Svalbard Global Seed Vault [SEP] date of official opening
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Svalbard Global Seed Vault


Gene Bank (NGB) has, since 1984, stored backup Nordic plant germplasm via frozen seeds in an abandoned coal mine at Svalbard. In January 2008, the Nordic Gene Bank merged with two other Nordic conservation groups to form NordGen. The Svalbard Global Seed Vault officially opened on 26 February 2008, although the first seeds arrived in January 2008. Five percent of the seeds in the vault, about 18,000 samples with 500 seeds each, came from the Centre for Genetic Resources of the Netherlands (CGN), part of Wageningen
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Svalbard Global Seed Vault


help maintain the low temperature of the seeds if the electricity supply fails. In the years since its opening, the vault saw minor water intrusion at its entrance during the annual spring permafrost thawing; warmer temperatures and heavy rainfall in October 2016 caused significantly greater amounts of water to inundate the entrance, but the facility's design ensured that the water froze after several meters and the seeds were not endangered. The Crop Trust, officially known as the Global Crop Diversity Trust, plays a key role in the planning of the seed vault
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Svalbard Global Seed Vault


The Svalbard Global Seed Vault () is a secure seed bank on the Norwegian island of Spitsbergen, near Longyearbyen, in the remote Arctic Svalbard archipelago, approximately from the North Pole. Conservationist Cary Fowler, in association with the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR), started the vault to preserve a wide variety of plant seeds that are duplicate samples, or "spare" copies, of seeds held in gene banks worldwide. The seed vault is an attempt to ensure against the loss of seeds in other genebanks during
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Seed Savers Exchange


freezing temperatures. Heritage Farm keeps a historical record of each variety it maintains. A herd of White Park Cattle as well as 900 apple tree varieties are also maintained on the farm. Heritage Farm holds a visitors' center that offers events and classes. In December 2007, Seed Savers Exchange made an inaugural deposit of nearly 500 varieties to the Svalbard Global Seed Vault that opened on February 26, 2008 in Svalbard, Norway. It was the only citizen-led group in the United States to contribute to the Svalbard Global Seed
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Cannabis in Svalbard


an amount of it – the Svalbard Global Seed Vault. A seed bank located outside of Longyearbyen, the secure vault contains thousands of seeds from around the world, in order to ensure their preservation in case of other seed banks being destroyed or damaged during large-scale regional or global crises. Among the species of plant preserved in the vault are around 21,500 seeds belonging to the cannabis genus, donated in 2014. The seeds were provided by Alchimia, a Spanish seed bank. This will ensure the survival of cannabis, for
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Spitsbergen


equally represented. The Svalbard Global Seed Vault is a "doomsday" seedbank to store seeds from as many of the world's crop varieties and their botanical wild relatives as possible. A cooperation between the government of Norway and the Global Crop Diversity Trust, the vault is cut into rock near Longyearbyen, keeping it at a natural and refrigerating the seeds to . The Svalbard Undersea Cable System is a fibre optic line from Svalbard to Harstad, needed for communicating with polar orbiting satellite through Svalbard Satellite Station and installations in Ny-Ålesund
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Svalbard


, geology and geophysics. Courses are provided to supplement studies at the mainland universities; there are no tuition fees and courses are held in English, with Norwegian and international students equally represented. The Svalbard Global Seed Vault is a seedbank to store seeds from as many of the world's crop varieties and their botanical wild relatives as possible. A cooperation between the government of Norway and the Global Crop Diversity Trust, the vault is cut into rock near Longyearbyen, keeping it at a natural and refrigerating the seeds to . The Svalbard
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Agriculture in Svalbard


Nordic Gene Bank has stored backup Nordic plant germplasm in the form of frozen seeds in Svalbard, over the years depositing more than 10,000 seed samples of more than 2,000 cultivars for 300 different species. In 2006 the construction of the Global Seed Vault, a secure underground vault located outside of Longyearbyen, began. The purpose is to provide a safety net against accidental loss of biological diversity in traditional genebanks, acting to ensure crop diversity in the future. Opened in 2008, the seed bank now contains over 750,000 different types of seeds
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Economy of Svalbard


grants permission for any nation to conduct research on Svalbard, resulting in the Polish Polar Station and the Chinese Arctic Yellow River Station. The University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS) in Longyearbyen was established in 1993 and offers undergraduate, graduate and postgraduate courses to 350 students. The Svalbard Global Seed Vault is a "doomsday" seedbank to store seeds from as many of the world's crop varieties and their botanical wild relatives as possible. A cooperation between the Government of Norway and the Global Crop Diversity Trust, the vault is cut
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Nordic Genetic Resource Center


in a former Svalbard coal mine. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and Bioversity International approached Norwegian authorities to open a comprehensive facilitye and the Svalbard Global Seed Vault began, in 2008, to be the safety store of Earth's most important crops for human and human-mediated agriculture and consumption. The Vault is managed through a tripartite agreement among the Norwegian Ministry of Agriculture and Food, the Crop Trust and NordGen. Nordgen provides operational management and Vault deposits in collaboration with depositing genebanks and the Crop Trust which co-funds
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Svalbard Global Seed Vault


with highly reflective stainless steel, mirrors, and prisms. The installation reflects polar light in the summer months, while in the winter, a network of 200 fibre-optic cables gives the piece a muted greenish-turquoise and white light. The Svalbard Global Seed Vault's mission is to provide a safety net against accidental loss of diversity in traditional genebanks. While the popular press has emphasized its possible utility in the event of a major regional or global catastrophe, it will be more frequently accessed when genebanks lose samples due to
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Svalbard Global Seed Vault


the genera diversity stored in gene banks globally was represented at the Seed Vault. In October 2016, the seed vault experienced an unusually large degree of water intrusion due to higher than average temperatures and heavy rainfall. While it is common for some water to seep into the vault's entrance tunnel during the warmer spring months, in this case the water encroached into the tunnel before freezing. The vault was designed for water intrusion and as such the seeds were not at risk. As a result, however, Norwegian public works agency
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Longyearbyen


