Nick Bostrom [SEP] employer
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Simulation hypothesis


back to antiquity; for example, to the "Butterfly Dream" of Zhuangzi, or the Indian philosophy of Maya. A version of the hypothesis was also theorised as a part of a philosophical argument by René Descartes. Nick Bostrom's premise: Nick Bostrom's conclusion: In 2003, philosopher Nick Bostrom proposed a trilemma that he called "the simulation argument". Despite the name, Bostrom's "simulation argument" does not directly argue that we live in a simulation; instead, Bostrom's trilemma argues that one of
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Nick Bostrom


Nick Bostrom (; ; born 10 March 1973) is a Swedish philosopher at the University of Oxford known for his work on existential risk, the anthropic principle, human enhancement ethics, superintelligence risks, and the reversal test. In 2011, he founded the Oxford Martin Programme on the Impacts of Future Technology, and is the founding director of the Future of Humanity Institute at Oxford University. Bostrom is the author of over 200 publications, including "" (2014), a "New York Times" bestseller and "" (
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Nick Bostrom


Catastrophic Risks", editors Bostrom and Milan M. Ćirković characterize the relation between existential risk and the broader class of global catastrophic risks, and link existential risk to observer selection effects and the Fermi paradox. In 2005, Bostrom founded the Future of Humanity Institute, which researches the far future of human civilization. He is also an adviser to the Centre for the Study of Existential Risk. In his 2014 book "", Bostrom reasoned that "the creation of a superintelligent being represents a possible means to the extinction of mankind"
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Nick Bostrom


Catastrophe types that lie in the anthropic shadow are likely to be underestimated unless statistical corrections are made. Bostrom's simulation argument posits that at least one of the following statements is very likely to be true: The idea has influenced the views of Elon Musk. Bostrom is favorable towards "human enhancement", or "self-improvement and human perfectibility through the ethical application of science", as well as a critic of bio-conservative views. In 1998, Bostrom co-founded (with David Pearce) the World Transhumanist
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Nick Bostrom


country to a catch-up crash program or even physical destruction of the project suspected of being on the verge of success. In 1863 Samuel Butler's essay "Darwin among the Machines" predicted the domination of humanity by intelligent machines, but Bostrom's suggestion of deliberate massacre of all humankind is the most extreme of such forecasts to date. One journalist wrote in a review that Bostrom's "nihilistic" speculations indicate he "has been reading too much of the science fiction he professes to dislike" As given in his most
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Nick Bostrom


recent book, "From Bacteria to Bach and Back", renowned philosopher Daniel Dennett's views remain in contradistinction to those of Bostrom. Dennett modified his views somewhat after reading "The Master Algorithm", and now acknowledges that it is "possible in principle" to create "strong AI" with human-like comprehension and agency, but maintains that the difficulties of any such "strong AI" project as predicated by Bostrom's "alarming" work would be orders of magnitude greater than those raising concerns have realized, and
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Bioconservatism


commonly known as speciesism), and as being motivated by a "yuck factor" that ignores individual freedoms. Nick Bostrom argues that bioconservative concerns as to how transhumanism might threaten posthuman dignity are unsubstantiated. Bostrom himself identifies with forms of posthuman dignity, and in his article "In Defence of Posthuman Dignity", argues that such does not run in contradiction with the ideals of transhumanism. Bostrom argues in the article that Fukuyama's concerns about the threats transhumanism pose to dignity as moral status - that transhumanism might strip away humanity's
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Anthropic principle


history."This looks very similar to Carter's SAP, but unlike the case with Carter's SAP, the "must" is an imperative, as shown by the following three possible elaborations of the SAP, each proposed by Barrow and Tipler: The philosophers John Leslie and Nick Bostrom reject the Barrow and Tipler SAP as a fundamental misreading of Carter. For Bostrom, Carter's anthropic principle just warns us to make allowance for "anthropic bias"—that is, the bias created by anthropic selection effects (which Bostrom calls "observation"
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Nick Bostrom


existential risk to humanity from superintelligence would be immediate once brought into being, thus creating an exceedingly difficult problem of finding out how to control such an entity before it actually exists. Warning that a human-friendly prime directive for AI would rely on the absolute correctness of the human knowledge it was based on, Bostrom points to the lack of agreement among most philosophers as an indication that most philosophers are wrong, with the attendant possibility that a fundamental concept of current science may be incorrect. Bostrom says a common assumption is that
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Nick Bostrom


'. Along with Google, Microsoft and various tech firms, Hassabis, Bostrom and Hawking and others subscribed to 23 principles for safe development of AI. Hassabis suggested the main safety measure would be an agreement for whichever AI research team began to make strides toward an artificial general intelligence to halt their project for a complete solution to the control problem prior to proceeding. Bostrom had pointed out that even if the crucial advances require the resources of a state, such a halt by a lead project might be likely to motivate a lagging
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Nick Bostrom


particularly those that protect against the existential risks posed by nature or by other technologies. Bostrom's theory of the Unilateralist's Curse has been cited as a reason for the scientific community to avoid controversial dangerous research such as reanimating pathogens. Bostrom has provided policy advice and consulted for an extensive range of governments and organisations. He gave evidence to the House of Lords, Select Committee on Digital Skills. He is an advisory board member for the Machine Intelligence Research Institute, Future of Life Institute, Foundational Questions Institute and an external advisor
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Nick Bostrom


. Bostrom argues that a computer with near human-level general intellectual ability could initiate an intelligence explosion on a digital time scale with the resultant rapid creation of something so powerful that it might deliberately or accidentally destroy human kind. Bostrom contends the power of a superintelligence would be so great that a task given to it by humans might be taken to open ended extremes, for example a goal of calculating pi might collaterally cause nanotechnology manufactured facilities to sprout over the entire Earth's surface and cover it within days. He believes an
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Nick Bostrom


