when did the data protection act 2018 become law
Data Protection Act 2018


The Data Protection Act 2018 (c 12) is a United Kingdom Act of Parliament which updates data protection laws in the UK. It is a national law which complements the European Union's General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and updates the Data Protection Act 1998. The Data Protection Act 2018 achieved Royal Assent on 23 May 2018. It applies the EU's GDPR standards. Whereas the GDPR gives member states limited opportunities to make provisions for how it applies in their country, one element of the DPA 2018 is the details
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Information Commissioner's Office


the misuse of such information by the former states of the Eastern bloc and Francisco Franco's Spain. The Data Protection Act 2018 achieved Royal Assent on 23 May 2018. It updates data protection laws in the UK, supplementing the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), implementing the EU law enforcement directive, and extending data protection laws to areas not covered by the GDPR. The new Act aims to modernise data protection laws to ensure they are effective in the years to come. The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) is
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Information privacy law


before the transfer is made. Most Swiss cantons have enacted their own data protection laws regulating the processing of personal data by cantonal and municipal bodies. In the United Kingdom the Data Protection Act 1998 (c 29) (Information Commissioner) implemented the EU Directive on the protection of personal data . It replaced the Data Protection Act 1984 (c 35). The 2016 General Data Protection Regulation supersedes previous Protection Acts. The Data Protection Act 2018 (c 12) updates data protection laws in the UK. It is a national
15207499
Information Commissioner's Office


a new, Europe-wide law that replaces the Data Protection Act 1998 in the UK. The GDPR came into force on 25 May 2018 and sets out requirements for how organisations need to handle personal data. It forms part of the data protection regime in the UK, together with the new Data Protection Act 2018 (DPA 2018). The United Kingdom as a member of the European Union is subject to a strict regime of Data Protection. The Data Protection Act 1984 created the post then named "Data Protection Registrar"
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Data Act (Sweden)


regulatory requirements of the law. In 1979 the Swedish government issued a report which also raised concerns over critical data exported to other countries potentially becoming a target of terrorist organizations. It also requires responsible persons to pay compensations when individuals suffer damage due to incorrect information about them. The law also criminalized data intrusion but only intended to penalize persons physically breaking into offices to change data and did not consider Internet-based hacking at the time. In October 1970 a data protection law went into effect in the West German state of Hesse
5333848
Privacy law


both the private and public sector: Data Protection Act 2003 (the Bahamas Law). The Bahamas Law appoints a data protection commissioner to the Office of Data Protection to ensure that data protection is being held. Even though there is legislation enforced in the Bahamas through the Data Protection Act 2003, the act lacks many enforcements since a data protection officer doesn't need to be in office nor does any group or organization need to notify the Office of Data Protection when a hacker has breached privacy law. Also, there are no
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Ley Orgánica de Protección de Datos de Carácter Personal


was created, at the state level, which ensures compliance with this Law. This act was repealed by the passage of a new data protection act, the Organic Law 3/2018 of December 5, about protection of personal data and guarantees of digital rights, to conform the Spanish legislation with the General Data Protection Regulation The body responsible for monitoring compliance with data protection regulations at Spanish territory, in general, is the Spanish Agency for Data Protection (AEPD), The sanctions are divided into three groups depending on the seriousness of the
21571148
Gathering of personally identifiable information


been protected under comprehensive regulations and laws. The Personal Data Act in 1999 was the main national privacy regulation alongside the 1995 European Union Data Protection Directive. Other data regulations enacted in Finland include the Act on the Protection of Privacy in Electronic Communication, the Act on the Protection of Privacy in Working Life, and the Act on the Openness of Governmental Activities. The Personal Data Act was replaced by European Union General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) which will take effect in May 2018. Enforcement of privacy regulations have gotten stricter in
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Data Protection Act 2018


of these, applying as the national law. The DPA 2018 is however not limited to the UK GDPR provisions. The Act has seven parts. These are outlined in Section 1: The Act introduces new offences that include knowingly or recklessly obtaining or disclosing personal data without the consent of the data controller, procuring such disclosure, or retaining the data obtained without consent. Selling, or offering to sell, personal data knowingly or recklessly obtained or disclosed would also be an offence. Essentially, the Act implements the EU Law Enforcement
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Data Protection Act 1998


Act, subject to some exemptions. The Act defined eight data protection principles to ensure that information was processed lawfully. It was superseded by the Data Protection Act 2018 (DPA 2018) on 23 May 2018. The DPA 2018 supplements the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), which came into effect on 25 May 2018. The GDPR regulates the collection, storage, and use of personal data significantly more strictly. The 1998 Act replaced the Data Protection Act 1984 and the Access to Personal Files Act 1987, and implemented
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General Data Protection Regulation


proposed ePrivacy Regulation was also planned to be applicable from 25 May 2018, but will be delayed for several months. The eIDAS Regulation is also part of the strategy. With the United Kingdom scheduled to leave the European Union in 2019, the UK granted royal assent to the "Data Protection Act 2018" on 23 May 2018, which contains equivalent regulations and protections. If the UK leaves the EU, it will become a "third country" for the purposes of the transfer of personal data outside the EU. This may
19781775
Data retention


The act is also to ensure that communication companies in the UK retain communications data so that it continues to be available when it is needed by law enforcement agencies and others to investigate committed crimes and protect the public. Data protection law requires data that isn't of use to be deleted. This means that the intention of this Act could be using data retention to acquire further policing powers using, as the Act make data retention mandatory. An element of this Act is the provision of the investigatory powers to be reported by 1
21922349
GPS tracking unit


