Lao Front for National Construction (LFNC) recently revised the list to include 49 ethnicities consisting of over 160 ethnic groups. The term "ethnic minorities" is used by some to classify the non-Lao ethnic groups, while the term "indigenous peoples"
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Dene


part of British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Alaska and the southwestern United States. Dene were the first people to settle in what is now the Northwest Territories. In northern Canada, historically there were ethnic feuds between the Dene and the Inuit. In 1996, Dene and Inuit representatives participated in a healing ceremony to reconcile the centuries-old grievances. Behchoko, Northwest Territories is the largest Dene community in Canada. The Dene include five main groups: Although the above-named groups are what the term "Dene
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Afro-Colombians


people from this ethnic group earn, on average, $500 dollars a year (or 1.5 million Colombian Pesos) people that are from White or Mestizo ethnic groups earn an average of $1500 dollars a year (or 4.5 million Colombian Pesos). This means that the average Afro-Colombian earns three times less than the average White/Mestizo Colombian. This issue roots primarily from the fact that in Colombia, blacks do not have the same educational, and economic opportunities as the rest of the population. They also have
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Foreign relations of Colombia


the Gulf of Venezuela. In 1969, Colombia formed what is now the Andean Community along with Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, and Peru (Venezuela joined in 1973, and Chile left in 1976). In the 1980s, Colombia broadened its bilateral and multilateral relations, joining the Contadora Group, the Group of Eight (now the Rio Group), and the Non-Aligned Movement, which it chaired from 1994 until September 1998. In addition, it has signed free trade agreements with Chile, Mexico, and Venezuela.
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Ethnic conflict


co-ethnics. Patronage politics and ethnic politics eventually reinforce each other, leading to what Chandra terms a "patronage democracy". The existence of patronage networks between local politicians and ethnic groups make it easier for politicians to mobilize ethnic groups and instigate ethnic violence for electoral gain since the neighborhood or city is already polarized along ethnic lines. The dependence of ethnic groups on their co-ethnic local politician for access to state resources is likely to make them more responsive to calls of violence against other ethnic groups. Therefore, the
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WWB Colombia


WWB Colombia is a microfinance institution in Colombia. WWB Colombia - Cali was founded in 1980 by a group of professional and businesswomen in Cali, Colombia. WWB Colombia was the first entity to grant a micro loan in the country. Today it is one of three main microcredit players in Colombia. It was the first to affiliate to the Women's World Banking International Network. It received financial and technical support from various institutions, including the Inter-American Development Bank, FOMIN (Multilateral Investment Fund), International Finance Corporation,
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Cocama language


a projected ethnic population of 15,000, the majority of Cocama speakers, 2,000, live in Perú. Remaining speakers live in Amazonas state in Brazil, where 50 out of 411 ethnic Chayahuitas speak it and it is known as Kokama or Kokamilla. Most speakers are trilingual and can also speak Portuguese and Spanish. Very few are monolingual. There are 20 ethnic groups in Colombia's Lower Putumayo area with an unknown number of Cocama-Cocamilla speakers. Most expected speakers would also be trilingual, but the language may be extinct in the
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Race and ethnicity in Colombia


blacks, mulattoes, raizales, palenqueros, and zambos (a term used since colonial times for individuals of mixed Amerindian and black ancestry). A 1999 resolution of the Ministry of the Interior and Justice acknowledged the Romani population as a Colombian ethnic group, although Romani people were not recognized in the 1991 constitution (unlike the Afro-Colombian and indigenous populations). Estimates vary widely, but the 2005 census found that the ethnic minority populations had increased significantly since the 1993 census, possibly owing to the methodology used. Specifically,
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Brazil–Colombia relations


This is a huge increase in trade growth for both countries. The list of exports between both countries are widely varied. The main resources Brazil exported to Colombia were propene, automobiles, tires, AC generators, combustion engines and parts of turbojet engines. These do not include all of Brazil's exports just what they exported to Colombia. Colombia exports to Brazil include: crude petroleum, coal briquettes, coffee, refined petroleum and cut flowers. Colombia exports an estimated value of 2.23 billion US dollars to Brazil. Even with all
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Siona people


