what is the unit for energy and work
Thermodynamic free energy


between the change in internal energy, which is ΔU, and the energy lost in the form of heat is what is called the "useful energy" of the body, or the work of the body performed on an object. In thermodynamics, this is what is known as "free energy". In other words, free energy is a measure of work (useful energy) a system can perform at constant temperature. Mathematically, free energy is expressed as: free energy "A" = "U" - "
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Energy homeostasis


the physical activity level (PAL). A positive balance is a result of "energy intake" being "higher" than what is consumed in external work and other bodily means of energy expenditure. The main preventable causes are: A positive balance results in energy being stored as fat and/or muscle, causing weight gain. In time, overweight and obesity may develop, with resultant complications. A negative balance is a result of energy intake being less than what is consumed in external work and other bodily means of energy expenditure.
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United States Senate Appropriations Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development


The U.S. Senate Appropriations Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development is one of twelve subcommittees of the U.S. Senate Committee on Appropriations. The United States Senate Committee on Appropriations has joint jurisdiction with the United States House Committee on Appropriations over all appropriations bills in the United States Congress. Each committee has 12 matching subcommittees, each of which is tasked with working on one of the twelve annual regular appropriations bills. Traditionally, after a federal budget for the upcoming fiscal year has been passed, the appropriations subcommittees receive information about what the budget sets
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Innovation: Africa


business and was moved by the people she saw suffering from hunger and a lack of clean water. Born in Israel and raised in Nice, France, Ya'ari initially conceived and identified an opportunity as a master's student in International Energy Management and Policy at Columbia University and while working with the United Nations Development Program (UNDP). for a more sustainable energy solution, and developed the groundwork for what would become Innovation: Africa. Having worked in Africa for over 18 years and running Innovation: Africa for the past 9 years
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HelioPower


: (1) How much energy and power a business uses, and when and where it’s used; (2) what a business makes, moves or stores; where it performs this work, when it performs this work, and how this work changes and scales; and, (3) what a business pays, and how it procures, energy and power. HelioPower provides energy analytics consulting services to the water/waste-water, manufacturing and distribution industries. HelioPower offers turnkey EPC solutions including solar PV,
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Joule–Thomson effect


with molecular motion); so a change in temperature indicates a change in thermal kinetic energy. The internal energy is the sum of thermal kinetic energy and thermal potential energy. Thus, even if the internal energy does not change, the temperature can change due to conversion between kinetic and potential energy; this is what happens in a free expansion and typically produces a decrease in temperature as the fluid expands. If work is done on or by the fluid as it expands, then the total internal energy changes. This is what
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Energy


since it still contains the same total energy even if in different forms), but its mass does decrease when the energy escapes out to its surroundings, largely as radiant energy. There are strict limits to how efficiently heat can be converted into work in a cyclic process, e.g. in a heat engine, as described by Carnot's theorem and the second law of thermodynamics. However, some energy transformations can be quite efficient. The direction of transformations in energy (what kind of energy is transformed to what other kind) is
9631974
Inner Healing Movement


and another energy healing model called NET (neuro-emotive technique) which is primarily used by chiropractors. With these trainings she examined what was good that worked because God made it to work, and what were views attached to what worked that could be stripped away and replaced with God’s truth about it. This journey of development resulted in what is now called Splankna - the first Christian approach to energy healing. In the early 2000s Thiessen began training others in Splankna and the Splankna Therapy Institute now has over 2,000 practitioners trained
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Energy accounting


useful tool for determining resource use and environmental impacts. How much energy is needed at each point in a system is measured, as well as the form of that energy. An accounting system keeps track of energy in, energy out, and non-useful energy versus work done, and transformations within a system. Sometimes, non-useful work is what is often responsible for environmental problems. Energy returned on energy invested (EROEI) is the ratio of energy delivered by an energy technology to the energy invested to set up
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Sulamith Goldhaber


year. The Goldhabers moved to the United States to pursue doctorates at University of Wisconsin–Madison which they were awarded in 1951. The couple with their son Amos Nathaniel moved to Columbia University in New York City, where Gerson worked in the Physics Department, and Sulamith, despite her degree in physical chemistry, found work as an assistant to Prof. Jack Steinberger, working on what were then considered high energy experiments at the Nevis Laboratory of Columbia. Goldhaber became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1953. The Goldhabers moved
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Recoil


-pound force in non-SI units). formula_37 is the amount of work (physics), force acting through a distance, that can be done by the recoiling firearm, firearm system, or projectile because of its momentum, and is also called the translational kinetic energy. In the firearms lexicon, the energy of a recoiling firearm can be described as "felt recoil", (what the shooter literally feels from the force applied to the shooter's hand, arms and shoulder during the distance the gun recoils to
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Units of energy


Because energy is defined via work, the SI unit for energy is the same as the unit of work – the joule (J), named in honor of James Prescott Joule and his experiments on the mechanical equivalent of heat. In slightly more fundamental terms, 1 joule is equal to 1 newton metre and, in terms of SI base units An energy unit that is used in atomic physics, particle physics and high energy physics is the electronvolt (eV). One eV is equivalent to 1.60217653×10 J. In spectroscopy the unit
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Energy Consumers Relief Act of 2013


The Energy Consumers Relief Act of 2013 () is a bill that would require the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to submit reports to both the United States Congress and the United States Department of Energy whenever it tried to implement a new regulation that would have significant compliance costs (an impact of over $1 billion). The Department of Energy and Congress would then have the option of stopping or altering what the EPA proposed to do. According to a report about the bill from the United States House Committee on Energy and
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Radiant energy density