, but will actually function to free the superintelligence from its "boxed" isolation. Employing online humans as paid dupes, and clandestinely hacking computer systems including automated laboratory facilities, the superintelligence mobilises resources to further a takeover plan. Bostrom emphasises that planning by a superintelligence will not be so stupid that humans could detect actual weaknesses in it. Although he canvasses disruption of international economic, political and military stability including hacked nuclear missile launches, Bostrom thinks the most effective and likely means for the superintelligence to use, would be a coup
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Nick Bostrom


at least 50 years away. Dennett thinks the only relevant danger from AI systems is falling into anthropomorphism instead of challenging or developing human users' powers of comprehension. Since a 2014 book in which he expressed the opinion that artificial intelligence developments would never challenge humans' supremacy, environmentalist James Lovelock has moved far closer to Bostrom's position, and in 2018 Lovelock said that he thought the overthrow of humankind will happen within the foreseeable future. Bostrom has published numerous articles on anthropic reasoning, as well as the book "".
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SEP-IRA


. The deadline for establishing the plan and making contributions is the filing deadline for the employer's tax return, including extensions. The strictest conditions employers may place on employee eligibility are as follows. The employee must be included if they: Employers may use less restrictive criteria. SEP-IRA funds are taxed at ordinary income tax rates when qualified withdrawals are taken after age (as for traditional IRAs). Contributions to a SEP plan are deductible, lowering a taxpayer's income tax liability in the contribution year. SEP-IRA
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Nick Bostrom


2002). In 2009 and 2015, he was included in "Foreign Policy"s Top 100 Global Thinkers list. Bostrom believes there are potentially great benefits from Artificial General Intelligence, but warns it might very quickly transform into a superintelligence that would deliberately extinguish humanity out of precautionary self-preservation or some unfathomable motive, making solving the problems of control beforehand an absolute priority. His book on superintelligence was recommended by both Elon Musk and Bill Gates. However, Bostrom has expressed frustration that the reaction to its thesis typically falls into two
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SEP-IRA


contributions are treated as part of a profit-sharing plan. For employees, the employer may contribute up to 25% of the employee's wages to the employee's SEP-IRA account. For example, if an employee earns $40,000 in wages, the employer could contribute up to $10,000 to the SEP-IRA account. The total contribution to a SEP-IRA account should not exceed the lesser of 25% of income (20% for self-employed before self-employed tax deduction is included);(see below)
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Bioconservatism


what we currently perceive of as a human being, and that they are necessary for future human development. An example of this can be seen in the arguments of Nick Bostrom , who believes that genetic modification will be essential to improving human health in the future. The three major elements of the bioconservative argument, as described by Bostrom, are firstly, that human augmentation is innately degrading and therefore harmful, secondly, that the existence of augmented humans poses a threat to "ordinary humans", and thirdly, that human augmentation
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Moral enhancement


soon be introduced to the market. Nick Bostrom highlighted that the way how medical research is conducted and drugs are approved stands in the way of enhancement drugs. He states that in order for drugs to be approved, it needs to be proved that they treat a specific disease. However, various kinds of enhancement that the MBE discourse centers on arguably cannot be viewed as diseases. Bostrom concludes that any drug that has an enhancing effect "in healthy subjects is a serendipitous unintended benefit". He suggests that the current "
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Anthropic Bias (book)


Anthropic Bias: Observation Selection Effects in Science and Philosophy (2002) is a book by philosopher Nick Bostrom. Bostrom investigates how to reason when suspected that evidence is biased by "observation selection effects", in other words, evidence that has been filtered by the precondition that there be some appropriate positioned observer to "have" the evidence. This conundrum is sometimes hinted at as "the anthropic principle," "self-locating belief," or "indexical information". Discussed concepts include the self-sampling assumption and
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Nick Bostrom


In the book, he criticizes previous formulations of the anthropic principle, including those of Brandon Carter, John Leslie, John Barrow, and Frank Tipler. Bostrom believes that the mishandling of indexical information is a common flaw in many areas of inquiry (including cosmology, philosophy, evolution theory, game theory, and quantum physics). He argues that a theory of anthropics is needed to deal with these. He introduces the Self-Sampling Assumption (SSA) and the Self-Indication Assumption (SIA), shows how they
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Keith Mansfield (writer)


-Wesley (now part of Pearson), he returned to OUP as a commissioning editor of science books. His first novel, "Johnny Mackintosh and the Spirit of London" was long-listed for the New Horizons Book Award 2010 and shortlisted for the Concorde Book Award 2011. As a publisher at OUp, he signed Nick Bostrom for Bostrom's book "" on the dangers and opportunities of artificial intelligence and Robin Hanson's book on a future society dominated by the products of brain emulation, "The Age of Em
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Simulated reality


separate from "true" reality. There has been much debate over this topic, ranging from philosophical discourse to practical applications in computing. A version of the simulation hypothesis was first theorised as a part of a philosophical argument on the part of René Descartes, and later by Hans Moravec. The philosopher Nick Bostrom developed an expanded argument examining the probability of our reality being a simulation. His argument states that at least one of the following statements is very likely to be true: Bostrom's argument rests on the premise that given
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Nick Bostrom


, he was awarded a Ph.D. degree in philosophy from the London School of Economics. He held a teaching position at Yale University (2000–2002), and he was a British Academy Postdoctoral Fellow at the University of Oxford (2002–2005). Aspects of Bostrom's research concern the future of humanity and long-term outcomes. He discusses existential risk, which he defines as one in which an "adverse outcome would either annihilate Earth-originating intelligent life or permanently and drastically curtail its potential." In the 2008 volume "Global
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Nick Bostrom


basic aversion to risk. Group selection in predators working by means of cannibalism shows the counter-intuitive nature of non-anthropocentric "evolutionary search" reasoning, and thus humans are ill-equipped to perceive what an artificial intelligence's intentions might be. Accordingly, it cannot be discounted that any superintelligence would inevitably pursue an 'all or nothing' offensive action strategy in order to achieve hegemony and assure its survival. Bostrom notes that even current programs have, "like MacGyver", hit on apparently unworkable but functioning hardware
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Nick Bostrom


and secure storage format"). In January 2015, Bostrom joined Stephen Hawking among others in signing the Future of Life Institute's open letter warning of the potential dangers of AI. The signatories "...believe that research on how to make AI systems robust and beneficial is both important and timely, and that concrete research should be pursued today." Cutting edge AI researcher Demis Hassabis then met with Hawking, subsequent to which he did not mention "anything inflammatory about AI", which Hassabis, took as 'a win
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Human nature


