Bernhard Ebbinghaus [SEP] employer
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Bernhard Ebbinghaus


Bernhard Ebbinghaus (born 2 June 1961) is a German sociologist and comparative social policy expert at the University of Oxford. Ebbinghaus was born in 1961 in Stuttgart. He studied sociology at the University of Mannheim (1981–88) and was a Fulbright student at the New School for Social Research in 1984/85. Following a year at the "Institut Universitaire d'Etudes Européennes" in Geneva, he was a doctoral student at the European University Institute (EUI) in Florence, Italy (1989–92), where he wrote his Ph.D. thesis on "
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Bernhard Ebbinghaus


the "Center for European Studies" at Harvard University (1999/2000), Visiting Professor at the University of Wisconsin in Madison (fall 2001), and Interim Professor at the University of Jena, Germany (2003–04). Ebbinghaus was Professor of Sociology (Chair of Macrosociology) at the University of Mannheim from 2004 until 2016, where he was founding director of the Doctoral Center for the Social and Behavioral Studies of the Graduate School of Economic and Social Sciences (GESS) (2006–09). Most recently, he was Director of
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Bernhard Ebbinghaus


Labour Unity in Union Diversity: Trade Unions and Social Cleavages in Western Europe, 1890-1989" (1993). Returning to Mannheim, Ebbinghaus taught sociology and coordinated an international research project on trade unions in Europe at the Mannheim Centre for European Social Research (MZES). From 1997 until 2004, he was Senior Fellow at the Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies (MPIfG) in Cologne and completed his Habilitation thesis in sociology at the University of Cologne in 2003. He was John F. Kennedy Memorial Fellow at
7744043
SEP-IRA


. The deadline for establishing the plan and making contributions is the filing deadline for the employer's tax return, including extensions. The strictest conditions employers may place on employee eligibility are as follows. The employee must be included if they: Employers may use less restrictive criteria. SEP-IRA funds are taxed at ordinary income tax rates when qualified withdrawals are taken after age (as for traditional IRAs). Contributions to a SEP plan are deductible, lowering a taxpayer's income tax liability in the contribution year. SEP-IRA
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SEP-IRA


contributions are treated as part of a profit-sharing plan. For employees, the employer may contribute up to 25% of the employee's wages to the employee's SEP-IRA account. For example, if an employee earns $40,000 in wages, the employer could contribute up to $10,000 to the SEP-IRA account. The total contribution to a SEP-IRA account should not exceed the lesser of 25% of income (20% for self-employed before self-employed tax deduction is included);(see below)
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Department of Social Policy and Intervention


Professor Bernhard Ebbinghaus is Head of Department. The department was ranked first among all social policy departments in the Research Excellence Framework 2014, which assess the research performance of institutions of higher education in the UK, with 79% of its research classified as world-leading. The Department of Social Policy and Intervention is a multidisciplinary centre of excellence for research in social policy and the development and systematic evaluation of social interventions. Within the Department, research is organised around two main units: Whilst the majority of work is focused on OECD
9711556
SEP-IRA


net profit. In the above example, where an employee earns $40,000 and the employer contributes 25% of that, $10,000, the employee has received $50,000 total, of which 20% goes to the SEP-IRA. When a business is a sole proprietorship, the employee/owner both pays themselves wages and may also make a SEP contribution, which is limited to 25% of "wages", namely, profits minus SEP contribution. For a particular contribution rate "CR", the reduced rate is
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Hermann Ebbinghaus


Hermann Ebbinghaus (January 24, 1850 – February 26, 1909) was a German psychologist who pioneered the experimental study of memory, and is known for his discovery of the forgetting curve and the spacing effect. He was also the first person to describe the learning curve. He was the father of the neo-Kantian philosopher Julius Ebbinghaus. Ebbinghaus was born in Barmen, in the Rhine Province of the Kingdom of Prussia,as the son of a wealthy merchant, Carl Ebbinghaus. Little is known about his infancy except that
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Hermann Ebbinghaus


follow the same standards laid out by Ebbinghaus. After Ebbinghaus worked on memory, he also had a contribution with color vision. In 1890, Ebbinghaus came up with the double pyramid design where corners were rounded off. Unlike notable contemporaries like Titchener and James, Ebbinghaus did not promote any specific school of psychology nor was he known for extensive lifetime research, having done only three works. He never attempted to bestow upon himself the title of the pioneer of experimental psychology, did not seek to have any "disciples", and
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Hermann Ebbinghaus


words some forty years later, stating that people like Ebbinghaus "buried the old psychology in the 1890s". Ebbinghaus explained his scathing review by saying that he could not believe that Dilthey was advocating the status quo of structuralists like Wilhelm Wundt and Titchener and attempting to stifle psychology's progress. Some contemporary texts still describe Ebbinghaus as a philosopher rather than a psychologist and he had also spent his life as a professor of philosophy. However, Ebbinghaus himself would probably describe himself as a psychologist considering that he fought to have psychology viewed
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Hermann Ebbinghaus


as a separate discipline from philosophy. There has been some speculation as to what influenced Ebbinghaus in his undertakings. None of his professors seem to have influenced him, nor are there suggestions that his colleagues affected him. Von Hartmann's work, on which Ebbinghaus based his doctorate, did suggest that higher mental processes were hidden from view, which may have spurred Ebbinghaus to attempt to prove otherwise. The one influence that has always been cited as having inspired Ebbinghaus was Gustav Fechner's two-volume "Elemente der Psychophysik."
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Hermann Ebbinghaus


"no use to the art" of memory. This dichotomy between descriptive and experimental study of memory would resonate later in Ebbinghaus's life, particularly in his public argument with former colleague Wilhelm Dilthey. However, more than a century before Ebbinghaus, Johann Andreas Segner invented the "Segner-wheel" to see the length of after-images by seeing how fast a wheel with a hot coal attached had to move for the red ember circle from the coal to appear complete. (see iconic memory) Ebbinghaus's effect on
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Hermann Ebbinghaus


Ebbinghaus died from pneumonia at the age of 59. Ebbinghaus was determined to show that higher mental processes could actually be studied using experimentation, which was in opposition to the popularly held thought of the time. To control for most potentially confounding variables, Ebbinghaus wanted to use simple acoustic encoding and maintenance rehearsal for which a list of words could have been used. As learning would be affected by prior knowledge and understanding, he needed something that could be easily memorized but which had no prior cognitive associations. Easily formable associations with regular
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Hermann Ebbinghaus


