TDRS-B [SEP] time of spacecraft launch
[{"answer": "28 January 1986", "provenance": [{"wikipedia_id": "23379882", "title": "TDRS-B", "start_paragraph_id": 6, "start_character": 0, "end_paragraph_id": 6, "end_character": 62, "bleu_score": 1.0, "meta": {}, "section": "Section::::History.:Launch failed.\n"}]}]
TDRS-12


other spacecraft, with an additional array of S-band transponders for lower-rate communications with five further satellites. The satellite is powered by two solar arrays, which produce 2.8 to 3.2 kilowatts of power, while an R-4D-11-300 engine is present to provide propulsion. The United Launch Alliance was contracted to launch TDRS-12. The spacecraft was launched on January 24, 2014 at 02:33 UTC (21:33 local time on January 23). An Atlas V rocket was used, flying in the 401 configuration, with tail number AV-042
2962529
TDRS-B


. STS-51-L launched with TDRS-B at 16:38 GMT on 28 January 1986. The Shuttle disintegrated 73 seconds after launch due to an O-ring failure in one of the Solid Rocket Boosters, killing the seven astronauts aboard. Once it reached orbit, TDRS-B was to have been given the operational designation TDRS-2. Although normal practice was to reassign operational designations in the event of launch failures, the TDRS-2 designation was not reassigned, and when TDRS-C was launched, it became TDRS-3. Debris from TDRS-B
10658344
TRW Inc.


Satellites (TDRS) were built by TRW to improve communication coverage for the Space Shuttle, International Space Station, and US military satellites. When first launched in 1983, the TDRS satellites were the largest, most sophisticated communications satellites built at the time. The seventh vehicle in the series was ordered as a replacement when TDRS-2 was lost in the Challenger accident. Launched in 2002, TRW produced the Aqua spacecraft based on their modular standardized satellite bus. A joint project of the United States, Japan, and Brazil, Aqua delivers
16711250
TDRS-11


TDRS-11, known before launch as TDRS-K, is an American communications satellite which is operated by NASA as part of the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System. The eleventh Tracking and Data Relay Satellite is the first third-generation spacecraft. TDRS-11 was constructed by Boeing, and is based on the BSS-601HP satellite bus. Fully fuelled, it has a mass of , and is expected to operate for 15 years. It carries two steerable antennas capable of providing S, Ku and Ka band communications for other spacecraft, plus an
4079210
TDRS-M


TDRS-M, to be renamed TDRS-13 upon entry into service, is an American communications satellite operated by NASA as part of the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System. The thirteenth Tracking and Data Relay Satellite, it is the third and final third-generation spacecraft to be launched, following the 2014 launch of TDRS-L. TDRS-M was constructed by Boeing, based on the BSS-601HP satellite bus. Fully fueled, it has a mass of , with a design life of 15 years. It carries two steerable antennas capable
16023262
TDRS-12


TDRS-12, known before launch as TDRS-L, is an American communications satellite operated by NASA as part of the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System. The twelfth Tracking and Data Relay Satellite, it is the second third-generation spacecraft to be launched, following TDRS-11 in 2013. TDRS-12 was constructed by Boeing, based on the BSS-601HP satellite bus. Fully fueled, it has a mass of , with a design life of 15 years. It carries two steerable antennas capable of providing S, Ku and Ka band communications for
2962528
Space Network


H–J) carry functionally identical payloads. A third generation, TDRS K and L, are planned for launch 2012–2013. See TDRS launch history. Click on the figures to the right, which identify the pertinent communications components and associated parameters of the orbiting relay platforms. For spacecraft operating in a low earth orbit (LEO) 73 km to 3000 km altitude, the SN is capable of providing tracking and data acquisition services over 100% of the spacecraft's orbit. Spacecraft sent to more distant or exotic destinations rely on
11571034
TDRS-B


TDRS-B was an American communications satellite, which was to have formed part of the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System. It was destroyed when the disintegrated 73 seconds after launch. TDRS-B was launched in the payload bay of "Challenger", attached to an Inertial Upper Stage (IUS). It was to have been deployed from the Shuttle in low Earth orbit. The IUS would have then performed two burns to raise the satellite into a geosynchronous orbit. On the previous TDRS launch, TDRS-1, the IUS
10658342
List of Launch Services Program launches


launch the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) weather satellites, and some of the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS) communications series of satellites into orbit. GOES-M lifted off in 2001 aboard an Atlas IIA. It was the fifth spacecraft to be launched in the current advanced series of environmental satellites for NOAA and the first to have a solar X-ray imager. The most recent TDRS launch was in January 2013 (TDRS-K) from CCAFS. Kodiak Star
16907028
TDRS-M


of providing S, Ku and Ka band communications for other spacecraft, with an additional array of S-band transponders for lower-rate communications with five further satellites. The satellite is powered by two solar arrays, which produce 2.8 to 3.2 kilowatts of power, while an R-4D-11-300 engine is present to provide propulsion. In 2015, NASA contracted with United Launch Alliance to launch TDRS-M on an Atlas V 401 for $132.4 million. The spacecraft was launched on August 18, 2017 at 12:29 UTC (08:29
16023263
TDRS-M


local time on August 18). from Space Launch Complex 41 at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. On July 15, 2017, The TDRS-M space communications satellite was damaged during the encapsulation process at Astrotech Space Operations. According to NASA's press release, "NASA and Boeing are reviewing an incident that occurred during final spacecraft closeout activities on the Tracking Data Relay Satellite (TDRS-M) mission at Astrotech Space Operations in Titusville, Florida, on July 14, involving the Omni S-band antenna." This
16023264
TDRS-8


a malfunction of the multiple-access phased array antenna the spacecraft did not provide the expected level of performance for eighteen of the communications services that it was to provide. The same problem was found and corrected on the TDRS-9 and TDRS-10 satellites prior to their launches. Following its launch it raised itself into geostationary orbit by means of its onboard R-4D apogee motor, and was positioned at 150° West for on-orbit testing. After testing was complete, it was moved to 171° West from where it provides communications services to
17312200
TDRS-7


twelve G/H band (IEEE C band) transponders which had been included on the previous satellites were omitted. It was the last communications satellite, other than amateur radio spacecraft, to be deployed by a Space Shuttle. The TDRS-G satellite was deployed from during the STS-70 mission in 1995. "Discovery" was launched from Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39B at 13:41:55 GMT on 13 July 1995. TDRS-G was deployed from "Discovery" around six hours after launch, and was raised to geosynchronous orbit by
1711535
TDRS-3