Undersea Cable System opened, providing fiber optic cable connection to the mainland. The European Incoherent Scatter Scientific Association (EISCAT) opened a radar in 1996, followed by Svalbard Satellite Station in 1999 and the Svalbard Global Seed Vault in 2008. Longyearbyen, the largest settlement in Svalbard, is located in the lower portion of the Longyear Valley, along the Longyear River. The lower parts of the town lie along the southwestern shore of the bay of Adventfjorden, a branch of Isfjorden. Longyearbyen is on the Nordenskiöld Land peninsula of Spitsbergen
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Crop Trust


Crop Trust joined the Government of Norway and the Nordic Gene Bank in the 2008 establishment of the Svalbard Global Seed Vault, a "fail-safe" facility located at Svalbard, Norway. This facility provides a safety back-up for existing genebank collections, which are vulnerable to war, civil strife, natural disasters and even to equipment failure and mismanagement. The Vault has also been touted as providing a means for restoring agriculture in the event of a global catastrophe. It is designed to hold the seeds of some 4.5 million
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Svalbard Global Seed Vault


mismanagement, accident, equipment failures, funding cuts, and natural disasters. These events occur with some regularity. War and civil strife have a history of destroying some genebanks. The national seed bank of the Philippines was damaged by flooding and later destroyed by a fire; the seed banks of Afghanistan, Syria, and Iraq have been lost completely. According to "The Economist", "the Svalbard vault is a backup for the world's 1,750 seed banks, storehouses of agricultural biodiversity." Norwegian law has prohibited the storing
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Open Source Seed Initiative


nature of crop genetic resources and the debate over ownership of these resources has been the establishment of gene banks and seed banks in many countries, notably Fowler’s recent efforts to develop the Svalbard Global Seed Vault off the coast of Norway in the Arctic Svalbard Archipelago. Despite the tremendous value of such efforts, Kloppenburg’s focus on the ownership and control of those resources still remains one of the most pressing questions for future generations. International efforts, coordinated through the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the United Nations Environment
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Svalbard Global Seed Vault


Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), to move its headquarters from Aleppo to Beirut. Due to difficulties by ICARDA in transferring its collection, in 2015 the Svalbard Vault authorized the first withdrawal of seeds in its history. The seeds are stored in sealed three-ply foil packages, then placed into plastic tote containers on metal shelving racks. The storage rooms are kept at . The low temperature and limited access to oxygen will ensure low metabolic activity and delay seed aging. The permafrost surrounding the facility will
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Svalbard Global Seed Vault


genebanks will, in most cases, be accessible in accordance with the terms and conditions of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, approved by 118 countries or parties. The seed vault functions like a safe deposit box in a bank. The bank owns the building and the depositor owns the contents of his or her box. The Government of Norway owns the facility and the depositing genebanks own the seeds they send. The deposit of samples in Svalbard does not constitute a legal transfer of genetic resources. In
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Svalbard Global Seed Vault


large-scale regional or global crises. The seed vault is managed under terms spelled out in a tripartite agreement among the Norwegian government, the Crop Trust, and the Nordic Genetic Resource Center (NordGen). The Norwegian government entirely funded the vault's approximately ( in 2008) construction. Storing seeds in the vault is free to end users; Norway and the Crop Trust pay for operational costs. Primary funding for the Trust comes from organisations such as the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and from various governments worldwide. The Nordic
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Arctic World Archive


The Arctic World Archive was opened on Svalbard, Norway, March 27 2017, located deep inside arctic mountains with permafrost and ideal climatic conditions. The Svalbard archipelago is declared demilitarized by 42 nations, making the Arctic World Archive an ideal location for valuable data storage. What the Svalbard Global Seed Vault is for plants, the Arctic World Archive will be for the world's digital heritage and valuable data; a secure and safe place where the data will be available when all other systems fail. The archive is managed by Norwegian technology
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Svalbard Global Seed Vault


of genetically modified seeds at the vault. The adjacent Arctic World Archive provides a similar service for data, which is etched as code into reels of film. Project lead Piql of Norway states that the film, when properly preserved, should last for 1,000 years. Vault seed samples are copies of samples stored in the depositing genebanks. Researchers, plant breeders, and other groups wishing to access seed samples cannot do so through the seed vault; they must instead request samples from the depositing genebanks. The samples stored in the
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Climate of Svalbard


water to deeper areas than had previously occurred. The seeds were not affected as the design of the vault is adapted to water intrusion. However, the Norwegian public works agency, Statsbygg, is now planning improvements to the tunnel to prevent any such intrusion in the future and especially facing uncertain climate change. The Norwegian government has proposed to upgrade the Svalbard Global Seed Vault and has allocated 100 million NOK for this purpose. Technical improvements will be carried out as part of a long-term plan with the aim to extend the
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Svalbard Global Seed Vault


genebank terminology this is called a "black box" arrangement. Each depositor signs a Deposit Agreement with NordGen, acting on behalf of Norway. The Agreement makes clear that Norway does not claim ownership over the deposited samples and that ownership remains with the depositor, who has the sole right of access to those materials in the seed vault. No one has access to anyone else's seeds from the seed vault. The database of samples and depositors is maintained by NordGen. The Syrian Civil War caused another seed bank, the International
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Svalbard Global Seed Vault


University, Netherlands. As part of the vault's first anniversary, more than 90,000 food crop seed samples were placed into storage, bringing the total number of seed samples to 400,000. Among the new seeds are included 32 varieties of potatoes from Ireland's national gene banks and 20,000 new samples from the U.S. Agricultural Research Service. Other seed samples came from Canada and Switzerland, as well as international seed researchers from Colombia, Mexico and Syria. This shipment brought the total number of seeds stored in the vault to over 20 million
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History of Svalbard


the 1990s, several research and hi-tech institutes have established themselves, such as the University Centre in Svalbard, the European Incoherent Scatter Scientific Association, the Svalbard Satellite Station, the Svalbard Undersea Cable System and the Svalbard Global Seed Vault. The 1990s saw a large reduction in Russian activity. Schools were closed in 1994 and children and mothers were sent to the mainland, reducing the population of Barentsburg to 800 and of Pyramiden to 600. Operations resumed at Svea in 1997, while Pyramiden was abandoned in 1998. The Svalbard
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Longyearbyen