The Siona people (also known as Sioni, Pioje, or Pioche-Sioni) are an indigenous ethnic group living in the Ecuadorian Amazon or Oriente (est. population 250 in Ecuador (2000 Juncosa)), and in Putumayo Department in Colombia (est. population 300 in Colombia (1982 SIL)). They share territory along the Shushufindi, Aguarico, and Cuyabeno river with the Secoya people, with whom they are sometimes considered a single population. The Siona language is a Tucanoan language. The Siona people are organized
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IQ and the Wealth of Nations


Salvador by averaging their calculations of 79 for Guatemala and 88 for Colombia. Including those estimated IQs, the correlation of IQ and GDP is 0.62. To obtain a figure for South Africa, the authors averaged IQ studies done on different ethnic groups, resulting in a figure of 72. The figures for Colombia, Peru, and Singapore were arrived at in a similar manner. In some cases, the IQ of a country is estimated by averaging the IQs of countries that are not actually neighbors of the country in question. For
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Amazonian languages


considered in inter-ethnic marriage as the Tucanoans do with other ethnic groups. The Europeans invaded the region in the 16th century, quickly taking control of the coastal areas and the main rivers as far as they were navigable. The indigenous population began to drastically diminish around 1900; it is estimated that the population was only a 10th of what it had been in 1500 (estimated at between 2 and 5 million). The majority of this loss of life was involuntary, due to European diseases the native Amazonian population didn't
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Iranian Azerbaijanis


from non-Persian-speaking ethnic minorities, and the foremost were the Azeris, rather than the nation's titular ethnic group, the Persians. The most important political development affecting the Middle East at the beginning of the twentieth century was the collapse of the Ottoman and the Russian empires. The idea of a greater homeland for all Turks was propagated by pan-Turkism, which was adopted almost at once as a main ideological pillar by the Committee of Union and Progress and somewhat later by other political caucuses in what remained of
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Demographics of Laos


province, as of 2011-2012: Source: "UN World Population Prospects" Specialists are largely in agreement as to the ethnolinguistic classification of the ethnic groups of Laos. For the purposes of the 1995 census, the government of Laos recognized 149 ethnic groups within 47 main ethnicities. whereas the Lao Front for National Construction (LFNC) recently revised the list to include 49 ethnicities consisting of over 160 ethnic groups. The term "ethnic minorities" is used by some to classify the non-Lao ethnic groups, while the
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Basque diaspora


mestizo population that exists in Chile today; mestizos create modern middle and lower classes; other Basque settlers also intermarried with mestizos of Castilian descent. Thousands of Basque refugees fleeing Spanish Civil War in 1939 also settled and have many descendants in the country and have even intermarried with other Spanish ethnic groups other than Castilians as well as other European ethnic groups. Population estimates of Basque-Chileans range from 10% (1,600,000) to as high as 27% (4,500,000), only behind Colombia. Miguel de Unamuno stated that two things
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Agriculture in Colombia


Colombia", or Asocaña), an influential business group. The Colombian Association of Sugarcane Producers and Suppliers ("Asociación Colombiana de Productores y Proveedores de Caña de Azúcar", or Procaña) also represents sugarcane producers, and the Sugarcane Research Center of Colombia ("Centro de Investigación de la Caña de Azúcar de Colombia", or Cenicaña) has made a positive contribution to Colombia's sugarcane productivity. Oil-palm tree fruits, soybeans, cottonseeds, and sesame seeds are the main sources of Colombian vegetable oils. Colombia
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Inírida, Guainía


30% are colonizers from the other parts of Colombia and 17% are other indigenous ethnic groups. The local airport is César Gaviria Trujillo Airport , named in honor of a former Colombian president. As of 2007, its runway is serviced by two airlines, Satena, which has three flights a week to and from Bogotá and two flights a week to and from Villavicencio, and Air Colombia, which flies twice a week from the city of Villavicencio, through Barrancominas, Guainía and then arriving at Inírida. This airline operates a
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Languages of South America


and Bolivia; Aymara in Bolivia, Peru and to a lesser extent in Chile; Wayuu in northern Colombia and northwest Venezuela; and Mapudungun in small pockets of southern Chile and Argentina. In Bolivia, Quechua, Aymara, and Tupi Guarani are co-official alongside Spanish. In Paraguay, Guarani shares joint official status with Spanish. In Colombia, the languages of the country's ethnic groups are constitutionally recognized as official languages in their territories; more than 60 such aboriginal languages exist today. In Ecuador, Spanish, Northern Quechua
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Allobates wayuu