TDRS-3 , known before launch as TDRS-C, is an American communications satellite which is operated by NASA as part of the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System. It was constructed by TRW, and is based on a custom satellite bus which was used for all seven first generation TDRS satellites. The TDRS-C satellite was launched aboard during the STS-26 mission in 1988; the first Shuttle flight since the "Challenger" accident which had resulted in the loss of the previous TDRS satellite, TDRS-B. "Discovery" launched
1262878
STS-26


in a transfer orbit, and the second stage placed it in a geosynchronous orbit on 30 September. TDRS-3 moved into position over the Pacific Ocean south of Hawaii at 171 degrees west longitude. It joined TDRS-1 in tracking Earth-orbiting spacecraft; a sister satellite, TDRS-B, was lost in the "Challenger" accident. Also in the payload bay was the Orbiter Experiments Autonomous Supporting Instrumentation System (OASIS). OASIS recorded environmental data on the orbiter and the TDRS payload during various inflight phases. All the mission's
18787297
TDRS-7


TDRS-7, known before launch as TDRS-G, is an American communications satellite which is operated by NASA as part of the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System. It was constructed by TRW as a replacement for TDRS-B, which had been lost in the "Challenger" accident, and was the last first-generation TDRS satellite to be launched. TDRS-7 is based on a custom satellite bus which was used for all seven first generation TDRS satellites. Whilst similar to its predecessors, it differed from them slightly in that
1711534
TDRS-11


array of additional S-band transponders to allow communications at a lower data rate with greater numbers of spacecraft. TDRS-11 was launched at 01:48 UTC on 31 January 2013, at the beginning of a 40-minute launch window. United Launch Alliance performed the launch using an Atlas V carrier rocket, tail number AV-036, flying in the 401 configuration. Liftoff occurred from Space Launch Complex 41 at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, and the rocket placed its payload into a geostationary transfer orbit. Following its arrival in geosynchronous orbit, the satellite
4079211
STS-70


from STS-26, TDRS-4 from STS-29, TDRS-5 from STS-43 and TDRS-6 was deployed by STS-54. The on-orbit TDRS network was rearranged and included two fully operational spacecraft occupying the TDRS East and West slots, one on-orbit fully functional spare, TDRS-1, which was nearly depleted having exceeded its planned lifetime, and the partially operational TDRS-3 spacecraft dedicated to supporting the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory and providing coverage an area that can't be seen by the other satellites known as the Zone of Exclusion. Secondary objectives of the mission were
3172574
Solar electric propulsion


Solar electric propulsion (SEP) typically refers to the combination of solar cells and an ion drive to propel a spacecraft through outer space. This technology has been exploited in a variety of spacecraft by the European Space Agency, the Japanese Space Agency, Indian Space Research Organisation and NASA. SEP is valued for its potential for a high specific impulse, thus allowing less mass for propellant to be launched with a spacecraft and it has been evaluated for mission to Mars. Solar electric propulsion combines solar panels on spacecraft and ion thrusters,
19663908
STS-43


the northeast corner of Brazil. TDRS-B was lost in the Challenger accident in 1986. After STS-43, the two satellites in the west became on-orbit spares; TDRS-5, after activation, checkout and calibration, officially became the primary provider of services in the west location on 7 October 1991. It was stationed at 175 degrees west longitude. Previously, orbiting spacecraft could communicate with Earth only when in sight of a ground tracking station – about 15 percent of each orbit. The TDRS network allows communication from 85 to
19171366
Space Shuttle Challenger disaster


veteran astronauts, from Kennedy Space Center pad 39-B. Its crew included Richard O. Covey, who had given the last status callout to Challenger before its breakup, "Challenger, go at throttle up". The shuttle carried a Tracking and Data Relay Satellite, TDRS-C (named TDRS-3 after deployment), which replaced TDRS-B, the satellite that was launched and lost on "Challenger". The "Return to Flight" launch of "Discovery" also represented a test of the redesigned boosters, a shift to a
16564566
Boeing 601


Hughes, and the 601 platforms, were acquired by Boeing in 2000. The last commercial 601 satellite was ordered in 2001 and launched in 2004. The NASA Space Communications and Navigation (SCaN) Program Office in December 2007 selected the BSS-601HP for its third generation TDRS spacecraft, adding the two 15-foot (4.5m) diameter steerable antennas. The TDRS-M satellite, launched on August 18, 2017, became the last 601 satellite to reach orbit. The Boeing-601 model was Hughes’ first major design and development for a communications
13600783
TDRS-5


TDRS-5, known before launch as TDRS-E, is an American communications satellite which is operated by NASA as part of the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System. It was constructed by TRW is based on a custom satellite bus which was used for all seven first generation TDRS satellites. It was launched aboard during the STS-43 mission in August 1991. "Atlantis" launched from Launch Complex 39A at the Kennedy Space Center at 15:02:00 GMT (11:02 local time), on 2 August. TDRS-E was deployed from "Atlantis
22026489
STS-43


(IUS) booster, the last of which occurred approximately 12½ hours into the mission. TDRS then deployed its antennas and solar panels, and separation from the IUS took place less than 45 minutes later. The TDRS network of satellites provides the vital communication link between Earth and low-orbiting spacecraft such as the Space Shuttle. Until the STS-43 deployment, there were three TDRS spacecraft on orbit above the equator: two were in the west position over the Pacific Ocean, southwest of Hawaii. TDRS-4 was in the east position over
19171365
TDRS-B


second-stage motor malfunctioned following the first-stage burn, resulting in a loss of control, and delivery of the satellite into an incorrect orbit. TDRS-B was originally scheduled for launch on STS-12 in March 1984, however it was delayed and the flight cancelled following the IUS failure on TDRS-1. It was later re-manifested on STS-51-E, however this too was cancelled due to concerns over the reliability of the IUS. It was eventually assigned to STS-51-L, which was to also carry the SPARTAN-Halley astronomy satellite
10658343
STS-51-B