". Ebbinghaus also described the difference between involuntary and voluntary memory, the former occurring "with apparent spontaneity and without any act of the will" and the latter being brought "into consciousness by an exertion of the will". Prior to Ebbinghaus, most contributions to the study of memory were undertaken by philosophers and centered on observational description and speculation. For example, Immanuel Kant used pure description to discuss recognition and its components and Sir Francis Bacon claimed that the simple observation of the rote recollection of a previously learned list was
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Hermann Ebbinghaus


tap into the motivations and drives of the patient. He had also influenced Charlotte Bühler, who along with Lev Vygotsky and others went on to study language meaning and society. Ebbinghaus is also largely credited with drafting the first standard research report. In his paper on memory, Ebbinghaus arranged his research into four sections: the introduction, the methods, the results, and a discussion section. The clarity and organization of this format was so impressive to contemporaries that it has now become standard in the discipline, and all research reports
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Hermann Ebbinghaus


left the exploitation of the new field to others. In addition to pioneering experimental psychology, Ebbinghaus was also a strong defender of this direction of the new science, as is illustrated by his public dispute with University of Berlin colleague, Wilhelm Dilthey. Shortly after Ebbinghaus left Berlin in 1893, Dilthey published a paper extolling the virtues of descriptive psychology, and condemning experimental psychology as boring, claiming that the mind was too complex, and that introspection was the desired method of studying the mind. The debate at the time had been
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Ebbinghaus illusion


The Ebbinghaus illusion or Titchener circles is an optical illusion of relative size perception. Named for its discoverer, the German psychologist Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850–1909), the illusion was popularized in the English-speaking world by Edward B. Titchener in a 1901 textbook of experimental psychology, hence its alternative name. In the best-known version of the illusion, two circles of identical size are placed near to each other, and one is surrounded by large circles while the other is surrounded by small circles. As a result of the juxtaposition
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Ebbinghaus illusion


appears smaller. While the distance variable appears to be an active factor in the perception of relative size, the size of the surrounding circles limits how close they can be to the central circle, resulting in many studies confounding the two variables. The Ebbinghaus illusion has played a crucial role in the debate over the existence of separate pathways in the brain for perception and action (for more details see Two Streams hypothesis). It has been argued that the Ebbinghaus illusion distorts "perception" of size, but not "action"
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Ebbinghaus illusion


. A study by neuroscientist Melvyn A. Goodale showed that when a subject is required to respond to a physical model of the illusion by grasping the central circle, the scaling of the grip aperture was unaffected by the perceived size distortion. While other studies confirm the insensitivity of grip scaling to size-contrast illusions like the Ebbinghaus illusion, other work suggests that both action and perception are fooled by the illusion. Neuroimaging research suggests an inverse correlation between an individual's receptivity to the Ebbinghaus and similar illusions (such as the Ponzo illusion
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Hermann Ebbinghaus


his work on memory. The most important one was that Ebbinghaus was the only subject in his study. This limited the study's generalizability to the population. Although he attempted to regulate his daily routine to maintain more control over his results, his decision to avoid the use of participants sacrificed the external validity of the study despite sound internal validity. In addition, although he tried to account for his personal influences, there is an inherent bias when someone serves as researcher as well as participant. Also, Ebbinghaus's memory research
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Hermann Ebbinghaus


halted research in other, more complex matters of memory such as semantic and procedural memory and mnemonics. In 1885, he published his groundbreaking "Über das Gedächtnis" ("On Memory", later translated to English as "Memory. A Contribution to Experimental Psychology") in which he described experiments he conducted on himself to describe the processes of learning and forgetting. Ebbinghaus made several findings that are still relevant and supported to this day. First, Ebbinghaus made a 2,300 three letter syllables to measure mental associations that helped him
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Hermann Ebbinghaus


that of savings. This refers to the amount of information retained in the subconscious even after this information cannot be consciously accessed. Ebbinghaus would memorize a list of items until perfect recall and then would not access the list until he could no longer recall any of its items. He then would relearn the list, and compare the new learning curve to the learning curve of his previous memorization of the list. The second list was generally memorized faster, and this difference between the two learning curves is what Ebbinghaus called "savings
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Hermann Ebbinghaus


primarily whether psychology should aim to explain or understand the mind and whether it belonged to the natural or human sciences. Many had seen Dilthey's work as an outright attack on experimental psychology, Ebbinghaus included, and he responded to Dilthey with a personal letter and also a long scathing public article. Amongst his counterarguments against Dilthey he mentioned that it is inevitable for psychology to do hypothetical work and that the kind of psychology that Dilthey was attacking was the one that existed before Ebbinghaus's "experimental revolution". Charlotte Bühler echoed his
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Heinz-Dieter Ebbinghaus


Heinz-Dieter Ebbinghaus (born 22 February 1939 in Hemer, Province of Westphalia) is a German mathematician and logician. Ebbinghaus wrote various books on logic, set theory and model theory, including a seminal work on Ernst Zermelo. His book "Einführung in die mathematische Logik", joint work with Jörg Flum and Wolfgang Thomas, first appeared in 1978 and became a standard textbook of mathematical logic in the German-speaking area. It is currently in its sixth edition. An English edition "Mathematical logic" () was
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Audience memory curve


forgetting curve. This curve describes the decreased ability of the brain to retain memory over time. Ebbinghaus found the forgetting curve to be exponential in nature. “Memory retention is 100% at the time of learning any particular piece of information. However, it drops rapidly to 40% within the first few days “. Understanding Ebbinghaus’ forgetting curve is important when discussing the audience memory curve because Ebbinghaus also described the various factors that can affect the rate of forgetting, which is useful when discussing ways to combat decreasing interest of
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Methods used to study memory


made between individuals; exact lesion location and individual differences cannot be controlled for. Hermann Ebbinghaus began the scientific study of human memory with this treatise "On Memory" is 1885. Ebbinghaus experimented on himself by testing his own ability to memorize lists of randomly arranged syllables presented at regular pace of 2.5 syllables per second. He would record how long it took him to memorize a list of syllables and also how quickly he would lose the memorization. With this data, he traced learning and forgetting curves. Ebbinghaus also collected data
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Katja Ebbinghaus


