Quenya [SEP] from fictional universe
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Quenya grammar


Quenya is a fictional language devised by J. R. R. Tolkien, and used in his fictional universe, often called Middle-earth. Here are presented a resume of the grammatical rules of late Quenya as established from Tolkien's writings c. 1951–1973. It is almost impossible to extrapolate the morphological rules of the Quenya tongue from published data because Quenya is a fictional "irregular" language that is heavily influenced by natural languages, like Finnish and Latin – not an international auxiliary language with a regular morphology. Tolkien wrote several synchronic grammars of
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Bible translations into fictional languages


Bible translations into constructed languages that were created as part of a fictional setting include: Quenya is a fictional language devised by J. R. R. Tolkien. Various parts of the Bible have been translated into Neo-Quenya, an attempt at editing a unified Quenya from Tolkien's evolving and often contradictory ideas about the language. Helge Fauskanger has translated the New Testament and the first two chapters of Genesis. Psalm 130 has also been translated by people on the website Aglardh The LOLCat Bible Translation Project is a wiki-based website where editors
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Quenya


Greek, and ancient Germanic languages when he began constructing Quenya. Another notable feature of Tolkien's Elvish languages was his development of a complex internal history of characters to speak those tongues in their own fictional universe. He felt that his languages changed and developed over time, as with the historical languages which he studied professionally—not in a vacuum, but as a result of the migrations and interactions of the peoples who spoke them. Within Tolkien's legendarium, Quenya is one of the many Elvish languages spoken by the immortal Elves
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Quenya


Quenya () is one of the fictional languages devised by J. R. R. Tolkien and used by the Elves in his legendarium. Tolkien began devising the language around 1910 and restructured the grammar several times until Quenya reached its final state. The vocabulary remained relatively stable throughout the creation process. Also, the name of the language was repeatedly changed by Tolkien from "Elfin" and "Qenya" to the eventual "Quenya". The Finnish language had been a major source of inspiration, but Tolkien was also familiar with Latin,
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Quenya


made his languages complete enough for conversation. As a result, newly invented Elvish texts require conjecture and sometimes the coinage of new words. The use of Quenya has expanded over the years as new words have been created, forming a Neo-Quenya language that is based on Tolkien's original Quenya but incorporates many new elements. The Elvish languages are a language family of several related languages and dialects. The following is a brief overview of the fictional internal history of late Quenya as conceived by Tolkien. Tolkien imagined a diglossic Elven
5086652
May It Be


in the fictional Elvish language, Quenya, created by J.R.R. Tolkien. While Enya wrote music, Roma Ryan studied the languages and wrote the lyrics in English and Quenya. There are two lines with phrases written in Quenya. The first, "Mornië utúlië", translates to "Darkness has come." "Mornië alantië" translates as "Darkness has fallen." Each line repeats twice in the song, with the remaining song lyrics written in English. They are intermingled with the Quenya lyrics, as in the second stanza
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Common Eldarin


Common Eldarin, or simply Eldarin, is a constructed language devised by J. R. R. Tolkien. It is one of the many fictional languages set in his fictional universe of Middle-earth. Common Eldarin is a tongue spoken by Elves called Eldar or the West-Elves. Common Eldarin evolved directly from the original speech of all Elves, Primitive Quendian (called "Quenderin" in Quenya). It was the language of all the Eldar—those Elves who decided to undertake the Great March to Valinor—before their divisions.
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List of rulers of Númenor


The following is a list of the twenty-five rulers of Númenor, an island realm of men in J. R. R. Tolkien's fictional universe. Númenor had twenty-five official rulers, of whom twenty-two were male, three female. There were two usurpers: Ar-Pharazôn, who is included among the twenty-five officially-recognized monarchs, and Herucalmo, who is not. The early monarchs took their names from Quenya, a fictional elvish language. These names begin with the title "Tar-".
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Primitive Quendian


Primitive Quendian (Quenya: "Quenderin") is a fictional language devised by J. R. R. Tolkien. It is one of the many fictional languages set in his fictional universe, often called Middle-earth. It was the proto-language of the Elves, which they invented after the Awakening at Cuiviénen. According to the Elvish tale, "Cuivienyarna" ("Legend of the Awakening"): The stars were the first thing seen by the three Elves as they awoke. The first spoken word was ele, according
1603247
Cirth


the cirth of the ‑series present two IPA transcriptions each. The reason is that the palatal consonants of Noldorin Quenya are realised as palato-alveolar consonants in Vanyarin Quenya (or Quendya). For example, the Quenya world is pronounced in the Noldorin dialect, but in Vanyarin. Although in the fictional history of Middle-earth this series of consonants was introduced by the Noldor, it is deemed necessary to show the Vanyarin pronunciation as well, given that the very transliteration used by Tolkien is more similar to the Vanyarin phonotactics than
7880024
Uruk-hai


The Uruk-hai are fictional characters in J. R. R. Tolkien's fictional universe of Middle-earth. They are introduced in "The Lord of the Rings" as an advanced breed of Orcs that serve Sauron and Saruman. The first uruks appeared out of Mordor in attacks on Gondor in . The name "Uruk-hai" has the element "Uruk", which is a Black Speech word related to "Orc", related to the word "Urko" in Tolkien's invented language of Quenya. The element "
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Calaquendi


In the fictional universe of J. R. R. Tolkien, Calaquendi means in Quenya "Light-folk", but was often translated "Elves of the Light". This name has a long history. There existed two old elvish compounds in the "Quenderin" language, Primitive Quendian with "*kwendī" "Elves": "*kala-kwendī" and "*mori-kwendī", meaning the "Light-folk" and the "Dark-folk". These two words date from the time before the
17593957
Quenya


but Tolkien never mentioned this. Some linguists have argued that Quenya can be understood as an example of a particular kind of artificial language that helps to create a fictional world. Other such languages would include Robert Jordan's Old Tongue and the Klingon language of the "Star Trek" series invented by Marc Okrand. It was observed that they form "a sociolinguistic context within which group and individual identities can be created." Two journals, "Vinyar Tengwar" from issue No. 39 (July 1998), and "Parma
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Hithlum