STS 51-B was the 17th flight of NASA's Space Shuttle program, and the seventh flight of Space Shuttle "Challenger". The launch of "Challenger" on April 29, 1985 was delayed by 2 minutes and 18 seconds, due to a launch processing failure. "Challenger" was initially rolled out to the pad to launch on the STS-51-E mission. The shuttle was rolled back when a timing issue emerged with the TDRS-B satellite. When STS-51-E was canceled, "Challenger" was remanifested with the STS-51-B payloads.
18514687
TDRS-1


TDRS-1, known before launch as TDRS-A, was an American communications satellite which was operated by NASA as part of the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System. It was constructed by TRW and launched by on its maiden flight, STS-6. While on the pad, problems were detected with "Challenger"'s main engines and repairs were begun. During this time, a severe storm caused contamination of TDRS-1 while it was in the Payload Change-out Room on the Rotating Service Structure at the launch pad. Consequently, the
11667473
STS-70


Mission Control Center (MCC) controlled the shuttle, and the Inertial Upper Stage (IUS) control center at Onizuka Air Force Base in Sunnyvale California controlled the booster stage. Once it reached its destination, the fully deployed satellite had a wingspan of 57 ft. The TDRS was the sixth placed in operational use. The first TDRS was launched aboard STS-6 on 1983-04-04 with a scheduled lifetime of seven years. The second satellite, TDRS-B was lost aboard "Challenger" on mission STS-51-L. TDRS-3 was deployed
3172573
TDRS-3


placing TDRS-C into geosynchronous orbit. At this point it received its operational designation. Although the TDRS-2 designation had not been assigned, TDRS-C was given the designation TDRS-3 as NASA did not want to reuse the designation which had been intended for the STS-51-L payload. It was briefly placed at a longitude 151° West of the Greenwich Meridian, before being moved to 171° West before the end of 1988, from where it provided communications services to spacecraft in Earth orbit, including Space Shuttles. In 1990, it
1262880
TDRS-9


TDRS-9, known before launch as TDRS-I, is an American communications satellite which is operated by NASA as part of the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System. It was constructed by the Boeing Satellite Development Center, formerly Hughes Space and Communications, and is based on the BSS-601 satellite bus. It was the second Advanced TDRS, or second-generation Tracking and Data Relay Satellite, to be launched. An Atlas IIA rocket was used to launch TDRS-I, under a contract with International Launch Services. The launch occurred
1914001
TDRS-4


TDRS-4, known before launch as TDRS-D, is an American communications satellite which was operated by NASA as part of the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System from 1989 until 2011. It was constructed by TRW, based on a custom satellite bus which was used for all seven of the first generation TDRS satellites. TDRS-D was launched aboard during the STS-29R mission in 1989. "Discovery" launched from Launch Complex 39B at the Kennedy Space Center at 14:57:00 UTC on 13 March 1989. TDRS-D was deployed from
1324912
TDRS-10


TDRS-10, known before launch as TDRS-J, is an American communications satellite which is operated by NASA as part of the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System. It was constructed by the Boeing Satellite Development Center, formerly Hughes Space and Communications, and is based on the BSS-601 satellite bus. It was the third and final Advanced TDRS, or second-generation Tracking and Data Relay Satellite, to be launched. The final Atlas IIA rocket was used to launch TDRS-J, under a contract with International Launch Services.
1914495
STS-8


an emergency spacewalk; if needed, they would be used by Truly and Gardner. An early plan for STS-8, released in April 1982, had scheduled it for July 1983. It was expected to be a three-day mission with four crew members, and would launch INSAT-1-B, an Indian satellite, and TDRS-B, a NASA communications relay satellite. However, following problems with the Inertial Upper Stage (IUS) used to deploy TDRS-A on the STS-6 mission, it was announced in May 1983 that the
796978
TDRS-6


TDRS-6, known before launch as TDRS-F, is an American communications satellite which is operated by NASA as part of the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System. It was constructed by TRW, and is based on a custom satellite bus which was used for all seven first generation TDRS satellites. TDRS-F was deployed from during the STS-54 mission in 1993. "Endeavour" was launched from Launch Complex 39B at the Kennedy Space Center, at 13:59:30 GMT on 13 January 1993. TDRS-F was deployed from "Endeavour
1325519
Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System


The Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRSS) is a network of American communications satellites (each called a tracking and data relay satellite, TDRS) and ground stations used by NASA for space communications. The system was designed to replace an existing network of ground stations that had supported all of NASA's manned flight missions. The prime design goal was to increase the time spacecraft were in communication with the ground and improve the amount of data that could be transferred. Many Tracking and Data Relay Satellites were launched in the 1980s
2980173
Tracking and data relay satellite


support TDRS. The bilateration ranging transponder system (BRTS) provides tracking support for TDRS spacecraft. BRTS consists of four sites located at White Sands Missile Range (WSC), Guam (GRGT), Ascension Island (ACN), and Alice Springs, Australia (ALS). The communications systems of the TDRSS satellites were designed to support multiple missions at the same time. Each satellite has S band, K band (1st Gen only), and K band (2nd gen only) electronic communication systems hardware that operate at
20459929
TDRS-1


. Along with Marisat F2, GOES 3 and LES-9, it was one of a number of satellites that were transferred to the US National Science Foundation for communications with the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station. After Marisat was retired, TDRS-1 became the primary means of communication with the research station. The last functioning traveling-wave tube amplifier aboard TDRS-1 failed in October 2009, rendering the spacecraft unusable for communications purposes. The craft was moved into a decommissioning orbit beginning on or about October 21, 2009. Decommissioning was started on
11667478
STS-8


TDRS was not going to be flown. It was replaced in the manifest by the Payload Flight Test Article. After re-development of the IUS, TDRS-B was eventually re-manifested for the STS-51-L mission, and was lost along with the Space Shuttle "Challenger" and its crew when the launch failed in January 1986. The primary element of the STS-8 mission payload was INSAT-1B. It was the second in a series of multi-purpose weather and communications satellites to be operated by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO
796979
TDRS-8


