Maria Barbara Bach [SEP] spouse
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Maria Barbara Bach


Maria Barbara Bach ( – buried 7 July 1720) was the first wife of composer Johann Sebastian Bach. She was also the daughter of his father's cousin Johann Michael Bach. Maria Barbara Bach was born at Gehren, Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, to Catherina (d. 1704) and Michael Bach (1648-1694). Her father was organist and town scribe at Gehren. Her older sister, Barbara Catherina, gave testimony on Bach's behalf in the famous 'Geyersbach' incident in which Bach was punched in the face by
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Maria Barbara Bach


's death in 1720 was sudden and unexpected. Bach was at the Carlsbad spa accompanying his employer, Prince Leopold of Anhalt-Köthen, when she died. When Bach left Köthen, Maria Barbara was in perfectly good health; but when he returned two months later, he was shocked to learn that she had died and been buried on 7 July. The cause of her death is undocumented. Maria Barbara bore seven children, three of whom died in infancy: Anna Magdalena Wilcke became Johann's second wife 17 months after Maria
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Maria Barbara Bach


a student and defended himself by drawing his sword. Her god parents were Martin Feldhaus, a merchant and burgomaster in Arnstadt, and Magarethe Wedermann (daughter of the Arnstadt town scribe Johann Wedemann)., with whom she lived after her mother's death in 1704. Maria Barbara was twenty-three years old when she married Johann Sebastian Bach. The extended Bach family was closely knit, and as Maria Barbara was his second cousin, it is fairly safe to assume that they knew each other at least casually from childhood.
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Maria Barbara Bach


They became close during Bach's tenure as organist of Mühlhausen's St. Blasius Church, and were able to marry at Dornheim on the 17th of October, 1707, thanks to an inheritance of 50 gulden (more than half his annual salary) which he received from his maternal uncle, Tobias Lämmerhirt. Little is known of her life or their marriage, except that they were contented. According to the "Nekrolog" ('obituary') co-authored by Carl Philipp Emanuel and Bach student Johann Friedrich Agricola, Maria Barbara
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Johann Christoph Bach


Johann Christoph Bach (baptised – 31 March 1703) was a German composer and organist of the Baroque period. He was born at Arnstadt, the son of Heinrich Bach, Johann Sebastian Bach's first cousin once removed and the first cousin of J.S. Bach's father, Johann Ambrosius Bach. He was also the uncle of Maria Barbara Bach, J. S. Bach's first wife and second cousin. Johann Christoph married Maria Elisabeth Wiedemann in 1667. They had seven children, including four sons who became musicians: Johann Nicolaus (10
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Wilhelm Friedemann Bach


Wilhelm Friedemann Bach (22 November 1710 – 1 July 1784), the second child and eldest son of Johann Sebastian Bach and Maria Barbara Bach, was a German composer and performer. Despite his acknowledged genius as an organist, improviser and composer, his income and employment were unstable and he died in poverty. Wilhelm Friedemann (hereafter Friedemann) was born in Weimar, where his father was employed as organist and chamber musician to the Duke of Saxe-Weimar. In July 1720, when Friedemann was nine, his mother Maria
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Johann Michael Bach


Johann Michael Bach (baptised , Arnstadt, Schwarzburg-Sondershausen – , Gehren) was a German composer of the Baroque period. He was the brother of Johann Christoph Bach, as well as first cousin, once removed and father-in-law of Johann Sebastian Bach (he was the father of J.S. Bach's first wife Maria Barbara Bach). He is sometimes referred to as the "Gehrener Bach" to distinguish him from the "Wuppertaler Bach", Johann Michael Bach (1745–1820). Johann Michael was born at
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Johann Sebastian Bach


included significantly higher remuneration, improved conditions, and a better choir. Four months after arriving at Mühlhausen, Bach married Maria Barbara Bach, his second cousin. Bach was able to convince the church and town government at Mühlhausen to fund an expensive renovation of the organ at the Blasius Church. In 1708 Bach wrote , a festive cantata for the inauguration of the new council, which was published at the council's expense. Bach left Mühlhausen in 1708, returning to Weimar this time as organist and from 1714 (director of music
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Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach


Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach (8 March 1714 – 14 December 1788), also formerly spelled Karl Philipp Emmanuel Bach, was a German Classical period musician and composer, the fifth child and second (surviving) son of Johann Sebastian Bach and Maria Barbara Bach. His second name was given in honor of his godfather Georg Philipp Telemann, a friend of Johann Sebastian Bach. C. P. E. Bach was an influential composer working at a time of transition between his father's Baroque style and the Classical style that followed it. His personal
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Johann Gottfried Bernhard Bach


Johann Gottfried Bernhard Bach (May 11, 1715 – May 27, 1739) was a German musician. His career is not in itself notable, but his life throws light on his famous father, the composer Johann Sebastian Bach. Johann Gottfried was the fourth child of Johann Sebastian Bach and Maria Barbara Bach to reach adulthood. He was born in Weimar, where his father was employed before moving to Kothen. His mother died in Kothen in 1720. In 1723 his father was appointed Thomaskantor in Leipzig. J.S. Bach is believed
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Bach House (Eisenach)


Noteworthy is the illustrated Eisenach hymnal from 1673 which was used in St. George's throughout Bach's childhood. On the floors between the historical living quarters, the exhibition informs about Bach's wives and his 20 children. A spinning wheel reminds of Bach's first wife Maria Barbara, as in Bach's wedding quodlibet BWV 524 it symbolizes the marriage bond and the diligence of the wife. Bach's second, much younger wife Anna Magdalena is remembered with an always fresh bouquet of yellow carnations – she was a "große Liebhaberin von
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Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach


Bach" when he succeeded Telemann as Kapellmeister there. To his contemporaries, he was known simply as Emanuel. C. P. E. Bach was born on 8 March 1714 in Weimar to Johann Sebastian Bach and his first wife, Maria Barbara. He was the composer's third son. The composer Georg Philipp Telemann was his godfather. When he was ten years old, he entered the St. Thomas School at Leipzig, where his father had become cantor in 1723. He was one of four Bach children to become professional musicians; all
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Anna Magdalena Bach


By 1721 Anna Magdalena was employed as a singer (soprano) at the princely court of Anhalt-Cöthen. Johann Sebastian Bach had been working there as "Capellmeister", or director of music, since December 1717. It is possible that he first heard her sing at the ducal court in Weißenfels, where he is known to have performed as early as 1713, when his Hunting Cantata was premiered there. Bach married Anna on December 3, 1721, 17 months after the death of his first wife, Maria Barbara Bach
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John V of Portugal


