Elaine Pagels [SEP] employer
[{"answer": "Princeton University", "provenance": [{"wikipedia_id": "733142", "title": "Elaine Pagels", "start_paragraph_id": 1, "start_character": 0, "end_paragraph_id": 1, "end_character": 167, "bleu_score": 0.6365791983074729, "meta": {}, "section": "Section::::Abstract."}]}]
Elaine Pagels


Elaine Pagels, née Hiesey (born February 13, 1943), is an American religious historian. She is the Harrington Spear Paine Professor of Religion at Princeton University. Pagels has conducted extensive research into early Christianity and Gnosticism. Her best-selling book "The Gnostic Gospels" (1979) examines the divisions in the early Christian church, and the way that women have been viewed throughout Jewish history and Christian history. Modern Library named it as one of the 100 best books of the twentieth century. Pagels (pronounced Paygulls
19129727
Elaine Pagels


of belief, which Pagels views as a hallmark of early orthodoxy. "Beyond Belief" also includes Pagels' personal exploration of meaning during a time of loss and tragedy. In 2012, Pagels received Princeton University's Howard T. Behrman Award for Distinguished Achievement in the Humanities for, as one nominator wrote, "her ability to show readers that the ancient texts she studies are concerned with the great questions of human existence though they may discuss them in mythological or theological language very different from our own." While Pagels and other
19129738
Heinz Pagels


Institute of the Humanities at New York University, a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, a member of the Science and Law Committee of the New York Bar Association, and a trustee of the New York Hall of Science. In 1969, Pagels married Elaine Pagels, later theology professor, author, and MacArthur Fellow. Their son Mark died in 1987 after a four-year illness. The couple had an adopted daughter Sarah and an adopted son David. Heinz Pagels died in 1988 in a mountain climbing accident on Pyramid
2734252
Elaine Pagels


's interpretation of an era different from ours, Gnosticism "attracted women because it allowed female participation in sacred rites". In 1982, Pagels joined Princeton University as a professor of early Christian history. Aided by a MacArthur fellowship (1980–85), she researched and wrote "Adam, Eve, and the Serpent", which examines the creation account and its role in the development of sexual attitudes in the Christian West. In both "The Gnostic Gospels" and "Adam, Eve, and the Serpent", Pagels focuses
19129733
Elaine Pagels


, her husband Heinz Pagels died in a mountain climbing accident. These personal tragedies deepened her spiritual awareness and afterwards Pagels began research leading to "The Origin of Satan". This book argues that the figure of Satan became a way for Jews and Christians to demonize their religious and cultural opponents, namely, pagans, other Christian sects, and Jews. Her "New York Times" bestseller, "Beyond Belief: The Secret Gospel of Thomas" (2003), contrasts the Gospel of Thomas with the Gospel of John,
19129735
Elaine Pagels


) was born February 13, 1943, in California. She is daughter of Stanford University botanist William Hiesey. According to Pagels, she's been fascinated with the Gospel of John since her youth, which she found to be "the most spiritual of the four gospels". After joining an Evangelical church at the age of 13, she quit when the church announced that a Jewish friend of hers who had been killed in a car crash would go to hell because he'd not been "born again". Pagels remained
19129728
Elaine Pagels


and argues that a close reading of the works shows that while the Gospel of Thomas taught its adherents that "there is a light within each person, and it lights up the whole universe [-] If it does not shine, there is darkness", the Gospel of John emphasizes the revelation that God as Jesus Christ is the "light of the world". On Pagels' interpretation, the Gospel of Thomas claims, along with other apocryphal teachings, that Jesus was not God, but rather, a human teacher
19129736
Elaine Pagels


especially on the way that women have been viewed throughout Jewish and Christian history. Her other books include "The Origin of Satan" (1995), "Beyond Belief: The Secret Gospel of Thomas" (2003), "Reading Judas: The Gospel of Judas and the Shaping of Christianity" (2007), and "Revelations: Visions, Prophecy, and Politics in the Book of Revelation" (2012). In April 1987, Pagels's son Mark died after five years of illness, and in July 1988
19129734
Elaine Pagels


and argues that the Christian church was founded in a society espousing contradictory viewpoints. A review of the book in the UK newspaper, The Sunday Times, led to the UK broadcaster, Channel 4, commissioning a major three-part series inspired by it, called "". The programme triggered a national furore, and marked a significant moment in the changes that religious broadcasting was already undergoing at that time. As a movement Gnosticism was not coherent and there were several areas of disagreement among the different factions. According to Pagel
19129732
Antisemitism and the New Testament