TDRS-8, known before launch as TDRS-H, is an American communications satellite which is operated by NASA as part of the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System. It was constructed by Boeing is based on the BSS-601 satellite bus. Its launch was contracted by International Launch Services, using an Atlas IIA carrier rocket. The launch occurred on 30 June 2000, at 12:55 GMT from Space Launch Complex 36A at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. It was the first Advanced Tracking and Data Relay Satellite to be launched. Due to
17312199
Solar panels on spacecraft


innermost panel of arrays may be "blank" to reduce the overlap of views to space. Such spacecraft include the higher-power communications satellites (e.g., later-generation TDRS) and Venus Express, not high-powered but closer to the Sun. Spacecraft are built so that the solar panels can be pivoted as the spacecraft moves. Thus, they can always stay in the direct path of the light rays no matter how the spacecraft is pointed. Spacecraft are usually designed with solar panels that can always be pointed at
17391827
Tianlian I


Tracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS) launched by People's Republic of China, and the first satellite of Tianlian I TDRS series. The satellite has multiple roles and will especially serve for China's manned spaceflight. Its first task could be for the Shenzhou 7 communication. The satellite was launched successfully by the Long March 3C rocket in Xichang Satellite Launch Centre at local time 23:35 April 25, 2008. It was the 105th launch of the Long March Rocket Family. The rocket had 3 stages, 2 roll boosters, a
3777562
Frederick Hauck


Center in early February 1987. Hauck was spacecraft commander of "Discovery" on STS-26, the first flight to be flown after the "Challenger" accident. The mission launched on September 29, 1988. The flight crew included the pilot, Richard Covey, and three mission specialists, David Hilmers, Mike Lounge, and George Nelson. During the four-day mission, the crew deployed the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS-C) and operated eleven mid-deck experiments. "Discovery" completed 64 orbits of
19233890
STS-8


as "space sickness"). The flight furthermore served as shakedown testing for the previously launched TDRS-1 satellite, which would be required to support the subsequent STS-9 mission. This mission had a crew of five, with three mission specialists. It was the second mission (after STS-7) to fly with a crew of five, the largest carried by a single spacecraft up to that date. The crew was historically notable for the participation of Guion "Guy" Bluford, who became the first African-American to fly in space
796975
TDRS-10


The launch occurred at 02:42 UTC on 5 December 2002, from Space Launch Complex 36A at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. TDRS-10 separated from its carrier rocket into a geosynchronous transfer orbit. At 01:00 UTC on 14 December, following a series of apogee burns, it reached geostationary orbit. TDRS-J was initially positioned in geostationary orbit at a longitude 153 degrees west of the Greenwich Meridian, and following on-orbit testing, it received the operational designation TDRS-10. In December 2003, it was moved to 151.5° west
1914496
Richard O. Covey


, Florida, on September 29, 1988, aboard the Space Shuttle "Discovery". Mission duration was 97 hours during which crew members successfully deployed the TDRS-C satellite and operated eleven secondary payloads which included two student experiments. "Discovery" completed 64 orbits of the Earth before landing at Edwards Air Force Base, California, on October 3, 1988. On STS-38 Covey was the spacecraft commander of a five-man crew which launched at night from the Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on November 15, 1990.
20724342
W. James Adams


Adams has experience in both industry and government. In 1979, he joined General Electric as an engineer working on a variety of military and civilian space systems. In 1989, he went to work for NASA at the Goddard Space Flight Center as a Space Station Freedom Systems Integration Manager. Most recently he served as the Project Manager for the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS). During his career, Adams has worked on the design, development, testing and operations of over 24 launched spacecraft, across three scientific disciplines and
3127231
Tracking and data relay satellite


destroyed in the Challenger disaster. TDRS-1 was decommissioned in October 2009. TDRS-4 was decommissioned in December 2011. Seven TDRSS satellites are still in service. All of the TDRSS satellites have been managed by NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. The contract for TDRS versions L & K was awarded to Boeing on December 20, 2007. On November 30, 2011, NASA announced the decision to order an additional third-generation TDRS satellite, TDRS M. The first tracking and data relay satellite was launched in 1983 on the Space Shuttle "
20459924
Mu (rocket family)


, designated M-V KM was used 3 times, with the MUSES-B (HALCA) satellite in 1997, Nozomi (PLANET-B) spacecraft in 1998, and the Hayabusa (MUSES-C) spacecraft in 2003. The three-stage configuration had a maximum payload of for an orbit with altitude of and inclination of 30°, and to a polar orbit (90° inclination), with an altitude of . The M-V KM could launch to an orbit with 30° inclination and altitude.
7457092
Mars program


"Marsnik" by the Western media. Mars 1 was launched in 1962 but failed en route to Mars. Two other Soviet launches at around the same time, Mars 2MV-4 No.1 and Mars 2MV-3 No.1 were spacecraft, however both failed to leave Earth orbit due to problems with the upper stages of their carrier rockets. Mars 2M No.521 and Mars 2M No.522, known in the West as Mars 1969A and B, were heavier spacecraft with masses of . They were launched by Proton-K rockets, and consisted of orbiters
3506641
Functional flow block diagram


are used both to develop requirements and to identify profitable trade studies. For example, does the spacecraft antenna acquire the tracking and data relay satellite (TDRS) only when the payload data are to be transmitted, or does it track TDRS continually to allow for the reception of emergency commands or transmission of emergency data? The FFBD also incorporates alternate and contingency operations, which improve the probability of mission success. The flow diagram provides an understanding of total operation of the system, serves as a basis for development of operational and contingency
11575699
NOAA-B