John's eldest children would be matched with their spouses-to-be. The princesses Maria Barbara and Mariana Victoria were exchanged at a ceremony, called the Exchange of the Princesses ("Troca das Princesas"), held on the Caia River on 19 January 1729. Prince José married Mariana Victoria on 19 January 1729 in Elvas, and Infanta Maria Barbara married Prince Fernando on 20 January 1729 in Badajoz. None of John's three other sons would marry in his lifetime. Infante Alexandre died at the age of five,
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Johann Christoph Bach


during his lifetime. He was organist at Eisenach and later a member of the court chamber orchestra there. His brother, Johann Michael Bach (Johann Sebastian Bach's father-in-law and Maria Barbara's father), was also a composer. Some of the works were later attributed to Johann Sebastian, but were recently recognized as written by Johann Christoph. One of the most famous works is the cantata "", based on the "Song of Solomon". Despite his success as a musician, Johann Christoph experienced
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Schloss Köthen


early society for the promotion of the German language. Johann Sebastian Bach worked in Köthen from 1717 to 1723 as Hofkapellmeister of Prince Leopold. Bach's first wife Maria Barbara died in Köthen in 1720. His second wife Ana Magdalena was employed at the court as a singer at the time of their marriage in 1721. Bach worked on important instrumental works during these years, including the "Brandenburg Concertos" and the first book of "The Well-Tempered Clavier". The court was Reformed, therefore sacred music was not required
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Partita for Violin No. 2 (Bach)


long as the first four movements combined. Performance time of the whole partita varies between 26 and 32 minutes, depending on the approach and style of the performer. Professor Helga Thoene suggests that this partita, and especially its last movement, was a tombeau written in memory of Bach's first wife, Maria Barbara Bach (who died in 1720), though this theory is controversial. Yehudi Menuhin called the Chaconne "the greatest structure for solo violin that exists". Violinist Joshua Bell has said the Chaconne is "not just
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Der Herr denket an uns, BWV 196


aunt of Maria Barbara, in Dornheim on 5 June 1708. However, the wedding hypothesis is not proven, and the general text could fit other occasions. The cantata was first published in 1864 in the Bach Gesellschaft first edition of the composer's complete works. It was published in the "Neue Bach-Ausgabe" in 1958, edited by Frederick Hudson. Bach structured the cantata in five movements, an instrumental sinfonia and two choral movements framing two arias, one for soprano (S), the other a duet for
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Johann Sebastian Bach


and Maria Barbara had three more children, who however did not live to their first birthday, including twins born in 1713. Bach's time in Weimar was the start of a sustained period of composing keyboard and orchestral works. He attained the proficiency and confidence to extend the prevailing structures and include influences from abroad. He learned to write dramatic openings and employ the dynamic rhythms and harmonic schemes found in the music of Italians such as Vivaldi, Corelli, and Torelli. Bach absorbed these stylistic aspects in part by transcribing Vivaldi's
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Der Herr denket an uns, BWV 196


more and more, you and your children". Many commentators, from his biographer Philipp Spitta onwards, have concluded that the cantata was written for a wedding. They have proposed weddings where it might have been performed, including Bach's own in October 1707, when he married his first wife Maria Barbara in Dornheim. The Bach scholar Alfred Dürr and others suggest that the cantata may have been written for the wedding of the minister Johann Lorenz Stauber, who had conducted the wedding ceremony for Bach, and Regina Wedemann, an
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Elisabeth Farnese


Her second son, Philip, became Duke of Parma in 1748. On 9 July 1746, the reign of Elisabeth ended with the death of Philip V and the succession of her stepson Ferdinand. As Ferdinand, like his father, left the government business to his spouse, Maria Barbara, the French ambassador remarked that: "it is rather Barbara who succeeds Elisabeth than Ferdinand succeeding Philip." As queen dowager, Elisabeth initially did not agree to surrender the reins of power. She settled with a court of supporters in a
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Johann Sebastian Bach


) at the ducal court, where he had an opportunity to work with a large, well-funded contingent of professional musicians. Bach and his wife moved into a house close to the ducal palace. Later the same year, their first child, Catharina Dorothea, was born, and Maria Barbara's elder, unmarried sister joined them. She remained to help run the household until her death in 1729. Three sons were also born in Weimar: Wilhelm Friedemann, Carl Philipp Emanuel, and Johann Gottfried Bernhard. Johann Sebastian
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Maria Vittoria De Fornari Strata


1562 in Genoa as the seventh of nine children to Girolamo Fornari and Barbara Veneroso. Fornari married Angelo Strata on 21 March 1579 and mothered six children who were: In late 1587 her husband fell ill and died not long after on 30 November 1587. She was pregnant with her final child at the point of being widowed and decided to name him in honor of her late spouse. Fornari wanted to find another spouse due to her children requiring greater paternal care but she experienced a vision in which the Madonna instructed her to live
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German name


men to keep their birthname hyphenated to the common family name in the same way. It is also possible for the spouses to do without a common surname altogether and to keep their birthnames. The most common given names are either Biblical ("Christian", derived from names of Biblical characters or saints; "Johann/Hans" "John", "Georg/Jörg" "George", "Jakob" "Jacob" and "James"; "Anna", "Maria", "Barbara", "
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Maria Bach


Emilie Marie Baroness von Bach (1896 – 1978) was an Austrian pianist, violinist, composer and artist. Maria Bach was born in Vienna, Austria, on March 11, 1896. Her parents were Robert Bonaventura Michael Wenzel von Bach and Eleonore Josepha Maria Theresia Auguste Bach. In 1897, she moved with her family to the castle, Leesdorf, in Baden, Austria. Bach's father, Robert, was an attorney, painter, and violinist. Her mother, Elenore, was both a singer and composer who has
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Maria Josepha of Austria


claim in favor of her sister, Maria Amalia's spouse, and in 1742, made an alliance with Austria. During the seven years war, Maria Josepha stayed behind in Dresden with her son, Frederick Christian and his spouse Maria Antonia, after her husband left on 20 October 1756. She remained in Dresden when the city was taken by the Prussian army. She, as well as Frederick Christian and his spouse Maria Antonia, were all placed under house arrest at the palace of Dresden guarded by a Prussian commandant. Maria
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Maria Bach


