Barbara Radziwiłł [SEP] spouse
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Jerzy Radziwiłł


the 1530s, acting with his brother Jan Radziwiłł, he was in almost total control of Lithuania's internal affairs. As a member of influential Radziwiłł family, Jerzy worked to increase his family estate. With his death it was inherited by his only son Mikołaj "the Red" Radziwiłł. He had two daughters, of which the younger Barbara Radziwiłł became mistress and later queen to King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania Zygmunt II August, which greatly strengthened the Radziwiłł family's position in Poland and Lithuania. He married Barbara
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Barbara Radziwiłł


Barbara Radziwiłł (, ; 6 December 1520/23 – 8 May 1551) was Queen of Poland and Grand Duchess of Lithuania as consort of Sigismund II Augustus, the last male monarch of the Jagiellon dynasty. Barbara, a great beauty and already widowed, became a royal mistress most likely in 1543 and they married in secret in July or August 1547. The marriage caused a scandal; it was vehemently opposed by Polish nobles, including Queen mother Bona Sforza. Sigismund Augustus, assisted by Barbara's cousin Mikołaj "the Black" Radziwiłł
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Barbara Radziwiłł


and brother Mikołaj "the Red" Radziwiłł, worked tirelessly to gain recognition of their marriage and to crown Barbara as Queen of Poland. They succeeded and Barbara's coronation was held on 7 December 1550 at Wawel Cathedral. However, her health was already failing and she died just five months later. Even though it was brief, her reign propelled the Radziwiłł family to new heights of political power and influence. Her contemporaries generally viewed Barbara in a negative light, accusing her of promiscuity and witchcraft. Her life became surrounded by
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Barbara Radziwiłł


I of England and Margaret of France. Sometime in 1547, Sigismund Augustus and Barbara wed in secret. Neither exact date nor circumstances are known. The Lithuanian Chronicles recorded the doubtful claim that Sigismund Augustus was forced into the marriage when he was caught with Barbara by the Radziwiłł cousins. According to research by Władysław Pociecha, the wedding probably took place between 26 July and 6 August. Her cousin Mikołaj "the Black" Radziwiłł was sent to Kraków to inform the Polish court that Sigismund Augustus and Barbara were married since 25
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Barbara Radziwiłł


Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Kingdom of Poland. Barbara was the youngest child of Jerzy Radziwiłł, Voivode of Trakai and Vilnius and Great Lithuanian Hetman, and his wife Barbara Kolanka, daughter of Voivode of Podolia. Her exact birth date is unknown. It is known that she was born on 6 December, but the year is not known. Historians usually provide either 1520, as recorded in Radziwiłł genealogy found in Nesvizh, or 1523, as recorded on a plaque found in her tomb. Details of her education are unknown,
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Barbara Radziwiłł


November 1545. It seems he failed the assignment and Sigismund Augustus had to travel to Poland himself. He departed Vilnius on 15 November; Barbara was sent to the Radziwiłł estate in Dubingiai. In a letter dated 20 November, courtier Stanisław Dowojno, starosta of Merkinė, informed Sigismund Augustus that due to the difficult journey Barbara had a miscarriage. If that indeed was true, and not an elaborate intrigue by the Radziwiłłs, it would explain the secret marriage – an attempt to provide legitimacy to the child. Another explanation could be
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Barbara Radziwiłł


, elder sister of Barbara. Jerzy Radziwiłł then offered the hand of Barbara even though it was against custom for a younger sister to wed first. The wedding treaty was signed on 20 October 1536 in Radun. Another plan to wed either Anna Elżbieta or Barbara to Ilia Ostrogski, the only son of Great Hetman Konstanty Ostrogski, fell through. The wedding of Barbara and Stanislovas Goštautas took place on 18 May 1537 in Goštautas' residence in Hieraniony. Her dowry included numerous silver and gilded tableware items, 24 fine horses
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Barbara Radziwiłł


Kulesza depicting her with pearls is considered among the painter's notable works. In 1983 Janusz Majewski directed a film, "Epitafium dla Barbary Radziwiłłówny" (Epitaph for Barbara Radziwiłł) about Barbara's romance with King Sigismund August, her death and her posthumous return to Vilnius. Anna Dymna starred as Barbara, and Jerzy Zelnik as King Sigismund August. Barbara has also appeared as a major character in "Królowa Bona" (Queen Bona), TV series on Telewizja Polska. In Lithuania, two plays "Barbora Radvilaitė" were
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Barbara Radziwiłł


Polish throne. Barbara stayed in Vilnius. It seems that around the same time Barbara informed him of another pregnancy; it too ended in a miscarriage. Since it is known only from Radziwiłł reports, it is unknown whether it was a real pregnancy or another intrigue. In September 1548, Sigismund Augustus invited Barbara to Poland to show the strength of their marriage. The issue was discussed by the general sejm on 31 October – 12 December in Piotrków Trybunalski. The sessions were loud and rowdy. The nobles, including voivodes Piotr
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Barbara Kolanka


Barbara Kolanka or Barbara Kołówna h. Junosza (end of the 15th century–1550) was a Polish noblewoman. She is best known as the mother of queen Barbara Radziwiłł and Mikołaj "the Red" Radziwiłł. A direct descendant to Elisabeth of Pilcza, the Queen consort to Ladislaus II of Poland, she was born in late 15th century to Paweł Koła (or Kola) of Dalejów and Żółtanice, a prominent Polish politician. Her father was a Chamberlain (since 1490) and castellan of Halicz who in 1502 rose to the rank of
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Barbara Radziwiłł


Birštonas, Žiežmariai, Stakliškės, Karmėlava, Vilkija, Skirsnemunė, Veliuona, Darsūniškis. While she had immense influence on Sigismund Augustus, she showed no interest in politics unlike her ambitious cousin Mikołaj "the Black" Radziwiłł and brother Mikołaj "the Red" Radziwiłł. While they worked with her husband to secure her the Polish crown, she made no gestures to win support from the nobles or favor from the people. When a compromise solution was offered – recognize Barbara as Sigismund Augustus' wife but not to crown her as Queen
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Barbara Radziwiłł


many rumors and myths. She was a heroine of many legends in a wide range of literary works. From the 18th century, the life of Barbara became romanticized as the great tragic love affair. It has been used as an example of "love conquers all" with Bona Sforza often acting as the chief villain. It caught public imagination and has inspired many artists to create poems, plays, films, and other works. That made Barbara Radziwiłł one of the best known and most recognized women in the history of the
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Barbara Radziwiłł


but it is unlikely that it was extensive. From her correspondence, it is known that she could speak and write in Polish. From a February 1549 letter it could be inferred that she understood at least some Latin, but her letters to Sigismund Augustus had not a single Latin phrase. According to her contemporaries, Barbara was very beautiful. Moreover, Barbara had an interest in fashion and cosmetics; she used perfumes and face powder. In 1536, Stanislovas Goštautas, Voivode of Nowogrodek, canceled his betrothal to Anna Elżbieta Radziwiłł
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Barbara Radziwiłł


the Red" Radziwiłł was particularly careful to preserve all his correspondence. 52 letters are in Polish (15 of them written by Barbara herself; the rest were written by her secretary Stanisław Koszutski). Her eight letters to Sigismund Augustus, all written between November 1547 and March 1548 from Dubingiai, are the only surviving love letters of the period. However, they are formulaic and use flowery language. Above all, her letters show her humility and subservience to her husband. Barbara habitually refers to herself as his most humble and
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Radziwiłł family