NOAA-B was a spacecraft in the TIROS-N series launched by NASA on 29 May 1980. Intended for a Sun-synchronous orbit, the spacecraft entered a lower, elliptical orbit due to a launch vehicle malfunction resulting in a failed mission. Had the launch been successful it would have been designated NOAA-7. Following launch a fuel leak between the turbopump and gearbox caused the main engine to lose 20–25% of its thrust. This caused the guidance system of the Atlas launch vehicle to increase the length of the first stage
13939612
Pioneer 10


bidding process to save time. B. J. O'Brien and Herb Lassen led the TRW team that assembled the spacecraft. Design and construction of the spacecraft required an estimated 25 million man-hours. An engineer from TRW said "This spacecraft is guaranteed for two years of interplanetary flight. If any component fails within that warranty period, just return the spacecraft to our shop and we will repair it free of charge." To meet the schedule, the first launch would need to take place between February 29 and March 17 so that
17422812
TDRS-4


a longitude 41 degrees west of the Greenwich Meridian, from where it provided communications services to spacecraft in Earth orbit, including the Space Shuttle and International Space Station. In 2005, it was relocated to 46° West. TDRS-4 completed its planned mission in November 2011, and was subsequently removed to a disposal orbit above GEO belt, per International Telecommunications Union (ITU) and United Nations (UN) recommendations, in early December 2011. In May 2012 NASA reported that the orbit-raising manoeuvre had been completed successfully, and
1324914
Moon landing


LCROSS shepherding spacecraft also impacted the surface. The GRAIL mission consisted of two small spacecraft: GRAIL A ("Ebb"), and GRAIL B ("Flow"). They were launched on 10 September 2011 on board a Delta II rocket. GRAIL A separated from the rocket about nine minutes after launch, and GRAIL B followed about eight minutes later. The first probe entered orbit on 31 December 2011 and the second followed on 1 January 2012. The two spacecraft impacted the Lunar surface on 17 December 2012. LADEE
16273877
Helios (spacecraft)


during the launch of the "Viking 2" spacecraft in September 1975 had to be rehabilitated, while the Viking landing on Mars in summer 1976 would make unavailable the Deep Space Network antennas that "Helios-B" would need to conduct its perihelion science. "Helios-B" was launched on January 10, 1976, by a Titan IIIE rocket. The probe was placed in an orbit with a 187-day period and a perihelion of . The orientation of "Helios-B" with respect to the ecliptic was reversed 180
2463872
SpaceX COTS Demo Flight 1


the post-splashdown news conference, for fear of the joke overshadowing the company's accomplishments. While in orbit, a battery of automated tests were performed including thermal control and attitude control to maintain uninterrupted TDRS data links. At 16:15 UTC, SpaceX announced that it had achieved contact with the Dragon module through the TDRS system. After the two planned orbits, the spacecraft was manually commanded to begin a deorbit burn, resulting in it splashing down in the Pacific Ocean at 19:02 UTC approximately west of Baja California after all three parachutes
439754
Advanced Gemini


assist with EVAs, inertial navigation systems, and flying a radar imaging system. MOL Launches would have been conducted from Launch Complex 40 at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, and Space Launch Complex 6 at Vandenberg Air Force Base. In 1966, a test flight was launched from LC-40, using a Titan IIIC. It consisted of the Gemini B spacecraft, built from the spacecraft used for the Gemini 2 test flight, atop OPS 0855, a boilerplate MOL space station. Gemini B was released on a suborbital trajectory, and
13312505
Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 12


4, the first American spacecraft to reach the surface of the Moon, when it made a hard landing at an impact speed of . On 27 August 1962, Mariner 2 was launched by Atlas-Agena B 179D, the first spacecraft conduct a successful flyby of another planet when it flew past Venus on 14 December 1962. On 28 July 1964, Atlas-Agena B 250D launched Ranger 7, which was the first fully successful Ranger mission. On 28 November 1964, Atlas-Agena D 288D launched with Mariner 4,
21693052
2008–09 Segona Divisió


Segona Divisió 2008–09 was the 10th season of football of Segona Divisió, in Andorra. [Sep 20] Jenlai 3–5 Atlètic [Sep 21] Lusitans B 4–1 Principat B Encamp 0–0 Benfica Extremenya bye [Sep 27] Extremenya 4–0 Jenlai [Sep 28] Benfica 2–3 Lusitans B [Sep 29] Atlètic awd Principat B [awarded 3–0, originally 3–4] Encamp bye [Oct 4] Jenlai 2–5 Benfica [Oct 5] Extremenya 1–3 Encamp [Oct 6] Lusitans B 1–2 Atlètic Principat B bye [Oct 11] Encamp 5–0
22075319
FTV-2203


FTV-2203, also known as Samos 5, was an American reconnaissance satellite launched in 1961 as part of the Samos programme. It was a film return reconnaissance spacecraft, meaning that it returned images in a film capsule at the end of its mission. FTV-2203 was a Samos-E5 spacecraft, based on the Agena-B. It carried a camera with a focal length of and a resolution of The launch of FTV-2203 occurred at 19:12:33 UTC on 22 December 1961. An Atlas LV-3A Agena-B rocket was used, flying from Launch
18529934
Explorer 49


Explorer 49 (also called Radio Astronomy Explorer-B(RAE-B)) was a 328-kilogram satellite launched on June 10, 1973 for long wave radio astronomy research. It had four 230-meter-long X-shaped antenna elements, which made it one of the largest spacecraft ever built. "Explorer 49" was launched after the termination of the Apollo program, and although it did not examine the Moon directly, it became the last American lunar orbital mission until the launch of Clementine spacecraft in 1994. This mission was the second
8968403
Nimbus 4


Nimbus 4 (also called Nimbus D) was a meteorological satellite. It was the fourth in a series of the Nimbus program. Nimbus 4 was launched on April 8, 1970, by a Thor-Agena rocket from Vandenberg Air Force Base, Lompoc, CA. The spacecraft functioned nominally until 30 Sep 1980. The satellite orbited the Earth once every 1 hour and 47 minutes, at an inclination of 80°. Its perigee was and apogee was . Nimbus 4, the fourth in a series of second-generation meteorological
16596410
Ranger program