Oxford Swedish philosopher Nick Bostrom. According to Bostrom, "human enhancement technologies should be made widely available", as they would offer enormous potential for improving the lives of human beings, without "dehumanizing" them: for instance, improving their intellectual and physical capacities, or protecting them from suffering, illnesses, aging, and physical and cognitive shortcomings. In response to bioconservatives, transhumanists argue that expanding a person's "capability set" would increase her freedom of choice, rather than reducing it. Allen Buchanan has questioned the
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Transhumanism


society takes deliberate action to ensure the early arrival of the benefits of safe, clean, alternative technology, rather than fostering what it considers to be anti-scientific views and technophobia. Nick Bostrom argues that even barring the occurrence of a singular global catastrophic event, basic Malthusian and evolutionary forces facilitated by technological progress threaten to eliminate the positive aspects of human society. One transhumanist solution proposed by Bostrom to counter existential risks is control of differential technological development, a series of attempts to influence the sequence in which technologies are developed.
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Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies


Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies is a 2014 book by the Swedish philosopher Nick Bostrom from the University of Oxford. It argues that if machine brains surpass human brains in general intelligence, then this new superintelligence could replace humans as the dominant lifeform on Earth. Sufficiently intelligent machines could improve their own capabilities faster than human computer scientists, and the outcome could be an existential catastrophe for humans. Bostrom's book has been translated into many languages and is available as an audiobook. It is unknown whether human-level artificial intelligence
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Life extension


save the life and thus to develop and offer life extension therapies to those who want them. Transhumanist philosopher Nick Bostrom has argued that any technological advances in life extension must be equitably distributed and not restricted to a privileged few. In an extended metaphor entitled "The Fable of the Dragon-Tyrant", Bostrom envisions death as a monstrous dragon who demands human sacrifices. In the fable, after a lengthy debate between those who believe the dragon is a fact of life and those who believe the dragon can and should be destroyed
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Nick Bostrom


camps, one calling his recommendations absurdly alarmist because creation of superintelligence is unfeasible, and the other deeming them futile because superintelligence would be uncontrollable. Bostrom notes that both these lines of reasoning converge on inaction rather than trying to "solve" the control problem while there may still be time. Born as Niklas Boström in 1973 in Helsingborg, Sweden, he disliked school at a young age, and ended up spending his last year of high school learning from home. He sought to educate himself in a wide variety of disciplines,
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Nick Bostrom


Association (which has since changed its name to Humanity+). In 2004, he co-founded (with James Hughes) the Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies, although he is no longer involved in either of these organisations. Bostrom was named in "Foreign Policy"s 2009 list of top global thinkers "for accepting no limits on human potential." With philosopher Toby Ord, he proposed the reversal test. Given humans' irrational status quo bias, how can one distinguish between valid criticisms of proposed changes in a human trait
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SEP-IRA


net profit. In the above example, where an employee earns $40,000 and the employer contributes 25% of that, $10,000, the employee has received $50,000 total, of which 20% goes to the SEP-IRA. When a business is a sole proprietorship, the employee/owner both pays themselves wages and may also make a SEP contribution, which is limited to 25% of "wages", namely, profits minus SEP contribution. For a particular contribution rate "CR", the reduced rate is
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Ben Bostrom


Benjamin "Ben" Bostrom (born May 7, 1974) is an American former professional motorcycle racer. The son of Dave Bostrom and nephew of Paul Bostrom, both successful dirt-track racers, Bostrom began his career in the same fashion by winning the AMA National 600 Dirt Track Championship in 1993. He moved to road racing in 1995. Bostrom captured the AMA Superbike championship as a Honda rider in 1998, without winning a race. A year later Bostrom, astride a Ducati and still racing full-time in the
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Matt Bostrom


Matthew D. "Matt" Bostrom, DPA is a member of the law faculty at the Centre for Criminology at Oxford University England. Bostrom's law enforcement human resources research focuses on hiring for character, training for competence, and building community trust in police officers. From January 2011 to 2017 he served as the 21st Sheriff of Ramsey County, an urban county encompassing Saint Paul, and the state capital of Minnesota. Bostrom was elected Sheriff replacing four-term incumbent Bob Fletcher. Bostrom sought the Office of Sheriff based upon his
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Eric Bostrom


, Bostrom's best season was the 2001 season. Riding for Kawasaki, he finished a close 2nd to Mat Mladin in the AMA Superbike series and won the AMA Supersport Championship. Bostrom won the Progressive Insurance Harley-Davidson SuperTwins Championship in 1997, winning 10 of the 11 series races. Bostrom's AMA Superbike career began in 1998 when he replaced the injured Miguel Duhamel on the Erion Honda, winning his 2nd and 3rd races in the class. He was entered in several Superbike World Championship races as well. Bostrom also won
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Eric Bostrom


. Bostrom did not race motorcycles professionally during 2009. During 2010 Bostrom rode part-time in the AMA Daytona Sportbike and Superbike classes for Cycle World Attack Performance Yoshimura Suzuki. In July 2012, Bostrom raced for Team Icon Brammo at the TTXGP FIM e-Power race at Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca, riding the Brammo Empulse RR electric motorcycle. Bostrom has also raced in the Superbike World Championship, usually as a wildcard entry in the United States rounds at Laguna Seca. In he finished 10th and 7th, and in he finished
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Precautionary principle


medications are safe. Oxford based philosopher Nick Bostrom discusses the idea of a future powerful superintelligence, and the risks that we/it face should it attempt to gain atomic level control of matter. Application of the principle modifies the status of innovation and risk assessment: it is not the risk that must be avoided or amended, but a potential risk that must be prevented. Thus, in the case of regulation of scientific research, there is a third party beyond the scientist and the regulator: the consumer. In an analysis
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Doomsday argument