In J. R. R. Tolkien's fictional universe of Middle-earth, Hithlum (, archaically ) is the region north of Beleriand near the Helcaraxë. Hithlum was separated from Beleriand proper by the Ered Wethrin mountain chain, and was named after the sea mists which formed there at times: "Hithlum" is Sindarin for "Mist-shadow"; its Quenya counterpart is Hísilómë (, archaically ). Hithlum was subdivided in Mithrim, where the High Kings of the Noldor had their halls, and Dor-lómin, which later
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Quenya


Quenya" in Quenya). In Eldamar, the Noldor and Vanyar spoke two slightly different though mutually intelligible dialects of Tarquesta: "Noldorin Quenya" and "Vanyarin Quenya". Later Noldorin Quenya became "Exilic Quenya", when most of the Noldor Elves followed their leader Fëanor into exile from Eldamar and back to Middle-earth, where the immortal Elves first awoke. Quenya was also used by the gods or Valar. The Elves even derived some loanwords from the Valar's language, which was called Valarin in Quenya,
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Ainur (Middle-earth)


The Ainur are the immortal spirits existing before Creation in J. R. R. Tolkien's fictional universe. These were the first beings made of the thought of Eru Ilúvatar. Before the Creation, Eru Ilúvatar made the Ainur or "holy ones". This Quenya name comes from the Elvish root ayan- "revere, treat with awe". "Ainur only appears in plural [in Elvish texts] since after the Creation all those were Maiar includes Valar and their lesser kin, but not those who did not take part in the Great
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Moriquendi


In the fictional universe of J. R. R. Tolkien, Moriquendi is a Quenya word meaning "Dark-folk", but often translated "Elves of Darkness" or "Dark-elves". This name has a long internal history. There existed two old elvish compounds in the "Quenderin" language, or Primitive Quendian with "*kwendī" "Elves": "*kala-kwendī" and "*mori-kwendī", meaning the "Light-folk" and the "Dark-folk". These
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Lord of the Rings (musical)


conversation between Frodo and Sam in "The Two Towers". The lyrics to 'Wonder', performed by Galadriel, are reminiscent of the Song of Eldamar—a lament sung and played on the harp by Galadriel in "The Fellowship of the Ring". Many of the songs feature lyrics in Quenya, one of the fictional languages developed by Tolkien, despite the fact that the Elves during the Third Age communicated in Sindarin. The writers opted for Quenya because Tolkien had developed this language the most and it is a form
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Eru Ilúvatar


Eru Ilúvatar is a fictional character in J.R.R. Tolkien's Middle-earth legendarium. He is introduced in "The Silmarillion" as the supreme being of the universe, creator of all existence. In Tolkien's invented Elvish language Quenya, "Eru" means "The One", or "He that is Alone" and "Ilúvatar" signifies "Allfather". The names appear in Tolkien's work both in isolation and paired ("Eru Ilúvatar"). As stated by Tolkien, Eru was the supreme being, the
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Elvish languages (Middle-earth)


represent two syllables rather than the English word "ear". Below is a family tree of the Elvish languages, showing how the Primitive Quendian word "kwendī" "people" (later meaning "Elves") was altered in the descendant languages. There is a tradition of philological study of Elvish languages within the fiction. Elven philologists are referred to by the Quenya term "Lambengolmor". In Quenya, "lambe" means spoken language or verbal communication. Known members of the Lambengolmor were Rúmil, who invented the first
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Quenya


1954–1955), the grammar rules of Quenya went through very few changes and this version was then defined as "late Quenya" (c. 1950–1973). The spelling "Qenya" is sometimes used to distinguish "early Quenya" from later versions. Qenya differs from late Quenya by having different internal history, vocabulary, and grammar rules as described in the "Qenyaqetsa". Examples include a different accusative or the abolition of final consonant clusters in later Quenya. Fimi suggests that Qenya as it appears in the "Qenyaqetsa" was
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Rita (2009 Italian film)


- Artistic Direction 9th Concorto Film Festival | 2010 22 Aug – 29 Aug | Italy Special Jury Mention 8th Imaginaria Film Festival | 2010 24 Aug – 29 Aug | Italy Jury Mention 16th Aye Aye Film Festival Nancy-Lorraine | 2010 3 Sep – 11 Sep | France Best Sound 3rd Festival Internacional Curtametraxes Bueu | 2010 Bueu International Shortfilm Festival 6 Sep – 11 Sep | Spain Best Short Fiction Film 17th Altin Koza Film Festival | 2010 Golden Boll Film Festival 20 Sep – 26 Sep | Turkey Special Jury Mention 7th Filmfest Eberswalde |
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Silmaril


The Silmarils (Quenya pl. Silmarilli, "radiance of pure light") are three fictional brilliant jewels composed of the unmarred light of the Two Trees in J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium. The Silmarils were made out of the crystalline substance "silima" by Fëanor, a Noldorin Elf, in Valinor during the Years of the Trees. The Silmarils play a central role in Tolkien's book "The Silmarillion", which tells of the creation of Eä (the Universe) and the beginning of Elves, Men, and
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Quenya


