what is the first paragraph of an essay called
Lead paragraph


A lead paragraph (sometimes shortened to lead; also spelled lede) is the opening paragraph of an article, essay, book chapter, or other written work that summarizes its main ideas. Journalistic leads emphasize grabbing the attention of the reader. In journalism, the failure to mention the most important, interesting or attention-grabbing elements of a story in the first paragraph is sometimes called "burying the lead". Most standard news leads include brief answers to the questions of who, what, why, when, where,
7208590
Five-paragraph essay


. Example: "In the book "Night", Elie Wiesel says..."). After this, the author narrows the discussion of the topic by stating or identifying a problem. Often, an organizational sentence is used here to describe the layout of the paper. Finally, the last sentence of the first paragraph of such an essay would state the thesis the author is trying to prove. The thesis is often linked to a "road map" for the essay, which is basically an embedded outline stating precisely what
10210217
Lead paragraph


and how the key event in the story took place. In newspaper writing, the first paragraph that summarizes or introduces the story is also called the "blurb paragraph", "teaser text" or, in the United Kingdom, the "standfirst". Leads in essays summarize the outline of the argument and conclusion that follows in the main body of the essay. Encyclopedia leads tend to define the subject matter as well as emphasize the interesting points of the article. Features and general articles in magazines tend to be somewhere between
7208591
Five-paragraph essay


The five-paragraph essay is a format of essay having five paragraphs: one introductory paragraph, three body paragraphs with support and development, and one concluding paragraph. Because of this structure, it is also known as a hamburger essay, one three one, or a three-tier essay. The five-paragraph essay is a form of essay having five paragraphs: The introduction serves to inform the reader of the basic premises, and then to state the author's thesis, or central idea. A thesis can also be
10210215
Five-paragraph essay


used to point out the subject of each body paragraph. When a thesis essay is applied to this format, the first paragraph typically consists of a narrative hook, followed by a sentence that introduces the general theme, then another sentence narrowing the focus of the one previous. (If the author is using this format for a text-based thesis, then a sentence quoting the text, supporting the essay-writer's claim, would typically go here, along with the name of the text and the name of the author
10210216
Pilcrow


The pilcrow (¶), also called the paragraph mark, paragraph sign, paraph, alinea (Latin: "a lineā", "off the line"), or blind P, is a typographical character for individual paragraphs. It is present in Unicode as . The pilcrow can be used as an indent for separate paragraphs or to designate a new paragraph in one long piece of copy, as Eric Gill did in his 1930s book "An Essay on Typography". The pilcrow was a type of rubrication used in
16506154
Xul Solar


, an Argentine literary magazine named "Xul" was published. In the essay that accompanied the publication of its anthology, several reasons are given for why the magazine was named as such. The last paragraph of the essay begins, "What should have been first remains for the last: XUL, the name of the magazine, was an homage to Xul Solar, a singularly complex individual, writer among many other things, although he was known mainly as one of the principal plastic artists of Argentina.” "I am
17693121
Schaffer paragraph


The Jane Schaffer paragraph is a five-sentence paragraph developed by Jane Schaffer, used to write essays. The paragraph only makes up one of many paragraphs in an essay, and are more mechanical in nature including the introduction and conclusion. The structure is utilized because it is thought to help students who struggle with paragraph structure and is taught in some U.S. middle schools and in early high school classes. Jane Schaffer paragraphs have some requirements that are as follows: A basic Schaffer paragraph begins with the topic sentence—stating with a
6068354
Schaffer paragraph


topic and an opinion, what the paragraph is about, then followed by a concrete detail, two commentary sentences, and a closing sentence. This is called a one-chunk body paragraph and is the most basic Schaffer model. One of the key elements in the Schaffer program is what is called the "ratio." Ratio is the amount of Concrete Detail in a paragraph compared to the amount of commentary connected to the CD. In the above paragraph the ratio is 1:2. The actual ratio for response to literature is
6068355
Walter Pater


the poems of Dante Gabriel Rossetti, first printed in 1883, a few months after Rossetti's death; "Aesthetic Poetry", a revised version of the William Morris essay of 1868 minus its final paragraphs; and an essay on Thomas Browne, whose mystical, Baroque style Pater admired. The essay on Coleridge reprints "Coleridge's Writings" (1866) but omits its explicitly anti-Christian passages; it adds paragraphs on Coleridge's poetry that Pater had contributed to T.H. Ward's "The English Poets" (1880)
11806920
Paragraph


breaks. A common English usage misconception is that a paragraph has three to five sentences; single-word paragraphs can be seen in some professional writing, and journalists often use single-sentence paragraphs. English students are sometimes taught that a paragraph should have a topic sentence or "main idea", preferably first, and multiple "supporting" or "detail" sentences which explain or supply evidence. One technique of this type, intended for essay writing, is known as the Schaffer paragraph. This advice differs from stock advice
7716484
Topic sentence


In expository writing, a topic sentence is a sentence that summarizes the main idea of a paragraph. It is usually the first sentence in a paragraph. Also known as a focus sentence, it encapsulates or organizes an entire paragraph. Although topic sentences may appear anywhere in a paragraph, in academic essays they often appear at the beginning. The topic sentence acts as a kind of summary, and offers the reader an insightful view of the writer’s main ideas for the following paragraph. More than just being a mere summary,
7655968
Five-paragraph essay


the three body paragraphs will address and giving the items in the order of the presentation. Not to be confused with an organizational sentence, a thesis merely states "The book "Night" follows Elie Wiesel's journey from innocence to experience," while an organizational sentence directly states the structure and order of the essay. Basically, the thesis statement should be proven throughout the essay. In each of the three body paragraphs one or more identified (evidence/fact/etc.) that supports the thesis statement is discussed.
10210218
Answering the Question: What is Enlightenment?