In 1547, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, created Mikołaj "the Black" and his brother, Jan, hereditary "Reichsfürsten" of Nesvizh and Olyka; their cousin Mikołaj "the Red" Radziwiłł was created "Reichsfürst" of Biržai and Dubingiai. The same year King Sigismund II Augustus of Poland married Barbara Radziwiłł and confirmed these titles in 1549. So high a title was rare among the "szlachta" (the Polish nobility): just five Polish families, including the Radziwiłłs, received the title of imperial prince
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Radziwiłł family


significance of the Radziwiłł family is proved by the marriage of Anna to Konrad III Rudy, duke of Masovia, who owned the largest Polish principality. In 1547 Barbara Radziwiłł was married to Sigismund II Augustus, thus becoming the Queen of Poland and setting also in motion a closer relationship to the Papal Curia. Later the Radziwiłłs established family relations not only with the most important families of the Polish, Belarusian and Lithuanian magnate families like Sanguszko, Sapieha or Chodkiewicz, but also with members of royal families like Wiśniowiecki, Sobieski, and
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Barbara Radziwiłł


written, by Balys Sruoga in 1946 (unfinished) and Juozas Grušas in 1972. The latter was staged by the Kaunas State Drama Theater and directed by Jonas Jurašas. It was also turned into a film, directed by Vidmantas Bačiulis, in 1982. In 2012, musical "Žygimanto Augusto ir Barboros Radvilaitės legenda" by Anželika Cholina was described as the biggest and most expensive in Lithuania. The story of Barbara Radziwiłł served as an inspiration for the title track from the 2013 album "Czornaja Panna" by the Belarusian folkmetal band
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Barbara Radziwiłł


to a crypt under the Chapel of Saint Casimir and remained untouched until 2001. Her height was recalculated at . Using methods developed by Mikhail Mikhaylovich Gerasimov, Vytautas Urbanavičius reconstructed her facial features and revealed that she had an aquiline nose, a feature absent from her portraits. In total, there are 53 surviving letters from Barbara. 44 of them were published by Alexander Przezdziecki in "Jagiellonki polskie x XVI wieku" (1868). They are addressed to her family (41 letters to her brother Mikołaj "the Red" Radziwiłł
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Barbara Radziwiłł


, two letters to her nephews, one letter to her father Jerzy Radziwiłł, one letter to her mother Barbara Kolanka), her husband (8 letters), and Albert, Duke of Prussia (one letter in Latin). It is known that she wrote many more letters to a wider circle of recipients, including Polish nobles and Isabella Jagiellon of Hungary. The surviving letters do not represent actual number or frequency: Sigismund Augustus in his last will asked his sister Anna Jagiellon to destroy his personal correspondence, while Mikołaj "
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Jan Klemens Branicki


the son of the Palatine of Podlaskie Voivodeship Stefan Mikołaj Branicki and Katarzyna Scholastyka Sapieha, the daughter of Hetman Kazimierz Jan Sapieha. Jan had three wives: The first wife was Princess Katarzyna Barbara Radziwiłł, the daughter of Count and Grand Marshal Karol Stanisław Radziwiłł, whom he married on 1 October 1720 in Biała Podlaska. His second wife was Barbara Szembek in 1732; this marriage ended in a divorce. His third and last wife was Izabella Poniatowska, the daughter of the magnate Stanisław Poniatowski, whom he married in 1748. He
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Mikołaj "the Black" Radziwiłł


Mikołaj Krzysztof Radziwiłł (4 February 1515 – 28 May 1565), nicknamed "The Black" (Lithuanian: "Juodasis"), was a Polish-Lithuanian noble who held several administrative positions within the Grand Duchy of Lithuania: Voivode of Vilnius, Grand Lithuanian Chancellor, and Grand Hetman of Lithuania. Alternate renditions of his name include , , and . His first name is sometimes given in English as Nicholas. Mikołaj was able to gain much political influence thanks to the romance between his cousin Barbara Radziwiłł and King of Poland
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Raudondvaris Castle


kings of Poland and the Grand Dukes of Lithuania until 1549, when Sigismund II Augustus donated it (along with the surrounding town) to his wife, queen-consort Barbara Radziwiłł. Following her death the red brick-built manor (which gave its name to the surrounding village of Czerwony Dwór, modern Raudondvaris) fell into disuse and was sold to Gintowt-Dziewałtowski family, who sold it back to the mighty Radziwiłł family soon afterwards. Between 1653 and 1664 Prince Janusz Radziwiłł ordered its reconstruction and refurbishment, which gave it
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Illia Ostrogski


Eliasz Aleksander Ostrogski (1510–1539), also known as Illia Ostrogski, was the only son of Konstanty Ostrogski from his first marriage with Tatiana Koretska. He was starost of Bratslav and Vinnytsia. When he was 13, his father Konstanty agreed with Jerzy Radziwiłł to wed Illia and Anna Elżbieta Radziwiłł. In 1537, Illia cancelled the agreement and was offered the hand of Barbara Radziwiłł, younger sister of Anna Elżbieta. Illia refused and married his love Beata Kościelecka. On 3 February 1539 Illia married Beata Kościelecka, rumoured to be
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Barbara Radziwiłł


Hieraniony in October 1543 to take over the estate. It is likely that it was when Barbara and Sigismund Augustus became lovers, though there is no evidence of the affair until after the death of Sigismund Augustus' first wife. In July 1544, Sigismund Augustus traveled to Brest and returned with his wife Elizabeth of Austria in October to Vilnius, where Barbara resided with her mother. On 15 June 1545, Elizabeth died from epileptic seizures. Sigismund Augustus and Barbara were free to enjoy each other's company – rumors spread about their
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Hrehory Chodkiewicz


after Barbara's death in 1551 and when other Radziwiłłs opposed the proposed Union of Lublin in 1562. As voivode of Kiev, Chodkiewicz defended the region from Tatar invasion. In 1558, he achieved a victory in Podolia against the Crimean Khanate. This victory raised prestige of Chodkiewicz as a military commander. On the onset of the Livonian War, he was promoted to castellan of Trakai with intention to use his skill in the war. In 1561, Grand Hetman Mikołaj "the Black" Radziwiłł, Chodkiewicz, and his brother Hieronim
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Dubingiai Castle