Quenya and accelerated the "dimininuation and spiritual impoverishment" of the Noldorin culture. The Noldor at this time had fully mastered Sindarin, while the Sindar were slow to learn Quenya. Quenya in Middle-earth became known as "Exilic Quenya" when the Noldor eventually adopted the Sindarin language as their native speech after Thingol's ruling. It differed from Amanian Quenya mostly in vocabulary, having some loanwords from Sindarin. It differed also in pronunciation, representing the recognition of sound-changes which had begun among the Noldor before the exile
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Cosmology of Tolkien's legendarium


of Middle-earth was the equivalent of Sauron's ring for Melkor, hence the title of the volume. Tolkien's world ultimately culminates in Dagor Dagorath. Eä () is the Quenya name for the universe as a realization of the vision of the Ainur. The word comes from the Quenya word for "to be". Thus, Eä is "the World that Is", as distinguished from "the World that Is Not". It may thus be assumed that everything outside Eä, including the Timeless Halls,
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Half-elven


In J. R. R. Tolkien's fictional universe of Middle-earth, the Half-elven ("Sindarin singular Peredhel, plural Peredhil, Quenya singular Perelda") are the children of the union of Elves and Men. Of these, the most significant were the products of couplings between the Eldar (the Elves who followed the Call to Valinor) and the Edain (the Men of the Three Houses of early Men who allied themselves with the Eldar in their war against Morgoth). There were three recorded unions of the Edain
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Sindarin


Within this fictional universe, Sindarin was first written using the cirth, an Elvish alphabet. Later, it was usually written in tengwar. Tolkien based the sound and some of the grammar of Sindarin on Welsh, and Sindarin displays some of the consonant mutations that characterize the Celtic languages. The language was also influenced by Old English and Old Norse. The Dwarves do not normally teach their language to others, so they learned both Quenya and Sindarin in order to communicate with the Elves, most notably the Noldor and Sindar. By
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Quenya


"give", clearly have a Finnish origin. Other forms that appear to have been borrowed are actually coincidental, such as Finnish "kirja" "book", and Quenya "cirya" "ship". Tolkien invented the Valarin/Quenderin root "kir-" from which sprang his Quenya word "cirya". The Latin "aure" "dawn", and Quenya "aure" "moment of special meaning, special day, festival day" are unrelated. Instead, Quenya "aurë" comes from the Valarin
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Enya


recorded music influenced by works from fantasy author J. R. R. Tolkien, including the instrumental "Lothlórien" from "Shepherd Moons". She sang "May It Be" in English and Tolkien's fictional language Quenya, and "Aníron", sang in Tolkien's other language Sindarin, for "". Her albums "Amarantine" and "Dark Sky Island" include songs sung in Loxian, a fictional language created by Roma, that has no official syntax. Its vocabulary was formed by Enya singing the song's notes to
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Figwit


of poetry, art, and fiction. He is also a subject in slash fan fiction, where he is named "Melpomaen", a rough, literal Elvish translation of "fig" and "wit," derived from "melpo", the Quenya word for fruit (fig), and "maen," the Noldorin word for clever or skilled. In 2004, a 57-minute documentary on the Figwit phenomenon was created by McKenzie's fiancée (and now wife) Hannah Clarke and friends Stan Alley and Nick Booth.
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Quenya


and had caused Noldorin Quenya to diverge from Vanyarin Quenya. The change of "z" ( old intervocalic "s") to "r" was the latest in Noldorin, belonging to early Exilic Quenya. The grammatical changes were only small though since the features of their "old language" were carefully taught. From the Second Age on, Quenya was also used ceremonially by the Men of Númenór and their descendants in Gondor and Arnor for the official names of kings and queens; this practice was resumed by Aragorn when he
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Lance Strate


books—including a book of poetry - and editor or co-editor of seven others. Translations of his work have appeared in French, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Hungarian, Hebrew, Mandarin, and the fictional Quenya language. His articles have appeared in "The Guardian" and are regularly featured in the "Jewish Standard" and "The Times of Israel". He has been president of the Congregation Adas Emuno, a Reform synagogue in New Jersey, since 2012. Lance Strate earned a B.S. at Cornell University
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Ilkorin


In the fictional universe of J. R. R. Tolkien, many of the Elves undertook a great migration and built a city upon reaching their destination; in early versions of the mythology, this city was known as Kôr. All those Elves who did not undertake the migration, and consequently did not see Kôr, were known by the Quenya term Ilkorindi, literally "not of Kôr". The same term was applied to their many languages. Reworking the mythology in the late 1920s, Tolkien applied the word only to those Elves (
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Quenya grammar


markings combine primarily with nouns, whereas prepositions can combine with phrases of many different categories. This is why most prepositions in Quenya are used with a noun in the nominative case. The preposition "an" is related to the "-nna" case ending. Quenya has a conjugated preposition formed from the contraction of a preposition with a personal pronoun. As with all parts of Quenya grammar, the pronominal system was subject to many revisions throughout Tolkien's life. The following table of late Quenya is taken from two sources of c.
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Quenya


distinct from Quenya. After the Vanyar left the city of Túna, Telerin and Noldorin Quenya grew closer. The rebellious Noldor, who followed their leader Fëanor to Middle-earth, spoke only Quenya. But Elu Thingol, King of the Sindar of Beleriand, forbade the use of Quenya in his realm when he learned of the slaying of Telerin Elves by the Noldor ("The Silmarillion", chapter 15). By doing so, he both restricted the possibility of the Sindar to enhance and brighten their language with influences from
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The Fringe of the Unknown


" (from "The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction", Jun. 1969) 8. "Dinosaurs Today" (original title: "Dinosaurs in Today's World") (from "The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction", Mar. 1968)br 9. "Mammoths and Mastodons" (from "The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction", May 1965)br 10. "Death Comes to the Megafauna" (from "If Worlds of Science Fiction", Sep. 1971)br 11. "Xerxes' Okapi" (original title
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Bircham International University


jurisdictions. In 2003, South Florida's "CityLink" magazine reported that Oregon education officials said that Bircham was "totally bogus". In July 2007, the Secretariat of Public Education (SEP) of Mexico issued a notice stating that degrees lacking RVOE (Official Recognition from the Mexican Government) will not be validated by the SEP. Degrees via online or distance learning issued by foreign institutions like Bircham University will not be recognized by the SEP. In April 2008 the "Nairobi Business Daily" reported that Bircham International University was
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Quenya grammar