engage the clergy any longer when marriages are conducted" (April 1783) and a number of leading intellectuals replied with essays, of which Kant's is the most famous and has had the most impact. Kant's opening paragraph of the essay is a much-cited definition of a lack of Enlightenment as people's inability to think for themselves due not to their lack of intellect, but lack of courage. Kant's essay also addressed the causes of a lack of enlightenment and the preconditions necessary to make it possible for people
7737335
John Hersey


what happened at Hiroshima". John Hersey has been called a "compulsive plagiarist." For instance, he used complete paragraphs from the James Agee biography by Laurence Bergreen in his own "New Yorker" essay about Agee. Half of his book, "Men on Bataan" came from work filed for "Time" by Melville Jacoby and his wife. A longtime resident of Vineyard Haven, Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts – chronicled in his 1987 work "Blues" – John Hersey died at his winter home in Key West
1732412
Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind, Peopling of Countries, etc.


quotes paragraph 22 of the essay, with attribution, in his 1802 work "An Essay on the Principle of Population". Through Malthus, the essay is said to have influenced Charles Darwin. Conway Zirkle has noted that "Franklin is really the source of Darwin's inspiration, for he gave Malthus the clue to the theory of population we now call Malthusian, and Malthus... gave Darwin the clue which led to the discovery of natural selection." While the essay was an important contribution to economics and population growth, recent
6343304
Inverted pyramid (journalism)


than more interpretive narrative styles. Chip Scanlan's essay on the form includes this frequently cited example of telegraphic reporting: Who, when, where, why, what, and how are addressed in the first paragraph. As the article continues, the less important details are presented. An even more pyramid-conscious reporter or editor would move two additional details to the first two sentences: That the shot was to the head, and that it was expected to prove fatal. The transitional sentence about the Grants suggests that less-
9495305
The Poet (essay)


world: In the essay, Emerson expresses the need for the United States to have its own new and unique poet to write about the new country's virtues and vices: The final lines in the essay read as follows: The essay offers a profound look at the poem and its role in society. In a paragraph mid-essay, Emerson observes: The essay played an instrumental role in the 1855 appearance of the first edition of Walt Whitman's collection of poems, "Leaves of Grass." After reading the essay
15293281
News style


subjects, making the piece more personal. A feature's first paragraphs often relate an intriguing moment or event, as in an "anecdotal lead". From the particulars of a person or episode, its view quickly broadens to generalities about the story's subject. The section that signals what a feature is about is called the "nut graph" or "billboard". Billboards appear as the third or fourth paragraph from the top, and may be up to two paragraphs long. Unlike a lead, a billboard rarely gives
3108427
Dream Children (Elgar)


at the Queen's Hall on 4 September 1902, conducted by Arthur W Payne. The pieces are inspired by ‘Dream-Children ; A Reverie’, one of the "Essays of Elia" by Charles Lamb published in 1822, and Elgar inscribed on the score the following excerpt from the essay. The essay is in one paragraph of over four pages: the writer imagines telling his 'little ones', called Alice and John, some tales of their great-grandmother Field and her house, and of his own
10311429
United States gravity control propulsion research


-winning Gravity Research Foundation essay; the book "Gravity and the Universe" by Pascual Jordan; and presentations to the International Astronautical Federation by Dr. Burkhard Heim. DeWitt's essay discouraged the pursuit of materials that shield, reflect, and/or insulate gravity and emphasized the need to encourage young physicists to pursue gravitational research. He opened his essay with the following paragraph: Several articles cited his essay during and after the gravity control propulsion research period. Within a few years facilities emerged embodying the theme of DeWitt's call for increased stimuli
7749359
Thoughts for the Times on War and Death


Thoughts for the Time of War and Death () is a set of twin essays written by Sigmund Freud in 1915, six months after the outbreak of World War I. The essays express discontent and disillusionment with human nature and human society in the aftermath of the hostilities; and generated much interest among lay readers of Freud. The first essay addressed the widespread disillusionment brought on by the collapse of the Pax Britannica of the preceding century — what Freud called "the common civilization of peacetime". The second essay addressed what Freud called
19235464
The World's Last Night and Other Essays


's Last Night?" raises the question of how we should live if the world were ending today. Originally entitled "Christian Hope--Its Meaning for Today," this essay was first printed in the periodical "Religion in Life" (Winter 1952-53). Its purpose is stated in the first paragraph of the essay: "I shall endeavor to deal with some of the thoughts that may deter modern men from a firm belief in, or a due attention to, the return or Second Coming of the Saviour
7337405
Donald Davie's Some Notes on Rhythm in Verse


Some Notes on Rhythm in Verse by Donald Davie first appeared in the "Agenda" poetry journal, in the Autumn / Winter issue 1972–73, and was later collected in his book of essays and interviews, "Trying To Explain." It is a short piece comprising seven numbered paragraphs. He makes a case for scansion being 'a sort of crutch or scaffolding in the act of composition'. The first paragraph states that the boundary between free verse and metred verse is 'smudged'. He writes: "If you
5165015
Phallos (novella)