Allobates wayuu is a species of frog in the Aromobatidae family. It is endemic to the Serranía de Macuira in La Guajira Department, Colombia, and is only known from its type locality in the Macuira National Natural Park. The specific name "wayuu" refers to Wayuu people, an ethnic group from the extreme north of Colombia. Males measure and females in snout–vent length. The snout is nearly ovoid in dorsal view and anteriorly inclined in lateral view. The tympanum is partly concealed. The canthus rostralis is acute but
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Chandler's Ford


up area, and make up the main part of what is referred to as "Chandler's Ford") had a population of 21,436, across 8,896 households. The ethnicity of the population was mainly white, with 310 mixed race people, 937 Asian or Asian British people, 100 Black or Black British people and 224 in other ethnic groups. In 2001, 13,531 of the population were Christians, 5,528 professed no religion, and 1,477 did not state their religious beliefs. There were 59 Buddhists, 205 Hindus, 29 Jews
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Sherbro Island


what is now Sierra Leone. Today they are concentrated in the southern and central part of Moyamba District. They make up by far the largest ethnic group in the island, where the total population is 28,457. The island has more than of tropical beaches. It has been earmarked by the Ministry for Tourism and Development of Sierra Leone for tourism development. Swamp-rice cultivation, tourism, and fishing are the main economic activities. Sherbro Island was long occupied by the Sherbro people, who historically dominated other ethnicities in much of
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Presbyterian Church of Colombia (Presbyterian Synod)


The Presbyterian Church of Colombia ( In Spanish the Iglesia Presbiteriana de Colombia) was established by the US Presbyterian Churches. The first Presbyterian Missionary was Henry Barrington Pratt who came to Colombia in 1856, sent by the board of foreign missions of what is now called Presbyterian Church (USA). Congregations were established in the main areas, big cities, and the mission spread over a large part of the country. Presbyterian work progressed till 1936. In 1937 the Presbyterian Synod was formed. The church had 3 Presbyteries. Since 1982
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Mennonites in Colombia


work, the Iglesia Colombiana de los Hermanos, stemming from the mission work of the Brethren Church, Ashland, Ohio, starting in 1973, and the Comunidad Cristiana Hermandad de Cristo, stemming from the Brethren in Christ, starting in 1982. The membership of these four groups in 1986 was about 2,300. Ethnic German Mennonites started to settle in Colombia in February 2016, with immigrants coming mainly from the region around Cuauhtémoc, Chihuahua in northern Mexico, immigrants to "Liveney colony" mainly from Manitoba Colony and immigrants to "Australia
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Basque Colombians


A Basque Colombian (, ) is a person or resident born in Colombia of Basque descent. The term "Basque" may refer to ethnic Basques who immigrated to Colombia from the Basque Country. The majority of Basque Colombians live in Antioquia Department, Eje Cafetero, Bogotá, and Santander Department, with other important Basque communities in Valle del Cauca Department and Norte de Santander Department. Basque Colombians are one of the largest Basque diaspora groups in the world, and have heavy cultural and linguistic influence in the country, especially in the
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Ethnic groups in Latin America


to be the contribution to the national genepool: 60.0% European, 32.0% Native and 8.0% SSA African. According to a 2015 autosomal DNA study Colombia is 62.50% European, 27.40% Native American and 9.2% African. This list shows the regional admixture in Colombia according to a 2016 DNA study with nearly 800 samples: While the majority of Costa Ricans identify as of "criollo" or "castizo" descent, genetic studies demonstrate considerable pre-Columbian Amerindian and a smaller African ancestry. According to an autosomal study
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Spanish-based creole languages


connotation among contemporary speakers. For more information see the article on Chavacano, or the Ethnologue Report on Chavacano. Palenquero (also Palenque) is a Spanish-based creole spoken in Colombia. The ethnic group which speaks this creole consisted only of 2,500 people in 1989. It is spoken in Colombia, in the village of San Basilio de Palenque which is south and east of Cartagena, and in some neighborhoods of Barranquilla. The village was founded by fugitive slaves (Maroons) and Native Americans. Since many slaves had been only
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Gerardo Reichel-Dolmatoff