Maria and Henriette were allowed to perform at their family's soirees, gatherings where music was performed by the Bach family, when they became more experienced with their instruments. In 1917, Bach composed "Flohtanz (Flea's Dance)." In "Flohtanz" the lively solo piano lasts for approximately three minutes. Maria Bach began studying composition at the Vienna Academy of Music with Joseph Marx in 1919. Under the tutelage of Marx, Bach wrote four-part fugues, brief piano scores, and analyzed the music of Chopin
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Barbara Bach


Barbara Bach, Lady Starkey (born August 27, 1947) is an American actress and model, best known for her role as the Bond girl Anya Amasova in "The Spy Who Loved Me". Bach was born Barbara Goldbach, in New York City, New York, in the Queens neighborhood of Rosedale, one of two daughters born to Howard Irwin Goldbach (1922–2001), a police officer of European Jewish heritage, and Marjorie Mary Goldbach (née McKnight; 1921–1997), an Irish Catholic homemaker. In 1964,
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Barbara Grunes


for Grilling, Sauteing, Broiling, Pan Frying, Smoking, and More" by Barbara Grunes and Phyllis Magida (Paperback – Apr 1990) "Shellfish on the Grill" by Phyllis Magida and Barbara Grunes (Paperback – May 1988) "The Southwestern Sampler" by Barbara Grunes and Phyllis Magida (Paperback – Aug 1987) "Soups and Stews" (Ideals Cook Books) by Barbara Grunes (Paperback – Sep 1988) "The Complete Idiot's Guide to Grilling" by Barbara Grunes and Virginia Van Vynckt (Paperback –
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Barbara Grunes


Healthy Low-Fat Recipes for America's Favorite Fun Food" (The Popular Skinny Cookbook Series) by Barbara Grunes (Paperback – Mar 1996) "The Ultimate Cookie Cookbook" by Barbara Grunes and Virginia Van Vynckt (Hardcover – Oct 12, 1999) "Very Merry Cookie Party: How to Plan and Host a Christmas Cookie Exchange" by Virginia Van Vynckt, Barbara Grunes (Paperback – Sep 29, 2010) "Grill it in!: Recipes for the Burton Stovetop Grill" by Barbara Grunes (Paperback – 1991
20521990
Phil Town


explains the concept of 'Stockpiling' stocks for long term high returns with low risk. Phil has been a guest on multiple occasions on CNBC. He has been featured on "The Millionaire Inside" series and appears in the first and second episodes, ""Your Guide to Wealth"" and ""Your Guide to Retiring Rich"" along with David Bach and Barbara Corcoran. Phil has also been a regular contributor to MSNBC's show "Your Business", and has appeared on Maria Bartiromo's show "Closing
9601538
Barbara Branden


in philosophy, and authored a thesis on free will, under the direction of Sidney Hook at New York University. Nathaniel and Barbara Branden became founding members of an Objectivist movement that sought to advance Rand's ideas. In 1954, Nathaniel Branden began a secret romantic affair with Rand with the reluctant permission of both spouses. This relationship continued for three years. While their respective spouses, Barbara Branden and Frank O'Connor, had knowledge of the affair and nominally accepted it, Branden later said it led to "years of pain"
12773862
First Lady of Portugal


Portuguese State Protocol's order of precedence, the spouse of any high-ranking office holder is given the same rank as theirs, as long as the spouse is also invited to the ceremony. Since the current President has no spouse and the main candidates in the last Presidential election refused to continue with the President's spouse's workplace, the only two First Ladies to have used it were Jorge Sampaio and Aníbal Cavaco Silva's wives: Maria José Ritta and Maria Cavaco Silva. In 2005, an exhibit on the history of
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Ave Maria (Bach/Gounod)


Schwencke in an attempt to correct what he or someone else erroneously deemed a "faulty" progression, even though this sort of progression was standard in Bach's music. Alongside Schubert's "Ave Maria", the Bach/Gounod "Ave Maria" has become a fixture at wedding Masses, funerals and quinceañeras. There are many different instrumental arrangements including for violin and guitar, string quartet, piano solo, cello, and even trombones. Opera singers, such as Nellie Melba, Franco Corelli and Luciano Pavarotti, as well
21871493
Ave Maria (Bach/Gounod)


Ave Maria is a popular and much-recorded setting of the Latin prayer "Ave Maria", originally published in 1853 as Méditation sur le Premier Prélude de Piano de S. Bach. The piece consists of a melody by the French Romantic composer Charles Gounod that he superimposed over an only very slightly changed version of the Prelude No. 1 in C major, BWV 846, from Book I of J.S. Bach's "The Well-Tempered Clavier", published in 1722. Gounod improvised the melody, and his future father-
21871491
Maria Bach


performed under the conductors Gustav Mahler and Johannes Brahms. Maria had two older sisters, Theresa and Katharina, and a younger sister, named Henriette. Theresa wrote poetry that was put to Bach's music. Katharina married into a highly aristocratic family. Henriette was a solo cellist. Marie took piano lessons at the Musikschule Grimm in Baden and at the age of fourteen began violin lessons. Maria Bach began private piano lessons at the age of five with a faculty member at the Grimm School of Music. She would later take lessons
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Maria of Castile, Queen of Aragon


Maria of Castile (14 September 1401 – 7 September 1458) was Queen consort of Aragon and Naples as the spouse of Alfonso V of Aragon. Maria acted as the regent of Aragon during the reign of her spouse, as he was absent during most of his reign; her regencies lasted between 1420 and 1423 and between 1432 and 1458. She was also briefly Princess of Asturias in her own right as the heir presumptive to the throne of Castile. Maria was the eldest child of King Henry III of Castile and Catherine of
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Wilhelm Friedemann Bach


Barbara Bach died suddenly; Johann Sebastian Bach remarried in December 1721. J. S. Bach supervised Friedemann's musical education and career with great attention. The graded course of keyboard studies and composition that J. S. Bach provided is documented in the "Clavier-Büchlein vor Wilhelm Friedemann Bach" (modern spelling: "Klavierbüchlein für Wilhelm Friedemann Bach"), with entries by both father and son. This education also included (parts of) the French Suites, (Two-Part) Inventions, (Three-Part) Sinfonias (
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Maria Luisa of Parma


was interested in state affairs and, being the dominant partner of the two, became the leading figure in the circle of opposition which gathered around the heir to the throne. In 1788, her spouse succeeded his father as Charles IV of Spain, making Maria Luisa queen. On the first meeting between Charles IV and his ministers, Maria Luisa was present, a step which attracted attention and which became the rule during the reign of her spouse. Being the dominant party in the marriage, Maria Luisa dominated Charles IV and thus
2806616
Florence Baker