town, but most mining operations have moved to since the 1990s, while the town has seen a large increase in tourism and research. This has seen the arrival of institutions such as the University Centre in Svalbard, the Svalbard Global Seed Vault and Svalbard Satellite Station. The community is served by Svalbard Airport and Svalbard Church. In 1896, Vesteraalens Dampskibsselskab started tours to Hotellneset. To accommodate tourists, they built a prefabricated hotel, but it was not profitable and was closed after the 1897 season. However, two families overwintered
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Svalbard Global Seed Vault


and coordinating shipments of seed samples to the Vault in conjunction with the Nordic Genetic Resource Center. The Trust provides most of the annual operating costs for the facility and has set aside endowment funds to do so, while the Norwegian government finances upkeep of the structure itself. With support from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and other donors, the Crop Trust assists selected genebanks in developing countries as well as the international agricultural research centres in packaging and shipping seeds to the seed vault. An International Advisory Council provides guidance and advice.
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Platåberget


Platåberget is a mountain in Nordenskiöld Land on the island of Spitsbergen in Svalbard, Norway. It is tall and has a distinct plateau shape, for which it is named. It is bordered to the west by Bjørndalen, to the east by Blomsterdalen and to the north by Hotellneset and Adventfjorden. The mountain a few kilometers from Longyearbyen and next to Svalbard Airport, Longyear. It is the site of Svalbard Satellite Station and Svalbard Global Seed Vault. On 30 April 1995, a 22-year-old Norwegian college student Nina Olaussen was
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Svalbard


with the University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS) and the Svalbard Global Seed Vault playing critical roles. No roads connect the settlements; instead snowmobiles, aircraft and boats serve inter-community transport. Svalbard Airport, Longyear serves as the main gateway. The archipelago features an Arctic climate, although with significantly higher temperatures than other areas at the same latitude. The flora take advantage of the long period of midnight sun to compensate for the polar night. Svalbard is a breeding ground for many seabirds, and also features polar bears,
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Bent Skovmand


Order of the Dannebrog in 2003. Continuing his work on preserving the genetic diversity among wheats, barleys, and oats, he was appointed the director of the Nordic Gene Bank, based in Alnarp, Sweden, in 2003, and founded the Svalbard International Seed Vault. The Seed Vault, also called the "Doomsday Vault", is supported by the Global Crop Diversity Trust and aims to preserve "the raw material of agriculture" to make it available for breeding and research even in the advent of disaster, war, or
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Agriculture in Svalbard


Agriculture in Svalbard – the world's northernmost – has a short history, and remains a minor economic factor, but has nonetheless had a culturally and socially significant role, as well as an ecologic impact. Svalbard is also home to the Global Seed Vault, which serves to protect the world's biological and agricultural diversity. Polar Permaculture Solutions, AS was formed in January 2015. Polar Permaculture has been focused on producing locally grown food in town, and also with composting food waste. Svalbard, an archipelago administered by Norway and
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Climate of Svalbard


infrastructure. Higher temperatures can also lead to deeper thawing in the permafrost layer which could weaken the stability of the ground and thereby threaten buildings and roads. The Svalbard Global Seed Vault stores seeds from seed banks all over the world, aiming to provide a backup preservation of the legacy of plant diversity through threats such as climate change, natural disaster and human conflict. The facility should be fail-safe facing both human and natural disasters.In October 2016, temperatures higher than average in combination with heavy rainfall caused an intrusion of
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Svalbard Global Seed Vault


. As of this anniversary, the vault contained samples from approximately one-third of the world's most important food crop varieties. Also part of the anniversary, experts on food production and climate change met for a three-day conference in Longyearbyen. Japanese sculptor Mitsuaki Tanabe () presented a work to the vault named "The Seed 2009 / Momi In-Situ Conservation". In 2010 a delegation of seven U.S. congressmen handed over a number of different varieties of chili pepper. By 2013, approximately one-third of
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Svalbard Global Seed Vault


Statsbygg plans to make improvements to the tunnel to prevent any such intrusion in the future, including waterproofing the tunnel walls, removing heat sources from the tunnel, and digging exterior drainage ditches. For the seed vault's 10th anniversary on 26 February 2018, a shipment of 70,000 samples was delivered to the facility, bringing the number of samples received to more than one million (not counting withdrawals). At this time, the total number of samples held at the vault was 967,216, representing over 13,000 years of agricultural history.
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The Futurama Holiday Spectacular


Planet Express building on Xmas Eve, explaining in song how the holiday should be celebrated. The crew are inspired to revive the pine tree, which became extinct in the 2200's, with seeds from the Svalbard Global Seed Vault. However, the seeds have been contaminated by a biological weapons repository neighboring the vault, causing pine trees to grow and spread at a rapid rate until they cover the entire Earth. Though the trees seem beneficial at first, returning the planet to a lush, wildlife-filled state, their uncontrolled
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Åsmund Asdal


Åsmund Asdal (born 1957) is a Norwegian biologist and agronomist, employed at Nordic Genetic Resource Center (NordGen) as Svalbard Global Seed Vault(SGSV) Coordinator. He facilitates seed deposits in the SGSV from the international community of gene banks and research institutes holding seed collections of plant genetic resources, and is responsible for information and media visits to the Seed Vault. From 2001 to 2015 he managed the Norwegian national program for plant genetic resources at the Norwegian Genetic Resource Centre. He has also conducted research for the Norwegian Institute for Agricultural
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Svalbard Global Seed Vault


sea level will keep the site dry even if the ice caps melt. Locally mined coal provides power for refrigeration units that further cool the seeds to the internationally recommended standard of . If the equipment fails, at least several weeks will elapse before the facility rises to the surrounding sandstone bedrock's temperature of , and is estimated to take two centuries to warm to . A feasibility study prior to construction determined that the vault could preserve most major food crops' seeds for hundreds of years. Some, including those of important grains,
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Spitsbergen


and a demilitarized zone. The Norwegian Store Norske and the Russian Arktikugol are the only mining companies. Research and tourism have become important supplementary industries, featuring among others the University Centre in Svalbard and the Svalbard Global Seed Vault. No roads connect the settlements; instead snowmobiles, aircraft, and boats serve as local transport. Svalbard Airport, Longyear provides the main point of entry and exit. The island has an Arctic climate, although with significantly higher temperatures than other places at the same latitude. The flora benefits from the long
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Margaret Keay