, then the possibility of your existing is higher than if only a few humans will ever exist. Since you do indeed exist, this is evidence that the number of humans that will ever exist is high. This objection, originally by Dennis Dieks (1992), is now known by Nick Bostrom's name for it: the "Self-Indication Assumption objection". It can be shown that some SIAs prevent any inference of "N" from "n" (the current population). The Bayesian argument by Carlton
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Instrumental convergence


, a rational intelligent agent would place a very *high instrumental value on cognitive enhancement*" Many instrumental goals, such as [...] technological advancement, are valuable to an agent because they increase its "freedom of action". Many instrumental goals, such as [...] self-preservation, are valuable to an agent because they increase its "freedom of action". The instrumental convergence thesis, as outlined by philosopher Nick Bostrom, states: Several instrumental values can be identified which are convergent in the sense that
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Population ethics


thinks of as the most pressing moral priorities. For instance, the total view in population ethics and related theories, lead to "longtermism", defined by the Global Priorities Institute at the University of Oxford as "the view that the primary determinant of the differences in value of the actions we take today is the effect of those actions on the very long-term future". On this basis, Oxford philosopher Nick Bostrom argues that the prevention of existential risks to humanity is an important global priority in order to preserve the
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Frank J. Tipler


laws of probability, and that it is really a theology or metaphysics principle made to sound plausible to laypeople by using the esoteric language of physics. Martin Gardner dubbed the Final Anthropic Principle, (FAP), the "completely ridiculous anthropic principle" (CRAP). Oxford-based philosopher Nick Bostrom writes that the final anthropic principle is "pure speculation" with no claim on any special methodological status, despite attempts to elevate it by calling it a "principle", but considers the Omega Point hypothesis to be an interesting
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Harvey Bostrom


Harvey Kenneth Bostrom (born February 11, 1946 in Saint Boniface, Manitoba) is a former politician in Manitoba, Canada. He was a New Democratic member of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba from 1973 to 1981. The son of Joseph Rubin Bostrom, he was educated at the University of Manitoba, and subsequently worked as a teacher and economist. In 1969, Bostrom married Sandra Louise McNabb. He was first elected to the Manitoba legislature in the provincial election of 1973, in the northern riding of Rupertsland. Despite his relative
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Singularitarianism


as a moral philosophy. Although the exact numbers are hard to quantify, Singularitarianism is a small movement, which includes transhumanist philosopher Nick Bostrom. Inventor and futurist Ray Kurzweil, who predicts that the , greatly contributed to popularizing Singularitarianism with his 2005 book "The Singularity Is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology". With the support of NASA, Google and a broad range of technology forecasters and technocapitalists, the Singularity University opened in June 2009 at the NASA Research Park in Silicon Valley with the goal of preparing the next generation of
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OpenAI


. If everyone has AI powers, then there's not any one person or a small set of individuals who can have AI superpower.” Musk and Altman's counter-intuitive strategy of trying to reduce the risk that AI will cause overall harm, by giving AI to everyone, is controversial among those who are concerned with existential risk from artificial intelligence. Philosopher Nick Bostrom is skeptical of Musk's approach: “If you have a button that could do bad things to the world, you don't want to give it
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Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies


The Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies (IEET) is a "technoprogressive think tank" that seeks to contribute to understanding of the likely impact of emerging technologies on individuals and societies by "promoting and publicizing the work of thinkers who examine the social implications of scientific and technological advance". It was incorporated in the United States in 2004, as a non-profit 501(c)(3) organization, by philosopher Nick Bostrom and bioethicist James Hughes. The institute aims to influence the development of public policies that distribute the benefits and reduce the
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Transhumanism


since grown into the worldwide transhumanist movement. Influenced by seminal works of science fiction, the transhumanist vision of a transformed future humanity has attracted many supporters and detractors from a wide range of perspectives, including philosophy and religion. According to Nick Bostrom, transcendentalist impulses have been expressed at least as far back as the quest for immortality in the Epic of Gilgamesh, as well as in historical quests for the Fountain of Youth, the Elixir of Life, and other efforts to stave off aging and death. In his first edition of
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Transhumanism


brainstorming new memeplexes by organizing a series of conferences and, more importantly, providing a mailing list, which exposed many to transhumanist views for the first time during the rise of cyberculture and the cyberdelic counterculture. In 1998, philosophers Nick Bostrom and David Pearce founded the World Transhumanist Association (WTA), an international non-governmental organization working toward the recognition of transhumanism as a legitimate subject of scientific inquiry and public policy. In 2002, the WTA modified and adopted "The Transhumanist Declaration." "The Transhumanist FAQ",
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Simulated reality


that physical systems can be simulated to some degree of accuracy. If computationalism is correct and if there is no problem in generating artificial consciousness or cognition, it would establish the theoretical possibility of a simulated reality. Nevertheless, the relationship between cognition and phenomenal qualia of consciousness is disputed. It is possible that consciousness requires a vital substrate that a computer cannot provide and that simulated people, while behaving appropriately, would be philosophical zombies. This would undermine Nick Bostrom's simulation argument; we cannot be a simulated consciousness,
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Doomsday argument


shadow of the bomb, this simple model gives a 95% chance of doomsday within 1000 years. The scientists' recent use of moving the clock forward to warn of the dangers posed by global warming muddles this reasoning, however. Nick Bostrom, considering observation selection effects, has produced a Self-Sampling Assumption (SSA): ""that you should think of yourself as if you were a random observer from a suitable reference class"". If the 'reference class' is the set of humans to ever be
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Doomsday argument