2009). The law in the UK has not specifically addressed the use of GPS trackers, but several laws may affect the use of this technology as a surveillance tool. Data Protection Act 1998 It is quite clear that if client instructions (written or digitally transmitted) that identify a person and a vehicle are combined with a tracker, the information gathered by the tracker becomes personal data as defined by the Data Protection Act 1998. The document “What is personal data? – A quick reference guide” published by the Information
14851213
Loi pour une République numérique


the right to be forgotten for minors and the closure of the online accounts of deceased persons were also approved. Group actions against companies that do not respect privacy are also planned. Article 63 of the Law incorporates the concept of digital death to define what becomes of a person's digital data upon death. The principles of data protection provided in the Data Protection, Files and Freedoms Act become obsolete. But the Law gives the possibility of "defining directives relating to the conservation, erasure and communication of personal data after his death
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Data security


individuals if there are inaccuracies. This is particularly important to ensure individuals are treated fairly, for example for credit checking purposes. The Data Protection Act states that only individuals and companies with legitimate and lawful reasons can process personal information and cannot be shared. Data Privacy Day is an international holiday started by the Council of Europe that occurs every January 28. Since the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) of the European Union (EU) became law on May 25, 2018, organizations may face significant penalties of up to
13544367
Workplace by Facebook


the Workplace Agreement. These customers own and administer their account data. They can modify, delete or export it at any time. Workplace holds the following compliance certificates: The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) standardizes data protection rules across the European Union (EU). It came into effect on 25 May 2018. GDPR builds on existing data protection law, while also adding new requirements. Most of the GDPR's requirements fall on data controllers. Workplace Premium customers act as data controllers and appoint Facebook as a data processor
17592626
Chris Smith (New Jersey politician)


the Indonesian Family Refugee Protection Act in 2012, which would have extended the deadline for Indonesian immigrants to file for citizenship. Smith authored the Global Online Freedom Act in 2007, but it did not become law. The proposed legislation was a bill "to promote freedom of expression on the Internet, to protect United States businesses from coercion to participate in repression by authoritarian foreign governments, and for other purposes." Specifically, the bill would prohibit American companies from turning over data about customers residing in "internet restrictive countries."
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Data Protection Directive


States has no single data protection law comparable to the EU's Data Protection Directive. United States privacy legislation tends to be adopted on an "ad hoc" basis, with legislation arising when certain sectors and circumstances require (e.g., the Video Privacy Protection Act of 1988, the Cable Television Protection and Competition Act of 1992, the Fair Credit Reporting Act, and the 1996 Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, HIPAA (US)). Therefore, while certain sectors may already satisfy the EU Directive, at least in part
2360805
Unlawful campaigning in the 2016 EU referendum


24 October 2018, the Office found that between 2007 and 2014, Facebook had broken the UK data law then in force (the Data Protection Act 1998) and applied the highest penalty allowed under that Act (£500,000), noting that under more recent legislation (the General Data Protection Regulation) the fine would have been much higher. Facebook allowed application developers to access people's data "without sufficiently clear and informed consent". It failed to keep this personal information secure, which allowed Aleksandr Kogan and his company Global
9286004
Privacy law


's constitution, which states: On 14 August 2018, Brazil enacted a full-fledged data protection bill. The bill has 65 articles and has many similarities to the GDPR. The first translation into English of the new data protection law was published by Ronaldo Lemos, a Brazilian lawyer specialized in technology, on that same date. In Canada, the federal "Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act" (PIPEDA) governs the collection, use, and disclosure of personal information in connection with commercial activities and personal information about
4086437
Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000


seeking admission to the United States for other immigration purposes. Public Law No: 115-393 (12/21/2018) reauthorized the TVPA in 2018, as part of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2017. Since the law requires the applicant to become part of the prosecution of his or her trafficker, trafficked persons may be fearful of retaliation upon the self or the family and thus serves as a major deterrent to individuals even considering application. The law contains provisions for protection of those who are categorized as victims of human trafficking, primarily
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Swedish Data Protection Authority


of 1974 and the Credit Information Act of 1973. The agency also has an expert advisory role when the Government prepares new statutory provisions. The Swedish Data Protection Authority was established in 1973, as a result of public concern about personal data and abuse of government power related to mass surveillance and the enactment of the world's first national data protection law: the Data Act. The board is tasked to supervise the Schengen Information System, and is involved in a number of international groups that work on privacy and personal data issues;
4990958
Information Commissioner's Office


Commissioner, the ICO has undertaken high-profile investigations into Equifax, Yahoo, Talk Talk, Uber, and Facebook; issuing the maximum fine under the Data Protection Act 1998 of £500,000 to Facebook, for breaches of data protection law. Denham has also overseen the conclusion of the ICO’s investigation into charities' fundraising activities and a series of fines for companies behind nuisance marketing. Elizabeth Denham has welcomed the introduction of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) that came into effect in May 2018, as well as the
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Personal Data Protection Act 2012 (Singapore)


The Personal Data Protection Act 2012 (the "Act") sets out the law on data protection in Singapore. Apart from establishing a general data protection regime, the Act also regulates telemarketing practices. The Act is arranged into ten Parts: The Act establishes the Personal Data Protection Commission ("PDPC"). The PDPC is Singapore's primary data protection authority, and also administers the Do Not Call Registry. Among other matters, the PDPC issues advisory guidelines on the Act, and also enforces the Act. The PDPC
4147459
Confidential Information Protection and Statistical Efficiency Act


to protecting information from respondents so that it will not be exposed in ways that lead to inappropriate or surprising identification of the respondent. By default the respondent's data is used for "statistical purposes" only. If the respondent gives "informed consent", the data can be put to some other use. CIPSEA did not give the statistical agencies new opportunities to use federal data on business taxes in combination with the other sources for statistical purposes. Such data is protected by Title 26 and new laws would be required to enable
17202492
Information Commissioner's Office