, his son Mikolaj "the Red" inherited the property, causing the town nearby to become an important hub for the Reformation in Lithuania. Barbara Radziwiłł spent five months in the castle after her marriage to Sigismund Augustus in 1547. The palace used to be one of the most luxurious residences in the Duchy, lagging not much behind the Royal Palace. Dubingiai Castle was the main seat of the Biržai-Dubingiai line of the Radziwiłł family until the second half of the 17th century, when it was transferred to Biržai Castle.
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Raudondvaris


Raudondvaris is a village on the Nevėžis River in Kaunas district, Lithuania, west of Kaunas. The town was first mentioned in Teutonic chronicles in 1392. The old castle was rebuilt after the Battle of Grunwald and became Grand Duke's property. In 1549 Grand Duke Sigismund II Augustus presented the castle to his wife, Barbara Radziwiłł. After her death the castle fell to ruin. A new Renaissance red brick palace, known as Raudondvaris Castle, was built in 1615 on the high bank of the Nevėžis River by the Radziwiłłs.
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Sigismund II Augustus


Radziwiłł, daughter of Hetman Jerzy Radziwiłł. So violent was the agitation at Sigismund's first "sejm" (31 October 1548) that the deputies threatened to renounce their allegiance unless the King repudiated his wife Barbara. He refused and won the day. By 1550, when Sigismund summoned his second "sejm", a reaction had begun in his favor, and the nobility was rebuked by Piotr Kmita, Marshal of the "sejm", who accused them of attempting to unduly diminish the legislative prerogatives of the crown. The
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Jagiellonian dynasty


Augustus), as well as for seeking to increase her power and influence in the state. From the outset of his reign, Sigismund came into collision with the country's nobility, who had already begun curtailing the power of the great families. The ostensible cause of the nobility's animosity to the King was his second marriage, secretly contracted before his accession to the throne, with (said to be beautiful) Lithuanian Calvinist, Barbara Radziwiłł, daughter of Hetman Jerzy Radziwiłł. The secret marriage was strongly opposed by his mother
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Barbara Radziwiłł


good health, trusting God and His good grace. Her correspondence with her brother was controlled by Sigismund Augustus; therefore she wrote several letters to him in secret from her husband. Barbara's life and death have inspired legends, paintings, literary works and film. The popular legend of Pan Twardowski has that Faust-like figure summoning Barbara's ghost for King Sigismund August. In 1817 Alojzy Feliński wrote a tragedy, and in 1858 Antoni Edward Odyniec a drama, "Barbara Radziwiłłówna". A 19th-century lithograph by Michał
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Barbara Grunes


for Grilling, Sauteing, Broiling, Pan Frying, Smoking, and More" by Barbara Grunes and Phyllis Magida (Paperback – Apr 1990) "Shellfish on the Grill" by Phyllis Magida and Barbara Grunes (Paperback – May 1988) "The Southwestern Sampler" by Barbara Grunes and Phyllis Magida (Paperback – Aug 1987) "Soups and Stews" (Ideals Cook Books) by Barbara Grunes (Paperback – Sep 1988) "The Complete Idiot's Guide to Grilling" by Barbara Grunes and Virginia Van Vynckt (Paperback –
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Barbara Radziwiłł


or poison to seduce Sigismund Augustus. Various authors, including Stanisław Orzechowski and Mikołaj Rej, published and distributed various derogatory pamphlets. The charge of promiscuity often enters works of modern historians though it is not based on any actual evidence. Lithuanian nobles did not openly protest the marriage, but were distrustful of the Radziwiłłs and their rise to power. King Sigismund I the Old died on 1 April 1548. Sigismund Augustus, who briefly returned to Vilnius, had to travel back to Kraków to attend the funeral and secure himself on the
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Katarzyna Tomicka


Katarzyna Tomicka (c.1517–1551) was a Polish noblewoman, known as the sister-in-law and opponent of her sister-in-law queen Barbara Radziwiłł. Katarzyna was born in Iwno, the third daughter of podkomorzy of Kalisz, Jan Tomicki h. Łodzia and sister-aunt of the Court Marshal and Bishop of Kraków, Piotr Tomicki h. Łodzia. She died in Wilno. Her sons initiated the so-called "Calvinist lineage" of the Radziwiłł family. The male line expired in 1669. Katarzyna married Mikołaj "Rudy
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Barbara Radziwiłł


romantic rendezvous, hunts, and parties. Sigismund Augustus spent 223 days in 1546 hunting. It was said that Sigismund Augustus ordered construction of a secret tunnel connecting the Royal Palace with the nearby Radziwiłł Palace so that the couple could meet frequently and discreetly. At the same time, Sigismund Augustus and his parents searched for a new bride. Sigismund I the Old contemplated a marriage to Anna Sophia, daughter of Albert, Duke of Prussia. Other candidates included Anna d'Este of Duchy of Ferrara, widowed Anna of Lorraine, Princesses Mary
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Barbara Radziwiłł


was caused by her use of contraceptive measures. Radziwiłłs in their letters debated whether she had a sexually transmitted disease. There were persistent rumors that she was poisoned by Bona Sforza. Modern historians tend to think it was cervical or ovarian cancer. Her remains were found in Vilnius Cathedral after a flood in 1931. To preserve her body during the long summer trip from Kraków to Vilnius, it was covered in a mixture of ash and burnt lime. While the wooden coffin rotted away, the lime hardened and formed a protective shell
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Barbara Grunes


Healthy Low-Fat Recipes for America's Favorite Fun Food" (The Popular Skinny Cookbook Series) by Barbara Grunes (Paperback – Mar 1996) "The Ultimate Cookie Cookbook" by Barbara Grunes and Virginia Van Vynckt (Hardcover – Oct 12, 1999) "Very Merry Cookie Party: How to Plan and Host a Christmas Cookie Exchange" by Virginia Van Vynckt, Barbara Grunes (Paperback – Sep 29, 2010) "Grill it in!: Recipes for the Burton Stovetop Grill" by Barbara Grunes (Paperback – 1991
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Barbara Radziwiłł


that the bleeding was caused by a rupture of an internal abscess, an early sign of her terminal illness. Sigismund Augustus informed his parents of the marriage on 2 February 1548 in Piotrków Trybunalski. The news caused an uproar among Polish nobles as Sigismund Augustus wed without the approval of the Senate. What was worse, Barbara was his subject and lover. Queen mother Bona Sforza was one of the most vocal opponents. In the ensuing campaign against recognizing the marriage, Barbara was widely accused of promiscuous behavior and of using witchcraft
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Aleksander Chodkiewicz