Florence, Lady Baker or Florica Maria Sas; Barbara Szász; Maria Freiin von Sass; Barbara Szasz; Barbara Maria Szász; Barbara Maria Szasz (; 6 August 1841 – 11 March 1916) was a Hungarian-born British explorer. Born in Transylvania (then Kingdom of Hungary), she became an orphan and was sold as a slave to Samuel Baker. Together they went in search of the source of the River Nile and found Lake Albert. They journeyed to Samuel Baker's home in England where they were married and she
17542904
UC Santa Barbara Gauchos


have led the NCAA in attendance each year from 2007 to 2012, and averaged 5,873 fans during their 2010 home matches. The Gauchos Sep. 24, 2010 match against UCLA drew 15,896 fans, the highest attendance for an NCAA soccer match since the year 2000. The UC Santa Barbara Gauchos men's soccer team have an NCAA Division I Tournament record of 19–11 through twelve appearances. The UC Santa Barbara Gauchos women's soccer team have an NCAA Division I Tournament record of 5–9 through nine appearances. The UC Santa Barbara Gauchos women's
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Santa Maria, California


Santa Maria is a city near the Southern California coast in Santa Barbara County. It is approximately northwest of Santa Barbara and northwest of downtown Los Angeles. Its estimated 2018 population was 108,470, making it the most populous city in the county and the Santa Maria-Santa Barbara, CA Metro Area. The city is notable for its wine industry and Santa Maria-style barbecue. "Sunset" magazine called Santa Maria "The West's Best BBQ Town". The Santa Maria Valley, stretching from the Santa Lucia Mountains toward
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Maria Petraccini


Maria Magdalena Petraccini, or Pettracini (Florence, Tuscany, 1759 - Bagnacavallo, Ravenna, 1791), Italian anatomist and physician, professor of anatomy. Pettracini was born in a merchant family in Tuscany, and moved to Emilia Romagna with her spouse, Francesco Ferretti who was a surgent at the hospital of Bagnacavallo. She was tutored in surgery by her spouse, before she became a student in medicin at the University of Florence 13 September 1788. She continued her education at the University of Ferrara. Maria Petraccini was active as
16327370
Maria Euphrosyne of Zweibrücken


was a guest in her house. Contemporary view was that her spouse had her to thank for his successful career. In 1676, Lisbeth Carlsdotter, a witness in a witch trial inspired by the famous Gävle-Boy,tried to implicate Maria Euphrosyne and her sister-in-law Maria Sofia for sorcery. This accusations was not taken seriously, but instead discredited the credibility of Lisbeth Carlsdotter as a witness and eventually led to the whole trial being dissolved. In 1680, her spouse fell in favor of her nephew, the
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Eliza Jane McKissack


— Eliza had a sister, Maria Caroline Cauthorn, Aykroyd (b. June 20, 1831, New Bern, North Carolina; d. Sep. 17, 1894). On July 21, 1869, Maria married Benjamin F. Cauthorn (b. July 20, 1836, Virginia; d. June 1, 1902); both were buried at Mount Olivet Cemetery, Nashville, Tennessee (tombstone image for Maria); (tombstone image for Benjamin). Maria was a music teacher in Nashville. Maria's will was filed September 1894 in Will
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Maria Skuratova-Belskaya


's favorite. In 1598, her spouse became Tsar of Russia, making her Tsaritsa. During her tenure as tsarina, Maria Feodorovna Pozharskaya was her favorite and reportedly exerted influence over her. Upon the death of her spouse in April 1605, her son was proclaimed Tsar. As he was a minor, a regency was needed to govern Russia during his minority, and Maria Skuratova-Belskaya was proclaimed regent. Her regency, and that of her son, was however only to last for a couple of months. On 10/20
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Johannes Bach


later organist at Suhl. In 1635 he became town musician and director of the Raths-Musikanten in Erfurt, and was organist at the town's "Predigerkirche" from 1636. His first wife, Barbara Hoffman (a daughter of his teacher), died half an hour after bearing a stillborn son in 1639. Following this he married Hedwig Lämmerhirt, the daughter of a town councilman in Erfurt. His children from this marriage included Johannes Christian Bach, Johann Aegidius Bach, and Johann Nicolaus Bach. Bach's works included two
16589233
Maria Josepha of Austria


of Poland rather than having Frederick Christian succeed his father on both thrones, and she prevented Frederick Christian and his spouse from visiting Poland, thus preventing them from making connections there. She undermined any attempts of Frederick Christian to found a power base of his own before the death of his father, and among other things prevented a meeting between him and his spouse with Empress Maria Theresa of Bohemia in 1754. During the War of the Austrian Succession in 1740, she claimed the throne on behalf of her spouse. She relinquished her
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Maria Elisabeth Lämmerhirt


Maria Elisabeth Lämmerhirt (February 24, 1644, Erfurt – May 1, 1694, Eisenach) was the mother of Johann Sebastian Bach. She was a daughter of Valentin Lämmerhirt (or Lemmerhirt), a furrier and coachman in Erfurt. On 8 April 1668, she married her friend since childhood, Johann Ambrosius Bach. The couple left Erfurt in 1671 and settled in Eisenach, where in 1685 their eighth son, Johann Sebastian Bach, was born. Her half-sister Martha Dorothea was the mother of composer and lexicographer Johann
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Barbara Bach


"ELLE" France (1966), "Gioia" Italy (1967–1970), and "Figurino" Brazil (1970). Her acting career started in Italy, where she played Nausicaa in "L'Odissea" in 1968, an eight-hour long TV adaptation of Homer's famous epic poem "The Odyssey", directed by Franco Rossi and produced by Dino de Laurentiis. In 1972, Bach co-starred with two other Bond girls, Claudine Auger and Barbara Bouchet, in the mystery "Black Belly of the Tarantula
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Maria Bach