Quenya but only one has been published in full: "The Early Qenya Grammar". Apart from that, he wrote several diachronic studies of Quenya, and its proto-language Common Eldarin, three of which have been published: "The Qenyaqetsa" (dealing with early Quenya or Eldarissa), "Outline of Phonetic Development", and the "Outline of Phonology". Late Quenya is a highly inflected language, nouns having ten cases, and a rather regular inflection of verbs. Although the word order is highly flexible
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Quenya


Quenya with its highly codified variety: the Parmaquesta, used only in certain situations such as literature. Also the phonology of Quenya was inspired by certain aspects of Finnish, but this is not easily recognised. Tolkien almost never borrowed words directly from real languages into Quenya. The major exception is the name Earendel/Eärendil, which he found in an Old English poem by Cynewulf. Yet the Finnish influence extended sometimes also to the vocabulary. A few Quenya words, such as "tul-" "come" and "anta-"
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Society of Experimental Psychologists


conduct plenary sessions in which members can present papers. It holds meetings every spring, scheduled by a member at the host university who serves as the chair of the SEP for that year. The meetings are open to all members and to students and faculty from the host university who are invited by the chair. Membership in the SEP is by invitation only and is considered to be a great honor because it represents significant accomplishment in the field of experimental psychology. The SEP currently admits at least 6 new members annually from among the
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Quenya


invented for Valarin in the 1930s, which then became "Quenderin roots". The Eldarin family of languages comprises Quenya, Telerin, Sindarin and Nandorin. The evolution in Quenya and Telerin of the nasalised initial groups of Quenderin is described thus in Tolkien's "Outline of Phonology": In contrast to early Qenya, the grammar of Quenya was influenced by Finnish, an agglutinative language, but much more by Latin, a synthetic and fusional language, and also Greek, from which he probably took the idea of the diglossia of
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Quenya grammar


similar to English, Dutch, and Portuguese, the second person familiar was abandoned in colloquial Noldorin Quenya before the Exile, (see T-V distinction). The following forms became obsolete: The ancient polite forms became used in an ordinary context, and so, perhaps at the time when Fëanor was banished from Tirion, a new honorific form was created in Late Noldorin Quenya by adding "tar", the Quenya word for "sir" and "madam". The possessive determiners (analogous to English "my"
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Cosmology of Tolkien's legendarium


the tale of Adanel it is suggested that Men return to Eru after death. The account of the "events" predating creation is not presented from an omniscient perspective but presented as a fictional tradition, purportedly a record of the account given by the Valar to the Elves in Aman, and from there transmitted to Middle-earth, and translated from Valarin at first into Quenya and later into human languages. It is understood that the Valar, who were present at the moment of creation as Ainur, gave an honest account to
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Marjorie Harris


Marjorie Harris (born 15 Sep 1937 as Marjorie Stibbards in Shaunavon, Saskatchewan) is a Canadian non-fiction writer who has published numerous books on gardening. In 1959, she graduated from McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario with Honours Bachelor of Arts degree in English. Her first marriage was to television producer and musician Barry Harris. Currently, she lives in Toronto, Ontario, Canada with her second husband, writer Jack Batten. Besides writing 15 books she was a radio host job at CBC radio's "Metro Morning"
18735741
Stanford Exploration Project


The Stanford Exploration Project (SEP) is an industry-funded academic consortium within the Geophysics Department at Stanford University. SEP research has contributed greatly to improving the theory and practice of constructing 3-D and 4-D images of the earth from seismic echo soundings (see: Reflection seismology). The consortium was started in the 1970s by Jon Claerbout and is currently co-directed with Biondo Biondi. SEP pioneered innovations in migration imaging, velocity estimation, dip moveout and slant stack. SEP has recently been involved in 3-D seismic applications such as
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Blue Wizards


Pallando" can be translated from Quenya as "far one" from "palan", meaning "far" or "distant". An alternate set of names in Quenya for both wizards is given in the 1996 "The Peoples of Middle-earth" as Morinehtar ("Darkness-slayer") and Rómestámo ("East-helper"). Like most names in Tolkien's works, these names are significant. Here, "Rómestámo" coming from the Quenya word "rómen", meaning "uprising, sunrise
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Radio Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero


Acapulco, Ciudad Altamirano and Taxco. On May 20, 1983, the roving radio station came to an end, with the university broadcasting once more from Chilpancingo — this time, without interference. 1984, however, presented yet another problem to the university radio station: a budget crisis spurred by a suspension of payments from the Secretariat of Public Education (SEP). Workers spent all of 1984 without receiving their salaries, and in January 1985, the university and SEP began negotiating. The federal government required the university to shut
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Quenya


falling, except for /iu/ () which is rising. In Old Quenya, all diphthongs were falling. Tolkien wrote: "It is probable that before the Exile Vanyarin and Noldorin [Quenya] in common shifted "iu, ui" to rising diphthongs, (...) but only is reported as a rising diphthong similar to the beginning of English "yule" . On the other hand, "ui" remained in Exilic Quenya a falling diphthong as reported". In Quenya, the stressing of a syllable is predictable and
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Middle-earth plants


in Quenya. An evergreen and fragrant tree that grew in the province of Nísimaldar in Númenor, where it was brought from Tol Eressëa by Elves. The plant's designation is derived from the name of Varda, one of the Valier, and Quenya "rianna" 'crown-gift'. An evergreen and fragrant tree with globed and scarlet fruits that grew in the province of Nísimaldar in Númenor, where it was brought from Tol Eressëa by the Elves. The name can be translated from Quenya as 'jewel of Yavanna'
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Article (grammar)


with words from further afield (but internationally known and often borrowed) contributing to the language's vocabulary (such as words taken from Japanese, Arabic and Finnish). The result is a supposedly easy-to-learn language for the world. As well as these "auxiliary" languages the list contains two more: Quenya and Sindarin; these two languages were created by Professor Tolkien and used in his fictional works. They are not based on any real-world language family (as are Esperanto and Interlingua), but
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Mordor


