AAU CubeSat [SEP] time of spacecraft launch
[{"answer": "30 June 2003", "provenance": [{"wikipedia_id": "11355144", "title": "AAU CubeSat", "start_paragraph_id": 1, "start_character": 91, "end_paragraph_id": 1, "end_character": 191, "bleu_score": 1.0, "meta": {}, "section": "Section::::Abstract."}]}]
AAU CubeSat


AAU CubeSat was a CubeSat built and operated by students from Aalborg University in Denmark. AAU CubeSat was launched on 30 June 2003 from the Plesetsk Cosmodrome on a Russian "Rockot" rocket. The satellite was alive for two and a half months, during which some data was received on Earth; however, it was never possible to establish a solid communication link. It is thought that there was a problem with the on-board transmitter. The aluminum frame was milled from a solid block to ensure that a strong and lightweight
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Aalborg University


Indonesia, and at the University of Rome. Furthermore, AAU has established a research centre for health technology at Xi'an Jiaotong University in China. AAU has conducted several experiments in the field of CubeSat technology. The first AAU CubeSat was launched on 30 June 2003, the second (called AAUSAT-II) on 28 April 2008 and the third will be launched in Q1, 2013. After launching AAUSAT3 the fourth will begin development. AAU has always adopted a cross-disciplinary, problem-based approach to research which often requires
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AAUSAT3


the mechanical structure (carried out by the department workshop in alu7075), and the raw non-mounted PCBs. The purpose of the satellite project was to find out if it was possible to receive AIS signals from a 1U CubeSat. Student satellite activities at Aalborg University (AAU) started in 2003 as a result of AAU's involvement in the first pure Danish research satellite, Ørsted, which was successfully launched in 1999. AAUSAT3's predecessors were AAU CubeSat (launched 2003), and AAUSAT-II (launched 2008)
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CubeSat


Suari of California Polytechnic State University and Bob Twiggs of Stanford University proposed the CubeSat reference design in 1999 with the aim of enabling graduate students to design, build, test and operate in space a spacecraft with capabilities similar to that of the first spacecraft, Sputnik. The CubeSat, as initially proposed, did not set out to become a standard; rather, it became a standard over time by a process of emergence. The first CubeSats launched in June 2003 on a Russian Eurockot, and approximately 75 CubeSats had entered orbit by
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CubeSat


Unlike full-sized spacecraft, CubeSats have the ability to be delivered into space as cargo and then deployed by the International Space Station. This presents an alternative method of achieving orbit apart from launch and deployment by a launch vehicle. NanoRacks and Made in Space are developing means of constructing CubeSats on the International Space Station. NASA's CubeSat Launch Initiative launched more than 46 CubeSats on its ELaNa missions over the several years prior to 2016, and as of that time, 57 were manifested for flight over the next several years.
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CubeSat


option for some schools and universities; as well as small businesses to develop CubeSats for commercial purposes. The searchable Nanosatellite database lists almost 2,000 CubeSats that have been launched since 1998. One of the earliest CubeSat launches was on 30 June 2003 from Plesetsk, Russia, with Eurockot Launch Services's "Multiple Orbit Mission". CubeSats were put into a Sun-synchronous orbit and included the Danish AAU CubeSat and DTUSat, the Japanese XI-IV and CUTE-1, the Canadian Can X-1, and the US Quakesat. On February 13
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CubeSat


No matter how inexpensive or versatile CubeSats may be, they must hitch rides as secondary payloads on large rockets launching much larger spacecraft, at prices starting around $100,000 as of 2015. Since CubeSats are deployed by P-PODs and similar deployment systems, they can be integrated and launched into virtually any launch vehicle. However, some launch service providers refuse to launch CubeSats, whether on all launches or only on specific launches, two examples were ILS and Sea Launch. SpaceX and Japan Manned Space Systems Corporation (JAMSS) are
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Launch Services Program


research satellites. These small satellites are called CubeSats. CubeSat Launch Initiative (CSLI) provides opportunities for small satellite payloads to fly on rockets planned for upcoming launches. As of February 2015, CSLI has selected 119 spacecraft since 2010. Educational Launch of Nanosatellites (ELaNa) and is a part of CSLI. ELaNa manifests the CubeSats selected by CSLI onto upcoming rocket launches. CubeSats were first included on the launch of LSP missions in 2011. ELaNa missions are not manifested exclusively on LSP missions; they have been a part of NRO
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CubeSat


of use of CubeSat technology beyond Earth's orbit.These challenges have been increasingly under consideration of international organizations over the past decade, for example, proposed in 2012 by NASA and the Jet Propulsion Lab, the INSPIRE spacecraft is an initial attempt at a spacecraft designed to prove the operational abilities of deep space CubeSats. The launch date was expected to be 2014, but has yet to do so and the date is currently listed by NASA as TBD. P-PODs (Poly-PicoSatellite Orbital Deployers) were designed with CubeSats
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Team Miles


Team Miles is a type of nanosatellite called 6-Unit CubeSat that will demonstrate navigation in deep space using innovative plasma thrusters. It will also test a software-defined radio operating in the S band for communications from about 4 million kilometers from Earth. "Team Miles" will be one of thirteen CubeSats to be carried with the Artemis 1 mission into a heliocentric orbit in cislunar space on the maiden flight of the Space Launch System and the Orion spacecraft, scheduled to launch in 2019. The spacecraft, a 6-Unit CubeSat —measuring 10×20×30
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Earth Escape Explorer


Earth Escape Explorer (CU-E) is a nanosatellite of the 6-Unit CubeSat format that will demonstrate long-distance communications while in heliocentric orbit. The "Earth Escape Explorer" spacecraft is a student-driven effort at University of Colorado Boulder to design and build the spacecraft as part of the NASA CubeQuest Challenge. It will be one of thirteen CubeSats to be carried with the Artemis 1 mission into a heliocentric orbit in cislunar space on the maiden flight of the Space Launch System and the Orion spacecraft, scheduled to launch in
11640365
Colorado Student Space Weather Experiment


2012 aboard the National Reconnaissance Office Launch-36 (NROL-36). However, the launch was delayed three times to provide additional time for resolution of a range instrumentation issue, according to the United Launch Alliance official statement. The Atlas V 401 eventually launched on September 13, 2012 from Vandenberg AFB Space Launch Complex 3. The primary payload aboard NROL-36 was a classified NRO payload, so no spacecraft or orbit information was provided. However, there were 11 CubeSats on board the rocket as secondary payloads. The launch vehicle delivered the CubeSats into
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Cislunar Explorers