, Debussy, and Stravinsky. Marx would later help Bach develop her own personal style of composing. She made her debut as a composer in 1921 with "Narrenlieder für Tenor und Orchester", a song cycle which was later printed by Schott in Vienna. Maria began studying at the Vienna Academy of Music in 1919 studying composition under the tutelage of Joseph Marx with whom she analyzed the music of Chopin, Debussy, and Stravinsky. While studying under Marx, Bach specialized in writing four-part fugues and brief piano scores.
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Barbara Bach


. She also had a cameo in a September 1987 special issue on the Bond girls. In 1991, Bach co-founded the Self Help Addiction Recovery Program (SHARP) with Pattie Boyd, the former wife of George Harrison and Eric Clapton, both of whom assisted in the venture. Bach and Ringo Starr created The Lotus Foundation, a charity with many sub-charities. Bach is married to British musician Ringo Starr, formerly of The Beatles. The two met on the set of the film Caveman and wed on
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Biographies of Johann Sebastian Bach


published "Johann Sebastian Bach: an Introduction to His Life and Works". In 1966 Karl and Irene Geiringer published "Johann Sebastian Bach: The Culmination of An Era". Walter Blankenburg published an essay collection, with contributions by scholars such as Dürr and David, in 1970. In 1976 Barbara Schwendowius and Wolfgang Dömling published a collection of eleven essays by, among others, Wolff and Dürr under the title "Johann Sebastian Bach : Zeit, Leben, Wirken". The next year the book was translated as "Johann
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Barbara of Portugal


Barbara of Portugal (Maria Madalena Bárbara Xavier Leonor Teresa Antónia Josefa; 4 December 1711 – 27 August 1758) was an Infanta of Portugal, and a Queen of Spain by marriage to Ferdinand VI of Spain. Born Maria Madalena Josefa Teresa Bárbara, Barbara was the eldest child of King John V of Portugal and Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria, a daughter of Emperor Leopold I. She was baptised "Maria Madalena Bárbara Xavier Leonor Teresa Antónia Josefa", her names honouring a number of saints and relatives. She was usually referred to
9802970
Santa Barbara County, California


Santa Barbara County, California, officially the County of Santa Barbara, is a county located in the southern region of the U.S. state of California. As of the 2010 census, the population was 423,895. The county seat is Santa Barbara, and the largest city is Santa Maria. Santa Barbara County comprises the Santa Maria-Santa Barbara, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area. Most of the county is part of the California Central Coast. Mainstays of the county's economy include engineering, resource extraction (particularly petroleum extraction and diatomaceous earth
3667558
Caveman (film)


Caveman is a 1981 American slapstick comedy film written and directed by Carl Gottlieb and starring Ringo Starr, Dennis Quaid, Shelley Long and Barbara Bach. Atouk (Ringo Starr) is a bullied and scrawny caveman living in "One Zillion BC – October 9th". He lusts after the beautiful but shallow Lana (Barbara Bach), who is the mate of Tonda (John Matuszak), their tribe's physically imposing bullying leader and brutish instigator. After being banished along with his friend Lar (Dennis Quaid), Atouk falls
21406959
Short Night of Glass Dolls


Short Night of Glass Dolls is an Italian giallo film. It is the directorial debut of Aldo Lado and stars Ingrid Thulin, Jean Sorel and Barbara Bach. It was first released as La Corta notte delle bambole di vetro in Italy. The corpse of reporter Gregory Moore (Jean Sorel) is found in a Prague plaza and brought to the local morgue. But Moore is actually alive, trapped inside his dead body and desperately recalling how the mysterious disappearance of his beautiful girlfriend (Barbara Bach) led to a terrifying conspiracy of
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P. C. Wren


Crispin Shoveler and Lucy Maria Parker. Alice Lucille Wren died at Poona, India 26 Sep 1914 and was buried 27 Sep 1914. Their daughter Estelle Lenore Wren was born at Greenwich in early 1901 She died at Basford in 1910. Wren reportedly dedicated an early edition (no date known) of "The Snake and the Sword" to "my wife Alice Lucille Wren". Another of his early novels, "Driftwood Spars" published in 1915, contained a dedication: "To the memory of my beloved wife."
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Girolamo Melzi


Girolamo Melzi (1599–1672) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Pavia (1659–1672). Girolamo Melzi was born in 1599 and ordained a priest on 21 Sep 1659. On 22 Sep 1659, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Alexander VII as Bishop of Pavia. On 16 Nov 1659, he was consecrated bishop by Giacomo Corradi, Cardinal-Priest of Santa Maria in Traspontina, with Marco Antonio Tomati, Bishop Emeritus of Bitetto, and Marcantonio Oddi, Bishop of Perugia, serving as co-consecrators
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Barbara Bush


, Barbara, Jenna, and I are sad, but our souls are settled because we know hers was [...] I'm a lucky man that Barbara Bush was my mother. Our family will miss her dearly, and we thank you all for your prayers and good wishes." President Donald Trump ordered flags to half-staff in Barbara Bush's memory, as he and First Lady Melania Trump sent condolences on the nation's behalf; saying: "As a wife, mother, grandmother, military spouse, and
2645531
Santa Maria, California


from the ocean's influence, and are the flagship wines of this appellation. Santa Maria Valley grapes are also used by wineries throughout Santa Barbara County and at many wineries outside of the county. The Santa Maria Valley name is used on labels from wineries that are based far away from the Santa Barbara County sunshine. The Santa Maria Valley appellation is bounded by the San Rafael Mountains and the Los Padres National Forest to the east, and by the Solomon Hills and the city of Santa Maria to the west. Santa Maria's
17420388
Maria Theresia Ahlefeldt


Philip. In 1780 in Prague, she married the Danish noble Ferdinand, Count of Ahlefeldt-Langeland (1747–1815) against the will of her family. Having conducted a marriage against the will of her family was a criminal act, for which she was forced to flee to avoid arrest. From 1780, Maria Theresia's spouse was marshal at the court of Ansbach, where she was active in the amateur theatre of Elizabeth Craven. During this time, she composed a libretto. In 1792–94, her spouse was marshal of the
17113012
Marie Jeanne Baptiste of Savoy-Nemours


Maria Luisa would have a close relationship with their grandmother, and both would make weekly visits to the Palazzo Madama. Her relationship with Maria Adelaide in particular is documented in letters the two sent to each other after 1696 when the young princess married Louis of France. Maria Luisa married Louis' brother Philip V of Spain by proxy on 11 Sep 1701. Sadly Maria Adelaide would die in 1712 at Versailles of Measles. These two prestigious marriages were designed by Louis XIV to entice Savoyard support during the War of the Spanish Succession.
12358954
Barbara of Brandenburg, Marquise of Mantua