Katja Ebbinghaus (née Burgemeister, born 6 January 1948) is a former professional tennis player from Germany, active from 1969 to 1982, who reached five Grand Slam quarter-finals in singles, and a Grand Slam final in doubles, and who played for West Germany in the Federation Cup in all but two years between 1970 and 1979. Ebbinghaus reached the final of the women's doubles at the 1974 French Open, partnering Gail Chanfreau. In the final, Chris Evert and Olga Morozova defeated them 6–4, 2–6, 6–1
4506443
Individual retirement account


Certain IRAs (rollovers from SEP or Simple IRAs, Roth IRAs, individual IRAs) are exempt up to at least $1,000,000 (adjusted periodically for inflation) without having to show necessity for retirement. The law provides that "such amount may be increased if the interests of justice so require." Other IRAs (rollovers from most employer sponsored retirement plans (401(k)s, etc.) and non-rollover SEP and SIMPLE IRAs) are entirely exempt. The 2005 BAPCPA also increased the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation insurance limit for IRA
15706040
2010 Gent–Wevelgem


The 2010 Gent–Wevelgem cycle road race took place on March 28, 2010. It was the 72nd edition of the international top classic Gent–Wevelgem. The final of Gent–Wevelgem was largely redrawn. An extra track was added in France, with a double passage over Mont des Cats and Mont Noir. The race was the sixth event in the UCI World Ranking. Bernhard Eisel (AUT) beat Sep Vanmarcke of Belgium in a six-way sprint to the finish to win the Ghent-Wevelgem cycling classic.
18537912
Ruth Bernhard


's work and offered her advice often. Bernhard studied art history and typography at the Academy of Fine Arts, Berlin before moving to New York to join her father. She began teaching on an ongoing basis at the University of California in 1958, while also giving lectures, classes and workshops all over the United States. In 1927 Bernhard moved to New York City, where her father was already living. She worked as an assistant to Ralph Steiner in "Delineator" magazine, but he terminated her employment for indifferent performance.
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Sep Ruf


Arne Jacobsen, Oscar Niemeyer, Max Taut, Pierre Vargo and Ruf and others. 1160 living quarters, tower buildings and flat roofed houses, churches, cinema, library, kindergarten and a subway station. Walter Rossow, a landscape gardener from Berlin planned with a team the green areas. Three buildings of the exhibition were built by Le Corbusier, Hugh Stubbins (US) and Bruno Grimmek. Some of the artists were Henry Moore, Fritz Winter and Bernhard Heiliger. Ruf built two flat roofed houses. Further buildings were the
20990496
SEP-IRA


"CR/(1+CR)"; for a 25% contribution rate, this yields a 20% reduced rate, as in the above. Thus the overall contribution limit (barring limits) is 20% of 92.9% (that is, 18.6%) of net profit. For example, if a sole proprietor has $50,000 net profit from self-employment on Schedule C, then the "1/2 of self-employment tax credit", $3,532, shown on adjustments to income at the bottom of form 1040, will be
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Mamatha Raghuveer Achanta


women and children aversely affecting their health. NILA along with Save the Children organized a conference to review the Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Bill. It was held on Sep. 15, 2015 at ASCI, Banjarahills Campus, Hyd from 11 AM to 2 PM. The Union Minister of Labour and Employment, Sri Bandaru Dattatreya, was the Chief Guest and the Minister for Home and Labour, Employment and Training, Telanagna Sri Nayani Narsimha Reddy, was the Guest of Honour. Dr. Mamatha is the Technical Partner to BHAROSA -
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SEP-IRA


employment tax (2006 Form 1040, line 27, from Schedule SE, Section A, line 6, or Section B, line 13). Barring limits, this is half the 15.3% FICA tax, levied on net earnings, which is 92.35% of net profit. Therefore, adjusted net profit (net profit minus deduction for self-employment tax) is 92.935225% of net profit, which is close to but slightly more than net earnings. The limit of 25% applies to wages, not (adjusted)
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World Qualification Series (2009)


18 - Aug 23" 30th Anniversary of the Lacanau Pro and good conditions this year. Surf, concerts, events scheduled. Check out the video for a summary of the event http://vimeo.com/6994555 "Aug 25 - Aug 30" "Sep 01 - Sep 06" "Sep 01 - Sep 06" "Sep 04 - Sep 06" "Sep 09 - Sep 12" "Sep 10 - Sep 13" "Sep 08 - Sep 13" "Sep 15 - Sep 20" "Sep 16 - Sep 22" "Sep
1986943
List of 1982–83 NBA season transactions


1982 Oct 2, 1982 Oct 1, 1982 Sep 30, 1982 Sep 29, 1982 Sep 28, 1982 Sep 27, 1982 Sep 24, 1982 Sep 22, 1982 Sep 20, 1982 Sep 19, 1982 Sep 18, 1982 Sep 17, 1982 Sep 15, 1982 Sep 14, 1982 Sep 13, 1982 Sep 10, 1982 Sep 9, 1982 Sep 7, 1982 Sep 2, 1982 Sep 1, 1982 Aug 31, 1982 Aug 27, 1982 Aug 26, 1982 Aug 16, 1982 Aug 8,
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Solo 401(k)


catch-up contribution does not apply to the SEP IRA. Calculating one's maximum annual solo 401(k) contribution limitation, including employee deferrals and profit sharing contributions, is based on self-employment income or W-2 income earned by the plan participant and the adopting employer's established legal entity (sole proprietorship vs. "C" corporation). In other words, in the case of a "C" or "S" corporation, the employee deferral and profit sharing contribution is based on the individual plan participant's W-2 amount.
2641905
Retirement plans in the United States


tax consequences. A SIMPLE IRA is a type of Individual Retirement Account (IRA) that is provided by an employer. It is similar to a 401(k) but offers simpler and less costly administration rules. Like a 401(k) plan, the SIMPLE IRA is funded by a pre-tax salary reduction. However, contribution limits for SIMPLE plans are lower than for most other types of employer-provided retirement plans. A Simplified Employee Pension Individual Retirement Account, or SEP IRA, is a variation of the Individual Retirement Account.
7647073
Bernhard Droog


