Max Planck Society [SEP] chairperson
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V. K. Unni


the Max Planck Society. In 2008 he became the first and only recipient of the Max Planck India Fellowship from the field of Law. Prof. V.K. Unni, has become the first Indian IP academician to receive the prestigious Thomas Edison Innovation Fellowship 2016-17 from the Center for the Protection of Intellectual Property (CPIP) at George Mason University School of Law, Virginia, USA. At IIM Calcutta he teaches Public Policy and Management courses at the doctoral and postgraduate levels. And presently, he is the chairperson of the Post Graduate
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Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics


. The Max Planck Society was founded on 26 February 1948. It effectively replaced the Kaiser Wilhelm Society for the Advancement of Science, which was dissolved after World War II. The society is named after Max Planck, one of the founders of quantum theory. The MPA was founded as the Max Planck Institute for Physics and Astrophysics in 1958 and split into the Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics and the Max Planck Institute for Physics in 1991. In 1995, the numerical relativity group moved to the Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics.
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Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization


Planck Society. The Max Planck Society was founded in this institute. In 2003 it was renamed to Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization. It is one of 80 institutes in the Max Planck Society (Max Planck Gesellschaft). The early history of the Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization is closely linked to the work of the famous physicist Ludwig Prandtl. Prandtl is regarded as the founder of fluid dynamics and especially made a name for himself with his boundary layer theory. In Göttingen Prandtl opened two
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Max Planck Society


This article needs to account for its history during the Third Reich. The Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science (; abbreviated MPG) is a formally independent non-governmental and non-profit association of German research institutes founded in 1911 as the Kaiser Wilhelm Society and renamed the Max Planck Society in 1948 in honor of its former president, theoretical physicist Max Planck. The society is funded by the federal and state governments of Germany. According to its primary goal, the Max Planck Society supports fundamental research in the natural,
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Max Planck Society


Planck Society established the Max Planck Digital Library. The library also aims to improve the conditions for open access on behalf of all Max Planck institutes by negotiating contracts with open access publishers and developing infrastructure projects, such as the Max Planck open access repository. In 2008 the European General Court ruled in a case brought by a PhD student against the Max Planck Society that "a researcher preparing a doctoral thesis on the basis of a grant contract concluded with the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften eV, must be regarded
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Max Planck Society


in Bavaria, which was pledged by Luitpold Emanuel in Bayern (Duke in Bavaria). It passed to the Society after the duke died in 1973, and is now used for conferences. The Max Planck Society consists of over 80 research institutes. In addition, the society funds a number of Max Planck Research Groups (MPRG) and International Max Planck Research Schools (IMPRS). The purpose of establishing independent research groups at various universities is to strengthen the required networking between universities and institutes of the Max Planck Society. The
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Max Planck Society


. Together with the Association of Universities and other Education Institutions in Germany, the Max Planck Society established numerous International Max Planck Research Schools (IMPRS) to promote junior scientists: Among others: The Max Planck Society describes itself as "a co-founder of the international Open Access movement". Together with the European Cultural Heritage Online Project the Max Planck Society organized the Berlin Open Access Conference in October 2003 to ratify the Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing. At the Conference the Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the
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Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology


The Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology is a research institute of the Max Planck Society located in Martinsried, a suburb of Munich in Germany. Research centers on the basic mechanisms and functions of the developing and adult nervous system. Main focus areas include the mechanisms of information processing and storage. It is one of 80 institutes in the Max Planck Society (Max Planck Gesellschaft). It was created as "Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Psychiatrie" in 1917, and incorporated into the Kaiser Wilhelm Society 1925 as the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Psychiatry.
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Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light


the Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen-Nuremberg to advance collaboration between that university and the Max Planck Society. In June 2008, after an evaluation, the senate of the Max Planck Society decided to convert this group to a Max Planck institute and thereupon founded the "Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light" (German "Max-Planck-Institut für die Physik des Lichts"). with effect from January 1, 2009. In 2016, the new building was opened. The project was made by the
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Max Planck Institute for Foreign and International Social Law


The Max Planck Institute for Foreign and International Social Law () was a research institute devoted to the field of foreign and international social law. It was one of the research institutes of the Max Planck Society. It merged with the Munich Center for the Economics of Aging (MEA) to the Max-Planck-Institut für Sozialrecht und Sozialpolitik in 2011. The Institute was founded in 1980. It evolved from a project group for international and comparative social law, launched by the Max Planck Society in 1976. Its founding director
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Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light


staff exchanges, international workshops and joint research projects. Particular emphasis is placed on the development of very high-intensity laser sources, the development of optical methods relevant to quantum information science, and the manufacture of components for classical and quantum photonics. The purpose of Max Planck Research Groups (MPRG) at various universities is to strengthen networking between universities and institutes of the Max Planck Society. In 2004, the Max-Planck Society established a new Max Planck Research Group, "Optics, Information, and Photonics", at
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Max Planck Society


. The Max Planck Society has a world-leading reputation as a science and technology research organization, with 33 Nobel Prizes awarded to their scientists, and is widely regarded as one of the foremost basic research organizations in the world. In 2018, the Nature Publishing Index placed the Max Planck institutes third worldwide in terms of research published in "Nature" journals (after the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Harvard University). In terms of total research volume (unweighted by citations or impact), the Max Planck Society is only
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Max Planck Institute for Human Development


The Max-Planck-Institute for Human Development (Max-Planck-Institut für Bildungsforschung) is an internationally renowned social science research organization. Located in Berlin, it was initiated in 1961 and officially began operations in 1963 under the name Institute for Educational Research in the Max Planck Society, before receiving its current name in 1971. Its co-founder and first director was Hellmut Becker. The institute is part of the Human Sciences Section of the Max Planck Society. Research activities focus on the development and education of humans,
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Max Planck Institute for Tax Law and Public Finance