Data Protection Act 2018. In October 2018 she was elected Chair of the International Conference of Data Protection and Privacy Commissioners (ICDPPC), the leading global forum of data protection and privacy authorities, encompassing more than 120 members across all continents that works throughout the year on global data protection policy issues. During his time as Information Commissioner, Christopher Graham was noted for gaining new powers to issue monetary penalties to those who breach the Data Protection Act 1998. He has also welcomed new powers to issue monetary penalties under the Privacy and
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Privacy law


the EU Data Protection Directive 95/46 EC, which regulates the utilization of personal data. Data Protection Act 1988 along with 2003 is known as the DPA and protects data within the private and personal sector. The DPA ensures that when data is transported, the location must be safe and in acknowledgement of the legislation to maintain data privacyWhen collecting and processing data, some of the requirements are listed below: Specifically the Data Protection Commissioner oversees the entirety of the enforcement of data privacy regulations for Ireland. All persons that collect and process data
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Elizabeth Denham


Communications (EC Directive) Regulations 2003 across the UK; and the Freedom of Information Act 2000 and the Environmental Information Regulations 2004 in England, Wales and Northern Ireland and, to a limited extent, in Scotland. At the ICO, she welcomed the introduction of the data protection laws that came into effect in May 2018, and focused on the role data protection must play in innovation, and the importance of organisations understanding the growing onus on companies to be accountable for what they do with personal data. She also called for
9081585
Privacy law


for the personal and private sector in Switzerland is the Swiss Federal Protection Act, specifically the Data Protection Act, a specific section under the Swiss Federal Protection Act. The Data Protection Act has been enacted since 1992 and is in charge of measuring the consent of sharing of personal data, along with other legislation like the Telecommunication Act and the Unfair Competition Act. The Act generally guides on how to collect, process, store, data, use, disclose, and destruct data. The Data Inspection Board is in charge of overseeing
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Privacy law


without the permission of both parties with the Regulation of Interception of Communications and Provision of Communications Related Act (2002). In addition, South Africa is part of the Southern African Development Community and the African Union. The Data Act is the world's first national data protection law and was enacted in Sweden on 11 May 1973. The law was then superseded on 24 October 1998 by the Personal Data Act (Sw. "Personuppgiftslagen") that implemented the 1995 EU Data Protection Directive. The main legislation over personal data privacy
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Canadian privacy law


of Samuel Warren and Louis Brandeis”. Canadian privacy law has evolved over time into what it is today. The first instance of a formal law came when, in 1977, the Canadian government introduced data protection provisions into the Canadian Human Rights Act. In 1982, the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms outlined that everyone has "the right to life, liberty and security of the person" and "the right to be free from unreasonable search or seizure", but did not directly mention the concept of privacy. In
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CLOUD Act


The Clarifying Lawful Overseas Use of Data Act or CLOUD Act () is a United States federal law enacted in 2018 by the passing of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2018, PL 115-141, section 105 executive agreements on access to data by foreign governments. Primarily the CLOUD Act amends the Stored Communications Act (SCA) of 1986 to allow federal law enforcement to compel U.S.-based technology companies via warrant or subpoena to provide requested data stored on servers regardless of whether the data are stored in the U.S. or on foreign soil.
2153773
Bundesdatenschutzgesetz


, the federal state of Hessen passed the first national data protection law, which was also the first data protection law in the world. In 1971, the first draft bill was submitted for a federal data protection act. Finally, on 1 January 1978, the first federal data protection act came into force. In the following years, as the BDSG was taking shape in practice, a technical development took place in data processing as the computer became increasingly important both at work and in the private sector. There were also significant
577228
Information privacy law


based on Fair Information Practice that was first developed in the United States in the 1970s by the Department for Health, Education and Welfare (HEW). The basic principles of data protection are: The Data Act is the world's first national data protection law and was enacted in Sweden on 11 May 1973. In the Philippines, The Data Privacy Act of 2012 mandated the creation of the National Privacy Commission that would monitor and maintain policies that involve information privacy and personal data protection in the country. Modeled after the EU Data
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Privacy law


data breaches and privacy enforcement. Personal data must be protected against illegal use by "being processed in good faith and must be proportionate". Also, the reason for the transfer of personal data must be known by the time of data transfer. Data not associated with people (not personal data) is not protected by the Data Protection Act. In the case of data transfer to unsafe data protection countries, these are the major regulations required by the Data Protection Act: Switzerland is a white-listed country, meaning that
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Personal Data Protection Bill 2018


The Personal Data Protection Bill is a Pakistani law that attempts to protect personal data from misuse by corporations and governments. The implementation of GDPR by the European Union impacted the Cyber Law policymakers of Pakistan, the Ministry of Information Technology and Telecommunication. They proposed a bill to protect the personal data of Pakistani citizens. According to this bill, "A Bill to protect people against the violation of their privacy by processing of personal data. Whereas it is expedient to provide for the processing, obtaining, holding, usage and disclosure of
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Data Protection Act 1998


The Data Protection Act 1998 (c 29) was a United Kingdom Act of Parliament designed to protect personal data stored on computers or in an organised paper filing system. It enacted the EU Data Protection Directive 1995's provisions on the protection, processing and movement of data. Under the DPA 1998, individuals had legal rights to control information about themselves. Most of the Act did not apply to domestic use, for example keeping a personal address book. Anyone holding personal data for other purposes was legally obliged to comply with this
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Data Act (Sweden)