explained the millenarian evolution of Amerindian cultures and their links to contemporary indigenous groups. His excavations focused mainly on living spaces and garbage heaps, where the archaeologist avoided exploring or excavating monumental sculptures, monumental architecture and indigenous burial sites. In the field of anthropology, Reichel-Dolmatoff focused on investigating and celebrating Colombia's ethnic and cultural diversity and especially of indigenous peoples. The scope and extent of his work and dedication to understanding, acknowledging and disseminating the importance and value of Colombia's contemporary indigenous peoples was significant. At a conference
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Caribbean region of Colombia


indigenous ethnic groups are the wayuu in the Guajira Peninsula and the Arhuacos, Koguis and Arsarios. Black population is mostly concentrated near Cartagena predominantly in the town of San Basilio de Palenque, which was proclaimed Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO for preserving its African heritage. There are 9,746,886 inhabitants in the Colombian Caribbean Region of Colombia in 2010, with a population density of 73.71 inhabitants per square kilometer. According with Dane population projection there will be 10,441,463 in 2015 and 11,142,852 in 2020. The principal metropolitan area
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South America


Latin America. East Indians form the largest ethnic group in Guyana and Suriname. In many places indigenous people still practice a traditional lifestyle based on subsistence agriculture or as hunter-gatherers. There are still some uncontacted tribes residing in the Amazon Rainforest. The most populous country in South America is Brazil with /1e6 round 1 million people. The second largest country is Colombia with a population of . Argentina is the third most populous country with . While Brazil, Argentina, and Colombia maintain the largest populations, large city populations are not
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Gloria Amparo Rodriguez


on prior consultation in Colombia and Latin America. Rodriguez argues for a "comprehensive reading" of the consent in activities that may affect the rights of indigenous peoples, and an interpretive approach to information and freedom in decision-making. Gloria Rodríguez has served in many academic and public organizations, and received her Ph.D. in Sociology of Law from the Universidad Externado de Colombia. The 'Masaji Chiba' Posdoctoral Fellowship at IISJ in Oñati, allowed her placed emphasis on the study of the development of the complex socio-political ethnic groups
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Chocó Department


2011). Choco is also Colombia top gold-producing region (653,625 ounces in 2011). Chocó is inhabited predominantly by Afro-Colombians, descendants of African enslaves brought by the Spanish colonizers after conquering the Americas. The second race/ethnic group are the Emberá, the remaining Native American people, with more than half of their total population in Colombia living in Chocó, some 35,500. They practice hunting and artisan fishing and live near rivers. The total population as of 2005 was less than half a million, with
8122667
Tom Horne


) Are designed primarily for pupils of a particular ethnic group. 4) Advocate ethnic solidarity instead of the treatment of pupils as individuals. Horne said, "We think kids should be taught together. They should be taught to treat each other as individuals, that what race they happened to have been born into is irrelevant. What's relevant is what you know, what you can do, what's your character, not what race you happened to have been born into. And we teach the contributions of different groups together
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Race and ethnicity in Colombia


it reported that the Afro-Colombian population accounted for 10.5 percent of the national population (4.3 million people); the Amerindian population, for 3.4 percent (1.4 million people); and the Romani population, for 0.01 percent (5,000 people). The 2005 census reported that the "non-ethnic population", consisting of whites, mestizos and castizos, constituted 86 percent of the national population. The 86 percent figure is subdivided into 49 percent mestizo and 37 percent white. The various groups exist in differing concentrations throughout
16587694
Bahrain


the least densely populated part. The north of the country is so urbanised that it is considered by some to be one large metropolitan area. Bahraini people are ethnically diverse. Shia Bahrainis are divided into two main ethnic groups: Baharna and Ajam. The Shia Bahrainis are Baharna (Arab), and the Ajam are Persian Shias. Shia Persians form large communities in Manama and Muharraq. A small minority of Shia Bahrainis are ethnic Hasawis from Al-Hasa. Sunni Bahrainis are mainly divided into two main ethnic groups: Arabs (
21177500
Taxation in Colombia


