where does the water from mono lake come from
Mono Lake


a mixture between Mono Lake and surrounding riverine water. This is only if we assume that the subsurface waters have similar compositions to riverine water. There is also a temperature-dependent fractionation between Mono Lake water and precipitating carbonates. The clumped isotope composition (Δ47, representing the amount of COO in the carbonate) of Mono Lake tufa are 0.734-0.735 ‰. The temperature and δO of the corresponding water from which the tufa formed can be calculated using these Δ47-values From these values, it is calculated that Mono Lake tufa formed at
2746043
Mono Lake


δO compositions of Mono Lake are enriched compared to surrounding water. One explanation for the enrichment of δO in Mono Lake water is evaporation. The lighter isotope (O) will preferentially be evaporated, leaving more of the heavier isotope (O) behind. It is also important to note that tufa forms from a mixture between lake water and subsurface waters. Because the streams surrounding Mono Lake are depleted in δO compared to the lake water, combining the two sources will result in a water mixture that is more depleted than lake water
2746041
Mono Lake


from the "Ephydra hians" pupae, which live in the shallow waters around the edge of the lake. When the city of Los Angeles diverted water from the freshwater streams flowing into the lake, it lowered the lake level, which imperiled the migratory birds. The Mono Lake Committee formed in response and won a legal battle that forced Los Angeles to partially replenish the lake level. Mono Lake occupies part of the Mono Basin, an endorheic basin that has no outlet to the ocean. Dissolved salts in the runoff thus remain
2746029
Mono Lake


32.5‰, which reflects a corresponding water mixture composition of -2‰ to 2‰. This range is similar to the composition of a mixture between Mono Lake and riverine waters. However, this mixture appears to be largely dominated by Mono Lake water. Mono lake tufa have δC values that range from 5-8 for tufa of aragonitic composition and 7-9‰ for tufa of calcitic composition. These tufas are a little enriched compared to modern lake water DIC. As stated above, calcite/aragonite-DIC fractionation can only explain an enrichment of
2746045
California water wars


kept growing. In 1941, Los Angeles diverted water that previously fed Mono Lake, north of Owens Valley, into the aqueduct. Mono Lake's ecosystem for migrating birds was threatened by dropping water levels. Between 1979 and 1994, David Gaines and the Mono Lake Committee engaged in litigation with Los Angeles. The litigation forced Los Angeles to stop diverting water from around Mono Lake, which has started to rise back to a level that can support its ecosystem. The Paiute natives were the original inhabitants living in the valley, and
12091761
National Audubon Society v. Superior Court


claimed that the waters of Mono Lake were protected from the "DWP" diversions by the public trust doctrine. The Supreme Court held that the state has an obligation to protect Mono Lake once the diversions begin to harm public trust interests. The court also held that California water law permitted the State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB) to objectively study Mono Lake water rights after the agency granted the rights. Audubon claimed that air pollution in the form of alkali dust storms were caused by Mono Lake's dropping water level. On
17622442
Mono Lake


well understood. These subsurface waters may have a very different composition compared to both Mono Lake waters and riverine surface waters. In addition, secondary crystallization (e.g. formation of calcite from aragonite) or meteoric diagenetic effects could have some control on the isotopic composition as well. Lastly, scientists may have to revisit the salinity-dependency of calcite/aragonite-DIC fractionation to understand whether this 1-3‰ fractionation may actually be larger in a lake with conditions similar to Mono Lake. An important characteristic of Mono Lake is that it
2746047
Mono Lake


is a closed lake. This means that water does not flow out of the surface of the lake. Water can only escape the lake if it evaporates or is lost to groundwater. This may cause closed lakes to become very saline. The lake level of closed lakes will be strongly dependent on changes in climate. Hence, studying lake levels can reveal information about climate change in the past and present. Geochemists have observed that carbonates from closed lakes appear to have δC and δO with covariant trends. It has been proposed that
2746048
Mono Lake Committee


ecology of Mono Lake. He had found that, starting in 1941, LADWP's diversions of water from Mono Lake's inflow creeks had caused it to lose half its volume and double its salinity. These changes, Gaines reported, reduced the ability of the lake to support its saline ecosystem. Mono Lake is an important habitat for migratory birds (including the California gull). The lowering of the water level endangered the bird nesting grounds on Negit Island in the middle of the lake: a land bridge had formed, which
14548589
National Audubon Society v. Superior Court


silt and impacted water quality. In 1976, a group of students from the University of California began to study the Mono Lake environment. Their research concluded that the lake's reduction in water level caused environmental damage, including the loss of the lake's brine shrimp, loss of migrating and nesting birds, and the destruction of the Mono Lake's natural beauty. In 1979, the National Audubon Society, Mono Lake Committee, Friends of the Earth, and four Mono Lake landowners filed suit against the "DWP". Plaintiffs
17622441
Lupinus duranii


Lupinus duranii is a species of lupine known by the common name Mono Lake lupine. It is endemic to California, where it is known mainly from the eastern slopes of the Sierra Nevada in western Mono County. Its distribution includes Mammoth Mountain and the hills around Mono Lake, and its habitat has gravelly, pumice-rich soils of volcanic origin. It is almost identical to the nominate variety of Brewer's lupine, which occurs commonly in the same region. Besides the fact that "L. breweri" does not occur on pumice
7532810
Mono Lake Committee