. The act required a prior permit from the DIB for each computerised personal data register. When a permit was given, the Board issued tailor-made conditions for that register. It did not contain many provisions on when and how the data should be processed, or general data protection principles. Those who were subject of data contents were guaranteed freedom of access to their records. Exporting data on Swedish citizens outside the country required a license as well which wasn't granted when it was discovered that this was done to evade the
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Data Protection (Jersey) Law


, and use of personal data, as well as forcing data collectors to let individuals know how their data has been used. Gatherers of data are called "data controllers" and must register with the Data Protection Commissioner and pay a yearly fee. The law also contains numerous exemptions for journalism, crime investigation, &c. Other Crown dependencies like Guernsey and the Isle of Man have similar laws. The 2005 law was modelled from the UK's Data Protection Act 1998. These laws can all trace lineage back to the European Directive
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Dutch Data Protection Authority


The Dutch Data Protection Authority () is the data protection authority for the Netherlands and an independent administrative body that has been appointed by law as the supervisory authority for the processing of personal data. The organization is therefore concerned with privacy. The duties of the AP derive from the Data Protection Directive that applies to all countries of the EU. This directive has been replaced by the General Data Protection Regulation. The Implementation Act General Data Protection Regulation has replaced the Personal Data Protection Act and appointed the AP as supervisor. All EU
21575371
Information privacy law


pass. On June 28, 2018 California legislature passed AB 375, the California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018, effective January 1, 2020. If the law is not amended before it becomes effective, The California Consumer Privacy Act, AB. 375 — gives California residents an array of new rights, starting with the right to be informed about what kinds of personal data companies have collected and why it was collected. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) was enacted by the U.S. Congress in 1996. HIPAA is
15207507
Privacy policy


. All this led the council to recommend that policy be developed to protect personal data held by both the private and public sectors, leading to Convention 108. In 1981, Convention for the Protection of Individuals with regard to Automatic Processing of Personal Data (Convention 108) was introduced. One of the first privacy laws ever enacted was the Swedish Data Act in 1973, followed by the West German Data Protection Act in 1977 and the French Law on Informatics, Data Banks and Freedoms in 1978. In the United States, concern
14760290
Information sensitivity


, through its requirements on the privacy laws of non-member nations engaging in transborder flows of private data with EU member nations. The EU has passed the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), which will replace the Directive. The regulation was adopted on 27 April 2016. It becomes enforceable from 25 May 2018 after a two-year transition period and, unlike a directive, it does not require national governments to pass any enabling legislation, and is thus directly binding and applicable. "The proposed new EU data protection
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Data Protection Act, 2012


data subject, the data controller or processor must ensure that the personal data is processed according to the data protection laws of the originating jurisdiction (Section 18 (2)). Data processing is lawful where the conditions that justify the processing are present. The Act has a minimality provision, which requires that personal data can only be processed if the purpose for which it is to be processed is necessary, relevant, and not excessive. (Section 19) The prior consent of a data subject is also required before personal data
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Gaskin v United Kingdom


their care records—these records acted as the memories of parents, to which most individuals had access but to which people in Gaskin's position did not. The Gaskin case has had a substantial impact on British law. The Data Protection Act contains special provisions whereby social services records are accessible by people formerly in public care irrespective of whether the records are kept electronically or within a paper-based filing system. At the time of the case, only information stored electronically was accessible by individuals under the UK's Data Protection regime
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Credit bureau


who sell goods or services on credit such as credit card issuers, utility companies and store card issuers. Subscribing organisations are expected to provide relevant data to maintain the common data pool. Credit reference agencies are bound by the Data Protection Act 2018, which requires that data relating to identifiable individuals must be accurate, relevant, held for a proper purpose and not out-of-date, and gives individuals the legal right to access data held on them. Credit agencies are therefore required under law to provide an individual with a
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Data Protection Act 1998


a number of civil and criminal offences for which data controllers may be liable if a data controller has failed to gain appropriate consent from a data subject. However, 'consent' is not specifically defined in the Act and so is a common law matter. The UK Data Protection Act is a large Act that has a reputation for complexity. While the basic principles are honoured for protecting privacy, interpreting the act is not always simple. Many companies, organisations and individuals seem very unsure of the aims, content and principles of
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Information Commissioner's Office


ICO and are at risk of breaking the principles of the Data Protection Act 1998. During the Leveson Inquiry in 2012 it came to light that the ICO had felt unable to challenge the press related to allegations of breaches due to the power of the press and perceived weakness of its own powers. From 25 May 2018 the ICO were granted new enforcement powers under the new data protection laws, including the ability to fine organisations 20 million Euros (or equivalent in sterling) or 4% of the total annual worldwide turnover in the
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Social media


and businesses accessing the data they share on social media platforms, and 64% said the government should do more to regulate advertisers. According to the wall street journal published on February 17, 2019 According to the UK law, Facebook did not protect certain aspects of the user data. The commercial development of social media has been criticized as the actions of consumers in these settings has become increasingly value-creating, for example when consumers contribute to the marketing and branding of specific products by posting positive reviews. As such, value
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Information privacy law


Information privacy law or data protection laws prohibit the disclosure or misuse of information about private individuals. Over 80 countries and independent territories, including nearly every country in Europe and many in Latin America and the Caribbean, Asia, and Africa, have now adopted comprehensive data protection laws. The European Union has the General Data Protection Regulation, in force since May 25, 2018. The United States is notable for not having adopted a comprehensive information privacy law, but rather having adopted limited sectoral laws in some areas . These laws are
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Data Protection Act, 2012