Collection (now held at the James Hutton Institute and Svalbard Global Seed Vault). At this time women were only allowed to attend either Girton College or Newnham College at Cambridge. Keay joined a lobby group to have more of the colleges open to women. New Hall and Lucy Cavendish, both female only colleges, were subsequently opened. In 1954, she went to Uganda, and was appointed as reader in agricultural botany at the Faculty of Agriculture of Makerere College (now Makere University) in Kampala and became head of department
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Longyearbyen


EISCAT operates an incoherent scatter radar to study the northern lights. The Svalbard Global Seed Vault, administered by the Global Crop Diversity Trust, is a secure underground facility capable of storing millions of crop seeds. The facility has been designed to protect against natural and human disasters, including global warming, floods and fires and nuclear holocaust. The site was chosen for a number of factors including its remoteness, sound geology and the ambient temperature of the permafrost. Longyearbyen is the centre of tourism on the archipelago, although most tourism is
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Global catastrophic risk


scenario. Solutions of this scope may require megascale engineering. Food storage has been proposed globally, but the monetary cost would be high. Furthermore, it would likely contribute to the current millions of deaths per year due to malnutrition. Some survivalists stock survival retreats with multiple-year food supplies. The Svalbard Global Seed Vault is buried inside a mountain on an island in the Arctic. It is designed to hold 2.5 billion seeds from more than 100 countries as a precaution to preserve the world's crops. The surrounding rock is
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Cary Fowler


gave the keynote address at Monticello on the occasion of Jefferson's 275th birthday. Fowler has made many media appearances, including the CBS news show "60 Minutes". He has been profiled in "The New Yorker" magazine, presented at the Pop!Tech conference and spoken at the TED Global Conference in Oxford. Along with the Svalbard Global Seed Vault, Fowler was depicted in a 2010 episode of the television series "Futurama", titled "The Futurama Holiday Spectacular". Fowler was the focus of the 2013 documentary "Seeds
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Gene bank


crop plants and their crop wild relatives. There are many gene banks all over the world, with the Svalbard Global Seed Vault being probably the most famous one. The database of the largest gene banks in the world can be queried via a common website, Genesys. A seed bank preserves dried seeds by storing them at a very low temperature. Spores and pteridophytes are conserved in seed banks, but other seedless plants, such as tuber crops cannot be preserved this way. The largest seed bank in world is the Millennium
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Svalbard Global Seed Vault


could potentially remain viable for thousands of years. Running the length of the facility's roof and down the front face to the entryway is an illuminated artwork named "Perpetual Repercussion" by Norwegian artist Dyveke Sanne that marks the location of the vault from a distance. In Norway, government-funded construction projects exceeding a certain cost must include artwork. , the Norwegian State agency overseeing art in public spaces, engaged the artist to install lighting that highlights the importance and qualities of Arctic light. The roof and vault entrance are filled
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Crop Trust


initiative to rescue threatened, high-priority collections of crop diversity in developing countries and to support information systems to improve their conservation and availability. These efforts included providing support to developing countries and international agricultural research centers to deposit shipments of seed samples in the Svalbard Global Seed Vault for safety duplication purposes. In 2010, the Crop Trust launched a global 10-year program to find, gather, catalog and save the wild relatives of 22 major food crops. These wild species contain untapped diversity to help address future challenges to agriculture. The
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Cary Fowler


of Time", directed by director Sandy McLeod. The film centers on Fowler's work to protect the world's food supply with the Svalbard Global Seed Vault and the challenges facing seed protection and genetic diversity efforts as a result of climate change. It was produced by J. D. Marlow, Emily Triantaphyllis, and Chiemi Karasawa. "Seeds of Time" won the Audience Award at the San Francisco Green Film Festival 2014, Best Film at the Portland EcoFilm Festival 2014, and Best Cinematography at the Costa Rica Film Festival (Internacional
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List of DuckTales characters


Agent 22!", appearing in a flashback segment set in 1968. By that time, he was the resourceful director of international spy organization S.H.U.S.H., which are usually fighting F.O.W.L. ("Fiendish Organization for World Larceny"). In the present day, Ludwig's children Corvus, Anya and Klara have taken over at least some of his duties, including the management of his Arctic "doomsday vault" (inspired by the Svalbard Global Seed Vault), established in case of worldwide disaster. F.O.W.L. first appeared in an episode
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Knowledge ark


critical processes). A knowledge ark would have to be resistant to the effects of natural or man-made disasters to be viable. Such an ark should include, but would not be limited to, information or material relevant to the survival and prosperity of human civilization. Current examples include the Svalbard Global Seed Vault, a seedbank which is intended to preserve a wide variety of plant seeds (such as important crops) in case of their extinction. A Lunar ark has been proposed which would store and transmit valuable information to
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Svalbard Global Seed Vault


Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark, and Iceland's prime ministers ceremonially laid "the first stone" on 19 June 2006. The seedbank is inside a sandstone mountain on Spitsbergen Island, and employs robust security systems. Seeds are packaged in special three-ply foil packets and heat sealed to exclude moisture. The facility is managed by the Nordic Genetic Resource Center, though there are no permanent staff on-site. Spitsbergen was considered ideal because it lacked tectonic activity and had permafrost, which aids preservation. It being above
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Cary Fowler


was influential in the creation of the Svalbard Global Seed Vault, which currently houses samples of more than 783,000 distinct crop varieties. Working with partner genebanks in 71 countries during Fowler's tenure as Executive Director, the Trust helped rescue 83,393 unique crop varieties from extinction. It sponsored more than 40 projects to screen crop collections for important traits such as heat and drought tolerance. In partnership with the USDA, a state-of-the-art genebank management system ("GRIN-Global") was developed and made available to
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GMO OMG


farmers in order to understand more about their use in these industries. In Haiti Seifert explores the Peasant Movement of Papaye’s resistance towards the help of Monsanto and continues his travels to the Svalbard Global Seed Vault that contains 700,000 samples of seeds from every country on earth to prevent the extinction of certain plant species. Seifert ends his world travels in Paris where he talks to scientists about the effects of GMOs on humans. While at home in the U.S. Seifert travels through California to different farms with his family to emphasize how important it
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Green Revolution