Bernhard Droog (5 January 1921 in Cologne, Germany – 22 December 2009 in Ede, Netherlands) was a Dutch actor who appeared in 17 films, including the 1997 Academy Award-winning "Character", and numerous television and theatre roles. Droog was a recipient of the Order of Orange-Nassau in 1970. Droog was born to Dutch parents living in Germany. He lived there until 1936, when the family decided to return to the Netherlands and moved to the city of Haarlem. Droog took up employment in a
17897574
Self-employment


IRS Form 1040 and calculate the self-employment tax on Schedule SE of IRS Form 1040. Estimated taxes must be paid quarterly using form 1040-ES if estimated tax liability exceeds $1,000. Self-employed workers cannot contribute to a company-run 401k plan of the type with which most people are familiar. However, there are various vehicles available to self-employed individuals to save for retirement. Many set up a Simplified Employee Pension Plan (SEP) IRA, which allows them to contribute up to 25% of their
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Bernhard Steinberger


campaigned very publicly in support of the interests of recently arrived migrants. War broke out in September 1939. All the countries surrounding Switzerland participated directly in it apart from Liechtenstein. Switzerland was powerfully impacted. In March 1940 the Swiss parliament decided to revoke the blanket ban on paid employment being undertaken by "tolerated migrants" (refugees), but at the same time plans were set in train for the construction of labour camps to be administered by the police. In July 1940 Bernhard Steinberger was sent to the labour camp at Tamins
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Bernhard Pauss


They were the parents of the surgeon, hospital director and President of the Norwegian Red Cross Nikolai Nissen Paus, the engineer and CEO of Akershus Energi Augustin Thoresen Paus and the lawyer and Director at the Norwegian Employers' Confederation George Wegner Paus, as well as the daughters Henriette Wegner Paus, married to private school owner (Frogner School, Nissen's Girls' School, Haagaas School) Theodor Haagaas, and Karoline Louise Paus, married to barrister Thorleif Ellestad. Bernhard Cathrinus Pauss was the grandfather of, among others, the surgeon
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Forgetting curve


review the learned material. The forgetting curve supports one of the seven kinds of memory failures: transience, which is the process of forgetting that occurs with the passage of time. From 1880 to 1885, Hermann Ebbinghaus ran a limited, incomplete study on himself and published his hypothesis in 1885 as "" (later translated into English as "Memory: A Contribution to Experimental Psychology"). Ebbinghaus studied the memorisation of nonsense syllables, such as "WID" and "ZOF" (CVCs or Consonant-Vowel-Consonant
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Hermann Ebbinghaus


University of Berlin, most likely in recognition of this publication. In 1890, along with Arthur König, he founded the psychological journal "Zeitschrift für Physiologie und Psychologie der Sinnesorgane" ("The Psychology and Physiology of the Sense Organs'"). In 1894, he was passed over for promotion to head of the philosophy department at Berlin, most likely due to his lack of publications. Instead, Carl Stumpf received the promotion. As a result of this, Ebbinghaus left to join the University of Breslau (now Wrocław
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Hermann Ebbinghaus


syllables to make them more meaningful. The nonsense syllable PED (which is the first three letters of the word "pedal") turns out to be less nonsensical than a syllable such as KOJ; the syllables are said to differ in association value. It appears that Ebbinghaus recognized this, and only referred to the strings of syllables as "nonsense" in that the syllables might be less likely to have a specific meaning and he should make no attempt to make associations with them for easier retrieval. There are several limitations to
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Carreras Tobacco Company


City press, but within a short time the shares were fully subscribed, particularly by members of the tobacco trade who were quick to realise the potential of the new venture. The Baron family had a reputation as good employers who treated their staff well. Bernhard Baron would walk amongst his employees daily, enquiring after their families, and his son, Louis, and his grandson, Maurice, also made regular visits to the factory floor. A tradition developed that on Bernhard's birthday, each December, all employees were given two
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Forgetting curve


still known from the first trial. A 75% savings would mean that relearning missed items required 25% as long as the original learning session (to learn all items). 'Savings' is thus, analogous to retention rate. In 2015, an attempt to replicate the forgetting curve with one study subject has shown the experimental results similar to Ebbinghaus' original data. Ebbinghaus hypothesized that the speed of forgetting depends on a number of factors such as the difficulty of the learned material (e.g. how meaningful it is),
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Hermann Ebbinghaus


he was brought up in the Lutheran faith and was a pupil at the town Gymnasium. At the age of 17 (1867), he began attending the University of Bonn, where he had planned to study history and philology. However, during his time there he developed an interest in philosophy. In 1870, his studies were interrupted when he served with the Prussian Army in the Franco-Prussian War. Following this short stint in the military, Ebbinghaus finished his dissertation on Eduard von Hartmann's "" (philosophy of
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Hermann Ebbinghaus


words would interfere with his results, so he used items that would later be called "nonsense syllables" (also known as the CVC trigram). A nonsense syllable is a consonant-vowel-consonant combination, where the consonant does not repeat and the syllable does not have prior meaning. BOL (sounds like "Ball") and DOT (already a word) would then not be allowed. However, syllables such as DAX, BOK, and YAT would all be acceptable (though Ebbinghaus left no examples).
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Hermann Ebbinghaus


memory research was almost immediate. With very few works published on memory in the previous two millennia, Ebbinghaus's works spurred memory research in the United States in the 1890s, with 32 papers published in 1894 alone. This research was coupled with the growing development of mechanized mnemometers, or devices that aided in the recording and study of memory. The reaction to his work in his day was mostly positive. Noted psychologist William James called the studies "heroic" and said that they were "the single most brilliant investigation in the
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Cognition


ability to learn these non-words. He purposely chose non-words as opposed to real words to control for the influence of pre-existing experience on what the words might symbolize, thus enabling easier recollection of them. Ebbinghaus observed and hypothesized a number of variables that may have affected his ability to learn and recall the non-words he created. One of the reasons, he concluded, was the amount of time between the presentation of the list of stimuli and the recitation or recall of same. Ebbinghaus was the
15763014
Cognition


individuals to be able to accurately recollect the final items presented in a sequence of stimuli. Calkin's theory is closely related to the aforementioned study and conclusion of the memory experiments conducted by Hermann Ebbinghaus. William James (1842–1910) is another pivotal figure in the history of cognitive science. James was quite discontent with Wundt's emphasis on introspection and Ebbinghaus' use of nonsense stimuli. He instead chose to focus on the human learning experience in everyday life and its importance to the study of cognition. James' most significant contribution to
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Second-language attrition