. The data protection principles are enumerated at Section 17 as follows: The accountability principle of data protection is seen generally as a fundamental principle of compliance. It requires that a data controller should be accountable for compliance with measures which give effect to data protection principles. The Act requires a person who processes personal data to ensure that the data is processed without infringing the rights of the data subject, and should be processed in a lawful and reasonable manner (Section 18(1)). Where the data to be processed involves a foreign
8033307
Privacy law


obligations on those organizations that use personal data: consent, purpose limitation, notification, access, correction, accuracy, protection/security, and retention. The Act prohibits transfer of personal data to countries with privacy protection standards that are lower than those outlined in the general data protection rules. The Personal Data Protection Commission is responsible for enforcing the Act, which is based primarily on a complaints-based system. The punishments for violating the Act can include being ordered by the Commission to stop collecting and using personal data, to
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Privacy law


of personal data", and "the right to prevent data users from processing personal data for the purpose of direct marketing." Punishment for violating the Personal Data Protection Act can include fines or even imprisonment. Other common law and business sector-specific laws that exist in Malaysia to indirectly protect confidential information include: On 5 July 2010, Mexico enacted a new privacy package focused on treatment of personal data by private entities. The key elements included were: In New Zealand, the Privacy Act 1993 sets out principles in relation
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General Data Protection Regulation


have to notify the controller without undue delay after becoming aware of a personal data breach (Article 33). However, the notice to data subjects is not required if the data controller has implemented appropriate technical and organisational protection measures that render the personal data unintelligible to any person who is not authorised to access it, such as encryption (Article 34). Article 37 requires appointment of a data protection officer. If processing is carried out by a public authority (except for courts or independent judicial authorities when acting in their judicial
19781744
Privacy law


in the public sector. It defines personal information in a national context in relation to state agencies. Two communication technology related laws, the Electronic Transactions Act 2001 and the Computer Crime Act 2007, provide some data privacy protection and enforcement mechanisms. Nevertheless, Thailand still lacks legislation that explicitly addresses privacy security. Thus, with the need for a more general and all-encompassing data protection law, the legislature proposed the Personal Data Protection Bill in 2013, which is heavily influenced by the OECD Guidelines and the EU Directive. The
4086494
Air France Flight 447


detent (TOGA). As the aircraft began to descend, the angle of attack rapidly increased toward 30 degrees. A second consequence of the reconfiguration into alternate law was that stall protection no longer operated. Whereas in normal law, the aircraft's flight management computers would have acted to prevent such a high angle of attack, in alternate law this did not happen. (Indeed, the switch into alternate law occurred precisely because the computers, denied reliable speed data, were no longer able to provide such protection—nor many
2478826
Fourth Amendment Protection Act


The Fourth Amendment Protection Acts, are a collection of state legislation aimed at withdrawing state support for bulk data (metadata) collection and ban the use of warrant-less data in state courts. They are proposed nullification laws that, if enacted as law, would prohibit the state governments from co-operating with the National Security Agency, whose mass surveillance efforts are seen as unconstitutional by the proposals' proponents. Specific examples include the Kansas Fourth Amendment Preservation and Protection Act and the Arizona Fourth Amendment Protection Act. The original proposals
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Privacy law


, Chapitre VI, Art. 226ff.). Germany is known to be one of the first countries (in 1970) with the strictest and most detailed data privacy laws in the world. The citizens' right to protection is stated in the Constitution of Germany, in Art. 2 para. 1, and Art. 1 para. 1. The citizens' data of Germany is mainly protected under the Federal Data Protection Act (1977) from corporations, which has been amended the most recently in 2009. This act
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Privacy


considered under EC law. In the UK, it is sometimes a defence that disclosure of private information was in the public interest. There is, however, the Information Commissioner's Office (ICO), an independent public body set up to promote access to official information and protect personal information. They do this by promoting good practice, ruling on eligible complaints, giving information to individuals and organisations, and taking action when the law is broken. The relevant UK laws include: Data Protection Act 1998; Freedom of Information Act
5196331
Cyber Intelligence Sharing and Protection Act


the bill is designed to protect against unauthorized access to networks or systems, including unauthorized access aimed at stealing private or government information". In addition, already collected cyberthreat data can also be used to investigate "the imminent threat of bodily harm to an individual" or "the exploitation of a minor," bringing the bill into line with existing law codified by the Patriot Act and the PROTECT Our Children Act in which these two conditions already allow for protected entities to share data voluntarily with the United States government, law enforcement
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Data Protection Directive


The Data Protection Directive (officially Directive 95/46/EC on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data (PII (US)) and on the free movement of such data) was a European Union directive adopted in 1995 which regulates the processing of personal data within the European Union. It is an important component of EU privacy and human rights law. The General Data Protection Regulation, adopted in April 2016, has superseded the Data Protection Directive and became enforceable starting on 25 May 2018. The right to
2360787
Mental Health Act 1983


Health Units (Use of Force) Act 2018, also known as Seni's Law, received royal assent in January 2018 after being passed by Parliament and amended the Mental Health Act 1983. requires that mental hospitals provide officer training which create alternatives to the use of force while restraining patients and do better collection of data. The officers must also wear body cameras as well. This Act did not repeal any other Acts in totality. Schedule 6 lists 28 other Acts which had individual sections repealed. These include the Mental Health Act
18885692
Background check


retain the personal information from the applicant and have to have protective measures just in case there is data breaching. The employer have to give the applicant the opportunity to access their personal information. Dutch Data Protection Authority must be notified of the background check. Restrictions and Laws on Background checks • The Data Protection Act 2001 • The Equal Treatment Act 1994 • The Judicial Data and Criminal Records Act 2004 • The Medical Examinations Act 1998 • Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights The first Polish research on the issue of pre
17565904
Access to information