Chodkiewiczs sided with Queen Sforza against their political rival Barbara Radziwiłł, involved in the love affair with Sigismund Augustus. By the time Aleksander Chodkiewicz died in 1549, his sons, especially Hieronim, were well established in politics and the family was second in power after the Radziwiłłs. Already in 1498, Chodkiewicz founded what became the Supraśl Orthodox Monastery in lands inherited from his father. The monastery combines features of fortified churches, Western Gothic and Eastern Byzantine architectures. Polish historian Józef Maroszek argued that this unique blend of the early 16th century
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Barbara Branden


in philosophy, and authored a thesis on free will, under the direction of Sidney Hook at New York University. Nathaniel and Barbara Branden became founding members of an Objectivist movement that sought to advance Rand's ideas. In 1954, Nathaniel Branden began a secret romantic affair with Rand with the reluctant permission of both spouses. This relationship continued for three years. While their respective spouses, Barbara Branden and Frank O'Connor, had knowledge of the affair and nominally accepted it, Branden later said it led to "years of pain"
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Barbara Radziwiłł


Kmita Sobieński, Jan Gabriel Tęczyński, and Piotr Boratyński, pleaded the King to abandon the marriage and even threatened to take up arms. Sigismund Augustus steadfastly refused and stood by his wife; reportedly he even considered abdication. The sejm ended in a stalemate. After the sejm, Sigismund and Barbara entered Kraków on 13 February 1549. In Wawel, Barbara enjoyed a luxurious lifestyle and expensive gifts. In May 1549, she received large territories in the Trakai Voivodeship, including Kaunas Castle, Rumšiškės, Alytus, Merkinė, Nemunaitis,
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Barbara Radziwiłł


It was described as her last victory. Her health continued to decline and she had fever, diarrhea, nausea. Sigismund Augustus personally tended to his sick wife even though reportedly she stank of pus. He wanted to take her to Niepołomice where he hoped that spring weather would lessen her suffering. When there was a doubt whether a special wagon to transport Barbara could fit through the city gates, Sigismund Augustus ordered the gate demolished. Barbara died on 8 May 1551 in Kraków. She asked to be buried in Vilnius and her
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Barbara Radziwiłł


Litvintroll, a lyrical account of Sigismund's pain and grief after Barbara's death. The band claims the song not only to have given the name to the album but also to have "set its whole outline." On October 6, 2018, a musical titled "The Legend of Zygimantas Augustas and Barbora Radvilaite," was performed at the Auditorium Theater in Chicago. The musical was directed and choreographed by Anzelika Cholina, composed by Mantas Jankavicius, and the libretto was authored by Romas Lileikis. The Lithuanian Choral Ensemble "
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Zawisza Czarny


for by King Sigismund. Disheartened by the king's apparent cowardice, he allegedly refused to retreat, saying, "There is no boat big enough to lift my honor." He was either killed in combat at Golubac or executed in Ottoman captivity. Zawisza was survived by his wife Barbara and their children: He had a granddaughter, Barbara of Roznow, who was the mother of the Polish Renaissance military commander, hetman Jan Tarnowski. Among further descendants of Zawisza were Hetman Stanisław Koniecpolski, Bogusław Radziwiłł, governor of the Duchy
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Barbara Radziwiłł


or otherwise persuade Polish nobles not to oppose the marriage. His mother and one of the most vocal opponents, dowager Queen Bona Sforza, was removed from the court and moved to Mazovia. At the next sejm in May–July 1550, no one objected to the marriage. Therefore, while neither the sejm nor the senate gave an express permission, Barbara was crowned as Queen of Poland on 7 December 1550 in Wawel Cathedral by Mikołaj III Dzierzgowski, Archbishop of Gniezno. However, her reign lasted only five months. Almost
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Barbara Radziwiłł


Witold Sylwanowicz, professors at Stefan Batory University. They calculated her height at , which was rather tall for her times. Her teeth were white and straight; her body was slim; her face and nose were narrow. They also noted anatomical abnormalities – a cervical (extra) rib and particularly flat sacrum, which could indicate rickets, but the rest of her skeleton showed no signs of the disease. However, they were unable to complete their monograph on the subject due to World War II. Barbara's remains were moved
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UC Santa Barbara Gauchos


have led the NCAA in attendance each year from 2007 to 2012, and averaged 5,873 fans during their 2010 home matches. The Gauchos Sep. 24, 2010 match against UCLA drew 15,896 fans, the highest attendance for an NCAA soccer match since the year 2000. The UC Santa Barbara Gauchos men's soccer team have an NCAA Division I Tournament record of 19–11 through twelve appearances. The UC Santa Barbara Gauchos women's soccer team have an NCAA Division I Tournament record of 5–9 through nine appearances. The UC Santa Barbara Gauchos women's
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Sigismund II Augustus


three times; his first wife, Elizabeth of Austria, died in 1545 at just eighteen. He was then involved in several relationships with mistresses, the most famous being Barbara Radziwiłł, who became Sigismund's second wife and Queen of Poland in spite of his mother's disapproval. The marriage was deemed scandalous and was fiercely opposed by the royal court and the nobility. Barbara died five months after her coronation, presumably due to ill health, however, rumours circulated that she was poisoned. Sigismund finally wedded Catherine of Austria,
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Barbara Radziwiłł


, dresses of satin and damask decorated with gold and precious stones. In exchange, Stanislovas transferred property worth 8,000 kopas of Lithuanian groschens to Barbara. Their marriage was childless. Stanislovas died unexpectedly after a brief illness on 18 December 1542. Stanislovas Goštautas was the last male member of the Goštautai family and, according to law regarding childless widows, the majority of his possessions were inherited by Sigismund I the Old, Grand Duke of Lithuania. On 15 June 1543, Sigismund transferred the property to his son Sigismund II Augustus who visited
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Barbara Radziwiłł


of Poland – Sigismund Augustus refused because that would cast a doubt on legitimacy of any future children. In summer 1549, to protect himself from a possible armed rebellion, Sigismund Augustus concluded an alliance with Ferdinand, King of Hungary, leaving his sister Isabella Jagiellon to fend for herself in the succession disputes in the Kingdom of Hungary. To obtain papal brief allowing Barbara's coronation, Sigismund Augustus issued an edict prohibiting heresy – a controversial move in a country that had many Eastern Orthodox. He also worked to threaten, bribe,
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Barbara Bush


, Barbara, Jenna, and I are sad, but our souls are settled because we know hers was [...] I'm a lucky man that Barbara Bush was my mother. Our family will miss her dearly, and we thank you all for your prayers and good wishes." President Donald Trump ordered flags to half-staff in Barbara Bush's memory, as he and First Lady Melania Trump sent condolences on the nation's behalf; saying: "As a wife, mother, grandmother, military spouse, and
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Mikołaj II Radziwiłł