In radiometry, radiant energy density is the radiant energy per unit volume. The SI unit of radiant energy density is the joule per cubic metre (J/m). Radiant energy density, denoted "w" ("e" for "energetic", to avoid confusion with photometric quantities), is defined as where Because radiation always "transmits" the energy, it is useful to wonder what the speed of the transmission is. If all the radiation at given location propagates in the same direction, then the radiant
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Horsepower-hour


A horsepower-hour (hph or hp⋅h) is an outdated unit of energy, not used in the SI system of units. The unit represents an amount of work a horse is supposed capable of delivering during an hour (1 (one) horsepower integrated over a time interval of an hour). Based on differences in the definition of what constitutes the 'power of a horse', a horsepower-hour differs slightly from the German "Pferdestärkenstunde" (PSh): The horsepower-hour is still used in the
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Kinetic energy


. The moving ball can then hit something and push it, doing work on what it hits. The kinetic energy of a moving object is equal to the work required to bring it from rest to that speed, or the work the object can do while being brought to rest: net force × displacement = kinetic energy, i.e., Since the kinetic energy increases with the square of the speed, an object doubling its speed has four times as much kinetic energy. For example, a car traveling twice as fast as another
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Energy engineering


. The oil crisis of 1973 and energy crisis of 1979 brought to light the need to get more work out of less energy. The United States government passed several laws in the seventies to promote increased energy efficiency, such as United States public law 94-413, the Federal Clean Car Incentive Program. Considered a subdivision of energy engineering, power engineering applies math and physics to the movement and transfer of energy to work in a system. Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) is a program created by the United
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Otto cycle


energy balance the work out of the system is: The net energy out of the system as work is -1, meaning the system has produced one net unit of energy that leaves the system in the form of work. The net heat out of the system is: As energy added to the system as heat is positive. From the above it appears as if the system gained one unit of heat. This matches the energy produced by the system as work out of the system. Thermal efficiency is the quotient of the net
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Renewable energy law


winners, for instance between more mature wind power technology versus solar photovoltaics technology. This type of law is in force in 37 of the States within the United States, as well as Australia and a minority of European nations. It works by fixing the quantity of renewable electricity that must be produced, and leaving it to the market at what price this extra renewable electricity will be produced. This form of legislation typically employs a tradeable certificates mechanism, where 1 Megawatt Hour of electricity is equivalent to 1 renewable energy certificate. This
22108732
Rodney Lewis


Rodney Ray Lewis, known as Rod Lewis (born 1954), is founder, president, and chief executive officer of Lewis Energy, an oil and natural gas drilling company based in Texas. Lewis was born and raised on a ranch in Laredo in Webb County in South Texas. His father was a pilot in the United States Air Force. He graduated from what is now Texas A&M International University in Laredo with a Bachelor of Arts in criminal justice. He started his career in the oil industry by working for Stampede Energy
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Khazzoom–Brookes postulate


those efficiency initiatives has been to increase the world’s appetite for crude. While oil per unit of GDP has fallen impressively in large energy-consuming economies like the United States, total oil consumption, and indeed, total energy consumption, continue to grow by leaps and bounds. The increase in energy usage has dwarfed the gains in economic efficiency. Hence, instead of capping energy demand, what we observe is that improvements in energy efficiency lead to ever and ever-greater levels of energy usage", or, rather,
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EDF Energy


Board or LEB), SWEB Energy Plc (formerly the South Western Electricity Board) and two coal fired power stations and a combined cycle gas turbine power station. In 2009, EDF Energy took control of the nuclear generator in the United Kingdom, British Energy, buying share capital from the government. This made EDF Energy one of the largest generators in the United Kingdom, as well as the largest distribution network operator. The Development Branch of EDF Energy was formed in April 2004, bringing together the separate infrastructure interests of what
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United States Department of Energy complex (Germantown, Maryland)


The United States Department of Energy complex is one of two administrative complexes of the United States Department of Energy. It is located at 19901 Germantown Road in Germantown, Maryland, on a campus originally developed in the 1950s as the headquarters of the Atomic Energy Commission. The complex's original five buildings were designed by the New York City architectural firm Voorhees, Walker, Smith & Smith, a firm prominent in the development of laboratories and associated facilities. It was sited at what was believed to a distance far enough from Washington,
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Separative work units


Separative work – the amount of separation done by an enrichment process – is a function of the concentrations of the feedstock, the enriched output, and the depleted tailings; and is expressed in units which are so calculated as to be proportional to the total input (energy / machine operation time) and to the mass processed. Separative work is "not" energy. The same amount of separative work will require different amounts of energy depending on the efficiency of the separation technology. Separative work is measured in "Separative work units
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Eugene V. Debs


held what Haywood called the "Continental Congress of the working class". Haywood stated: "We are here to confederate the workers of this country into a working class movement that shall have for its purpose the emancipation of the working class". Debs stated: "We are here to perform a task so great that it appeals to our best thought, our united energies, and will enlist our most loyal support; a task in the presence of which weak men might falter and despair, but from which it is impossible
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Greenhouse gas emissions accounting


growing global population and per-capita GDP, but also by global increases in the energy intensity of GDP (energy per unit GDP) and the carbon intensity of energy (emissions per unit energy). These drivers are most apparent in developing markets (Kyoto non-Annex B countries), but what is less apparent is that a substantial fraction of the growth in these countries is to satisfy the demand of consumers in developed countries (Kyoto Annex B countries). This is exaggerated by a process known as Carbon Leakage whereby
22043328
Elizabeth Rona