3:9). In the Smyrna passage, according to Koester, those claiming to be Jews probably bore in their traits the usual markers of kinship, circumcision, dietary restriction and Sabbath observance, but are taken to task for denouncing the Christian community to the Roman authorities to get them arrested. This has recently been questioned by Elaine Pagels, David Frankfurter, Heinrich Kraft and John W. Marshall. Pagels, reviewing the literature, argues that the author of Revelation, John of Patmos, was himself a Jew devoted to Christ, saw
14364648
The Gnostic Paul


The Gnostic Paul is a book by Elaine Pagels, a scholar of gnosticism and professor of religion at Princeton University. In the work, Pagels considers each of the non-pastoral Pauline epistles, and questions about their authorship. The core of the book examines how the Pauline epistles were read by 2nd century Valentinian gnostics and demonstrates that Paul could be considered a proto-gnostic as well as a proto-Catholic. Her treatment involves reading the Pauline corpus as being dual layered between a pneumatic, esoteric Christianity and a psychic,
18946886
Elaine Pagels


the faculty at Barnard College. She headed its Department of Religion from 1974 until she moved to Princeton in 1982. In 1975, after studying the Pauline Epistles and comparing them to Gnosticism and the early Church, Pagels wrote the book, "The Gnostic Paul" which argues that Paul the Apostle was a source for Gnosticism and hypothesizes that Paul's influence on the direction of the early Christian church was great enough to inspire the creation of pseudonymous writings such as the Pastoral Epistles (First and Second Timothy and Titus), in
19129730
Elaine Pagels


order to make it appear that Paul was anti-Gnostic. Pagels' study of the Nag Hammadi manuscripts was the basis for "The Gnostic Gospels" (1979), a popular introduction to the Nag Hammadi library. It was a best seller and won both the National Book Award in one-year category Religion/Inspiration and the National Book Critics Circle Award. Modern Library named it one of the 100 best books of the twentieth century. She follows the well-known thesis that Walter Bauer first put forth in 1934
19129731
Elaine Pagels


who sought to uncover the divine light in all human beings. This apocryphal viewpoint is in contradiction with the four New Testament gospels. Pagels argues that the Gospel of John was written as a rebuttal to the viewpoints put forth in the non-canonical Gospel of Thomas. She bases her conclusion on the theory that, in the Gospel of John, the apostle Thomas is portrayed as a disciple of little faith who cannot believe without seeing and, that the Gospel of John places an emphasis on Divine Jesus Christ as the center
19129737
Elaine Pagels


fascinated by the power of the New Testament. She started to learn Greek when she entered college, and read the Gospels in their original language, which proved to be a new experience. She graduated from Stanford University, earning a B.A. in 1964 and M.A. in 1965. After briefly studying dance at Martha Graham's studio, she began studying for a Ph.D. in religion at Harvard University as a student of Helmut Koester and part of a team studying the Nag Hammadi library manuscripts. Pagels completed her Ph.D. in 1970, and joined
19129729
Baptism for the dead


of the body, in proportion as they who were vainly baptized for the dead resorted to the practice from their belief of such a resurrection." Elaine Pagels (1992) seeks to explain 1 Corinthians as having reference to the Valentinian sect later numbered among the "Gnostic" heresies. However Pagels view of Paul's epistles is not supported by other scholars. Joel R. White argues from the context of the passage that 1 Cor 15:29 is referring to the apostles, especially Apollos and Paul himself. Mainstream Christian denominations generally do not
21775260
Consensus decision-making