2007: 33). To provide an answer as to how second-language attrition happens, it is necessary to have a glance at the findings of the research of memory. Since its establishment by Ebbinghaus in the late 19th century, the empirical research about learning still plays an important role in the modern research of memory. Hermann Ebbinghaus contributed a lot to the research of the memory of the brain. He made the first empirical study concerning the function of the memory as to the storage and forgetting of information. His major
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Ebbinghaus illusion


) and the highly variable size of the individual's primary visual cortex. Developmental research suggests that the illusion is dependent on context-sensitivity. The illusion was found more often to cause relative-size deception in university students, who have high context-sensitivity, than in children aged 10 and under. The winner of the 2014 Best Illusion of the Year Contest, submitted by Christopher D. Blair, Gideon P. Caplovitz, and Ryan E.B. Mruczek, of the University of Nevada, Reno, animated the Ebbinghaus illusion, putting it
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Ebbinghaus illusion


in motion. A new relative size illusion was discovered by Italian visual researcher Gianni A. Sarcone in 2013. It contradicts Ebbinghaus illusion (1898), aka Titchener Circles, and Obonai square illusion (1954). In fact, the central test shape (a cross) surrounded by large squares appears larger instead of smaller. Sarcone's Cross illusion consists of a cross (the test shape) surrounded by sets of squares of distinct size (the inducing shapes). As shown in the diagram opposite, the three blue crosses are
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Plateau effect


in reading level during the upper elementary years. This effect is shown in the forgetting curve developed by Hermann Ebbinghaus, who established the hypothesis of the exponential nature of forgetting. Ebbinghaus hypothesized that the use of the ancient mnemonic device, Method of Loci, and spaced repetition can help overcome the plateau effect. The plateau effect is also experienced in acclimation, which is the process that allows organisms to adjust to changes in its environment. In humans, this is seen when the nose becomes acclimated to a certain smell. This immunity
3459814
September 1941 lunar eclipse


A partial lunar eclipse took place on Friday, September 5, 1941. It was a shallow partial lunar eclipse, with less than 10% of the Moon covered in Earth's shadow. Aug 31, 1941 = Sunday Sep 1, 1941 = Monday Sep 2, 1941 = Tuesday Sep 3, 1941 = Wednesday Sep 4, 1941 = Thursday Sep 5, 1941 = Friday Sep 6, 1941 = Saturday Sep 7, 1941 = Sunday Sep 8, 1941 = Monday Sep 9, 1941 = Tuesday Sep 10, 1941
5363349
Interindividual differences in perception


bigger or smaller compared to their real size. Two such illusions are the Ebbinghaus and the Ponzo illusions. The Ebbinghaus illusion makes a dot seem bigger because it is surrounded by smaller dots, while the Ponzo illusion exploits human perspective processing by making a dot appear bigger because it seems farther away. Schwarzkopf et al. found that the size of the primary visual cortex (V1) has an effect on the magnitude of these illusions. The larger the subject's V1 surface area was, the less the subjects fell for the illusion
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Hermann Ebbinghaus


the unconscious) and received his doctorate on August 16, 1873, when he was 23 years old. During the next three years, he spent time at Halle and Berlin. After acquiring his PhD, Ebbinghaus moved around England and France, tutoring students to support himself. In England, he may have taught in two small schools in the south of the country (Gorfein, 1885). In London, in a used bookstore, he came across Gustav Fechner's book "Elemente der Psychophysik" ("Elements of Psychophysics
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Hermann Ebbinghaus


After eliminating the meaning-laden syllables, Ebbinghaus ended up with 2,300 resultant syllables. Once he had created his collection of syllables, he would pull out a number of random syllables from a box and then write them down in a notebook. Then, to the regular sound of a metronome, and with the same voice inflection, he would read out the syllables, and attempt to recall them at the end of the procedure. One investigation alone required 15,000 recitations. It was later determined that humans impose meaning even on nonsense
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Hermann Ebbinghaus


each repetition. Like the forgetting curve, the learning curve is exponential. Ebbinghaus had also documented the serial position effect, which describes how the position of an item affects recall. The two main concepts in the serial position effect are recency and primacy. The recency effect describes the increased recall of the most recent information because it is still in the short-term memory. The primacy effect causes better memory of the first items in a list due to increased rehearsal and commitment to long-term memory. Another important discovery is
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Encoding (memory)


A major figure in the history of encoding is Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850–1909). Ebbinghaus was a pioneer in the field of memory research. Using himself as a subject he studied how we learn and forget information by repeating a list of nonsense syllables to the rhythm of a metronome until they were committed to his memory. These experiments lead him to suggest the learning curve. He used these relatively meaningless words so that prior associations between meaningful words would not influence learning. He found that lists that allowed associations to be made and semantic
22198298
IMC Process Guide


a problem occurs when applying a software in everyday work. The didactic concept takes into account the so-called forgetting curve, or also known as "Ebbinghaus curve" named after the psychologist Hermann Ebbinghaus. The curve describes the high degree of forgetfulness in conventional, formal learning, where only a small part of information is actually moved and therefore saved into the long-term memory of the participants. The concept is based on the technique of micro learning, where information is divided into small units and the informal learning, which
3194054
Ebbinghaus illusion


of circles, the central circle surrounded by large circles appears smaller than the central circle surrounded by small circles. Recent work suggests that two other critical factors involved in the perception of the Ebbinghaus illusion are the distance of the surrounding circles from the central circle and the completeness of the annulus, which makes the illusion comparable in nature to the Delboeuf illusion. Regardless of relative size, if the surrounding circles are closer to the central circle, the central circle appears larger and if the surrounding circles are far away, the central circle
3232789
Flashback (psychology)