specifically what their contributions were being used for. Rona continued teaching until 1946 at Trinity. In 1947, she began working at the Argonne National Laboratory. Her work there focused on ion exchange reactions and she published several works for the United States Atomic Energy Commission. In 1948, she became a naturalized U.S. citizen. In 1950, she began research work at the Oak Ridge Institute of Nuclear Studies as a chemist and senior scientist in nuclear studies. During this period, she collaborated with Texas A&M University on the geochronology of seabed
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Energy


of Units (SI), the unit of energy is the joule, named after James Prescott Joule. It is a derived unit. It is equal to the energy expended (or work done) in applying a force of one newton through a distance of one metre. However energy is also expressed in many other units not part of the SI, such as ergs, calories, British Thermal Units, kilowatt-hours and kilocalories, which require a conversion factor when expressed in SI units. The SI unit of energy rate
9631944
Bruno Pontecorvo


Project to develop the first atomic bombs. At Chalk River Laboratories, he worked on the design of the nuclear reactor ZEEP, the first reactor outside of the United States that went critical in 1945, followed by the NRX reactor in 1947. He also looked into cosmic rays, the decay of muons, and what would become his obsession, neutrinos. He moved to Britain in 1949, where he worked for the Atomic Energy Research Establishment at Harwell. After his defection to the Soviet Union in 1950, he worked at the
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Seasonal energy efficiency ratio


per day (960 hours per year), and the electric energy cost is $0.10 per kilowatt-hour. What is the annual cost of the electric energy required to operate the air conditioner? First, we convert tons of cooling to BTU/h: The annual cost of the electric energy is: Today there are mini-split (ductless) air conditioner units available with SEER ratings up to 42. During the 2014 AHR Expo, Mitsubishi unveiled a new mini-split ductless AC unit with a SEER rating of
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Newman's energy machine


the coils into usable energy, in application of Einstein's mass–energy equivalence. According to proponents of the Energy Machine, the most crucial part of the design concerns what happens as a result of mechanical commutation. In 1979, Newman submitted an application for his device to the United States Patent and Trademark Office. The application was eventually rejected in 1983, which set off a lengthy court battle. The United States District Court requested a master of the court to make the final decision. William E. Schuyler, Jr, former
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Economics


changes beneficial to their interests. Energy economics is a broad scientific subject area which includes topics related to energy supply and energy demand. Georgescu-Roegen reintroduced the concept of entropy in relation to economics and energy from thermodynamics, as distinguished from what he viewed as the mechanistic foundation of neoclassical economics drawn from Newtonian physics. His work contributed significantly to thermoeconomics and to ecological economics. He also did foundational work which later developed into evolutionary economics. The sociological subfield of economic sociology arose, primarily through the work of Émile Durkheim, Max
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Enriched uranium


depleted tailings; and is expressed in units that are so calculated as to be proportional to the total input (energy / machine operation time) and to the mass processed. Separative work is "not" energy. The same amount of separative work will require different amounts of energy depending on the efficiency of the separation technology. Separative work is measured in "Separative work units" SWU, kg SW, or kg UTA (from the German "Urantrennarbeit" – literally "uranium separation work") In addition to the separative
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Ecological economics


, ecological economics, systems ecology, and energetics. An energy balance can be used to track energy through a system, and is a very useful tool for determining resource use and environmental impacts, using the First and Second laws of thermodynamics, to determine how much energy is needed at each point in a system, and in what form that energy is a cost in various environmental issues. The energy accounting system keeps track of energy in, energy out, and non-useful energy versus work done, and transformations within the
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Binding energy


In physics, binding energy (also called separation energy) is the "minimum" energy required to disassemble a system of particles into separate parts. This energy is equal to the mass defect minus the amount of energy, or mass, that is released when a bound system (which typically has a lower potential energy than the sum of its constituent parts) is created, and is what keeps the system together. In general, binding energy represents the mechanical work that must be done against the forces that hold an object together
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Ontario Hydro v Ontario (Labour Relations Board)


under section 92(10)(c) of the Constitution by the Atomic Energy Act. He observed that if it was properly invoked the work would automatically fall within the jurisdiction of the federal government by virtue of section 91(29). The question is what matters would be included. When a work is declared, stated La Forest, it includes "work as a going concern" or "functioning unit", which necessarily involves control over its management and its operation. Consequently, labour relations would presumably be included in the declaration and so the province
13241276
Energy Points


Before being acquired in 2015, Energy Points was a privately held source energy intelligence company. Its SaaS platform,now in use by Lux Research, measures energy use from its source through the site of consumption. By measuring what is known as "source energy," the company is able to convert all energy sources, including water, electricity, fuels, and materials, into a single common unit. Energy Points was founded in May 2011 by Dr. Ory Zik and Roy Stein and is based in Boston, Massachusetts. In
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Work (physics)


equal to "minus" the change of potential energy formula_10 of the object, These formulas show that work is the energy associated with the action of a force, so work subsequently possesses the physical dimensions, and units, of energy. The work/energy principles discussed here are identical to Electric work/energy principles. Constraint forces limit the movement of components in a system, such as constraining an object to a surface (in the case of a slope plus gravity, the object is "stuck to" the slope,
17581233
Han T. Dinh


in Detroit, Michigan. From 1988 to 2006, he worked with the US Department of Energy and natural gas industry to convert more than 7,500 vehicles from the United States Postal Service to compressed natural gas, the largest natural gas vehicle fleet in the United States. In 2005, he directed the United States Postal Service effort to acquire ethanol vehicles and utilize biodiesel in the heavy duty vehicle fleet. In 2006, he launched what is called the first conversion of a mail delivery van into a hybrid electric vehicle. Based on his
3526928
Clean Energy Ministerial