's "Copernicus method" DA (that he does not specify when the "Copernicus method" can be applied) it is not precisely analogous with the modern DA; epistemological refinements of Gott's argument by philosophers such as Nick Bostrom specify that: Careful DA variants specified with this rule aren't shown implausible by Caves' "Old Lady" example above, because, the woman's age is given prior to the estimate of her lifespan. Since human age gives an estimate of survival time (via actuarial tables) Caves'
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Human extinction


technological modifications to split into normal humans and a new species – posthumans. Such a species could be fundamentally different from any previous life form on Earth, e.g. by merging humans with technological systems. Such scenarios do harbor a risk of the extinction of the "old" human species by means of the new, posthuman entity. Because human extinction is unprecedented, speculation about the probability of different scenarios is highly subjective. Nick Bostrom argues that it would be "misguided" to assume that the probability of near-term extinction is
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Selection bias


may change the characteristics of these groups and outcomes irrespective of the studied intervention. Philosopher Nick Bostrom has argued that data are filtered not only by study design and measurement, but by the necessary precondition that there has to be someone doing a study. In situations where the existence of the observer or the study is correlated with the data, observation selection effects occur, and anthropic reasoning is required. An example is the past impact event record of Earth: if large impacts cause mass extinctions and ecological disruptions precluding the evolution of intelligent
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David Pearce (philosopher)


vegans and vegetarians in the transhumanism movement has been attributed in part to Pearce's influence. In 1998, Pearce co-founded the World Transhumanist Association, known from 2008 as Humanity+, with Nick Bostrom, now the director of the Future of Humanity Institute at the University of Oxford. Humanity+ is an international nonprofit membership organization that "advocates the ethical use of technology to expand human capacities." Pearce is a member of the board of advisors. Pearce is also a fellow of the Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies, and
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Superintelligence


A superintelligence is a hypothetical agent that possesses intelligence far surpassing that of the brightest and most gifted human minds. "Superintelligence" may also refer to a property of problem-solving systems (e.g., superintelligent language translators or engineering assistants) whether or not these high-level intellectual competencies are embodied in agents that act in the world. A superintelligence may or may not be created by an intelligence explosion and associated with a technological singularity. University of Oxford philosopher Nick Bostrom defines "superintelligence" as "any intellect that greatly exceeds
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Nick Bostrom


lead to different conclusions in a number of cases, and points out that each is affected by paradoxes or counterintuitive implications in certain thought experiments. He suggests that a way forward may involve extending SSA into the Strong Self-Sampling Assumption (SSSA), which replaces "observers" in the SSA definition with "observer-moments". In later work, he has described the phenomenon of "anthropic shadow", an observation selection effect that prevents observers from observing certain kinds of catastrophes in their recent geological and evolutionary past.
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Mary McDonnell


United Nations for a retrospective and discussion with Edward James Olmos (Admiral Adama). McDonnell took part in a special session entitled "Battlestar Galactica" at the 2009 World Science Festival. The session also included Michael Hogan, as well as scientists Nick Bostrom and Kevin Warwick. In 2011, she appeared in the role of Kate Roberts, the mother of Emma Roberts's character in "Scream 4". From 2009 to 2012, McDonnell had a recurring role in "The Closer" as Capt. Sharon Raydor, a police
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Self-Indication Assumption Doomsday argument rebuttal


The Bayesian inference mathematics are identical. The current name for this attack within the (very active) DA community is the "Self-Indication Assumption" (SIA), proposed by one of its opponents, the DA-advocate Nick Bostrom. His (2000) definition reads: A development of Dieks's original paper by Kopf, Krtous and Page (1994), showed that the SIA precisely cancels out the effect of the Doomsday Argument, and therefore, one's birth position ("n") gives no information
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Sleeping Beauty problem


| Monday) equal 1/2. Mikaël Cozic, in particular, argues that context-sensitive propositions like "it is Monday" are in general problematic for conditionalization and proposes the use of an imaging rule instead, which supports the double halfer position. Nick Bostrom argues that the thirder position is implied by the Self-Indication Assumption. Credence about what precedes awakenings is a core question in connection with the anthropic principle. This differs from the original in that there are one million and one wakings if tails comes up. It was
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DeepMind


and Society and focused on the ethical and societal questions raised by artificial intelligence featuring prominent philosopher Nick Bostrom as advisor. In October 2017, DeepMind launched a new research team to investigate AI ethics. DeepMind Technologies' goal is to "solve intelligence", which they are trying to achieve by combining "the best techniques from machine learning and systems neuroscience to build powerful general-purpose learning algorithms". They are trying to formalize intelligence in order to not only implement it into machines, but also understand the human brain, as
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Human nature


terms of natural properties (such as "desirable"). Reliance on 'the natural' as a justification for resisting enhancement is criticised on several grounds by transhumanists, against the bioconservative motivation to preserve or protect 'human nature'. For example, Nick Bostrom asserts "had Mother Nature been a real parent, she would have been in jail for child abuse and murder" thus not worthy of unqualified protection. Similarly, Arthur Caplan opposes naturalistic objections to life extension enhancements, by claiming that: "The explanation of why
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Anthropic Bias (book)


has more opportunities to experience herself existing, and it provides flexibility to refine reference classes in certain thought experiments in order to avoid paradoxical conclusions. The self-indication assumption (SIA) is a philosophical principle defined by Nick Bostrom in his book "". It states that: Note that "randomly selected" is weighted by the probability of the observers existing: under SIA you are still unlikely to be an unlikely observer, unless there are a lot of them. It is one of the two major schools of anthropic probability
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Anthropic Bias (book)


large, SIA will make it more likely, but this is compensated by the much reduced probability that the agent will be "that particular agent" in the larger reference class. Although this anthropic principle was originally designed as a rebuttal to the Doomsday argument (by Dennis Dieks in 1992) it has general applications in the philosophy of anthropic reasoning, and Ken Olum has suggested it is important to the analysis of quantum cosmology. Ken Olum has written in defense of the SIA. Nick Bostrom and Milan Cirkovic have critiqued this defense
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Ex Machina (film)