Mikołaj II Radziwiłł () (1470–1521) was a magnate and statesman of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. He obtained the title of prince from Emperor Maximilian I. He was a son of Mikalojus Radvilaitis and among the first Radziwiłłs to cary this family name. He had brothers Jerzy Radziwiłł, Jan Radziwiłł and Wojciech Radziwiłł and sister Anna Radziwiłł. Mikołaj was a progenitor of Goniądz–Meteliai Radziwiłł family line. He inherited the lands of Musninkai and Kėdainiai. Most of his acquired fortune had been confiscated from Michael Glinski—notably Raigardas,
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Barbara of Brandenburg, Marquise of Mantua


Barbara of Brandenburg (1422 – 7 November 1481) was a Marchioness consort of Mantua, married in 1433 to Ludovico III Gonzaga, Marquis of Mantua. Barbara was the daughter of John, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach, and Barbara of Saxe-Wittenberg and a niece of Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund. Her marriage took place in 1433, when she was only ten years old, and she spent the latter part of her childhood in Mantua. She was active as the political adviser of her spouse with the responsibility of foreign diplomatic
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Order of Saint Barbara


chest and the bust of Saint Barbara facing out and in view. The Order of Saint Barbara should be worn only at Artillery functions such as Saint Barbara’s Day celebrations, Artillery balls or Artillery dinings-in and dinings-out. Commanders, O-6 and above, may designate other occasions for wear as appropriate. The Honorable Order of Molly Pitcher is also bestowed by the U.S. Field Artillery Association (USFAA) and the Air Defense Artillery Association (ADAA) to recognize military spouses (historically women) who have voluntarily contributed in
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Barbara of Portugal


of the previous regime who threatened her influence over Ferdinand. Encouraged by Barbara, Ferdinand fired the minister Villarias, who was replaced by Carvajal, and in July 1747 the Queen Dowager was banished from court. During her husband's reign, Barbara was to preside over magnificent parties and concerts at her favorite retreat, the Royal Palace of Aranjuez. However, in contrast to her predecessor as queen, Barbara did not like to flaunt her influence over her spouse and the government policy, and she made a moderately positive impression upon the
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Janusz Radziwiłł (1880–1967)


Prince Janusz Franciszek Radziwiłł (3 September 1880 – 4 October 1967) was a Polish nobleman and politician. Prince Radziwiłł was born on 3 September 1880 in Berlin in the then German Empire. He was the son of Prince Ferdynand Radziwiłł (1834–1926) and Princess Pelagia Sapieha-Kodenska. His siblings were Michał Radziwiłł Rudy, Karol Ferdynand Radziwiłł, Małgorzata. His paternal grandparents were Prince Ferdynand Radziwiłł and Countess Leontyna von Clary und Aldringen. His maternal grandparents were Prince Léon Sapieha-Kodenski and Countess Johanna Tyszkiewicz. His great-grandfather
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Darsūniškis


years. The rebuilt castle was a favored hunting location of Grand Duke Vytautas, to whom the founding of the first church at the beginning of the 15th century is attributed. In the 15th century, Darsūniškis was already a town with a parochial church endowed by the Grand Duke of Lithuania in 1473 and 1492. The town with near estates (Polish: "starostwo dorsunskie") was granted to Barbara Radziwiłł, Queen of Poland and Grand Duchess of Lithuania. From the beginning of the 16th century to the 19th century, Darsūniškis
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Barbara Ekenberg


Elsa Barbro "Barbara" Ekenberg (1717–25 May 1799), was the owner and manager of a coffeehouse in Stockholm in 1772–99. She was a figure in the work of Carl Michael Bellman, who dedicated to her a verse of "Fredmans epistel 9" titled "Till Gumman på Thermopolium Boreale och hennes jungfrur" ('To the Old woman of the Thermopolium Boreale and her maidens'). Barbara Ekenberg managed a coffeehouse after the death of her spouse, Carl Ekenberg, and made it to a very popular and wellfrequented
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Ludwika Karolina Radziwiłł


Princess Ludwika Karolina Radziwiłł () (27 February 1667 – 25 March 1695) was a magnate Princess of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and an active reformer. Ludwika Karolina Radziwiłł was born in Königsberg in the Duchy of Prussia. A member of the Radziwiłł family, she was the last agnatic-line member of the most prominent Calvinists of Lithuania, and a descendant of the Gediminids and Jagiellons. Radziwiłł inherited Dubingiai, Slutsk and many other lands from her father Prince Bogusław Radziwiłł. Her mother was
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Ludwika Karolina Radziwiłł


an heiress in her own right and brought much wealth including the duchies of Kėdainiai and Biržai. Ludwika Karolina Radziwiłł's death in Brieg in 1695 marks the end of the Biržai-Dubingiai Radziwiłł family line. She was the last Radziwiłł to own Biržai Castle and Dubingiai Castle with their lands. Her father, Prince Bogusław Radziwiłł was the son of Janusz Radziwill (1579–1620) and Elisabeth Sophie of Brandenburg, and along with his cousin (and future father-in-law) Janusz Radziwiłł (1612–55) played a dramatic and treacherous
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Karol Stanisław Radziwiłł (1734–1790)


of Bishop Massalski, Chancellor Michał Czartoryski and Józef Radziwiłł. Karol Stanisław Radziwiłł, if captured, was to be imprisoned in the Słuck fortress. The Decree also deprived him authority of the Vilnius province and questioned the legal basis for the regulations of the Nieśwież province. The document also mentioned the confiscation of Radziwiłł's troops and artillery and requested punishment for numerous supporters of Radziwiłł, primarily on I. Bohusz. Undoubtedly, Czartoryskis' intention was to destroy the enormous fortune that Radziwiłł possessed, and thus stabilize the weak economy of the Commonwealth
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Vilnius Castle Complex


Stanislaus on the north, and Saint Helena in the center. These sculptures were removed in 1950 and restored in 1997. Several notable historic figures are entombed in the cathedral's crypts, including Vytautas the Great (1430), his brother Sigismund (1440), his cousin Švitrigaila (1452), Saint Casimir (1484), Alexander (1506), and two of Sigismund August's wives: Elisabeth of Habsburg (1545) and Barbara Radziwiłł (1551). The cathedral was converted to secular uses during the 1950s.
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Krzysztof Radziwiłł's raid on Moscow


with about 4,000 men, which included the core of about 1,000 of personal soldiers of Radziwiłł and a company of his father, Great Hetman Mikołaj "the Red" Radziwiłł. Initially, Radziwiłł's men raided Orsha region. Near Toropets, Radziwiłł's regiment was joined by mercenary and Cossack cavalry units of Filon Kmita, Voivode of Smolensk. The combined forces numbered some 6,000 soldiers. Radziwiłł's men invaded and looted Smolensk region. Near the Shelom River, they faced two Muscovite armies. One was destroyed and the other's attacks
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Stanisław Albrecht Radziwiłł