The Mono Lake Committee (MLC) is an environmental organization based in Lee Vining, California in the United States. Its mission is to preserve Mono Lake, by reducing diversions of water from the Eastern Sierra watersheds by the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (LADWP). The Committee was founded in 1978 by David Gaines, David Winkler, and Sally Judy. In 1975, David Winkler, Jefferson Burch, and Christine Weigen obtained a grant, with help and encouragement from David Gaines, from the NSF to study the
14548588
Brine shrimp


the Koyashskoye Salt Lake at the Crimean Peninsula. "A. monica", the species commonly known as Mono Lake brine shrimp, can be found in Mono Lake, Mono County, California. In 1987, Dennis D. Murphy from Stanford University petitioned the United States Fish and Wildlife Service to add "A. monica" to the endangered species list under the Endangered Species Act (1973). The diversion of water by the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power resulted in rising salinity and concentration of sodium hydroxide in Mono Lake. Despite
18854679
National Audubon Society v. Superior Court


the Mono Basin area. In the 1930s, Los Angeles purchased of land in the Mono Basin. Over the next decade, Los Angeles took water from creeks and streams in the area. In 1919, Mono Lake had a water surface elevation of above mean sea level. In 1955, the elevation of the lake was reduced to 6,405 and still dropping. The decrease in water volume of the lake subsequently increased lake salinity, adversely affecting the local food chain. In 1980, there was a documented fifty percent reduction in the
17622439
Water in California


the water, brings the people." After four decades of diversion from the Mono Lake area, environmental damage created an environmental battle in the 1980s, with a victory for the Mono Lake proponents in 1994. Other problems arose when dust from the bed of Owens Lake (completely dried up by diversions) became a major source of air pollution in the southern Owens Valley. To restore Mono Lake, correct air-quality law violations, and rewater portions of the Owens River, Los Angeles has begun to reduce its dependence on
17179671
National Audubon Society v. Superior Court


a license to confirm the appropriative rights to the water. 1940: the City of Los Angeles Department of Water and Power ("DWP") was granted permits allowing appropriation for the entire flows of four out of five of Mono Lake's tributaries (Lee Vining, Walker, Parker, and Rush Creeks) for municipal use and hydropower generation. Mono Lake's tributaries contain glacial fed snowmelt from the Sierra Nevada and thus convey potable water, whereas the water in Mono Lake itself was and is not potable due to its salinity
17622429
National Audubon Society v. Superior Court


water users. "DWP" also sought a Congressional declaration stating they consented to the impairment of navigable waters of Mono Lake. Finally, "DWP" asserted that any nuisance at Mono Lake was attributable to the newly exposed lakebed and sought a declaration that conditions resulted from a valid exercise of the police power by the State of California. Simultaneously, "Audubon" sought permission to include a cause of action based on the federal common law of nuisance, asserting that Mono Lake is an "interstate or navigable" water in which
17622435
Mono–Inyo Craters


boomtown Bodie in the late 19th to early 20th centuries. Water diversions into the Los Angeles Aqueduct system from their natural outlets in Mono Lake started in 1941 after a water tunnel was cut under the Mono Craters. Mono Lake Volcanic Field and a large part of the Mono Craters gained some protection under Mono Basin National Forest Scenic Area in 1984. Resource use along all of the chain is managed by the United States Forest Service as part of Inyo National Forest. Various activities are possible along the chain, including hiking, bird watching
15241499
California water wars


Craters (an active volcanic field). By 1941, the extension was finished, and water in various creeks (such as Rush Creek) were diverted into the aqueduct. To satisfy California water law, LADWP set up a fish hatchery on Hot Creek, near Mammoth Lakes, California. The diverted creeks had previously fed Mono Lake, an inland body of water with no outlet. Mono Lake served as a vital ecosystem link, where gulls and migratory birds would nest. Because the creeks were diverted, the water level in
12091790
Mono Lake


Lake, conducted by Gaines and undergraduate students from the University of California at Davis, the University of California at Santa Cruz, and Earlham College. In June 1977, the Davis Institute of Ecology of the University of California published a report, "An Ecological Study of Mono Lake, California," which alerted California to the ecological dangers posed by the redirection of water away from the lake for municipal uses. Gaines formed the Mono Lake Committee in 1978. He and Sally Judy, a UC Davis student, led the committee
2746080
Mono Village, Mono County, California


Mono Village is a former settlement in Mono County, California. It was located southwest of Bridgeport, at an elevation of 7142 feet (2177 m). It is currently a vacation destination that attracts hundreds of fishermen and outdoor enthusiasts every year. It is a full service destination with a camp ground, motel, cabins, grocery store, cafe, and other amenities. The main attraction is the two lakes known as Twin Lakes. Both of these lakes are filled with water from Robinson's Creek which flows down from the
7499495
Mono Lake


. The figure above shows how δO of a water mixture changes with the fraction of lake water component. As the fraction of lake water decreases, the δO decreases. The total CO concentration (ΣCO) is much higher in the lake than in surrounding streams. Hence, this isotopic dilution effect is less significant for δC, and water mixtures should be dominantly composed of δC with lake water signatures. In theory, Mono Lake tufa should have a δC composition reflecting the Mono lake water DIC composition, and a δO composition reflecting
2746042
National Audubon Society v. Superior Court


completed in 1970. The diversions from the second aqueduct caused the surface area of the lake to decrease by one-third and the lake level to drop , exposing of lakebed. 1977: Stanford biologist David Gaines published a study on Mono Lake's ecosystem highlighting the dangers of water diversion that garnered national attention to the potentially catastrophic ecological impacts to Mono Lake from the "DWP" diversions. This led to the formation of the Mono Lake Committee and a grassroots movement spanning over 30 years to stop the diversions and restore the basin
17622431
Mono Lake


An unintended consequence of ending the water diversions was the onset of a period of "meromixis" in Mono Lake. In the time prior to this, Mono Lake was typically "monomictic"; which means that at least once each year the deeper waters and the shallower waters of the lake mixed thoroughly, thus bringing oxygen and other nutrients to the deep waters. In meromictic lakes, the deeper waters do not undergo this mixing; the deeper layers are more saline than the water near the surface, and are typically nearly devoid
2746069
National Audubon Society v. Superior Court