Cislunar Explorers is a pair of spacecraft that will show the viability of water electrolysis propulsion and interplanetary optical navigation to orbit the Moon. Both spacecraft will launch mated together as two L-shaped 3-Unit CubeSats, which fit together as a 6-Unit CubeSat of about 10×20×30 cm. The technology demonstrator spacecraft pair is being developed at Cornell University in New York, by a team of researchers, graduate students, and undergraduates. It will be one of thirteen CubeSats to be carried with the Orion EM-1 mission into a heliocentric orbit in cislunar space
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CubeSat


A CubeSat ("U-class spacecraft") is a type of miniaturized satellite for space research that is made up of multiples of 10 cm × 10 cm × 11.35 cm (~ 4 in × 4 in × 4.5 in) cubic units. CubeSats have a mass of no more than per unit, and often use commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) components for their electronics and structure. CubeSats are commonly put in orbit by deployers on the International Space Station, or launched as secondary payloads on a launch
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USA-247


Architecture program, to replace the earlier Onyx spacecraft. USA-247 was launched by United Launch Alliance using an Atlas V carrier rocket flying in the 501 configuration, along with twelve CubeSats being carried as secondary payloads. Five of the CubeSats were a part of NASA ELaNa II manifest. Space Launch Complex 3E at the Vandenberg Air Force Base was used to conduct the launch, which took place at 07:14:30 UTC on 6 December 2013 (23:14 local time on 5 December). Identified as NRO Launch 39, it marked the forty-third
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DAVE (CP-7)


was launched into a high-inclination orbit as a secondary payload on the final flight of the Delta II launch vehicle as part of the ELaNa-18 ride-share mission with NASA's ICESat-2 primary payload. The launch occurred out of Vandenberg Air Force Base, California on September 15 at 6:02 AM local time. DAVE was deployed alongside three other CubeSat spacecraft: University of Central Florida's SurfSat, and two ELFIN spacecraft from University of California, Los Angeles. As of November 2018, the spacecraft is active and in good health.
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ArgoMoon


ArgoMoon is a nanosatellite that will fly on NASA's Artemis 1 mission into a heliocentric orbit in cislunar space on the maiden flight of the Space Launch System and the Orion spacecraft, in 2021. The satellite has the dimensions of a shoe box (12 cm x 24 cm x 36  cm) in CubeSat terms, it is a 6U. The objective of the ArgoMoon mission is to provide NASA information about the correct launch vehicle operations through photography. At the time the second stage will release the CubeSats, it will not be able
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Deep Space Industries


of launching on a variety of commercial rideshares to low Earth orbit, and decouples launch timing from orbit raising and Earth departure maneuvers. Comet is a launch-safe electrothermal propulsion system designed for orbit raising, life extension, and de-orbit. It uses water as a propellant, and is scalable for CubeSats to small micro-satellites, with a flexible interface suitable for a wide range of spacecraft. The system is approved to fly on multiple launch vehicles as part of a secondary or rideshare spacecraft. The announcement of DSI
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NanoRacks CubeSat Deployer


1U CubeSat uses body-mounted solar panels for power-generation. It is equipped with a minicomputer, radio transmitters/receivers, a power control module, and a basic attitude control system. The satellite will transmit telemetry data and temperature sensor readings from inside and outside the spacecraft. Launch vehicle: Orbital Sciences Cygnus (Orb-2) Launch date: July 13, 2014 Total number of CubeSats: 32 Planet Labs: Doves, Flock 1A (28) Purpose: These 28 3U CubeSats are working to build an Earth-observation
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CubeSat


NASA Science Mission Directorate CubeSat Integration Panel, which is focused on doing science with CubeSats. As of 12 July 2016, the minimum mission success criteria (one month of science observations) has been met, but the spacecraft continues to perform nominally and observations continue. Three CubeSats were launched on April 25, 2016 together with Sentinel-1B on a Soyuz rocket VS14 launched from Kourou, French Guiana. The satellites were: AAUSAT4 (Aalborg University, Denmark), e-st@r-II (Politecnico di Torino, Italy) and OUFTI-1
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CubeSail


CubeSail is a proposed nanosatellite project by the Surrey Space Centre (SSC) in England. The spacecraft is to be a 3U CubeSat propelled by a 25 m²solar sail. The project is financed and technically supported by aerospace manufacturers Astrium and Surrey Satellite Technology. The first successful solar sail spacecraft was the Japanese IKAROS mission, launched on 21 May 2010. The project is further developing technologies first tested on their STRaND-1 CubeSat, launched in February 2013. CubeSail will deploy a 25 m solar sail, which will be used to demonstrate the
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Miniature X-ray Solar Spectrometer CubeSat


a United Launch Alliance Atlas V rocket in the 401 configuration. CubeSat ridesharing was organized as part of NASA ELaNa-IX. Deployment from the International Space Station was achieved with a NanoRacks CubeSat Deployer on 2016 May 16. Spacecraft beacons were picked up soon after by amateur radio operators around the world. Commissioning of the spacecraft was completed on 2016 June 14 and observations of solar flares captured nearly continuously since then. The altitude rapidly decayed in the last week of the mission as atmospheric drag increased exponentially with altitude. The last contact
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Simulation-to-Flight 1


a variety of other satellites Simulation-to-Flight 1 (STF-1) is West Virginia’s first spacecraft. It was built under NASA’s CubeSat Launch Initiative, where potential launch opportunities are provided to select CubeSat proposals from NASA Centers, accredited US educational or non-profit organizations. NASA’s main goal in this initiative is to provide CubeSat developers access to a low-cost pathway to conduct research in the areas of science, exploration, technology development, education or operations. JSTAR’s main goal in this mission is to
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Planetary Resources


of mining asteroids. In April 2013, the company announced that they planned on launching a CubeSat called "Arkyd-3" (A3) in early 2014, as a testbed manifestation for the Arkyd-100 spacecraft. The purpose of the flight is to test technologies for the first Arkyd-100 spacecraft. In the event, the first A3 was launched in fall 2014 but was destroyed in a launch accident; a second A3 spacecraft—designated A3R—was launched in April 2015 and deployed into orbit in July 2015. In May 2013, Planetary Resources
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CubeSat