Prince Stanisław Albrecht "Stash" Radziwiłł (21 July 1914 – 27 July 1976) was a scion of the Polish-Lithuanian princely House of Radziwiłł, born in Szpanów in the Volhynian Governorate of the Russian Empire (now Szpaniv, Ukraine). His parents were Janusz Franciszek, Prince Radziwiłł (1880–1967) and Princess Anna Lubomirska (1882–1947). Stanisław had two elder brothers, Edmund Radziwiłł (1906–1971) and Ludwik Radziwiłł (1911–1928). Through his father, Stanislaw Albrecht was second cousin twice removed of Sophie, Duchess of
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Maximilian Herzberger


, viz. Ruth (born 1928), Ursula Bellugi (1931), and Hans (6 Aug 1932, spouse of Radhika Herzberger). No later than Sep 1930, he was assistant of Hans Boegehold, the chief of calculation office at Carl Zeiss Jena. In 1934, the Nazis deprived him from his professorship at Jena University and his contract with Zeiss. He emigrated with his family to Rochester (NY), where he became head of Eastman Kodak's optical research laboratories, arranged by Einstein. In 1940,
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Barbara Wilberforce


Barbara Ann Wilberforce (née Spooner; 24 December 1777, Birches Green, Erdington, Warwickshire – 21 April 1847, The Vicarage, East Farleigh, Kent) was the spouse of abolitionist and MP William Wilberforce. She was the eldest daughter and third child of Isaac Spooner of Elmdon Hall, Warwickshire, a banker of Birmingham, and his wife, Barbara Gough-Calthorpe, the sister of the first Lord Calthorpe. On 15 April 1797, while at Bath, she met her future husband, William Wilberforce, to whom she
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Anthony Radziwiłł


Prince Anthony Stanisław Albert Radziwiłł (; August 4, 1959 – August 10, 1999) was a Swiss-born American television executive and filmmaker. He was the nephew of former First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy. Born in Lausanne, Switzerland, Radziwiłł was the son of socialite/actress Lee Radziwiłł (younger sister of First Lady Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy) and Polish Prince Stanisław Albrecht Radziwiłł. He married a former ABC colleague, Emmy Award-winning journalist Carole DiFalco, on 27 August 1994 on Long Island, New York. Radziwiłł attended Millfield
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Vilnius Cathedral


Sigismund (Žygimantas) (1440), his cousin Švitrigaila (1452), Saint Casimir (1484), Alexander Jagiellon (1506), and two wives of Sigismund II Augustus: Elisabeth of Habsburg (1545) and Barbara Radziwiłł (1551). The heart of the Polish king Władysław IV Vasa was buried there upon his death, although the rest of his body is buried at the Wawel Cathedral in Kraków. Inside, there are more than forty works of art dating from the 16th through 19th centuries, including frescoes and
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Pan Twardowski


courtier of King Sigismund Augustus, who sought consolation in magic and astrology after the death of his beloved wife, Barbara Radziwiłł. He was said to have summoned the ghost of the late queen to comfort the grieving king, using a magic mirror. The sorcerer also wrote two books, both dictated to him by the devil – a book on magic and an encyclopedia. After years of evading his fate, Twardowski was eventually tricked by the devil and caught not in the city, but at an inn called "Rzym" (
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Biržai


town. Later, after his daughter, Barbara Radziwiłł married the Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland Sigismund II Augustus in 1547, the power and influence of the family grew immensely. The Radvila family established a Protestant church and school, and the city became a cultural center of the Protestant Reformation in Lithuania. The local community of Lithuanian Jews, which settled in the Duchy of Biržai at the end of the 16th century, was influential, establishing an interest-free loan society, two major flour mills, and an
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Barbara Fugger


Barbara Fugger (1419 – July 23, 1497) was a German businessperson and banker. Barbara Baesinger was born to a wealthy family in Augsburg, Germany. While still a teenager, she was married to textile merchant Jakob Fugger the Elder. She had eleven children with him before he died, including Ulrich, Georg and Jakob Fugger. She successfully managed the family business and eventually traded internationally in linen and wool. She provided money for her sons' businesses and her daughters' dowries. After the death of her spouse in
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Qualified domestic relations order


collect both past due and future child support payments. Examples of retirement plans NOT covered by ERISA include military retirement pay (covered by the Uniformed Services Former Spouses' Protection Act), State and Municipal retirement plans, Federal Retirement Plans (the Civil Service Retirement System (CSRS), Federal Employees Retirement System (FERS) and Thrift Savings Plan (TSP)), Individual Retirement Accounts (IRAs) (SEP-IRA, SIMPLE IRA and Keogh Plan), and most deferred compensation plans. However, a QDRO "can
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Richard A. Pauling


) died in April 1813, and Richard was most likely sent to England to live with relatives shortly afterward. His father remarried and had two other children, but he also died in Calcutta in 1822. Name: Richard Alexander Pauling Gender: Male Marriage Date: 25 Sep 1831 Marriage Place: Holy Trinity,Newington,Surrey,England Spouse: Sally Ann Upton FHL Film Number: 307688 Marriage record to Jane Jefferson Simpkins state Richard was a 'Widower'... A 25-year-old Richard Pauling is listed as a passenger on
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Bogusław Radziwiłł


), Radziwiłł was the owner of Biržai, Dubingiai, Słuck, and Kopyta, the great Standard-bearer of Lithuania since 1638, the Master of the Stables of Lithuania since 1648, and the Starost barski. Radziwiłł was Governor of the Duchy of Prussia (Brandenburg-Prussia) ("generalny gubernator Prus Książęcych") since 1657. From 1637 to 1648 Radziwiłł studied abroad, in Germany, Netherlands, England, and France. For several decades, the interests between the Radziwiłł family and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth had
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Jan Swołyński


Jan Swołyński (died between 1644 and 1647) was a Polish nobleman ("szlachcic") and a marshal ("marszałek") of Oszmiany. He was son of Jan, a protestant. He was connected with Radziwiłł family. Jan Swołyński was an official of Janusz Radziwiłł in Kopysia and Smolewicze. After death of Janusz Radziwiłł (1620) Swołyński went under a patronage of Krzysztof Radziwiłł, a half-brother of Janusz. During the campaign in Livonia in 1622 he was an adjutant of K. Radziwiłł. As a porucznik
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Radziwiłł Palace, Vilnius


Radziwiłł Palace (, ) is a Late Renaissance palace in the Old Town of Vilnius, Lithuania. It was the largest but second in importance of Radziwiłłs' palaces in Vilnius. It is likely that a wooden mansion of Mikołaj "the Black" Radziwiłł stood in the same site in the 16th century. The current building was constructed by the order of Janusz Radziwiłł from 1635 to 1653 according to the design of Jan Ullrich. The building fell in ruin after the Muscovite invasion 1655–60 and remained mostly neglected for centuries. It was
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Nesvizh Castle