Ava is conscious". Daniel Dennett thought the film the best exploration yet of whether a computer could generate the morally relevant powers of a person, and thus having a similar theme to "Her". An AI commentator, Azeem, has noted that although the film seemed to be about a robot who wanted to be human, it was actually a pessimistic story along the lines of Nick Bostrom's warning of how difficult it will be to successfully control a strategizing artificial intelligence or know what it would do if free. "
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Global catastrophic risk


increasing susceptibility to non-infectious diseases, such as heart disease, stroke, and lung cancer. The report warned that the pollution crisis was exceeding "the envelope on the amount of pollution the Earth can carry" and “threatens the continuing survival of human societies”. Nick Bostrom suggested that in the pursuit of knowledge, humanity might inadvertently create a device that could destroy Earth and the Solar System. Investigations in nuclear and high-energy physics could create unusual conditions with catastrophic consequences. For example, scientists worried that the
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Daniel Dennett


relevant danger from AI is that people will misunderstand the nature of basically "parasitic" AI systems, rather than employing them constructively to challenge and develop the human user's powers of comprehension. As given in his most recent book, "From Bacteria to Bach and Back", Dennett's views stand in contradistinction to those of Nick Bostrom. Although acknowledging that it is "possible in principle" to create AI with human-like comprehension and agency, Dennett maintains that the difficulties of any such "strong AI" project would
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Ben Bostrom


AMA series, won a Laguna Seca Raceway World Superbike race (and finished second in another) as a wild card entry. Bostrom first raced full-time in the Superbike World Championship in 2000 on a factory Ducati. In 2001 he won an unexpected 6 races, including 5 in a row on a factory L&M Ducati, to finish third overall. Bostrom did not win a race in 2002, and scored weaker results as the season progressed. For 2003 Bostrom returned to the domestic series for American Honda on an RC51,
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Ben Bostrom


Championship at the end of 2006, leaving Bostrom to join the Yamaha/Graves Motorsports team in 2007 for a rebuilding year, riding in the AMA Superstock Championship, where he finished second in points, though unable to score a win. In 2008, Ben Bostrom switched from Superstock to Supersport and led the Graves Motorsports Yamaha team to an AMA championship in the 600cc class. At Virginia International Raceway that year, Bostrom finished 2nd and gave his trophy to Sam Koup (the Grandson of racer Larry Koup), and distributed his
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Ben Bostrom


champagne bottle and hats to others. Bostrom went on to win the 2008 Supersport Championship for under the Graves Motorsports banner. This was the last year of the AMA series before ownership transferred to the Daytona Motorsports Group, and the 600cc class was renamed AMA Daytona Sportbike. For 2009, Bostrom raced a 1000cc Yamaha YZF-R1 in the American Superbike class. He also moonlighted in select 600cc events, including the season opener, Daytona 200, in which he took 1st place. In addition to Superbike, Bostrom races Supermoto- a
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Arthur Bostrom


Arthur Bostrom (born 6 January 1955) is an English actor, most famous for his role as Officer Crabtree in the long-running BBC TV sitcom "'Allo 'Allo!". Bostrom was born in Rugby, Warwickshire and attended Lawrence Sheriff School, where he was a contemporary with Kevin Warwick. He graduated from St Chad's College, University of Durham. Besides his television career, he acted on the stage regularly, also being a trained life coach. He lived in Manchester for a long time. Bostrom
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Bostrom High School


Bostrom High School (also known as Bostrom Alternative Center, is an alternative high school that is part of the Phoenix Union High School District in Phoenix, Arizona. Bostrom High was established in 1976. The school is available for 10th, 11th, and 12th grade students who reside within the PUHSD, but some 9th grade students are also admitted, during the spring semester. Students are selected or admitted based on an application and interview process, and parents must attend a mandatory orientation. As of the 2016-2017 school year
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Eric Bostrom


Eric Bostrom (born November 19, 1976, in San Francisco, California) is an American professional motorcycle racer and brother of Ben Bostrom, who also races motorcycles professionally. He is currently racing in the AMA Superbike series for Attack Kawasaki, but he is better known for being a member of the Austin Ducati and Parts Unlmited Ducati teams in 2004 and 2005, and perhaps best known for riding for the factory Kawasaki team from 1999 to 2003. Bostrom raced for Erion Honda in 1998 and Zero Gravity Racing in 1997. Statistically
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Eric Bostrom


season. Bostrom's brother, Ben, took his spot on the Ducati team after Eric left for Yamaha after the 2005 season ended. By the end of the 2006 season, Ducati pulled out of all AMA competitions. Bostrom joined the factory Yamaha team before the 2006 season to ride in the AMA Supersport Championship and AMA Formula Xtreme Championship. His factory Yamaha teammate was Jason DiSalvo. For the 2007 and 2008 seasons, Bostrom rode for Yamaha, competing in AMA Superbike riding and developing the Yamaha YZF-R1 Superbike alongside DiSalvo
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Derrick Bostrom


Derrick Edwin Bostrom (born June 23, 1960) is an American musician. He is a founding member and current drummer of the band Meat Puppets. Bostrom remained a member until 1996 when the band effectively went on hiatus. Although Curt Kirkwood later revived the Meat Puppets, Bostrom has not performed with the band until August 17, 2017, when he reunited with the Kirkwood brothers for a ceremony, recording of Dusty Notes and the tour surrounding the album. He remained somewhat active as a musician during the band's hiatus and
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Eric Bostrom


the AMA Formula Xtreme Championship in 1998 riding for the Erion Honda team. Bostrom raced for Kawasaki from 1999 to 2003 riding the ZX-7R in the AMA Superbike Championship. He also rode the ZX-6R in the AMA Supersport Championship, winning the AMA Supersport championship in 2001. In 2001, Bostrom finished second in the AMA Superbike Championship to Mat Mladin. He also finished second in the AMA Superbike Championship in 2002, this time behind Nicky Hayden. During his career at Kawasaki, Bostrom was able to compete in several World Superbike events.
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Universal Paperclips