Phallos (2004) is a novella by American writer Samuel R. Delany, published by Bamberger Books. It was reissued by Wesleyan University Press in 2013. "Phallos" takes the form of a modern online essay recounting the history and giving a synopsis of a nonexistent novel also called "Phallos", set in the Mediterranean during the reign of Roman Emperor Hadrian. As Delany's Nevèrÿon series, "Phallos" uses a frame story — a double frame, in fact. The first is a brief trio of paragraphs telling of
6063929
Paragraph


mark a pause, setting the paragraph apart from what precedes it. If a paragraph is preceded by a title or subhead, the indent is superfluous and can therefore be omitted. "The Elements of Typographic Style" states that "at least one en [space]" should be used to indent paragraphs after the first, noting that that is the "practical minimum". An em space is the most commonly used paragraph indent. Miles Tinker, in his book "Legibility of Print", concluded that indenting the first
7716478
Visual literacy in education


, time lines, webs, trees and tables. Moline claims that the strategy he calls recomposing assists in essay planning and comprehension. Recomposing is described as reading information in a lexical format (such as a paragraph of sentences) and summarizing it in a visual format (such as a flowchart or table). The visual text then forms the framework for the child when writing her/his essay on the topic. Computers have become a major part of society. People must learn to communicate through images, as technology continues to
2415172
Common English usage misconceptions


"Every paragraph must be indented". Professionally printed material does not always have an indented first paragraph. Robert Bringhurst states that we should "Set opening paragraphs flush left" and explains as follows: "The function of a paragraph is to mark a pause, setting the paragraph apart from what precedes it. If a paragraph is preceded by a title or subhead, the indent is superfluous and can therefore be omitted." Misconception: "Paragraphs must comprise at least three sentences". This is not true. Richard Nordquist
13595552
Finding Forrester


an envelope and gives it to Forrester. Jamal attends the school contest. During the readings by other students, Forrester appears, announces himself and receives permission to read an essay that draws overwhelming applause from the students. As Crawford is praising the work, Forrester acknowledges his friendship with Jamal and reveals that the essay he had just read was written by Jamal. He also explains that Jamal had written the contest essay using the published title and first paragraph with permission. Crawford adamantly states that this will not change any of the board
1149394
The Harvey School


of study skills is an integral part of the Middle School's curriculum. Sixth-grade students focus primarily on organization-related, time management, and note-taking strategies. Seventh-grade students work on improving their reading-for-meaning skills, note-taking strategies, and developing an understanding of the five-paragraph essay. Finally, in eighth grade, students focus on critical thinking, mastering the five-paragraph essay and the development of a research paper. A typical Middle School program includes the following:
7450227
Paragraph


use a device to separate certain paragraphs further when there is a change of scene or time. This extra space, especially when co-occurring at a page or section break, may contain an asterisk, three asterisks, a special stylistic dingbat, or a special symbol known as an asterism. The crafting of clear, coherent paragraphs is the subject of considerable stylistic debate. The form varies among different types of writing. For example, newspapers, scientific journals, and fictional essays have somewhat different conventions for the placement of paragraph
7716483
Five-paragraph essay


And in the conclusion everything is analyzed and summed up.. For example, conclusion part in essay about sports: "Sports can bring a bunch of benefits for youth, including general health, together with blood circulation and overall physical stamina improvement. Sport develops and improves people’s physical, social, and organizational skills, which are beneficial in personal and professional life and must always be obtained." According to Thomas E. Nunnally and Kimberly Wesley, most teachers and professors consider the five-paragraph form ultimately restricting for fully developing an
10210219
Lyric essay


Lyric Essay is a contemporary creative nonfiction form which combines qualities of poetry, essay, memoir, and research writing, while also breaking the boundaries of the traditional five-paragraph essay. As a genre unto itself, the lyric essay tends to combine conventions of many different genres. Proponents of the lyric essay classification insist it differs from prose poetry in its reliance on association rather than line breaks and juxtaposition. The lyric essay is a hybrid form, combining formal aspects of poetry and prose. Lyric essays are unique in their reliance
6318137
Walter Pater


; the Botticelli essay was the first in English on this painter, contributing to the revival of interest in this artist. An essay on "The School of Giorgione" ("Fortnightly Review", 1877), added to the third edition (1888), contains Pater's much-quoted maxim "All art constantly aspires towards the condition of music" (i.e. the arts seek to unify subject-matter and form, and music is the only art in which subject and form are seemingly one). The final paragraphs
11806901
Federalist No. 62


Federalist No. 62 is an essay by James Madison, the sixty-second of "The Federalist Papers". It was published on February 27, 1788 under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all "The Federalist" papers were published. This is the first of two essays by Madison detailing, and seeking to justify, the organization of the United States Senate. It is titled "The Senate". Five key considerations are brought up in the introductory paragraph, of which only three and a part of the
12098590
Widows and orphans


In typesetting, widows and orphans are lines at the beginning or end of a paragraph which are left dangling at the top or bottom of a page or column, separated from the rest of the paragraph. (The typographer's terms for the top and bottom of a page or column are "head" and "foot".) There is some disagreement about the definitions of widow and orphan; what one source calls a widow another calls an orphan. "The Chicago Manual of Style" provides these definitions: A common
12300009
John Anstis


of each paragraph, together with the names of the companions and of the knights nominated in scrutinies, beautifully embellished with gold, placed on squares of gold and azure alternately...It hath been shewn in the introduction when and by whom this register was compiled and from what materials it was collected. In the following year he interested Robert Walpole in a plan for a new order of chivalry based on a revival of the medieval Order of the Bath. This led to his "Observations Introductory to an Historical Essay on the Knighthood of
11635302
Thesis statement