California Water Wars. 1979: The California Department of Water Resources (CDWR) and the United States Department of the Interior (USDI) undertook a joint study of Mono Basin. The study concluded that the level of Mono Lake should be stabilized at . To achieve this goal, drastic reductions of water exports from Mono Basin were recommended from the present annual average of to a limit of . Legislation was introduced to implement this recommendation, but was never enacted. 1979: The National Audubon Society ("Audubon"), Mono
17622432
California water wars


allowed predators to feed on bird eggs for the first time. In 1974, David Gaines started to study the biology of Mono Lake. In 1975, while at Stanford, he started to get others interested in the ecosystem of Mono Lake. This led to a 1977 report on the ecosystem of Mono Lake that highlighted dangers caused by the water diversion. In 1978, the Mono Lake Committee was formed to protect Mono Lake. The Committee (and the National Audubon Society) sued LADWP in 1979, arguing that the diversions violated
12091792
Mono Lake


dating, and paleomagnetic secular variation from Mono Lake sediments as described in the Lake Level History section. Peaks in the δO records of Mono Lake sediments correlated with 3 Heinrich events known from the sea cores of the North Atlantic. Heinrich events occurred when massive amounts of icebergs broke off from the ice sheets and fell into the North Atlantic. These Heinrich events have been observed to correlate with peaks in δO compositions of carbonates globally. This pattern would generally indicate a global drop in temperature and a rising ice-volume. As water
2746063
Mono Lake


depleted rain water. In turn, this caused Southern water bodies like Mono Lake to become isotopically depleted, while Northern oceans became isotopically enriched. This movement of the polar jet stream was presumably caused by an increase in the Northern American ice sheet. Two δO minima at 18 ka and 13.1 ka in Mono Lake sediments reflected two lake level high-stands of Mono Lake. These lake level high-stands presumably corresponded to two passages of the polar jet stream over Mono Lake that precipitated large amounts of rainwater with a depleted δO
2746066
Mono–Inyo Craters


Craters and Mammoth Lakes area range from winter average lows of 16 to 21 °F (−9 to −6 °C) to summer average highs of . Most of the surface of the Mono Craters is barren but its slopes are covered by Jeffrey pine forest and partial greenery. Pumice Valley, directly to the west, is covered by sagebrush scrubland. The soil consists primarily of deep pumice, which does not hold water well. Mycorrhizal fungi in the soil invade the roots of Jeffrey pine trees in a symbiotic relationship that helps the
15241506
National Audubon Society v. Superior Court


. Despite being granted permits, "DWP" lacked the appropriate conveyance facilities to physically appropriate and transport the volume of water that was granted at the time. 1963: The City of Los Angeles authorized the construction of a new aqueduct, the Second Los Angeles Aqueduct to transport surface water from Mono Basin and both surface and groundwater from Owens Basin. 1974: SWRCB issued licenses confirming "DWP's" right to divert water from Mono Lake tributaries, resulting in annual diversions of approximately of water from Mono Basin since the aqueduct was
17622430
Mono Lake


iceberg break-off at the ice-water interface. The δO records from Mono Lake sediments also exhibit trends over longer timescales of ~10,000 years. From 35-18 ka, the δO composition of Mono Lake sediments were gradually decreasing. This decreasing trend was inversely correlated with an increase in δO of sediments from a North Atlantic sea core. This trend in δO suggested correlation with the southward movement of the polar jet stream from 35-18 ka. As the polar jet stream moved southward, it caused increased precipitation of isotopically
2746065
Mono Lake


Mono Basin, and how biology may or may not play a role in tufa formation. Steps have been made to understand the isotopic compositions of "modern" tufa and water isotopic composition in Mono Lake. Mono lake water DIC has a δC composition of 2 ‰ (relative to PDB), and a δO of -0.1 ‰ (relative to SMOW). Surrounding rivers feeding into Mono Lake have a δO of -14 to -17.5 ‰ and contains DIC with a δC composition of -14 ‰ . We observe that both the δC and
2746040
Rush Creek (Mono County, California)


, Gem Lake, and Agnew Lake. Grant Lake was previously enlarged by an irrigation dam, and by 1941 the current dam was enlarged and diversions of water from Grant Lake into the Los Angeles aqueduct began. The source of Rush Creek lies high on Mount Lyell, and its upper forks descend from Marie Lakes and from Davis Lakes on Mount Davis, then combine to flow through Waugh Lake, Gem Lake, Agnew Lake, Silver Lake, and Grant Lake on its way to Mono Lake. After Rush Creek passes through Grant
9642094
Lake Russell (prehistoric)


Lake Russell is a former lake stage of Mono Lake. It was named in honour of Israel Russell, but is also known as Lake Mono in contrast to the present-day lake. This lake was larger than present-day Mono Lake and occasionally overflowed first into the East Walker River and later into the Owens River. During its existence, glaciers from the Sierra Nevada reached until its shore. The lake was larger than present-day Mono Lake, especially in the east where it extended as far as the California-
10674107
Mono Lake


1-3‰ compared to lake water, i.e. a tufa composition of 3-5‰. The reason for this small δC enrichment of tufa is still unclear and requires follow-up studies. It could be related to changes in DIC composition of Mono Lake, riverine water, and subsurface water compositions in the immediate past, which in turn could be related to climate or biological productivity in the lake. However, it could also be related to the fact that the isotopic composition of the subsurface waters that flow into Mono Lake is not
2746046
Mono–Inyo Craters


was the first National Scenic Area in the United States. It offers more protection than other United States Forest Service lands, surrounds Mono Lake and its two volcanic islands, Black Point, Panum Crater and much of the northern half of the Mono Craters. Litigation and outreach by the Mono Lake Committee, the National Audubon Society and other conservation groups has helped to slow water diversions from tributaries feeding Mono Lake. A series of earthquakes inside Long Valley Caldera, coincidentally starting two weeks after the May 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens in
15241531
Mono Mills Junction, California