, and decision-making except under unusual conditions such as when constrained by law, regulation, or other mandates or when conventional processes are important for establishing new, or reaffirming existing, precedent. As a notable example of the failure of unanimity in the Western canon, New Testament historian Elaine Pagels cites the Sanhedrin's unanimous vote to convict Jesus of Nazareth. To a Jewish audience familiar with that court's requirement to set free any person unanimously convicted as not having a proper defense, Pagels proposes that the story is intended to
4318650
Buddhism and Christianity


number of sects) are not considered part of mainstream Christianity and some have been declared heretical. However, Elaine Pagels proposes Buddhist influences on Gnosticism. Pagels suggested that there are parallels with teachings attributed to Jesus Christ and teachings found in Eastern traditions, but concludes that these parallels might be coincidental, since parallel traditions may emerge in different cultures without direct influence. Buddhist Jack McQuire has suggested that in the 4th century, Christian monasticism developed in Egypt, and it emerged with a corresponding structure comparable to the Buddhist monasticism of its time
3231917
SEP-IRA


. The deadline for establishing the plan and making contributions is the filing deadline for the employer's tax return, including extensions. The strictest conditions employers may place on employee eligibility are as follows. The employee must be included if they: Employers may use less restrictive criteria. SEP-IRA funds are taxed at ordinary income tax rates when qualified withdrawals are taken after age (as for traditional IRAs). Contributions to a SEP plan are deductible, lowering a taxpayer's income tax liability in the contribution year. SEP-IRA
13754342
SEP-IRA


contributions are treated as part of a profit-sharing plan. For employees, the employer may contribute up to 25% of the employee's wages to the employee's SEP-IRA account. For example, if an employee earns $40,000 in wages, the employer could contribute up to $10,000 to the SEP-IRA account. The total contribution to a SEP-IRA account should not exceed the lesser of 25% of income (20% for self-employed before self-employed tax deduction is included);(see below)
13754343
Gnosticism


this general form, since the word appears in the Epistle to the Colossians. Proponents of the view that Paul was actually a gnostic, such as Elaine Pagels, view the reference in Colossians as a term that has to be interpreted in a gnostic sense. The Supreme Light or Consciousness descends through a series of stages, gradations, worlds, or hypostases, becoming progressively more material and embodied. In time it will turn around to return to the One (epistrophe), retracing its steps through spiritual knowledge and contemplation. In
12081109
Criticism of the Bible


Christianity was the first, and they regarded Jesus as a teacher, or allegory. Elaine Pagels has proposed that there are several examples of gnostic attitudes in the Pauline epistles. Bart D. Ehrman and Raymond E. Brown note that some of the Pauline epistles are widely regarded by scholars as pseudonymous, and it is the view of Timothy Freke, and others, that this involved a forgery in an attempt by the Church to bring in Paul's gnostic supporters and turn the arguments in the other epistles on their head. Specific collections of
18820978
Jesus: The Evidence


search for the ‘real’ Jesus, including Hugh Schonfield’s "The Passover Plot", and Morton Smith’s "Jesus the Magician". The idea for the series was sparked by an article about "The Gnostic Gospels", an award-winning book by the American scholar Elaine Pagels, which was previewed in "The Sunday Times" in December 1979 tweaking the interest of John Birt who at that time was Director of Programmes at LWT.  An accompanying book of the same name was produced with the series by author
2655926
Buddhism and Gnosticism


which was intense at the time. Verardi further notes the similarities between the social-economic base of both Gnosticism and Buddhism, namely merchants, which both had to compete with the "great organised powers," of Rome and the Christian Church, and of the Brahmans. Both communities represented "an open economy and society lacking the defenses (and the vexations) of "nomos"," the law and institutions of the establishment. Conze's suggestions were noted by Elaine Pagels as a "possibility," in the introduction
6809116
Gnosticism


certain Theudas, who was a student of Paul, and Elaine Pagels notes that Paul's epistles were interpreted by Valentinus in a gnostic way, and Paul could be considered a proto-gnostic as well as a proto-Catholic. Many Nag Hammadi texts, including, for example, the "Prayer of Paul" and the Coptic "Apocalypse of Paul", consider Paul to be "the great apostle". The fact that he claimed to have received his gospel directly by revelation from God appealed to the gnostics, who
12081128
Paul the Apostle and women


roles and duties of men and women. And yet 1 Corinthians 11:11 embraces an egalitarian view, stating that the man is not without the woman and the woman is not without the man, in the Lord. Thus, the view that male and female are one in the Lord is not intended to eliminate their distinct roles and duties. To conclude that the categories collide is to say that 1 Corinthians 11 is internally inconsistent. Elaine Pagels maintains that the majority of the Christian churches in the second century went with the majority of
13408833
Authorship of the Johannine works


