Vostok 2 [SEP] time of spacecraft launch
[{"answer": "6 August 1961", "provenance": [{"wikipedia_id": "192926", "title": "Vostok 2", "start_paragraph_id": 16, "start_character": 0, "end_paragraph_id": 16, "end_character": 130, "bleu_score": 0.8337411129887954, "meta": {}, "section": "Section::::Mission highlights.\n"}]}]
Korabl-Sputnik 5


Korabl-Sputnik 5 ( meaning "Ship-Satellite 5") or Vostok-3KA No.2, also known as Sputnik 10 in the West, was a Soviet spacecraft which was launched in 1961, as part of the Vostok programme. It was the last test flight of the Vostok spacecraft design prior the first manned flight, Vostok 1. It carried the mannequin Ivan Ivanovich, a dog named Zvezdochka ("Starlet", or "Little star"), television cameras and scientific apparatus. A spacecraft of the design "Vostok 3KA
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Space Race


the spacecraft's endurance to three days, but since this would not beat the Soviet record, it was decided instead to concentrate on developing Project Gemini. Gherman Titov became the first Soviet cosmonaut to exercise manual control of his Vostok 2 craft on August 6, 1961. The Soviet Union demonstrated 24-hour launch pad turnaround and the capability to launch two piloted spacecraft, Vostok 3 and Vostok 4, in essentially identical orbits, on August 11 and 12, 1962. The two spacecraft came within approximately of one another, close enough for
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Vostok 5


of good quality, although it probably should not be eaten before launch. A problem with the spacecraft's waste collection system is reported to have made conditions "unpleasant" in the capsule. The only other difficulty encountered was that, like on Vostok 1 and Vostok 2, the re-entry module failed to separate cleanly from the service module when it was time for Bykovsky to come home and he experienced several seconds of sharp vibrations following separations. The Vostok 5 landing coordinates were , 2 km northwest of Karatal, North Kazakhstan
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Korabl-Sputnik 2


Korabl-Sputnik 2 ( meaning "Ship-Satellite 2"), also known incorrectly as Sputnik 5 in the West, was a Soviet artificial satellite, and the third test flight of the Vostok spacecraft. It was the first spaceflight to send animals into orbit and return them safely back to Earth. Launched on 19 August 1960, it paved the way for the first human orbital flight, Vostok 1, which was launched less than eight months later. Korabl-Sputnik 2 was the second attempt to launch a Vostok capsule
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Vostok-K


L. The third stage engine failed 425 seconds after launch, and the payload, a Korabl-Sputnik spacecraft, failed to reach orbit. The spacecraft was recovered after landing, and the two dogs aboard the spacecraft survived the flight. On 12 April 1961, a Vostok-K rocket was used to launch Vostok 1, the first manned spaceflight, which made Yuri Gagarin the first human to fly in space. All six manned missions of the Vostok programme were launched using Vostok-K rockets. The first two Zenit reconnaissance satellites
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Vostok programme


Vostok" was still a secret codename at this point. This first Vostok spacecraft was successfully sent into orbit on May 15, 1960. Owing to a system malfunction, on the spacecraft's 64th orbit the thrusters fired and sent it into an even higher orbit. The orbit eventually decayed, and it re-entered the atmosphere several years later. The next six launches were all of the "Vostok 1K" design, equipped with life-support facilities, and planned to be recovered after orbit. The first spacecraft launched
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Vostok 3


spacecraft's orbital parameters that were released periodically by Soviet news agency TASS seemed to indicate a change in Vostok 3's orbital trajectory within ten hours of Vostok 4's launch, leading to speculation that the former spacecraft modified its orbit to bring it closer to that of the latter. The Vostok spacecraft is not believed to have had the ability to modify its orbit. Plans were for the spacecraft to approach to , but the closest distance achieved was . At the start of Vostok 3's thirty-third orbit, this distance had
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Kosmos 104


Kosmos 104 ( meaning "Cosmos 104") or Zenit-2 No.36 was a Soviet optical film-return reconnaissance satellite launched in 1966. A Zenit-2 spacecraft, Kosmos 104 was the thirty-second of eighty-one such satellites to be launched and had a mass of . Kosmos 104 was launched by a Vostok-2 rocket flying from Site 31/6 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome. The launch took place at 08:24 UTC on 7 January 1966; however, the carrier rocket malfunctioned, placing the spacecraft into the wrong orbit. The spacecraft received a Kosmos
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Vostok (spacecraft)


for the first human spaceflights. They were launched from Baikonur Cosmodrome using Vostok 8K72K launch vehicles. The first flight of a Vostok 3KA occurred on March 9, 1961. The first flight with a crew—Vostok 1 carrying Yuri Gagarin—took place on April 12, 1961. The last flight—Vostok 6 carrying the first woman in space, Valentina Tereshkova—took place on June 16, 1963. A total of 8 Vostok 3KA spacecraft were flown, 6 of them with a human crew. Specifications for this version
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Zenit (satellite)


be a reconnaissance satellite and 3K was to be for manned flights. The name "Vostok" was also initially used for all three of these craft. But in 1961 the name became publicly known as the name of Yuri Gagarin's spacecraft so the 'Vostok 2' reconnaissance satellite was renamed 'Zenit 2'. The first Zenit launch attempt took place on 11 December 1961, but there was a fault in the rocket's third stage and the spacecraft was destroyed using its destruct charge. The second attempt — publicly referred
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Vostok 6


Vostok 6 (, "Orient 6" or "East 6") was the first human spaceflight to carry a woman, cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova, into space. The spacecraft was launched on June 16, 1963. While Vostok 5 had been delayed by technical problems, Vostok 6's launch proceeded with no difficulties. Data collected during the mission provided better understanding of the female body's reaction to spaceflight. Like other cosmonauts on Vostok missions, Tereshkova maintained a flight log, took photographs, and manually oriented the spacecraft. Her
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Voskhod 2


and ending over eastern Siberia. The Voskhod 2 spacecraft was a Vostok spacecraft with a backup, solid fuel retrorocket, attached atop the descent module. The ejection seat was removed and two seats were added, (at a 90-degree angle relative to the Vostok crew seats position). An inflatable exterior airlock was also added to the descent module opposite the entry hatch. After use, the airlock was jettisoned. There was no provision for crew escape in the event of a launch or landing emergency. A solid fuel braking rocket was
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Vostok programme