it is cooler than the spacecraft. All of these radiative heat sources and sinks are rather constant and very predictable, so long as the CubeSat's orbit and eclipse time are known. Components used to ensure the temperature requirements are met in CubeSats include multi-layer insulation and heaters for the battery. Other spacecraft thermal control techniques in small satellites include specific component placement based on expected thermal output of those components and, rarely, deployed thermal devices such as louvers. Analysis and simulation of the spacecraft's thermal model is an important
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CubeSat


million to Virgin Galactic (LauncherOne rocket). The payloads for the three flights under the VCLS contract have not yet been assigned. Other small satellite launch systems are under development that would carry CubeSats alongside a small payload, including the "Neptune" series of rockets by Interorbital Systems, Garvey Spacecraft's "Nanosat Launch Vehicle", and the SPARK rocket. In addition to conventional launch vehicles and launch facilitators like KSF Space, several air launch to orbit vehicles are in the works by Swiss Space Systems, Generation Orbit Launch Services
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Raiko


Raiko (, literally "thunder drum") is a Japanese satellite which was built and operated by Tohoku and Wakayama Universities. A two-unit CubeSat, Raiko was deployed from the International Space Station on October 4, 2012, having been launched in July. Raiko was launched aboard the Kounotori 3 spacecraft, atop an H-IIB carrier rocket flying from Pad 2 of the Yoshinobu Launch Complex at the Tanegashima Space Centre. The launch occurred at 02:06 UTC on 21 July 2012. Four other CubeSats were launched with Raiko;
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Mars Cube One


. The primary mission of MarCO is to test new miniaturized communication and navigation technologies. They were able to provide real-time communication relay while the "InSight" lander was in the entry, descent, landing (EDL) phase. The MarCO spacecraft were launched as a pair (named WALL-E and EVE for the movie characters) for redundancy, and flew at either side of "InSight". While there are a large number of CubeSats around Earth, Mars Cube One is the first CubeSat mission to go beyond
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Vector-R


powered third stage. Vector-R is designed to launch a payload to a Sun-synchronous orbit, suitable for CubeSats and other small satellites. The cost per launch is less than , a price point that the company hopes will allow it to attract one hundred launches per year. Customers may choose to encapsulate their spacecraft in payload fairings provided by the company, which can be attached to the rocket shortly before launch, in several different configurations, such as fitting CubeSats dispensers or multiple satellites in a single fairing. Vector will
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Edison Demonstration of Smallsat Networks


Edison Demonstration of Smallsat Networks (EDSN) is a CubeSat Satellite constellation by NASA Ames developed as a technology demonstration of satellite networking. The constellation will consist of 8 identical satellites. The satellites follow the CubeSat specifications for a 1.5U CubeSat. EDSN is funded through the Small Spacecraft Technology Program (SSTP). Additionally, NASA Ames has partnered with NASA Marshall, Montana State University, and Santa Clara University. All 8 CubeSats were destroyed during a launch failure of the Super Strypi rocket on November 3, 2015. The eight identical
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O/OREOS


The O/OREOS (Organism/Organic Exposure to Orbital Stresses) is an automated CubeSat nanosatellite laboratory approximately the size of a loaf of bread that contains two separate astrobiology experiments on board. Developed by the Small Spacecraft Division at NASA Ames Research Center, the spacecraft was successfully launched as a secondary payload on STP-S26 led by the Space Test Program of the United States Air Force on a Minotaur IV rocket from Kodiak Island, Alaska on November 19, 2010. The O/OREOS satellite is NASA's first cubesat to
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Solar electric propulsion


Solar electric propulsion (SEP) typically refers to the combination of solar cells and an ion drive to propel a spacecraft through outer space. This technology has been exploited in a variety of spacecraft by the European Space Agency, the Japanese Space Agency, Indian Space Research Organisation and NASA. SEP is valued for its potential for a high specific impulse, thus allowing less mass for propellant to be launched with a spacecraft and it has been evaluated for mission to Mars. Solar electric propulsion combines solar panels on spacecraft and ion thrusters,
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CubeSat


when more than half of launches were for non-academic purposes, and by 2014 most newly deployed CubeSats were for commercial or amateur projects. Uses typically involve experiments that can be miniaturized or serve purposes such as Earth observation or amateur radio. CubeSats are employed to demonstrate spacecraft technologies intended for small satellites or that present questionable feasibility and are unlikely to justify the cost of a larger satellite. Scientific experiments with unproven underlying theory may also find themselves aboard CubeSats because their low cost can justify higher risks. Biological research payloads have been
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LightSail


"Cosmos 1"a solar sail spacecraft designed by The Planetary Society in the early 2000s which was destroyed during a launch failure in 2005. Both LightSail spacecraft measure in their stowed configuration. After sail deployment, the total area of each spacecraft is . In 2005, The Planetary Society attempted to send a solar sail satellite named "Cosmos 1" into space, but the spacecraft's Russian Volna launch vehicle failed to reach orbit. In 2009, the Society began working on a CubeSat-based solar sail based on NASA's NanoSail-
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SkyFire (spacecraft)


SkyFire is a planned nanosatellite spacecraft that will fly by the Moon and collect surface spectroscopy and thermography. It is scheduled to fly on the Space Launch System, Artemis 1 mission scheduled to launch in 2020. Its purpose is that of a Geosynchronous Earth Orbit (GEO) technology demonstration using a low-cost 6U CubeSat spacecraft. SkyFire will perform a lunar flyby, collecting spectroscopy and thermography for surface characterization, remote sensing, and site selection. The spacecraft includes two deployable solar arrays and will have a total mass of about .
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LauncherOne


second stage. LauncherOne designed to launch a payload to a Sun-synchronous orbit, suitable for CubeSats and small payloads. The cost is less than . Customers may choose to encapsulate their spacecraft in payload fairings provided by the company, which can be easily attached to the rocket shortly before launch, in several different configurations, such as fitting CubeSats dispensers or multiple satellites in a single fairing. Virgin Orbit will integrate payloads at their headquarters in Long Beach, California. LauncherOne will be launched from its Cosmic Girl Boeing 747 carrier,
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Double Asteroid Redirection Test


for DART to be a secondary payload on a commercial launch to keep costs low, however a mission update presentation in November 2018 notes that the mission now has a dedicated launch vehicle. In April 2019 that launch vehicle was announced to be a SpaceX Falcon 9. The Italian Space Agency (ASI) proposes to include a secondary spacecraft called "LICIA" ("Light Italian CubeSat for Imaging of Asteroids"), a small CubeSat that would piggyback with "DART" and would separate shortly before impact to acquire images of the
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Near-Earth Asteroid Scout