Eriador", and "Doriath" ("fenced land"). The Quenya word for Shadow was "mordo". A proposed etymology out of the context of Middle-earth is Old English "morðor", which meant "mortal sin" or "murder". (The latter meaning was descended from the former.) It was not uncommon for names in Tolkien's fiction to have had relevant meanings in several languages, both languages invented by Tolkien, and actual historical languages. Tolkien was a professor of Anglo
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Varda


. Like most of the legendarium's characters, Varda has a different name in each of Tolkien's invented languages. Her Quenya name "Varda" means "sublime" or "lofty", from Primitive Quenya "barádâ" (root "barád-", whence also Noldorin "brennil" "lady", "brand, brann" "lofty, noble fine"). The corresponding Noldorin form is "Berethil", "Breðil" (Primitive Quenya "Barathī"). Telerin "Baradis", from a related
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Quenya grammar


only in singular and in plural 2), which appears to correspond to the adjectival case as described in the essay "Quendi and Eldar – Essekenta Eldarinwa" written in c. 1960. The declension of "cirya" and "lasse" given below is taken from the Plotz Declension and reflects the forms of Classical Quenya. The declensions of "ondo" "stone", "nér" "man", and "cas" "head" are taken from an earlier conceptual period of Quenya (c. 1935). According
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Quenya


"Quenderin" in Quenya. Among the Eldar, i.e. those Elves who undertook the Great March to Valinor and Eldamar, Primitive Quendian developed into Common Eldarin. Some of the Eldar remained in Beleriand and became the Grey Elves; their language developed into Sindarin. Most of the other Eldar continued to Eldamar ('Elvenhome') and founded the great city of Tirion, where they developed Quenya. Quenya's older form, first recorded in the sarati of Rúmil, is called Old or "Ancient Quenya" ("Yára-
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Quenya


Ancient Quenya. In Middle-earth, Quenya appears to have been rarely written using the "Elvish runes" or cirth, named "certar" in Quenya. Tolkien's spelling in Latin letters of Quenya was largely phonemic, with each letter corresponding to a specific phoneme in the language, save for some exceptions. In particular, the vowels varied in pronunciation depending upon their vowel length. Specific rules for consonants were provided in Appendix E of "The Lord of the Rings," e.g. the letter "c" is always
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Entish


Entish is a constructed language from the fictional works of J.R.R. Tolkien. It is the language spoken by the Ents in Middle-earth. Ents are not hasty creatures; they take their time. Even their language is "unhasty". Their language appears to be based on an ancient form of Common Eldarin, later enriched by Quenya and Sindarin, although it includes many unique 'tree-ish' additions. There are actually two different languages: Old Entish and "New Entish". Originally, the Ents had no "
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Palantír


A palantír (; "pl." palantíri) is a fictional magical artefact from J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium. A "palantír" (Quenya for "far-seeing") is described as a crystal ball, used for both communication and as a means of seeing events in other parts of the world or in the distant past or in the future . When one looks into a "palantír", one can mentally communicate with other such stones and anyone who might be looking into them; beings of great power can
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Anárion


Anárion is a fictional character in J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth legendarium. His name is derived from "Anar", which means "Sun" in Tolkien's invented language of Quenya. He was the son of Elendil and the brother of Isildur, and with them established the Realms in Exile in Middle-earth after the downfall of Númenor. Anárion was born in Númenor, the younger son of Elendil. Together with his father and brother, Anárion was a leader of the "Elendili" or "Faithful"
331476
Mordor


In J. R. R. Tolkien's fictional world of Middle-earth, Mordor (pronounced ; from Sindarin "Black Land" and Quenya "Land of Shadow") is the realm and base of the arch-villain Sauron. It was located in the southeast of northwestern Middle-earth, east of the great river Anduin. Mount Doom, a volcano in Mordor, was the goal of the Fellowship of the Ring (and later Frodo Baggins and Sam Gamgee) in the quest to destroy the One Ring. Mordor had three
5086104
Charles McKenny


Charles McKenny (Sep. 15, 1860-Sep. 23, 1933) was president of Central State Normal School (now Central Michigan University), Milwaukee State Normal School and Michigan State Normal College (now Eastern Michigan University). McKenny was born in Dimondale, Michigan. He received his bachelor's degree from Michigan State Agricultural College (now Michigan State University) and masters from both Olivet College and the University of Wisconsin. McKenny married Minnie E. Alderman (1869–1942) in 1890. She was a native of Vermontville, Michigan. They
11070464
Cosmology of Tolkien's legendarium


!") was the word spoken by Eru Ilúvatar (metaphorically, in the purported Quenya-language account of creation) by which he brought the physical universe into actuality. The legendarium examines the possibility of alternative theologies, in the sense of exotheology, by postulating immortality (via reincarnation) for the Elves, contrasting with the fate of Men, who remain subject to mortality. Eru Ilúvatar is the Elvish (Quenya) name of the monotheistic God of creation. "Eru" means "The One", or "He
7246151
Sindarin


largely agglutinative Quenya, Sindarin is mainly a fusional language with some analytic tendencies. It can be distinguished from Quenya by the rarity of vowel endings, and the use of voiced plosives "b d g", absent from Quenya (except in intervocalic clusters "mb, nd, ng, ld, rd"). Early Sindarin formed plurals by the addition of "-ī", which vanished but affected the preceding vowels (as in Welsh and Old English): S. "Adan", pl. "Edain",
5086855
Radio Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero


down the station, and on January 15, 1985, Radio Universidad Pueblo went off the air. In the meantime, university students went as far as organizing a hunger strike in Mexico City in order to protest the SEP's demand to close the station. The SEP, however, failed to keep some of its promises to the university. A new rector, Ramón Reyes Carreto, decided that if the SEP would not keep its promises, the university did not have a reason to stay off the air. In June 1987
464699
Fictional language


artistic languages by both purpose and relative completion: a fictional language often has the least amount of grammar and vocabulary possible, and rarely extends beyond the absolutely necessary. At the same time, some others have developed languages in detail for their own sake, such as J. R. R. Tolkien's Quenya and Sindarin (two Elvish languages), "Star Trek"s Klingon language and "Avatar"'s Na'vi language which exist as functioning, usable languages. By analogy with the word "conlang", the term "conworld" is used
10642897
Stewards of Gondor


According to J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium of Middle-earth, the Stewards of Gondor – also styled the Lords of Minas Tirith – were lords of the fictional kingdom of Gondor, who resided in Minas Tirith, the capital city. The Steward was appointed by the King, and could act on behalf of the King when the King was absent from the city or incapacitated. "Steward" ("Arandur" in Quenya, one of the languages invented by Tolkien) was the traditional title of a chief counsellor to the
10691145
Eärendil


Eärendil the Mariner (pronounced ) is a fictional character in J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth legendarium. He is depicted in "The Silmarillion", as a child of Men and Elves and a great seafarer who, on his brow, carried the morning star, a jewel called a Silmaril, across the sky. "Eärendil" means 'Lover of the Sea' in Tolkien's invented language of Quenya. However, Tolkien borrowed the name from Old English literature. Tolkien states ("Letters, 297")
16736745
Amandil


Amandil is a fictional character from J.R.R. Tolkien's Middle-earth legendarium. Amandil was a Lord of Andúnië, succeeding his father Númendil upon his death. Amandil is most noted for being the father of Elendil, founder of the Númenórean Realms in Exile. The name Amandil is Quenya for "Friend of Aman" signifying his devotion to the Valar in defiance to the policies of the King's Men. He was also the leader of the faction of Elendili ("Elf-friends"), or the Faithful, who endured
7515153
Quenya grammar


night is passing!". As explained by Tolkien, verbs in Quenya are negated by prefacing a "negative verb" "ua-" (not marked for tense) to the impersonal form of the same tense: Note that the pronoun is added on the negative verb, not on the main verb, and that the endings are regular. The negative verb concept was apparently borrowed from Finnish. In Parmaquesta (and in verse) the verb "ua-" could be completely conjugated. In late Quenya moods (other than the
20817530
Quenya


"kwendya" and directly derived from the name "Quendi" 'Elves'. This appears not to be the case. The word is "Quenya" in Vanyarin, and always so in Parmaquesta." The Elves of the Third Clan, or Teleri, who reached Eldamar later than the Noldor and the Vanyar, spoke a different but closely related tongue, usually called Telerin. It was seen by some Elves to be just another dialect of Quenya. This was not the case with the Teleri for whom their tongue was
5086658
The Fringe of the Unknown


Astounding Science Fiction", Jun. 1961)br 3. "Appius Claudius Crassus" (original title: "Appius Claudius Crassus: Roman Builder") (from "Science Digest", Jun. 1962)br 4. "The First Missile Launchers" (from "Science Digest", Oct. 1960)br 5. "The Iron Pillar of Delhi" (from "Analog Science Fiction/Science Fact", Sep. 1972)br 6. "The Mechanical Wizards of Alexandria" (from "Science Digest", Aug. 1962)br 7. "The Landlocked Indian Ocean
20577839
Quenya grammar


particle is "avá" (sometimes "ává", with two long "a") meaning: "Don't!" (I forbid you to do as you intend). "Nai" is used for the optative mood: Other particles like "ce, cé" are used in the corpus of published Quenya texts, but their precise functions are not known from any of Tolkien's published linguistic papers. The plural forms (suffix "-r" in late Quenya) are used only with a detached plural subject
20817532
A Secret Vice


examples of "languages which have a very characteristic and in their different ways beautiful word-form". Tolkien's opinion of the relation of mythology and language is reflected in examples cited in Quenya and Noldorin, the predecessors of Quenya and Sindarin. The essay contains three Quenya poems, "Oilima Markirya" ("The Last Ark"), "Nieninque", and "Earendel" as well as an eight-line passage in Noldorin. One of the most frequently quoted passages from the essay comes in a context in
21805872
Kurse


Kurse is the name of two fictional characters appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer/artist Walter Simonson, the Algrim version of Kurse first appears as the Dark Elf Algrim the Strong in "Thor" #347 (Sep. 1984). He is later transformed into Kurse in "Secret Wars II" #4 (Oct. 1985). Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje portrayed the character in the Marvel Cinematic Universe film "" (2013). The Dark Elf Algrim the Strong was created by Walter Simonson
12679960
Halflife (comics)


Halflife is the name of two fictional characters appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. These characters have two distinct origins, and are detailed separately below. The first Halflife is a Marvel Comics supervillain. She first appeared in "West Coast Avengers" vol. 2 #12 (Sep. 1986). The second character in the Marvel universe to take the name Half-Life was a gamma-irradiated fiend and enemy of the Hulk. He first appeared in "The Incredible Hulk" vol. 1 #334.
3083944
Quenya


, called "Quendi" ('speakers') in Quenya. Quenya translates as simply "language" or, in contrast to other tongues that the Elves met later in their long history, "elf-language". After the Elves divided, Quenya originated as the speech of two clans of "High Elves" or Eldar, the Noldor and the Vanyar, who left Middle-earth to live in Eldamar ("Elvenhome"), in Valinor, the land of the immortal and God-like Valar. Of
5086628
Quenya grammar