The Max Planck Institute for Tax Law and Public Finance is an interdisciplinary research center in Munich. The Institute is part of the Max Planck Society, Germany’s foremost provider of basic research in science and humanities, funded largely from public resources. The Senate of the Max Planck Society has founded the Max Planck Institute for Tax Law and Public Finance in Munich as of 1 January 2011. It consists of the Department of Public Economics, headed by Kai A. Konrad, and the Department of Business and Tax Law, headed by Wolfgang
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Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry


The Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry (Karl Friedrich Bonhoeffer Institute) in Göttingen is a research institute of the Max Planck Society. Currently, 850 people work at the institute, about half of them are scientists. The Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry is the only one of the institutes within the Max Planck Society which combines the three classical scientific disciplines – biology, physics and chemistry. Founded in 1971, its initial focus was set on physical and chemical problems. It has since undergone a continuous evolution manifested by an expanding
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Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research


The Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research (German: "Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung") was founded in 1969 and is one of the 82 Max Planck Institutes of the Max Planck Society. It is located on a campus in Stuttgart, together with the Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems. Research at the Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research is focused on the physics and chemistry of condensed matter, including especially complex materials and nanoscale science. In both of these fields, electronic and ionic transport phenomena are
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Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy


The Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy (MPIfRA) (German: "Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie") is located in Bonn, Germany. It is one of 80 institutes in the Max Planck Society (German: Max-Planck-Gesellschaft). By combining the already existing radio astronomy faculty of the University of Bonn led by Otto Hachenberg with the new Max Planck institute the Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy was formed. In 1972 the 100-m radio telescope in Effelsberg was opened. The institute building was enlarged
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Max Planck Society


each MPI has several directors, a position roughly comparable to anything from full professor to department head at a university. Other core members include Junior and Senior Research Fellows. In addition, there are several associated institutes: Max Planck Society also has a collaborative center with Princeton University—Max Planck Princeton Research Center for Plasma Physics—located in Princeton, New Jersey, in the U.S. The latest Max Planck Research Center has been established at Harvard University in 2016 as the Max Planck Harvard Research Center for the Archaeoscience of the Ancient Mediterranean
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Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies


The Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies (German: "Max-Planck-Institut für Gesellschaftsforschung", MPIfG) is a German social-science research institute within the Max Planck Society located in Cologne. Established in 1985, it was initially headed by sociologist Renate Mayntz (1985/86), followed by political scientist Fritz W. Scharpf (1986–2003), both of whom exerted a profound influence on the institute's research and public image. Currently directed by Wolfgang Streeck and Jens Beckert, 31 employees and around 20 doctoral and
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Max Planck Institute for Physics


continuing as managing director. In 1946, Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker and Karl Wirtz joined the faculty as the directors for theoretical and experimental physics, respectively. In June 1942, Werner Heisenberg took over as managing director. In 1955 the institute made the decision to move to Munich, and soon after began construction of its current building, designed by Sep Ruf. The institute moved into its current location on September 1, 1958 and took on the new name the Max Planck Institute for Physics and Astrophysics, still with Heisenberg as the
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Max Planck Institute for the Study of Religious and Ethnic Diversity


The Max Planck Institute for the Study of Religious and Ethnic Diversity (German: "Max-Planck-Institut zur Erforschung multireligiöser und multiethnischer Gesellschaften") is located in Göttingen, Germany. It is one of 83 institutes in the Max Planck Society ("Max-Planck-Gesellschaft"). The MPI for the Study of Religious and Ethnic Diversity is the successor of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for German History previously established in 1917 in Berlin. Founded in 1956 as the Max Planck Institute for History, the institute was renamed
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Max Planck Institute for Mathematics


The Max Planck Institute for Mathematics (, MPIM) is a research institute located in Bonn, Germany. It is named in honor of the German physicist Max Planck and forms part of the Max Planck Society ("Max-Planck-Gesellschaft"), an association of 84 institutes engaging in fundamental research in the arts and the sciences. The MPIM is the only Max Planck institute specializing in pure mathematics. The Institute was founded by Friedrich Hirzebruch in 1980, having emerged from the collaborative research center "Theoretical Mathematics" (
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Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry


The Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry (MPIB) is a research institute of the Max Planck Society located in Martinsried, a suburb of Munich. The Institute was "founded in 1973 by the merger of three formerly independent institutes: the Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, the Max Planck Institute of Protein and Leather Research (founded 1954 in Regensburg), and the Max Planck Institute of Cell Chemistry (founded 1956 in Munich)." With 850 employees in currently eight research departments and about 25 research groups, the MPIB is one
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Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History


The Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History (German: "Max-Planck-Institut für Menschheitsgeschichte") performs basic research into archaeogenetics and linguistic and cultural evolution. The institute is one of 80+ research institutes of the Max Planck Society and is located in Jena, Germany. The co-directors of the institute are: The predecessor of the present institute was founded in 1993 as the Max Planck Institute for Research into Economic Systems ("Max-Planck-Institut zur Erforschung von Wirtschaftssystemen") and later
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Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics


The Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics (German: "Max-Planck-Institut für Immunbiologie und Epigenetik") in Freiburg, Germany is an interdisciplinary research institute that conducts basic research in modern immunobiology, developmental biology and epigenetics. It was founded in 1961 as the Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and is one of 84 institutions of the Max Planck Society. Originally named the Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology, it was renamed to its current name in 2010 as it widened its research thrusts to the study of epigenetics. The
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Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics


The Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics (MPA) is a research institute located in Garching, just north of Munich, Bavaria, Germany. It is one of many scientific research institutes belonging to the Max Planck Society. The MPA is widely considered to be one of the leading institutions in the world for theoretical astrophysics research. According to Thomson Reuters, from 1999-2009 the Max Planck Society as a whole published more papers and accumulated more citations in the fields of physics and space science than any other research organization in the world
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Max Planck Institute for Iron Research


The Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH (MPIE) is a research institute of the Max Planck Society located in Düsseldorf. Since 1971 it is legally independent and organized in the form of a GmbH, owned and financed equally by the Max Planck Society and the Steel Institute VDEh. It conducts basic research on advanced materials, specifically steels and related metallic alloys. The institute was founded as Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Iron Research in Aachen 1917, with Fritz Wüst being the founding director. It moved 1921 to Düsseldorf and relocated
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Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience


The Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience (MPFI), located in Jupiter, Florida, is the first U.S. institute established by the Max Planck Society. Research at the Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience focuses on brain function and neural circuits, using techniques to visualize microscopic molecular processes. The Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience attracts scientists from diverse backgrounds to collaborate in finding new approaches to understanding the structure, function, and development of neural circuits. Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience currently has two Scientific Directors: Dr. David Fitzpatrick
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Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization


Society was founded in Göttingen, the institute became part of this new organisation and was renamed Max Planck Institute for Fluid Dynamics. In 1953 the Aerodynamical Experimental Station was reopened as part of the Max Planck Society. In 1969 the Experimental Station was separated from the institute and became a predecessor of the German Space Agency DLR. Also in 1969 the Max Planck Institute began to focus on new fields of research and received three departments for molecular physics: Atomic and Molecular Physics, Molecular Interactions and Reaction Kinetics. In the following years this
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Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces


The Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces (German: "Max-Planck-Institut für Kolloid- und Grenzflächenforschung") is located in Potsdam-Golm Science Park in Golm, Potsdam, Germany. It was founded in 1990 as a successor of the Institute for Physical Chemistry and for Organic Chemistry, both in Berlin-Adlershof, and for Polymer Chemistry in Teltow. In 1999, it transferred to newly constructed extension facilities in Golm. It is one of 80 institutes in the Max Planck Society ("Max-Planck-
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Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition


The Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition () is a Munich, Germany, based research institute, which is part of the Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science, which manages 84 institutes and research institutions. The institute was formerly known as "Max Planck Institute for Intellectual Property and Competition Law" and the name was changed to "Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition" in view of the broader focus of the institute and its interdisciplinary character. The major research areas of the institute are intellectual property, innovation
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Max Planck Institute for Chemistry


The Max Planck Institute for Chemistry (Otto Hahn Institute) () is a non-university research institute under the auspices of the Max Planck Society (German: Max-Planck-Gesellschaft). It is based in Mainz. In 2016 research at the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry in Mainz aims at an integral understanding of chemical processes in the Earth system, particularly in the atmosphere and biosphere. Investigations address a wide range of interactions between air, water, soil, life and climate in the course of Earth history up
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Max Planck Institute for Coal Research


The Max Planck Institute for Coal Research () is an institute located in Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany specializing in chemical research on catalysis. It is one of the 80 institutes in the Max Planck Society ("Max-Planck-Gesellschaft"). Founded in 1912 as the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Coal Research ("Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut für Kohlenforschung") in Mülheim an der Ruhr to study the chemistry and uses of coal, it became an independent Max Planck Institute in 1949. The Institute carries out basic
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Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology


The Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology () is a research institute for terrestrial microbiology in Marburg, Germany. It was founded in 1991 by Rudolf K. Thauer and is one of 80 institutes in the Max Planck Society ("Max-Planck-Gesellschaft"). Its sister institute is the Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, which was founded a year later in 1992 in Bremen. There are currently around 19 research groups at the institute. The research at MPI-Marburg broadly focuses on understanding the functioning of microorganisms at
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Max Planck Institute for Meteorology


The Max Planck Institute for Meteorology ("Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie", MPI-M) is an internationally renowned institute for climate research. Its mission is to understand Earth's changing climate. Founded in 1975, it is operated by the Max Planck Society and based in Hamburg's district of Eimsbüttel. The MPI-M comprises three departments and, together with the University of Hamburg, an international PhD programme. The Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M) and the Universität Hamburg (UHH)
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Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics


The Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik ("MPI for Nuclear Physics" or MPIK for short) is a research institute in Heidelberg, Germany. The institute is one of the 80 institutes of the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft (Max Planck Society), an independent, non-profit research organization. The Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics was founded in 1958 under the leadership of Wolfgang Gentner. Its precursor was the Institute for Physics at the MPI for Medical Research. Today, the institute's research areas are:
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Max Planck Society


life and social sciences, the arts and humanities in its 84 (as of December 2017) Max Planck Institutes. The society has a total staff of approximately 17,000 permanent employees, including 5,470 scientists, plus around 4,600 non-tenured scientists and guests. The society's budget for 2017 was about €1.7 billion. As of December 31, 2017, the Max Planck Society employed a total of 23,425 staff, of whom 15,650 were scientists. 44.8% were female employees and 29.8% of all of the employees were foreign nationals
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Max Planck Society


Wilhelm Society, or "Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft" (KWG), a non-governmental research organization named for the then German emperor. The KWG was one of the world's leading research organizations; its board of directors included scientists like Walther Bothe, Peter Debye, Albert Einstein, and Fritz Haber. In 1946, Otto Hahn assumed the position of President of KWG, and in 1948, the society was renamed the Max Planck Society (MPG) after its former President (1930–37) Max Planck, who died
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International Max Planck Research School for Ultrafast Imaging and Structural Dynamics