Niasviž Castle or Nesvizh Castle (, , ) is a residential castle of the Radziwiłł family in Niasviž, Belarus. It is above sea level. 1919 - 1945 the complex was in Poland and was considered one of the most beautiful castles in the "Kresy" region. The estate was owned by the Radziwiłł magnate family from 1533, when it was awarded to Mikołaj Radziwiłł and his brother Jan Radziwiłł after the extinction of the Kiszka family. Since the Radziwiłłs were one of the most important and wealthy clans of the Grand Duchy
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World Qualification Series (2009)


18 - Aug 23" 30th Anniversary of the Lacanau Pro and good conditions this year. Surf, concerts, events scheduled. Check out the video for a summary of the event http://vimeo.com/6994555 "Aug 25 - Aug 30" "Sep 01 - Sep 06" "Sep 01 - Sep 06" "Sep 04 - Sep 06" "Sep 09 - Sep 12" "Sep 10 - Sep 13" "Sep 08 - Sep 13" "Sep 15 - Sep 20" "Sep 16 - Sep 22" "Sep
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Zachęta


led to a public scandal. The collection began with a picture of Józef Simmler's "Death of Barbara Radziwiłł". Objects have come mainly from donations and wills. At the end of the 19th century, the collection already comprised over one thousand items. The permanent collection of Zachęta National Gallery of Art today comprises 3600 objects of which about 700 are paintings, almost 80 are video works and around 100 are sculptures and installations. In addition, the gallery owns an extensive collection of over 2600 works on paper such as graphic
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Our Lady of the Gate of Dawn


along with dark colors of the painting that resembled Byzantine icons, inspired 19th-century Russian historians to claim that the painting was Orthodox and not Roman Catholic. This theory was popularized in various articles, brochures, studies and is sometimes quoted today. Others claimed that the painting was commissioned by King of Poland Sigismund II Augustus and depicted his wife Barbara Radziwiłł. With silver cloth covering the entire painting, except for the face and hands, it was very hard for art historians to determine in what period the painting was created.
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Barbara Radziwiłł


body was transported to Vilnius Cathedral, where she was buried on 23 June next to Sigismund Augustus' first wife Elizabeth of Austria. Her death was a severe loss to the King; it is said that for a good portion of the journey he followed her coffin on foot. It was said that Sigismund Augustus became more serious, avoided parties, and liked to dress black for the rest of his life. The cause of her illness has been debated by contemporaries and historians. Secretary of Giovanni Francesco Commendone claimed that her illness
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Barbara Radziwiłł


that preserved her bones rather well. She was buried with regal symbols (silver gilded crown, silver scepter, golden orb with a cross) and jewelry (long gold necklace, three gold rings; one of them, gifted to her by Sigismund Augustus, was covered with black vitreous enamel and had three stones – brilliant, ruby, and emerald). These and other artifacts were kept at Vilnius Cathedral, but they disappeared during World War II. Her skeleton was cleaned, conserved, and glued together by Michał Reicher and
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Bona Sforza


brothers. In 1544, Sigismund II Augustus was given independent authority in Lithuania, and he moved there. It was the cause of a significant weakening of power in the queen, who did not want his departure. The pair had originally entered into a conflict over her son's marriage to Barbara Radziwiłł. Almost from the beginning of her life in Poland, Queen Bona tried to gain a strong political position and began forming a circle of supporters. On 23 January 1519, Pope Leo X, whom she had friendly relationship with
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Anna Jagiellon


and their mother. Only after the death of Sigismund I the Old in 1548, the first serious candidate to husband emerged – Albert Alcibiades, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach, but he was a Hohenzollern and a Protestant, had debts and a temper. In summer 1548, after a conflict with Sigismund II Augustus over his secret marriage with Barbara Radziwiłł, Queen mother Bona and her three unmarried daughters moved to Mazovia, mainly Warsaw and Ujazdów Castle. Sigismund II Augustus did not attend to the issue of his sisters' marriages.
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Radziwiłł family


Stanislaw Radziwiłł was the "aide-de-camp" to the Commander-in-chief Józef Piłsudski. The Radziwiłłs also gained international importance manifested in family relations with German princely dynasties, first established by Albrecht Radziwiłł from Olyka who married Anna, princess of Courland. Such conjugal unions continued in 17th and 18th centuries. Karol Stanisław Radziwiłł (1734–1790) of the Nieśwież line was the wealthiest magnate in Poland, in the second half of the 18th century, and one of the richest men in Europe. As a patriot he
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Radziwiłł family


and Zolochiv. The Radziwiłłs possessed palaces in most important cities of the Rzeczpospolita, including those where the Sejm had its sessions (Warsaw, Hrodna), or the Tribunal held its meetings (Vilnius, Lublin, Navahrudak), in province centres where the Radziwiłłs had their estates (Minsk and Lviv), and in the cities where the Radziwiłłs were economically active (Gdańsk, Wrocław). In 19th and 20th centuries the Radziwiłłs also owned property in European capitals like Vienna, Dresden, Berlin and Paris. Residences that emerged in
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Radziwiłł family


the centres of the possessions of the Radziwiłłs reflected the importance of a town in the history of the family. One of this type of residences was Nesvizh in present-day Belarus which by the 18th century had developed into a most important princely town. Over the generations the family members have resided in some notable historic homes. The Radziwiłł family owned a total of 23 palaces. Some of the more prominent of these are: The Radziwiłł family members include: Since 1515 both Mikolajs and the Radziwiłł family were elevated to Reichsfürsten of
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Mikołaj "the Red" Radziwiłł


Mikołaj Radziwiłł, nicknamed "The Red" (Polish "Rudy", Lithuanian: "Radvila Rudasis"), also known as "Mikołaj Radziwiłł the Sixth" (1512 – 27 April 1584), was a Polish-Lithuanian nobleman, Count Palatine of Vilnius, Grand Chancellor of Lithuania, and Grand Lithuanian Hetman (from 1576) in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and later in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Together with his cousin Mikołaj "the Black" Radziwiłł and the Radziwiłł family were granted title and position as Reichsfürst Prince
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Karol Stanisław Radziwiłł (1734–1790)


Radziwiłł was forced to bribe or threaten some of the notable members of the family. This took place on October 8 when Radziwiłł, assisted by a small group of soldiers and militia, visited Czartoryski in his palace and pathetically stated that in the name of the ministry and the government he was to prevent him from participating in the Diet. He did the same to the Vice-Chancellor A. Przeździecki. Radziwiłł would then receive from the parliament and the Treasury of the Commonwealth 7,346 Polish złotys. On March 5, 1768, Radziwiłł
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List of 1982–83 NBA season transactions