Quenya texts, "mánte" is the sole possessive determiner with a plural ending in "-ë" ( "-ai"). The usual plural ending is "-r", "hildinyar", "my heirs". This was probably an older device from Parmaquesta. Quenya allows for a very flexible word order because it is an inflectional language like Latin. Nevertheless, it has word order rules. The usual structure is subject–verb–object. Tolkien explained in his grammar of Common Eldarin the use of the adjective
20817542
Quenya


Tengwar" No. 49 in 2007. In late Quenya, pronouns have both separate or independent forms, and suffix forms. The separate pronouns have both a short and long form that are used for emphatic and normal pronouns respectively. Examples of the emphatic form include: "emmë", "elyë", "entë" (1st to 3rd person plural). Such emphatic disjunctive pronouns, were already present in early Quenya but differed from the later versions (e.g. plural: "tûto", "sîse", "
5086685
Ungoliant


provide a clear background for an element of his fiction. "Ungoliant" means "dark spider" in Tolkien's invented language of Sindarin. It is a loan word from . She is also known as "Gloomweaver" (Sindarin: ' , Quenya: ' ). Tolkien's original writings say that Ungoliant was a primeval spirit of night, named Móru, who aided Melkor in his attack upon the Two Trees of Valinor, draining them of their sap after Melkor had injured them. She also consumed the reserves of light
16612091
List of Middle-earth animals


This is a list of animals, both real and fictional, that appeared in Arda, the world of J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth legendarium. In addition, this list encompasses several living creatures that were referred to at some point by Tolkien as being beast-shaped Maiar (angelic beings) rather than proper animals; such cases are annotated. In Quenya, an Elven tongue devised by Tolkien, the general term for animals, as distinct from plants ("olvar"), is kelvar. "Crebain"
18064300
Turgon


In the fiction of J. R. R. Tolkien, Turgon () "the Wise" (Y.T. 1300–Y.S. 510; died aged 2426) is an Elven king of the Noldor, second son of Fingolfin, brother to Fingon, Aredhel and Argon, and ruler of the hidden city of Gondolin. His name is a Sindarinised form of his Quenya name Turukáno, which probably means something like "valiant lord". Although Turgon was originally against the departure of the Noldor from Aman, he eventually did set out on the journey. After
2346743
Quenya


Elven culture in Middle-earth. In the Second Age of Middle-earth's chronology the Men of Númenor learnt the Quenya tongue. In the Third Age, the time of the setting of "The Lord of the Rings", Quenya was learnt as a second language by all Elves of Noldorin origin, and it continued to be used in spoken and written form, but their mother-tongue was the Sindarin of the Grey-elves. As the Noldor remained in Middle-earth, their Noldorin dialect of Quenya also
5086630
Quenya


pronounced "k", "qu" stands for "kw", "Orqui" is "Orkwi". Tolkien's standard orthography for Quenya uses all the letters of the Latin script except "j", "k", and "z", together with the acute and diaeresis marks on vowels; the letters "ñ", "þ" and "z" only appear in early Quenya. Occasionally, Tolkien wrote Quenya with a "Finnish-style" orthography (rather than the standard Latin-Romance
5086703
Quenya grammar


in late Quenya: "Adjectives normally preceded the qualified noun, and in attributive use were seldom separated from it by other words or elements. A standing exception was made by numerals which usually immediately followed the noun. They [the preceding adjectives, not numerals] in fact made "loose compounds" with the qualified noun, and only the qualified noun was inflected. In Quenya attributive adjectives are inflected for number only, if they precede their nouns. If they follow, the situation is reversed. Thus "Sindar Eldar"
20817543
University of California, Irvine


manufactured home called "Bag End". The second phase was built in 1989 with thirteen more halls: Balin, Harrowdale, Whispering Wood, Woodhall, Calmindon, Grey Havens, Aldor, Rohan, Gondolin, Snowbourn, Elrond, Shadowfax, and Quenya. The third phase was built in 2000 with four halls: Crickhollow, Evenstar, Oakenshield, and Valimar. Each hall houses about fifty to eighty students, although Quenya was built with sixty single suite rooms which mainly house graduate students. There are 42 houses located in Arroyo
1129200
Sep Lambert


though, against Scotland in 1920 and against the Irish Military and Scotland in 1921. In all matches for Ireland, Sep Lambert scored 342 runs at an average of 20.12, with a top score of 60 not out against Oxford University in May 1902, his only half-century for Ireland and also his top first-class score. He took ten catches and no stumpings. Sep Lambert came from a cricketing family. His brother Bob was one of Ireland's finest cricketers, and his nephew Ham also played cricket for Ireland
17780530
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy


The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (SEP) combines an online encyclopedia of philosophy with peer-reviewed publication of original papers in philosophy, freely accessible to Internet users. It is maintained by Stanford University. Each entry is written and maintained by an expert in the field, including professors from many academic institutions worldwide. Authors contributing to the encyclopedia give Stanford University the permission to publish the articles, but retain the copyright to those articles. , the "SEP" has nearly 1,600 published entries. Apart from its online status, the
3875988
Quenya


." In the late Ancient Quenya period, when vowels were lost in long compound words, the clusters thus created, or the consonants that became final, were as a rule changed or reduced: Quenya has five vowels (Quenya "ómar"), and a distinction of length. The short vowels are /a, e, i, o, u/ and the long ones are written with an acute accent as /á, é, í, ó, ú/. The precise quality of the vowels is not known, but their
5086673
Teleri