The International Max Planck Research School for Ultrafast Imaging and Structural Dynamics (IMPRS-UFAST) is a graduate school of the Max Planck Society. It is a joint venture of the Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter (MPSD), the University of Hamburg, the Center for Free Electron Laser Science, the Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY), and the European XFEL GmbH. It was established in 2011 and is now based at the Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter in Hamburg, Germany.
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Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics


The Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics (German: "Max-Planck-Institut für Psycholinguistik"; Dutch: "Max Planck Instituut voor Psycholinguïstiek") is a research institute situated on the campus of Radboud University Nijmegen located in Nijmegen, Gelderland, the Netherlands. Founded in 1980 by Pim Levelt, it is the only institution in the world entirely dedicated to psycholinguistics, and is also one of only three among a total of 90 within the Max Planck Society to be located outside Germany. The Nijmegen-based institute currently occupies
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Max Planck Institute for Brain Research


The Max Planck Institute for Brain Research is located in Frankfurt, Germany. It was founded as Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Brain Research in Berlin 1914, moved to Frankfurt-Niederrad in 1962 and more recently in a new building in Frankfurt-Riedberg. It is one of 83 institutes in the Max Planck Society (Max Planck Gesellschaft). Research at the Max Planck Institute for Brain Research focuses on the operation of networks of neurons in the brain. The institute hosts three scientific departments (with directors Moritz Helmstaedter of the Helmstaedter Department
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Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology


The Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology is located in Bremen, Germany. It was founded in 1992, almost a year after the foundation of its sister institute, the Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology at Marburg. In 1996, the institute moved into new buildings at the campus of the University of Bremen. It is one of 80 institutes in the Max Planck Society (Max Planck Gesellschaft). Currently, the institute consists of three departments with several associated research groups: Additionally, the following research groups reside in the institute
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Max Planck Institute for Behavioral Physiology


The former Max Planck Institute for Behavioral Physiology was located in Bulldern, Westphalia, Germany, moved to Seewiesen in 1957. It was one of 80 institutes in the Max Planck Society (Max Planck Gesellschaft). A working group was founded in 1954 by Erich von Holst (Max Planck Institute for Oceanic biology, Wilhelmshaven) and Konrad Lorenz. In 1958 it moved into new buildings in Seewiesen. After working from 1951 to 1965, Irenaeus Eibl-Eibesfeldt became director of the institute in 1975. It became an independent institute 1987
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Max Planck Society


outranked by the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Russian Academy of Sciences and Harvard University in the Times Higher Education institutional rankings. The Thomson Reuters-Science Watch website placed the Max Planck Society as the second leading research organization worldwide following Harvard University in terms of the impact of the produced research over science fields. The Max Planck Society and its predecessor Kaiser Wilhelm Society hosted several renowned scientists in their fields, including luminaries such as Otto Hahn, Werner Heisenberg, and Albert Einstein. The organization was established in 1911 as the Kaiser
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Max Planck Society


deserve to be expanded. The Max Planck Society is formally an "eingetragener Verein", a registered association with the institute directors as scientific members having equal voting rights. The society has its registered seat in Berlin, while the administrative headquarters are located in Munich. Since June 2014, materials scientist Martin Stratmann has been the President of the Max Planck Society. Funding is provided predominantly from federal and state sources, but also from research and licence fees and donations. One of the larger donations was the castle Schloss Ringberg near Kreuth
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Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry


of the largest biologically-medically oriented institutes of the Max Planck Society. Currently, the institute hosts eight departments: In total, there are 31 research groups based at the MPIB, including 5 emeritus research groups. The International Max Planck Research School (IMPRS) for Molecular and Cellular Life Sciences is a PhD program covering various aspects of life science ranging from biochemistry to molecular medicine. The school is run in cooperation with the Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, the Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich,
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International Max Planck Research School for Molecular and Cellular Biology


The International Max Planck Research School for Molecular and Cellular Biology (IMPRS-MCB) is an international PhD program in molecular biology and cellular biology founded in 2006 by the Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics and the University of Freiburg. The Max Planck Society (MPG) started in 2000 an initiative to attract more international students to Germany to pursue their PhD studies. Therefore, International-Max-Planck-Research-Schools (IMPRS) were established. The number of IMPRS has ever been increasing since then in all three
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Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light


physics and medicine. In the coming years Guck will move to the Max Planck Zentrum für Physik und Medizin (MPZ-PM), which is being built in a cooperation with the Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuernberg and the University Hospital Erlangen. Max Planck - University of Ottawa Centre for Extreme and Quantum Photonics" offers a platform for close cooperation and scientific exchange between uOttawa and the Max Planck Society. Since 2012, uOttawa and the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light have maintained intensive research collaboration through student and
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Max Planck Institute for Brain Research


Max Planck Society in 1990. A memorial stone was erected in honor of the victims of these atrocities. Use of the eponym Hallervorden-Spatz syndrome is strongly discouraged due to Hallervorden and Spatz's involvement with the Nazi party and was replaced by the more descriptive terminology pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration. After 1945, the different departments of the KWI for Brain Research were relocated to Dillenburg, Giessen, Köln, Marburg and Göttingen. In 1948 the Max Planck Society was founded to succeed the Kaiser Wilhelm Society, and the institute became
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Max Planck Society


in 1947. The Max Planck Society has a world-leading reputation as a science and technology research organization. In 2006, the Times Higher Education Supplement rankings of non-university research institutions (based on international peer review by academics) placed the Max Planck Society as No.1 in the world for science research, and No.3 in technology research (behind AT&T Corporation and the Argonne National Laboratory in the United States). The domain "mpg.de" attracted at least 1.7 million visitors annually by 2008 according to a Compete.com study. Since
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Ernst Strüngmann Institute