1982 Oct 2, 1982 Oct 1, 1982 Sep 30, 1982 Sep 29, 1982 Sep 28, 1982 Sep 27, 1982 Sep 24, 1982 Sep 22, 1982 Sep 20, 1982 Sep 19, 1982 Sep 18, 1982 Sep 17, 1982 Sep 15, 1982 Sep 14, 1982 Sep 13, 1982 Sep 10, 1982 Sep 9, 1982 Sep 7, 1982 Sep 2, 1982 Sep 1, 1982 Aug 31, 1982 Aug 27, 1982 Aug 26, 1982 Aug 16, 1982 Aug 8,
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Bogusław Radziwiłł


Gosiewski. Radziwiłł himself was captured by the Tatars, who initially enslaved him and wanted to transport him to Crimea. After fierce discussions with the Tatar commanders, he was handed over to Gosiewski. Boguslaw married Anna Maria Radziwiłł, the only daughter of his relative and collaborator, the late prince Janusz. In turn, this couple had only one surviving child, a daughter, Ludwika Karolina Radziwiłł. Both Bogusław's and Janusz's lines of the Radziwiłł family became extinct by the next generation. In Poland it is believed that Bogusław
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Radziwiłł family


Zaigrad and Podlaskie Lowlands in Poland. In 1612 the Principality of Slutsk with some thirty-two villages passed over to the Radziwiłłs, after Janusz Radziwiłł had married the heiress Zofia Olelkowicz Słucka. Their possessions were expanded also with Brest, Ashmyany, Krychau, Lida, Mazyr and other administrative territories (starostwos). The Radziwiłłs were granted a life-time privilege of being governors (starostas) of those territories. However, during Janusz Radziwiłł's lifetime, the interests between his family and the Polish Crown began to drift apart,
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Ludwika Karolina Radziwiłł


role in The Deluge, or Swedish invasion of Poland. Following the Swedish retreat and Polish resurgence, Bogusław Radziwiłł chose exile in Brandenburg-Prussia, with his mother's family. His wife and Ludwika Karolina's mother, Anna Maria Radziwiłł, the only child and heiress of Janusz Radziwiłł died shortly after giving birth to Ludwika Karolina. Bogusław followed less than two years later, leaving the infant Radziwiłł orphaned and very wealthy. Her guardianship was entrusted to her father's cousin and host (and her future father-in-law
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Karol Stanisław Radziwiłł (1734–1790)


any laws and policies which coincided with Lithuanian freedom and sovereignty. During this sitting, the members of the Czartoryski family offended and angered Radziwiłł by saying that the Grand Duchy has no right to sovereignty. Radziwiłł later threatened that he would mobilize his forces and invade the Czartoryski estates near Vilnius, but he was unable to do so because of the king, who previously invested in them, and Radziwiłł was afraid that it would anger the royal court. Radziwiłł led a series of unsuccessful attempts to destroy the Czartoryski "alliance" against
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Palace of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania


Old welcomed an emissary from the Holy Roman Empire, who introduced Sigismund to Bona Sforza, his second wife, in 1517. Sigismund's son Sigismund II Augustus was crowned Grand Duke of Lithuania in the palace. Sigismund II carried on with the development work and lived there with his first wife Elisabeth of Austria, daughter of Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor. She was laid to rest in Vilnius Cathedral. Sigismund II's second wife, Barbara Radziwiłł, also lived in the palace. According to contemporary accounts of the Holy See
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Isabella Jagiellon


of Gran, and to receive the cardinal's hat. Isabella defended her rights and took up arms. She did not receive help from her brother Sigismund II Augustus as he concluded an alliance with Ferdinand so that he could quell opposition of Polish nobility to his marriage to Barbara Radziwiłł. In fall 1550, Isabella's troops defended Alba Iulia, but had to agree to a truce. She gained support from nobility in the diet of Aiud, but her forces were defeated near Cenad and she was besieged in Buda. In July
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Dominican Church of the Holy Spirit


once part of a larger tunnel network that allowed legendary lovers Barbara Radziwiłł and Sigismund II Augustus to meet in secret. In 2011, anthropologists from Vilnius University, led by , began a study of the mummified bodies. They estimated that the vaults hold remains of about 600 people including many women and children from the mid-18th century to the early 19th century. The team selected the best preserved mummies and performed their tomography. The results show that several people were overweight and had bunions, which led to the conclusion that these were wealthier
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History of Poland during the Jagiellonian dynasty


's unwillingness to move toward the implementation of the reformers' goals negatively affected the country's financial and defensive capabilities. The relationship with "szlachta" had only gotten worse during the early years of the reign of Sigismund II Augustus and remained bad until 1562. Sigismund Augustus' secret marriage with Barbara Radziwiłł in 1547, before his accession to the throne, was strongly opposed by his mother Bona and by the magnates of the Crown. Sigismund, who took over the reign after his father's death in 1548, overcame the resistance
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Hieronim Chodkiewicz


1545, Hieronim Chodkiewicz was further promoted to Elder of Samogitia thus politically surpassing his father. The appointment to Samogitia most likely was due to his marriage to a Samogitian noblewoman. Chodkiewicz and his son held the position until 1579, replacing Kęsgailos as the most influential Samogitian family and acquiring many properties in Samogitia, including Kretinga, Skuodas, Lyduvėnai. Šaukėnai, obtained as his wife's dowry, became the primary residence of the Chodkiewicz family in Samogitia. Chodkiewicz supported Queen Bona Sforza when she vehemently opposed the marriage of Barbara Radziwiłł and
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Krzysztof Radziwiłł's raid on Moscow


were successfully repelled. Later Radziwiłł invaded Rzhev area, crossed Volga River, burned Urdoma, and moved towards Staritsa where at that time Tsar Ivan IV was residing. On September 14, Radziwiłł was just three or four miles from Staritsa. Ivan evacuated his wife and children as well as the state treasury deeper into the Russian territory. However, Radziwiłł did not dare to attack Staritsa, one of the few brick fortresses in Russia, and retreated towards Lake Ilmen. On their way, Radziwiłł's men scored a victory near Toropets
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Radziwiłł family


Radziwiłł married Caroline Lee Radziwill, sister of the late First Lady, Jacqueline Lee Kennedy Onassis, and sister-in-law of President John F. Kennedy. Prince Antoni Radziwiłł was a music and art aficionado and he transformed his properties in Berlin to serve as artistic salons, where aristocrats mingled among artists, painters and composers. Radziwiłł’s Berlin properties hosted frequent amateur theatre play productions. Another property Antoni Radziwiłł owned in Prussian-Poland was Antonin, a hunting lodge he had built between 1822-24 by the German architect Karl
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