Taxation in Colombia is determined by the Congress of Colombia, every Department Assembly and every City Council, which determine what kind of taxes can be levied and which rates can be applied. The country inherited a harsh and diffused taxation policy from the Spanish Empire characterized by a heavy reliance on customs duties. National taxes are administered by the National Directorate of Taxes and Customs (, DIAN). Some of these taxes include: The value-added tax (VAT) is the main indirect tax. Apparently, this is rising to
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Álvaro Uribe


having unofficially separated from his former party. His electoral platform centered on confronting Colombia's main guerrilla movement, the FARC. Other relevant propositions included slashing the national administration's expenses, fighting corruption and initiating a national referendum to resolve several of the country's political and economic concerns. Colombia's government under president Andres Pastrana was undergoing peace negotiations with the largest guerrilla group, the FARC. but after four years of peace negotiations without cease fires, disapproval of Colombia's main parties grew. Violence was rampant. The FARC had,
11616960
Cartagena, Colombia


The first carnivals and western theaters that served in New Granada operated on, what is today, Calle del Coliseo. This was an activity patronized by the Viceroy Manuel de Guirior and Antonio Caballero y Góngora, who, like their predecessors, spent most of the time of their mandates ruling in Cartagena. The main football club in the city is Real Cartagena. The port, the fortresses and the group of monuments of Cartagena were selected in 1984 by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) as significant to
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Guevarista Revolutionary Army


45 persons in the day of their surrender. It does not operate nationwide and is considerably smaller than the two main guerrilla groups in Colombia, the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia and the National Liberation Army. It was active in the Departments of Chocó, Risaralda, and Antioquia. In 1997, the group reportedly asked $500,000 in ransom for six people the group kidnapped from a commercial helicopter in Antioquia. The helicopter was loaded with explosives, and the group reportedly placed mines in the location the people were taken. Three of
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Ethnic minorities in China


and those without. The team of social scientists that assembled the list of all the ethnic groups also described what they considered to be the key differentiating attributes between each group, including culture, custom, and language. The center then used this list of attributes to select representatives of each group to perform on television and radio in an attempt to reinforce the government's narrative of China as a multi-ethnic state and to prevent the culture of the minority ethnic groups from assimilating by the Han and the rest of the world.
19386013
Ethnic groups in Latin America


that the composition of Guatemala is 55% European, 44% Amerindian, and less than 1% African or Asian. An autosomal DNA study by the "American Journal of Human Genetics" estimated that the average admixture of Mexicans is approximately 52% European, 45% Amerindian, and 4% African. Higher Amerindian ancestry on the X chromosome was observed, consistent with predominantly European patrilineal and Native American matrilineal ancestry. Another autosomal study comparing the ethnic makeup of five different Latin American countries — Mexico, Colombia, Dominican Republic,
17911395
Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia


law guaranteeing their autonomy, self-determination and self-government. The indigenous organization also demanded the immediate end of all violence and conflict within indigenous territories and called for a negotiated solution to the war. Official Colombian government statistics show that murders of indigenous people between January and May 2011 have increased 38% compared to the same timeframe in 2010. Colombia is home to nearly 1 million indigenous people, divided into around 100 different ethnicities. The Colombian Constitutional Court has warned that 35 of those groups are in danger of dying out
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Plan Colombia


separate incidents in 2001 compared to just 57 in 2007. Even as the FARC have lost power and subsequently signed a peace agreement, there is concern about what will happen to the remnants of the group. One fear is that autonomous fronts will forge their own relationships with the cartels and continue the drug trade in a more dispersed manner. As of 2008 Plan Colombia's U.S.-funded military programs comprised: As of 2008, the U.S. has provided nearly $1.3 billion to Colombia through Plan Colombia's nonmilitary aid programs: On April 14
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National University of Colombia


what is known as the "Golden Triangle" of higher education in Colombia, being among the most selective and competitive universities in the country. The SCImago Institutions Rankings Iber by SCImago Research Group found that the National University of Colombia produced the largest number of scientific papers published in peer-refereed publications in the country, and was the 17th (14th in 2018) most prolific in Latin America. Furthermore, according to the Latin-American Web Ranking of Universities, the National University of Colombia ranks first place in internet presence in
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Ethnic media


act as a media force somewhere between shock absorption and psychic validation in the often fraught atmosphere between the ethnic majority and ethnic minorities.” Downing finds that ethnic media tends to circulate, “within at least three different sectors, namely, indigenous nations and communities, recent migrants…and settled subordinate ethnic groups.” Analogous to the debate as to "what" qualifying factors constitute alternative media, the domain of "what" qualifying factors that classify a respective ethnic media outlet as an alternative media outlet is also, at play
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Ethnic federalism