time than had been expected. This meant that the spacecraft would enter the atmosphere, but not over Soviet territory. For this reason the self-destruct system was activated, and the spacecraft and the two dogs were destroyed. At the time, the press reported that an incorrect altitude caused the cabin to be destroyed upon re-entry. The next "Vostok 1K" spacecraft was launched on December 22, 1960, but it was unnamed because it failed to reach orbit. It carried two dogs, named Kometa and
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Korabl-Sputnik 5


mission. That manned mission, known as Vostok 1, would occur on about April 12, 1961, carrying the world's first space traveller, Yuri Gagarin. The spacecraft Gagarin used was a nearly identical model, called "Vostok 3KA-3". A major difference between the 3KA-2 and 3KA-3 spacecraft was that the 3KA-2 version, like all unmanned Vostok spacecraft, was equipped with a self-destruct system, in the event it reentered the atmosphere over foreign territory. The re-entry module of the spacecraft Vostok 3KA-2 was auctioned
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Vostok 2


that he ejected from his capsule as a test of an alternative landing system; it is now known that all Vostok program landings were performed this way. The re-entry capsule was destroyed during development of the Voskhod spacecraft. As of 2017, Titov remains the youngest person to reach space. He was a month short of 26 years old at launch. Gherman Titov launched from Gagarin's Start at Baikonur Cosmodrome on 6 August 1961 at 06:00 UTC aboard the Vostok 2 space capsule. Radio personality Yuri Levitan interrupted Radio Moscow programming
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Korabl-Sputnik 2


The launch of Korabl-Sputnik 2 occurred on 19 August 1960, using a Vostok-L carrier rocket. Official sources reported the launch time to have been 08:44:06 UTC; however, Sergei Voevodin gave it as 08:38:24. A radio station in Bonn, West Germany, was among the first to pick up signals from the spacecraft, which were confirmed on the third orbit by a Swedish radio station. The spacecraft carried two dogs, Belka and Strelka, 40 mice, two rats and a variety of plants, as well as
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Vostok (spacecraft)


not put the cosmonaut in a position where he could make a survivable ejection and in all probability, this situation would have resulted in his death. A 2001 recollection by V.V. Molodsov stated that Chief Designer Sergei Korolev felt "absolutely terrible" about the inadequate provisions for crew escape on the Vostok during the opening seconds of launch. There were several models of the Vostok leading up to the manned version: Prototype spacecraft. Photo-reconnaissance and signals intelligence spacecraft. Later named Zenit spy satellite. The Vostok 3KA was the spacecraft used
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Vostok 4


Vostok 4 (, "Orient 4" or "East 4") was a mission in the Soviet space program. It was launched in August 1962, a day after Vostok 3 with cosmonaut Pavel Popovich on board—the first time that more than one crewed spacecraft were in orbit at the same time. The two Vostok capsules came within of one another and ship-to-ship radio contact was established. The cosmonauts of Vostok 3 and 4 did not attempt rendezvous. At one point the craft came within a few
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Kosmos 12


Kosmos 12 ( meaning "Cosmos 12") or Zenit-2 No.6 was a Soviet optical film-return reconnaissance satellite launched in 1962. A Zenit-2 spacecraft, Kosmos 12 was the seventh of eighty-one such satellites to be launched and had a mass of . A Vostok-2 rocket, serial number T15000-10, was used to launch Kosmos 12. The launch took place from Site 1/5 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome at 09:23 UTC on 22 December 1962. Following its successful arrival in orbit the spacecraft received its Kosmos designation, along with
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Kosmos 15


Kosmos 15 ( meaning "Cosmos 15") or Zenit-2 No.8 was a Soviet optical film-return reconnaissance satellite which was launched in 1963. A Zenit-2 spacecraft, Kosmos 15 was the ninth of eighty-one such satellites to be launched and had a mass of . A Vostok-2 rocket, serial number T15000-08, was used to launch Kosmos 15. The launch took place at 08:30 UTC on 22 April 1963, using Site 1/5 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome. Following its successful arrival in orbit the spacecraft received its Kosmos designation
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Kosmos 28


Kosmos 28 ( meaning "Cosmos 28") or Zenit-2 No.16 was a Soviet optical film-return reconnaissance satellite which was launched in 1964. A Zenit-2 spacecraft, Kosmos 28 was the sixteenth of eighty-one such satellites to be launched and had a mass of . A Vostok-2 rocket, serial number G15001-04, was used to launch Kosmos 28. The launch took place at 09:36 UTC on 4 April 1964 from Site 31/6 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome. Following its successful arrival in orbit the spacecraft received its Kosmos designation,
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Kosmos 29


Kosmos 29 ( meaning "Cosmos 29") or Zenit-2 No.19 was a Soviet optical film-return reconnaissance satellite which was launched in 1964. A Zenit-2 spacecraft, Kosmos 29 was the seventeenth of eighty-one such satellites to be launched and had a mass of . A Vostok-2 rocket, serial number R15001-01, was used to launch Kosmos 29. The launch took place at 10:19 UTC on 25 April 1964, using Site 31/6 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome. Following its successful arrival in orbit the spacecraft received its Kosmos designation
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Kosmos 33


Kosmos 33 ( meaning "Cosmos 33") or Zenit-2 No.20 was a Soviet optical film-return reconnaissance satellite launched in 1964. A Zenit-2 spacecraft, Kosmos 33 was the nineteenth of eighty-one such satellites to be launched and had a mass of . Kosmos 33 was launched by a Vostok-2 rocket, serial number G15001-05, flying from Site 31/6 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome. The launch took place at 10:19 UTC on 23 June 1964, and following its successful arrival in orbit the spacecraft received its Kosmos designation; along
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Kosmos 35


Kosmos 35 ( meaning "Cosmos 35") or Zenit-2 No.21 was a Soviet optical film-return reconnaissance satellite launched in 1964. A Zenit-2 spacecraft, Kosmos 35 was the twentieth of eighty-one such satellites to be launched and had a mass of . Kosmos 35 was launched by a Vostok-2 rocket, serial number R15001-03, flying from Site 31/6 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome. The launch took place at 11:31 UTC on 15 July 1964, and following its successful arrival in orbit the spacecraft received its Kosmos designation; along
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Kosmos 37


Kosmos 37 ( meaning "Cosmos 37") or Zenit-2 No.22 was a Soviet optical film-return reconnaissance satellite launched in 1964. A Zenit-2 spacecraft, Kosmos 37 was the twentieth of eighty-one such satellites to be launched and had a mass of . Kosmos 37 was launched by a Vostok-2 rocket, serial number R15001-04, flying from Site 31/6 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome. The launch took place at 09:36 UTC on 14 August 1964, and following its successful arrival in orbit the spacecraft received its Kosmos designation; along
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Kosmos 46