. Flashbacks are the "personal experiences that pop into your awareness, without any conscious, premeditated attempt to search and retrieve this memory". These experiences occasionally have little to no relation to the situation at hand. Flashbacks to those suffering posttraumatic stress disorder can seriously disrupt everyday life. Memory is divided into voluntary (conscious) and involuntary (unconscious) processes that function independently of each other. Theories and research on memory dates back to Hermann Ebbinghaus, who began studying nonsense syllables. Ebbinghaus classified three distinct classes of memory:
3285532
Katja Ebbinghaus


. In singles tournaments, she reached the quarter-finals of the French Open in 1972, 1973, and 1974; the quarter-finals of 1975 U.S. Open, losing 6–3 6–0 to Virginia Wade; and the quarter-finals of January 1977 Australian Open, losing 6–0 6–4 to Kerry Reid. Ebbinghaus played for West Germany in the Federation Cup in 1970 and from 1972 to 1975 and from 1977 to 1979, playing in the semi-finals of the World Group in 1973 and 1974. In 1977, when Evonne Goolagong
4506444
Harry Kirke Wolfe


university professor. Very little is known about Wolfe’s three-year stay in Germany, though it is known that he took a course in psychology and a noter entitled “Fundamentals of Experimental Psychology” in his second semester. Both classes were taught by Hermann Ebbinghaus. In the fall of 1884 Wolfe ended his time in Berlin, for unknown reasons, and traveled to Leipzig to study with Wilhelm Wundt. A possible explanation for this is that Ebbinghaus did not have professorial rank and was unable to supervise Wolfe’s doctoral thesis,
7054278
Julius Ebbinghaus


Julius Ebbinghaus (9 November 1885, Berlin – 16 June 1981, Marburg an der Lahn) was a German philosopher, one of the closest followers of Immanuel Kant active in the twentieth century. He was influenced by the Heidelberg school of neo-Kantianism of Wilhelm Windelband, and wrote on philosophy of law and the categorical imperative. Professor at Marburg University (Philipps-Universität Marburg) since 1940; 1954 professor emeritus, continuing lectures until 1966. In October 1945, he became installed as Rector Magnificus by order of the American
8271181
Hermann Ebbinghaus


, Poland), in a chair left open by Theodor Lipps (who took over Stumpf's position when he moved to Berlin). While in Breslau, he worked on a commission that studied how children's mental ability declined during the school day. While the specifics on how these mental abilities were measured have been lost, the successes achieved by the commission laid the groundwork for future intelligence testing. At Breslau, he again founded a psychological testing laboratory. In 1902, Ebbinghaus published his next piece of writing entitled "Die
13421861
Hermann Ebbinghaus


find that memory is orderly. Second, and arguably his most famous finding, was the forgetting curve. The forgetting curve describes the exponential loss of information that one has learned. The sharpest decline occurs in the first twenty minutes and the decay is significant through the first hour. The curve levels off after about one day. The learning curve described by Ebbinghaus refers to how fast one learns information. The sharpest increase occurs after the first try and then gradually evens out, meaning that less and less new information is retained after
13421869
Hermann Ebbinghaus


history of psychology". Edward B. Titchener also mentioned that the studies were the greatest undertaking in the topic of memory since Aristotle. Ebbinghaus can also be credited with pioneering sentence completion exercises, which he developed in studying the abilities of schoolchildren. It was these same exercises that Alfred Binet had borrowed and incorporated into the Binet-Simon intelligence scale. Sentence completion had since then also been used extensively in memory research, especially in tapping into measures of implicit memory, and also has been used in psychotherapy as a tool to help
13421875
Brandenburgers


. Battalion "Ebbinghaus" engaged in atrocities against Poland's population and its captured PoWs. On 4 September, members of the "Freikorps Ebbinghaus" executed 17 people at Pszczyna, among them boy scouts from the town's secondary schools. They also tortured 29 citizens of Orzesze before executing them. On 8 September 1939, in the upper Silesian city, Siemanowice, they executed 6 Poles and then on 1 October 1939, shot 18 people in Nowy Bytom. Larger massacres were carried out in Katowice, where hundreds of people were
14723012
Distributed practice


method of learning. For example, when studying for an exam dispersing your studying more frequently over a larger period of time will result in more effective learning than intense study the night before. Influential German psychologist Hermann Ebbinghaus first observed the effect of distributed learning, and published his findings in "Memory: A Contribution to Experimental Psychology". Using himself as a subject, Ebbinghaus studied lists of nonsense syllables to control for confounding variables such as prior knowledge, allowing him to discover the spacing effect and serial position effect. A more
7266824
Involuntary memory


not follow grammatical rules, and are meant to lack any meaning. Ebbinghaus designed the use of them to study his own memory by memorizing lists of nonsense syllables and testing his own recall after specified time intervals. From this he discovered the forgetting curve and the spacing effect, two of his most well-known contributions. Ebbinghaus was also the first to attempt a description of involuntary memory, stating that, 'Often, even after years, mental states once present in consciousness return to it with apparent spontaneity and without any act
7499586
Recall (memory)


that list over varying time periods. He discovered that memory loss occurred rapidly over the first few hours or days, but showed a more steady, gradual decline over subsequent days, weeks, and months. Furthermore, Ebbinghaus discovered that multiple learning, over-learning, and spacing study times increased retention of information. Ebbinghaus' research influenced much of the research conducted on memory and recall throughout the twentieth century. Frederic Bartlett was a prominent researcher in the field of memory during the mid-twentieth century. He was a British
9251666
Elementary class


" model theory, the slightly different earlier definitions are still in use in finite model theory, where an elementary class may be called a Δ-elementary class, and the terms elementary class and first-order axiomatizable class are reserved for basic elementary classes (Ebbinghaus et al. 1994, Ebbinghaus and Flum 2005). Hodges calls elementary classes axiomatizable classes, and he refers to basic elementary classes as definable classes. He also uses the respective synonyms EC class and ECformula_1 class (Hodges, 1993). There are good reasons
9341134
SEP-IRA


or $42,000 (for 2005), $44,000 (2006), $45,000 (2007), $46,000 (2008), $49,000 (2009-2011), $50,000 (2012), $51,000 (2013), $52,000 (2014), $53,000 (2015 & 2016), $54,000 (2017), 55,000 (2018), 56,000 (2019). For 2010 and 2011, the compensation used in the calculation was capped at $245,000 (e.g., an employer making a 10
13754344
Cognition