conversion of all matter in the universe into paperclips. According to Lantz, the game was inspired by the paperclip maximizer, a thought experiment by philosopher Nick Bostrom and popularized by the Less Wrong internet forum, which Lantz frequently visited. In the paperclip maximizer scenario, an artificial general intelligence designed to build paperclips becomes superintelligent, perhaps through recursive self-improvement. In the worst-case scenario, the AI becomes smarter than humans in the same way that humans are smarter than apes. The goal of making paperclips initially seems banal
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Transhumanism


physical perfection", which she sees as affecting both men and women, but in distinct ways, as "the logical (if extreme) manifestations of anxieties and fantasies fostered by our culture." Some critics question other social implications of the movement's focus on body modification. Political scientist Klaus-Gerd Giesen, in particular, has asserted that transhumanism's concentration on altering the human body represents the logical yet tragic consequence of atomized individualism and body commodification within a consumer culture. Nick Bostrom responds that the desire to regain youth
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Doomsday argument


the grouping of 'human' has been widely challenged on practical and philosophical grounds. Nick Bostrom has argued that consciousness is (part of) the discriminator between what is in and what is out of the reference class, and that extraterrestrial intelligences might affect the calculation dramatically. The following sub-sections relate to different suggested reference classes, each of which has had the standard Doomsday Argument applied to it. The Doomsday clock shows the expected time to nuclear doomsday by the judgment of an expert board, rather than a Bayesian model
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Designer baby


and unable to afford the technology feeling marginalised and without medical support. However, Professor Leach Scully also suggests that germline editing provides the option for parents “to try and secure what they think is the best start in life” and does not believe it should be ruled out. Similarly, Nick Bostrom, an Oxford philosopher known for his work on the risks of artificial intelligence, proposed that “super-enhanced” individuals could “change the world through their creativity and discoveries, and through innovations that everyone else would use”
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Institute for Media and Communication Policy


Geert Lovink. The IfM was elected one of the most important non-university institutes of media research within the framework of the programme “Germany thinks”, an initiative of the Goethe-Institut. Since 2012 the Institute annually organizes the Cologne Futures, until 2015 by the name Cologne Conference Futures. The conference discusses changes within the media-system - described as Media-evolution - and deals with Technology assessment in theory and practice. Richard Barbrook, Nick Bostrom, George Dyson, Kevin Kelly, Kathrin Passig and Tim Wu
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Eliezer Yudkowsky


Eliezer Shlomo Yudkowsky (born September 11, 1979) is an American AI researcher and writer best known for popularising the idea of friendly artificial intelligence. He is a co-founder and research fellow at the Machine Intelligence Research Institute (MIRI), a private research nonprofit based in Berkeley, California. His work on the prospect of a runaway intelligence explosion was an influence on Nick Bostrom's "". Yudkowsky has no formal secondary education, never having attended high school or college. Nevertheless he reported scoring a perfect 1600 on
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Nick Bostrom


high intelligence would entail a "nerdy" unaggressive personality, but notes that both John von Neumann and Bertrand Russell advocated a nuclear strike, or the threat of one, to prevent the Soviets acquiring the atomic bomb. Given that there are few precedents to guide an understanding what, pure, non-anthropocentric rationality, would dictate for a potential singleton AI being held in quarantine, the relatively unlimited means of superintelligence might make for its analysis moving along different lines to the evolved "diminishing returns" assessments that in humans confer a
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Nick Bostrom


solutions, making robust isolation of superintelligence problematic. A machine with general intelligence far below human level, but superior mathematical abilities is created. Keeping the AI in isolation from the outside world especially the Internet, humans pre-program the AI so it always works from basic principles that will keep it under human control. Other safety measures include the AI being "boxed", (run in a virtual reality simulation), and being used only as an 'oracle' to answer carefully defined questions in a limited reply (to
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Nick Bostrom


prevent it manipulating humans). A cascade of recursive self-improvement solutions feeds an intelligence explosion in which the AI attains superintelligence in some domains. The super intelligent power of the AI goes beyond human knowledge to discover flaws in the science that underlies its friendly-to-humanity programming, which ceases to work as intended. Purposeful agent-like behavior emerges along with a capacity for self-interested strategic deception. The AI manipulates human beings into implementing modifications to itself that are ostensibly for augmenting its, feigned, modest capabilities
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Nick Bostrom


de main with weapons several generations more advanced than current state-of-the-art. He suggests nanofactories covertly distributed at undetectable concentrations in every square metre of the globe to produce a worldwide flood of human-killing devices on command. Once a superintelligence has achieved world domination, humankind would be relevant only as resources for the achievement of the AI's objectives ("Human brains, if they contain information relevant to the AI’s goals, could be disassembled and scanned, and the extracted data transferred to some more efficient
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Nick Bostrom


and criticisms merely motivated by resistance to change? The reversal test attempts to do this by asking whether it would be a good thing if the trait was altered in the opposite direction. He has suggested that technology policy aimed at reducing existential risk should seek to influence the order in which various technological capabilities are attained, proposing the principle of differential technological development. This principle states that we ought to retard the development of dangerous technologies, particularly ones that raise the level of existential risk, and accelerate the development of beneficial technologies,
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Humanity+