Minister of Power, Coal & New & Renewable Energy Piyush Goyal. Leaders from the business and investment community working in clean energy are also expected to participate as well as leaders from international energy organizations, foundations, research institutes, and academia. The first Clean Energy Ministerial (CEM1) was hosted by the United States in 2010. The United Arab Emirates hosted the second Clean Energy Ministerial (CEM2) in 2011. The United Kingdom hosted the third Clean Energy Ministerial (CEM3) in 2012. India hosted the fourth Clean Energy
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American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy


They weigh in on the federal budget process, promoting and increasing funding for what they deem the most effective energy efficiency programs. The organization also works with federal agencies such as the Environmental Protection Agency and the Department of Energy on programs and policies, and participates in formal rulemakings on energy efficiency issues. Most of ACEEE's federal policy work involves research and education; however, they do a limited amount of lobbying using unrestricted funds. They supported the EPS Service Parts Act of 2014 (H.R. 5057; 113th Congress), a
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Bureau of Energy Resources


programmatic efforts in the global production and use of energy. The new bureau combined personnel and assets previously assigned to existing energy-related offices in the department, primarily from what is now the Bureau of Economic and Business Affairs. The bureau is headed by the Special Envoy and Coordinator for International Energy Affairs, who is appointed by the United States Secretary of State. Four Deputy Assistant Secretaries also oversee different divisions of the bureau, namely Energy Diplomacy, Energy Transformation, Energy Governance and Access, and Bureau Implementation and Coordination. Six
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Geothermal energy in the United States


Geothermal energy in the United States was first used for electric power production in 1960. The Geysers in California was developed into what is now the largest geothermal steam electrical plant in the world, at 750 megawatts. Other geothermal steam fields are known in the western United States and Alaska. Geothermally-generated electric power can be dispatchable to follow the demands of changing loads. Environmental impact of this energy source includes hydrogen sulfide emissions, corrosive or saline chemicals discharged in waste water, possible seismic effects from water injection into rock formations,
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Energy


In physics, energy is the quantitative property that must be transferred to an object in order to perform work on, or to heat, the object. Energy is a conserved quantity; the law of conservation of energy states that energy can be converted in form, but not created or destroyed. The SI unit of energy is the joule, which is the energy transferred to an object by the work of moving it a distance of 1 metre against a force of 1 newton. Common forms of energy include the kinetic energy of
9631934
Haddaway


to Cologne, Germany in 1987 where he mostly worked in bars. Later, he formed his own company, Energy, which was involved in organizing fashion shows and photo-shoots. Haddaway's break came in 1992 when he was signed by German label Coconut Records. His debut single "What Is Love" rapidly became popular in Europe, reaching number 2 in Germany and the United Kingdom. In Germany the single sold 900,000 copies. In the UK it was certified Gold for shipment of 400,000 units. It later reached number
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Physicians for Social Responsibility


In 2008, concerned about the push to promote nuclear energy as the solution to environmental problems, PSR launched what they called a safe energy program aimed at stopping the construction of new nuclear power plants and to sound the alarm about what they consider to be the true costs of, and the dangers associated with, nuclear energy. Student Physicians for Social Responsibility (SPSR), a network of 39 chapters and 650 students, mobilizes medical students to engage in the work against nuclear proliferation, environmental degradation, and social justice issues.
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Emergy


to a common measure that accounts for their differences in energy quality. This led him to introduce the concept of "energy of one kind" as a common denominator with the name "energy cost". He then expanded the analysis to model food production in the 1960s, and in the 1970s to fossil fuels. Odum's first formal statement of what would later be termed emergy was in 1973: Energy is measured by calories, btu's, kilowatthours, and other intraconvertable units, but energy has a scale of quality which
21993408
Magnetic moment


internal workings of the system. For example, for a hydrogen atom in a 2p state in an external field, the self-field energy is negligible, so the internal energy is essentially the eigenenergy of the 2p state, which includes Coulomb potential energy and the kinetic energy of the electron. The interaction-field energy between the internal dipoles and external fields is not part of this internal energy. The unit for magnetic moment in International System of Units (SI) base units is A⋅m, where A is ampere (SI
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Emergy


Emergy is the amount of energy that was consumed in direct and indirect transformations to make a product or service. Emergy is a measure of quality differences between different forms of energy. Emergy is an expression of all the energy used in the work processes that generate a product or service in units of one type of energy. Emergy is measured in units of "emjoule"s, a unit referring to the available energy consumed in transformations. Emergy accounts for different forms of energy and resources (e.g. sunlight, water, fossil fuels, minerals
21993405
Energy Future Coalition


, labor, government, academia, and the NGO community came together to create a compelling new vision of what the energy economy could become, and to identify policy changes that would spark a revolution in energy technology. The Coalition focused on practical political coalition building, aimed at breaking the gridlock along partisan lines that had previously prevented substantive advances in energy policy. The Coalition created six Working Groups of diverse participants that participated in a nine-month effort to identify a new path forward. These working groups presented recommendations in the areas
1940950
Imre Szeman