/Agena B launch vehicle and the adequacy of the spacecraft design, but unfortunately not both on the same attempt. Ranger 3 had problems with both the launch vehicle and the spacecraft, missed the Moon by about 36,800 km, and has orbited the Sun ever since. Ranger 4 had a perfect launch, but the spacecraft was completely disabled. The project team tracked the seismometer capsule to impact just out of sight on the lunar far side, validating the communications and navigation system. Ranger 5 missed the Moon and was disabled.
12317029
STS-122


the interior of the Mobile Launcher Platform (MLP), where Time-domain reflectometry (TDR) test equipment was installed to test the ECO sensor system. Engineer Peter Johnson and Dr. Carlos T. Mata operated two TDRs to gather data about the characteristics of the behaviour of the sensor circuitry before, during, and after tanking. NASA was able to pinpoint the problem to the LH2 external tank feed-through connector. During launch preparations at Kennedy, technicians noticed a small section of the aft radiator retract hose that was bent in
11604383
STS-29


STS-29 was a NASA Space Shuttle mission, during which Space Shuttle "Discovery" inserted a Tracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS) into Earth orbit. It was the third shuttle mission following the "Challenger" disaster of 1986, and launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on 13 March 1989. STS-29 was the eighth flight of "Discovery" and the 28th Space Shuttle mission overall; its planned predecessor, STS-28, was delayed until August 1989. "Discovery" lifted off from Pad B, Launch Complex 39,
18787324
TDRS-5


" around six hours after launch, and was raised to geostationary orbit by means of an Inertial Upper Stage. It was the only TDRS satellite to be deployed from "Atlantis". The twin-stage solid-propellent Inertial Upper Stage made two burns. The first stage burn occurred shortly after deployment, from "Atlantis", and placed the satellite into a geosynchronous transfer orbit. Around six hours later, it reached apogee, and the second stage fired, placing TDRS-E into geosynchronous orbit. At this point it
22026490
TDRS-4


"Discovery" a few hours after launch, and was raised to geostationary orbit by means of an Inertial Upper Stage. The twin-stage solid-propellant Inertial Upper Stage made two burns. The first stage burn occurred shortly after deployment from "Discovery", and placed the satellite into a geosynchronous transfer orbit. At 03:30 UTC on 14 March, it reached apogee, and the second stage fired, placing TDRS-D into geosynchronous orbit. At this point it received its operational designation, TDRS-4. It was placed at
1324913
TDRS-6


" around six hours after launch, and was raised to geosynchronous orbit by means of an Inertial Upper Stage. The two-stage solid-propellent Inertial Upper Stage made two burns. The first stage burn occurred shortly after deployment from "Endeavour", and placed the satellite into a geosynchronous transfer orbit. At 02:26 GMT on 14 January it reached apogee, and the second stage fired, placing TDRS-F into geosynchronous orbit. At this point it received its operational designation, TDRS-6. In 1994, it was placed at
1325520
Apollo (spacecraft)


the S-IVB stage could leave the crew stranded in orbit, the separation system used multiple signal paths, multiple detonators and multiple explosive charges where the detonation of one charge would set off another even if the detonator on that charge failed to function. Once in space, the astronauts pressed the 'CSM/LV Sep' button on the control panel to separate the CSM from the launch vehicle. Detonating cord was ignited around the flange between the SM and SLA, and along the joints between the four SLA panels, releasing
18788495
Cavea-B


whose decomposition was more energetic, and thus provided more thrust per unit mass, than the traditionally used hydrazine. This would mean that reaction control systems and thrusters for orbital maneuvers on satellites and other spacecraft could be made lighter principally by reducing the amount of reaction mass needed. This would permit, for the same amount of propellant, longer times of operation times on low earth orbit and for spacecraft intended to work on higher orbits, that a certain payload could be carried into those higher orbits by lighter and therefore cheaper to launch
17922195
STS-8


loaded into the orbiter when on the pad; the overall processing time from "Challenger" arriving at KSC to being ready for launch was only sixty-two days, a record for the program at the time. The launch had originally been scheduled for August 4, 1983, and was later rescheduled for August 20. The requirement to conduct testing with the TDRS system required a delay of ten days for the system to be ready, during which the stack remained on the launch pad. During the on-pad delay,
796989
Theo de Rooij


's company 'Royal Sport Management' assists cyclists in their professional careers. One of the riders De Rooij has under his wings, is the highly talented Robert Gesink. Together with his business partner Joop Schuiling, Theo de Rooij incorporated his wide experience as a rider, team leader and manager in the production of special revolutionary electric bicycles: TdR Bikes. Under the brand name TdR, the Flox and the FloxX are manufactured in Asia. The bikes are assembled in the Netherlands. Already at the launch, the TdR Bikes concept
9065319
Donald H. Peterson


. During this maiden voyage of the spacecraft "Challenger", the STS-6 crew conducted numerous experiments in materials processing, recorded lightning activities, deployed the first tracking and data relay satellite (TDRS-A), and activated three Getaway Specials. Peterson and Musgrave conducted the Shuttle program's first extravehicular activity (EVA) to test the new suit, the Shuttle airlock, and new tools and techniques for construction and repair outside a spacecraft. After 120 hours of orbital operations STS-6 landed on the concrete runway at Edwards Air Force Base
601829
Pegasus 2


Pegasus 2 or Pegasus II, known before launch as Pegasus B was an American satellite which was launched in 1965 to study micrometeoroid impacts in Low Earth orbit. It was the second of three Pegasus satellites to be launched, following the launch of Pegasus 1 three months earlier. The Pegasus spacecraft were manufactured by Fairchild Hiller, and operated by NASA. Pegasus 2 was a Pegasus spacecraft, consisting of of instruments, attached to the S-IV upper stage of the carrier rocket which had placed it into orbit. It had a
16921877
Samos 4