New York for three reasons," the fact that I love New York is the topic, and "three reasons" are an indirect thesis statement. The essay will contain the three reasons. If I write, "I love New York because of the food, the jazz clubs and the Broadway Shows," that's a direct thesis statement that tells what each section or body paragraph is going to be about. The thesis statement is developed, supported, and explained in the course of the paper by means of examples
15454672
Canon of Sherlock Holmes


Collier's Weekly", in which Doyle explains exactly where Holmes came from. It contains, at the end, J. M. Barrie’s "The Adventure of the Two Collaborators". This appeared in "The Strand Magazine" to introduce a competition to name the best Sherlock Holmes adventures. The same essay, with two paragraphs cut, appears as the preface to "The Case-Book of Sherlock Holmes". This is the sequel to the article mentioned above. In it, Conan Doyle listed what he thought were the
19540136
Modern Fiction (essay)


"Modern Fiction" is an essay by Virginia Woolf. The essay was written in 1919 but published in 1921 with a series of short stories called "Monday or Tuesday". The essay is a criticism of writers and literature from the previous generation. It also acts as a guide for writers of modern fiction to write what they feel, not what society or publishers want them to write. In "Modern Fiction", Woolf elucidates upon what she understands modern fiction to be. Woolf states that a writer should write what
8644285
Hind's Kidnap


on campus or in anything connected with his students. He has an affair with one of the students, Laura Rosenblum, and naturally discusses the Laurel case with her. But her final essay for the course refers to the kidnapping in ways that taunt Hind: "Call the kidnapers Sylvia and Jack, Mr. Hind, call the kid May... how like our own life is this event!" The chapter ends with Hind concluding he should return to Sylvia. A long monologue by Sylvia. Almost every paragraph begins with a "
2355505
Process theory of composition


writing classroom. Emig, in her book, The Composing Processes of Twelfth Graders, broke down writing into distinct parts; these were later simplified into a basic three-step process by Murray: prewriting, writing, and rewriting (also called "revision"). Process also gained prominence in the collegiate world as a reaction against the formalism composition methods, sometimes called "current-traditional" methods, that encouraged adherence to established modes of writing, such as the five-paragraph essay. Process can be taught using a
6245246
California High School Exit Exam


ELA) and mathematics. The English section includes about 80 multiple-choice questions and requires students to write one or two multi-paragraph essays. The essay portion provides a question that will prompt the student to write a persuasive essay, a business letter, a biography, a reaction to literature, or an analysis on the subject of the question. For example, in 2002, one group of students was asked to write an essay that persuaded people not to leave trash on the school grounds. Essay questions change with each
381636
Psychotic Reactions and Carburetor Dung (essay)


"Psychotic Reactions and Carburetor Dung" was a 1971 essay by Lester Bangs, later collected in a (). The essay, which talks about what is today called garage rock, contains the phrase, "...punk bands started cropping up who were writing their own songs but taking the Yardbirds' sound." This is believed to be one of the first uses of the word "punk" to refer to a type of rock music. A large section of the essay is concerned with the imagined longer career of the
11878012
Xiao Yu


Chang'an, and he became known for studiousness and proper actions there. He was particularly attentive in studying Buddhist sutras and became a devout Buddhist, spending much of his time discussing Buddhism with monks. Displeased with the work "Essay on Predestination" (辯命論, "Bianming Lun"), authored by the Liang Dynasty author Liu Xiaobiao (劉孝標), he wrote a work entitled, "Essay on Non-Predestination" (非辯命論, "Fei Bianming Lun") intended to refute it. (Only the first paragraph of
8099597
Stephen Jay Gould


known through his popular essays on evolution in the "Natural History" magazine. His essays were published in a series entitled "This View of Life" (a phrase from the concluding paragraph of Charles Darwin's "Origin of Species") from January 1974 to January 2001, amounting to a continuous publication of 300 essays. Many of his essays were reprinted in collected volumes that became bestselling books such as "Ever Since Darwin" and "The Panda's Thumb", "Hen's Teeth and Horse's Toes",
8285227
Squeak Carnwath


matter: Text appears in many of Carnwath's paintings, works on paper, and prints. In an interview with Bart Schneider, she explained " Language kind of messes things up. That's what I like about it. I like that it slows us down. It's incremental. First the letters, then the words, then a phrase, a sentence, a paragraph. Language confounds the image. It calls into question what we think we already know." During the 1990s, Carnwath created series of list paintings
9699082
Suspiria de Profundis


Suspiria de profundis (a Latin phrase meaning "sighs from the depths") is one of the best-known and most distinctive literary works of the English essayist Thomas De Quincey. First published in fragmentary form in 1845, the work is a collection of short essays in psychological fantasy — what De Quincey himself called "impassioned prose," and what is now termed prose poetry. The essays of the "Suspiria" "are among the finest examples of De Quincey's or anyone else's English style." "Some
12009811
Paul Goodman


the many important cultural springboards for the emerging gay liberation movement of the early 1970s. He viewed sexual relationships between males as natural, normal, and healthy. In discussing his own sexual relationships, he acknowledged that public opinion would condemn him, but countered that "what is really obscene is the way our society makes us feel shameful and like criminals for doing human things that we really need." In "Politics and the English Language," George Orwell quotes a paragraph from Goodman's essay "The Political Meaning of Some
15073927
The Picture in the House