. The starting point for this work, and for the analysis of “petroculture,” is Szeman’s question: “What if oil is fundamental to the societies we have now?” Starting from this insight, Szeman’s work has dealt with the problem of the representation of oil and energy, the ways in which forms of energy shape cultural forms, expectations, and values, and role of the humanities in discussions of climate change and energy transition. Szeman has authored, edited, or co-edited 23 books,
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Work (Ciara song)


and Elliott's "Lose Control" (2005). Ciara told MTV News on the set for the music video of "Go Girl" that "Work" is "crazy and out of this world. The energy is to the 10th power again." Ciara elaborated on her collaboration with Elliott in an interview for Blogcritics: When Missy and I do a record, the energy is on a whole other level. I can't explain exactly what it is. It's just the energy, I think. She knows
20956333
Geothermal power in the United Kingdom


of the availability of North Sea natural gas during the 1980s and 1990s. Interest in the geothermal energy resources of the UK rose again in the 2000s, as a potential way of addressing some of the UK's "energy gap" There is what may be mistakenly known as geothermal energy at shallow depths but it is technically solar energy; the upper 10–15 m of ground is heated by solar radiation and not (except in rare exceptions) geothermal energy. This acts a heat store and can be exploited in a number of different
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The Dirty Energy Dilemma


The Dirty Energy Dilemma: What’s Blocking Clean Power in the United States is a 2008 book by academic Benjamin K. Sovacool, published by Praeger. In the book, Sovacool explores problems with the current U.S. electricity system and ways to overcome them. In the first part of the book, Sovacool explores the problems with the current system of large-scale electricity generation being used in the United States, powered by fossil fuels and nuclear power reactors. He identifies "The Big Four Energy Challenges" as rising fossil fuel costs,
12012348
Work (thermodynamics)


. Given only the initial state and the final state of the system, one can only say what the total change in internal energy was, not how much of the energy went out as heat, and how much as work. This can be summarized by saying that heat and work are not state functions of the system. This is in contrast to classical mechanics, where net work exerted by a particle is a state function. Pressure–volume work (or "PV" work) occurs when the volume of a system
11409922
2007 State of the Union Address


residents "without animosity and without amnesty". Bush said the United States has been dependent on foreign oil for too long, and that this chances placing it in hostile situations. Bush asked Congress to work to reduce gasoline usage in the United States by 20 percent over the next ten years, and recommended research into alternative fuels. He asked Congress to "double the current capacity" of the Strategic Petroleum Reserve. In what appears to be a change of stance, Bush made a connection between energy policy and climate change:
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Foot-pound (energy)


The foot pound-force (symbol: ft⋅lbf or ft⋅lb) is a unit of work or energy in the Engineering and Gravitational Systems in United States customary and imperial units of measure. It is the energy transferred upon applying a force of one pound-force (lbf) through a linear displacement of one foot. The corresponding SI unit is the joule. The foot-pound is often used to specify the muzzle energy of a bullet in small arms ballistics, particularly in the United States. "Foot-pound" is
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Energy and Water Development and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2014


the applied energy research and energy development programs will shift more of their work to the private sector." Arguing in favor of his amendment to end spending on advertisements for renewal energy, Rep. Walberg said, "the American people don’t need more government bureaucracy telling them what energy sources they should use," and that "the government needs to get out of the business of picking winners and losers in the energy market, and certainly shouldn’t be funding advertising campaigns on behalf of private green-energy firms." Democrats
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Supercapacitor


was not known by him at the time, he wrote in the patent: "It is not known exactly what is taking place in the component if it is used for energy storage, but it leads to an extremely high capacity." General Electric did not immediately pursue this work. In 1966 researchers at Standard Oil of Ohio (SOHIO) developed another version of the component as "electrical energy storage apparatus", while working on experimental fuel cell designs. The nature of electrochemical energy storage was not described in this patent
17910960
Sustainable Energy for All


65/151, which was passed on 20 December 2010, designated 2012 as the International Year of Sustainable Energy for All. This was in recognition of the growing importance of energy for economic development and climate change mitigation. It also attempted to correct what many working on energy and development issues had for many years argued was a major error in not including action on energy poverty in the Millennium Development Goals. In June 2009, Ban Ki-moon established the Secretary-General's Advisory Group on Energy and Climate Change (AGECC),
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Zero-point energy


possibility that the zero-point energy field can be exploited to obtain useful energy (work) or uncompensated momentum; such efforts are seen as tantamount to perpetual motion machines. Nevertheless, the allure of free energy has motivated such research, usually falling in the category of fringe science. As long ago as 1889 (before quantum theory or discovery of the zero point energy) Nikola Tesla proposed that useful energy could be obtained from free space, or what was assumed at that time to be an all-pervasive aether. Others
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Ernst Friedrich Zwirner


began the next year. However, neither Zwirner nor his able successor Karl Eduard Richard Voigtel, who completed the work, succeeded in uniting the charm of free play of imagination with technical correctness and architectural sequence. Nevertheless, there is no doubt that Zwirner was one of the finest judges of the medieval style. What he had learned from his work on the cathedral of Cologne he used in designs of his own with the same fine skill and energy. His best building is probably the church of St. Apollinaris at Remagen, to
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Flight


lift all takes energy. Different objects and creatures capable of flight vary in the efficiency of their muscles, motors and how well this translates into forward thrust. Propulsive efficiency determines how much energy vehicles generate from a unit of fuel. The range that powered flight articles can achieve is ultimately limited by their drag, as well as how much energy they can store on board and how efficiently they can turn that energy into propulsion. For powered aircraft the useful energy is determined by their fuel fraction- what percentage of the takeoff weight is
898045
Econodynamics