Kosmos 46 ( meaning "Cosmos 46") or Zenit-2 No.23 was a Soviet optical film-return reconnaissance satellite launched in 1964. A Zenit-2 spacecraft, Kosmos 46 was the twenty-second of eighty one such satellites to be launched and had a mass of . Kosmos 46 was launched by a Vostok-2 rocket, serial number R15001-05, flying from Site 31/6 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome. The launch took place at 12:00 UTC on 24 September 1964, and following its successful arrival in orbit the spacecraft received its Kosmos designation;
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Kosmos 48


Kosmos 48 ( meaning "Cosmos 48") or Zenit-2 No.24 was a Soviet optical film-return reconnaissance satellite launched in 1964. A Zenit-2 spacecraft, Kosmos 48 was the twenty-third of eighty-one such satellites to be launched and had a mass of . Kosmos 48 was launched by a Vostok-2 rocket, serial number R15002-01, flying from Site 31/6 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome. The launch took place at 09:50 UTC on 14 October 1964, and following its successful arrival in orbit the spacecraft received its Kosmos designation
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Kosmos 50


Kosmos 50 ( meaning "Cosmos 50") or Zenit-2 No.25 was a Soviet optical film-return reconnaissance satellite launched in 1964. A Zenit-2 spacecraft, Kosmos 50 was the twenty-fourth of eighty-one such satellites to be launched and had a mass of . Kosmos 50 was launched by a Vostok-2 rocket, serial number R15002-02, flying from Site 31/6 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome. The launch took place at 10:48 UTC on 28 October 1964, and following its successful arrival in orbit the spacecraft received its Kosmos designation
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Kosmos 52


Kosmos 52 ( meaning "Cosmos 52") or Zenit-2 No.26 was a Soviet optical film-return reconnaissance satellite launched in 1965. A Zenit-2 spacecraft, Kosmos 52 was the twenty-fifth of eighty-one such satellites to be launched and had a mass of . Kosmos 52 was launched by a Vostok-2 rocket, serial number R15002-03, flying from Site 31/6 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome. The launch took place at 09:36 UTC on 11 January 1965, with the spacecraft receiving its Kosmos designation - along with the International Designator
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Kosmos 64


Kosmos 64 ( meaning "Cosmos 64") or Zenit-2 No.17 was a Soviet optical film-return reconnaissance satellite launched in 1965. A Zenit-2 satellite, Kosmos 64 was the twenty-sixth of eighty-one such spacecraft to be launched and had a mass of . Kosmos 64 was launched by a Vostok-2 rocket, serial number G15001-06, flying from Site 31/6 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome. The launch took place at 10:04 UTC on 25 March 1965, and following its successful arrival in orbit the spacecraft received its Kosmos designation
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Kosmos 66


Kosmos 66 ( meaning "Cosmos 66") or Zenit-2 No.27 was a Soviet optical film-return reconnaissance satellite launched in 1965. A Zenit-2 spacecraft, Kosmos 66 was the twenty-seventh of eighty-one such satellites to be launched and had a mass of . Kosmos 66 was launched by a Vostok-2 rocket, serial number R15002-04, flying from Site 31/6 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome. The launch took place at 09:50 UTC on 7 May 1965, and following its successful arrival in orbit the spacecraft received its Kosmos designation
17726818
Kosmos 68


Kosmos 68 ( meaning "Cosmos 68") or Zenit-2 No.29 was a Soviet optical film-return reconnaissance satellite launched in 1965. A Zenit-2 spacecraft, Kosmos 68 was the twenty-eighth of eighty-one such satellites to be launched and had a mass of . Kosmos 68 was launched by a Vostok-2 rocket, serial number U15001-01, flying from Site 31/6 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome. The launch took place at 10:04 UTC on 15 June 1965, and following its successful arrival in orbit the spacecraft received its Kosmos designation
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Kosmos 78


Kosmos 78 (') or Zenit-2 No.30 was a Soviet optical film-return reconnaissance satellite launched in 1965. A Zenit-2 spacecraft, Kosmos 78 was the thirtieth of eighty-one such satellites to be launched and had a mass of . Kosmos 78 was launched by a Vostok-2 rocket, serial number U15001-02, flying from Site 31/6 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome. The launch took place at 11:16 UTC on 14 August 1965, and following its successful arrival in orbit the spacecraft received its Kosmos designation; along with the International Designator
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Kosmos 99


Kosmos 99 ( meaning "Cosmos 99") or Zenit-2 No.32 was a Soviet optical film-return reconnaissance satellite launched in 1965. A Zenit-2 spacecraft, Kosmos 99 was the thirty-second of eighty-one such satellites to be launched and had a mass of . Kosmos 99 was launched by a Vostok-2 rocket, serial number U15001-04, flying from Site 31/6 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome. The launch took place at 08:09 UTC on 10 December 1965. Following its successful arrival in orbit the spacecraft received its Kosmos designation;
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Kosmos 105


Kosmos 105 ( meaning "Cosmos 105") or Zenit-2 No.38 was a Soviet optical film-return reconnaissance satellite launched in 1966. A Zenit-2 spacecraft, Kosmos 105 was the thirty-fourth of eighty-one such satellites to be launched and had a mass of . Kosmos 105 was launched by a Vostok-2 rocket flying from Site 31/6 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome. The launch took place at 08:38 UTC on 22 January 1966, and following its successful arrival in orbit the spacecraft received its Kosmos designation, along with the International Designator 1966
20022891
Kosmos 107


Kosmos 107 ( meaning "Cosmos 107") or Zenit-2 No.34 was a Soviet optical film-return reconnaissance satellite launched in 1966. A Zenit-2 spacecraft, Kosmos 107 was the thirty-fifth of eighty-one such satellites to be launched and had a mass of . Kosmos 107 was launched by a Vostok-2 rocket flying from Site 31/6 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome. The launch took place at 08:52 UTC on 10 February 1966, and following its successful arrival in orbit the spacecraft received its Kosmos designation; along with the International Designator 1966
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Kosmos 115


Kosmos 115 ( meaning "Cosmos 115") or Zenit-2 No.35 was a Soviet optical film-return reconnaissance satellite launched in 1966. A Zenit-2 spacecraft, Kosmos 115 was the thirty-seventh of eighty-one such satellites to be launched and had a mass of . Kosmos 115 was launched by a Vostok-2 rocket flying from Site 31/6 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome. The launch took place at 10:48 UTC on 20 April 1966, and following its successful arrival in orbit the spacecraft received its Kosmos designation; along with the International Designator 1966
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Kosmos 117