The Near-Earth Asteroid Scout (NEA Scout) is a planned mission by NASA to develop a controllable low-cost CubeSat solar sail spacecraft capable of encountering near-Earth asteroids (NEA). The NEA Scout will be one of 13 CubeSats to be carried with the Artemis 1 mission into a heliocentric orbit in cis-lunar space on the maiden flight of the Space Launch System (SLS) planned to launch in 2021. The most likely target for the mission is 1991 VG, but this may change based on launch
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NanoRacks CubeSat Deployer


transfer to the JEMRMS and space environment. The JEMRMS grapples and maneuvers the MPEP and J-SSOD to a predefined deployment orientation and then jettisons the small CubeSat satellites. The MPEP is a platform that acts as an interface between operations inside and outside the ISS, and the J-SSOD mechanism is installed on this platform. On July 21, 2012, JAXA launched the Kounotori 3 (HTV-3) cargo spacecraft to the ISS on Expedition 33. The J-SSOD was a payload on this flight along with five CubeSats that
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Hayato (satellite)


Hayato, known before launch as KSAT, or the Kagoshima Satellite, is a Japanese satellite which was launched in May 2010. It is a student-built spacecraft, which is operated by Kagoshima University, and is being used for technology demonstration and remote sensing. The satellite is a single unit CubeSat, and carries equipment to study water vapour in the Earth's atmosphere, microwave imagery and spacecraft communication. The launch was conducted by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries under contract to the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency. In preparation for a planned launch
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TechEdSat


payload on the Cygnus CRS Orb-2 ISS resupply mission. The launch vehicle was the Orbital Sciences Corporation Antares-120, launching from the Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport on Wallops Island, VA on 13 July 2014. TechEdSat-4 was deployed from the International Space Station via the NanoRacks CubeSat Deployer on 4 March 2015. TechEdSat-5 was a 4 kg, 3.5U CubeSat that was launched on 9 December 2016 aboard the HTV-6 cargo resupply spacecraft, and was deployed from the International Space Station at 18:20 UTC on 6 March 2017. It was the first satellite in
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Flock-1


Flock 1 is a US CubeSat satellite constellation launched on 9 January 2014. The satellite is built in a 3U CubeSat bus, and each constellation consists of 28 satellites. All instruments are powered by solar cells mounted on the spacecraft body, along with triple-folded wings, providing approximately 20 W at maximal power. Flock 1 constellation was launched from Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport Launch Pad 0, US, on 9 January 2014 by an Antares 120 rocket. The satellites were deployed from the ISS from 11 February 2014 to 28
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AAUSAT-II


AAUSAT-II is the second student-built CubeSat built and operated by students from Aalborg University in Denmark. It was launched 28 April 2008 05:54 UTC from Satish Dhawan Space Centre in India on a PSLV rocket. AAUSAT-II carries a radiation sensor. The primary purpose of construction of satellites at Aalborg University is to give the students engineering capabilities beyond what is normally achieved within a masters program. Student satellite activities at Aalborg University (AAU) started in 2003 as a result of AAU's involvement in the first pure Danish
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Repair Satellite Prototype


Repair Satellite Prototype (RSat-P) is a microsatellite built by the United States Naval Academy (USNA) in Annapolis, Maryland. The small spacecraft is a 3U CubeSat intended to demonstrate capabilities for minor in-orbit repair of a much larger, conventional spacecraft. RSat-P was launched on 16 December 2018 on an Electron rocket as part of NASA's Educational Launch of Nanosatellites (ELaNa) Mission 19. It has been determined that about 1/3 of all commercial spacecraft failures originate on their solar panel deployment, wiring,
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Mars Cube One


postponed to 5 May 2018 after a major test failure of an "InSight" scientific instrument. The Atlas V rocket launched the spacecraft together with "InSight", then the two MarCO separated soon after launch to fly their own trajectory to Mars in order to test CubeSats' endurance and navigation in deep space. During the cruise phase, the two spacecraft were kept about away from "InSight" at either flank for safety, and the distance was reduced as the three spacecraft approached Mars. The closest flyby distance to Mars was
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CubeSat


experience discharge on the order of hundreds of thousands of cycles. Thus, for missions of longer duration and which require relatively low peak power demand, ultracapacitors may be a more suitable alternative to lithium-ion batteries. If it happens that the spacecraft is launched into a sun-synchronous orbit, the amount of eclipse time will dwindle, allowing fewer interruptions of continuous solar irradiation for the PV cells and thus reducing the battery capacity requirements. In LEO sun-synchronous orbits, however, the spacecraft will not always experience sunlight,
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Meisei Electric


fall in revenue. Meisei Electric returned to overall profitability in 2015, despite a further fall in revenue. In 2012, Meisei Electric designed and built its first satellite, the We-Wish CubeSat. We-Wish, a miniature infrared monitoring satellite built using the standardised CubeSat architecture, was developed with the assistance of amateur radio operators, and its data was made available to Japanese high school students. It was carried to orbit along with several other CubeSats aboard Japan's Kounotori 3 spacecraft in July 2012, and was launched from
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Vermont Lunar CubeSat


as part of a payload containing two NASA, 11 university, one high school and 14 Air Force CubeSats. Vermont Lunar is the only non NASA/Air Force CubeSat from this ELaNa IV launch that is fully working. Eight were never heard from at all. SPARK/Ada 2005 was used, and this is the first spacecraft of any kind programmed in SPARK. The control software contained about 10,000 lines of SPARK/Ada code. The Principal Investigator was Carl Brandon, the Software Supervisor was Peter Chapin, and Dan Turner
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SwissCube-1


SwissCube-1 is a Swiss satellite operated by Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL). The spacecraft is a single unit CubeSat, which was designed to conduct research into nightglow within the Earth's atmosphere, and to develop technology for future spacecraft. It has also been used for amateur radio. It was the first Swiss satellite to be launched. SwissCube-1 was launched by the Indian Space Research Organisation aboard the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle, serial number C14, flying in the Core Alone, or PSLV-CA, configuration. The launch
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CubeSat