The processing of personal data solely for journalistic purposes…should be subject to derogations or exemptions from certain provisions of this Regulation if necessary to reconcile the right to the protection of personal data with the right to freedom of expression and information, as enshrined in Article 11 of the Charter." The number of countries around the world with data protection laws has also continued to grow. According to the World Trends Report 2017/2018, between 2012 and 2016, 20 UNESCO Member States adopted data protection laws for first time, bringing the global
2643983
Home Mortgage Disclosure Act


Reform and Consumer Protection Act as of 2018 HMDA data was to be submitted to the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau via online portal. The first year of data to be submitted via this process includes loans made in 2017. The Dodd-Frank bill also required several new and formerly non-public items be collected and released as a part of the HMDA dataset. Beginning with January 2018 lenders are required to report the following items that were formerly non-public information: The new requirements also require the collection of disaggregated data on Asian
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Children and Young People (Scotland) Act 2014


(lodged 11 July 2014), holding that the named person service provisions in Part 4 of the 2014 Act were within the devolved competence of the Scottish Parliament and did not contravene fundamental common law rights, or the European Convention, or the EU law on data protection. The Opinion of the Inner House, which the Supreme Court's judgment overruled, was that the legislation was in accordance with the law, had a legitimate aim and was necessary in a democratic society in the interests of, amongst other things, public safety
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Data Protection Act 1998


relevant filing system', such as an address book or a salesperson's diary used to support commercial activities. The Freedom of Information Act 2000 modified the act for public bodies and authorities, and the "Durant" case modified the interpretation of the act by providing case law and precedent. A person who has their data processed has the following rights: Schedule 1 lists eight "data protection principles". Personal data should only be processed fairly and lawfully. In order for data to be classed as 'fairly processed',
19671647
Laptop


information or data that has been stored on a laptops hard drive can never be retrieved again. Below is an overview of some of the data protection and environmental laws and regulations applicable for laptop recycling data destruction: • Data Protection Act 1998 (DPA) • EU Privacy Directive (Due 2016) • Financial Conduct Authority • Sarbanes-Oxley Act • PCI-DSS Data Security Standard • Waste, Electronic & Electrical Equipment Directive (WEEE) • Basel Convention • Bank Secrecy Act (BSA) • FACTA Sarbanes-Oxley Act •
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Privacy law in Denmark


Privacy law in Denmark is supervised and enforced by the independent agency Datatilsynet (The Danish Data Protection Agency) based mainly upon the Act on Processing of Personal Data. Privacy law in Denmark was originally determined by 2 acts: the "Private Registers Act" of 1978, and the "Public Authorities’ Registers Act" of 1978, which governed the private sector and the public sector respectively. These 2 acts were replaced by the "Act on Processing of Personal Data" July 1, 2000, thereby implementing the European Union’s
3712727
Privacy law


managed by government agencies and certain industries. In 2010, Taiwan enacted the Personal Data Protection Act that laid out more comprehensive guidelines for the public and private sectors and was still enforced by individual Ministries. In the 2010 Act, personal data is protected and defined as any "data which is sufficient to, directly or indirectly, identify that person", and includes data such as name, date of birth, fingerprints, occupation, medical records, and financial status, among many others. A few other administrative laws also deal
4086491
Privacy law


framework. In January 2013, Singapore's Personal Data Protection Act 2012 came into effect in three separate but related phases. The phases continued through July 2014 and dealt with the creation of the Personal Data Protection Commission, the national Do Not Call Registry, and general data protection Rules. The Act's general purpose "is to govern the collection, use and disclosure of personal data by organisations" while acknowledging the individual's right to control their personal data and the organizations' legal needs to collect this data. It imposes eight
4086481
Personal data


make sense under a broader definition like that in the Australian Privacy Act. European data protection law does not utilize the concept of personally identifiable information, and its scope is instead determined by non-synonymous, wider concept of "personal data". Further examples can be found on the EU privacy website. The twelve Information Privacy Principles of the Privacy Act 1993 apply. The Federal Act on Data Protection of 19 June 1992 (in force since 1993) has set up a strict protection of privacy by prohibiting virtually any processing of
3940341
Data Act (Sweden)


law was amended in 1982 which made the private sector and the government more self-sufficient in terms of registration. After several more amendments in 1989 a Commission on Data Protection was set up to make a total revision of the act. The commission submitted its final report in 1993 recommending a new Data Protection Act based largely on the then current second proposal from the European Commission for an EC Directive. In 1995 Sweden joined the European Union which had adopted the Data Protection Directive in the same year and a new committee was entrusted
5333845
Freedom of information laws by country


right to attend court proceedings and meetings of legislative assemblies like the Riksdag. Switzerland is a federal state. Access to federal documents is governed by the Swiss Federal Act on the Principle of Freedom of Information in Public Administration, and supervised by the Federal Data Protection and Information Commissioner. Access to documents at the cantonal level is governed by cantonal laws, which are mostly similar to the federal law. As of 2018, the cantons of Appenzell Innerrhoden, Glarus, Lucerne, Nidwalden, Obwalden and Thurgau do not have freedom of information
2782735
Confidential Information Protection and Statistical Efficiency Act


