Robert Delaunay [SEP] spouse
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Robert Delaunay


Robert Delaunay (12 April 1885 – 25 October 1941) was a French artist who, with his wife Sonia Delaunay and others, co-founded the Orphism art movement, noted for its use of strong colours and geometric shapes. His later works were more abstract. His key influence related to bold use of colour and a clear love of experimentation with both depth and tone. Robert Delaunay was born in Paris, the son of George Delaunay and Countess Berthe Félicie de Rose. While he was a child, Delaunay's parents
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Robert Delaunay


was declared unfit for military duty at the French consulate in Vigo on June 13, 1916. The Russian Revolution brought an end to the financial support Sonia received from her family in Russia, and a different source of income was needed. In 1917 the Delaunays met Sergei Diaghilev in Madrid. Robert designed the stage for his production of "Cleopatra" (costume design by Sonia Delaunay). Robert Delaunay illustrates "Tour Eiffel" for Vicente Huidobro. Paul Poiret refused a business partnership with Sonia in 1920, citing as one of
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Sonia Delaunay


Sonia's aunt in St. Petersburg.Sonia Delaunay/Jacques Damase: p. 31/ref Sonia said about Robert: "In Robert Delaunay I found a poet. A poet who wrote not with words but with colours". In 1911, Sonia Delaunay made a patchwork quilt for Charles's crib, which is now in the collection of the Musée National d'Art Moderne in Paris. This quilt was created spontaneously and uses geometry and colour. "About 1911 I had the idea of making for my son, who had just been
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Robert Delaunay


Blanc Reiter exhibition in Munich and sold four works. Delaunay’s paintings encouraged an enthusiastic response with Blaue Reiter. The Blaue Reiter connections led to Erwin Ritter von Busse’s article "Robert Delaunay’s Methods of Compositions" which appeared in the 1912 "Blaue Reiter Almanac". Delaunay would go to exhibit in February of that year, in the second Blaue Reiter exhibition in Munich and Valet de Carrean in Moscow. "This happened in 1912. Cubism was in full force. I made paintings that seemed like prisms compared to the
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Robert Delaunay


the reasons her marriage to a deserter. The Der Sturm gallery in Berlin showed works by Sonia and Robert from their Portuguese period the same year. After the war, in 1921, they returned to Paris. Delaunay continued to work in both figurative and abstract themes, with a brief stint into Surrealism. Delaunay met André Breton and Tristan Tzara, who introduced him to both Dadaists and Surrealists. During the 1937 World Fair in Paris, Delaunay participated in the design of the railway and air travel pavilions. When World War II
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Eiffel Tower (Delaunay series)


The Eiffel Tower series of Robert Delaunay (1885 – 1941) is a cycle of paintings and drawings of the Eiffel Tower. Its main sequence was created between 1909 and 1912, with additional works added up to 1928. The series is considered the most prominent art depicting the iconic Paris tower as well as the most prominent work of Delaunay. The series was painted in an emerging Orphist style, an art movement co-founded by Robert and Sonia Delaunay and František Kupka that added bright colors and increased abstraction to Cubism. The
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Robert Delaunay


erupted, the Delaunays moved to the Auvergne, in an effort to avoid the invading German forces. Suffering from cancer, Delaunay was unable to endure being moved around, and his health deteriorated. He died from cancer on 25 October 1941 in Montpellier at the age of 56. His body was reburied in 1952 in Gambais. Robert Delaunay's works can be found in museums and loaned from private collections around the world: The Musée National d'Art Moderne in Paris, the Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris, the Neue
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Sonia Delaunay


marriage to Sonia. Comtesse de Rose, mother of Robert Delaunay, was a regular visitor to Uhde's gallery, sometimes accompanied by her son. Sonia met Robert Delaunay in early 1909. They became lovers in April of that year and it was decided that she and Uhde should divorce. The divorce was finalised in August 1910. Sonia was pregnant and she and Robert married on November 15, 1910. Their son Charles was born on January 18, 1911.Baron/Damase: p. 20 They were supported by an allowance sent from
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Charles Delaunay


Charles Delaunay (18 January 1911 – 16 February 1988) was a French author, jazz expert, co-founder and long-term leader of the Hot Club de France. Born in Vineuil-Saint-Firmin, Oise, the son of painters Robert Delaunay and Sonia Delaunay, Charles Delaunay was one of the founders of the Hot Club de France. Together with Hugues Panassié he initiated the Quintette du Hot Club de France with Django Reinhardt and Stephane Grappelli. He also organised concerts, for example with Benny Carter. In
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Orphism (art)


time Apollinaire used the term Orphism in his critical analyses of art; as he turned his attention increasingly towards Picabia and Alexander Archipenko, but most of all towards the Futurists. Sonia Terk Delaunay and Robert Delaunay, a husband and wife duo, were to become the main protagonists of the Orphic movement, Robert Delaunay also studied different styles of painting, such as Abstract Art. In their earlier works, their styles focused on Fauvist colors with various degrees of abstraction; particularly evident in Sonia's "Finnish Girl" (1907)
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Robert Seppings


Sir Robert Seppings, FRS (11 December 176725 April 1840) was an English naval architect. Seppings was born to Robert and Lydia Seppings at Fakenham, Norfolk, on 11 December 1767 and baptised three days later. In 1782 he was apprenticed in HMNB Devonport, Plymouth. In 1800, when he had risen to be master shipwright assistant in the yard, he invented a device which greatly reduced the time required to repair the lower portions of ships in dry dock when compared with the laborious process of lifting then in vogue.
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Orphism (art)


single category. Artists intermittently referred to as Orphists by Apollinaire, such as Léger, Picabia, Duchamp and Picasso, independently created new categories that could hardly be classified as Orphic. The term Orphism most obviously embraced paintings by František Kupka, Robert Delaunay and Sonia Delaunay, if limited to implications imposed by color, light, and the expression of non-representational compositions. Even Robert Delaunay thought this description misrepresented his intentions, though his temporary classification as Orphic had proved successful. The American painters Patrick Henry Bruce and Arthur Burdett Frost
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Sonia Delaunay