Barbara of Brandenburg (1422 – 7 November 1481) was a Marchioness consort of Mantua, married in 1433 to Ludovico III Gonzaga, Marquis of Mantua. Barbara was the daughter of John, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach, and Barbara of Saxe-Wittenberg and a niece of Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund. Her marriage took place in 1433, when she was only ten years old, and she spent the latter part of her childhood in Mantua. She was active as the political adviser of her spouse with the responsibility of foreign diplomatic
11336082
Order of Saint Barbara


chest and the bust of Saint Barbara facing out and in view. The Order of Saint Barbara should be worn only at Artillery functions such as Saint Barbara’s Day celebrations, Artillery balls or Artillery dinings-in and dinings-out. Commanders, O-6 and above, may designate other occasions for wear as appropriate. The Honorable Order of Molly Pitcher is also bestowed by the U.S. Field Artillery Association (USFAA) and the Air Defense Artillery Association (ADAA) to recognize military spouses (historically women) who have voluntarily contributed in
2098979
Johann Ambrosius Bach


Johann Ambrosius Bach (22 February 1645 – ) was a German musician, father to Johann Sebastian Bach. The son of Christoph Bach (1613–1661), Ambrosius was born in Erfurt, Germany, as the twin brother of Johann Christoph Bach (1645–1693). Ambrosius was employed as a violinist in Erfurt. In 1671, he moved his family to Eisenach, in present-day Thuringia, where he was employed as a court trumpeter and director of the town musicians. He married his first wife Maria Elisabeth Lämmerhirt on 1 April
11029916
Sebastian Bach


Row master tapes) were in the house, but none were damaged. His father's art, comic books, and the KISS gargoyles from their 1979 tour were also salvaged. In the mid-1980’s, Bach began dating Maria Aquinar. The couple had a son, Paris, in 1988. Bach and Aquinar married in July 1992 and had another son, London, in 1994 and a daughter, Sebastiana, born in 2007. Bach and Aquinar divorced in September 2010. In December 2010, Bach began dating model Minnie Gupta
14905618
Romanticism in France


(opera)|Faust]]" and "[[Roméo et Juliette|Romeo and Juliet]]" and his arrangement of "[[Ave Maria (Bach/Gounod)|Ave Maria]]" based on a melody by Bach. French music was enriched by the presence of some of the most important romantic composers. [[Frederic Chopin]] moved to Paris in 1830, at the age of 20, and lived and composed there until his death in 1849. Beginning in 1824, [[Gioachino Rossini]] lived and composed in
18246836
Anna Maria Brandel


him in Stockholm. Her spouse owned a sugar refinery on Blasieholmen, a cotton mill on Kungsholmen and as well as a big merchant company. Anna Maria Brandel was described as a very well educated and capable businesswoman and owned a library of about a hundred volumes in the Swedish, German, French and English language. Upon the death of her spouse in 1754, she took over all of his business enterprises, and as such becoming a major business figure. She was also and active stockholder in various banks, and communicated with
17724938
Maria Choglokova


maternal first cousin of Empress Elizabeth. In 1742, she married Nikolai Naumovich Choglokov (1718-1754). She had married for love, was thus faithful to her spouse without difficulty and gave birth regularly - she was to have four daughters and four sons during her marriage. After the marriage of Grand Duke Peter to Catherine in 1745, Choglokova was appointed chief lady-in-waiting and mistress of the household of the Grand Duchess in succession to Maria Rumyantseva, and her spouse was given the equivalent position of Chamberlain to
6384379
Maria Mstislavna of Kiev


Maria Mstislavna of Kiev (died 1179), was a Grand Princess consort of Kiev by marriage to Prince Vsevolod II of Kiev. She was the daughter of Mstislav I of Kiev and Christina Ingesdotter of Sweden. Her marriage was arranged in 1116 to facilitate better relations between her father and spouse, who were long standing enemies. During the reign of her spouse, she was known for her diplomatic ability, and often asked to mediate between her husband and brothers. She is believed to be one of the founders of St. Cyril
9215790
Barbara of Portugal


of the previous regime who threatened her influence over Ferdinand. Encouraged by Barbara, Ferdinand fired the minister Villarias, who was replaced by Carvajal, and in July 1747 the Queen Dowager was banished from court. During her husband's reign, Barbara was to preside over magnificent parties and concerts at her favorite retreat, the Royal Palace of Aranjuez. However, in contrast to her predecessor as queen, Barbara did not like to flaunt her influence over her spouse and the government policy, and she made a moderately positive impression upon the
9802978
Santa Maria Public Airport


by the military Santa Maria AAF also controlled Estrella Army Airfield, near Paso Robles as an auxiliary airfield to support the pilot training activity. After the war Santa Barbara County and the city of Santa Maria acquired the land and facilities through two grants in 1948. In 1964 the Army Air Field was renamed Santa Maria Public Airport. The first airline at Santa Maria was Pacific Seaboard Air Lines. In 1933 Pacific Seaboard scheduled two daily Bellanca CH-300s Los Angeles - Santa Barbara - Santa Maria - San Luis Obispo - Paso Robles - Monterey
1853404
Antonio Maria de la Guerra


Antonio Maria de la Guerra (1825 – November 28, 1881), Mayor of Santa Barbara, California, several times a member of the Santa Barbara County Board of Supervisors, California State Senator and Captain of California Volunteers in the American Civil War. Antonio Maria de la Guerra, was a Californio born in 1825 in Alta California, as the youngest son of José de la Guerra y Noriega an officer of the Mexican army. His father became a wealthy and influential man with extensive landholdings and a great house in Santa Barbara
9979610
Barbara Bach


she graduated from the all-girl Dominican Commercial High School in Jamaica, Queens. The following year, she shortened her last name to Bach and began modeling professionally, appearing in catalogs and fashion magazines. Bach was one of the most sought-after faces in the '60s, working with the Eileen Ford Agency in New York, appearing on catalogs and the front covers of several international fashion magazines such as "Seventeen" (1965 and 1966), "Vogue" USA (July 1966) photographed by Richard Avedon,
12410126
Maria Theresa of Austria (1816–1867)


to both her spouse and her stepson Francis: her stepson respected her and she used to demonstratively call him her son. Maria Theresa was interested in politics: she is known to have acted as the king's advisor and to have influenced him to be strict, and when she could not be present at the reception of officials and wished to hear the conversation, she listened to the talk behind the door. She nursed Ferdinand on his death bed. At the death of her spouse, she intended to continue her political activity
16437199
Maria Josepha of Austria


was politically active and, though not formally proclaimed regent during the absence of her spouse, she informally acted as his representative. It was known and acknowledged by the court that she participated in the affairs of state, and the ministers and ambassadors duly reported to her. She also managed a large diplomatic correspondence. She was rivalled in her influence over her spouse by Heinrich von Brühl. Maria Josepha was reportedly not on good terms with her eldest son Frederick Christian. She wished for her younger son Francis Xavier to be elected king
9561871
Richard Wainwright (American Civil War naval officer)