Kosmos 117 ( meaning "Cosmos 117") or Zenit-2 No.39 was a Soviet optical film-return reconnaissance satellite launched in 1966. A Zenit-2 spacecraft, Kosmos 117 was the thirty-eighth of eighty-one such satellites to be launched and had a mass of . Kosmos 117 was launched by a Vostok-2 rocket, serial number N15001-01, flying from Site 31/6 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome. The launch took place at 11:02 UTC on 6 May 1966, and following its successful arrival in orbit the spacecraft received its Kosmos designation
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Kosmos 132


Kosmos 132 ( meaning "Cosmos 132") or Zenit-2 No.46 was a Soviet optical film-return reconnaissance satellite launched in 1966. A Zenit-2 spacecraft, Kosmos 132 was the forty-third of eighty-one such satellites to be launched and had a mass of . Kosmos 132 was launched by a Vostok-2 rocket, serial number N15001-08, flying from Site 31/6 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome. The launch took place at 08:09 UTC on 19 November 1966, and following its successful arrival in orbit the spacecraft received its Kosmos designation
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Kosmos 138


Kosmos 138 ( meaning "Cosmos 138") or Zenit-2 No.43 was a Soviet optical film-return reconnaissance satellite launched in 1967. A Zenit-2 spacecraft, Kosmos 138 was the forty-fifth of eighty-one such satellites to be launched and had a mass of . Kosmos 138 was launched by a Vostok-2 rocket, serial number N15001-05, flying from Site 41/1 at the Plesetsk Cosmodrome. The launch took place at 12:39:59 UTC on 19 January 1967, and following its arrival in orbit the spacecraft received its Kosmos designation;
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Kosmos 143


Kosmos 143 ( meaning "Cosmos 143") or Zenit-2 No.45 was a Soviet optical film-return reconnaissance satellite launched in 1967. A Zenit-2 spacecraft, Kosmos 143 was the forty-sixth of eighty-one such satellites to be launched and had a mass of . Kosmos 143 was launched by a Vostok-2 rocket, serial number U15001-03, flying from Site 1/5 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome. The launch took place at 08:45:01 UTC on 27 February 1967, and following its arrival in orbit the spacecraft received its Kosmos designation;
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Space rendezvous


rendezvous technique can be used for spacecraft "landing" on natural objects with a weak gravitational field, e.g. landing on one of the Martian moons would require the same matching of orbital velocities, followed by a "descent" that shares some similarities with docking. In its first human spaceflight program Vostok, the Soviet Union launched pairs of spacecraft from the same launch pad, one or two days apart (Vostok 3 and 4 in 1962, and Vostok 5 and 6 in 1963). In each case, the launch vehicles'
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Voskhod Spacecraft "Globus" IMP navigation instrument


until 2002. The Voskhod spacecraft was the second generation of spacecraft designed in the manned Soviet space program, essentially an adaptation of the earlier Vostok spacecraft. It flew two manned missions, Voskhod 1 (world's first multi-crewed mission, launched on 12 October 1964) and Voskhod 2 (featuring the world's first Extra-vehicular activity, or EVA, commonly called a "spacewalk", launched on March 18, 1965). The Voskhod spacecraft—and its "Globus" IMP instruments—is a close derivative
2069796
List of human spaceflight programs


launch of the privately funded SpaceShipOne in 2004, a new category of human spaceflight programs – commercial human spaceflight – arrived. Programs in this section are sorted by the years when the first successful crewed spaceflight took place. The Vostok program was a project that succeeded in putting a person into orbit for the first time. Sergei Korolev and Konstantin Feoktistov began, in June 1956, manned spacecraft research. The program developed the Vostok spacecraft from the Zenit spy satellite project and adapted the Vostok rocket from an existing ICBM design. Just before
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List of human spaceflight programs


the first release of the name Vostok to the press, it was a classified word. By August/September 1958 a division had been formed devoted to producing the first Vostok craft. The official approval (decree) for the Vostok was delayed until 22 May 1959 by competition with photo reconnaissance programs. Vostok 1 was the first human spaceflight. The Vostok 3KA spacecraft was launched on April 12, 1961, taking into space Yuri Gagarin, a cosmonaut from the Soviet Union. The Vostok 1 mission was the first time anyone had
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Kosmos 13


Kosmos 13 ( meaning "Cosmos 13") or Zenit-2 No.9 was a Soviet optical film-return reconnaissance satellite launched in 1963. A Zenit-2 spacecraft, Kosmos 13 was the eighth of eighty-one such satellites to be launched and had a mass of . A Vostok-2 rocket, serial number T15000-01, was used to launch Kosmos 13. The launch took place from Site 1/5 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome at 08:30:01 UTC on 21 March 1963. Following its successful arrival in orbit the spacecraft received its Kosmos designation, along with
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Kosmos 16


Kosmos 16 ( meaning "Cosmos 16") or Zenit-2 No.10 was a Soviet optical film-return reconnaissance satellite which was launched in 1963. A Zenit-2 satellite, Kosmos 16 was the tenth of eighty-one such spacecraft to be launched and had a mass of . A Vostok-2 rocket, serial number E15000-02, was used to launch Kosmos 16. The launch took place at 08:49:56 UTC on 28 April 1963, using Site 1/5 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome. Following its successful arrival in orbit the spacecraft received its Kosmos designation
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Kosmos 18


Kosmos 18 ( meaning "Cosmos 18") or Zenit-2 No.11 was a Soviet optical film-return reconnaissance satellite launched in 1963. A Zenit-2 satellite, Kosmos 18 was the eleventh of eighty-one such spacecraft to be launched and had a mass of . A Vostok-2 rocket, serial number E15000-12, was used to launch Kosmos 18. The launch took place at 10:34:06 UTC on 24 May 1963, using Site 1/5 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome. Following its successful arrival in orbit the spacecraft received its Kosmos designation, along
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Kosmos 20


Kosmos 20 ( meaning "Cosmos 20") or Zenit-2 No.13 was a Soviet optical film-return reconnaissance satellite which was launched in 1963. A Zenit-2 satellite, Kosmos 20 was the thirteenth of eighty-one such spacecraft to be launched and had a mass of . A Vostok-2 rocket, serial number G15001-01, was used to launch Kosmos 20. The launch took place at 09:29:58 UTC on 18 October 1963, using Site 1/5 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome. Following its successful arrival in orbit the spacecraft received its Kosmos designation
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Kosmos 24