December 5, 1979, in Paris, aged 94. She was buried in Gambais, next to Robert Delaunay's grave. Her son, Charles Delaunay, became an expert in jazz music during the 1930s. He was a jazz critic, organizer of jazz concerts and a founder of the Hot Club of France (the first jazz club in France) and the first editor of "Jazz Hot Magazine", the club's official publication. Delaunay's painting "Coccinelle" was featured on a stamp jointly released by the French
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Robert Delaunay


period was somewhat longer than that of his close friend Delaunay... The height of his Neo-Impressionist work was in 1906 and 1907, when he and Delaunay did portraits of each other (Art market, London, and Museum of Fine Arts, Houston) in prominent rectangles of pigment. (In the sky of "Coucher de soleil no. 1", 1906–07, Collection Rijksmuseum Kröller-Müller, is the solar disk which Delaunay was later to make into a personal emblem)." Herbert describes the vibrating image of
18529359
Fauvism


to 15 November. Metzinger exhibited his Fauvist/Divisionist "Portrait of M. Robert Delaunay" (no. 1191) and Robert Delaunay exhibited his painting "L'homme à la tulipe (Portrait of M. Jean Metzinger)" (no. 420 of the catalogue). Matisse exhibited his "Liseuse", two still lifes ("Tapis rouge" and "à la statuette"), flowers and a landscape (no. 1171-1175). Robert Antoine Pinchon showed his "Prairies inondées (Saint-Étienne-du-
20096876
Salon d'Automne


new generation. The exhibition of 1906 was held from 6 October to 15 November. Jean Metzinger exhibited his Fauvist/Divisionist "Portrait of M. Robert Delaunay" (no. 1191) and Robert Delaunay exhibited his painting "L'homme à la tulipe (Portrait of M. Jean Metzinger)" (no. 420 of the catalogue). Matisse exhibited his "Liseuse", two still lifes ("Tapis rouge" and "à la statuette"), flowers and a landscape (no. 1171-1175) Robert Antoine Pinchon
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Robert Delaunay


he instructed Samuel Halpert to remove all his works from the show. At the outbreak of the First World War in 1914 Sonia and Robert were staying in Fontarabie in Spain. They decided not to return to France and settled in Madrid. In August 1915 they moved to Portugal where they shared a home with Samuel Halpert and Eduardo Viana. With Viana and their friends Amadeo de Souza Cardoso (whom the Delaunays had already met in Paris) and José de Almada Negreiros they discussed an artistic partnership. First declared a deserter, Robert
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Sonia Delaunay


she wanted to expand her business and include some of his designs. Poiret declined, claiming she had copied designs from his "Ateliers de Martine" and was married to a French deserter (Robert). Galerie der Sturm in Berlin showed works by Sonia and Robert from their Portuguese period the same year. Sonia, Robert and their son Charles returned to Paris permanently in 1921 and moved into Boulevard Malesherbes 19. The Delaunays' most acute financial problems were solved when they sold Henri Rousseau's "La Charmeuse de serpents" (
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Sonia Delaunay


in Madrid. Sonia designed costumes for his production of "Cleopatra" (stage design by Robert Delaunay) and for the performance of Aida in Barcelona. In Madrid she decorated the "Petit Casino" (a nightclub) and founded "Casa Sonia", selling her designs for interior decoration and fashion, with a branch in Bilbao. She was the center of a Madrid Salon. Sonia Delaunay travelled to Paris twice in 1920 looking for opportunities in the fashion business, and in August she wrote a letter to Paul Poiret stating
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Robert Delaunay


began to paint a series of studies of the city of Paris and the Eiffel Tower, the "Eiffel Tower" series. The following year, he married Terk, and the couple settled in a studio apartment in Paris, where their son Charles was born in January 1911. The same year, at the invitation of Wassily Kandinsky, Delaunay joined The Blue Rider (Der Blaue Reiter), a Munich-based group of artists. Delaunay was also successful in Germany, Switzerland, and Russia. He participated in the first
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Robert Delaunay


, and Lyonel Feininger. Apollinaire was strongly influenced by Delaunay’s theories of color and often quoted from them to explain Orphism. Delaunay’s fixations with color as the expressive and structural means were sustained by his study of color. His writings on color, which were influenced by scientists and theoreticians, are intuitive and can sometimes be random statements based on the belief that color is a thing in itself, with its own powers of expression and form. He believes painting is a purely visual art that depends on intellectual elements, and
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August Macke


and the mystical and symbolic interests of Der Blaue Reiter. Macke's meeting with Robert Delaunay in Paris in 1912 was to be a sort of revelation for him. Delaunay's chromatic Cubism, which Apollinaire had called Orphism, influenced Macke's art from that point onwards. His "Shops Windows" can be considered a personal interpretation of Delaunay's "Windows," combined with the simultaneity of images found in Italian Futurism. The exotic atmosphere of Tunisia, where Macke traveled in April 1914 with Paul Klee and Louis Moilliet was fundamental
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Sonia Delaunay


Sonia Delaunay (November 14, 1885 – December 5, 1979) was a Ukrainian-born French artist, who spent most of her working life in Paris and, with her husband Robert Delaunay and others, cofounded the Orphism art movement, noted for its use of strong colors and geometric shapes. Her work extends to painting, textile design and stage set design. She was the first living female artist to have a retrospective exhibition at the Louvre in 1964, and in 1975 was named an officer of the French Legion of
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Robert Delaunay


the sun in Metzinger's painting, and so too of Delaunay's "Paysage au disque" (1906–07), as "an homage to the decomposition of spectral light that lay at the heart of Neo-Impressionist color theory..." Metzinger, followed closely by Delaunay—the two often painting together in 1906 and 1907—would develop a new sub-style of Neo-Impressionism that had great significance shortly thereafter within the context of their Cubist works. Piet Mondrian developed a similar mosaic-like Divisionist technique circa 1909. The Futurists
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Robert Delaunay


his Cubist Eiffel Tower painting from 1909–1911. Art Critic Guillaume Apollinaire praised those works of the exhibition and proclaimed Delaunay as "an artist who has a monumental vision of the world." In the March 23, 1912, issue of "L'Assiette au Beurre", The first published suggestion that Delaunay had broken with this group of Cubists appeared, in James Burkley's review of that year's Salon des Indépendants. Burkley wrote, "The Cubists, who occupy only a room, have multiplied. Their leaders, Picasso and Braque
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Robert Delaunay


, have not participated in their grouping, and Delaunay, commonly labeled a Cubist, has wished to isolate himself and declare that he has nothing in common with Metzinger or Le Fauconnier." With Apollinaire, Delaunay traveled to Berlin in January 1913 for an exhibition of his work at Galerie Der Sturm. On their way back to Paris, the two stayed with August Macke in Bonn, where Macke introduced them to Max Ernst. When his painting "La ville de Paris" was rejected by the Armory Show as being too big
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Salon des Réalités Nouvelles