is distinguished from outright partition. Such a system may be considered in nations where ethnic groups are concentrated in geographical localities. In an "ethnoterritorial" federation—a "compromise model"—the largest ethnic group is divided among more than one subunit. Examples include Canada, India and Spain. This type of system may be appropriate for nations that contain one dominant group. One of the main motivations for introducing ethnic federalism is to reduce conflict among the groups within the state, by granting each group local self-government and guaranteed representation at
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Industry of Colombia


synthetic fibers, paint, and rubber. Petrochemical production accounted for 27 percent of manufacturing GDP and 10 percent of manufacturing employment in 2005. However, Colombia imports more than double the quantity of petrochemicals and agrochemicals that it exports. The United States is the main source of Colombian imports, while the Andean countries are the main destination of Colombian exports in this sector. Two main economic groups have had control of the largest shares in the beverages market, which in 2005 represented 9 percent of manufacturing GDP and 3 percent of employment in
16826262
Primordialism


following what they felt was their origin as descendants of the Jews. "Primordialism assumes ethnic identity as fixed, once it is constructed". The Rwandan genocide in 1994 witnessed the murder of approximately 800,000 Rwandans in the span of three months. This violence, as also experienced in the Nigerian Civil War in 1967, was arguably due to ethnicity and the rivalries between ethnic groups. The dominant Hutu ethnic group in Rwanda felt they must kill their ethnic neighbours, the Tutsi, due to established differences in ethnic identities which set them
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Kwaio people


Kwaio is an ethnic group found in central Malaita, in the Solomon Islands. According to Ethnologue, they numbered 13,249 in 1999. Much of what is known about the Kwaio is due to the work of the anthropologist Roger M. Keesing, who lived among them starting in the 1960s. Their main mode of economic activity was traditionally subsistence farming of taro, which could be planted and harvested continuously in swidden agriculture. Other important crops include yams and plantains. Birds, insects, fish, and cuscus were occasional additions to what was
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Culture of Bahrain


groups. Sunni Bahrainis are mainly divided into two main ethnic groups: urban Arabs (al Arab) and Huwala. The urban Arabs are mostly descendants of Sunni Arabs from central Arabia who were (alongside the baharna) traditionally pearl-divers, merchants, sailors, traders and fishermen in the pre-oil era. The Huwala are descendants of Sunni Iranians; some of them are ethnic Persians, and others are ethnic Sunni Arabs. In addition to these native Bahraini ethnic groups, there are also ethnic Afro-Arabs, Balochis
13109791
Biguina


in the farmlands to the east and west of the main villages. In addition to these two main ethnic groups, there are small minorities of ethnic Nago and Fon. Biguina was founded in the 1960s by Lokpa migrants from the Ouake area, the population center of the Lokpa ethnic group in Benin. Migrants cleared forest land and settled neighboring Aoro first, then settled Biguina later in the 1960s. The primary school in Biguina 1 was founded in 1972. Biguina 2, Biguina 3, and Koiwali were settled later. Each of
1502877
Foreign relations of Colombia


of the FARC leftist-terrorist group, being chased out of hiding in rural areas of Colombia and finding save-havens in non-monitored areas of bordering states. The FARC numbers have significantly diminished in the last decade to an estimated 5,000-7,000. And while joint-military collaboration has steadily increased with the bordering countries of Brazil, Panama, Peru, and Venezuela, there have been tensions between Colombia and Ecuador regarding the issue. In 2002, the Ecuadorian government closed its main border crossing with Colombia, restricting its
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Soviet Union national football team


minutes left in extra time to give the Soviets the inaugural European Championship. In the 1962 World Cup, the Soviet team was in Group 1 with Yugoslavia, Colombia and Uruguay. The match between Soviet Union and Colombia ended 4–4; Colombia scored a series of goals (68’, 72’, 86’). Star goalkeeper Lev Yashin was in poor form both against Colombia and Chile. His form was considered as one of the main reasons why Soviet Union team did not gain more success in the tournament. In 1964
9321487
Argentina v Colombia (1994 FIFA World Cup qualification)