Samos 4 was an American reconnaissance satellite which was lost in a launch failure in 1961. It was a film-return reconnaissance spacecraft, meaning that it returned images in a film capsule at the end of its mission. It was operated as part of the Samos programme. Samos 4 was the first of three Samos-E5 spacecraft to be launched; Samos-E5 satellites were based on an Agena-B, and carried a camera with a focal length of , and a resolution of . The launch of Samos 4 occurred
18529817
2011 Scottish Conservative Party leadership election


to the UK Conservative Party. This prompts mixed reactions from senior party figures. 4 Sep – Ruth Davidson formally announces that she will stand in the contest. 5 Sep – Murdo Fraser launches his campaign in Edinburgh. 8 Sep – Ruth Davidson launches her campaign in Edinburgh. 11 Sep – Lord Forsyth, at one point a suggested leadership candidate, declares his backing for Ruth Davidson. 23 Sep – Nominations for leadership close. Margaret Mitchell confirms she will stand in the election. 2 Oct – David Mundell MP declares his backing
10722174
Jemmis mno rules


to form a macropolyhedron, m core BMOs will be formed. Thus the SEP requirement of closo-condensed polyhedral clusters is m+n. Single-vertex sharing is a special case, where each sub-cluster needs to satisfy Wade’s rule separately. Let a and b be the number of vertices in the sub-clusters including the shared atom. The first cage requires a+1 and second cage requires b+1 skeletal electron pairs (SEPs). Thus a total of a+b+2 or a+b+m SEPs are required; but a+b = n+1, as
17447251
Dragon Spacecraft Qualification Unit


. On March 13, 2010, the first stage engines successfully underwent a 3.5 second static test firing, having failed a previous attempt the day before. SpaceX announced in September 2009 that the Dragon Spacecraft Qualification Unit would be the payload for the first Falcon 9 launch. At the time, launch was scheduled to occur no earlier than November 2009. The launch date had been delayed several times for various reasons, The spacecraft was launched and entered orbit on June 4, 2010. The first actual launch attempt targeted a four-
616394
Soyuz flight VS22


launch by Arianespace. They were also the 156–159th spacecraft launched by Arianespace to be manufactured by Thales Alenia Space and its predecessors. Soyuz flight VS22 was delayed twice from its intended launch date on 26 March 2019 – first to 29 March and later to 4 April. The Soyuz-ST-B launch vehicle was rolled out to Kourou's ELS launch pad on 1 April. After a 33-minute delay to allow for further checks on ground systems, it lifted off at 17:03:37 Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) on 4 April 2019,
9767682
TDRS-3


from Launch Complex 39B at the Kennedy Space Center at 15:37:00 GMT on September 29, 1988. TDRS-C was deployed from "Discovery" around six hours after launch, and was raised to geostationary orbit by means of an Inertial Upper Stage. The two-stage solid-propellent Inertial Upper Stage made two burns. The first stage burn occurred shortly after deployment from "Discovery", and placed the satellite into a geosynchronous transfer orbit. At 04:30 on September 30, it reached apogee, and the second stage fired,
1262879
M-V


. The final launch was that of the Hinode (SOLAR-B) spacecraft, along with the SSSat microsat and a nanosatellite, HIT-SAT, on 22 September 2006. A follow on to the M-V, called the "Epsilon Rocket", features a lower 1.2 tonne LEO payload capability. The development aim is to reduce costs, primarily by using the H-IIA solid rocket booster as the first stage and through shorter launch preparation time. Epsilon launches are intended to cost much less than the $70
15236997
Time-domain reflectometer


the pulse begins propagating down the cable towards the short. When the pulse hits the short, no energy is absorbed at the far end. Instead, an opposing pulse reflects back from the short towards the launching end. It is only when this opposing reflection finally reaches the launch point that the voltage at this launching point abruptly drops back to zero, signalling the fact that there is a short at the end of the cable. That is, the TDR has no indication that there is a short at the end of the
19275748
Eutelsat 33E


television and radio to Europe, North Africa and the Middle East. Hot Bird 10, as it was then named, was launched by Arianespace using an Ariane 5ECA carrier rocket, as part of a dual launch with the NSS-9 spacecraft. Two French military satellites, Spirale-A and Spirale-B were also carried, as secondary payloads. The launch took place from ELA-3 at Kourou, French Guiana, at 22:09 UTC on 12 February 2009. The spacecraft was deployed into geosynchronous transfer orbit, raising itself to its operational geostationary
4168108
Launch window


point. It may be continuous (i.e. able to launch every second in the launch window) or may be a collection of discrete instantaneous points between the open and close. Launch windows and days are usually calculated in UTC and then converted to the local time of where the rocket and spacecraft operators are located (frequently multiple time zones for USA launches). For trips into largely arbitrary Earth orbits, no specific launch time is required. But if the spacecraft intends to rendezvous with an object already in orbit, the launch must
20951574
Project Mercury


engine running (B). At this point, the launch escape system was no longer needed, and was separated from the spacecraft by its jettison rocket (C). The space vehicle moved gradually to a horizontal attitude until, at an altitude of , the sustainer engine shut down and the spacecraft was inserted into orbit (D). This happened after 5 minutes and 10 seconds in a direction pointing east, whereby the spacecraft would gain speed from the rotation of the Earth. Here the spacecraft fired the three posigrade rockets
20422765
ESSA-4


ESSA-4 (or TOS-B) was a spin-stabilized operational meteorological satellite. Its name was derived from that of its oversight agency, the Environmental Science Services Administration (ESSA). ESSA-4 was launched on January 26, 1967 at 17:31 UTC. It was launched atop a Delta rocket from Vandenberg Air Force Base, California, U.S.. The spacecraft had a mass of at the time of launch. ESSA-4 had an inclination of 102°, and an orbited the earth once every 113.4 minutes. Its perigee was and its
16437718
Asteroid Redirect Mission


that pushes the spacecraft forward. The spacecraft concept would have a dry mass of 5.5 tons, and could store up to 13 tons of xenon propellant. Each thruster would have a 30- to 50-kilowatt power level, and several thrusters can be combined to increase the power of an SEP spacecraft. This engine, which is scalable to 300 kilowatts and beyond, is being researched and developed by Northrop Grumman with Sandia National Laboratories and the University of Michigan. NASA Glenn Research Center is managing the project. Even at a destination, the
17356108
JAXA


the successor to Suzaku, which completed its mission a year before. Japan's solar astronomy started in the early 1980s with the launch of the "Hinotori" (ASTRO-A) x-ray mission. The Hinode (SOLAR-B) spacecraft, the follow-on to the joint Japan/US/UK Yohkoh (SOLAR-A) spacecraft, was launched on 23 September 2006. A SOLAR-C can be expected sometime after 2020. However no details are worked out yet other than it will not be
16297829
Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope


spacecraft arrived at the Astrotech payload processing facility in Titusville, Florida. On 4 June 2008, after several previous delays, launch status was retargeted for 11 June at the earliest, the last delays resulting from the need to replace the Flight Termination System batteries. The launch window extended from 15:45 to 17:40 UTC daily, until 7 August 2008. Launch occurred successfully on 11 June 2008 at 16:05 UTC aboard a Delta 7920H-10C rocket from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Space Launch Complex 17-B. Spacecraft separation took place about 75 minutes after launch.
15097588
List of Launch Services Program launches