The Salon des Réalités Nouvelles is an association of artists and an art exhibition in Paris, focusing on abstract art. A first exhibition with the name was held in 1939 in Galerie Charpentier, organised by Robert Delaunay, Sonia Delaunay, Nelly van Doesburg and Fredo Sidès. In 1946 the Salon was officially established as a successor to Abstraction-Création by Fredo Sidès, and its first board included Jean Arp, Sonia Delaunay and Albert Gleizes as members. Sidès was chairman until his death in 1953. Over the years the exhibition has
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Robert Delaunay


; and, in 1906, he contributed works he painted in Brittany to the 22nd Salon des Indépendants, where he met Henri Rousseau. Delaunay formed a close friendship at this time with Jean Metzinger, with whom he shared an exhibition at a gallery run by Berthe Weill early in 1907. The two of them were singled out by the art critic Louis Vauxcelles in 1907 as Divisionists who used large, mosaic-like 'cubes' to construct small but highly symbolic compositions. Robert Herbert writes: "Metzinger's Neo-Impressionist
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Sonia Delaunay


period, she also designed haute couture textiles for Robert Perrier, while participating actively in his artistic salon, R-26. The Great Depression caused a decline in business. After closing her business, Sonia Delaunay returned to painting, but she still designed for Jacques Heim, Metz & Co, Perrier and private clients. She said "the depression liberated her from business". 1935 the Delaunays moved to rue Saint-Simon 16. By the end of 1934 Sonia was working on designs for the 1937 Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques
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20th-century Western painting


Other major pioneers of early abstraction include Swedish painter Hilma af Klint, Russian painter Kazimir Malevich, and Swiss painter Paul Klee. Robert Delaunay was a French artist who is associated with Orphism, (reminiscent of a link between pure abstraction and cubism). His later works were more abstract, reminiscent of Paul Klee. His key contributions to abstract painting refer to his bold use of color, and a clear love of experimentation of both depth and tone. At the invitation of Kandinsky, Delaunay and his wife the artist Sonia Delaunay
16399156
Eric Robertson (literary critic)


including Sonia Delaunay, Robert Delaunay, Robert Doisneau, Abel Gance, Fernand Léger and Léopold Survage. Further ongoing projects include a study of avant-garde art and virtual technologies. "Arp: Painter, Poet, Sculptor", published by Yale University Press, considers the close connections between the writing, painting and sculpture of Hans Jean Arp and reassesses his contribution to major artistic movements of the 20th century. This book was awarded the 2007 R.H. Gapper Book Prize. The award, made annually by the Society for French Studies
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Samuel Halpert


the artists Patrick Henry Bruce, Sonia Delaunay and Robert Delaunay, Abel Warshawsky, Thomas Hart Benton, Fernand Léger and Jean Metzinger. In 1912 Halpert returned to New York. He and Man Ray studied under Robert Henri at the Ferrer Center and in 1913 Halpert left to set up an artist's community in Ridgefield, New Jersey. Other frequenters of the colony were the writer Alfred Kreymborg and the sculptor Adolf Wolff. The next year his first one-man show was held at the Daniel Gallery. In 1915 Halpert returned to
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Wednesday Theatre


1967)br 26. Untitled documentary on Australian ballet with Robert Helpmann (aired 16 Aug. 1967)br 27. "Illyria" / "Elektra"* [double bill: two ballets] (aired 23 Aug. 1967)br 28. "A Ride on the Big Dipper"* (aired 30 Aug. 1967)br [Note: no episode aired on 6 Sep. 1967]br [29. Episode not traced] (aired 13 Sep. 1967)br [30. Episode not traced] (aired 20 Sep. 1967)br [31. Episode not traced] (aired 27 Sep. 1967)br
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Robert Seppings


the whole of the keel, the vessel remaining suspended by the shores. Soon, his creation became commonly known as "Seppings Blocks." For this invention Seppings received £1000 from the Admiralty, and in 1804 was promoted to be a master shipwright at Chatham. At Chatham, in spite of the repugnance to innovation displayed by the naval authorities of that period, he was able to introduce important innovations in the methods of ship-construction. Quoted as saying "partial strength produces general weakness", he significantly improved the
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Sonia Delaunay


with her use of squares in her binding of Cendrars' poem that they became an enduring feature in his own work. The Delaunays travelled to Spain in 1914, staying with friends in Madrid. At the outbreak of the First World War in 1914 Sonia and Robert were staying in Fontarabie, with their son still in Madrid. They decided not to return to France. In August 1915 they moved to Portugal where they shared a home with Samuel Halpert and Eduardo Viana. With Viana and their friends Amadeo de Souza-Cardoso,
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Daniel Robbins (art historian)


with time, for the sense of time—involving memory, tradition, and accumulated cultural thought—created the reality of the world. (Robbins, 1964) Robbins argued that such iconography partially explained why there was no period in the work of Gleizes, Robert Delaunay, Fernand Léger or Henri Le Fauconnier closely corresponding to the analytic cubism of Picasso or Braque. It explained too, as Cottington points out, the move by Gleizes and Delaunay into abstraction, "and their sympathy with the theoretical motions of artists such as Kandinsky
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Jean Metzinger


of analytical Cubism. Louis Vauxcelles, in his review of the 26th Salon des Indépendants (1910), made a passing and imprecise reference to Metzinger, Gleizes, Delaunay, Léger and Le Fauconnier, as "ignorant geometers, reducing the human body, the site, to pallid cubes." In 1910 a group began to form which included Metzinger, Gleizes, Fernand Léger and Robert Delaunay, a longstanding friend and associate of Metzinger. They met regularly at Henri le Fauconnier's studio on rue Notre-Dame-des-
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Henri Rousseau


works by younger leading avant-garde artists such as Henri Matisse, in what is now seen as the first showing of The Fauves. Rousseau's painting may even have influenced the naming of the Fauves. In 1907, he was commissioned by artist Robert Delaunay's mother, Berthe, Comtesse de Delaunay, to paint "The Snake Charmer". When Pablo Picasso happened upon a painting by Rousseau being sold on the street as a canvas to be painted over, the younger artist instantly recognised Rousseau's genius and went to meet
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The Snake Charmer (Rousseau)