." Peter Cannon has pointed to parallels between "The Picture in the House" and Arthur Conan Doyle's "The Adventure of the Copper Beeches". A phrase from the story's opening paragraph provided the title for "An Epicure of the Terrible: A Centennial Anthology of Essays in Honor of H. P. Lovecraft", edited by S. T. Joshi. Colin Wilson called the story "a nearly convincing sketch of sadism". In a 1986 discussion of Lovecraft's work, Joanna Russ dismissed "The Picture in the House
21607716
Theories of rhetoric and composition pedagogy


students to write an essay on bicycles; the expected outcome is an objective discussion of bicycles organized in a five-paragraph essay, the identity of the audience or the writer is not to be considered, and the goal is the final product—the “essay”— which should have no errors (or even intentional boundary-breakers) in grammar, spelling, or design. James Berlin and Robert Inkster examine typical CTR textbooks and evaluate their limited approach to teaching composition, concluding that CTR limits “discovery procedures,”
12740521
Hans Kelsen


Law with Particular Regard to Punishment of War Criminals', 31 "California Law Review", p 530, and in 1944 by his essay, "The Rule Against Ex Post Facto and the Prosecution of the Axis War Criminals," which appeared in "The Judge Advocate Journal", Issue 8. In Kelsen's companion 1948 essay for "J.Y.B.I.L." to his 1943 "[...]War Criminals" essay cited in the above paragraph titled, "Collective and Individual Responsibility for Acts of State in International Law,"
9855128
Evangelii gaudium


everything"... "the path of a pastoral and missionary conversion which cannot leave things as they presently are." (paragraph 25) In regard to what he perceives is a current negative dependence on over-centralization in the Church's structure as opposed to an open and missionary spirit flowing through every level, he writes, "I too must think about a conversion of the papacy... The papacy and the central structures of the universal Church also need to hear the call to pastoral conversion." (paragraph 32)
14253428
Topic sentence


what went before and does not signal what is to come. It merely hints that something new is about to be introduced. Example: Pivot topic sentences will come somewhere in the middle of a paragraph, and usually announce that the content will be changing in a different direction. These are often used when there are two differing opinions about something or when two "experts" are being quoted or referred to that may have a different opinion or approach to something. A paragraph may begin something like this: The first part of
7655972
Postscript


A postscript (P.S.) is an afterthought, thought that's occurring after the letter has been written and signed. The term comes from the Latin "post scriptum", an expression meaning "written after" (which may be interpreted in the sense of "that which comes after the writing"). A postscript may be a sentence, a paragraph, or occasionally many paragraphs added, often hastily and incidentally, after the signature of a letter or (sometimes) the main body of an essay or book. In
4838014
Essay


aimed at presenting objective analysis of the subject matter, narrowed down to a single topic. The main idea of all the criticism is to provide an opinion either of positive or negative implication. As such, a critical essay requires research and analysis, strong internal logic and sharp structure. Its structure normally builds around introduction with a topic's relevance and a thesis statement, body paragraphs with arguments linking back to the main thesis, and conclusion. In addition, an argumentative essay may include a refutation section where conflicting ideas are acknowledged
10320606
Parody generator


Parody generators are computer programs which generate text that is syntactically correct, but usually meaningless, often in the style of a technical paper or a particular writer. They are also called travesty generators and random text generators. Their purpose is often satirical, intending to show that there is little difference between the generated text and real examples. Many work by using techniques such as Markov chains to reprocess real text examples; alternatively, they may be hand-coded. Generated texts can vary from essay length to paragraphs and tweets. (
794244
Principle of transformation groups


) and a tail (T). Denote this information by "I". You are then asked "what is the probability of Heads?". Call this "problem 1" and denote the probability "P(H|I)". Consider another question "what is the probability of Tails?". Call this "problem 2" and denote this probability by "P(T|I)". Now from the information which was actually in the question, there is no distinction between heads and tails. The whole paragraph above could be
13388183
Judith Curry


change. Curry has stated she is troubled by what she calls the "tribal nature" of parts of the climate-science community, and what she sees as stonewalling over the release of data and its analysis for independent review. In February 2010 Curry published an essay called "On the Credibility of Climate Change, Towards Rebuilding Trust" on Watts Up With That? and other blogs. Writing in "The New York Times", Andrew Revkin calls the essay a message to young scientists who may have been disheartened by the
17006273
Form and document creation


sections, captions, paragraphs, and bulleted lists". When considering abstract structure in planning a form or document, a technical communicator must also look at what Richard Power, Nadjet Bouayad-Agha, and Donia Scott call document structure: "the organization of a document into graphical constituents like sections, paragraphs, sentences, bulleted lists, and figures". This document structure also goes hand-in-hand with the human-centered design aspect of visualization as pertaining to form and document creation. Technical communicators should look at
6883529
United Nations General Assembly Resolution 377


12, paragraph 1, which says that when the Security Council is considering these questions or exercising its functions in respect thereof, the General Assembly shall not make any recommendation... The other exception is in the last sentence of Article 11, paragraph 2, which says that if a question which may be considered by the General Assembly calls for enforcement action ... then it must necessarily be referred to the Security Council... But there is a basic reservation... It is that ... the General Assembly may decide, what measures "not involving
9467149
Robert Kagan


paragraph by paragraph." That essay was excerpted from his book, "The World America Made" (2012). John Bew and Kagan lectured on March 27, 2014, on Realpolitik and American exceptionalism at the Library of Congress. In February 2016, Kagan publicly left the Republican party (referring to himself as a "former Republican") and endorsed Democrat Hillary Clinton for president and argued that the Republican Party's "wild obstructionism" and an insistence that "government, institutions, political traditions, party leadership and even
1231832
An Essay on Man