see "the Beloved Disciple" as a purely symbolic creation, an idealized pseudonym for the group of authors. Gnosticism scholar Elaine Pagels goes further and claims that the author himself was a Gnostic, citing similarities with the "Gospel of Thomas" and the "Gospel of Philip". Various objections to John the Apostle's authorship have been raised. First of all, the "Gospel of John" is a highly intellectual account of Jesus' life, and is familiar with Rabbinic traditions of biblical interpretation. The Synoptic Gospels,
62939
Karen Leigh King


to make reference to Jesus as having a wife, was found to have been forged. Despite acknowledging likely forgery, she stated that there was no occasion to retract or add addenda to earlier published research on the forged document. In addition to numerous articles, King’s books include: King also co-authored "Reading Judas: The Gospel of Judas and the Shaping of Christianity" with Elaine Pagels (2007). She is the editor of "Images of the Feminine in Gnosticism" (1988) and "Women and
8370022
SEP-IRA


net profit. In the above example, where an employee earns $40,000 and the employer contributes 25% of that, $10,000, the employee has received $50,000 total, of which 20% goes to the SEP-IRA. When a business is a sole proprietorship, the employee/owner both pays themselves wages and may also make a SEP contribution, which is limited to 25% of "wages", namely, profits minus SEP contribution. For a particular contribution rate "CR", the reduced rate is
13754347
Gospel of Judas


as nothing new. However, it is argued that a closer reading of the existent text, as presented in October 2006, shows Christianity in a new light. According to Elaine Pagels, for instance, Judas is portrayed as having a mission to hand Jesus over to the soldiers. She says that Bible translators have mistranslated the Greek word for "handing over" to "betrayal". Like many Gnostic works, the Gospel of Judas refers to itself as a secret account, specifically "The secret account of the revelation that
12072204
Mark Statman


in New York City with Kenneth Koch, David Shapiro, Barbara Stoler Miller, Burton Watson, and Elaine Pagels. His book of translations, "Black Tulips: The Selected Poems of José María Hinojosa" (2012) (a member of the Generation of '27 and part of the surrealist movement in Spain along with Federico García Lorca), was a finalist for the National Translation Award, 2013. In his preface to "Black Tulips", Willis Barnstone wrote, "Statman's exquisite version is our gift."
14775310
Historical background of the New Testament


as a way to maintain the vitality and validity of Jesus' teachings (see Elaine Pagels, "The Gnostic Gospels"). Since early Christians believed that Jesus had already replaced the Temple as the expression of a new covenant, they were relatively unconcerned with the destruction of the Temple, though it came to be viewed as symbolic of the doctrine of supersessionism. According to historians of Hellenistic Judaism, Jesus' failure to establish the Kingdom of God, and his death at the hands of the Romans, invalidated any messianic claims
489439
Self-love


(agapē). Scholars such as Elaine Pagels, Étienne Balibar and Thomas Kiefer have compared this to Aristotle’s discourse on proportion of self-love (philautia) as intrinsic to philia (in Nicomachean Ethics Book 9, Chapter 8). Paul of Tarsus wrote that self-love was opposed to love of God in his letter to the Phillipian church. The author of the New Testament letter of James had the same belief. Augustine – with his theology of evil as a mere distortion of the good – considered that the sin
5823365
Eve


even the Son of God had to die." Saint Augustine, according to Elaine Pagels, used the sin of Eve to justify his view of humanity as permanently scarred by the Fall, which led to the Catholic doctrine of original sin. Gregory of Tours reported that in the Council of Macon (585 CE), attended by 43 bishops, one bishop maintained that "woman" could not be included under the term "man" as she was responsible for Adam's sin, and had a deficient soul. However,
6641705
Gnosticism


Buddhism in any sense on either the "gnostikos" Valentinus (c.170) or the Nag Hammadi texts (3rd century) is not supported by modern scholarship, although Elaine Pagels (1979) called it a "possibility". The Syrian–Egyptian traditions postulate a remote, supreme Godhead, the Monad. From this highest divinity emanate lower divine beings, known as Aeons. The Demiurge, one of those Aeons, creates the physical world. Divine elements "fall" into the material realm, and are locked within human beings
12081102
Gnosticism