The Confidential Information Protection and Statistical Efficiency Act, ("CIPSEA"), is a United States federal law enacted in 2002 as Title V of the E-Government Act of 2002 (, , ). CIPSEA establishes uniform confidentiality protections for information collected for statistical purposes by U.S. statistical agencies, and it allows some data sharing between the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Bureau of Economic Analysis, and Census Bureau. The agencies report to OMB on particular actions related to confidentiality and data sharing. The law gives the agencies standardized approaches
17202491
Data Protection Act, 2012


things. (Section 27(2)) Where the data is collected from a third party, the Act requires the data subject to be informed before the data is collected, or as soon as practicable afterwards. (Section 27(3)) The Act provides circumstances under which the notification requirement is exempt, and they include where it is necessary to avoid compromising law enforcement, protect national security, or where it relates to the preparation or conduct of legal proceedings.Section 27(4)) Also, although it is not mandatory, a data
8033317
Data Protection Act 1998


the EU Data Protection Directive 1995. The Privacy and Electronic Communications (EC Directive) Regulations 2003 altered the consent requirement for most electronic marketing to "positive consent" such as an opt-in box. Exemptions remain for the marketing of "similar products and services" to existing customers and enquirers, which can still be given permission on an opt out basis. The Jersey data protection law was modelled on the UK law. Section 1 defines "personal data" as any data that can be used to identify a living individual
19671645
Privacy law


must register with the Data Protection Commissioner unless they are exempt (non-profit organizations etc.) and renew their registration annually. Considering the protection of internet property and online data, the ePrivacy Regulations 2011 protects the communications and higher-advanced technical property and data such as social media and the telephone. In relation to international data privacy law that Ireland is involved in, the British-Irish Agreement Act 1999 Section 51 extensively states the relationship between data security between the United Kingdom and Ireland. In addition, Ireland is part
4086458
The National Control Commission for the Protection of Personal Data


In Morocco, The National Control Commission for the Protection of Personal Data (CNDP) was established by Law No. 09-08 Act of February 18, 2009, on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data. Its mandate is to ensure that the processing of personal data is lawful, legal, and does not violate privacy, fundamental freedoms, and human rights. The Commission should ideally consist of individuals chosen for their impartiality, moral probity, and competence in the legal, judicial, and IT
7332313
Information Commissioner's Office


The Information Commissioner's Office (ICO; stylised as ico.) in the United Kingdom, is a non-departmental public body which reports directly to Parliament and is sponsored by the Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS). It is the independent regulatory office (national data protection authority) dealing with the Data Protection Act 2018 and the General Data Protection Regulation, the Privacy and Electronic Communications (EC Directive) Regulations 2003 across the UK; and the Freedom of Information Act 2000 and the Environmental Information
553726
Privacy law


also adopt privacy standards of at least equal restriction as provided in the Directive in order to do business with companies located in EU countries. Thus, the Directive has also influenced the development of privacy legislation in non-European countries. The proposed ePrivacy Regulation, which would replace the Privacy and Electronic Communications Directive 2002, also contributes to EU privacy regulations. The General Data Protection Regulation has replaced the Data Protection Directive of 1995 when it came to effect on 25 May 2018. A notable contribution that has come from the General Data
4086428
Tied cottage


"evils of the tied cottage system". The Bill did not become law but prompted amendments to some existing laws in the ensuing years. Sixteen Agricultural Dwellings Housing Advisory Committees were set up in England under the Rent Agriculture Act 1976 to advise local councils on requests to rehouse former agricultural tenants when cottages were needed for employees. In 2001, following changes in the law in the 1970s and 1980s, protection of tenure was relatively secure for tied accommodation occupants; if they stopped working in the sector there was provision for the owner
14879526
Ghana Internet Policy


fraud this was projected to increase to around $100 million in 2018. Several people both Ghanaians and foreigners have also been arrested in crimes relating to cyber fraud. I Notable among these crimes is the sim box fraud. In 2017 he National Cyber Security Week was held in Ghana to bring stakeholders together to help address issues of cyber security and cyber fraud. The laws governing internet in Ghana include This Law addresses some technical, regulatory and financial challenges related to interconnection. The Data Protection Act, 2012 (Act 843) was
12276919
Data Protection Act, 2012


that data processors comply with security measures. (Section 30) Where the data processor is not domiciled in Ghana, the data controller must ensure that the data processor complies with the relevant laws of its country. (Section 30(4)) The Act also requires the data controller to, as soon as reasonably practicable, notify the Data Protection Commission and the data subject of any security breaches to its system, and take steps to ensure that the integrity of the system is restored.(Section 31)) A data subject can, subject to
8033320
Data Protection Commissioner


Directive 95/46/EC). Complaints received from individuals who feel that their personal information is not being treated in accordance with data protection law are investigated under section 10 of the Data Protection Acts. It is the statutory obligation of the Office to seek to amicably resolve complaints in the first instance. Where amicable resolution cannot be achieved, the Commissioner may make a Decision on whether, in her opinion, there has been a breach of the law. If the complainant or the data controller disagrees with the Commissioner’s finding,
4164056
Background check


audit to make sure they are complying and protecting the data. Restrictions and Laws on Background Checks • Criminal records checks: Protection of Freedoms Act 2012, Rehabilitation of Offenders Act 1974, Rehabilitation of Offenders Act 1974 (Exceptions) Order 1975 • Ability to work in the UK: Immigration, Asylum and Nationality Act 2006 • The Equality Act 2010 • Data Protection Act 1998 • Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights (and Human Rights Act 1998) Since the onset of the financial crisis of 2007–2010, the level of
17565901
Privacy law


history of being an authoritarian buffer state during the Cold War and being under the constant threat of a coup d'état means that privacy laws have so far been limited in order to preserve national security and public safety. Thailand uses bureaucratic surveillance to maintain national security and public safety, which explains the 1991 Civil Registration Act that was passed to protect personal data in computerized record-keeping and data-processing done by the government. The legislature passed the Official Information Act 1997 to provide basic data protection by limiting personal data collection and retention
4086493
Dutch Data Protection Authority


per 1 January 2016, the body was granted the power to impose fines for violations of the Personal Data Protection Act (Wbp). These changes were a result of drastic changes to that law. In fact, the name change of 2016 only applies to 'in society', according to article 51 of the Wbp. That article still gives 'College bescherming persoonsgegevens' as a formal name. The Personal Data Protection Act means that an organization may only process personal data that is demonstrably necessary for the organization and for which
21575373
Freedom of information laws by country