from Carlos Valderrama in the minute 41. For the second half Colombia took Argentina's need and scored the other four goals, as follows: While the Argentinian public wasn't believing what was happening, Colombia managed to close a historic day for the Colombian football and world football. After the game, the group results were as follows: With the win, Colombia automatically qualified for the 1994 FIFA World Cup, while Argentina had to play the intercontinental play-off against Australia to define their qualification for the World Cup because Paraguay
3984731
Monoculturalism


and correct way of doing things on the other. In many of the genocides practiced throughout history, some of them were based on ethnic supremacy. Ethnic supremacy is assumed by one group within a culture, following some distinct action by an external group or from one of the ethnic groups. With European intervention in places like Rwanda, social institutions worked to socially construct an ethnic inferiority, distinguishing the Hutus and Tutsis from one another and causing what would be one of the most horrific demonstrations of genocide in modern history. A similar
22009799
History of violence against LGBT people in the United States


ideas; however there are other reasons that are not known to people and they may have a greater impact than the generally known reasons. Many studies have been done in order to help and better identify what the main reasons were and who the main affected groups of people were. Political protests have been done to try and crack down on more of these attacks with a greater penalty. A hate crime is defined as the victimization of individuals because of their actual or perceived race, ethnicity or national origin, sexual orientation, religion
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Ethnic group


of both historiography and ethnography of the ancient world. The Greeks at this time did not describe foreign nations but had also developed a concept of their own "ethnicity", which they grouped under the name of Hellenes. Herodotus (8.144.2) gave a famous account of what defined Greek (Hellenic) ethnic identity in his day, enumerating Whether ethnicity qualifies as a cultural universal is to some extent dependent on the exact definition used. According to "Challenges of Measuring an Ethnic World: Science, politics, and reality",
15210912
Secession in China


to "Outside Province Person(s)". These are the respective proportionate populations of these ethnic groups in Taiwan (ROC). China (PRC) claims Taiwan and Penghu as its own province and hence has its own ethnic classifications for the native ethnic groups. However, most countries disregard these ethnic classifications in favour of the local ethnic classifications defined by Taiwan (ROC). The main countries where the ethnic classifications defined by China (PRC) are more strongly accepted are China (PRC) and perhaps its close allies. According
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19th of April Movement


its main aim was to open up democracy in Colombia. It was inspired by other South American urban guerrilla groups, such as the Tupamaros in Uruguay and the Montoneros in Argentina. By mid-1985, when the number of active members was estimated at between 1,500 and 2,000 (including a more noticeable urban presence), the M-19 was the second largest guerrilla group in Colombia after the FARC. On 27 June 2017, FARC ceased to be an armed group, disarming itself and handing over its weapons to the United Nations. The M-19
4013761
Demographics of South Sudan


South Sudan is home to around 60 indigenous ethnic groups and 80 linguistic partitions among a population of around /1e6 round 0 million. Historically, most ethnic groups were lacking in formal Western political institutions, with land held by the community and elders acting as problem solvers and adjudicators. Today, most ethnic groups still embrace a "cattle culture" in which livestock is the main measure of wealth and used for bride wealth. The majority of the ethnic groups in South Sudan are of African heritage who practice either Christianity or syncretisms of Christian
196252
Saliba language


Saliba (, ) is an indigenous language of Eastern Colombia and Venezuela. Saliba was used by Jesuit missionaries in the 17th century to communicate with indigenous peoples of the Meta, Orinoco, and Vichada valleys. An 1856 watercolor by Manuel María Paz is an early depiction of the Saliva people in Casanare Province. "Saliba was spoken by an ethnic group that lived along the central reaches of the Orinoco River." "This language group was so isolated that the language was reported extinct in 1965." It is not being passed
2376567
Right-wing paramilitarism in Colombia


a tenfold increase in the number of Colombian paramilitaries. In April 1997, the creation of the Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia (United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia) or AUC was announced, formally inaugurating what has been termed by analysts as the "second generation" of paramilitarism. It is considered to be the result of Carlos Castaño's efforts to achieve a measure of unity between most of the other paramilitary forces in the country. Several paramilitary groups did not join, but the AUC itself claimed to represent about 90% of
4916164
Han Chinese