contrast to the first book would focus on subjects such as human reason, the practical and impractical aspects of varied arts and sciences, human talent, the use of learning, the science of the world, and wit, together with "a satire against the misapplication" of those same disciplines. The third book would discuss politics and religion, while the fourth book was concerned with "private ethics" or "practical morality." The following passage, taken from the first two paragraphs of the opening verse of the second epistle
11124530
Bible Student movement


undesirable behavior continued. Disfellowshipping did not mean the wrongdoer was to be shunned in all social circumstances or by all Bible Students, though fellowship would be limited. From 1895, Russell encouraged congregations to study his Bible textbook series, "Studies in the Scriptures", paragraph by paragraph to properly discern God's plan for humanity. In 1905 he recommended replacing verse-by-verse Bible studies with what he called "Berean Studies" of topics he chose. The Watch Tower Society opened overseas branches in London (1900),
16580750
History of Jehovah's Witnesses


meekness and Bible knowledge, who would visit congregations for up to three days when requested, giving talks. The pilgrims, who initially served part-time but later became full-time workers, also delivered talks at conventions. From 1895, he recommended that congregations study his "Studies in the Scriptures" paragraph-by-paragraph to learn the "truth" he had discovered, and in 1905 he recommended replacing verse-by-verse Bible studies with what he called "Berean Studies" of topics he chose. Russell
5206453
General Scholium


first edition (1687). In the essay Newton not only counters the natural philosophy of René Descartes and Gottfried Leibniz, but also addresses issues of scientific methodology, theology, and metaphysics. In the first paragraph of the General Scholium, Newton attacks René Descartes' model of the solar system. Descartes and his supporters were followers of mechanical philosophy, a form of natural philosophy popular in the 17th century which maintained that nature and natural beings act similar to machines. In his book "The World", Descartes suggests that the
12078809
Human, All Too Human


began work on "Human, All Too Human". Unlike his first book, "The Birth of Tragedy", which was written in essay style, "Human, All Too Human" is a collection of aphorisms, a style which he would use in many of his subsequent works. The aphorisms of "Human, All Too Human" range from a few words to a few pages, but most are short paragraphs. The first installment’s 638 aphorisms are divided into nine sections by subject, and a short poem
20972177
Mark Slouka


his book "Essays from the Nick of Time", Slouka argues that "The humanities are a superb delivery mechanism for what we might call democratic values" In one of the essays, "Quitting the Paint Factory", he states, "Idleness is ... requisite to the construction of a complete human being; ... allowing us time to figure out who we are, and what we believe; by allowing us time to consider what is unjust, and what we might do about it." His third novel (published
16779737
Paragraph (journal)


Paragraph is a peer reviewed academic journal that publishes essays and review articles which explore critical theory and its application to literature, other arts, and society. It is published three times a year, in March, July and November, by Edinburgh University Press. The journal was established in 1983 as the publication of the Modern Critical Theory Group, which was founded to provide a forum to discuss the intellectual movements which came out of Paris in the 1960s and 1970s. In 1986 Oxford University Press took over publication of the journal and
12232821
Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind, Peopling of Countries, etc.


attention has focused on the final two paragraphs. Franklin was alarmed by the influx of German immigrants to Pennsylvania. The German immigrants were lacking in a liberal political tradition, the English language, and English culture. In Paragraph 23 of the essay, Franklin wrote "why should the Palatine Boors be suffered to swarm into our settlements, and by herding together establish their languages and manners to the exclusion of ours? Why should Pennsylvania, founded by the English, become a colony of Aliens, who will shortly be so numerous as
6343305
Lyric essay


, the lyric essay is open to exploration and experimentation, and allows for the discovery of an authentic narrative voice. The lyric essay can take on any theme or topic, often containing what Lia Purpura calls "provisional responses," as opposed to certitude. The lyric essay can contain arguments, but typically subversive or subversively argued ones. Lyric essays often rely on research and references, and can be interdisciplinary in their research methods and content. Lyric essays often consist of conversational digressions, due to its lack of a restrictive form
6318139
The English Mail-Coach


The English Mail-Coach is an essay by the English author Thomas De Quincey. A "three-part masterpiece" and "one of his most magnificent works," it first appeared in 1849 in "Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine", in the October (Part I) and December (Parts II and III) issues. The essay is divided into three sections: "The English Mail-Coach" is one of De Quincey's endeavors at writing what he called "impassioned prose," like his "Confessions of
10318271
Opening sentence


At the beginning of a written work stands the opening sentence. The opening line is part or all of the opening sentence that may start the lead paragraph. For older texts the Latin term "incipit" (it begins) is in use for the very first words of the opening sentence. As in speech, a personal document such as a letter normally starts with a salutation; this, however, tends not to be the case in documents, articles, essays, poetry, lyrics, and general works of fiction and
9768484
Philosophical Investigations


philosophical works of the 20th century. The book paved the way for the ordinary language philosophy that dominated Oxford philosophy in the middle of the twentieth century and also influenced pragmatism. The work continues to influence contemporary philosophers working in the philosophy of language and mind. "Philosophical Investigations" is divided into two parts, consisting of what Wittgenstein calls, in the preface, "Bemerkungen", translated by Anscombe as "remarks". In the first part, the remarks are rarely more than a paragraph long and are numbered sequentially by
4151286
Historikerstreit


accused Habermas of seeking to impose a left-wing moral understanding on the Nazi period on Germans and of creating a “moral” "Sondergericht" (Special Court). Fleischer argued that Nolte was only seeking the "historicization" of National Socialism that Martin Broszat had called for in a 1985 essay by trying to understand what caused National Socialism, with a special focus on the fear of Communism. The German historian Jürgen Kocka in an essay first published in "Die Zeit" on September 26, 1986 contended against Nolte that
10169996
George Green (mathematician)