, as well as the permanent loss of many valuable genetic traits bred into traditional varieties over thousands of years. To address these concerns, massive seed banks such as Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research’s (CGIAR) International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (now Bioversity International) have been established (see Svalbard Global Seed Vault). There are varying opinions about the effect of the Green Revolution on wild biodiversity. One hypothesis speculates that by increasing production per unit of land area, agriculture will not need to expand into new, uncultivated
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Center for PostNatural History


, taxidermy and dioramas, and living exhibits. In addition, the Center has an extensive online archive detailing past and current exhibitions, specimens, archives, events and press releases. Details of past exhibitions include notably those of the Cold Coast Archive, a collection of artefacts and seeds from the Svalbard Global Seed Vault collected by researchers and artists Signe Lidén, Annesofie Norn, and Steve Rowell which was displayed at the Center in 2012; Atomic Age Rodents, an archive of rodents from the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History which had
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Cary Fowler


received the Frank N. Meyer Medal for Plant Genetic Resources, given by the Crop Science Society of America. He and his wife Amy Goldman Fowler jointly received the "Visionary" Award from the American Visionary Art Museum. Fowler's book "Seeds on Ice: Svalbard and the Global Seed Vault" was awarded the 2016 Nautilus Book Award Gold Medal for best book in the Ecology/Environment category. Fowler received the 2018 Thomas Jefferson Medal in Citizen Leadership, awarded jointly by the University of Virginia and the Thomas Jefferson Foundation, and
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Nordic Genetic Resource Center


nation solution, while each nation simultaneously maintains its own national programs as well. NordGen leads, participates in, and collaborates with genebanks, research organizations, pre-breeding centers and breeding centers at the global level as well as in the Nordic region. NordGen has extensive United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Bioversity International and the Crop Trust collaborations. Here are key NordGen international projects: The Svalbard Global Seed Vault (SGSV) owned by the government of Norway, was inspired by a safety store NordGen had placed
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Brewster Kahle


. "Knowledge lives in lots of different forms over time," Kahle said in 2011. "First it was in people's memories, then it was in manuscripts, then printed books, then microfilm, CD-ROMS, now on the digital internet. Each one of these generations is very important." Voicing a strong reaction to the idea of books simply being thrown away, and inspired by the Svalbard Global Seed Vault, Kahle envisioned collecting one physical copy of every book ever published. "We're not going
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Internet Archive


had recorded more than 35 years of TV news in Philadelphia and Boston with her VHS and Betamax machines." Voicing a strong reaction to the idea of books simply being thrown away, and inspired by the Svalbard Global Seed Vault, Kahle now envisions collecting one copy of every book ever published. "We're not going to get there, but that's our goal", he said. Alongside the books, Kahle plans to store the Internet Archive's old servers, which were replaced in 2010. The Internet Archive has
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Norwegian Directorate of Public Construction and Property


The Norwegian Directorate of Public Construction and Property () is a Norwegian government agency that manages central parts of the real estate portfolio of the Government of Norway. The Norwegian Directorate of Public Construction and Property provides construction and property management services on behalf of the Norwegian Government. This includes 2.7 million square meters in 2,350 buildings, of which 115 are located abroad. The portfolio includes office buildings, heritage sites, campuses, operational facilities, and other buildings. The directorate also manages the Global Seed Vault in Svalbard. The agency has
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Cary Fowler


. He stepped down as Executive Director of the trust in late 2012 but continues to serve in an advisory role and chairs the International Advisory Council of the Svalbard Global Seed Vault. Fowler has received several honorary degrees, including an Honorary Doctorate of Law degree from Simon Fraser University, an Honorary Doctorate of Science degree from Rhodes College, and an Honorary Doctorate of Humanities degree from Oberlin College. He received the Right Livelihood Award with Pat Mooney in 1985 for his work in agriculture and the preservation of biodiversity. Fowler has also received
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Agriculture in Svalbard


. A study has shown that the vault could preserve most major food crops' seeds for centuries. Others, some of them important grains, could possibly survive for thousands of years. The former Soviet Union (USSR) possessed several mining settlements on Svalbard. These were administrated largely without Norwegian oversight, and according to Soviet societal norms. They included Barentsburg, Grumant, and Pyramiden. Out of these, at least two had farms – Pyramiden and Barentsburg. Pyramiden, established by Sweden in 1910 and sold to the USSR in
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Nordic Genetic Resource Center


Vault operations and funds seed shipment from developing countries to the Vault in Svalbard. The European Programme for Plant Genetic Resources (ECPGR) in which NordGen participates is a European gene bank collaboration whose working groups include the development of AEGIS, a virtual gene bank which serves as a tool for guaranteeing, rationalizing and coordinating European gene bank material quality. AnGR-NordicNET is a Nordic research network being established by five Nordic nations as a knowledge base for decision makers and fostering of strategies regarding climate change effects on farm animal genetic resources.
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Climate of Svalbard


latitude meteorological records on earth. Computer models of global climate have long predicted enhanced greenhouse warming at such latitudes, so the Svalbard record is of particular interest. It shows approximately increase in 100 years; with increase in the last 30 years. Meteorological data for Svalbard dates back to 1911. 60% of the archipelago is covered by glaciers so drilling for ice cores can be used to study the climate before this time. Ice cores on Svalbard can reveal the climate going back 1,000 years, to the end of the Viking era
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Geography of Svalbard


the polar bear remains threatened at a global level, due to unsustainable levels of killing by humans and marine water pollution. There are a wide variety of birds in Svalbard including puffin, Arctic skua, kittiwake and fulmar, many of which populations are being monitored. The main islands of Svalbard is parted into several "lands": There are numerous fjords among the Svalbard islands; the five longest of which (measured from the head to open sea) are listed here: Coastlines of the Svalbard islands (listed from largest island
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Longyearbyen