Mono Mills Junction (may sometimes be referred to as "Benton Junction") is a location within the Mono Basin in central Mono County where the Mono Mills Road California State Route 120, proceeds eastward from U.S. Route 395. Route 120 accesses the Mono Lake Tufa State Reserve, including Navy Beach and South Tufa along the shores of Mono Lake, and leads through Mono Mills to Benton where it reaches the U.S. Route 6. This junction is the site of the "Grave of the Unknown Prospector", a historical monument erected
12483416
Big Creek Hydroelectric Project


and into Huntington Lake. Work on a dam at Jackass Meadows began in 1925 to ensure a year-round water supply for the diversion. The Florence Lake Dam was completed in 1926, forming Florence Lake; the dam was built using Eastwood's multiple-arch design. In 1927, the Mono-Bear diversions were completed, drawing water from two eastern tributaries of the South Fork, Mono Creek and Bear Creek. A huge siphon was built in order to carry the water across the deep valley of the South Fork to
14996028
Mono Lake


dry years due to water diversion beginning in the 1920s. Mono Lake was spared this fate when the California State Water Resources Control Board (after over a decade of litigation) issued an order to protect Mono Lake and its tributary streams on September 28, 1994. Since that time, the lake level has steadily risen. In 1941 the surface level was at above sea level. As of October 2013, Mono Lake was at above sea level. The lake level of above sea level is the goal, a goal made more
2746082
June Lake, California


and diverted to Rush Creek at Grant Lake, where a large earthfill dam was constructed. An eleven-mile tunnel was dug under the Mono Craters to deliver this water to another new reservoir at Crowley Lake. This water project was approaching its completion by the time the Second World War began. The Loop's population swelled appreciably during those years, as a temporary company-town settlement was developed at the East Portal of the tunnel, about two miles from Grant Lake. Most of the supervisors, private contractors, foremen,
6656262
June Lake, California


Charlie Chaplin, Betty Grable, Sally Rand and others graced the guest register at the June Lake Lodge. Subsequently, film director Frank Capra and cartoonist Walter Lantz also had cabins at Silver Lake, and their families continue to visit. The Los Angeles Department of Water and Power since 1923 had been seeking to purchase water rights in the Mono Basin to increase the capabilities of their aqueduct system. And, by 1935, the Mono Basin Project was underway. Water was captured from nearby Parker Creek, Walker Creek and Lee Vining Creek
6656261
Mono Lake


Angeles Department of Water and Power extended the Los Angeles Aqueduct system farther northward into the Mono Basin with the completion of the Mono Craters Tunnel between the Grant Lake Reservoir on Rush Creek, and the Upper Owens River. So much water was diverted that evaporation soon exceeded inflow and the surface level of Mono Lake fell rapidly. By 1982 the lake was reduced to 69 percent of its 1941 surface area. "[By 1990, the lake had dropped 45 vertical feet and had lost half its volume]" relative to the 1941
2746078
Mono Lake


Mono Lake ( ) is a saline soda lake in Mono County, California, formed at least 760,000 years ago as a terminal lake in an endorheic basin. The lack of an outlet causes high levels of salts to accumulate in the lake. These salts also make the lake water alkaline. This desert lake has an unusually productive ecosystem based on brine shrimp that thrive in its waters, and provides critical habitat for two million annual migratory birds that feed on the shrimp and alkali flies. Historically, the native Kutzadika'a people derived nutrition
2746028
Mono Lake


is a term used for limestone that forms in low to moderate temperatures. Mono Lake is a highly alkaline lake, or soda lake. Alkalinity is a measure of how many bases are in a solution, and how well the solution can neutralize acids. Carbonate (CO) and bicarbonate (HCO) are both bases. Hence, Mono Lake has a very high content of dissolved inorganic carbon. Through supply of calcium ions (Ca), the water will precipitate carbonate-minerals such as calcite (CaCO). Subsurface waters
2746034
Los Angeles Aqueduct


. The results of the litigation culminated with a SWRCB Decision to restore fishery protection (stream) flows to specified minimums, and raise Mono Lake to 6,391 feet above sea level. The agreement limited further exports from the Mono Basin to 10,000 afy. In 1956 the State Department of Water Resources reported that Los Angeles was only exporting of water of the available in the Owens Valley and Mono Basin. Three years later, the State Water Rights Board warned Los Angeles that they could lose rights to the water they were permitted for but
1191485
Mono Lake


in the lake and raise the water's pH levels and salt concentration. The tributaries of Mono Lake include Lee Vining Creek, Rush Creek and Mill Creek which flows through Lundy Canyon. The basin was formed by geological forces over the last five million years: basin and range crustal stretching and associated volcanism and faulting at the base of the Sierra Nevada. Five million years ago, the Sierra Nevada was an eroded set of rolling hills and Mono Basin and Owens Valley did not yet exist. From 4.5 to 2.6 million years ago
2746030
Mono Lake


stability and hydrological characteristics through time. It is important to note that this correlation is not directly related to the lake level itself but rather the rate of change in lake level. Three different studies with three different methods provide different resolutions to understanding the lake level history of Mono Lake (read below). The covariation between δO in lake water and lake level in Mono Lake have been recorded over a 150-year time interval in Mono Lake. The δO record was compared to historic lake levels recorded by the USGS. The lake level
2746050
Mono Lake


enter the bottom of Mono Lake through small springs. High concentrations of dissolved calcium ions in these subsurface waters cause huge amounts of calcite to precipitate around the spring orifices. The tufa originally formed at the bottom of the lake. It took many decades or even centuries to form the well-recognized tufa towers. When lake levels fell, the tufa towers came to rise above the water surface and stand as the majestic pillars seen today (see Lake Level History for more information). Description of the Mono Lake tufa dates back
2746035
Hot Creek (Mono County, California)


of a few kilometers (or miles), where some is heated to at least by hot rock near the Inyo craters. The heated water, kept from boiling by high pressure, still has lower density than cold water, and it rises along steeply inclined fractures to depths of . It then flows eastward through rock layers to hydrothermal vent discharge points at the surface along Hot Creek and around Crowley Lake. The water temperature declines eastward because of heat loss and mixing with cold water, and in the springs near Crowley Lake temperatures
9030106
Tuyajto Lake