Lindar), was considered by some to be a dialect of Quenya, but the Teleri themselves considered it to be an independent language, which seems more reasonable considering that Quenya and Telerin are about as far apart as Italian and Spanish. It was much more conservative than Quenya, and was the closest to Common Telerin (from which Sindarin and Nandorin were also derived), and even to Common Eldarin of the later Elvish languages. The Teleri were more slender and perhaps slightly shorter on average than the Noldor and Vanyar, though
17594041
Quenya


gradually diverged from the Vanyarin dialect spoken in Valinor, undergoing both sound changes and grammatical changes. The language featured prominently in Tolkien's "The Lord of the Rings" trilogy, as well as in his posthumously published history of Middle-earth "The Silmarillion". The longest text in Quenya published by Tolkien during his lifetime is the poem "Namárië", and other published texts are generally no longer than a few sentences. At his death, Tolkien left behind a number of unpublished writings on Quenya, and later Tolkien
5086631
Quenya


/Quenderin root ur-. Germanic influence can more be seen in grammar (the -r nominative plural ending is reminiscent of the Scandinavian languages) or phonology, than in words: "Arda", the Quenya name for "region", just happened to resemble Germanic "Erde" "earth", while it actually comes from the Valarin/Quenderin root "gar-". According to Tom DuBois and Scott Mellor, the name of Quenya itself may have been influenced by the name Kven, a language closely related to Finnish,
5086648
Martin J. Whitman School of Management


Partnership (SEP) is a collaboration between the Whitman School and the College of Engineering and Computer Science at Syracuse University, the State University of New York - College of Environmental Science and Forestry, and the Syracuse Center of Excellence in Environmental and Energy Systems. The SEP conducts research through the Sustainable Building and Infrastructure Grant Program, holds seminars on ways for businesses and organizations to incorporate sustainability into their products and practices, and awards scholarships for students and researchers interested in sustainable buildings and infrastructure. The SEP also offers a Certificate of
18329271
Summer Enrichment Program (University of Colorado)


The Summer Enrichment Program (SEP) is a summer camp for gifted and talented children entering grades 5 to 10, located at Center for the Education and Study of the Gifted, Talented, Creative at the University of Northern Colorado in Greeley, Colorado. SEP consists of one two-week session in mid-July, during which students reside in the university dormitories and eat in campus dining halls, supervised by camp counselors assigned to each grade. The students choose four classes which they attend every day from Monday to Friday.
3446121
Quenya grammar


languages which have fairly simple systems of grammatical number, in late Quenya nouns can have up to four numbers: singular, general plural (or plural 1), particular/partitive plural (or plural 2), and dual. In late Quenya Tarquesta, the plural is formed by a suffix to the subjective form of the noun. "Thus in Quenya "Eldar" (not with article!) = Elves, The Elves, All Elves; "i Eldar" = (all) the Elves previously named (and
20817517
Quenya


took the crown as Elessar Telcontar. Quenya in the Third Age had almost the same status as the Latin language had in medieval Europe, and was called "Elven-latin" by Tolkien. Quenya has a variety of language registers: The pronunciation of the Elvish languages by Elves, Men and Hobbits has been described in a variety of sources by J.R.R. Tolkien. The documentation about late Quenya phonology is contained in the Appendix E of the "Lord of the Rings" and the "Outline of Phonology", a text written
5086662
Quenya


by J.R.R. Tolkien and published in "Parma Eldalemberon" No. 19. Tolkien based Quenya pronunciation more on Latin than on Finnish. Thus, Quenya lacks the vowel harmony and consonant gradation present in Finnish, and accent is not always on the first syllable of a word. Typical Finnish elements like the front vowels "ö", "ä" and "y" are lacking in Quenya, but phonological similarities include the absence of aspirated unvoiced stops or the development of the syllables "ti"  "si" in both languages
5086663
Quenya


ld, mm, ss," etc.). Certain combinations of consonants, e.g. "ny", "ry", are also regarded as heavy. Medially "hy" and "hw" are long consonants in Parmaquesta (not colloquially in Tarquesta) and a vowel before them is held to constitute a metrically long syllable. Quenya has also a secondary accent. The placement of stress and the distinction between heavy and light syllables is important in Quenya verse. Tolkien also devised phonotactical rules for late Quenya, governing the
5086678
Quenya


, and possibly "-inë". The latter version is however not attested. Quenya adjectives may be freely used as nouns, in which case they are also inflected like a noun: e.g. "vinya", "new", may be used as "vinyar", "news". In Quenya, there are many similarities in form between prepositions and adverbs since the grammatical case already determines the relation of verb and object. Many Quenya prepositions have adverb-like uses with no complement. In Common Eldarin, these prepositions
5086683
The Reluctant Shaman


of contemporary fantasy stories de Camp set in the fictional town of Gahato and the surrounding Adirondack region of New York, the others being "The Hardwood Pile" ("Unknown", Sep. 1940) and some of his Willy Newbury stories, notably "The Lamp" ("Fantasy and Science Fiction", March 1975), "Algy" ("Fantastic", Aug. 1976), "Darius" ("Escape!," fall 1977) and "The Huns" ("Fantasy and Science Fiction",
19548129
Quenya


way in which the sounds could be combined to form words: The grammar of Quenya is agglutinative and mostly suffixing, i.e. different word particles are joined by appending them. It has basic word classes of verbs, nouns and pronouns/determiners, adjectives and prepositions. Nouns are inflected for case and number. Verbs are inflected for tense and aspect, and for agreement with subject and object. In early Quenya, adjectives agree with the noun they modify in case and number, but not in later Quenya, where this agreement disappears
5086679
Quenya


such as "armar" "goods (things for sale, or the things that you own)"; some other nouns, especially monosyllabic ones, use only one of the two plurals judged the most aesthetic by Elves (i. e. Tolkien). In late Quenya Tarquesta, the plural is formed by a suffix to the subjective form of the noun. Quenya nouns are declined for case. Parmaquesta Quenya has ten cases. These include the four primary cases: nominative, accusative, genitive, and instrumental; three adverbial cases
5086681