Launch Services Program. Mars Exploration Rovers (MER-A & B) (Delta II) NASA's Mars Exploration Rovers launched aboard Delta II vehicles from CCAFS. MER-A "Spirit" launched June 2003, and MER-B "Opportunity" launched July 7 that same year. Both rovers reached Mars in January 2004. Information sent back to Earth from the rovers revealed the existence of water in the Red Planet's past (now ice). Previous missions to Mars include the 2001 Mars Odyssey spacecraft that launched in
16907022
Helios (spacecraft)


the Soviet Union to leave Earth orbit. The probes set a maximum speed record for spacecraft of . "Helios-B" flew closer to the Sun than "Helios-A", achieving perihelion on April17, 1976, at a record distance of , closer than the orbit of Mercury. "Helios-B" was sent into orbit 13 months after the launch of "Helios-A". The Helios space probes completed their primary missions by the early 1980s, and continued to send data up to 1985. The
2463856
1967 in spaceflight


The year 1967 in spaceflight saw more orbital launches than any other year before, including that of the first Australian satellite, WRESAT, which was launched from the Woomera Test Range atop an American Sparta rocket. The United States National Space Science Data Center catalogued 172 spacecraft placed into orbit by launches which occurred in 1967. The year saw both setbacks and advances for the United States Apollo programme. Three astronauts; Virgil "Gus" Grissom, Ed White and Roger B. Chaffee, were killed in a fire aboard the AS-204 spacecraft at
2560478
Interplanetary spaceflight


reaction products (propellant) on the Solar System body until such time as a vehicle needs to be loaded for launch. SpaceX is currently developing a system in which a reusable first stage vehicle would transport a manned interplanetary spacecraft to earth orbit, detach, return to its launch pad where a tanker spacecraft would be mounted atop it, then both fueled, then launched again to rendezvous with the waiting manned spacecraft. The tanker would then transfer its fuel to the manned spacecraft for use on its interplanetary voyage. The SpaceX "Interplanetary
15258553
Samos 3


Samos 3 was an American reconnaissance satellite which was lost in a launch failure in 1961. It was an early electro-optical reconnaissance spacecraft, meaning that it transmitted images to receiving stations on Earth rather than returning them in a film capsule, and was to have been operated as part of the Samos programme. Samos 3 was the only Samos-E2 spacecraft to be launched. Samos-E2 satellites were based on an Agena-B, and carried a camera with a focal length of , and a resolution of . The
18529774
Soyuz-B


Soyuz-B ( meaning Union-B) or Soyuz 9K () was a proposed Soviet spacecraft, which was designed for use as an orbital tug. A number of applications were proposed for it, including use as part of the Soyuz A-B-V complex for manned circumlunar spaceflight. The Soyuz 9K was intended to have been launched into low Earth orbit by the Soyuz 11A511 carrier rocket. Following launch, it would have been refuelled by up to three Soyuz-V tankers, before commencing its mission
12605696
Time-domain reflectometer


A time-domain reflectometer (TDR) is an electronic instrument that uses time-domain reflectometry to characterize and locate faults in metallic cables (for example, twisted pair wire or coaxial cable). It can also be used to locate discontinuities in a connector, printed circuit board, or any other electrical path. The equivalent device for optical fiber is an optical time-domain reflectometer. A TDR measures reflections along a conductor. In order to measure those reflections, the TDR will transmit an incident signal onto the conductor and
19275741
Soyuz-V


Soyuz-V ( meaning Union-V) or Soyuz 11K (), sometimes known in the west as Soyuz-C, was a proposed Soviet spacecraft, which was designed for use as a fuel tanker. It would have been used to refuel other spacecraft, particularly the Soyuz 9K orbital tug. It was part of the Soyuz A-B-V complex for manned circumlunar spaceflight. The Soyuz 11K was intended to have been launched into low Earth orbit by the Soyuz 11A511 carrier rocket. Following launch
12820089
OSCAR 1


3, 1962, and re-entered January 31, 1962. The uniqueness of the OSCAR-1 spacecraft was not only that it was built by amateurs, only about four years after the launch of Sputnik-1, but that it was the world's first piggyback satellite and the world's first private non-government spacecraft. Immediately following the launch of OSCAR-1, United States vice president, Lyndon B. Johnson, honored it with a congratulatory telegram to the group sponsoring this momentous event in the history of Amateur Radio. It read: “
759186
TKS (spacecraft)


Bugayskiy (the FGB block) as a manned spacecraft launched with Proton rocket alternative to the Soyuz spacecraft for use with "Almaz" space stations. Development began in 1965; the "Almaz programme" had been abandoned by the time the first TKS spacecraft flew in 1977. The VA spacecraft (""Vozvrashaemiy Apparat"") was flown separately on four test missions with two craft per launch to test the design, as well as one "all-up" test mission and three resupply missions. The project had further
2352649
Tiffeneau–Demjanov rearrangement


both of the University of Michigan, published a treatise on the TDR. Their proposed mechanism contained within provides an excellent perspective of scientist's understanding of the TDR at that time. The mechanism proposed by Baer and Smith was the summation of several sources of information. Since the early 1950s, it had been postulated by many that the TDR mechanism involved a carbonium ion . However, a major breakthrough in the development of the TDR mechanism came with the improved understanding of the phenomenon behind amine groups reacting with nitrous acid. Meticulous kinetic
15087928