; diffuse seepage of water within the wetlands and the lake itself makes up the rest of the water supply. Part of the water comes from Pampa Las Tecas and Pampa Colorada east and northeast from Tuyajto Lake and flows underground towards Tuyajto. In general, groundwater in the region is salty to brackish, it originates as rain or snow and probably obtains salts from underground salt bodies. The lake does not overflow at its surface, evaporation and perhaps underground drainage towards Salar Aguas Calientes farther west are mainly responsible for removing water from the
11584838
Nuclear power plant


such as a river or lake. Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station, located in the desert about 60 miles west of Phoenix, Arizona, is the only nuclear facility that does not use a natural body of water for cooling, instead it uses treated sewage from the greater Phoenix metropolitan area. The water coming from the cooling body of water is either pumped back to the water source at a warmer temperature or returns to a cooling tower where it either cools for more uses or evaporates into water vapor that rises out the top of
171565
Lake Ewlyamartup


to salinity. In 2010 the water quality of the lake had deteriorated and the salinity level was three times that of sea water. The inflow comes from Ewlyamartup Creek on the northern end of the lake. In years when the lake overflows the water flows west from the creek instead of south into the lake and eventually discharges into the Coblinine River. The traditional owners are the Koreng group of the Noongar peoples. The name of the lake means "come now to this place where there is a water hole associated with a leg
18478232
Neopluvial


observed in Great Salt Lake, Fallen Leaf Lake, Lake Cochise, the Mojave Desert, Mono Lake, Owens Lake, Pyramid Lake, San Luis Lake, Silver Lake, Summer Lake, Tulare Lake and Walker Lake. During the Neopluvial, the Great Salt Lake became fresher, Pyramid Lake reached a water level of above sea level; there is evidence for at least two highstands. Walker Lake, Owens Lake and Mono Lake experienced their highest Holocene water levels, with the volumes of the latter two lakes more than doubling.
12728216
Mono Lake


vapor moves from the equator to the poles, O is preferentially precipitated compared to O. When the water precipitates at the poles, it has a very depleted δO composition. Hence, ice sheets are vast reservoirs of O and have a very depleted δO composition. If the temperature dropped and O-containing ice-volumes grew, the remaining water bodies would experience a corresponding increase in δO composition. Three peaks in the δO records of Mono Lake may reflect 3 episodes of vast growth of the Pleistocene ice sheets that resulted in massive
2746064
Mono Lake


pre-diversion water level. As a result, alkaline sands and formerly submerged tufa towers became exposed, the water salinity doubled, and Negit Island became a peninsula, exposing the nests of California gulls to predators (such as coyotes), and forcing the gull colony to abandon this site. In 1974, Stanford University graduate student David Gaines studied the Mono Lake ecosystem, and he became instrumental in alerting the public of the effects of the lower water level. The National Science Foundation funded the first comprehensive ecological study of Mono
2746079
Mono Lake


of oxygen. As a result, becoming meromictic greatly changes a lake's ecology. Mono Lake has experienced meromictic periods in the past; this most recent episode of meromixis, brought on by the end of the water diversions, commenced in 1994 and had ended by 2004. The hypersalinity and high alkalinity (pH=10 or equivalent to 4 milligrams of NaOH per liter of water) of the lake means that no fish are native to the lake. An attempt by the California Department of Fish and Game to stock the lake failed.
2746070
Mill Creek (Mono Lake)


Mill Creek is a perennial stream that flows east from the Sierra Nevada Mountain Range into Mono Lake, in Mono County, California. It courses through Lundy Canyon and Lundy Lake, before passing through Mono City, California on its way to Mono Lake. Approximately 81 percent of the annual runoff of Mill Creek in the Mono Basin has been attributed to snowmelt, occurring from April through September, and the remaining 19 percent of the annual streamflow occurs as base flow from October through March. William O. Lundy obtained a timber patent here
293830
Mono–Inyo Craters


, Glass Creek and Obsidian Flow domes. Others, such as the Inyo Crater Lakes near Deer Mountain, remained open and were later partially filled with water. Smaller explosion pits on the north side of Mammoth Mountain were also formed at this time. In the past 6,000 years, approximately of magma has been erupted from the Inyo part of the chain. The last recorded volcanic activity in the chain was at Mono Lake between the years 1720 and 1850. An intrusion of magma below the lake pushed lakebed sediments upward to form Paoha
15241522
California water wars


Del Piero acting as the sole Hearing Officer. In that ruling (SWRCB Decision 1631), the SWRCB established significant public trust protection and eco-system restoration standards, and LADWP was required to release water into Mono Lake to raise the lake level above the then-current level of below the 1941 level. As of 2011, the water level in Mono Lake has risen only of the required . Los Angeles made up for the lost water through state-funded conservation and recycling projects. In February 2014, after three consecutive
12091794
Kucadikadi


The Kucadikadi are a band of Northern Paiute people who live near Mono Lake in Mono County, California. They are the southernmost band of Northern Paiute. Kucadikadi means "eaters of the brine fly pupae". They are also known as the Kutsavidökadö, Koza'bittukut'teh, Kotsa'va, Mono Lake Paiute, Mono Basin Paiute, and Kuzedika. Lamb gives the Mono language name as kwicathyhka', "larvae eaters", or Mono Lake Paviotso. The term "Mono Lake Paiute," a holdover from early anthropological literature, has proven
14495026
National Audubon Society v. Superior Court


take decades). Richardson concurred with parts one through four of the majority opinion (background and history of the Mono Lake litigation; the public trust doctrine in California; The California water rights system; and, the relationship between the public trust doctrine and the California water rights system) and with the analysis of the relationship between the public trust doctrine and the water rights system in this state. However, Richardson entered a dissent from part five of the opinion (exhaustion of administrative remedies) where the majority held that the courts
17622459
Los Angeles Aqueduct


Feliz, is dedicated to his memory and contributions. Mulholland Drive and Mulholland Dam are both named for him as well. In an effort to find more water, the city of Los Angeles reached farther north. In 1930, Los Angeles voters passed a third bond to buy land in the Mono Basin and fund the Mono Basin extension. The 105 mile (169 km) extension diverted flows from the Rush Creek, Lee Vining Creek, Walker and Parker Creeks that would have flowed into Mono Lake. The construction of the Mono
1191482
Mono Lake


joined the Western Mono bands' villages annually at Hetch Hetchy Valley, Yosemite Valley, and along the Merced River to gather acorns, different plant species, and to trade. The Western Mono traditionally lived in the south-central Sierra Nevada foothills, including Historical Yosemite Valley. Present day Mono Reservations are currently located in Big Pine, Bishop, and several in Madera County and Fresno County, California. The city of Los Angeles diverted water from the Owens River into the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913. In 1941, the Los
2746077
Tongariro Power Scheme