(1851–1930), who stated that "Gnosticism is the acute Hellenization of Christianity." According to Dillon, "many scholars today continue in the vein of Harnack in reading gnosticism as a late and contaminated version of Christianity", notably Darrell Block, who criticises Elaine Pagels for her view that early Christianity was wildly diverse. Hans Jonas (1903–1993) took an existential phenomenological approach to Gnosticism. According to Jonas, alienation is a distinguishing characteristics of Gnosticism, making it different from contemporary religions. Jonas compares this alienation with the
12081184
Nontrinitarianism


throne in 379 and supported Nicene Christianity. The Easter letter that Athanasius issued in 367, when the Eastern Empire was ruled by the Arian Emperor Valens, specified the books that belong to the Old Testament and the New Testament, together with seven other books to be read "for instruction in the word of godliness"; it also excluded what Athanasius called apocryphal writings, falsely presented as ancient. Elaine Pagels writes: "In AD 367, Athanasius, the zealous bishop of Alexandria... issued an Easter letter in which he demanded
15047269
Rebecca Alpert


and her rabbinical training at the Reconstructionist Rabbinical College (RRC) in Wyncote, Pennsylvania, outside Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Her specialization is in American and especially Jewish American religious history, and she focuses on issues related to gender, sexuality and race. Her thinking about many of these issues was shaped by her teachers, who included Elaine Pagels and Mordecai Kaplan, the founder of Reconstructionist Judaism. After graduation, Alpert worked on a contractual basis with a number of synagogues in the U.S. and Canada. In this capacity she was among
15722959
Book burning


. And I hereby make a public order, that if someone should be discovered to have hidden a writing composed by Arius, and not to have immediately brought it forward and destroyed it by fire, his penalty shall be death. As soon as he is discovered in this offense, he shall be submitted for capital punishment..." According to Elaine Pagels, "In AD 367, Athanasius, the zealous bishop of Alexandria... issued an Easter letter in which he demanded that Egyptian monks destroy all such unacceptable writings, except for
19325989
Noah


chief archon caused the flood because he desired to destroy the world he had made, but the First Thought informed Noah of the chief archon's plans, and Noah informed the remainder of humanity. Unlike the account of Genesis, not only are Noah's family saved, but many others also heed Noah's call. There is no ark in this account. According to Elaine Pagels, "Rather, they hid in a particular place, not only Noah, but also many other people from the unshakable race. They entered that
1970780
Kiss of Judas


Friend, do what you are here to do". Elaine Pagels and Karen King have speculated that Jesus and Judas were actually in agreement with each other and that there was no real betrayal. Luke 22:48 quotes Jesus saying "Judas, are you betraying the Son of Humanity with a kiss?" Jesus' arrest follows immediately. In the Divine Liturgy of Saint John Chrysostom the Greek Orthodox Church uses the troparion "Of thy Mystical Supper..", in which the hymnist vows to Jesus that he will "...not kiss
21384447
Tripartite Tractate


, the tripartition of humanity, the actions of the Saviour and ascent of the saved into Unity, respectively. The work is introduced by Harold W. Attridge and Elaine H. Pagels in the James M. Robinson version of the Nag Hammadi Library. They state that the Tractate is, "an elaborate, but untitled, Valentinian theological treatise which gives an account of devolution from and reintegration into the primordial godhead. The text is divided by scribal decoration into three segments which contain the major acts of the cosmic drama; hence its modern title
22174750
The Snap Magazine


for no pay. And, luckily, among these friends were several with exactly the right talents and expertise to round out the core staff of editors and advisors. Over the years this staff was increased to include several billiard experts, industry figures, marketing specialists, and artists. The initial core staff, however, remained intact for the entire duration of the magazine's existence. They included editor-in-chief Rick Boling, senior editor Elaine Smith, international and history editor Pauline Masterton, art director Thomas Pagels, and
2742220
Daniel B. Wallace


including the writings of Elaine Pagels and Bart Ehrman. He is a contributor to the Ehrman Project, a website that critiques the writings of Bart Ehrman. Wallace critiqued Ehrman's "Misquoting Jesus: The Story of Who Changed the Bible and Why" for misrepresenting commonly held views of textual criticism, especially in Ehrman's view of the "orthodox corruption of Scripture." Wallace and Ehrman dialogued at the Greer-Heard Point-Counterpoint Forum in April 2008. In 2012 Wallace claimed that a recently identified papyrus fragment of the Gospel
5120853
Historiography of early Christianity