the most objective manner possible in order for Wundt to find the information scientific. Though Wundt's contributions are by no means minimal, modern psychologists find his methods to be quite subjective and choose to rely on more objective procedures of experimentation to make conclusions about the human cognitive process. Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850–1909) conducted cognitive studies that mainly examined the function and capacity of human memory. Ebbinghaus developed his own experiment in which he constructed over 2,000 syllables made out of nonexistent words, for instance EAS. He then examined his own personal
15763013
Sentence completion tests


and relative generality and wording of the sentence stems. Structured tests have longer stems that lead respondents to more specific types of responses; less structured tests provide shorter stems, which produce a wider variety of responses. Hermann Ebbinghaus is generally credited with developing the first sentence completion test in 1897. Ebbinghaus's sentence completion test was used as part of an intelligence test. Simultaneously, Carl Jung's word association test may also have been a precursor to modern sentence completion tests. Moreover, in recent decades, sentence completion tests have increased
19712672
Overlearning


Overlearning refers to practicing newly acquired skills beyond the point of initial mastery. The term is also often used to refer to the pedagogical theory that this form of practice leads to automaticity or other beneficial consequences. Memory researcher Herman Ebbinghaus performed classical overlearning studies in the late 1890s. He noticed that memory for learned material decreased over time (see also forgetting curve). Ebbinghaus recognized that lists of nonsense syllables became more difficult to recall over time, and some lists required more review time to regain 100% recall. He defined overlearning
21136650
The Beeps


Sapphire Stream S2/Ep45 Apr. 29 Wash Those Socks! S2/Ep46 Dec. 12 The Bumps SEASON 3: S3/Ep1 Aug. 30 Up Down Hill S3/Ep2 Aug. 31 Caravan S3/Ep3 Sep. 6 Secret Garden S3/Ep4 Sep. 7 Bounceflower Tea S3/Ep5 Sep. 13 The Whale S3/Ep6 Sep. 14 Soggy Sockroaches S3/Ep7 Sep. 20 Stinkroots S3/Ep8 Sep. 21 Sing-a-long-a-beeps S3/Ep9 Sep. 27 History Book S3/Ep10 Sep. 28 What Goes Splat? S3
14688027
Signal Transfer Point


. SEPs send signaling messages to other SEPs, but the messages are normally routed via the SEP's adjacent STPs. An STP's main function is to identify the best path for two SEPs to communicate. A typical application would be for two SEPs to agree on the use of a shared data path (e.g., using ISUP to initiate a voice call between a user on one SEP and a user on the second SEP). In this way, STPs route signaling messages (for starting, maintaining or finishing any kind of
21819468
Signal Transfer Point


calls originated by the SEPs' attached users) while avoiding disabled intermediary STPs. A signaling message typically never goes directly from a given SEP to the destination SEP: the message would normally have to pass through the initiating SEP's adjacent STP so that it can be routed to the destination SEP. In some applications, however, SEPs might be directly connected with signaling links; this would typically be done to enhance robustness or performance between two critical SEPs. Such mesh network configurations are also common in Europe, where STPs have not
21819469
Johann Bernhard Basedow


childhood a less than happy one. It was planned that he should follow his father's profession, but, at the age of 14, he ran away from home, finding employment as a servant of a country physician in Holstein. His employer recognized Johann's extraordinary intellectual gifts and sent him back home to his parents with a letter which persuaded them to allow their son to be schooled at the Johanneum in Hamburg. Here, Johann came under the influence of the rationalist H.S. Reimarus (1694–1768), author of the famous
14392627
The Beeps


/Ep20 Sep. 19 Bouncy Bouncy Beep Beep S2/Ep21 Sep. 19 Big Beepday Bash S2/Ep22 Sep. 20 Yuk Says No S2/Ep23 Sep. 24 Wheely Helpful S2/Ep24 Sep. 25 Teeny Beep Takes Off S2/Ep25 Sep. 26 Carnival S2/Ep26 Sep. 27 Peas and Beeps S2/Ep27 Apr. 25 Stuck on You! S2/Ep28 Dec. 9 Hole Lot of Trouble S2/Ep29 Dec. 15 A Little Adventure S2/Ep30 Dec. 16 The Lost Houses S2/Ep31 May 1 Bounceberry Pie S2/Ep32 Dec. 23
14688025
William Lewis (Australian politician)


William Lewis JP (23 April 1818 – 12 April 1895) was a businessman and politician in South Australia. He was born in Tredegar, Cornwall, the only surviving son of Rev. Lewis, and at age 14 was forced by the death of his father to abandon studies for the ministry and find employment as a lawyer's clerk, as a stationer in London, then as a bailiff for his cousin Sep. Lewis in Wales. In 1853 he emigrated to South Australia on the "Iris", and soon found work with
1418694
Rita (2009 Italian film)


- Artistic Direction 9th Concorto Film Festival | 2010 22 Aug – 29 Aug | Italy Special Jury Mention 8th Imaginaria Film Festival | 2010 24 Aug – 29 Aug | Italy Jury Mention 16th Aye Aye Film Festival Nancy-Lorraine | 2010 3 Sep – 11 Sep | France Best Sound 3rd Festival Internacional Curtametraxes Bueu | 2010 Bueu International Shortfilm Festival 6 Sep – 11 Sep | Spain Best Short Fiction Film 17th Altin Koza Film Festival | 2010 Golden Boll Film Festival 20 Sep – 26 Sep | Turkey Special Jury Mention 7th Filmfest Eberswalde |
3077820
Somatosensory evoked potential


Somatosensory evoked potential (SEP or SSEP) is the electrical activity of the brain that results from the stimulation of touch. SEP tests measure that activity and are a useful, noninvasive means of assessing somatosensory system functioning. By combining SEP recordings at different levels of the somatosensory pathways, it is possible to assess the transmission of the afferent volley from the periphery up to the cortex. SEP components include a series of positive and negative deflections that can be elicited by virtually any sensory stimuli. For example, SEPs can be obtained in
10173551
SEP-IRA


deducted from the net profit. The result is then multiplied by 20% to arrive at the maximum SEP deduction, $9,293. SEP contributions and earnings are held in SEP-IRAs and can be withdrawn at any time, subject to the general limitations imposed on Traditional IRA. A withdrawal is taxable in the year received. If a participant makes a withdrawal before age 59½, generally a 10% additional tax applies. SEP contributions and earnings may be rolled over tax-free to other Individual retirement account and retirement plans.
13754349
List of Jeeves characters