Governments are required to transcribe the directive into national legislation (for example, in the United Kingdom, the Environmental Information Regulations 2004). Directive 95/46/EC, the Data Protection directive, provides a variety of rights in relation to personal data, including a right of access. This has been transcribed into national legislation through, for example, the Data Protection Act 1998 (United Kingdom) and the Data Protection 2003 (Ireland). In Finland, the ("Act on the Openness of Public Documents" of 1951)
2782676
Telecommunications (Interception and Access) Amendment (Data Retention) Act 2015


other protective authorities to take, in certain well-defined circumstances, preventative operational measures to protect an individual whose life is at risk from the acts of a third party. The obligation the Act places on service providers to retain a limited subset of telecommunications data buttresses the right to life in Article 6 of the ICCPR. According to the Memorandum, if such data is not retained, law enforcement investigations will be compromised and the police's ability to protect the security of potential victims of crime is critically undermined. Prior to the
503936
Enforcement Acts


The Enforcement Acts were three bills passed by the United States Congress between 1870 and 1871. They were criminal codes which protected African-Americans’ right to vote, to hold office, to serve on juries, and receive equal protection of laws. Passed under the presidency of Ulysses S. Grant, the laws also allowed the federal government to intervene when states did not act to protect these rights. The acts passed following the ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment to the US Constitution, which gave full citizenship to anyone born in the United
2705083
Privacy law


people's right to privacy by attaching consequences to the violation of it thereof. In the year 2012, the Philippines passed the Republic Act No. 10173, also known as the "Data Privacy Act of 2012". This act extended privacy regulations and laws to apply to more than just individual industries. This act also offered protection of data belonging to the people regardless of where it is stored, be it in private spheres or not. In that very same year, the cybercrime prevention law was passed. This law was
4086476
Data protection (privacy) laws in Russia


overseeing compliance. 1.1 Convention for the Protection of Individuals with regard to Automatic Processing of Personal Data, signed and ratified by the Russian Federation on December 19, 2005; 1.2 the Law of the Russian Federation “On Personal Data” as of 27.07.2006 No. 152-FZ, regulating the processing of personal data by means of automation equipment. It is the operator who is required to comply with that Act; 1.3 the “Regulations on securing personal data being processed in personal data systems” enacted by the Russian Government Regulation as of 17.11.2007
7035225
Food Quality Protection Act


constitutes reliable data when determining whether or not to increase the margin of safety tenfold, Richard Weiss (a pesticide expert with the Environmental Working Group) said, "The EPA has failed to comply with the clear intent and requirements of the law". While environmentalists complained, so did farmers. As their ability to harvest quality crops was threatened, farmers said the EPA was unfairly enforcing a "zero risk" instead of a "reasonable certainty of no harm" policy. The EPA responded saying that while they were more stringent
2529545
Federal Law on Protection of Personal Data Held by Individuals


accountability. Are important principles of consent, information and purpose, under which managers can only make the processing of personal data if owning them give their consent for the purposes outlined in the privacy notice . The Act states that the IFAI (called Federal Institute of Access to Information and Data Protection from the reform of July 5, 2010 6 ) will be the authority to monitor and verify compliance with the Personal Data Act and as procedures to process rights protection, verification and sanction (Chapters VII, VIII and IX). In
21979804
Bill 66: Restoring Ontario's Competitiveness Act, 2018


An Act to restore Ontario's competitiveness by amending or repealing certain Acts (Bill 66, 2018) (the "Act") is a law adopted on April 3, 2019 during the 42nd Parliament of Ontario. Critics of the bill argue that, if passed, it will repeal a number of consumer protections, labour laws, anti-crime rules, clean water rules, child safety rules, and environmental protections in the Province of Ontario. The bill was introduced by Doug Ford's Conservative government on December 6, 2018
19780488
Financial privacy laws in the United States


consumer who pay using debit card of cash. Under the act, companies can still collect consumer data if a credit card is being used to collect money in situations similar to damages and defaults. In the event of a consumer return or refund, companies are allowed to collect information to protect against fraud. Gas stations are also allowed to only collect a consumer's zip code information to protect themselves from fraud. Regulation B-2018-01: Privacy of Consumer Financial and Health Information was passed in Vermont to protect privacy of financial information
13880887
Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act


The Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act (PIPEDA) (the "Act") is a Canadian law relating to data privacy. It governs how private sector organizations collect, use and disclose personal information in the course of commercial business. In addition, the "Act" contains various provisions to facilitate the use of electronic documents. PIPEDA became law on 13 April 2000 to promote consumer trust in electronic commerce. The act was also intended to reassure the European Union that the Canadian privacy law was adequate to protect the personal
12171851
Privacy law


, the Retention Principle, the Data Integrity Principle, and the Access Principle. The Act defines personal data as "'information in respect of commercial transactions that relates directly or indirectly to the data subject, who is identified or identifiable from that information or from that and other information." A notable contribution to general privacy law is the Act's distinction between personal data and sensitive personal data, which entails different protections. Personal data includes "information in respect of commercial transactions ... that relates directly or indirectly to a data subject
4086469
Fetal rights


the Oireachtas, the Irish Parliament, to legislate for the termination of pregnancies. This amendment took effect when it was signed into law by the President of Ireland on 18 September 2018, and abortion was governed by the Protection of Life During Pregnancy Act 2013 until it was replaced and repealed by the Health (Regulation of Termination of Pregnancy) Act 2018, which took effect on 1 January 2019. In the United States, , thirty-eight states provide certain level of criminal protection for the unborn, and twenty-three of
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