The Snake Charmer (French: "La Charmeuse de Serpents") is a 1907 oil painting by French Naïve artist Henri Rousseau (1844–1910). It is a depiction of a woman with glowing eyes playing a flute in the moonlight by the edge of a dark jungle with a snake extending toward her from a nearby tree. "The Snake Charmer" was commissioned by Berthe, Comtesse de Delaunay, the mother of artist Robert Delaunay. It was Rousseau's first large commission and was exhibited in the 1907 Autumn Salon. Because
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Cubism


resulted from Salon showings at the Indépendants during the spring of 1911. This showing by Metzinger, Gleizes, Delaunay, le Fauconnier and Léger brought Cubism to the attention of the general public for the first time. Amongst the Cubist works presented, Robert Delaunay exhibited his "Eiffel Tower, Tour Eiffel" (Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York). At the Salon d'Automne of the same year, in addition to the Indépendants group of "Salle 41", were exhibited works by André Lhote, Marcel Duchamp, Jacques Villon
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Robert Delaunay


the fragmentation of solid objects and their merging with space. Influences in this series were Cézanne, Analytical Cubism, and Futurism. In the "Eiffel Tower" the interpenetration of tangible objects and surrounding space is accompanied by the intense movement of geometric planes that are more dynamic than the static equilibrium of Cubist forms. In 1908, after a term in the military working as a regimental librarian, he met Sonia Terk; at the time she was married to a German art dealer whom she would soon divorce. In 1909, Delaunay
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Orphism (art)


Orphism or Orphic Cubism, a term coined by the French poet Guillaume Apollinaire in 1912, was an offshoot of Cubism that focused on pure abstraction and bright colors, influenced by Fauvism, the theoretical writings of Paul Signac, Charles Henry and the dye chemist Eugène Chevreul. This movement, perceived as key in the transition from Cubism to Abstract art, was pioneered by František Kupka, Robert Delaunay and Sonia Delaunay, who relaunched the use of color during the monochromatic phase of Cubism. The meaning of the term Orphism was elusive when
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Louis Vauxcelles


what pictorial abstraction. This new religion hardly appeals to me. I don't believe in this Renaissance... M. Matisse, fauve-in-chief; M. Derain, fauve deputy; MM. Othon Friesz and Dufy, fauves in attendance... and M. Delaunay (a fourteen-year-old-pupil of M. Metzinger...), infantile fauvelet. (Vauxcelles, Gil Blas, 20 March 1907). In 1906 Jean Metzinger formed a close friendship with Robert Delaunay, with whom he would share an exhibition at Berthe Weill
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Sophie Taeuber-Arp


dots in fine art with works such as "Dynamic Circles", 1934, in the footsteps of Kazimir Malevich and his Black Circle (1915). Later in the decade she founded a Constructivist review, "Plastique" (Plastic) in Paris. Her circle of friends included the artists Sonia Delaunay, Robert Delaunay, Wassily Kandinsky, Joan Miró, and Marcel Duchamp. She was also a member of Allianz, a union of Swiss painters, from 1937 to 1943. In 1940, Taeuber-Arp and Arp fled Paris
842569
Jeeves and Wooster in Perfect Nonsense


, "Perfect Nonsense" opened at The National Centre For Performing Arts in Mumbai with Robert Goodale as Seppings, Joseph Chance as Jeeves, and Matthew Carter as Wooster. In June 2016, it was announced that "Perfect Nonsense" would embark on an international tour with Robert Goodale as Seppings, Joseph Chance as Jeeves and Matthew Carter as Wooster. The tour began at Sydney Opera House, Followed by, Adelaide, Wellington, Hong Kong, Singapore, Chennai and Bangalore, finishing in November 2016. On 21 March 2019,
21869337
Caoutchouc (Picabia)


a still life painting. Two other still lives from the period indeed represent fruits in a bowl, one of which was claimed by Picabia's wife, Gabrièle Buffet-Picabia, to be closely related to "Caoutchouc" compositionally. The historian W. Scott Haine wrote that "Caoutchouc" was "the first clear artistic expression of abstractionism" that would subsequently be expounded upon by Robert Delaunay, Sonia Delaunay, František Kupka and Auguste Herbin. From 1909 to 1913 several experimental works in the search for purely non-representational art had
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Amadeo de Souza Cardoso


de Falguière. There, he went to ateliers in the Académie des Beaux-Arts and the Viti Academy of the Catalan painter Anglada Camarasa. In 1910 he stayed for some months in Brussels and, in 1911, his works were displayed in the Salon des Indépendants. He became close friends with artists and writers such as Gertrude Stein, Juan Gris, Amedeo Modigliani, Alexander Archipenko, Max Jacob, the couple Robert Delaunay and Sonia Delaunay, and Constantin Brâncuși, as well as the German artist Otto Freundlich. He was also
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Sonia Delaunay


Delaunay died of cancer in October 1941. After the second world war, Sonia was a board member of the Salon des Réalités Nouvelles for several years. Sonia and her son Charles in 1964 donated 114 works by Sonia and Robert to the Musée National d'Art Moderne. Alberto Magnelli told her "she and Braque were the only living painters to have been shown at the Louvre". In 1966 she published "Rythmes-Couleurs" (colour-rhythms), with 11 of her gouaches reproduced as pochoirs and texts by Jacques Damase
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Albert Gleizes


paint murals for the Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne at the Paris World’s Fair. He collaborated with Delaunay in the "Pavillon de l'Air" and with Léopold Survage and Fernand Léger for the "Pavillon de l'Union des Artistes Modernes". At the end of 1938, Gleizes volunteered to participate in the free seminars and discussion groups for young painters set up by Robert Delaunay at his Paris studio. Then Gleizes, in collaboration with Jacques Villon, conceived the idea of executing a mural for the auditorium of
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History of painting


of the composers of music. Kandinsky included many of his theories about abstract art in his book "Concerning the Spiritual in Art." Robert Delaunay was a French artist who is associated with Orphism, (reminiscent of a link between pure abstraction and cubism). His later works were more abstract, reminiscent of Paul Klee. His key contributions to abstract painting refer to his bold use of color, and a clear love of experimentation of both depth and tone. At the invitation of Wassily Kandinsky, Delaunay and his wife the
14250246
Gabriel graph


after K. Ruben Gabriel, who introduced them in a paper with Robert R. Sokal in 1969. A finite site percolation threshold for Gabriel graphs has been proven to exist by , and more precise values of both site and bond thresholds have been given by . The Gabriel graph is a subgraph of the Delaunay triangulation. It can be found in linear time if the Delaunay triangulation is given . The Gabriel graph contains, as subgraphs, the Euclidean minimum spanning tree, the relative neighborhood graph, and the nearest neighbor graph. It is
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Francis Picabia