, he married Sarah "Sally" Franklin Bache (1824–1880) in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. She was the daughter of Sophia Burrell (née Dallas) Bache and Richard Bache, Jr., who served in the Republic of Texas navy and was elected to the Texas state legislature. Her maternal grandparents were Arabella Maria Smith and Alexander J. Dallas, an American statesman who served as the U.S. Treasury Secretary under President James Madison. She was the paternal granddaughter of Sarah (née Franklin) Bache and Richard Bache, and the great-granddaughter
3579701
George Tawengwa


Fourth Spouse Fifth Spouse Sixth Spouse Seventh Spouse Tawengwa was born to Chirume and Maria (Mhariya) of the "Gumbo Madyira" totem and had an elder brother Takawira Chirume who died within the first two years of birth and a younger brother Bernard Chirume. His mother died when he was only 4 years old in 1919. In 1927 at age 12 he was chased by his father from their Mwanza Village home in Goromonzi and wandered towards Marondera, finally settling in Ruzawi. He got his first job as a shepherd, herding goats
2424113
Barbara Heinemann Landmann


before Nordhoff's visit, Barbara had dictated to Gottlieb Scheuner, a Community historian, the story of her early years, from her birth to the end of her first service as a Werkzeug, at the age of 28. Scheuner says that she declined to write the story herself because of her advanced age and her lack of writing skill. Her story begins with her birth. Bach (1971) says that Barbara was the second daughter of Peter and Anna Heinemann. In her account to Scheuner, Barbara does not mention her
15192188
Johann Sebastian Bach


to suit contemporary tastes and performance practice by composers such as Carl Friedrich Zelter, Robert Franz, and Franz Liszt, or combined with new music such as the melody line of Charles Gounod's Ave Maria. Brahms, Bruckner, and Wagner were among the composers who promoted Bach's music or wrote glowingly about it. In 1850, the (Bach Society) was founded to promote Bach's music. In the second half of the 19th century, the Society published a comprehensive edition of the composer's works. Also in the
9203261
Maria Caroline Gibert de Lametz


. She was the paternal granddaughter of Thomas Gibert and Françoise Moret. Marie Caroline was originally a stage actress, as was her future spouse, Florestan. Maria Caroline Gibert de Lametz and Prince Florestan of Monaco, at that time both actors, married in Commercy on 27 November 1816 and had two children: Prince Charles III, and Princess Florestine. She was described as a skillfull businesswoman: she handled the economy of the family, and successfully managed the fortune her spouse inherited from his mother (who had excluded her eldest son
4988047
Barbara Bach


" (a giallo film) and had small roles in other Italian films. In 1977, Bach portrayed the Russian spy Anya Amasova in the James Bond film "The Spy Who Loved Me". Bach remarked after the film that Bond is "a chauvinist pig who uses girls to shield him against bullets." The following year she appeared in the movie "Force 10 from Navarone". She lost a role to actress Shelley Hack when she auditioned for season four of the television series "Charlie's Angels". During
12410128
Ingeborg Reichelt


She was a frequent soloist for the cycle of Bach's cantatas recorded with Fritz Werner conducting the Heinrich-Schütz-Chor Heilbronn and the Pforzheim Chamber Orchestra, including "Brich dem Hungrigen dein Brot, BWV 39" with Barbara Scherler and Bruce Abel, a cantata that Bach had written for the first Sunday after Trinity of 1726. In 1957 she recorded Bach's "Mass in B minor" with Werner and his choir, Helmut Krebs and Franz Kelch. Her repertoire has also included works of Handel, Haydn, Mozart,
13296747
Barbara Ekenberg


Elsa Barbro "Barbara" Ekenberg (1717–25 May 1799), was the owner and manager of a coffeehouse in Stockholm in 1772–99. She was a figure in the work of Carl Michael Bellman, who dedicated to her a verse of "Fredmans epistel 9" titled "Till Gumman på Thermopolium Boreale och hennes jungfrur" ('To the Old woman of the Thermopolium Boreale and her maidens'). Barbara Ekenberg managed a coffeehouse after the death of her spouse, Carl Ekenberg, and made it to a very popular and wellfrequented
4336151
Barbara Heinemann Landmann


in 1864, nine years after they founded their first village there. While the Inspirationists were still living in the Ebenezer Colonies, Barbara Heinemann received once again the gift of Inspiration. Bach (1971) says that, during a footwashing ceremony in 1849, six years after the founding of the Ebenezer Colonies, Barbara Heinemann uttered prophecies that convinced Christian Metz that God was working through her. He testified that she was once again a Werkzeug. During the migration to Iowa, Christian Metz hoped that Barbara would serve as the Werkzeug for
15192291
Bath Bach Choir


have taken place at Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Chartres, Paris, and in Hungary, Belgium and Germany. In 2009 the choir was invited to perform in the famous Thomaskirche, where Johann Sebastian Bach was once choirmaster, Aix-en-Provence, in 2013, and the Bath Bach Choir's most recent tour to Barcelona: Barcelona Cathedral, Sagrada Família, Santa Maria del Mar, Barcelona in 2015. Today, referred to as the Bath Bach Choir, the choir comprises about 100 committed singers from Bath and its environs
5567295
Tönet, ihr Pauken! Erschallet, Trompeten! BWV 214


which was based in Dresden. He dedicated his Missa in B minor for the Dresden court to the elector, a work which was to become the Kyrie and Gloria of his Mass in B minor. Bach also composed cantatas in honour of the elector's family, , performed on 5 September 1733, the eleventh birthday of the son of the elector, and another for his wife, Maria Josepha. Bach composed to honour the 34th birthday of Maria Josepha on 8 December. It is also known by the description "" (
15698863
Archduchess Maria Elisabeth of Austria (1743–1808)


his mother's appointment of Maria Christina and her husband as governors of the Austrian Netherlands, after which they left for Brussels, while Maria Elisabeth and her sister Maria Anna left to join their respective convents. Maria Elisabeth left for the Convent of Noble Ladies in Innsbruck, which had been established by her mother in 1765 to pray for the soul of her late spouse, the father of Maria Elisabeth. Maria Elisabeth resided in Innsbruck as abbess of the Convent of Noble Ladies for about fifteen years. Here - or rather in Innsbruck
1491603
Maximilian Herzberger