George Green (14 July 1793 – 31 May 1841) was a British mathematical physicist who wrote "An Essay on the Application of Mathematical Analysis to the Theories of Electricity and Magnetism" (Green, 1828). The essay introduced several important concepts, among them a theorem similar to the modern Green's theorem, the idea of potential functions as currently used in physics, and the concept of what are now called Green's functions. Green was the first person to create a mathematical theory of electricity and magnetism and his theory
11481922
Nomad (magazine)


for statements of literary philosophy. The issue included one of Bukowski's best known essays, "Manifesto: A Call for Own Critics." It also featured, among others, a contribution by William Burroughs, who contributed a selection from "Minutes to Go". In the magazine's last issue, "Nomad/New York", a special double issue (10/11, Autumn 1962), Factor wrote one of the first essays on what would become known as Pop art, though he did not use term. The
13273290
Blaise Pascal


that he alone would educate his children, for they all showed extraordinary intellectual ability, particularly his son Blaise. The young Pascal showed an amazing aptitude for mathematics and science. Particularly of interest to Pascal was a work of Desargues on conic sections. Following Desargues' thinking, the 16-year-old Pascal produced, as a means of proof, a short treatise on what was called the "Mystic Hexagram", "Essai pour les coniques" ("Essay on Conics") and sent it—his first serious work of
3692734
Alexander Cockburn


writers. In 1987 he completed what would be the first of a series of books composed of columns, diary entries, letters, and essays from 1976 over the preceding decade. It was called "Corruptions of Empire" (1988) and its cover featured a portrayal of Admiral George Cockburn torching the White House with slaves escaping. To follow up, Cockburn published "The Golden Age Is In Us: Journeys and Encounters" (1995) in much the same mode, combining diary entries with columns, essays, and letters
5728505
Maariv


it is now customary for the congregation to recite the middle part before the leader does so. This blessing is omitted on the first night of Passover, because that is considered a "time of protection". During the "Maariv" service following Shabbat, several additions are made. A paragraph called ""Ata Chonantanu"" is inserted into the fourth blessing of the Amidah. The recitation of this paragraph officially ends Shabbat. One who forgets to recite this paragraph may also end Shabbat through Havdalah or by saying the words
6202655
Psychohistory


In the opening paragraph of his seminal essay "The Evolution of Childhood" (first article in "The History of Childhood"), DeMause states: The history of childhood is a nightmare from which we have only recently begun to awaken. The further back in history one goes, the lower the level of childcare, and the more likely children are to be killed, abandoned, beaten, terrorized and sexually abused. There is notwithstanding an optimistic trait in the field. In a world of "helping mode" parents,
5198219
What Is This Thing Called Love? (short story)


telling how a sex-interested alien and humans might "really" interact. The story appeared in the March 1961 issue of "Amazing" as "Playboy and the Slime God", but when Asimov included it in his 1969 collection "Nightfall and Other Stories" he retitled it "What Is This Thing Called Love?" Goldsmith Lalli rewrote the story's last three paragraphs, a change Asimov regarded as a great improvement, and which he kept. Non-human aliens from the other end of the Galaxy visit Earth
3311783
The Magical Monarch of Mo


Mo is called Phunniland or Phunnyland, but aside from the last paragraph of the first chapter, they are essentially the same book. It is illustrated by Frank Ver Beck. "Mo" is much more of a nonsense book than "Oz", bringing to mind Lewis Carroll's "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland", which is probably what the original title referred to. Each chapter is a different story, unlike Baum's other books, which are full-length stories. They do, however have a general throughline
10258418
Hawksmoor (novel)


his "shadow" or dark emanation. In his last, 20th-century reincarnation, Dyer's evil emanation is embodied by the tramp called "The Architect", his good or rational side, by Nicholas Hawksmoor. The text expresses their final unification in the last paragraph of the novel when only one person speaks: What is said is separated by a wide blank on the page, indicating change of narrative level. The duality expressed in the change of narrative voices in the successive chapters is overcome by a first-person
15114132
Enterprise client-server backup


paragraph is the "two-tier" configuration (in , the second-tier backup server program is named "server" preceded by the name of the application, and first-tier "agents" are backing up interactive server applications). That configuration controls the backup server program via either an integrated GUI or a separate Administration Console. In some client-server backup applications, a "three-tier" configuration splits off the backup and restore functions of the server program to run on what are called media servers—
20414918
Bombay Samachar


Indian journal was in those days. The first sheet consists of advertisements, two of these being about things lost, and one about the sale of some property, all relating to Parsis. Then follows what may be called an article on "Ourselves". Then there are four columns of short paragraphs about Government and Court appointments and changes, and powers of attorney taken from the court; about the arrival and departure of ships and of Europeans from Mumbai; and a list of European deaths; as well as of ships loading
919529
150th anniversary of Canada


2017, the National Film Board of Canada (NFB) launched a four-part online series entitled "1 Nation. 4 Lenses", exploring Canadian stories through films from the NFB collection. The first chapter, "What We Call Home," examines how Canadians define home. Subsequent chapters are "What We Protect" (launching April), "What We Seek" (June) and "What We Fight For" (September). It also published "Legacies 150"—a series of 13 interactive essays on themes of
12993213
Characters of Shakespear's Plays