, drugs and alcohol became a problem and his health declined. He suffered from dropsy and tachycardia. These years can be characterized as Picabia's proto-Dada period, consisting mainly of his "portraits mécaniques". Later, in 1916, while in Barcelona and within a small circle of refugee artists that included Albert Gleizes and his wife Juliette Roche, Marie Laurencin, Olga Sacharoff, Robert Delaunay and Sonia Delaunay, he started his Dada periodical "391" (published by Galeries Dalmau), modeled on Stieglitz's own periodical
14801037
La prose du Transsibérien et de la Petite Jehanne de France


is also unusual for 'defying the codex form' and for placing the images on an equal footing to the text; they run parallel and complementary to the text, rather than as illustrative or decorative additions. It was through Guillaume Apollinaire, a mutual friend, that Cendrars was to meet Sonia and her husband Robert Delaunay, members of the Parisian avant-garde, leading exponents of cubism, and inventors of the term "Simultaneity". The Delaunays had coined the word from their study of Chevreul's laws of simultaneous contrast
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Les Joueurs de football


Track (Au Vélodrome)" (1911–12) Peggy Guggenheim Collection; Umberto Boccioni, "Dynamism of a Cyclist" (1913), Peggy Guggenheim Collection and "Dynamism of a Soccer Player" (1913) Museum of Modern Art. Robert Delaunay worked on a series of rugby football scenes from 1912 to 1913, and again in 1924. André Lhote, later, painted the subject several times, between 1917 and 1937. In both the Gleizes painting and those of Delaunay, the identification with soccer has commonly been made,
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Robert Delaunay


" series (1913); the "Circular Forms" series (1913); and "The First Disk" (1913). Delaunay is most closely identified with Orphism. From 1912 to 1914, he painted nonfigurative paintings based on the optical characteristics of brilliant colors that were so dynamic they would function as the form. His theories are mostly concerned with color and light and influenced many, including Stanton Macdonald-Wright, Morgan Russell, Patrick Henry Bruce, Der Blaue Reiter, August Macke, Franz Marc, Paul Klee
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Ricciotto Canudo


included photographs of works by Joseph Csaky, Robert Delaunay, Marc Chagall, Alice Bailly, Jacques Villon, Sonia Delaunay, André Lhote, Roger de La Fresnaye, Moise Kisling, Ossip Zadkine, Lucien Laforge and Valentine de Saint-Point. Publication of the magazine stopped in June 1914, on the eve of the First World War. In 1920, he established an avant-garde magazine "Le Gazette de sept arts", and a film club, CASA (Club des amis du septième art), in 1921.
19705374
Anatole Jakovsky


Joaquín Torres García. Soon Anatole Jakovsky became an art critic focusing on the abstract painters and in particular the Abstraction "movement - Creation " of Auguste Herbin of whom he wrote the first monograph. His first papers are devoted to Calder, Arp, Delaunay, Hélion, Mondrian, Nicholson, Pevsner, Seligmann, Villon, Vulliamy, Braque, Picasso, Zadkine… All of whom become friends. He also maintained a very close relationship with Robert Delaunay. Together, in 1939, they created "The Keys of the Paving Stones
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Head (Csaky)


1 to 30 March 1914, composed of many Orphist works of large dimension and took place in one of the largest rooms on the ground floor of the at the Grand Palais des Champs-Elysées: Robert Delaunay, Sonia Delaunay, Patrick Henry Bruce and Arthur Burdett Frost were largely represented. Csaky exhibited "Tête d'homme" (plaster, n. 814 or 815 of the catalog), along with another bust and "Danseuse" (1912), executed in a highly Cubist facture. Several years later, Marcel Duchamp, speaking
3738509
Germaine Krull


that Krull could hold a Dutch passport and could have a "veneer of married respectability without sacrificing her autonomy." In Paris between 1926 and 1928, Krull became friends with Sonia Delaunay, Robert Delaunay, Eli Lotar, André Malraux, Colette, Jean Cocteau, André Gide and others; her commercial work consisted of fashion photography, nudes, and portraits. During this period she published the portfolio "Métal" (1928) which concerned "the essentially masculine subject of the industrial landscape." Krull shot the portfolio's 64
3744778
Alfred Manessier


go to Paris on condition that he studied architecture, which was a safer occupation than that of painter. It was not until his father, then a wholesale wine merchant in Amiens, suddenly died that he was able to change over" to his preferred art studies. He had enrolled in architecture in 1929, switched to art with Roger Bissiere at Academie Ranson in 1935 just prior to the father's death in 1936. In 1937 at the Paris International Exposition, the French government appointed Sonia Delaunay and Robert Delaunay to represent avant
9867164
John Dunn Gardner


that name and style was then passed). His death is recorded, 7 September 1903. This Cecil Dunn-Gardner was the father of two sons, Robert Cecil,born 18 Sep. 1868, Francis Cyril, bapt. 2 Aug. 1872 (both unmarried)and four daughters - (Lucy) Cecilia or Cissie, Maude, Violet, and Flora: 6.1. Robert Cecil Dunn-Gardner (b. 18 Sep 1868) unmarried 6.2. Francis Cyril Dunn-Gardner (bapt. 2 August 1872) 6.3. (Lucy) Cecilia
21694678
Jeeves and Wooster in Perfect Nonsense


Salford, Cheltenham, Southampton, Glasgow and Bath, where it would finish in December. The third West End cast would tour the production with John Gordon Sinclair as Jeeves, James Lance as Wooster, and "Perfect Nonsense" co-writer Robert Goodale as Seppings. The tour would continue in February, with Jason Thorpe taking over as Jeeves and Robert Webb returning to the role of Wooster, with Christopher Ryan taking over as Seppings. It would visit Shrewsbury, Oxford, Sheffield, Harrogate, Chichester, Birmingham, Canterbury,
21869335
Lake Seppings


why cockle shells can be found preserved in the soil. Sea levels then fell to current levels about 8000 years ago leaving Lake Seppings from the coast line. Lands along the eastern shore of the lake once were part of an estate belonging to Joseph Spencer of Balgarrup near Kojonup in 1884. In 1887 it was proposed to the Albany Municipal Council by Councillor Robert Andrew Muir that the Council apply to the Government to grant the land surrounding Lake Seppings as a Commonage for the Municipality. The council later voted on the application in 1888
21052759
List of ambassadors of the United States to Sudan