Xia people") was distinctively used to represent the Huaxia as a civilized ethnic group in contrast to what was perceived of different ethnic groups as barbaric peoples around them. In many overseas Chinese communities, the term Hua Ren () may be used for people of Chinese ethnicity as distinct from Zhongguo Ren () which refers to citizens of China, including people of non-Han ethnicity. Han people () may also be used for people of ethnic Chinese descent around the world. The Han Chinese people are bound together with
19385612
Kuna language


The Kuna language (formerly Cuna, and in the language itself Guna), spoken by the Kuna people of Panama and Colombia, belongs to the Chibchan language family. The Kuna were living in what is now Northern Colombia and the Darién Province of Panama at the time of the Spanish invasion, and only later began to move westward towards what is now Guna Yala due to a conflict with Spanish and other indigenous groups. Centuries before the conquest, the Kuna arrived in South America as part of a Chibchan migration moving east from
21913229
Grupo Sura


Grupo de Inversiones Suramericana is a multilatin company founded in 1945 in Colombia, which is listed on the Colombia Stock Exchange (BVC) and is enrolled in the ADR – Level I program in the United States. It is also the only Latin American entity in the sector Financial Services and Capital Markets, that is part of the Dow Jones Sustainability Indices. The main companies that make up the investment portfolio of Grupo Sura are grouped as follows: Strategic investments: are the main focus of the management of Grupo Sura and are companies
14306548
The Culture of Critique series


are Jewish, he is engaging in "ad hominem" argumentation that is outside the bounds of normal scientific discourse and an obvious waste of time to engage. MacDonald has already announced that I will reject his ideas because I am Jewish, so what's the point of replying to them? br 2. MacDonald's main axioms – group selection of behavioral adaptations, and behaviorally relevant genetic cohesiveness of ethnic groups – are opposed by powerful bodies of data and theory, which Tooby, Cosmides, and many other evolutionary psychologists have written
3905839
History of Singaporean Indians


hierarchy comprised four main groups - the educated elite, mercantile groups, the white collar middle class and the uneducated labourers. Occupation and class were also linked to ethnic background within the Singapore Indian community. From the 19th century, Hindu reform movements emerged in India as part of a broader cultural modernisation. These movements sought to promote what they saw as a more authentic form of Hinduism while addressing the abuses, such as the Hindu caste system. These movements spread to overseas Indian communities, including Singapore. One of the most prominent
6656885
Belgians


or citizen group, by "jus soli" (Latin: right of the soil), also known as birthright citizenship, and are not a homogeneous ethnic group. Belgians are made up of two main linguistic and ethnic groups; the Dutch-speakers (called the Flemish) and the French-speakers (mostly Walloons), as well as a third tiny but constitutionally recognized group from two small German-speaking areas. These sometimes competing ethnic and linguistic priorities are governed by constitutionally designated "regions or communities", depending
6467300
Indonesian philosophy


for ethnic philosophers, as it is the intellectual legacy which belongs to a particular ethnic group. "Adat" is inherited from an ethnic's forefathers to later generations of the ethnic group. Indonesians believe that "adat" is not a human creation, but the spirits and supernatural powers ruling the community. This "adat" is very different from what Englishmen call "tradition", "custom" or "convention" today. Its meaning is not simply wider, but more particularly goes far deeper. It includes everything Englishmen
5703850
Gol Transportes Aéreos


countries with Chilean LATAM Airlines Group, Brazilian Azul and Colombia-based Avianca Holdings S.A. It also owns the brand Varig, although now that name refers to what is informally known as the "new" Varig, founded in 2006, not to the extinct "old" Varig airline, founded in 1927. GOL operates a growing domestic and international scheduled network. Its main hubs are São Paulo–Guarulhos International Airport, Rio de Janeiro–Galeão International Airport and Tancredo Neves International Airport near Belo Horizonte. GOL also has focus operations
5483445
List of birds of Colombia


, this family's species were included with the other storm-petrels in family Hydrobatidae. Two species have been recorded in Colombia. Order: ProcellariiformesFamily: Hydrobatidae Though the members of this family are similar in many respects to the southern storm-petrels, including their general appearance and habits, there are enough genetic differences to warrant their placement in a separate family. Seven species have been recorded in Colombia. Order: ProcellariiformesFamily: Procellariidae The procellariids are the main group of medium-sized "true petrels", characterized by united
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