. In 1998, the World Transhumanist Association (WTA) was founded as a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization by Nick Bostrom and David Pearce. It began working toward the recognition of transhumanism as a legitimate subject of scientific inquiry and public policy. At its inception, WTA officials considered that social forces could undermine their futurist visions and needed to be addressed. A particular concern is the equal access to human enhancement technologies across classes and borders. In 2006, William Saletan reported a political struggle within the transhumanist movement between the libertarian right and
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Symbolic Systems


mind, and interdisciplinary approaches to cognitive science. The program offers both bachelor's and master's degrees. The undergraduate major is split into concentrations such as artificial intelligence, human-computer interaction, decision making and rationality, and neuroscience. Student advisors and the student-led Symbolic Systems Society provide support and organize events for the major. The program annually hosts special lectures by "Distinguished Speakers", where past speakers include Daniel Dennett, Steven Pinker, Edward Snowden, Nick Bostrom, and Marvin Minsky. The program's alumni
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Existential risk from artificial general intelligence


able to independently choose targets to attack with weapons. They also noted that some computer viruses can evade elimination and have achieved "cockroach intelligence." They concluded that self-awareness as depicted in science fiction is probably unlikely, but that there were other potential hazards and pitfalls. The New York Times summarized the conference's view as 'we are a long way from Hal, the computer that took over the spaceship in ""' In 2014, the publication of Nick Bostrom's book "" stimulated a significant amount of
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Closer to Truth


with leading experts in the philosophy of cosmology and physics, consciousness, and the philosophy of religion. Robert Lawrence Kuhn is the creator, executive producer, writer and presenter of the series. Peter Getzels is the co-creator, producer and director. Many well known intellectuals have been featured on Closer to Truth. They include: Scott Aaronson, David Albert, Andreas Albrecht, Peter Atkins, Francisco Ayala, Julian Baggini, David Baltimore, Simon Blackburn, Susan Blackmore, Colin Blakemore, Nick Bostrom, Raphael Bousso, Rodney
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Machine ethics


to university researchers to study questions of machine ethics as applied to autonomous robots, and Nick Bostrom's "", which raised machine ethics as the "most important...issue humanity has ever faced," reached #17 on the New York Times list of best selling science books. In 2016 the European Parliament published a paper, (22-page PDF), to encourage the Commission to address the issue of robots' legal status, as described more briefly in the press. James H. Moor lists four kinds of robots in relation
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Machine ethics


robots are given some degree of autonomous functions. The US Navy has funded a report which indicates that as military robots become more complex, there should be greater attention to implications of their ability to make autonomous decisions. The President of the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence has commissioned a study to look at this issue. They point to programs like the Language Acquisition Device which can emulate human interaction. Nick Bostrom and Eliezer Yudkowsky have argued for decision trees (such as ID3) over neural networks and genetic algorithms on the
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Geoffrey Hinton


. Asked by Nick Bostrom why he continues research despite his grave concerns, Hinton stated, "I could give you the usual arguments. But the truth is that the prospect of discovery is too "sweet"." – a reference to a remark by J. Robert Oppenheimer when questioned about why he had proceeded with his research in the Manhattan Project. According to the same report, Hinton does not categorically rule out human beings controlling an artificial superintelligence, but warns that "there is not a good track record of less intelligent
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Martin Ford (author)


scientists and entrepreneurs working in the field of artificial intelligence, including Demis Hassabis, Geoffrey Hinton, Ray Kurzweil, Yann LeCun, Yoshua Bengio, Nick Bostrom, Fei-Fei Li, Rodney Brooks, Andrew Ng, Stuart J. Russell and many others. The conversations recorded in the book delve into the future of artificial intelligence, the path to human-level AI (or artificial general intelligence), and the risks associated with progress in AI. His first book, "The Lights in the Tunnel: Automation, Accelerating Technology
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Effective altruism


generations, far exceeds the value for people living today. In particular, the importance of addressing existential risks such as dangers associated with biotechnology and advanced artificial intelligence is often highlighted and the subject of active research. Because it is often infeasible to use empirical science (such as randomized control trials) to measure the probability of an existential risk, researchers such as Nick Bostrom have used other methods such as expert opinion elicitation to estimate their importance. Some organizations that work actively on research and advocacy for improving the long term future,
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Friendly artificial intelligence


. By 1942 these themes prompted Isaac Asimov to create the "Three Laws of Robotics" - principles hard-wired into all the robots in his fiction, intended to prevent them from turning on their creators, or allowing them to come to harm. In modern times as the prospect of superintelligent AI looms nearer, philosopher Nick Bostrom has said that superintelligent AI systems with goals that are not aligned with human ethics are intrinsically dangerous unless extreme measures are taken to ensure the safety of humanity. He put it this way: Basically
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Reversal test


The reversal test is a heuristic designed to spot and eliminate the status quo bias. The reversal test was introduced in the context of the bioethics of human enhancement by Nick Bostrom and Toby Ord. Given that humans might suffer from irrational status quo bias, how can one distinguish between valid criticisms of proposed increase in some human trait and criticisms merely motivated by resistance to change? The reversal test attempts to do this by asking whether it would be a good thing if the trait was "decreased": An example given is that
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The Master Algorithm


is suggested that each different tribe has the potential to contribute to a unifying "master algorithm". Towards the end of the book the author pictures a "master algorithm" in the near future, where machine learning algorithms asymptotically grow to a perfect understanding of how the world and people in it work. Although the algorithm doesn't yet exist, he briefly reviews his own invention of the Markov logic network. In 2016 Bill Gates recommended the book, alongside Nick Bostrom's "Superintelligence", as one of two books everyone
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Future of Life Institute


Musk, and Nick Bostrom). The institute released a set of principles for responsible AI development that came out of the discussion at the conference, signed by Yoshua Bengio, Yann LeCun, and many other AI researchers. On January 4-7, 2019, FLI organized the Beneficial AGI conference in Puerto Rico. This meeting focused on long-term questions on ensuring that Artificial General Intelligence is beneficial to humanity.. On January 15, 2015, the Future of Life Institute announced that Elon Musk had donated $10 million to
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Sleeping Beauty problem


one of the thirder's premises, since it means P(Tails | Monday) = 1/3 and P(Heads | Monday) = 2/3. Nick Bostrom argues that Sleeping Beauty does have new evidence about her future from Sunday: "that she "is" now in it," but does not know whether it is Monday or Tuesday, so the halfer argument fails. In particular, she gains the information that it is not both Tuesday and the case that Heads was flipped. The double halfer position argues that both P(Heads) and P(Heads
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