, and a year later mining of Mine 3 terminated. Longyearbyen Community Council was established in 2002, replacing the Svalbard Council and assimilating SSD, and took on many of the responsibilities and the structure of a municipality. This period also saw the rise of a number of scientific establishments. The Agricultural University of Norway had established a primitive seed bank in 1984. The University Centre in Svalbard opened on 6 September 1993 and had 30 students in its inaugural semester. Telenor Mobil established GSM coverage in 1995, and in 2004 the Svalbard
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2009 Challenge Trophy


4 to May 16. The Mike Traficante Challenge Cup will be held in Edmonton from 4 Sep to 7 Sep, 2009.info The teams will be seeded from the Alberta Major Soccer League. The groups will be S1, N2 and N3 in one and N1, S2 and S3 in the other. Seeds S3 and N3 are open to challenge from any district. This year, the teams in the AMSL include: North: South: AMSL Site The Saskatchewan representative shall be determined through the Saskatchewan Premier Soccer League. Six teams will
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Alarcón


In 1994, the young Spanish painter Jesús Mateo began the project of covering the totality of the old structure in a set of mural paintings. UNESCO has officially sponsored this work since 1997 for its global artistic interest, as it is considered one of the greatest examples of contemporary art worldwide. It has drawn more than 40,000 visitors annually since its opening to the public, and received support from many scholars and artists. This structure comprises two naves, dating from the 13th and 16th centuries respectively, although the vault in the older
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The Ultimate Fighter 4


(Original Air Date Sep 7, 2006) Episode 5: Flip-A-Coin (Original Air Date Sep 14, 2006) Episode 6: Captain Miserable (Original Air Date Sep 21, 2006) Episode 7: Drop to a Knee (Original Air Date Sep 28, 2006) Episode 8: True Colors (Original Air Date Oct 6, 2006) Episode 9: Semi-Final Match-Ups (Original Air Date Oct 12, 2006) Episode 10: Carter vs. Serra (Original Air Date Oct 19
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Economy of Svalbard


into rock near Longyearbyen, keeping it at a natural and refrigerating the seeds to . The Svalbard Undersea Cable System is a fibre optic lines from Svalbard to Harstad, needed for communicating with polar orbiting satellite stations on Svalbard. Within Longyearbyen there is a road system, but it does not connect with any other settlements. The town does have a bus system, Off-road motorized transport is prohibited on bare ground, but snowmobiles are used extensively during winter—both for commercial and recreational activities. Transport from Longyearbyen to Barentsburg (
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University Centre in Svalbard


government, research councils and private industry. The company conducts both teaching and scientific research. The original UNIS building opened in 1995. The new Svalbard Science Centre, designed by Jarmund/Vigsnæs architects, was officially opened on April 26, 2006 by the King and the Queen of Norway. On September 2, 2009, the Secretary-General of the United Nations, Ban Ki-Moon visited UNIS. Together with the Norwegian Minister of Environment Erik Solheim, Ban Ki-Moon led a debate on the impact of a melting
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Pingpongo


developed in Longyearbyen, Svalbard in 2014. Besides the official venues where tournaments are placed periodically, there have been special official tournaments placed in Guatemala (2012), Brazil (2014), Wales (2014), Basque Country (2014), Community of Madrid (2014) and France (2015). As of today, more than 500 people from over 30 nationalities have played this sport officially. In 2013 after Norway and Uruguay became official venues, AAPPO created a global on-line administrative board called AAPPO-Board
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Svalbard Undersea Cable System


by Global Marine Systems in July and August 2003. Svalbard was chosen for the location of SvalSat because of its high latitude which allows all satellites in a low Earth orbit with an orbit above to use only a single ground station, yet allow downloading from every orbit. SvalSat opened on 15 April 1999. It was established as a cooperation between NASA and NS. However, the ground station's capacity was limited by its broadband capacity. Transmission took place via a 55-Mbit/s connection via Intelsat, which served the archipelago's
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Seed Global Health


Seed Global Health, formerly known as Global Health Service Corps, is a non-profit organization started in 2011 which helps to provide nursing and medical training support in resource-limited countries. Seed Global Health collaborates with the Peace Corps to create the Global Health Service Partnership (GHSP). This program has established the first "Peace Corps for doctors and nurses". Since launch, GHSP has had 97 volunteers train more than 8,300 students in 5 African countries. The Global Health Service Partnership was developed from efforts dating back more
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Millennium Seed Bank Partnership


Seed Bank building was designed by the firm Stanton WIlliams and opened by Prince Charles in 2000. The laboratories and offices are in two wings flanking a wide space open to visitors housing an exhibition, and also allowing them to watch the work of cleaning and preparing seeds for storage through the large windows of the work areas. There is also a view down to the entrance to the underground vaults where the seeds are stored at . In 2001, the international programme of the MSBP was launched. In April 2007, it banked its
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Global warming in Norway


. Melting has even recently caused the Global Seed Vault, buried in a mountain deep inside the Arctic Circle, to be breached after global warming produced extraordinary temperatures over the winter, sending meltwater gushing into the entrance tunnel. Continued melting will cause gas and oil pipelines to crack and buildings to slowly fall apart due to unstable ground. The Arctic region will warm more rapidly than the global mean, and mean warming over land will be larger than over the ocean, with studies indicating somewhere between 3-12 degrees Celsius with a
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Canada West Foundation


global emissions, Release Date: 16-May-2016 Fair Enough: Assessing community confidence in energy authorities, Release Date: 11-Apr-2016 Branching Out: Preparing for life without a Softwood Lumber Agreement, Release Date: 2-Sep-2015 Patchwork Pollution Solution: Stitching together a Canadian climate plan, Release Date: 13-Jul-2015 Walkin' the Walk: Five Steps To Efficient Cities, Release Date: 24-Mar-2015 Restoring Trust: The Road to Public Support for Resource Industries, Release Date: 18-Jul-2014 From the ground up: Earning public support for resource development, Release Date: 26-May-2014 Buildings
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Canada West Foundation