-established July 25, 1972, with Moore as Chargé d'Affaires ad interim. Note: Embassy Khartoum was reopened May 23, 2002, with Jeffrey Millington as Chargé d'Affaires ad interim. The following officers have served in this capacity: Jeffrey Millington (May 2002 – Aug 2003), Gerard M. Gallucci (Aug 2003 – Sep 2004), Robert Whitehead (Sep 2004 – Feb 2005; May–Jul 2005), David Kaeuper (Feb–May 2005), John Limbert (Jul–Sep 2005), Cameron R.
8327920
Constrained Delaunay triangulation


In computational geometry, a constrained Delaunay triangulation is a generalization of the Delaunay triangulation that forces certain required segments into the triangulation. Because a Delaunay triangulation is almost always unique, often a constrained Delaunay triangulation contains edges that do not satisfy the Delaunay condition. Thus a constrained Delaunay triangulation often is not a Delaunay triangulation itself. In topographic surveying, one constructs a triangulation from points shot in the field. If an edge of the triangulation crosses a river, the resulting surface does not accurately model the path of the river. So
10192361
Jean Metzinger


Cross, he began incorporating a new geometry into his works that would free him from the confines of nature as any artwork executed in Europe to date. The departure from naturalism had only just begun. Metzinger, along with Derain, Delaunay, Matisse, between 1905 and 1910, helped revivify Neo-Impressionism, albeit in a highly altered form. In 1906 Metzinger had acquired enough prestige to be elected to the hanging committee of the Salon des Indépendants. He formed a close friendship at this time with Robert Delaunay, with whom
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Sonia Delaunay


born, a blanket composed of bits of fabric like those I had seen in the houses of Ukrainian peasants. When it was finished, the arrangement of the pieces of material seemed to me to evoke cubist conceptions and we then tried to apply the same process to other objects and paintings." Sonia Delaunay Contemporary art critics recognize this as the point where she moved away from perspective and naturalism in her art. Around the same time, cubist works were being shown in Paris and Robert had been studying the colour theories of Michel
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Henri Le Fauconnier


Cubism" with respect to Picasso, Braque, Delaunay and Le Fauconnier. At the invitation of Wassily Kandinsky, Le Fauconnier published a theoretical text in the catalog of the Neue Künstlervereinigung (Munich, 1910). He opened his Rue Visconti studio in Paris to artists eager like him to apply the lessons of Cézanne. With Jean Metzinger, Albert Gleizes, Fernand Léger, Robert Delaunay, he contributed to the Cubist scandal of the 1911 Salon des Indépendants. Le Fauconnier exhibited his vast "Les Montagnards attaqués par des ours" (
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Nicolas de Staël


, Sonia Delaunay and Robert Delaunay, and these artists would inspire his first abstract paintings, or "Compositions". In 1942, Jeannine and Nicolas de Staël's daughter Anne was born. The growing family also included Jeannine's nine-year-old son Antoine. In 1943 (during the Nazi occupation), de Staël returned to Paris with Jeannine, but the war years were extremely difficult. During the war his paintings were included in several group exhibitions and in 1944 he had his first one-man exhibition at the
15588486
Eduardo Viana


Eduardo Afonso Viana (Lisbon, Portugal, 28 November 1881 – Lisbon, Portugal, 21 February 1967) was a Portuguese painter. He was one of the members of the first modern generation in Portuguese painting, like Amadeo de Souza Cardoso and Almada Negreiros. He was more conservative in his approach to modern painting. The best examples of his assimilation of the modern styles in his work appears in the paintings he did in 1916, due to the influence of both Robert Delaunay and Sonia Delaunay, who he befriended during their presence
16995986
Société des Artistes Indépendants


— Juan Gris, "L'Homme dans le Café (Man in Café)" 1912, Philadelphia Museum of Art. In room 45 hung the works of Robert Delaunay, Sonia Delaunay, František Kupka, Morgan Russell and Macdonald-Wright. This was the first exhibition where Orphism and Synchromism were emphatically present. Apollinaire in "L'Intransigeant" mentioned la Salle hollandaise (room 43), which included Jacoba van Heemskerck, Piet Mondrian, Otto van Rees, Jan Sluyters en Leo Gestel and Lodewijk Schelfhout. The 1914 exhibition, held from
17229106
Divisionism


influence can be seen in some of the works of Vincent van Gogh, Henri Matisse, Jean Metzinger, Robert Delaunay and Pablo Picasso. In 1907 Metzinger and Delaunay were singled out by the critic Louis Vauxcelles as Divisionists who used large, mosaic-like 'cubes' to construct small but highly symbolic compositions. Both artists had develop a new sub-style that had great significance shortly thereafter within the context of their Cubist works. Piet Mondrian, Jan Sluijters and Leo Gestel, in the Netherlands, developed a similar mosaic-
20873550
L'Oiseau bleu (Metzinger)


l'atelier (Nude Model In The Studio)" 1912-13, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York — Juan Gris, "L'Homme dans le Café (Man in Café)" 1912, Philadelphia Museum of Art. In room 45 hung the works of Robert Delaunay, Sonia Delaunay, František Kupka, Morgan Russell and Macdonald-Wright. This was the first exhibition where Orphism and Synchromism were emphatically present. Apollinaire in "L'Intransigeant" mentioned la Salle hollandaise (room 43), which included Jacoba van Heemskerck, Piet Mondrian
2217680
Two Nudes in an Exotic Landscape


with reference to Jean Metzinger and Robert Delaunay, two and a half years before similar references would be made by Louis Vauxcelles to baptize the Proto-Cubist or Cubist works Pablo Picasso or Georges Braque. Recognizing the difference between Metzinger and his contemporaries Louis Chassevent wrote in 1906: The following year Metzinger and Delaunay shared an exhibition at Berthe Weill's gallery (1907). They were singled out by Louis Vauxcelles as Divisionists who used large, mosaic-like 'cubes' to construct small but highly symbolic compositions. One and a
2731724
Carl Holty


me about conceptual drawing, about knowing what I'm looking at from the point of view of my tactile knowledge as well as my visual knowledge. Hofmann did. And the world opened up just like that.""- Carl Holty on Hans Hofmann's influence From 1930 to 1935 he lived in Paris, exhibiting his work to good reception. There he met Robert Delaunay and joined Delaunay's group "Abstration-Création". His work was published in the group's magazine and became associated with Cubism and Neo-Plasticism. His
4537521
Danseuse (Csaky)