Kosmos 24 ( meaning "Cosmos 24") or Zenit-2 No.15 was a Soviet optical film-return reconnaissance satellite which was launched in 1963. A Zenit-2 satellite, Kosmos 24 was the fifteenth of eighty-one such spacecraft to be launched and had a mass of . A Vostok-2 rocket, serial number G15001-03, was used to launch Kosmos 24. The launch took place at 09:28:58 UTC on 19 December 1963, from Site 1/5 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome. Following its successful arrival in orbit the spacecraft received its Kosmos designation
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Kosmos 129


Kosmos 129 ( meaning "Cosmos 129") or Zenit-2 No.33 was a Soviet optical film-return reconnaissance satellite launched in 1966. A Zenit-2 spacecraft, Kosmos 129 was the forty-second of eighty-one such satellites to be launched and had a mass of . Kosmos 129 was launched by a Vostok-2 rocket, serial number U1500-05, flying from Site 41/1 at the Plesetsk Cosmodrome. The launch took place at 12:13:08 UTC on 14 October 1966, and following its successful arrival in orbit the spacecraft received its Kosmos designation
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Kosmos 147


Kosmos 147 ( meaning "Cosmos 147") or Zenit-2 No.44 was a Soviet optical film-return reconnaissance satellite launched in 1967. A Zenit-2 spacecraft, Kosmos 147 was the forty-seventh of eighty-one such satellites to be launched. Kosmos 147 was launched by a Vostok-2 rocket, serial number N15001-06, flying from Site 41/1 at the Plesetsk Cosmodrome. The launch took place at 12:10:23 UTC on 13 March 1967, and following its successful arrival in orbit the spacecraft received its Kosmos designation; along with the International
2662654
Vostok programme


spacecraft design as in the crewed missions, a design called "Vostok 3KA" (or "3A"). The only differences were that they would carry a single dog into orbit, a life-size mannequin would be strapped into the main ejection seat, and (unlike the crewed missions) they had a self-destruct system. The recent failures of Vostok 1K were not encouraging, but it was decided to proceed with launches of an automated variant of "Vostok 3KA", the spacecraft design that would conduct
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Vostok 3


Vostok 3 (, "Orient 3" or "East 3") was a spaceflight of the Soviet space program intended to determine the ability of the human body to function in conditions of weightlessness and test the endurance of the Vostok 3KA spacecraft over longer flights. Cosmonaut Andriyan Nikolayev orbited the Earth 64 times over nearly four days in space, August 11–15, 1962, a feat which would not be matched by NASA until the Gemini program (1965–1966). Vostok 3 and Vostok 4 were launched a day apart on trajectories that
18284078
Kosmos 4


the Vostok-K, before launches switched to the Vostok-2 starting with the next launch attempt in June 1962. The launch was conducted from Site 1/5 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome, and occurred at 10:02 GMT on 26 April 1962. Kosmos 4 was placed into a low Earth orbit with a perigee of , an apogee of , 65 degrees of inclination, and an orbital period of 90.5 minutes. It conducted a four-day mission, before being deorbited and landing by parachute on 29 April. The spacecraft's orientation system failed,
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Korabl-Sputnik 4


Korabl-Sputnik 4 ( meaning "Ship-Satellite 4") or Vostok-3KA No.1, also known as Sputnik 9 in the West, was a Soviet spacecraft which was launched in 1961. Carrying the mannequin Ivan Ivanovich, a dog named Chernushka, some mice and a guinea pig, it was a test flight of the Vostok spacecraft. Korabl-Sputnik 4 was launched at 06:29:00 UTC on 9 March 1961, atop a Vostok-K carrier rocket flying from Site 1/5 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome. It was successfully placed into low
17010145
Kosmos 120


Designator 1966-050A and the Satellite Catalog Number 2196. This was the first time a Voskhod had been used to launch a Zenit-2 satellite; previous launches had used Vostok-2 rockets while the Voskhod was typically used to launch Zenit-4 spacecraft. Kosmos 120 was operated in a low Earth orbit; at an epoch of 10 June 1966 it had a perigee of , an apogee of inclination of 51.7 degrees and an orbital period of 89.36 minutes. After eight days in orbit, Kosmos 120 was deorbited, with its return capsule descending under parachute
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Voskhod (spacecraft)


2.43 m wide), which contained propellant and the engine system. Voskhod was superseded by the Soyuz spacecraft in 1967. The Voskhod spacecraft was, essentially, a Vostok spacecraft that had a backup solid fuel retro rocket added to the top of the descent module. The ejection seat was removed for more space and two or three crew couches were added to the interior at a 90-degree angle to that of the Vostok crew position. There was no provision for crew escape in the event of a launch or landing emergency. Lack of
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Voskhod programme


module landed with the crewmen still inside. Unlike Vostok and the later Soyuz, Voskhod had no launch abort system, meaning that the crew lacked any means of escape from a malfunctioning launch vehicle. Voskhod had a solid-fueled backup retrorocket on top of the capsule in case the main one failed (as it did on Voskhod 2). While Vostok lacked this feature, it was not considered a problem since the spacecraft would decay from orbit within 10 days. Relatively lightweight Voskhod was well below the 11A57 booster's lift capacity
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History of spaceflight


August 7, 1961, Gherman Titov, another Soviet cosmonaut, became the second man in orbit during his Vostok 2 mission. By June 16, 1962, the Union launched a total of six Vostok cosmonauts, two pairs of them flying concurrently, and accumulating a total of 260 cosmonaut-orbits and just over sixteen cosmonaut-days in space. On May 5, 1961, the US launched its first suborbital Mercury astronaut, Alan Shepard, in the "Freedom 7" capsule. Unlike Gagarin, Shepard manually controlled his spacecraft
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Kosmos 9


Earth orbit with a perigee of , an apogee of , 67.6 degrees of inclination, and an orbital period of 103.1 minutes. It conducted a four-day mission, before being deorbited and landing by parachute on 1 October. Kosmos 9 was a Zenit-2 satellite, a reconnaissance satellite derived from the Vostok spacecraft used for manned flights. The next Zenit-2 launch was Kosmos 10. Kosmos 9 carried an area survey reconnaissance payload. In addition to reconnaissance, it was also used for research into radiation in support of the Vostok programme.
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Korabl-Sputnik 3