) by 9.5 inches (24.3 centimeters) by 4.6 inches (11.8 centimeters). MarCo is an experiment, but not necessary for the "InSight" mission, to add relay communications to space missions in important time durations, in this case from the time of "InSight" atmospheric entry to its landing. MarCO launched in May 2018 with the "InSight" lander, separated after launch and then traveled in their own trajectories to Mars. After separation, both MarCO spacecraft deployed two radio antennas and two solar panels. The
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NanoRacks CubeSat Deployer


of each airlock cycle of deployments. CubeSats belong to a class of research spacecraft called nanosatellites. The basic cube-shaped satellites measure on each side, weigh less than , and have a volume of about , although CubeSats are built, and deployed, that are multiples of 10 cm in length. , one method of getting CubeSats to orbit is to transport them aboard a larger spacecraft as part of a cargo load to a larger space station. When this is done, deploying the CubeSats into orbit as a separate artificial satellite
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SSETI Express Satellite


SSETI Express was the first spacecraft to be designed and built by European students and was launched by the European Space Agency. SSETI Express (SSETI being the acronym for Student Space Exploration and Technology Initiative) is a small spacecraft, similar in size and shape to a washing machine. On board the student-built spacecraft were three CubeSat pico-satellites, extremely small satellites weighing around one kg each. These were deployed one hour and forty minutes after launch. 23 university groups, working from locations spread across Europe and with very
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Artemis 1


properties of the AstroRad. Thirteen low-cost CubeSat missions were competitively selected as secondary payloads on the Artemis 1 test flight. They will reside within the second stage on the launch vehicle from which they will be deployed. Two CubeSats have been selected through NASA's Next Space Technologies for Exploration Partnership, three through the Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate, two through the Science Mission Directorate, and three were chosen from submissions by NASA's international partners. The CubeSat spacecraft selected are: The remaining three slots were selected through a
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BeeSat-1


BeeSat-1 or Berlin Experimental and Educational Satellite 1, is a German satellite operated by the Technical University of Berlin. The spacecraft is a single unit CubeSat, which was designed to test systems intended for use on future spacecraft, including a new design of reaction wheel. It has also been used for amateur radio, and is equipped with a small camera. BeeSat-1 was launched by a Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle, serial number C14, flying in the Core Alone, or PSLV-CA, configuration. The launch took place from the
149523
BRAC Onnesha


satellites engaged three university students from each of the five participating countries. All five satellites had to be identical to each other in the class of a 1U CubeSat. The satellite cost about to manufacture and launch. SpaceX launched the satellite on its CRS-11 mission to the International Space Station (ISS) on 3 June 2017. The satellite was carried in a Dragon spacecraft on a Falcon 9 rocket, launched from NASA's Kennedy Space Center Pad 39A. This was the 100th launch from Pad 39A and the first time SpaceX reused one of
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LitSat-1


LitSat-1 was one of the two first Lithuanian satellites (other one being Lituanica SAT-1). It was launched aboard the second Cygnus spacecraft along with 28 Flock-1 CubeSats aboard an Antares 120 carrier rocket flying from Pad 0B at the Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport on Wallops Island. The launch was scheduled to occur in December 2013, but later was rescheduled to 9 January 2014 and occurred then. The satellite was deployed from the International Space Station via the NanoRacks Cubesat Deployer on February 28, 2014. Three Lithuanian words will be broadcast from
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AAU CubeSat


frame was created. There are four rails to allow the satellite to slide in and out of the frame. The four rails are connected by other aluminum pieces. The subsystem circuit boards are screwed onto these pieces. Carbon-fiber plates are then glued onto the outside of the frame to support the solar panels and attitude control coils. The solar panels and attitude control coils are glued to the plates. AAU CubeSat's payload is a CMOS digital camera. It has a resolution of 1.3 megapixels and has a color depth of
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AAUSAT-II


research satellite, Ørsted, which was successfully launched in 1999. AAUSAT-II's predecessor was AAU CubeSat which was constructed in the period 2001-2003 and was launched 30 June 2003. The construction of AAUSAT-II began in 2005. After launch April 28, 2008 AAUSAT-II beacon was received at Cal Poly University in California but two-way amateur radio communications could not be achieved as it turned out that AAUSAT-II was transmitting at a lower level than anticipated. After upgrades to the ground station were completed
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BioSentinel


BioSentinel is a planned low-cost CubeSat spacecraft on an space biology mission that will use budding yeast to detect, measure, and compare the impact of deep space radiation on DNA repair over long time beyond low-Earth orbit. Selected in 2013 for a 2020 launch, the spacecraft will operate in the deep space radiation environment throughout its 6-to-12-month mission. This will help scientists understand the health threat from cosmic rays and deep space environment on living organisms and reduce the risk associated with long-term human exploration, as NASA plans
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CubeSat


transmitting on another. Confirmation of a successful landing could be received on Earth several hours after, so MarCO was a technology demonstration of real-time telemetry during the landing. NASA's CubeSat Launch Initiative, created in 2010, provides CubeSat launch opportunities to educational institutions, non-profit organizations and NASA Centers. Since its inception the CubeSat Launch Initiative has launched 46 CubeSats flown on 12 ELaNa Missions from 28 unique organizations and has selected 119 CubeSat missions from 66 unique organizations. Educational Launch of Nanosatellites (ELaNa) missions have included
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EcAMSat


EcAMSat, or E. coli Anti Microbial Satellite, is NASA's first 6U CubeSat, developed to investigate the effects of microgravity on the antibiotic resistance of E. coli. The spacecraft was launched aboard an Orbital ATK Antares rocket from Wallops Flight Facility on 12 November 2017, and was deployed from the International Space Station on 20 November 2017. During the development of the PharmaSat spacecraft, two identical flight units were built and brought to the launch site, with the FLT-2 unit being the one ultimately launched as "PharmaSat". The FLT-1
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Lunar IceCube


spacecraft will take about 3 months to reach the Moon. The flight software is being developed in SPARK/Ada by the Vermont Technical College CubeSat Lab. SPARK/Ada has the lowest error rate of any computer language, important for the reliability and success of this complicated spacecraft. It is used in commercial and military aircraft, air traffic control and high speed trains. This is the second spacecraft using SPARK/Ada, the first being the Basic Low Earth Orbit CubeSat also by the Vermont Tech CubeSat Lab, the only fully
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GhanaSat-1