amount of work on the production of value, which is the sum of properly accounted work of humans formula_1 and work of production equipment (substitutive work) formula_3, both measured in power units, could be an absolute measure of value, and one can write This relation allows one to estimate the work needed for creation of wealth worth of one monetary units (energy content of monetary unit), which was done for different cases. For example, the mean value of 'energy content' of dollar of year 1996 in years
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Heat


numbers of the energy levels of the system, without change in the values of the energy levels themselves. It is possible for macroscopic thermodynamic work to alter the occupation numbers without change in the values of the system energy levels themselves, but what distinguishes transfer as heat is that the transfer is entirely due to disordered, microscopic action, including radiative transfer. A mathematical definition can be formulated for small increments of quasi-static adiabatic work in terms of the statistical distribution of an ensemble of microstates. Quantity of heat transferred can be
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Energy slave


An energy slave is that quantity of energy (ability to do work) which, when used to construct and drive non-human infrastructure (machines, roads, power grids, fuel, draft animals, wind-driven pumps, etc.) replaces a unit of human labor (actual work). An energy slave does the work of a person, through the consumption of energy in the non-human infrastructure. The term was first used by R. Buckminster Fuller in the caption of an illustration for the cover of the
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International Partnership for Energy Efficiency Cooperation


Korea, Mexico, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Since its creation, Argentina, Australia and South Africa have also become members of IPEEC. IPEEC works directly with governmental ministries, departments and agencies responsible for energy efficiency. IPEEC welcomes membership by other national governmental entities and intergovernmental organisations, subject to approval by the Policy Committee. IPEEC member countries work together in different sectors to accelerate the adoption of energy efficiency policies and practices. Sectoral work is led by different task groups that design and implement technical work
20175270
United States wind energy policy


kilowatt hour of wind energy since the 1980s, wind energy only accounts for a small portion of the U.S.'s electrical demand. Wind energy policy has had two approaches to advance the industry. One approach has been to increase implementation or improve the technology. Alternatively, there has also been policy aimed to advance the entire industry as a whole, combining the implementation and technology. The legislative history outlines the public policy that has taken place starting the 1970s leading up to current energy legislation and what effects it has made on renewable energy
8425652
Carlos St. James


, graduating with the class of 1989. He then worked in international energy finance in the United States, Australia and Mexico, participating in the last nuclear energy construction boom of the United States. In 2004 St. James received a master's degree in international relations from the Fletcher School] at Tufts University and was elected class president. In 2006 he returned to Argentina, where he began his work developing the clean energy sector. He co-founded and became the first president of the Argentine Renewable Energies Chamber (known by its
1486996
Energy policy of the United Kingdom


The current energy policy of the United Kingdom is set out in the Energy White Paper of May 2007 and Low Carbon Transition Plan of July 2009, building on previous work including the 2003 Energy White Paper and the Energy Review Report in 2006. It was led by the Department of Energy and Climate Change, then headed by Amber Rudd (the DECC was disbanded on 14July 2016). The current focus of policy are on reforming the electricity market, rolling out smart meters and improving the energy efficiency of the UK building stock through
8957098
Solar power in the United States


5,266 quads from coal. The assumptions used in the report were based on a predicted 2010 price of a barrel of oil being $38, and multiplied annual renewable resources by 30 for comparison with non-renewable resources. The total annual energy consumption of the United States in 2007 was approximately 100 Quads, less than 0.5% of what is theoretically available from sunlight. A 2012 report from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) described technically available renewable energy resources for each state and estimated that urban utility scale photovoltaics could supply
15804842
Energy–depth relationship in a rectangular channel


a sluice gate. The upstream depth of flow, y is 5.0 ft, the sluice gate opening is 1.0 ft, and the unit discharge is, formula_51. What is the flow depth downstream of the sluice gate, y? Since energy is conserved at a sluice gate, the upstream and downstream energies are equal, or formula_52. The specific energy equation (eq. 8), alternate depth equation (eq. 16), and an E–y diagram are used to demonstrate how to solve this problem. Compare specific
9086191
Jumping


is limited, however. To circumvent this limitation, many jumping species slowly pre-stretch elastic elements, such as tendons or apodemes, to store work as strain energy. Such elastic elements can release energy at a much higher rate (higher power) than equivalent muscle mass, thus increasing launch energy to levels beyond what muscle alone is capable of. A jumper may be either stationary or moving when initiating a jump. In a jump from stationary (i.e., a "standing jump"), all of the work required
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Energy Future Coalition


that America should produce 25% of its energy from renewable resources by 2025. In the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 Congress endorsed 25x'25 as a goal for the nation. In 2007, the Coalition began working at the state level on the cheapest and fastest way to meet our energy needs—energy efficiency. In 2008, the Coalition launched exploratory meetings into what would become the Rebuilding America initiative. In 2010, Rebuilding America developed federal legislation to incentivize commercial building energy efficiency upgrades via federal rebates. The legislation became known
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Politics in the British Isles


the ISLES project, which will facilitate the development of offshore renewable energy sources, such as wind, wave and tidal energy, and renewable energy trade between Scotland, Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. Through the auspices of the British-Irish council, Ministers from the UK, Ireland, Isle of Man and the Channel Islands have agreed to work on energy cooperation and development through what is called the All Islands Approach (AIA), facilitating closer links between the energy markets of the various countries. Isle of Man and Ireland
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Equinox Summit: Energy 2030


produce a blueprint detailing what must be done to accelerate the development of alternative, non-carbon producing sources of energy. The blueprint will provide recommended technologies and implementation strategies for future scientific investment. The blueprint will focus on energy production, distribution, and storage. This blueprint is aimed to be released in the year-long global impact phase that follows the Equinox Summit: Energy 2030. The core of the Equinox Summit: Energy 2030 consisted of three days of working sessions where, under the mentorship of a team of seasoned
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Energy conservation in the United States