Korabl-Sputnik 3 ( meaning "Ship-Satellite 3") or Vostok-1K No.3, also known as Sputnik 6 in the West, was a Soviet spacecraft which was launched in 1960. It was a test flight of the Vostok spacecraft, carrying two dogs; Pcholka and Mushka ("little bee" and "little fly"; affectionate diminutives of "pchela" and "mukha", respectively), as well as a television camera and scientific instruments. Korabl-Sputnik 3 was launched at 07:30:04 UTC on 1
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Vostok 3


brought the spacecraft within approximately of one another. The cosmonauts aboard the two capsules also communicated with each other via radio, the first ship-to-ship communications in space. These missions marked the first time that more than one crewed spacecraft was in orbit at the same time, giving Soviet mission controllers the opportunity to learn to manage this scenario. Gherman Titov had suffered space sickness during his record-breaking one-day mission aboard Vostok 2. This condition was unknown at the time, leading Soviet scientists to devote efforts
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Vostok-L


improvements to increase reliability and make servicing easier. Four launches were conducted between 15 May and 1 December 1960, three of which successfully reached orbit. The first flight, on 15 May 1960, carried the Korabl'-Sputnik 1 spacecraft. The second launched on 28 July, however one of the booster engines burned through at launch, causing the booster to separate prematurely, 19 seconds after launch. The rocket broke up 30 seconds after liftoff, killing the two dogs that were aboard the spacecraft. The third flight successfully placed Korabl'-Sputnik 2 into
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Kosmos 32


Kosmos 32 ( meaning "Cosmos 32") or Zenit-2 No.18 was a Soviet optical film-return reconnaissance satellite which was launched in 1964. A Zenit-2 spacecraft, Kosmos 32 was the eighteenth of eighty-one such satellites to be launched and had a mass of . The launch of Kosmos 32 took place at 10:48 UTC on 10 June 1964. A Vostok-2 rocket, serial number R15001-02, was used to place the satellite into orbit, with Site 31/6 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome being used for the launch. Following its
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Kosmos 112


Kosmos 112 ( meaning "Cosmos 112") or Zenit-2 No.37 was a Soviet optical film-return reconnaissance satellite launched in 1966. A Zenit-2 spacecraft, Kosmos 112 was the thirty-sixth of eighty-one such satellites to be launched and had a mass of .It was the first satellite to be launched from the Plesetsk Cosmodrome. Kosmos 112 was launched by a Vostok-2 rocket, serial number U15001-09, flying from Site 41/1 at Plesetsk. The launch took place at 10:28 UTC on 17 March 1966, and following its
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Vostok (rocket family)


Vostok (Russian: Восток, translated as "East") was a family of rockets derived from the Soviet R-7 Semyorka ICBM and was designed for the human spaceflight programme. This family of rockets launched the first artificial satellite (Sputnik 1) and the first crewed spacecraft (Vostok) in human history. It was a subset of the R-7 family of rockets. On March 18, 1980 a Vostok-2M rocket exploded on its launch pad at Plesetsk during a fueling operation, killing 48 people. An investigation into a similarbut avoidedaccident
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Vostok 3


Vostok spacecraft lacked this ability or that the two Vostoks were able to attain such close approach due to their extremely precise launches. Both Nikolayev and Popovich spent time out of their seats each day, conducting a series of tests to determine their ability to maneuver and work in conditions of weightlessness. Each test was said to last "about one hour." The physical and mental state of the cosmonauts were monitored: biometric sensors relayed the cosmonauts' vital statistics to the ground; the cosmonauts' behavior and coordination was observed via a
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Mercury-Atlas 9


Center officials, however, believed that the Mercury team should be given the chance to test a human in space for a full day. In addition, all of the Soviet single-seat Vostok spacecraft launched after Vostok 1 lasted for more than a day; thus the Mercury 9 flight would bring the Mercury spacecraft up to the same level as that of the Soviets. In September 1962, NASA concluded negotiations with McDonnell to modify four Mercury spacecraft (#12, #15, #17 and #20) to a configuration
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Space Race


radio communication. Vostok 4 also set a record of nearly four days in space. Though the two craft's orbits were as nearly identical as possible given the accuracy of the launch rocket's guidance system, slight variations still existed which drew the two craft at first as close to each other as , then as far apart as . There were no maneuvering rockets on the Vostok to permit space rendezvous, required to keep two spacecraft a controlled distance apart. The Soviet Union duplicated its dual-launch feat with Vostok 5 and Vostok
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Kosmos 98


Kosmos 98 ( meaning "Cosmos 98") or Zenit-2 No.31 was a Soviet optical film-return reconnaissance satellite launched in 1965. A Zenit-2 spacecraft, Kosmos 98 was the thirty-first of eighty-one such satellites to be launched and had a mass of . Kosmos 98 was launched by a Vostok-2 rocket, serial number U15001-05, flying from Site 31/6 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome. The launch took place at 08:24 UTC on 27 November 1965 and following the satellite's successful arrival in orbit it received its Kosmos designation
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Kosmos 136


Kosmos 136 ( meaning "Cosmos 136") or Zenit-2 No.47 was a Soviet optical film-return reconnaissance satellite launched in 1966. A Zenit-2 spacecraft, Kosmos 136 was the forty-fourth of eighty-one such satellites to be launched and had a mass of . In addition to its reconnaissance mission, the satellite was also used for scientific research. Kosmos 136 was launched by a Vostok-2 rocket, serial number N15001-09, flying from Site 41/1 at the Plesetsk Cosmodrome. The launch took place at 12:00:01 UTC on 19
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Vostok (spacecraft)


The Vostok (, translated as "East") was a type of spacecraft built by the Soviet Union. The first human spaceflight was accomplished with Vostok 1 on April 12, 1961, by Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin. The spacecraft was part of the Vostok programme, in which six manned spaceflights were made, from 1961–63. Two further manned space flights were made in 1964 and 1965 by Voskhod spacecraft, which were modified "Vostok" spacecraft. By the late 1960s both were superseded by the Soyuz spacecraft, which are still
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Vostok 2


, he argued, missions of the future would inevitably require lengthy stays in space. The flight was targeted for somewhere between July 25 and August 5. To ensure safe radiation levels, balloons equipped with Geiger counters were flown aloft; in addition, similar equipment would be carried on Vostok 2. Several enhancements were made to Vostok 2, including an improved TV transmission system and better climate control systems. Liftoff took place August 6 at 8:57 AM Moscow time and booster performance was almost flawless, placing the spacecraft into a 184x244 km
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Spacecraft