(NASA) on 12 February. The "GhanaSat-1" Birds designation is Birds-G. SpaceX launched the satellite on its CRS-11 mission to the International Space Station on 3 June 2017. The satellite was carried in a Dragon spacecraft on a Falcon 9 rocket, launched from NASA's Kennedy Space Center Pad 39A. This was the 100th launch from Pad 39A and the first time SpaceX reused one of its Dragon capsules. This mission also carried CubeSats from Japan, Bangladesh, Nigeria, and Mongolia. The satellites from Bangladesh ("BRAC
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Lunar Flashlight


The Lunar Flashlight is a planned low-cost CubeSat lunar orbiter mission to explore, locate, and estimate size and composition of water ice deposits on the Moon for future exploitation by robots or humans. The spacecraft, of the 6U CubeSat format, was developed by a team from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), and NASA Marshall Space Flight Center. It was selected in early 2015 by NASA's Advanced Exploration Systems (AES) for launch in 2020 as a
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Near-Earth Asteroid Scout


defense. The NEA Scout spacecraft will be one of thirteen CubeSats carried as secondary payload on the maiden flight of the Space Launch System (SLS), a mission called Artemis 1. To measure the physical properties of a near-Earth object, the spacecraft will be performing a slow (10–20 m/s) close () flyby. The NASA Near Earth Asteroid (NEA) Scout mission will demonstrate the capability of an extremely small spacecraft, propelled by a solar sail, to perform reconnaissance of an asteroid at low cost
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LightSail


a small satellite format created for university-level space projects. One CubeSat-sized module carries the cameras, sensors and control systems, and the other two units contain and deploy the solar sails. The spacecraft contains four triangular sails, which combine to form a rectangular-shaped surface. The sails are made of Mylar, a reflective polyester film. LightSail has multiple configurations. It was launched in a stowed configuration with its sails folded within the spacecraft. After launch, it enters an intermediate phase by deploying a small antenna
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CubeSail (UltraSail)


to demonstrate deployment and to measure the thrust on a 7.7 cm × 250 m membrane (about 20 m) made of aluminized mylar. The membrane is deployed between two 1.5U CubeSats that separate from each other in low Earth orbit. It is intended as a first step towards the development of the larger solar sail concept called UltraSail. Re-orientation of the CubeSats will cause the sail to undergo aerodynamic drag in the upper atmosphere for its disposal. The spacecraft was selected in 2012 by NASA to be launched as part of the
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CubeSat


-loaded solar arrays that deploy as soon as the satellite is released, as well as arrays that feature thermal knife mechanisms that would deploy the panels when commanded. CubeSats may not be powered between launch and deployment, and must feature a remove-before-flight pin which cuts all power to prevent operation during loading into the P-POD. Additionally, a deployment switch is actuated while the craft is loaded into a P-POD, cutting power to the spacecraft and is deactivated after exiting the P-POD. The
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Seeker (spacecraft)


Seeker is a NASA CubeSat intended to demonstrate ultra-low cost in-space inspection capability. Taken from design to delivery from late 2017 to early 2019, Seeker was launched onboard the Cygnus NG-11 mission. Seeker is planned to deploy and operate around Cygnus late summer 2019. The Seeker free-flyer is a 3U CubeSat, approximately 30cm by 10cm by 10cm and 4kg. It uses a cold-gas propulsion system with additively manufactured components, GPS, laser rangefinder, neural networks to drive a vision-
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NanoRacks


NanoRacks is seeking help from the commercial arm of the Indian Space Research Organization, Antrix, for Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) services. Due to recent customer demands for polar orbits, NanoRacks plans on seeing it through. These polar orbit opportunities come in addition to NanoRacks’ numerous deployments of satellites via the NanoRacks CubeSat Deployer (NRCSD) and Kaber Deployer on the ISS as well as the External NanoRacks CubeSat Deployer (E-NRCSD) mounted outside of the Cygnus spacecraft. NanoRacks chose to partner with Astrofein due to their
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SpaceX CRS-3


that no scientific equipment had been damaged. The source of the water has not been confirmed and will be investigated during the decommissioning of the capsule. In addition to the primary payload, a Dragon cargo capsule resupply space transport mission to the ISS for NASA, SpaceX deployed five secondary payload CubeSats on the CRS-3 Falcon 9 mission. The CubeSats are part of the ELaNa-V mission partially funded under "NASA's Educational Launch of Nanosatellites" program. These spacecraft were released from four Poly Picosatellite Orbital Deployers (PPODs) attached to
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InSight


. Scientifically useful measurements are possible at a depth of . In April 2019, NASA reported that the Mars "InSight" lander detected its first Marsquake. The Mars Cube One (MarCO) spacecraft are a pair of 6U CubeSats that piggybacked with the "InSight" mission to test CubeSat navigation and endurance in deep space, and to help relay real-time communications (with an eight-minute lightspeed delay) during the probe's entry, descent and landing (EDL) phase. The two 6U CubeSats, named MarCO A
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KickSat


satellites into low Earth orbit. Among them were Max Valier, built by OHB of (Germany) and Venta-1 which were carrying six sprite spacecraft as secondary payloads. After being shortlisted in February 2015 by NASA under its CubeSat Launch Initiative, KickSat-2 was launched aboard Cygnus NG-10 "SS John Glenn" on November 17, 2018. After detaching from the ISS, the free-flying Cygnus spacecraft deployed KickSat-2 at an altitude of 300 km on February 13, 2019. KickSat-2 established communication with ground controllers soon after, reporting good health
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GAUSS Srl