20-Apr-2016 Branching Out: Preparing for life without a Softwood Lumber Agreement, Release Date: 2-Sep-2015 Feeding the Global Middle Class - discussion paper, Release Date: 23-Apr-2015 Canada-Korea Free Trade Agreement, Release Date: 24-Feb-2015 The business case for Alberta to provide international aid, Release Date: 24-Dec-2014 Building on Advantage: Improving Canada's trade infrastructure, Release Date: 24-Nov-2014 Miser sur les avantages: Améliorer l’infrastructure commerciale du Canada, Release Date: 24-Nov-2014 The Pacific Alliance: Why it's important for western Canada, Release Date: 01-Nov-2014
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Global warming in Norway


of 36,000km2. On the mainland glaciers only have a volume of 64km3 and an area of 1,000km2. The glaciers in Svalbard are key contributors to sea level rise as the archipelago accounts for 11% of Arctic land ice, apart from Greenland. Melting in Svalbard is extensive and is in line with both Arctic and global trends. Knowledge of glacier volume and ice thickness distribution is important for assessing the cryospheric contribution to sea-level rise, glacier response to global warming and water resource management at the local to national level in Norway
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Chesapeake Climate Action Network


The Chesapeake Climate Action Network (CCAN) is the first grassroots nonprofit organization dedicated exclusively to fighting global warming in Maryland, Virginia, and the District of Columbia. The organization's mission is to foster a rapid societal switch to clean energy and energy-efficient products, joining similar efforts worldwide to address global warming. The Chesapeake Climate Action Network was officially launched on July 1, 2002, with a seed grant from the Rockefeller Brothers Fund. For more than a year prior to that date, Director Mike Tidwell was organizing and
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Environment of Svalbard


Svalbard is an Arctic, wilderness series of islands comprising the northernmost part of the Norwegian territories. It is mostly uninhabited, with only about 3,000 people, yet covers an area of . Devonian rocks on Svalbard, laid down in tropical conditions, reveal fossil lycopod forests which played an important role in absorbing carbon dioxide and so reducing global temperatures In addition to humans, three primarily terrestrial mammalian species inhabit the archipelago: the Arctic fox, the Svalbard reindeer, and accidentally introduced southern vole—which is only found in Grumant. Attempts
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Snooker world ranking points 2019/2020


from tournaments throughout the current season, the points from the corresponding tournaments from two seasons earlier are dropped. The rankings are used to set the official tournament seedings at various points throughout the season; even though the rankings are officially updated after every tournament carrying ranking status not all the rankings are used as seedings, and only the rankings officially used as seedings are documented below. The total points accumulated by the cut-off dates for the revised seedings are based on all the points up to that date in the 2019/2020 season,
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Snooker world ranking points 2016/2017


from tournaments throughout the current season, the points from the corresponding tournaments from two seasons earlier are dropped. The rankings are used to set the official tournament seedings at various points throughout the season; even though the rankings are officially updated after every tournament carrying ranking status not all the rankings are used as seedings, and only the rankings officially used as seedings are documented below. The total points accumulated by the cut-off dates for the revised seedings are based on all the points up to that date in the 2016/2017 season,
16023034
Snooker world ranking points 2017/2018


from tournaments throughout the current season, the points from the corresponding tournaments from two seasons earlier are dropped. The rankings are used to set the official tournament seedings at various points throughout the season; even though the rankings are officially updated after every tournament carrying ranking status not all the rankings are used as seedings, and only the rankings officially used as seedings are documented below. The total points accumulated by the cut-off dates for the revised seedings are based on all the points up to that date in the 2017/2018 season,
9152652
Snooker world ranking points 2018/2019


from tournaments throughout the current season, the points from the corresponding tournaments from two seasons earlier are dropped. The rankings are used to set the official tournament seedings at various points throughout the season; even though the rankings are officially updated after every tournament carrying ranking status not all the rankings are used as seedings, and only the rankings officially used as seedings are documented below. The total points accumulated by the cut-off dates for the revised seedings are based on all the points up to that date in the 2018/2019 season,
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Ex situ conservation


studies concerning plants are underway. The storage of seeds in a temperature and moisture controlled environment. This technique is used for taxa with orthodox seeds that tolerate desiccation. Seed bank facilities vary from sealed boxes to climate controlled walk-in freezers or vaults. Taxa with recalcitrant seeds that do not tolerate desiccation are typically not held in seed banks for extended periods of time. An extensive open-air planting used maintain genetic diversity of wild, agricultural, or forestry species. Typically species that are either difficult or impossible to conserve in
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Kimiko Date


Open in Thailand, Date-Krumm was seeded seventh but fell to Anastasia Rodionova in the first round. Date-Krumm defeated Melinda Czink in the first round of the BNP Paribas Open in Indian Wells before falling to No. 15 seed Francesca Schiavone 6–3, 6–4 in the second. She also made it to the second round of the Sony Ericsson Open in Miami by defeating former top-10 player Anna Chakvetadze 7–5, 3–6, 6–4. Date-Krumm then lost to No. 16 seed Nadia Petrova 3–6, 6–7. Date-
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Languages of Svalbard


Svalbard has a population of approximately 2,395 people as of 2011. Approximately 70% of the people are Norwegian; the remaining 30% are Russian and Ukrainian. The official language of Svalbard is Norwegian. Russian is used in the Russian settlements, but formerly, Russenorsk was the "lingua franca" of the entire Barents Sea region. The annual population growth is -0.02%, but as may be seen from the following chart, the ex-Soviet population has atrophied, while the Norwegians have been increasing. Norwegian is the official
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Svalbard


Bünsow Land and Sør-Spitsbergen. The archipelago has fifteen bird sanctuaries, one geotopic protected area and six nature reserves—with Nordaust-Svalbard and Søraust-Svalbard both being larger than any of the national parks. Most of the nature reserves and three of the national parks were created in 1973, with the remaining areas gaining protection in the 2000s. All human traces dating from before 1946 are automatically protected. The protected areas make up 65% of the archipelago. Svalbard is on Norway's tentative list for nomination as a
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ZooBank


ZooBank is an open access website intended to be the official International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) registry of zoological nomenclature. Any nomenclatural acts (e.g. publications that create or change a taxonomic name) need to be registered with ZooBank to be "officially" recognized by the ICZN Code of Nomenclature. Life Science Identifiers (LSIDs) are used as the globally unique identifier for ZooBank registration entries. The ZooBank prototype was seeded with data from "Index to Organism Names", which was compiled from the scientific literature in "Zoological
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List of protected areas of Svalbard