, which is the height required by the international organization Fédération Aéronautique Internationale to count as a spaceflight. This altitude is called the Kármán line. In particular, in the 1940s there were several test launches of the V-2 rocket, some of which reached altitudes well over 100 km. As of 2016, only three nations have flown crewed spacecraft: USSR/Russia, USA, and China. The first crewed spacecraft was Vostok 1, which carried Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin into space in 1961, and completed a full Earth orbit.
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Vostok 1


% (12 out of 24 launches had failed). Two Vostoks had failed to reach orbit due to launch vehicle malfunctions and another two malfunctioned in orbit. Korolev was given a pill to calm him down. Gagarin, on the other hand, was described as calm; about half an hour before launch his pulse was recorded at 64 beats per minute. The automatic orientation system brought Vostok 1 into alignment for retrofire about 1 hour into the flight. At 07:25 UT, the spacecraft's automatic systems brought it into the required
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Pavel Popovich


September and November 1961) with training to fly "Vostok-3". This flight was cancelled. Between November 1961 and May 1962, he trained as a pilot for "Vostok-4". Between June and August of that year, he received further training in the maintenance of this spacecraft. He commanded the space flight Vostok 4 ("") in 1962 which, along with Andrian Nikolayev on Vostok 3, was the first time that more than one manned spacecraft were in orbit at the same time. His call sign for this
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Vostok programme


Yangel, intended to be a new generation of intercontinental ballistic missiles. It would be two weeks before work on the Vostok programme continued, and it was realised that the original target of a December crewed launch was unrealistic. On December 1, 1960, the next "Vostok 1K" spacecraft, called Korabl-Sputnik 3 by the press, was launched. It carried the two dogs Pchyolka and Mushka. After about 24 hours, the engines were intended to fire to begin re-entry, but they fired for less
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Voskhod 2


Voskhod 2 () was a Soviet crewed space mission in March 1965. The Vostok-based Voskhod 3KD spacecraft with two crew members on board, Pavel Belyayev and Alexei Leonov, was equipped with an inflatable airlock. It established another milestone in space exploration when Alexei Leonov became the first person to leave the spacecraft in a specialized spacesuit to conduct a 12-minute "spacewalk". Liftoff took place at 11:00 AM on the morning of 18 March. As with Voskhod 1, a launch abort was not possible during the first few minutes
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Guy Severin


slides for USSR/Russia aircraft, spacecraft and orbiting space stations (starting from "Vostok 1" and the special inflatable EVA airlock of the "Voskhod 2"), an open space manoeuvring unit, etc. He participated in preparations for Yuri Gagarin's and other Soviet cosmonauts space flights on "Vostok", "Voskhod" and "Soyuz" spacecraft. He was married and had two children. Two times wins USSR mountain skiing championship. Died at a hospital after breaking both legs while skiing on a mountain ski lodge
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Kedr


Kedr ( meaning "Siberian pine"; Yuri Gagarin's callsign during the Vostok 1 mission) also known as ARISSat 1 and RadioSkaf-2, was an amateur radio minisatellite operated by RKK Energia as part of the Amateur Radio on the International Space Station and RadioSkaf programmes. A follow-up to the SuitSat spacecraft, Kedr was launched to commemorate the fiftieth anniversary of the Vostok 1 mission. Kedr transmitted 25 greetings in 15 different languages. It also transmitted photos of the Earth, telemetry and scientific data., voice, telemetry and
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Spacecraft call signs


would have disclosed nothing to a listener concerning the momentousness of the flight. The rest of the call signs of the Vostok series were the names of birds. Pavel Popovich and Andriyan Nikolayev's call signs in their joint flight in "Vostok-3" and "Vostok-4", "Sokol" ("falcon") and "Berkut" ("golden eagle"), were widely popularized by soviet media. The call sign of the launch facility itself for Vostok was nearly a code word: "Zarya", meaning "dawn
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Vostok 1


well. Gagarin's biographers Doran and Bizony say that neither Gagarin nor Titov slept that night. Chief Designer Sergei Korolev did not sleep that night, due to anxiety caused by the imminent spaceflight. At 05:30 Moscow time, on the morning of April 12, 1961, both Gagarin and his backup Titov were woken. They were given breakfast, assisted into their spacesuits, and then were transported to the launch pad. Gagarin entered the "Vostok 1" spacecraft, and at 07:10 local time (04:10 UTC), the radio
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Solar electric propulsion


Solar electric propulsion (SEP) typically refers to the combination of solar cells and an ion drive to propel a spacecraft through outer space. This technology has been exploited in a variety of spacecraft by the European Space Agency, the Japanese Space Agency, Indian Space Research Organisation and NASA. SEP is valued for its potential for a high specific impulse, thus allowing less mass for propellant to be launched with a spacecraft and it has been evaluated for mission to Mars. Solar electric propulsion combines solar panels on spacecraft and ion thrusters,
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International Day of Human Space Flight


The International Day of Human Space Flight is the annual celebration, held on April 12, of the anniversary of the first human space flight by Yuri Gagarin. It was proclaimed at the 65th session of the United Nations General Assembly on April 7, 2011, a few days before the 50th anniversary of the flight. Yuri Gagarin crewed the Vostok 1 space flight in 1961, making one orbit around the Earth over 108 minutes in the Vostok 3KA spacecraft launched by Vostok-K launch vehicle. In the Soviet Union, April 12
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Vostok 1


communication system was turned on. Once Gagarin was in the spacecraft, his picture appeared on television screens in the launch control room from an onboard camera. Launch would not occur for another two hours, and during the time Gagarin chatted with the mission's main CapCom, as well as Chief Designer Sergei Korolev, Nikolai Kamanin, and a few others. Following a series of tests and checks, about forty minutes after Gagarin entered the spacecraft, its hatch was closed. Gagarin, however, reported that the hatch was not sealed
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Nikolai Kamanin


with the older Institute of Aviation and Space Medicine for personnel and premises, etc. Expansion of Vostok programme. Kamanin also realized that Korolyov's Soyuz project was in the very distant future, and relying on Soyuz alone would ground his cosmonaut squad for years. Throughout 1961-1963, he campaigned for more Vostok manned launches. His calls to build 8-10 Vostok spacecraft did not materialize (at some point in 1963, he seemed to succeed with a "build Vostoks" program, but it was soon folded down)
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Valentina Tereshkova


asteroid, 1671 Chaika. After her launch, she radioed down: Vostok 6 was the final Vostok flight and was launched two days after Vostok 5 which carried Bykovsky into a five-day mission. The two vessels spent three days in orbital planes 30° apart and, during Tereshkova's first orbit, approached each other to within . Although they were able to communicate via radio, neither could be sure if they saw each other. Cameras placed inside both the spacecrafts transmitted live footage that was broadcast on Soviet state television.
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Vostok 3


off from Gagarin's Start at Baikonur Cosmodrome on August 11, 1962 at 08:24 UTC atop a Vostok 8K72K rocket. During his first day in orbit, Nikolayev unstrapped himself from his seat and became the first spacefarer to float freely in conditions of microgravity in space. Nikolayev's orbital companion Popovich was launched the next day aboard Vostok 4. The former adjusted his spacecraft's orientation to watch the launch, but failed to see anything despite reporting considerable details on the ground as he had passed over Turkey. Data on the two
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Soyuz (spacecraft)