, as the Dnepr launcher failed 86 sec after launch. G.A.U.S.S. group has launched the CubeSat UniCubeSat-GG onboard the VEGA maiden launch on February 13, 2012. UniSat-5 is the first satellite designed, built and launched by G.A.U.S.S. Srl, the company that inherits the experience gained with the UniSat program at the of the University of Rome “La Sapienza”. The spacecraft was inserted into a near-SSO orbit with an altitude of 634 km at 07:25:48 UTC. The launch of UniSat-5 satellite, boarded on the Dnepr rocket,
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Farah Alibay


the launch, Alibay was responsible for the proper integration and testing of all the instruments on the spacecraft. While the mission waited for the spacecraft to land on the surface of Mars, Alibay helped the teams prepare for operations and tested the detector equipment. To celebrate the landing on Mars in November 2018, she had her hair dyed red to match Mars and the InSight logo. From 2014-2016 Alibay was the systems engineer on the Mars Cube One CubeSats mission, a companion mission to "InSight". After her Master
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CubeSat


miniature satellites based on mass. 1U CubeSats belong to the genre of picosatellites. In recent years larger CubeSat platforms have been developed, most commonly 6U (10×20×30 cm or 12×24×36 cm) and 12U (20x20x30 cm or 24x24x36 cm), to extend the capabilities of CubeSats beyond academic and technology validation applications and into more complex science and national defense goals. In 2014 two 6U Perseus-M CubeSats were launched for maritime surveillance, the largest yet at the time. The 2018 launch of the "InSight" lander to Mars included
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Mars Cube One


Mars Cube One (or MarCO) was a Mars flyby mission launched on 5 May 2018 alongside NASA's "InSight" Mars lander mission. It consisted of two nanospacecraft, MarCO-A and MarCO-B, that provided a real-time communications link to Earth for "InSight" during its entry, descent, and landing (EDL) on 26 November 2018 - when "InSight" was out of line of sight from the Earth. Both spacecraft were 6U CubeSats, and the mission was a test of new miniaturized
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Lunar Flashlight


CubeSat bus will utilize mostly commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) components such as the lithium ion batteries, the CPU board, HaWK solar panels produced by MMA Design, LLC, star tracker and 3-axis reaction wheels for attitude control. The CPU is a 'Rad-Tol Dependable Multiprocessor'. JPL will provide the Iris transponder that provides timing, navigation and telecommunication in the X-band, which is to be monitored with the NASA Deep Space Network. The spacecraft will be launched on the maiden flight of
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List of PSLV launches


around the world (Israel, Kazakhstan, The Netherlands, Switzerland, United Arab Emirates and the United States). Of the 104 satellites, 96 were CubeSats made by Planet Labs and Spire Global, two San Francisco companies adding to their commercial satellite constellations. The launch set the record for the largest number of spacecraft ever launched on a single rocket. The previous record was held by Russia, which in 2014 catapulted 37 satellites in a single launch, using a modified inter-continental ballistic missile. On 20 September 1993 a
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Vector-H


than , a price point that the company hopes will allow it to attract one hundred launches per year. Customers may choose to encapsulate their spacecraft in payload fairings provided by the company, which can be easily attached to the rocket shortly before launch, in several different configurations, such as fitting CubeSats dispensers or multiple satellites in a single fairing. Vector will use on-site payload integration for the early launches. However it expects to be able to integrate payloads at their Arizona and California Payload Facilities and ship them to their launch
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CubeSat


two recent companies that offer commercial launch services for CubeSats as secondary payload, but a launch backlog still exists. Additionally, India's ISRO has been commercially launching foreign CubeSats since 2009 as secondary payloads. On 15 Feb 2017, ISRO set the world record by launching 103 CubeSats on board its Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle for various foreign companies ISC Kosmotras and Eurockot also offer launch services for CubeSats. Rocket Lab specializes in launching CubeSats on its Electron (rocket) from New Zealand. On 5 May 2015, NASA announced a program based
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Waseda-SAT2


Waseda-SAT2 is a Japanese satellite which launched in May 2010. It is a student-built spacecraft, which will be operated by Waseda University, and is intended to be used for Earth observation and technology demonstration. It will test the use of extendible paddles to provide attitude control. The satellite is a single unit CubeSat. The launch was conducted by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries under contract to the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency. In preparation for a planned launch on 17 May, the H-IIA rocket was rolled out to Pad
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Space burial


dog ashes were on the rocket, the person who supplied the cremated remains likely violated the contract they signed with Celestis. Dedicated Spacecraft On May 17, 2017, Elysium Space announced the world's first memorial flight involving a dedicated spacecraft. The cubesat will be placed as a secondary payload on a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket as part of a dedicated rideshare mission called SSO-A planned by Spaceflight. The launch will take place from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California. Private companies such as Celestis, Inc., Elysium Space, Ascending
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NEE-01 Pegaso


NEE-01 "Pegaso" was an Ecuadorian technology demonstration satellite, and Ecuador's first satellite launched to space. Built by the Ecuadorian Civilian Space Agency (EXA), it is a nanosatellite of the single-unit CubeSat class. The spacecraft's instruments include a dual visible and infrared camera which allows the spacecraft to take pictures and transmit live video from space. After the completion of its HERMES-A ground station in April 2010, EXA authorised the construction of Ecuador's first satellite. A number of restrictions and demands were imposed
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BioSentinel


to send humans farther into space than ever before. The mission is being developed by NASA Ames Research Center. BioSentinel is one of thirteen low-cost CubeSat missions selected as secondary payloads for Artemis 1 (formerly known as Exploration Mission 1), the first test flight of NASA's Space Launch System. The spacecraft will be deployed in cis-lunar space. The BioSentinel mission will be NASA's first time since Apollo 17 in 1972, to send living organisms to deep space (beyond low Earth orbit). The primary
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Simulation-to-Flight 1


Simulation (NOS) technologies for small satellites and provide a platform for WVU to launch research projects into Low Earth orbit. Along with NASA's mission, WVU is conducting four separate tests. This includes the testing of space weather's effects on spacecraft, the durability of III-V Nitride-Based Materials for shielding spacecraft components from space's harsh conditions, Inertial Measurement Unit Swarm for developing a more power and size efficient IMU for CubeSats, and Precise Orbit Determination (POD) to determine STF-1's exact location by communicating with
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CubeSat


10×10×68.1 cm) CubeSat and the ISIPOD can launch a different form of 6U CubeSat (10×22.63×34.05 cm). While nearly all CubeSats are deployed from a launch vehicle or the International Space Station, some are deployed by the primary payloads themselves. For example, FASTSAT deployed the NanoSail-D2, a 3U CubeSat. This was done again with the Cygnus Mass Simulator as the primary payload launched on the maiden flight of the Antares rocket, carrying and later deploying four CubeSats. For CubeSat applications beyond Earth's orbit, the method of
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Jason Andrews


one of the first people to identify and articulate the “killer app” for cubesats and nanosats: deployment of swarms of spacecraft to observe the planet in near real time;e.  From 2008-2012 his firm developed a series of cubesat and nanosat products, many as part of a contract with the US Army Space and Missile Defense Command (SMDC) to study how to “put UAVs in space”, which required deploying a constellation of nanosats to observe the planet in near real time.  This effort would evolve into the Kestrel
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Jason Andrews