Examiner", first published on 26 November 1815, with a concluding paragraph tacked on from a drama review, also published in the "Examiner", on 21 January 1816. There was material from other essays. Most of "Shakespear's Exact Discrimination of Nearly Similar Characters" (the "Examiner", 12 May 1816) made its way into the chapters on "King Henry IV", "King Henry VI", and "Othello". Portions of "Shakespear's Female Characters" (the "Examiner"
19612500
Barometer question


Niels Bohr, and includes the following answers: Professor of physics Mark Silverman used what he called "The Barometer-Story formula" precisely for explaining the subject of pressure and recommended it to physics teachers. Silverman called Calandra's story "a delightful essay that I habitually read to my class whenever we study fluids ... the essay is short, hilarious and satisfying (at least to me and my class)." Financial advisor Robert G. Allen presented Calandra's essay to illustrate the process and role of creativity in finance. "
18744753
The World's Last Night and Other Essays


in other worlds takes us into the imaginative narrative that comprises Lewis's Ransom Trilogy, especially "Out of the Silent Planet" and "Perelandra". One paragraph of the essay in particular, beginning with the words “It is interesting to wonder…,” imagines the scenario that Lewis spells out in "Out of the Silent Planet". We find Lewis speculating that the vast distances in the universe are “God’s quarantine precautions,” designed to prevent the rest of the universe from being contaminated by the corruption of
7337403
Identity management theory


competent in developing intercultural relationships, the following three phases have to be passed: Cupach and Imahori call these phases "cyclical" as they are gone through by intercultural communicators for each aspect of their identities. Erving Goffman is an author off of which the originators of IMT based their theory. Goffman was a well-known sociologist and writer and the most cited sociologist from his writings because of what he studied in communication. Among the six essays that make up Goffman's book, the first essay shows an individual's self-
1592152
Down to Earth (comics)


"Down to Earth" is a Wonder Woman story arc, marking the start of writer Greg Rucka's four-year run on "Wonder Woman" (Vol. 2). A new member joins the Themysciran Embassy, by the name of Jonah McCarthy. As people hear other people talk about who and what Wonder Woman is from their point of view, preparations are underway for Wonder Woman to release her first book called "Reflections: A Collection of Essays and Speeches", which contains poems and essays reinforcing her "
19223866
Nut graph


In journalism, a nut graph (nutshell paragraph) is a paragraph that explains the context of the story. The term is also spelled nut graf, nut 'graph, nutgraph, and nutgraf. In most news stories, the essential facts of a story are included in the lede, the first sentence or two of the story. Good ledes try to answer who, what, when, where, why, and how as quickly as possible. The nut graf, which often will start in the third, fourth,
5738435
Midnight's Children


Bombay (now Mumbai), Lahore and Dhaka. Nicholas Stewart in his essay, "Magic realism in relation to the post-colonial and Midnight's Children," argues that the "narrative framework of "Midnight's Children" consists of a tale – comprising his life story – which Saleem Sinai recounts orally to his wife-to-be Padma. This self-referential narrative (within a single paragraph Saleem refers to himself in the first person: ″And I, wishing upon myself the curse of Nadir Khan."
17336962
The Right to Privacy (article)


, excluding citations. Warren and Brandeis begin their article by introducing the fundamental principle that "the individual shall have full protection in person and in property." They acknowledge that this is a fluid principle that has been reconfigured over the centuries as a result of political, social, and economic change. The first three paragraphs of the essay describe the development of the common law with regard to life and property. Originally, the common law "right to life" only provided a remedy for physical interference with life and property.
2355523
The Hedgehog and the Fox


Maistre held violently contrasting views on more superficial matters, they held some profoundly similar views about the fundamental nature of existence and the limits of a rational, scientific approach to it. In the final few paragraphs of the essay, Berlin reasserts his thesis that Tolstoy was by nature a fox but by conviction a hedgehog and goes on to say that the division within himself caused him great pain at the end of his life. The essay has been published separately and as part of the collection "Russian Thinkers", edited by Henry
13241511
Cotton Mather


and withal so much more generous to our ancestors than I can find it in my conscience to deem fair, that I should be less than honest did I not seize this earliest opportunity share with you the reasons for my doubts…" (In referring to "ancestors" Burr primarily means the Mathers, as is made clear in the substance of the essay.) The final paragraph of Burr's 1911 essay pushes these men's debate into the realm of a progressive creed … I fear that they who begin by excusing their
7416506
Automated essay scoring


that five of the eight datasets consisted of paragraphs rather than essays, four of the eight data sets were graded by human readers for content only rather than for writing ability, and that rather than measuring human readers and the AES machines against the "true score", the average of the two readers' scores, the study employed an artificial construct, the "resolved score", which in four datasets consisted of the higher of the two human scores if there was a disagreement. This last practice, in particular, gave
9913120
The World's Last Night and Other Essays


in the U.K. in "Fern-seed and Elephants and other essays on Christianity" (1975). All the pieces were later collected in the comprehensive "Essay Collection and Other Short Pieces" (2000). What did Lewis think of the possibility of discovering life on other planets? What implications might such a discovery have for Christian theology? Originally published in the "Christian Herald" and entitled “Will We Lose God in Outer Space,” Lewis's essay on the subject was first published in 1958 and later became
7337394
Paragraph 175


left failed to achieve the abolition of Paragraph 175, because they lacked a majority in the Reichstag. The plans of a center-right regime in 1925 to increase the penalties of Paragraph 175 came closer to fruition; but they, too, failed. In addition to paragraph 296 (which corresponded to the old paragraph 175), their proposed reform draft provided for a paragraph 297 to be included. The plan was that so-called "qualified cases" such as homosexual prostitution, sex with young men under the age of
20137677