in our Corinth and taught us; and both alike, teaching similarly in Italy, suffered martyrdom at the same time". Later tradition, first found in Saint Jerome, attributes to Peter a 25-year episcopate (or apostolate) in Rome. Paul's Epistle to the Romans (c. 58) attests to a large Christian community already there, although he does not mention Peter. Elaine Pagels, professor of religion at Princeton and an authority on Gnosticism, argues that Paul was a Gnostic and that the anti-Gnostic Pastoral Epistles
7548297
Roza Bal


such as Islamic Review 1981 and Review of Religions 1983. Ahmadis claim that this is supported by the reference from Ibn Babawayh's version of the Yuzasif-Gautama Buddha story in Ikmal al-Din "Then he stretched out his legs and turned his head to the west and his face to the east. He died in this position." Richard Denton wrote and produced a documentary for BBC Four titled "Did Jesus Die?" in 2004. It is narrated by Bernard Hill and features Elaine Pagels, Peter Stanford, John
852303
Gospel of Judas


for unveiling the work. She said that the Gospel of Judas contains no new historical information concerning Jesus or Judas. Historians Elaine Pagels and Karen Leigh King argue that a more nuanced, contextualized understanding of alternative interpretations of the Christian tradition should inform discussions of Gnosticism. In the centuries following Jesus's death, many differing views of the meaning of his life and death existed. Nicene Christianity (i.e. the views which came to be summarized in the doctrines contained in the Nicene Creed) existed alongside various cults (one of which was
12072200
Gnosticism


, most notably Irenaeus, regarded Gnosticism as a Christian heresy. Modern scholarship notes that early Christianity was very diverse, and Christian orthodoxy only settled in the 4thcentury, when the Roman Empire declined and Gnosticism lost its influence. Gnostics and proto-orthodox Christians shared some terminology. Initially, they were hard to distinguish from each other. According to Walter Bauer, "heresies" may well have been the original form of Christianity in many regions. This theme was further developed by Elaine Pagels, who argues that "the proto-
12081121
Gnosticism


the Coptic Nag Hammadi Library in 1945. A great number of translations have been published, and the works of Elaine Pagels, Professor of Religion at Princeton University, especially "The Gnostic Gospels", which detailed the suppression of some of the writings found at Nag Hammadi by early bishops of the Christian church, has popularized Gnosticism in mainstream culture, but also incited strong responses and condemnations from clergical writers. According to Matthew J. Dillon, six trends can be discerned in the definitions of Gnosticism: The 1966 Messina conference on the
12081180
Theodor Gaster


-1972. He continued to lecture widely, and from 1971 to 1981 he was professor of religion and director of ancient Near Eastern studies at Dropsie College, by then renamed Dropsie University. Upon his retirement from Barnard, he was once again a visiting professor at many American universities. He relocated to Florida to teach for several years at the University of Florida. He moved to Philadelphia in 1988 and died there on February 2, 1992, survived by his wife, Lotta, and daughter, Corinna. Elaine Pagels, who
13654688
Gospel of Philip


Christian Writings site gives it a date c. 180–250. Meyer gives its date as "2nd or 3rd century". The text has been interpreted by Isenberg ("The Nag Hammadi Library in English", p. 141) as a Christian Gnostic sacramental catechesis. Bentley Layton identified it as a Valentinian anthology of excerpts, and Elaine Pagels and Martha Lee Turner have seen it as possessing a consistent and Valentinian theology. It is dismissed by Catholic author Ian Wilson ("Jesus: The Evidence", 2000 p. 88) who argues
17275785
Elaine Pagels


scholars argue for reading the Gospel of John as responding to ideas advanced in the Gospel of Thomas, other scholars have reacted critically to these suggestions. Larry Hurtado writes that John portrays Thomas as no worse than, for example, Peter in John 21:15-23 where Peter is discomfited by being asked by Jesus whether he really loved him and Jesus' later admonishment of Peter and that the actions of Thomas in John 11 are portrayed no worse than that of the group of disciples. Hurtado also notes that Thomas's request to see
19129739
Ante-Nicene period