In the same novel, Bertie mentions that Seppings is fond of dances, and Bertie later has trouble getting his attention while Seppings is engrossed in dancing. Seppings makes a brief appearance in "The Code of the Woosters", working at the Travers family's town house. In "Jeeves and the Feudal Spirit", Seppings discovers a missing pearl necklace in Jeeves's room, and draws this to Jeeves's attention before reporting it to anyone else. After he does report this, both Seppings and Aunt Dahlia are offended when
19756882
Paraguay national rugby union team


- 13 Paraguay 19 AGO 1991 Chile 25 - 18 Paraguay 07 SEP 1991 Brasil 6 - 33 Paraguay 28 SEP 1991 Paraguay 10 - 37 Argentina 4th place Sudamericano 1993 5 Naciones 28 SEP 1993 Chile 24 - 25 Paraguay 02 OCT 1993 Paraguay 3 - 67 Uruguay 10 OCT 1993 Paraguay 49 - 21 Brasil 16 OCT 1993 Argentina 51 - 3 Paraguay 3rd place Sudamericano 1995 4 Naciones 22 SEP 1995 Paraguay 14 - 24 Chile 24 SEP 1995 Paraguay 9 - 103 Argentina 30 SEP 1995 Uruguay 48 - 12 Paraguay 4th place Sudamericano 1997 4
13011259
SEP-IRA


A Simplified Employee Pension Individual Retirement Arrangement (SEP IRA) is a variation of the Individual Retirement Account used in the United States. SEP IRAs are adopted by business owners to provide retirement benefits for themselves and their employees. There are no significant administration costs for a self-employed person with no employees. If the self-employed person does have employees, all employees must receive the same benefits under a SEP plan. Since SEP IRAs are a type of IRA, funds can be invested the same way as most other IRAs
13754341
Hussainiwala


,Sep Baban Falke, Sep Vasu Naik, Sep Raghunath Chalke, Sep Shankar Bhosale and Sep Mahadeo Paste. The battalion lives true to its motto, Kartavya Maan Sahas meaning 'Duty, Honour and Courage'. It defended the Hussainiwala headworks against an attack by a full infantry brigade supported by armoured columns of the Pakistan Army. The tower on the other side of the river was captured and razed to ground. Lt KM. Palande, Lt. Feroz Doctor, Lt. S Deshpande showed great courage and ingenuity by targeting
21039686
List of Jeeves characters


the weather and Seppings's lumbago. On one occasion, Bertie calls him "Pop Seppings" in a familiar manner. He is employed alongside the supreme chef Anatole. Like many others, Seppings highly esteems Anatole's cooking. In "Right Ho, Jeeves", Bertie describes Seppings when recalling Tuppy pushing away Anatole's cooking at dinner, stating that "Seppings, Aunt Dahlia's butler, a cold, unemotional man, had gasped and practically reeled when Tuppy waved aside those "nonnettes de poulet Agnès Sorel"".
19756881
Urology


(2–3 years) or with a Ph.D. (4–6 years) in related topics to prepare them for academic as well as focused clinical employment. In 2014, there were 126 residency programs that offered 296 categorical positions. Urology is one of the early match programs, with results given to applicants by late January (6 weeks before NRMP match). Applications are accepted starting Sep 1, with some programs accepting applications until early Jan. It is a relatively competitive specialty to match into, with only 68% to 77% of US
13509038
Solo 401(k)


. Prior to 2001, self-employed workers were limited to a profit sharing retirement plan that did not include any employee deferral options in contrast to a multiple employer 401(k) Plan. There existed a retirement platform unique to self-employed workers, the SEP IRA and the Keogh Plan, but it lacked many of the benefits of the typical corporate 401(k) platform, such as employee deferral. Congress remedied this situation in 2001 with the passing of the Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act (EGTRRA). Although EGTRRA was
2641896
Gary Kovacs


CEO. In September 2016, AVG Technologies was acquired by Avast Software for US$1.3B. Kovacs employment with AVG Technologies was terminated in December 2016 upon completion of the acquisition. On Dec. 11, 2018, Kovacs was appointed as CEO of Accela . Accela, which supplies regulatory software to government clients, was acquired by Berkshire Partners LLC, on Sep 28, 2017. Raised by Hungarian parents in Toronto, Kovacs began experimenting with technology at a young age. Though grateful for the opportunities and education provided by his native Canada, his
2796935
James Walker (Queensland politician)


with his brother to form Walker and Walker in 1901. This firm was to be Walker's main employment for the next 25 years. He was a director of Ipswich Woollen Co., South British Insurance Co. in Brisbane, and Medical and Surgical Requisites Ltd. On the 27th Sep 1905 he married Vera Bridson Cribb (died 1963), the daughter of former Ipswich member, Thomas Bridson Cribb and they had three sons and one daughter. He died in November 1939 in Ipswich and was Cremated at Mt Thompson Crematorium. Walker, the
9224973
Hominy, Oklahoma


class A division. The teams most recent state title was the culmination of an undefeated season. Sep 1 vs. Cleveland W, 25-7 Sep 9 at Pawnee W, 35-0 Sep 16 at Pawhuska W, 47-9 Sep 23 at Mounds* W, 56-7 Sep 30 vs. Woodland* W, 61-0 Oct 7 at Porter* W, 70-12 Oct 14 vs. Summit Christian* W, 55-0 Oct 20 at Liberty* W, 67-8 Oct 28 vs. Kiefer
7247929
2011 Scottish Conservative Party leadership election


to the UK Conservative Party. This prompts mixed reactions from senior party figures. 4 Sep – Ruth Davidson formally announces that she will stand in the contest. 5 Sep – Murdo Fraser launches his campaign in Edinburgh. 8 Sep – Ruth Davidson launches her campaign in Edinburgh. 11 Sep – Lord Forsyth, at one point a suggested leadership candidate, declares his backing for Ruth Davidson. 23 Sep – Nominations for leadership close. Margaret Mitchell confirms she will stand in the election. 2 Oct – David Mundell MP declares his backing
10722174