. From Lake Otamangakau, water from the Western Diversion is diverted into the Wairehu Canal, where it travels under State Highway 47 and into Lake Rotoaira, joining water from the Eastern Diversion. Lake Rotoaira stores water from both the Eastern and Western Diversions, and also stores water coming off Mount Pihanga and Mount Tihia. The lake also acts as the head pond to the Tokaanu Power Station. Water is taken from the northern end of Lake Rotoaira into the Tokaanu Tunnel, which takes the water down under State Highway 47 and through
13430056
What Happened to Frederick


that there is a lake with waters reported to have enough magic to restore Frederick, but no man has come back from that lake alive. James agrees to risk it because if he succeeds, Abigail's suffering will end, but if he fails, his own suffering will end. Abigail takes James to the lake and shows him a shrine where others have left offerings to appease the creature within. She offers to accompany him, but James tells her he will go on alone since he does not want any life in his
20864147
Province of Lecce


is also found here. Lakes Alimini Grande and Alimini Piccolo are also located in the province. Lake Alimini Grande is surrounded by a rocky area covered with pine woods and Mediterranean vegetation; also, its depth does not exceed four meters, and the water is rich with shellfish. Lake Alimini Piccolo is found further inland and consists of freshwater; this water comes from the groundwater channel of the Rio Grande. Alimini Piccolo's depth does not exceed half a meter. Lecce has several ethnic and linguistic minority groups. A Griko community
5884721
Mono Lake


Lahontan, a large Pleistocene system of multiple lakes in California, Nevada, and Oregon. Not surprisingly, it was found that the tufas consisted primarily of CaO and CO. However, they also contain minor constituents of MgO (~2 wt%), Fe/Al-oxides (.25-1.29 wt%), and PO (0.3 wt%). Carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions of Mono Lake tufas have the potential to reveal many interesting things about how water bodies mix in Mono Lake, how the climate changed throughout time in the
2746039
Kucadikadi


problematic. The Kucadikadi's homeland surrounds Mono Lake in eastern California, but they traditionally traveled to Walker Lake, Nevada for seasonal subsistence activities. Mono Lake is a high piedmont area of the Sierra Nevada. The average elevation of the Mono Lake basin is around above sea level. The surrounding mountains range from in elevation. Mono Lake is extremely saline and is home to several waterfowl species and the brine fly, or "Ephydra hians" or "Hydropyrus hians", from which the band takes its name. "Pinus monophylla
14495027
Mono Lake


of nesting populations on Mono Lake that was begun 35 years ago. Snowy plovers also arrive at Mono Lake each spring to nest along the remote eastern shores. The indigenous people of Mono Lake are from a band of the Northern Paiute, called the Kutzadika'a. They speak the Northern Paiute language. The Kutzadika'a traditionally forage alkali fly pupae, called kutsavi in their language. Mono Lake was also referred to as Teniega Bah. The origin of the name "Kutzadika'a" is uncertain but could be a Yokut Native American term for "
2746075
Drinking water supply and sanitation in the United States


, Las Vegas plans to buy water rights in the Snake Valley in White Pine County, north of the city straddling the Utah border and other areas, pumping it to Las Vegas through a US$2 billion pipeline. Phoenix draws about half of its drinking water from the Salt River–Verde River watershed, and about 40% from the Colorado River further downstream at Lake Havasu through the Central Arizona Project. Los Angeles obtains about half of its drinking water from the Owens River and Mono Lake through the Los Angeles Aqueduct, with
19096699
U.S. Route 395 in California


the ski resort area of Mammoth Lakes and Mammoth Mountain via SR 203, after paralleling the runway of the Mammoth Yosemite Airport. Eight miles (13 kilometers) past the junction leading to Mammoth, the highway crests the second summit, Deadman Summit, at . This summit separates the Owens River watershed from that of Mono Lake, a salt lake with approximately three times the concentration of salt as the Ocean. Along the descent towards Mono Lake, the highway passes near the community of June Lake, a recreation area where there are
18320564
Mono–Inyo Craters


The Mono–Inyo Craters are a volcanic chain of craters, domes and lava flows in Mono County, Eastern California. The chain stretches from the northwest shore of Mono Lake to the south of Mammoth Mountain. The Mono Lake Volcanic Field forms the northernmost part of the chain and consists of two volcanic islands in the lake and one cinder cone volcano on its northwest shore. Most of the Mono Craters, which make up the bulk of the northern part of the Mono–Inyo chain, are phreatic (steam explosion) volcanoes
15241495
Rush Creek (Mono County, California)


Rush Creek is a creek in California on the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada, running east and then northeast to Mono Lake. Rush Creek is the largest stream in the Mono Basin, carrying 41% of the total runoff. It was extensively diverted by the Los Angeles Aqueduct system in the twentieth century until California Trout, Inc., the National Audubon Society, and the Mono Lake Committee sued Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (LADWP) for continuous low flows in Rush Creek to maintain trout populations in good condition,
9642092
Kaweah River


region spanning more than . Before the diversion of its waters for irrigation, the river flowed into Tulare Lake, the now dry terminal sink of a large endorheic basin in the southern San Joaquin Valley, also fed by the Kern and Tule Rivers and southern branches of the Kings River. The name "Kaweah" (commonly rendered as ; the traditional pronunciation is ) comes from a native Yokutsan word, possibly meaning "crow cry". The Yokuts and Western Mono are the main Native American groups in the Kaweah River basin,
10087512
Hot Creek (Mono County, California)