Champs-Elysées: Robert Delaunay, Sonia Delaunay, Patrick Henry Bruce and Arthur Burdett Frost were largely represented. Csaky exhibited "Femme à l'éventail", plaster n. 5092 under the number 813 of the catalog, along with two busts, executed in a highly Cubist facture. Several years later, Marcel Duchamp, speaking about his own experience during the revolutionary years in the history of art of the 20th century, presented Joseph Csaky as "belonging to a group of sculptors who, before 1914, imparted a new direction in their
4574906
Wilhelm Uhde


Braque. He met Robert Delaunay, Sonia Terk and Henri Rousseau in 1907, and opened his art gallery in 1908, rue Notre-Dame-des-Champs (Paris) where he exhibited Georges Braque, Jean Metzinger, Sonia Delaunay, André Derain, Raoul Dufy, Auguste Herbin, Jules Pascin and Pablo Picasso. Uhde commissioned Picasso to paint his portrait (1910) and produced the first monograph on Rousseau in 1911. Uhde and Sonia Terk married in 1908 (London), reportedly a marriage of convenience which masked his
8968551
Robert Delaunay


Cubism my fellow artists were producing. I was the heretic of Cubism. I had great arguments with my comrades who banned color from their palette, depriving it of all elemental mobility. I was accused of returning to Impressionism, of making decorative paintings, etc.… I felt I had almost reached my goal." 1912 was a turning point for Delaunay. On March 13 his first major exhibition in Paris closed after two weeks at the Galerie Barbazanges. The exhibition showed forty-six works from his early Impressionist works to
18529368
Musée National d'Art Moderne


, Marcel Duchamp, Francis Picabia, Carlo Carrà, Umberto Boccioni, Giacomo Balla, Gino Severini, Marc Chagall, Natalia Goncharova, Mikhail Larionov, Alexander Rodchenko, František Kupka, Piet Mondrian, Theo van Doesburg, Paul Klee, Wassily Kandinsky, Kasimir Malevich, Jacques Villon, Robert Delaunay, Sonia Delaunay, Georges Rouault, Balthus, Max Beckmann, Constantin Brâncuși, Alexander Calder, Chaïm Soutine, Amedeo Modigliani, Kees van Dongen, Jean Arp, Giorgio de Chirico, André Breton, Magritte, Max Ernst, Joan Miró
6256869
1971 Trans-AMA motocross series


Torlief Hansen taking third place. The Suzuki team mates of Joel Robert and Roger De Coster didn't join the event until the fifth race of the series, but made an impact with De Coster posting three overall victories with Robert adding one more. As a result of his being the highest placed American rider at fourteenth overall, Mark Blackwell, was crowned the American motocross national champion, clinching the title by one point over Brad Lackey. Sep. 19, 1971, Carlsbad, California Sep. 26, 1971, Boise, Idaho Oct.
15053334
Delaunay triangulation


distance. However, in these cases a Delaunay triangulation is not guaranteed to exist or be unique. The Delaunay triangulation of a discrete point set P in general position corresponds to the dual graph of the Voronoi diagram for P. The circumcenters of Delaunay triangles are the vertices of the Voronoi diagram. In the 2D case, the Voronoi vertices are connected via edges, that can be derived from adjacency-relationships of the Delaunay triangles: If two triangles share an edge in the Delaunay triangulation, their circumcenters are to be connected with an
8935409
Delaunay-Belleville armoured car


The Delaunay-Belleville armoured car was a British armoured car built on the chassis of the luxury French Delaunay-Belleville tourer, it saw service with the Royal Naval Air Service in the early years of the First World War. The Delaunay-Belleville armoured car was a turreted armoured car, built on the chassis of a Delaunay-Belleville luxury tourer. The layout of the Delaunay-Belleville was similar to the Rolls-Royce armoured car although larger, with an engine (likely six-cylinder ) at the front, crew
15236672
Maximilian Herzberger


, viz. Ruth (born 1928), Ursula Bellugi (1931), and Hans (6 Aug 1932, spouse of Radhika Herzberger). No later than Sep 1930, he was assistant of Hans Boegehold, the chief of calculation office at Carl Zeiss Jena. In 1934, the Nazis deprived him from his professorship at Jena University and his contract with Zeiss. He emigrated with his family to Rochester (NY), where he became head of Eastman Kodak's optical research laboratories, arranged by Einstein. In 1940,
3849131
Mary Wendy Roberts


first husband in 1984. She married Edward E. "Rhett" Simpson in December 1994. She battled breast cancer in 2002. A number of Oregon state legislators and statewide officeholders in the last half of the 20th century bore the surname Roberts, including Mary Wendy Roberts. Based in Portland, they started with Frank L. Roberts and either were his spouses or children, or the spouses of clan members. The abundance of people with the Roberts name was often confusing to the public and media. Those related to Frank Roberts were liberal
4685194
Qualified domestic relations order


collect both past due and future child support payments. Examples of retirement plans NOT covered by ERISA include military retirement pay (covered by the Uniformed Services Former Spouses' Protection Act), State and Municipal retirement plans, Federal Retirement Plans (the Civil Service Retirement System (CSRS), Federal Employees Retirement System (FERS) and Thrift Savings Plan (TSP)), Individual Retirement Accounts (IRAs) (SEP-IRA, SIMPLE IRA and Keogh Plan), and most deferred compensation plans. However, a QDRO "can
1225356
Richard A. Pauling


) died in April 1813, and Richard was most likely sent to England to live with relatives shortly afterward. His father remarried and had two other children, but he also died in Calcutta in 1822. Name: Richard Alexander Pauling Gender: Male Marriage Date: 25 Sep 1831 Marriage Place: Holy Trinity,Newington,Surrey,England Spouse: Sally Ann Upton FHL Film Number: 307688 Marriage record to Jane Jefferson Simpkins state Richard was a 'Widower'... A 25-year-old Richard Pauling is listed as a passenger on
5957219
Catherine A. Roberts


and statistical techniques to capture the unique nature of this interaction. Roberts was born in 1965 in Boston, Massachusetts. Her family subsequently moved to Cape Cod, Massachusetts where her father opened a law practice and her mother became an important civic leader and social advocate in the community. Roberts enjoyed a happy childhood growing up with her 3 sisters. She loved her childhood of swimming in the ocean and the ponds of Cape Cod. Roberts met her spouse while living in Chatham and attending high school. Roberts' spouse is a chemistry
1159473
World Qualification Series (2009)