The Ernst Strüngmann Institute for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society (ESI) is an independent research institute financed by Andreas and Thomas Strüngmann, German entrepreneurs, and named after their father Dr. Ernst Strüngmann. The ESI is under the scientific governance of the Max Planck Society. It is located in Frankfurt am Main in Hesse. ESI-directors are Scientific Members of the Max Planck Society. ESI’s mission is to perform excellent fundamental brain research. ESI research focuses on understanding how the many parts of the brain work together to
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Martin Stratmann


he was chosen to be the chief-executive (rotationally till 2010). From 2006 until 2008, Stratmann chaired the chemical-physical-technical section of the Max Planck Society and was appointed vice president of the Max Planck Society in 2008. He is the manager of the Minerva Foundation, an affiliate of the Max Planck Society, since 2008. The research interests of Martin Stratmann concentrate on electrochemistry and corrosion science. He connects electrochemical, spectroscopic and interface analytical methods and was the first one who used the scanning Kelvin probe
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Max-Planck-Institut für Sozialrecht und Sozialpolitik


The Max Planck Institute for Social Law and Social Policy (German: Max-Planck-Institut für Sozialrecht und Sozialpolitik) is a research facility located in Maxvorstadt, Munich, Bavaria, Germany. The Institute was created in 1976 by the Max Planck Society. Upon completion in 1980, the Max Planck Institute for Foreign and International Social Law merged into it. Its director until 1990 was Hans F. Zacher, who was succeeded by Bernd Baron Von Maydell until 2002. Since then, the director has been Ulrich Becker. In July
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Werner Heisenberg


), then located in Göttingen. Shortly thereafter, it was renamed the Max Planck Institut für Physik, in honor of Max Planck and to assuage political objections to the continuation of the institute. In 1949, the "Deutsche Forschungsrat" (German Research Council) was established by the "Max-Planck Gesellschaft" (MPG, Max Planck Society, successor organization to the "Kaiser-Wilhelm Gesellschaft"). Heisenberg was appointed president of the "Deutsche Forschungsrat". In 1951, the organization was fused with the Notgemeinschaft
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Max Planck


Science), aimed at providing financial support for scientific research. A considerable portion of the money the organization would distribute was raised abroad. Planck also held leading positions at Berlin University, the Prussian Academy of Sciences, the German Physical Society and the Kaiser Wilhelm Society (which in 1948 became the Max Planck Society). During this time economic conditions in Germany were such that he was hardly able to conduct research. In 1926 Planck became a foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. During the interwar period
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International Max Planck Research School for Molecular and Cellular Life Sciences


Max Planck Institutes and one or several German universities. The concept for the International Max Planck Research Schools was jointly developed in 1999 by the Max Planck Society and the so-called Hochschul Rektoren Konferenz (HRK), a body representing all German universities. The aim of these PhD programs is to offer German and international doctoral students a first class education in innovative and interdisciplinary research environments with facilities and research projects. Each International Max Planck Research School covers a specific topic in one of the following areas: chemistry, physics & technology
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Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society


The Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society (FHI) is a science research institute located at the heart of the academic district of Dahlem, in Berlin, Germany. The original Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, founded in 1911, was incorporated in the Max Planck Society and simultaneously renamed for its first director, Fritz Haber, in 1953. The research topics covered throughout the history of the institute include chemical kinetics and reaction dynamics, colloid chemistry, atomic physics, spectroscopy, surface chemistry and surface physics,
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Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology


The Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology () is located in Dortmund, Germany next to the Dortmund University of Technology. It is one of 80 institutes in the Max Planck Society (Max Planck Gesellschaft). The Institute was originally founded by Max Rubner as the "Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut für Arbeitsphysiologie", part of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in 1913. During the First World War the Institute focussed on nutrition and diet, and how ersatz substitutes could be found for particular foodstuffs which were becoming scarce. They worked alongside the
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Leipzig


of the city. The private Leipzig Graduate School of Management, (in German "Handelshochschule Leipzig (HHL)"), is the oldest business school in Germany. According to The Economist, HHL is one of the best schools in the world, rankend at number six overall. Among the research institutes located in Leipzig, three belong to the Max Planck Society. These are the Max Planck Institute for Mathematics in the Sciences, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, and Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
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Max Planck Institute of Biophysics


The Max Planck Institute of Biophysics () is located in Frankfurt am Main, Germany. It was founded as Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Biophysics in 1937, and moved into a new building in 2003. It is one of 80 institutes in the Max Planck Society (Max Planck Gesellschaft). A prerequisite for the understanding of the fundamental processes of life is the knowledge of the structure of the participating macromolecules. Two of the four departments are devoted to the challenging task of determining the structure of membrane proteins. Under the direction of
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Max Planck


Karl Ernst Ludwig Marx Planck, ForMemRS (; ; 23 April 1858 – 4 October 1947) was a German theoretical physicist whose discovery of energy quanta won him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918. Planck made many contributions to theoretical physics, but his fame as a physicist rests primarily on his role as the originator of quantum theory, which revolutionized human understanding of atomic and subatomic processes. In 1948, the German scientific institution the Kaiser Wilhelm Society (of which Planck was twice president) was renamed the Max Planck Society (MPS
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Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology


The Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology (German: "Max-Planck-Institut für ethnologische Forschung") is located in Halle, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. It was founded in 1999, and moved into new buildings 2001. It is one of 80 institutes in the Max Planck Society. The institute currently consists of three departments. Likewise, the MPISA co-manages the Center for Anthropological Studies on Central Asia with the Department of Social and Cultural Anthropology of the University of Zurich. Headed by Prof. Dr. Marie-
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Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research


The Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research () is a scientific center in the field of polymer science located in Mainz, Germany. The institute was founded in 1983 by Erhard W. Fischer and Gerhard Wegner. Belonging to the Chemistry, Physics and Technology Section, it is one of the 80 institutes in the Max Planck Society ("Max-Planck-Gesellschaft"). Using a basic research approach, its scientists strive to design and characterize innovative applications in the fields of electronics, energy technology, medicine and nanomaterials. The
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Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine


The Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine () is located in Göttingen, Germany. It was founded as Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Medical Research in 1947, and was renamed in 1965. It is one of 80 institutes in the Max Planck Society ("Max-Planck-Gesellschaft"). Prof. Dr. Klaus-Armin Nave is currently the acting director of the institute. The research focus of the institute is on neuroscience. Research activities cover a wide spectrum of topics, ranging from basic molecular analyses of neuronal processes to clinical
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Rudolf Amann


research at the interface between ecology and taxonomy. From 1997 to 2001, Amann was head of a Max Planck Research Group at the Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology in Bremen, Germany. In 2001, he became a Scientific Member of the Max Planck Society and Director at the Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany. Since then, he has headed the Department of Molecular Ecology. In the same year (2001), he was appointed Professor of Microbial Ecology at the University of Bremen, Germany. Since
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Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology


The Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology () is a German research institute for molecular plant physiology, based in the Golm district of Potsdam, Brandenburg. Founded on January 1, 1994, the MPIMP focuses on the study of the dynamics of plant metabolism and how that relates to the entire plant system. The institution is one of the 80 institutes in the Max Planck Society ("Max-Planck-Gesellschaft"). The MPIP's mission is to study the dynamics of plant metabolism in the context of the plant
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Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light


The Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light (MPL) performs basic research in optical metrology, optical communication, new optical materials, plasmonics and nanophotonics and optical applications in biology and medicine. It is part of the Max Planck Society and was founded on January 1, 2009 in Erlangen near Nuremberg. The institute is based on the Max Planck Research Group "Optics, Information and Photonics", which was founded in 2004 at the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, as a precursor. The institute currently comprises four divisions.
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Relativity priority dispute


. Cory et al. offer the following alternative speculation: "it is possible that Hilbert himself cropped off the top of p. 7 to include it with the three sheets he sent Klein, in order that they not end in mid-sentence." As of September 2006, the Max Planck Institute of Berlin has replaced the short reply with a note  saying that the Max Planck Society "distances itself from statements published on this website [...] concerning Prof. Friedwart Winterberg" and stating that "the Max Planck Society will not
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Wolfgang Gentner


CERN. In 1958, he became director of the new Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics at Heidelberg. From 1967 to 1970, he was chairman of the Physicochemicl-technical Section of the Max Planck Society. From 1969 to 1971, he was President of the Science Policy Committee and President of the Council at CERN. From 1972, he was Vice-president of the Max Planck Society. From 1975, he was a member of the board of governors at the Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel. Gentner helped found a
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Rossitten Bird Observatory


of the Second World War, the institutional inheritor of Rossitten’s ornithological research program was the establishment by the Max Planck Society (the renamed Kaiser Wilhelm Society) of the “Vogelwarte Radolfzell”, with the staff from the Rossitten observatory, at the town of Radolfzell am Bodensee at the western end of Lake Constance in Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany, under the auspices of the Max Planck Institute for Behavioral Physiology. In 1998 it became the Max Planck Research Centre for Ornithology. Meanwhile, at Rossiten, now the renamed Russian
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List of Max Planck Institutes


Max Planck Institutes are research institutions operated by the Max Planck Society. There are 84 institutes as of December 2017. Most of them are located in Germany, but some of them are located in other European countries and the United States. Institutes are organized into three sections according to their research area: One institute can belong to several research areas. In addition, it can also belong to several more specialized research fields. As of March 2015, the following Max Planck Institutes and Research Units exist (in alphabetical order):
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Max Planck Institute for Astronomy


The Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie (Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, MPIA) is a research institute of the Max Planck Society. It is located in Heidelberg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany near the top of the Koenigstuhl, adjacent to the historic Landessternwarte Heidelberg-Königstuhl astronomical observatory. The institute was founded in 1967. Its founding directors were H. Elsässer, and G. Munch, who was followed by S. V. W. Beckwith. The current directors are Hans-Walter Rix and Thomas Henning. G. H. Herbig, Karl
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Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics


The Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics is located in Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is one of 80 institutes in the Max Planck Society (Max Planck Gesellschaft). The institute is studying signal and information processing in the brain. We know that our brain is constantly processing a vast amount of sensory and intrinsic information by which our behavior is coordinated accordingly. How the brain actually achieves these tasks is less well understood, for example, how it perceives, recognizes, and learns new objects. The scientists at
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Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology


The Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology is located on Beutenberg Campus in Jena, Germany. It was founded in March 1996 and is one of 80 institutes of the Max Planck Society (Max Planck Gesellschaft). Chemical ecology examines the role of chemical signals that mediate the interactions between plants, animals, and their environment, as well as the evolutionary and behavioral consequences of these interactions. The managing directors of the institute is David G. Heckel. About 175 scientists, among them many PhD candidates and students, do their research in
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Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology


The Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology (MPIIB) is a non-university research institute of the Max Planck Society located in the heart of Berlin in Berlin-Mitte. It was founded in 1993. Arturo Zychlinsky is currently the Managing Director. The MPIIB is divided into five internal research groups and two partner groups. The "Regulation in Infection Biology" department headed by Emmanuelle Charpentier was hived off as an independent research center in May 2018. The Max Planck Unit for the Science of Pathogens is now administratively independent of the
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Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology


on Großer Plöner See in 1891, as a private research institute. As the director, Zacharias published research reports from 1893 on the Station's activities, which were recorded from 1905 in the Archives of Hydrobiology. In so-called "summer schools" Zacharias trained teachers and laity interested in working with the microscope. It became part of the Max Planck Society in 1948, and was renamed in 1966 as the Max Planck Institute of Limnology. It was renamed again as Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology in 2007, marking a
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Max Planck Harvard Research Center for the Archaeoscience of the Ancient Mediterranean