Hot Creek, starting as Mammoth Creek, is a stream in Mono County of eastern California, in the Western United States. It is within the Inyo National Forest. The creek begins its course in the eastern Sierra Nevada named as Mammoth Creek. It originates as an outflow of Twin Lakes, just south of Mammoth Mountain and above the town of Mammoth Lakes. The stream is primarily sourced from melted snow water at above sea level. It is quite cold, rarely being above . As Mammoth Creek leaves the Sierra and flows
9030103
Hot Creek (Mono County, California)


east into the Long Valley Caldera it is joined by warmer water from geothermal springs at the Hot Creek State Fish Hatchery. From this confluence the stream is named Hot Creek, though its water temperature seldom exceeds until it reaches Hot Creek Gorge, east of Mammoth Lakes. In the Hot Creek Gorge, numerous hot springs near and in the stream bed add hot water into the stream. Its mouth is at the confluence with the Owens River upstream from Crowley Lake. The springs near Hot Creek host one of the two known Tui
9030104
Eel


Richet was actually obtained from sea anemones. Eelskin leather is highly prized. It is very smooth and exceptionally strong. It does not come from eels. It comes from the Pacific hagfish, a jawless fish which is also known as the slime eel. The large lake of Almere, which existed in the early Medieval Netherlands, got its names from the eels which lived in its water (the Dutch word for eel is aal or ael, so: "ael mere" = "eel lake"). The name is
22196099
San Andrés Tuxtla


municipality’s surface water is in the San Andrés River, streams such as the Sihuapan and San Juan and various small lakes. Laguna Encantada (Enchanted Lake) is an isolated lake, off the highway between the city and Sontecomapan in the neighboring Catemaco municipality. The road does not reach the lake, so it is necessary to walk about a kilometer over a rise. The name comes from the fact that its water level rises in the dry season and lowers during the rainy season. Its circumference is 1,500 meters. Other lakes
5181139
O'Higgins/San Martín Lake


the deepest in the Americas with a maximum depth of near O'Higgins Glacier, and its characteristic milky light-blue color comes from rock flour suspended in its waters. It is mainly fed by the Mayer River and other streams, and its outlet, the Pascua River, discharges water from the lake towards the Pacific Ocean at a rate of . The O'Higgins Glacier flows eastwards towards the lake, as does the Chico Glacier. Both of these glaciers are part of the Southern Patagonian Ice Field which extends for approximately in a north-
5177796
Mono Lake


The whole food chain of the lake is based on the high population of single-celled planktonic algae present in the photic zone of the lake. These algae reproduce rapidly during winter and early spring after winter runoff brings nutrients to the surface layer of water. By March the lake is "as green as pea soup" with photosynthesizing algae. The lake is famous for the Mono Lake brine shrimp, "Artemia monica", a tiny species of brine shrimp, no bigger than a thumbnail, that are endemic to the lake
2746071
National Audubon Society v. Superior Court


marshlands, and tidelands."" The court also ruled that the State Water Resource Control Board (SWRCB) and the courts have concurrent jurisdiction to consider the effect of water diversions on public trust resources. The court ordered a study to be prepared to determine the impact of "DWP's" diversion upon the public trust of Mono Lake. In subsequent proceedings following this decision, "DWP" has been ordered to reduce diversions by approximately two thirds until the water levels in Mono Lake recover to an acceptable level (expected to
17622458
Lake Manly


with the latter, Lake Dumont/Lake Manix/Lake Mojave which were passed through by the Mojave River, and after 1.6 million years ago Lake Russell (present day Mono Lake) through the Owens River. This later connection is biologically significant as Mono Lake was variously connected with the San Joaquin River and Lake Lahontan; thus it could have been a pathway for life to propagate between these water systems, a notion supported by fish fossil data such as the minnows and suckerfish of the Death Valley system which appear to originate in
18060236
Mono County, California


Inyo County in 1866. The county is named after Mono Lake which, in 1852, was named for a Native American Paiute tribe, the Mono people, who historically inhabited the Sierra Nevada from north of Mono Lake to Owens Lake. The tribe's western neighbors, the Yokut, called them "monachie," meaning "fly people" because they used fly larvae as their chief food staple and trading article. Archeologists know almost nothing about the first inhabitants of the county, as little material evidence has been found from them
3607751
Mono Hot Springs, California


Road, northeast from its start at Huntington Lake. The road crosses the Kaiser Pass before reaching the hot springs and reservoirs. The Sierra National Forest's Mono Hot Springs Campground is located adjacent to the springs and resort, on the river. The Mono Creek Campground, is in the vicinity to the north, on a meadow along Mono Creek. Ward Lake and Jackass Meadow Campgrounds in the area. Mono Hot Springs is a trailhead for hiking trails to local mountains, a volcanic plug, lakes, and to reach the Ansel
20495137
Kensico Reservoir


from Rye Lake. The resulting body of water has a drainage basin of only , and holds of water at full capacity. The reservoir itself provides only 2% of NYC's water supply; the rest of the water comes from the reservoirs to which it connects. The water in the reservoir either provides NYC with water, or it travels down the spillway at the southernmost dam, and continues down the rest of the Bronx river, eventually flowing to the East River. The water that does supply New York City travels down
1320939
Mono–Inyo Craters


formed Mammoth Mountain, a volcano composed of overlapping lava domes. Eruptions of dacite and rhyodacite occurred in Mono Basin from 100,000 to 6,000 years ago. Multiple eruptions of silica-rich rhyolite from 40,000 to 600 years ago built the Mono Craters. Black Point, today on the north shore of Mono Lake, is a flattened volcanic cone of basaltic debris that formed under the surface of a much deeper Mono Lake about 13,300 years ago, during the most-recent glacial period. Several eruptive episodes from 1,600 to 270 years before present
15241516
Rush Creek (Mono County, California)


Lake, Parker and Walker Creeks enter it just above the Narrows. The Narrows is a point where steep cliffs rise up from both sides of the stream, and the Rush Creek Bottomlands extend from the Narrows to Mono Lake. Before 1941, dense riparian vegetation in the Rush Creek Bottomlands supported abundant waterfowl and other wildlife such as mallard, teal, geese, deer, bears, mountain lions, bobcats, and coyotes, while at the mouth of Rush Creek there were large riparian trees, especially aspen and cottonwood. The Bottomlands
9642095
National Audubon Society v. Superior Court


a result, Mono Lake is a navigable water, and the beds, shores, and waters of the lake are protected by the public trust. During the trial the court brought up two cases that dealt with non-navigable waterways. In 1884, the court considered impairment of navigability in the American and Sacramento rivers due to mining on their non-navigable tributaries. Gold Run Ditching and Mining Company used water cannons to wash gold bearing gravel from the hillsides. As a result, 600,000 cubic yards of sand and gravel went
17622449
Mono Lake