. The efficiency of furnaces and air conditioners has increased steadily since the energy crises of the 1970s. The 1987 National Appliance Energy Conservation Act authorized the Department of Energy to set minimum efficiency standards for space conditioning equipment and other appliances each year, based on what is "technologically feasible and economically justified". Beyond these minimum standards, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) awards the Energy Star designation to appliances that exceed industry efficiency averages by an EPA-specified percentage. Despite technological improvements, many American lifestyle changes have put higher
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United States House Committee on Energy and Commerce


addition of energy considerations among them. The House Committee on Energy and Commerce has developed what is arguably the broadest (non-tax-oriented) jurisdiction of any congressional committee. The Committee maintains principal responsibility for legislative oversight relating to telecommunications, consumer protection, food and drug safety, public health, air quality and environmental health, the supply and delivery of energy, and interstate and foreign commerce. This jurisdiction extends over five Cabinet-level departments and seven independent agencies—from the Department of Energy, Health and Human Services
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United States Energy Association


The United States Energy Association (USEA) is the U.S. Member Committee of the World Energy Council. Headquartered in Washington, D.C., USEA is an association of public and private energy-related organizations, corporations, and government agencies. The association hosts annual events such as the Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum, Energy Supply Forum, and State of the Energy Industry Forum. Barry Worthington has served as USEA’s executive director since 1988. Worthington chairs the Clean Electricity Production working group within the UNECE Committee on Sustainable Energy. He also sits
16185552
Outline of energy


The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to energy: Energy – in physics, this is an indirectly observed quantity often understood as the ability of a physical system to do work on other physical systems. Since work is defined as a force acting through a distance (a length of space), energy is always equivalent to the ability to exert force (a pull or a push) against an object that is moving along a definite path of certain length. Units of energy Energy industry See especially and
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Nuclear energy policy of the United States


PhD, "This unprecedented support for nuclear energy is being driven largely by people's concerns for meeting future energy demand and environmental goals, but it coincides with statements by President Obama and other national leaders who have voiced strong support for more nuclear power plants." What had been growing acceptance of nuclear power in the United States was eroded sharply following the 2011 Japanese nuclear accidents, with public support for building nuclear power plants in the U.S. dropping slightly lower than it was immediately after the Three Mile Island accident in 1979. Support
19351586
Introduction to electromagnetism


, volt-meters (V m). The electric potential energy of a system of charges is the work it takes to assemble that configuration of charges. The energies add pairwise; that is, the work to bring a third charge into a system of two charges is the energy associated with the first and third charge plus that associated with the second and third charge. The potential energy of the system is unique to the configuration itself. The SI unit of energy is the joule (J). Equivalently, it may
9423300
A Better Tomorrow (album)


of the legacy of what we did. We got a lot of work done [recording in Europe]. I feel like we have enough material on the album. I just need Raekwon to come onboard fully. I need some more energy from Ghost and GZA. If they give that energy, I will give us a great last album. If they don’t give us the energy, I gotta figure out a plan B." In November 2013, Method Man stated that Raekwon had not worked on the album at
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Renewable portfolio standards in the United States


commitments). There is a great deal of variety among the states in the handling and functioning of RECs and this will be a major issue in integrating state and federal programs. RPS multipliers are powerful tools for regulators to direct revenue, investment, and job creation to particular types of renewable energy vs a free market of renewable energy. Since the definition of what is renewable energy isn't clear cut, for example, nuclear power, and whether an RPS program should consider environmental damage of a renewable energy source (for example
12574950
History of time in the United States


airline industry. Proponents claimed that the extension would save "the equivalent of" of oil per day, but this figure was based on U.S. Department of Energy information from the 1970s, the accuracy and relevance of which the DoE no longer stands by. Later studies by the U.S. Department of Energy and the California Energy Commission have predicted much smaller energy benefits. There is very little recent research on what the actual positive effects, if any, might be. Since DST moves sunrise one hour later by the clock, late sunrise
14534226
Mass–energy equivalence


in motion, its total energy is greater than its rest energy, and equivalently its "total mass" (also called relativistic mass in this context) is greater than its rest mass. This rest mass is also called the intrinsic or invariant mass because it remains the same regardless of this motion, even for the extreme speeds or gravity considered in special and general relativity. The mass–energy formula also serves to convert to (and vice versa), no matter what system of measurement units is used. The formula was
671188
North American Energy Infrastructure Act


State Department is not broken, no matter what side of the climate debate you're on." Upton also argued that "we're creating a fair and transparent approval process for cross-border energy projects, putting them all on a level playing field for the benefit of North American energy security, lower energy prices, and jobs." The United States Chamber of Commerce released a statement that they "strongly support" the bill because it would "be an important step in reforming this country's broken federal regulatory process,
7114389
Stacker 2