The creation of the Max Planck Harvard Research Center for the Archaeoscience of the Ancient Mediterranean (MHAAM) was announced in February 2017 at Harvard University. It was inaugurated with a workshop and a signing ceremony at Harvard University on October 10, 2017, when the president of the Max Planck Society, Martin Stratmann, and Harvard's vice-provost for international affairs signed a five-year agreement. The center is a collaboration between the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History (MPISHH) and the Initiative for the Science
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Bibliotheca Hertziana – Max Planck Institute for Art History


The Bibliotheca Hertziana – Max Planck Institute for Art History is a German research institute located in Rome, Italy. It was founded by a donation of Henriette Hertz in 1912 as a Kaiser Wilhelm Institute. Of the 80 institutes in the Max Planck Society (Max Planck Gesellschaft), it is one of the few not located in Germany. The institute is situated in the historical centre of Rome near Trinità dei Monti in a cluster of four buildings along the Via Gregoriana: the 16th-century Palazzo Zuccari, the adjacent Palazzo Stroganoff
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Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods


The Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods (German: "Max-Planck-Institut zur Erforschung von Gemeinschaftsgütern") is located in Bonn, Germany. It is one of 80 institutes in the Max Planck Society. The institute focuses its study on law, economics and politics of collective goods. The institute was founded 1997 as temporary project called "Common Goods: Law, Politics and Economics" and transformed into a permanent institute in 2003. As of 2010, its two directors are economist Martin Hellwig and law scholar
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Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology


Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), in collaboration with the Max Planck Society and the University of Marburg. The new department will serve as a research centre for SYNMIKRO with about 100 scientific positions expected to be made available. A grant of about 21 million Euro has been allocated for the period of 2010-12 alone. The Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology operates the International Max Planck Research School for Environmental, Cellular and Molecular Microbiology  program, in collaboration with the Philipps University of Marburg. The degrees are conferred by the University,
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Max Planck Institute for Chemistry


severely damaged as a result of air raids. Everything that hadn't been destroyed was then stored in a closed textile factory in Tailfingen, Württemberg (present-day Albstadt), where the Institute continued the work it had started in Berlin for a time. After World War II the institute moved to the campus of Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz in 1949. In 1948 the Kaiser Wilhelm Society was restructured and renamed becoming the Max Planck Society, the institute was also renamed as the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry (1949).
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Max Planck Institute for the Study of Religious and Ethnic Diversity


to its current form based on the decision of the Senate of the Max Planck Society in March 2007. The Max Planck Institute for the Study of Religious and Ethnic Diversity is one of the foremost centers for the multi-disciplinary study of diversity, in its multiple forms, in today’s globalizing world. As societies across the globe become ever more diverse, pressing new challenges emerge to the fore, motivating the study of questions such as the relationship between mobility and inequality; the interaction of globalization, religious diversity, and the
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Max Planck Society


2004, the Max Planck Research Award is conferred annually to two internationally renowned scientists, one of whom works in Germany and one in another country. Calls for nominations for the award are invited on an annually rotating basis in specific sub-areas of the natural sciences and engineering, the life sciences and the human and social sciences. The objective of the Max Planck Society and the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation in presenting this joint research award is to give added momentum to specialist fields that are either not yet established in Germany or that
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Max Planck Society


research units are located across Europe. In 2007 the Society established its first non-European centre, with an institute on the Jupiter campus of Florida Atlantic University focusing on neuroscience. The Max Planck Institutes operate independently from, though in close cooperation with, the universities, and focus on innovative research which does not fit into the university structure due to their interdisciplinary or transdisciplinary nature or which require resources that cannot be met by the state universities. Internally, Max Planck Institutes are organized into research departments headed by directors such that
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Max Planck Society


as a worker within the meaning of Article 39 EC only if his activities are performed for a certain period of time under the direction of an institute forming part of that association and if, in return for those activities, he receives remuneration". In 2012 the Max Planck Society was at the centre of a controversy about some PhD students being given employment contracts. Of the 5,300 students who at the time wrote their PhD thesis at the 80 Max Planck Institutes 2,000 had an employment contract. The remaining 3,300 received grants of between
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Emmanuelle Charpentier


2014 she became an Alexander von Humboldt Professor. In 2015 Charpentier accepted an offer from the German Max Planck Society to become a scientific member of the society and a director at the Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology in Berlin. Since 2016, Emmanuelle is a Honorary Professor at Humboldt University in Berlin, and since 2018, she is the Founding and Acting Director of the Max Planck Unit for the Science of Pathogens. Charpentier retained her position as Visiting Professor at Umeå University until the end of 2017, where a new donation from
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Walther Bothe


"Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut für medizinische Forschung" (KWImF, Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Medical Research; today, the Max-Planck Institut für medizinische Forschung), in Heidelberg, replacing Karl W. Hauser, who had recently died. Ludolf von Krehl, Director of the KWImF, and Max Planck, President of the Kaiser-Wilhelm Gesellschaft (KWG, Kaiser Wilhelm Society, today the Max Planck Society), had offered the directorship to Bothe to ward off the possibility of his emigration. Bothe held the directorship of the Institute
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Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law


The Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law (Max Planck Institute for International Law, MPIL) is a legal research institute located in Heidelberg, Germany. It is operated by the Max Planck Society. The institute was founded in 1924 and was originally named the "Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Foreign and International Public Law" and located in Berlin. It later relocated to Heidelberg and received its current name in 1949. The institute currently employs 69 scientific staff and is led by two co-directors, Armin von Bogdandy
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Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine


The Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine was founded on 1 April 2001 in Münster, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is part of the Max Planck Society. The current managing director is Prof. Dr. Hans R. Schöler. The Institute was founded on 1 August 2001 in Münster, Germany. Founding director was Prof. Dr. Dietmar Vestweber. In 2004 another department was added (Prof. Dr. Hans Robert Schöler). In the same year, the institute got its current name: Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine. In 2006 the
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Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems


The Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems (MPI-IS) exists since March 18, 2011. Its Stuttgart location (the former MPI for Metals Research) is in the process of scientific reorientation; a new institute location is located in Tübingen. The MPI for Intelligent Systems belongs to the Max Planck Society, a German research institution strong in basic research. The Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems approaches intelligent systems from the viewpoint of learning in systems with perception-action loops while these systems interact with natural, complex environments.
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Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research


of an ionospheric echolot system. The full transfer from Fraunhofer to Max Planck Society and the appointment of W. Dieminger as Director followed by the transfer of the Max Planck Institute of Stratosphere Research from Weisenau near Ravensburg to Lindau and another renaming to "Max Planck Institute for Aeronomy" completed the built up. Erhard Keppler became the science lead in the first German satellite Azur (in cooperation with NASA) and with him a small group of scientists dedicated to work with satellites was established in Lindau. The institute was selected to build part
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University of Freiburg


; From Cells to Organs: Molecular Mechanisms of Organogenesis; Signal Systems in Model Organisms of Plant Origin; Micro Energy Harvesting; and PhD program Computational Neuroscience at the Bernstein Center Freiburg for Computational Neuroscience and Neurotechnology. Finally, the university operates three joint graduate schools with the Max Planck Society: the International Max Planck Research School for Molecular and Cellular Biology; the International Max Planck Research School on Retaliation, Mediation and Punishment; and the International Max Planck Research School for Comparative Criminal Law. Together with the EUCOR universities of Basel and
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Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization


research facilities that both exist until today: in 1915 the Aerodynamical Experimental Station, which concentrated on application-oriented topics in fluid dynamics and evolved into the Göttinger branch of the German Space Agency DLR, and in 1925 the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Fluid Dynamics. The latter mainly dealt with fundamental research in the field of fluid dynamics. After the Max Planck Society was founded the institute was renamed Max Planck Institute for Fluid Dynamics. In 2004 the institute again received a new name and is now called Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and
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Wolfgang Gentner


the "Max-Planck Gesellschaft" (MPG, Max Planck Society, successor of the "Kaiser-Wilhelm Gesellschaft"), and with the Senate of the MPG to establish a new institute under their auspices. Essentially, Walther Bothe's "Institut für Physik" at the "Max-Planck Institut für medizinische Forschung", in Heidelberg, was to be spun off and become a full-fledged institute of the MPG. The decision to proceed was made in May 1958. Gentner was named the director of the "
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Walther Bothe


Hahn, President of the "Max-Planck Gesellschaft" (MPG, Max Planck Society, successor of the "Kaiser-Wilhelm Gesellschaft"), and with the Senate of the MPG to establish a new institute under their auspices. Essentially, Walther Bothe's "Institut für Physik" at the "Max-Planck Institut für medizinische Forschung", in Heidelberg, was to be spun off to become a full fledged institute of the MPG. The decision to proceed was made in May 1958. Gentner was named the director
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Jens Beckert


his directoror at Max Planck, Beckert is a member of the Faculty of Management, Economics and Social Sciences at the University of Cologne. He is a faculty member and chair of the [ International Max Planck Research School on the Social and Political Constitution of the Economy] , a doctoral program run jointly by the MPIfG and the Faculty of Management at the University of Cologne. He is a member of the Joint Council of the Max Planck Sciences Po Center on Coping with Instability in Market Societies at Sciences Po Paris, which investigates
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Sami Solanki


Sami Khan Solanki (born 1958 in Karachi, Pakistan) is director of the Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), director of the Sun-Heliosphere Department of MPS, a scientific member of the Max Planck Society, and a Chair (and spokesperson) of the International Max Planck Research School on Physical Processes in the Solar System and Beyond at the Universities of Braunschweig and Göttingen. Solanki is also an Honorary Professor at the Institute of Astronomy at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, and (2)
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Dresden


Max Planck Society focuses on fundamental research. In Dresden there are three Max Planck Institutes (MPI); the "MPI of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics", the "MPI for Chemical Physics of Solids" and the "MPI for the Physics of Complex Systems". The Fraunhofer Society hosts institutes of applied research that also offer mission-oriented research to enterprises. With eleven institutions or parts of institutes, Dresden is the largest location of the Fraunhofer Society worldwide. The Fraunhofer Society has become an important factor in location decisions
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Rudolf Amann


2002 he is also spokesman for the International Max Planck Research School of Marine Microbiology, MarMic. From 2014 to 2017 he was chairman of the Biological-Medical Section of the Max Planck Society. Amann is a member of several professional societies, including the Association for General and Applied Microbiology (VAAM), the American Society for Microbiology (ASM), the International Society for Microbial Ecology (ISME) and the European Academy of Microbiology (EAM). In 2007 he became a member of the National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina.
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University of Göttingen


. More surprisingly, according to the Times Higher Education World University Rankings, Göttingen was previously ranked 43rd in 2011, but is ranked only 123rd in 2019. The university is organizationally and personally interlinked with the following independent and semi-independent institutions. There are four Max Planck Society for the Promotion of Science Institutes situated in Göttingen: There is also member of the Leibniz Association: Additionally, the Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, formerly Max Planck Institute for Aeronomy is closely linked to and has cooperation with the university.
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