Eye 2 spacecraft development effort. In 2010 Andrews founded Spaceflight Inc as the first “commercial spaceline”; it did not build or own rockets, but instead provided space transportation services via rideshare on all existing rockets.  The firm w t addressed the emerging need to launch cubesats and nanosats, vehicles that were too small to buy their own launch vehicles.  Spaceflight established classes of launch services by volume and mass for satellites weighing up to 1,000kg, and published list pricing. Over the next eight years the firm built a $
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Operationally Responsive Space Office


new rail-guided system; this was the first launch from Hawaii. Spaceflight Now received a statement from the Air Force that "The ORS-4 mission on an experimental Super Strypi launch vehicle failed in mid-flight shortly after liftoff", which matched observations of viewers on the ground. 13 CubeSat spacecraft were on board; the primary payload was from the University of Hawaii, two were a part of a NASA's Launch Services Program ELaNa mission, and eight were from NASA's Ames Research Center. On 26 August 2017 the
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Alexander (satellite)


PhoneSat spacecraft, along with the commercial Dove 1 satellite, were launched as secondary payloads aboard the maiden flight of the Antares carrier rocket; flight A-ONE. The primary payload was the Cygnus Mass Simulator. Liftoff occurred at 21:00 UTC on 21 April 2013, from Pad 0A of the Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport, following attempts on 17 and 20 April which had been scrubbed due to an umbilical problem and high-level winds respectively. The launch was conducted by Orbital Sciences Corporation, however the CubeSats were launched under a
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Perseus-M


Perseus-M is a pair of microsatellite developed by Russian-American company Dauria Aerospace and launched in 2014. The satellite is built in 6U Cubesat bus (0.3x0.2x0.1m), optimized for piggy-back launch. All instruments are powered by solar cells mounted on the one side of spacecraft, providing approximately 6W average power. Perseus-M1 and Perseus-M2 were launched from Dombarovsky site 13, Russia, on 19 June 2014 by a Dnepr rocket. Telemetry beacons were received and decoded by multiple amateur ground station operators starting
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CubeSat


XaTcobeo (University of Vigo and INTA, Spain). The CubeSats were launched in the framework of the "Vega Maiden Flight" opportunity of the European Space Agency. On September 13, 2012, eleven CubeSats were launched from eight P-PODs, as part of the "OutSat" secondary payload aboard a United Launch Alliance Atlas V rocket. This was the largest number of CubeSats (and largest volume of 24U) successfully placed to orbit on a single launch, this was made possible by use of the new NPS CubeSat
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Double Asteroid Redirection Test


impact and ejecta as it drifts past the asteroid. LICIA will be able to communicate directly with Earth, sending back images of the ejecta after the Didymos flyby. It will have a design similar to ASI's ArgoMoon CubeSat, planned to be launched in 2020. In a separate project, the European Space Agency is formulating "Hera", a spacecraft that would be launched to Didymos a few years after DART's impact to do a detailed reconnaissance and assessment. The mission's target is 65803 Didymos, a binary asteroid system
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Antares (rocket)


stage, and the third the type of third stage. A plus sign added as suffix (fourth position) signifies performance upgrades to the Antares 230 variant. Originally scheduled for 2012, the first Antares launch, designated "A-ONE" was conducted on April 21, 2013, carrying the Cygnus Mass Simulator (a boilerplate Cygnus spacecraft) and four CubeSats contracted by Spaceflight Incorporated: Dove 1 for Cosmogia Incorporated (now Planet Labs) and three PhoneSat satellites – Alexander, Graham and Bell for NASA. Prior to the launch
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Birds-2


, the Philippines, and Malaysia. UiTMSAT-1 was Malaysia's first satellite built by a university. Bhutan's satellite, Bhutan-1, was the country's first satellite. The Philippines built their first cubesat, Maya-1. All three satellites were built the same. The satellites were designed to last 6-9 months. The constellation was launched in SpaceX's Dragon spacecraft, lofted into space with their Falcon 9 rocket. It was the 15th launch of the Cargo Resupply Mission (CRS) contract to the International Space Station (ISS)
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Alexander (satellite)


Alexander, also known as PhoneSat 2.0 Beta or PhoneSat v2a is a technology demonstration satellite operated by NASA's Ames Research Center, which was launched in April 2013. Part of the PhoneSat programme, it was one of the first three PhoneSat spacecraft, and the first Phonesat-2.0 satellite, to be launched. A PhoneSat-2.0 satellite, "Alexander" was built to the single-unit (1U) CubeSat specification, and measures in each dimension. The satellite is based on an off-the-shelf Samsung Electronics Nexus S smartphone which
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Graham (satellite)


Graham, also known as PhoneSat 1.0a or PhoneSat v1a was a technology demonstration satellite operated by NASA's Ames Research Center, which was launched in April 2013. Part of the PhoneSat programme, it was one of the first three PhoneSat spacecraft to be launched. A PhoneSat-1.0 satellite, "Graham" was built to the single-unit (1U) CubeSat specification, and measures in each dimension. The satellite is based on an off-the-shelf HTC Nexus One smartphone which serves in place of an onboard computer and avionics
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Bell (satellite)


Bell, also known as PhoneSat 1.0b or PhoneSat v1b was a technology demonstration satellite operated by NASA's Ames Research Center, which was launched in April 2013. Part of the PhoneSat programme, it was one of the first three PhoneSat spacecraft to be launched. A PhoneSat-1.0 satellite, "Bell" was built to the single-unit (1U) CubeSat specification, and measures in each dimension. The satellite is based on an off-the-shelf HTC Nexus One smartphone which serves in place of an onboard computer and avionics
20086093
CubeSat


LightSail-2 is scheduled for launch on a Falcon Heavy rocket in 2019, while at least two CubeSats that plan to launch on the Space Launch System's first flight (Exploration Mission-1) in June 2020 are set to use solar sails: the Near-Earth Asteroid Scout (NEA Scout) and the Lunar Flashlight. CubeSats use solar cells to convert solar light to electricity that is then stored in rechargeable lithium-ion batteries that provide power during eclipse as well as during peak load times. These satellites have a limited surface area on
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