Soyuz () is a series of spacecraft designed for the Soviet space program by the Korolev Design Bureau (now RKK Energia) in the 1960s that remains in service today. The Soyuz succeeded the Voskhod spacecraft and was originally built as part of the Soviet crewed lunar programs. The Soyuz spacecraft is launched on a Soyuz rocket, the most reliable launch vehicle in the world to date. The Soyuz rocket design is based on the Vostok launcher, which in turn was based on the 8K74 or R-7A Semyorka, a Soviet intercontinental ballistic
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Vostok programme


had completed a draft plan for the first Vostok spacecraft, called "Vostok 1K". This design would be used for testing purposes; also in their plan was "Vostok 2K", a spy satellite that would later become known as Zenit 2, and "Vostok 3K", which would be used for all six crewed Vostok missions. Despite the very large geographical size of the Soviet Union, there were obvious limitations to monitoring orbital spaceflights from ground stations within the country. To remedy this, the Soviets
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Vostok (spacecraft)


detaching the entire spacecraft from the booster. One problem that was never adequately resolved was the event of a launch vehicle malfunction in the first 20 seconds, when the ejector seat would not have enough time to deploy its parachute. LC-1 at the Baikonour Cosmodrome had netting placed around it to catch the descent module should the cosmonaut eject while still on the pad, but it was of doubtful value since he would likely end up landing too close to the exploding booster. An accident in the initial seconds of launch also likely would have
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Yuri Gagarin


writes of the final selection: On 12 April 1961, at 6:07 am UTC, the Vostok 3KA-3 (Vostok 1) spacecraft was launched from Baikonur Cosmodrome. Aboard was Gagarin, the first human to travel into space, using the call sign "Kedr" (, Siberian pine or cedar). The radio communication between the launch control room and Gagarin included the following dialogue at the moment of rocket launch: Gagarin's farewell to Korolev using the informal phrase "Poyekhali!" () later became a popular expression in the
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Voskhod Spacecraft "Globus" IMP navigation instrument


of Vostok, which flew six Soviet individuals to low Earth orbit, including the world's first human in space, Yuri Gagarin, and the world's first woman in space, Valentina Tereshkova. The main difference between IMP versions 1 and 2 (Vostok spacecraft) and later versions (Voskhod and Soyuz) is the addition of the disc-shaped longitude and latitude indicators. The design objectives for the IMP were to compute and display the geographic coordinates at the spacecraft's nadir, i.e. which point on Earth's surface it was
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Human spaceflight


in space, Yuri Gagarin, into a single orbit in Vostok 1 on a Vostok 3KA rocket, on 12 April 1961. The US launched its first astronaut, Alan Shepard, on a suborbital flight aboard "Freedom 7" on a Mercury-Redstone rocket, on 5 May 1961. Unlike Gagarin, Shepard manually controlled his spacecraft's attitude, and landed inside it. The first American in orbit was John Glenn aboard "Friendship 7", launched 20 February 1962 on a Mercury-Atlas rocket. The USSR launched five
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Kosmos 1484


Kosmos 1484 ( meaning "Cosmos 1484"), also known as Resurs-OE No.3-2 was a Soviet prototype Earth imaging satellite, launched in 1983 as part of the Resurs programme. It was a prototype of the Meteor-derived Resurs-O1 spacecraft, which paved the way for the first Resurs-O1 to fly in October 1985. Kosmos 1484 was launched at 05:30:37 UTC on July 24, 1983. A Vostok-2M carrier rocket was used to place the satellite into low Earth orbit. The launch was conducted
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Korabl-Sputnik 1


Korabl-Sputnik 1 ( meaning "Vessel Satellite 1"), also known as Sputnik 4 in the West, was the first test flight of the Soviet Vostok programme, and the first Vostok spacecraft. It was launched on May 15, 1960. Though Korabl-Sputnik 1 was unmanned, it was a precursor to the first human spaceflight, Vostok 1. Its weight was , of which was instrumentation. A bug in the guidance system had pointed the capsule in the wrong direction, so instead of dropping into the atmosphere
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Vostok-2 (rocket)


from the pad. The resulting explosion damaged the launch complex, and necessitated delays to several other launches that had been scheduled from that complex, including Vostok 3 and Vostok 4. Thirteen months later, on 10 July 1963, an almost identical failure occurred. The other three failures were caused by a second stage malfunction, a second stage guidance problem, and a problem with the first stage. The Vostok-2 was used exclusively to launch Zenit-2 reconnaissance satellites. Launches occurred from sites 1/5 and 31/6 at Baikonur, and Site 41/1 at
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Launch escape system


Lockheed Propulsion Company). Apollo used a design that had many similarities to the Mercury system. Launch Escape Systems continue to be used on the Russian Soyuz and Chinese Shenzhou programme spacecraft. The SpaceX-designed Dragon V2 uses a hypergolic liquid-fueled launch abort system integrated to the capsule to minimize spacecraft costs. The Soviet Vostok and American Gemini spacecraft both made use of ejection seats. The European Space Agency's Hermes and the Soviet "Buran"-class spaceplanes would also have made use of them if they had ever flown with crews.
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Space Race


extra-vehicular activity to accomplish useful work outside the spacecraft. Meanwhile, Korolev had planned further, long-term missions for the Vostok spacecraft, and had four Vostoks in various stages of fabrication in late 1963 at his OKB-1 facilities. At that time, the Americans announced their ambitious plans for the Project Gemini flight schedule. These plans included major advancements in spacecraft capabilities, including a two-person spacecraft, the ability to change orbits, the capacity to perform an extravehicular activity (EVA), and the goal of docking
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