18 - Aug 23" 30th Anniversary of the Lacanau Pro and good conditions this year. Surf, concerts, events scheduled. Check out the video for a summary of the event http://vimeo.com/6994555 "Aug 25 - Aug 30" "Sep 01 - Sep 06" "Sep 01 - Sep 06" "Sep 04 - Sep 06" "Sep 09 - Sep 12" "Sep 10 - Sep 13" "Sep 08 - Sep 13" "Sep 15 - Sep 20" "Sep 16 - Sep 22" "Sep
1986943
Delaunay triangulation


is no Delaunay triangulation (the notion of triangulation is degenerate for this case). For four or more points on the same circle (e.g., the vertices of a rectangle) the Delaunay triangulation is not unique: each of the two possible triangulations that split the quadrangle into two triangles satisfies the "Delaunay condition", i.e., the requirement that the circumcircles of all triangles have empty interiors. By considering circumscribed spheres, the notion of Delaunay triangulation extends to three and higher dimensions. Generalizations are possible to metrics other than Euclidean
8935408
Delaunay triangulation


), if the sum of the angles α and γ is less than or equal to 180°, the triangles meet the Delaunay condition. This is an important property because it allows the use of a "flipping" technique. If two triangles do not meet the Delaunay condition, switching the common edge BD for the common edge AC produces two triangles that do meet the Delaunay condition: This operation is called a "flip", and can be generalised to three and higher dimensions. Many algorithms for computing Delaunay triangulations rely
8935413
Delaunay triangulation


of a set of points is a subset of the Delaunay triangulation of the same points, and this can be exploited to compute it efficiently. For modelling terrain or other objects given a set of sample points, the Delaunay triangulation gives a nice set of triangles to use as polygons in the model. In particular, the Delaunay triangulation avoids narrow triangles (as they have large circumcircles compared to their area). See triangulated irregular network. Delaunay triangulations can be used to determine the density or intensity of points samplings by means of
8935423
Spouse of the Prime Minister of New Zealand


Prime Minister of New Zealand on 26 October 2017. There are currently eight living spouses of former prime ministers of New Zealand: The most recent spouse of a New Zealand prime minister to die was Thea Muldoon (widow of Robert Muldoon), on 24 February 2015. The Prime Minister's spouse has no official duties. Some earlier spouses stayed mainly at home and took little part in public life. However, most recent Prime Ministers' spouses have been involved in charities or community organisations, working to raise public awareness, funds
1507047
List of 1982–83 NBA season transactions


1982 Oct 2, 1982 Oct 1, 1982 Sep 30, 1982 Sep 29, 1982 Sep 28, 1982 Sep 27, 1982 Sep 24, 1982 Sep 22, 1982 Sep 20, 1982 Sep 19, 1982 Sep 18, 1982 Sep 17, 1982 Sep 15, 1982 Sep 14, 1982 Sep 13, 1982 Sep 10, 1982 Sep 9, 1982 Sep 7, 1982 Sep 2, 1982 Sep 1, 1982 Aug 31, 1982 Aug 27, 1982 Aug 26, 1982 Aug 16, 1982 Aug 8,
557049
Vadim Delaunay


Vadim Nikolaevich Delaunay (; December 22, 1947, Moscow – June 13, 1983, Paris) was a Soviet poet and dissident, who participated in the 1968 Red Square demonstration of protest against military suppression of the Prague Spring. Delaunay was born to a Russian-French family of Soviet Intelligentsia. He was the son of Nikolai Borisovich Delone, a Soviet physicist. His grandfather, Boris Delaunay, was a prominent Soviet mathematician and creator of the Delaunay triangulation. Among his ancestors was marquis Bernard-René de Launay, the last
14652280
Delaunay-Belleville armoured car


compartment in the middle and rear cargo deck. The Delaunay-Belleville’s flat topped circular turret was fitted with a .303 Vickers machine gun, whilst a door was on the left side for crew access. The Delaunay-Bellevilles were amongst the earliest armoured vehicle’s to have overhead protection for the crew. In 1914 the Admiralty acquired three bare Delaunay-Belleville chassis in Britain awaiting delivery to coach builders, to convert to armoured cars. The armoured bodywork of the Delaunay-Belleville was built and fitted at the behest of Charles
15236673
Delaunay-Belleville


Automobiles Delaunay-Belleville was a French luxury automobile manufacturer at Saint-Denis, France, north of Paris. At the beginning of the 20th century they were among the most prestigious cars produced in the world, and perhaps the most desirable French marque. Julien Belleville had been a maker of marine boilers from around 1850. Louis Delaunay joined the firm in 1867 and married Belleville's daughter. He changed his name to Delaunay-Belleville and succeeded his father-in-law in charge of the company. S.A. des Automobiles Delaunay
8757871
Robert Seppings


worthiness and, more importantly, allowing longer hulls to be built without the drawback of excessive hogging (drooping of the hull at the bow and stern, where buoyancy is at its lowest). This meant that the rigging had better anchor points to take the force of high cross-winds, while shear forces along the hull were no longer borne by the oakum-packing of the timber planks which had leaked while they were squeezed and released like a sponge. Seppings was also instrumental, along with other innovators, in the
18514394
IPCom


field and ensuring those behind the development of standard essential patents (SEPs) are fairly rewarded for their technologies and work. IPCom is headquartered in Pullach, Munich, Germany, and operates on a global basis. In 2007, IPCom acquired a portfolio of mobile technology patents from Robert Bosch GmbH. This comprises more than 160 patent families in 2G, 2.5G, 3G and LTE technologies, 30 of which are SEPs covering the USA, Europe and Asia. Technologies covered in the portfolio span areas including interface, MMS and
5351759
Stern


called for "fashioning" the after part of the ship. This frame is designed to support the various beams that make up the stern. In 1817 the British naval architect Sir Robert Seppings first introduced the concept of the round or "circular" stern. The square stern had been an easy target for enemy cannon, and could not support the weight of heavy stern chase guns. But Seppings' design left the rudder head exposed, and was regarded by many as simply ugly—no American warships were designed with such sterns
8660971
Sonia Delaunay


dans la Vie Moderne, for which she and Robert worked together on decorating two pavilions: the "Pavillon des Chemins de Fer" and the "Palais de l'Air". Sonia however did not want to be part of the contract for the commission, but chose to help Robert if she wanted. She said "I am free and mean to remain so." The murals and painted panels for the exhibition were executed by fifty artists including Albert Gleizes, Léopold Survage, Jacques Villon, Roger Bissière and Jean Crotti. Robert
13781196