, viz. Ruth (born 1928), Ursula Bellugi (1931), and Hans (6 Aug 1932, spouse of Radhika Herzberger). No later than Sep 1930, he was assistant of Hans Boegehold, the chief of calculation office at Carl Zeiss Jena. In 1934, the Nazis deprived him from his professorship at Jena University and his contract with Zeiss. He emigrated with his family to Rochester (NY), where he became head of Eastman Kodak's optical research laboratories, arranged by Einstein. In 1940,
3849131
Barbara Wilberforce


Barbara Ann Wilberforce (née Spooner; 24 December 1777, Birches Green, Erdington, Warwickshire – 21 April 1847, The Vicarage, East Farleigh, Kent) was the spouse of abolitionist and MP William Wilberforce. She was the eldest daughter and third child of Isaac Spooner of Elmdon Hall, Warwickshire, a banker of Birmingham, and his wife, Barbara Gough-Calthorpe, the sister of the first Lord Calthorpe. On 15 April 1797, while at Bath, she met her future husband, William Wilberforce, to whom she
673340
George M. Bache


in the Republic of Texas navy and was an elected representative in the Texas legislature, and Sophia Burrell Dallas, daughter of Arabella Maria Smith and Alexander James Dallas, who served as the U.S. Treasury Secretary under President James Madison. He was also a great-grandson of Sarah Franklin Bache and Richard Bache, and a great-great-grandson of Benjamin Franklin, as well as a nephew of George Mifflin Dallas, the 11th Vice President of the United States, serving under James K. Polk. His uncles included Alexander Dallas Bache
14473687
Richard Bache Jr.


in a large family of eight. Among his siblings were his older brother, Benjamin Franklin Bache, a controversial newspaper publisher who died of yellow fever at the age of 29. One of Richard's nephews was Andrew A. Harwood, a naval officer who reached the rank of admiral. Bache was educated in local schools as a boy. He attended the University of Pennsylvania, graduating in 1812. On April 4, 1805, Bache married Sophia Burrell Dallas, the daughter of Arabella Maria Smith and Alexander J. Dallas. Her father
16556162
Maria Bach


Marx would later help Bach develop her own style of composing by utilizing variations in rhythms and sonorities. During the war, the Nazi party established music prohibitions in Austria. Due to their preference for classical music, which was considered conservative and traditional, "modern" compositions were not allowed to be performed. However, Bach's compositions were deemed both conservative and traditional among Nazi standards and were deemed acceptable to be performed. During the 1920s Bach developed a relationship with Ivan Boutnikoff, a Russian composer and conductor. Boutnikoff later became
3532955
Johann Sebastian Bach


). He was the son of Johann Ambrosius Bach, the director of the town musicians, and Maria Elisabeth Lämmerhirt. He was the eighth and youngest child of Johann Ambrosius, who likely taught him violin and basic music theory. His uncles were all professional musicians, whose posts included church organists, court chamber musicians, and composers. One uncle, Johann Christoph Bach (1645–1693), introduced him to the organ, and an older second cousin, Johann Ludwig Bach (1677–1731), was a well-known composer and
9203167
Santa Maria, California


Santa Maria as "The West's Best BBQ Town". Santa Maria, along with the neighboring Lompoc, Los Alamos and Santa Ynez Valleys, combine to create one of the nation's largest wine-producing regions, referred to as the Santa Barbara Wine Country. The often foggy and windswept Santa Maria Valley is the northern most appellation in Santa Barbara County. The region's first officially approved American Viticultural Area (AVA) enjoys extremely complex soil conditions and diverse microclimates. Chardonnay and Pinot noir are two varietals which especially benefit
17420387
Maria Luisa of Spain


Infanta Maria Luisa of Spain (Spanish: "María Luisa", German: "Maria Ludovika") (24 November 1745 – 15 May 1792) was Holy Roman Empress, German Queen, Queen of Hungary and Bohemia, Grand Duchess of Tuscany as the spouse of Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor. Maria Luisa was born in Portici, in Campania, the site of the summer palace ("Reggia di Portici") of her parents, King Charles, King of Naples and Sicily and Maria Amalia of Saxony. She
18292890
Maria Bach


her mentor in conducting and orchestration. On October 7, 1952, Bach married Arturo Ciacelli. The two stayed married until Ciacelli's death in 1966. Ciacelli was an Italian painter who taught art at The Italian School in Vienna from 1939 to 1941. During their time together, Bach began painting landscapes, mainly of Italy. After she began to exhibit, her paintings became almost more successful than her compositions. Ciacelli died in 1966 and for a while Bach gave up creative endeavors, but eventually began to compose again. She
3532956
Barbara Heinemann Landmann


) nor Shambaugh (1908) mentions any progeny. We do not know how George made a living. Before the marriage, he was a schoolmaster; but Shambaugh (1908) says that the Inspirationists often expelled a schoolmaster from his post if he married. Barbara and George stayed together for the rest of their lives. Though Inspirationists deplored marriage, they regarded the step, once taken, as irrevocable. Bach (1971) says that Barbara and George journeyed together to the Ebenezer Colonies in New York and then to the Amana
15192274
Barbara Fugger


Barbara Fugger (1419 – July 23, 1497) was a German businessperson and banker. Barbara Baesinger was born to a wealthy family in Augsburg, Germany. While still a teenager, she was married to textile merchant Jakob Fugger the Elder. She had eleven children with him before he died, including Ulrich, Georg and Jakob Fugger. She successfully managed the family business and eventually traded internationally in linen and wool. She provided money for her sons' businesses and her daughters' dowries. After the death of her spouse in
3372016