, Heinrich (varying repetition), and Milankovich (repeats every 10,000 years). From the compilation of δO data over the past 51,000 years from lakes throughout the Great Basin, including Pyramid Lake, Summer Lake, Owens Lake, and Mono Lake, it has been observed that changes in lake level can be correlated to Dansgaard-Oeschger events. The δO records from these lakes showed oscillations in δO compositions of carbonates from these four lakes. Oscillation between high δO and low δO reflected cold/dry (low lake level with
2746060
Mono Lake


and has been recognized as a site of international importance by the Western Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve Network. Nearly 2,000,000 waterbirds, including 35 species of shorebirds, use Mono Lake to rest and eat for at least part of the year. Some shorebirds that depend on the resources of Mono Lake include American avocets, killdeer and sandpipers. Over 1.5 million eared grebes and phalaropes use Mono Lake during their long migrations. Late every summer tens of thousands of Wilson's phalaropes and red-necked phalaropes arrive from their nesting grounds, and feed until
2746073
Lake Ohrid


be researching the lake in order to determine its age. The lake drains an area of around 2600 km² and is fed primarily by underground springs on the eastern shore (about 50% of total inflow), with roughly 25% shares from rivers and direct precipitation. Over 20% of the lake's water comes from nearby Lake Prespa, about to the southeast and at 150 m higher altitude than Lake Ohrid. The water leaves Lake Prespa trickling through underground watercourses in the karstic landscape, where it is joined by mountain range
17691486
Owens sucker


in the Owens Valley of eastern California and has been introduced into June Lake in the Mono Lake basin and to the Santa Clara River system as a result of a release of water from the Owens River through the Los Angeles Aqueduct. Although the status of the population in the Santa Clara system is uncertain and any introduced fish may hybridise with the Santa Ana sucker ("Catostomus santaanae"). It is abundant in the Crowley Lake with populations in Convict Lake and Lake Sabrina and a population has been established in the Owens River
21515847
Mono–Inyo Craters


, canoeing, skiing, and mountain biking. The Mono–Inyo Craters form a volcanic chain in Eastern California that sits along a narrow north–south-trending fissure system extending from the north shore of Mono Lake through the western Long Valley Caldera, south of Mammoth Mountain. The chain is within the Inyo National Forest and Mono County; the nearest incorporated community is Mammoth Lakes. The craters are in Mono Basin, which is part of the Great Basin geographic area. The Mono Craters are a chain of at least 27
15241500
Lake Hico


the Pearl River. The vast majority of water supply to keep the lake full comes from the pipeline. Lake Hico is near the headwaters of Eubanks Creek, but the creek does not flow through the lake. Hico is an abbreviation for Hinds County, the county in which the lake is situated. The lake is leased to Entergy, the operator of the Rex Brown Plant, by its owner, the State of Mississippi via its trust for 16th section lands. The lease is overseen by Mississippi's Secretary of State, Entergy
1812364
Mono-pitched roof


puts the mono-pitched roof lower than the ceiling height of the main structure. In this case, even though the main roof has a flat ceiling, the mono-pitched part has a sloping or raked ceiling line to maximize the ceiling height. The name lean-to roof comes from this form of addition. Mono-pitched roofs can be used to provide clerestory windows for a hallway or similar room where a row of windows is placed below the edge of the mono-pitched section reaching above the other roof below
21692300
Convict Lake


Convict Lake is a lake located in Mono County, California, United States, situated in the Sherwin Range of the Sierra Nevada mountains. It is known for its turquoise-blue water, the dramatic mountains (including Mount Morrison) that surround it, for the trout fishing it affords, and for its unusual history. The lake, known to the Paiute as "Wit-sa-nap", was renamed by settlers after an incident on September 23, 1871, wherein a group of convicts escaped from prison in Carson
13410890
Mono County, California


skiing and fishing resorts. Located in the middle of the county is Mono Lake, a vital habitat for millions of migratory and nesting birds. The lake is located in a wild natural setting, with pinnacles of tufa arising out of the salty and alkaline lake. Also located in Mono County is Bodie, the official state gold rush ghost town, which is now a California State Historic Park. Mono County was formed in 1861 from parts of Calaveras, Fresno and Mariposa counties. Parts of the county's territory were given to
3607750
Los Angeles Department of Water and Power


, Fillmore, Santa Paula, and San Buenaventura. Mulholland assumed full responsibility for the disaster and retired the next year. The pall of the disaster hung over him until his death in 1935. The LADWP has been a leading actor in the struggle over access to water from the Owens Valley, starting with its initial acquisition of water rights, as well as buying out farms and asserting control over Mono Lake and Owens Lake. The LADWP and William Mulholland played a key role in the development of Hoover Dam and bringing its energy
1191455
Geography of California


is Mono Lake, which is the oldest lake in North America. The Basin and Range also contains the Owens Valley, the deepest valley in North America (more than 10,000 feet (3 km) deep, as measured from the top of Mount Whitney). In the eastern part of the state, below the Sierra Nevada, there is a series of dry lake beds that were filled with water during the last ice age (fed by ice melt from alpine glaciers but never directly affected by glaciation; see pluvial).
14995419
Mono Lake


fly eater". The term "Mono" is derived from "Monachi", a Yokut term for the tribes that live on both the east and west side of the Sierra Nevada. During early contact, the first known Mono Lake Paiute chief was Captain John. He was also referred to by the Paiute names of "Shibana" or "Poko Tucket". Captain John was the son of a Northern Paiute named 'older Captain John.' The Mono tribe has two bands: Eastern and Western. The Eastern Mono
2746076