Svalbard is an Arctic wilderness archipelago comprising the northernmost part of Norway. There are twenty-nine protected natural areas, consisting of seven national parks, six nature reserves, fifteen bird sanctuaries and one geotope protected area. In addition, human traces dating from before 1946 are automatically protected. The protected areas make up or 65% of the land area, and or 86.5% of the territorial waters. The largest protected areas are Nordaust-Svalbard Nature Reserve and Søraust-Svalbard Nature Reserve, which cover most of the areas east
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Geology of Svalbard


The geology of Svalbard encompasses the geological description of rock types found in Svalbard, and the associated tectonics and sedimentological history of soils and rocks. The geological exploration of Svalbard is an ongoing activity, and recent understandings may differ from earlier interpretations. Geological basement dated from Precambrian, Cambrian, Ordovician and Silurian, originally termed "Hecla Hoek", is found in three different provinces. The southwestern terrain comprises Prins Karls Forland, Oscar II Land, Nordenskiöld Land west of Grønfjorden and Wedel Jarlsberg Land . The northwestern terrain includes Haakon VII
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The White Vault


The White Vault is a found footage horror fiction podcast created by K.A. Statz. The story takes place in Svalbard, Norway and features an international cast and crew from Iceland, Germany, Finland, the UK, Russia, Mexico, Canada, and the United States, most notably featuring David Ault and Peter Lewis of The NoSleep Podcast, as well as Lani Minella. The story follows a repair team sent to discover the source behind a mysterious signal coming from a remote Arctic research station. The team is quickly trapped by a
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Seed Global Health


: "What did the Peace Corp directors think about sending doctors, nurses, and other health professionals abroad as Peace Corps Volunteer medical educators to invest in human resources for health?" All four directors responded favorably. GHSP was officially announced in March 2012. Applications for Global Health Service Partnership Peace Corps Volunteers (GHSP PCVs) opened in July 2012 and closed on December 1, 2012. In July 2013, the first nursing and physician volunteers were deployed. Since its launch it has grown exponentially, with 30 volunteers in the
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Open border


Controlled borders restrict migration by non-citizens. Several arguments for controlled borders and against open borders are as follows: One of the earliest open border agreements was the Nordic Passport Union of 1952. The entire Nordic region, apart from Svalbard, the Faroe Islands, and Greenland (see below), have subsequently become part of the Schengen Area. Uniquely, the Norwegian special territory of Svalbard is an entirely visa-free zone. No person requires a visa or residence permit and anyone may live and work in Svalbard indefinitely,
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Bircham International University


jurisdictions. In 2003, South Florida's "CityLink" magazine reported that Oregon education officials said that Bircham was "totally bogus". In July 2007, the Secretariat of Public Education (SEP) of Mexico issued a notice stating that degrees lacking RVOE (Official Recognition from the Mexican Government) will not be validated by the SEP. Degrees via online or distance learning issued by foreign institutions like Bircham University will not be recognized by the SEP. In April 2008 the "Nairobi Business Daily" reported that Bircham International University was
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Malaysia at the 2006 Asian Games


the chief of the delegation. Malaysian competitors that have won at least two medals. The following Malaysian competitors won medals at the games; all dates are for December 2006. Men's recurve Women's recurve Roslinda Samsu won a silver in women's pole vault while Noraseela Mohd Khalid earned a bronze in the women's 400 metres hurdles. Malaysia's biggest hope, the second seed ranking in the world, Lee Chong Wei is looking forward for at least a gold. However, after losing to the third seed from Korea,
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Spitsbergen


February 1920, recognises the full and absolute sovereignty of Norway over all the arctic archipelago of Svalbard. The exercise of sovereignty is, however, subject to certain stipulations, and not all Norwegian law applies. Originally limited to nine signatory nations, over 40 are now signatories of the treaty. Citizens of any of the signatory countries may settle in the archipelago. Once named Spitsbergen after its largest island, the Svalbard archipelago was made a part of Norway — not a dependency — by the Svalbard Act of 1925. Since this date
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Ajla Tomljanović


round to Karin Knapp 7-6, 2-6, 4-6. Seeded seventh at the Japan Women's Open, Tomljanović reached the semifinals defeating Tímea Babos, wild card Kimiko Date-Krumm, and third seed Madison Brengle. She lost in the semifinals to Yanina Wickmayer 5-7, 2-6. At the Korea Open, she lost in the first round to wild-card Date-Krumm 1-6, 2-6. Seeded third for qualifying at the Wuhan Open, Tomljanović qualified beating
9980431
Bill's Casino Lake Tahoe


a false wall during renovations during August 2011. On August 23, a posting on reddit by the son of the purchaser of Bill's casino prematurely stated the opening of the safe will be documented on reddit. The Oprah Winfrey Network gained exclusive access to the opening of the safe for the TV show "Found", that is in development and the broadcast date is not known. The safe was opened 14 Sep 2011 in the presence of the Douglas County Sheriff's Office investigator, but did not find anything relevant to an
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Temporal database


the person's address as stored in the database is incorrect? Suppose an official accidentally entered the wrong address or date? Or, suppose the person lied about their address for some reason. Upon discovery of the error, the officials update the database to correct the information recorded. For example, from 1-Jun-1995 to 3-Sep-2000, John Doe moved to Beachy. But to avoid paying Beachy's exorbitant residence tax, he never reported it to the authorities. Later during a tax investigation, it is discovered on 2-Feb-2001 that he was in
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Climate of Svalbard


threat of introducing alien species relates to human activities. People can introduce species intentionally but unintentional introduction is probably more common. A study focusing on the shoes worn by people arriving at Svalbard revealed a great number of different species of plants. Seeds and bryophytes were analyzed and categorized as belonging to 18 different families and 41 different species. Introduced alien species pose a threat of becoming invasive if they are fortunate enough in adapting to the new environment. The warming temperature and the resulting effects on the ice cover in the Arctic could affect
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