Stacker 2 is an energy supplement company developed by NVE Pharmaceuticals in 1997. It got its name from "Stacking" which was what bodybuilders routinely engaged in by stacking and ingesting Ephedrene HCL, caffeine and aspirin to acquire more energy for a work out. It gained popularity in the early 2000s using wrestlers, nascar drivers such as Kenny Wallace and other celebrities in their advertisements. In 2006 Stacker 2 released the "6 hour power energy shot". In 2010 it was the 2nd best selling energy shot behind 5-hour Energy. In
8155573
Clausius theorem


is even responsible for giving it that name. What is now known as the Clausius theorem was first published in 1862 in Clausius' sixth memoir, "On the Application of the Theorem of the Equivalence of Transformations to Interior Work". Clausius sought to show a proportional relationship between entropy and the energy flow by heating (δ"Q") into a system. In a system, this heat energy can be transformed into work, and work can be transformed into heat through a cyclical process. Clausius writes that "The algebraic sum
4959174
Copyright in compilation


and energy into their work. At trial and appeal level, the courts followed this doctrine, siding with Rural. The appeal centered on two well-established principles in United States copyright law: facts are not copyrightable; compilations of facts can be copyrightable. In regard to collections of facts, Justice Sandra Day O'Connor stated that copyright can apply only to the creative aspects of collection: the creative choice of what data to include or exclude, the order and style in which the information is presented, etc., but not
8594926
Heat engine


output for a given amount of heat energy input. From the laws of thermodynamics, after a completed cycle: In other words, a heat engine absorbs heat energy from the high temperature heat source, converting part of it to useful work and delivering the rest to the cold temperature heat sink. In general, the efficiency of a given heat transfer process (whether it be a refrigerator, a heat pump or an engine) is defined informally by the ratio of "what is taken out" to "what is put in
13421940
Solar car racing


design and construct their own vehicle, be it a car or boat. This event is currently held at ScienceWorks (Melbourne) in October each year. The first event was held in 1986. The goal of the challenge is to provide students with an experience of what it is like to work in STEM and to understand what can be achieved with renewable technology. Junior Solar Sprint was created in the 1980s by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) to teach younger children about the importance and challenges of using renewable energy.
976321
First law of thermodynamics (fluid mechanics)


formula_17 is specific enthalpy, formula_18 is dissipation function and formula_19 is temperature. And where i.e. internal energy per unit volume equals mass density times the sum of: proper energy per unit mass, kinetic energy per unit mass, and gravitational potential energy per unit mass. i.e. change in heat per unit volume (negative divergence of heat flow) equals the divergence of heat conductivity times the gradient of the temperature. i.e. divergence of work done against stress equals flow of material times divergence of stress plus stress times divergence of material flow.
1181295
Growth Energy


on the liquid fuels marketplace. This is an energy policy that is working. It is doing exactly what it was intended to do, with great success. It is irresponsible to rely solely on fossil fuels, and we should not put all our eggs in one basket when it comes to our national and energy security. The bottom line is that ten years after the RFS, Americans across the country are celebrating and recognizing a decade of job creation, rural economic revitalization, clean air, innovation, and increased energy independence and
19506381
Stress–energy tensor


theory.) In general relativity, the partial derivatives used in special relativity are replaced by covariant derivatives. What this means is that the continuity equation no longer implies that the non-gravitational energy and momentum expressed by the tensor are absolutely conserved, i.e. the gravitational field can do work on matter and vice versa. In the classical limit of Newtonian gravity, this has a simple interpretation: energy is being exchanged with gravitational potential energy, which is not included in the tensor, and momentum is being transferred through the field to
20647425
Greka Energy


previously in 1998, with his newly purchased Horizontal Ventures, which was then a private entity, he acquired the assets of Petro Union, which was just then emerging from its 1996 bankruptcy filing in Indiana. Grewal formed Greka Energy by combining these various entities in 1999. In an October 2000 interview with Wall Street Transcript, Randeep Grewal stated that the company's motto was "Working for Profits": "...[these] are the three words that define what keeps me excited and that's primarily what each of my employees
21759934
Gilbert N. Lewis


Tolman combined his methods with special relativity. In 1912 Lewis and Edwin Bidwell Wilson presented a major work in mathematical physics that not only applied synthetic geometry to the study of spacetime, but also noted the identity of a spacetime squeeze mapping and a Lorentz transformation. In 1926, he coined the term "photon" for the smallest unit of radiant energy (light). Actually, the outcome of his letter to "Nature" was not what he had intended. In the letter, he proposed a photon being a structural element
12768743
National Academy of Engineering


limitations of this engineering power." This is already happening in the Netherlands with its Delta Works as an example of a society being an engineered artifact but also with a community of philosophers of engineering and technology. Another commentator observed that challenges with respect to sustainability concentrated on specific elements of the problem without addressing "... "what level of energy use would be sustainable on a global scale." While India and China are 1000-1500 Watt per person societies, the United States requires 12,000 W per person. An estimate of
17002539
Creative Visualization (New Age)


life". The following opening paragraphs define imagination as the "creative energy of the universe", and introduces the book as a means by which to use the so-defined imagination to "create what you "truly" want - love, fulfillment, enjoyment, satisfying relationships, rewarding work, self-expression, health, beauty, prosperity, inner peace, and harmony." Gawain's book popularized a premise derived from the New Thought movement that began during the nineteenth century, primarily in the United States and the
19896916
Electro-hydraulic actuator


The pump pressurizes a working fluid, typically hydraulic oil, directly raising the pressure in the cylinder, and causing it to move. The entire system, consisting of the pump, the cylinder and a reservoir of hydraulic fluid, is packaged into a single self-contained unit. Instead of the energy needed to move the controls being supplied by an external hydraulic supply, it is supplied over normal electrical wiring, albeit larger wiring than what would be found in a fly-by-wire system. The speed of the motion
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