and heresy do not stand in relation to one another as primary to secondary, but in many regions heresy was the original manifestation of Christianity. While Bauer's original thesis has been criticised, but Elaine Pagels and Bart Ehrman have further explicated the existende of variant Christianities in the first centuries. They see early Christianity as fragmented into contemporaneous competing orthodoxies. Eamon Duffy notes that Christianity throughout the Roman Empire was "in a state of violent creative ferment" during the 2nd century. Orthodoxy, or proto-orthodoxy, existed alongside forms
20128783
Bart D. Ehrman


sometimes makes the sheer number of them appear to be a major problem for getting to the original New Testament text. Ehrman's "The New Testament: A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings" is widely used at American colleges and universities. The textbook holds to a traditional interpretation of the Gospel of Thomas in the context of second-century Christian gnosticism, a view which has been criticized by Elaine Pagels. Andreas J. Köstenberger, Darrell L. Bock and Josh D. Chatraw have disputed Ehrman's depiction of scholarly consensus, saying
20967171
Buddhist influences on Christianity


such as Jerry H. Bentley and Elaine Pagels suggest that there is a possibility that Buddhism influenced the early development of Christianity". There have also been suggestions of an indirect path in which Indian Buddhism may have influenced Gnosticism and then Christianity. Some scholars hold that the suggested similarities are coincidental since parallel traditions may emerge in different cultures. In the East, the syncretism between Nestorian Christianity and Buddhism was deep and widespread along the Silk Road, and was especially pronounced in the medieval Church of the East in China. There are also
20985795
Paul the Apostle


one of the most influential figures in Western thought. Scholarly surveys of Jewish interest in Paul include those by Hagner (1980), Meissner (1996), and Langton (2010, 2011). In the second (and possibly late first) century, Gnosticism was a competing religious tradition to Christianity which shared some elements of theology. Elaine Pagels concentrated on how the Gnostics interpreted Paul's letters and how evidence from gnostic sources may challenge the assumption that Paul wrote his letters to combat "gnostic opponents" and to repudiate their
4572272
Institute for the Study of Human Knowledge


books away to children in low-income areas. It also provides books free of charge to lending libraries. ISHK has worked with organizations such as The Institute for Cross-cultural Exchange to provide children in Afghanistan with desperately needed books for distribution to schools, orphanages and libraries throughout the country, in order to address the literacy crisis. Events organized by ISHK include a symposium in 2006 on "The Core of Early Christian Spirituality: Its Relevance to the World Today" which featured presentations by Elaine Pagels, well known for her
472170
List of book-burning incidents


"the doctrine of the Trinity should be embraced by those who would be called catholics; that all others should bear the infamous name of heretics". In 364, the Roman Catholic Emperor Jovian ordered the entire Library of Antioch to be burnt. It had been heavily stocked by the aid of his non-Christian predecessor, Emperor Julian. Elaine Pagels is the first to claim that in 367, Athanasius ordered monks in the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria in his role as bishop of Alexandria to destroy all "unacceptable writings"
5559508
Parabola (magazine)


subjects of the first five years' issues are listed here. Issues prior to Vol. III No. 4 do not indicate the subject on the cover; later issues do. Authors contributing articles to Parabola are listed as contributing editors, and include Joseph Campbell, Ursula K. Le Guin, Mircea Eliade, Jacob Needleman, Thomas Moore, Christmas Humphries, William Irwin Thompson, Isaac Bashevis Singer, David Rosenberg, P. L. Travers, Jane Yolen, Robert Lawlor, Pablo Neruda, Keith Critchlow, Elaine Pagels, James Hillman,
15786870
Buddhist influences on Christianity


. Thundy has also considered possible influences through the Jewish sect Therapeutae, which he suggests could have been Buddhists in the first century. However, Gnosticism was harshly rejected by Christians and c. 180 Irenaeus wrote against them at length in his "On the Detection and Overthrow of the So-Called Gnosis", generally called "Against Heresies". By the third century non-Christian Indians were also considered heretics by the Christians who condemned their practices. Elaine Pagels has encouraged research into the impact of Buddhism on Gnosticism, but she
20985811
William Hiesey


William McKinley Hiesey (August 21, 1903 – August 7, 1998) was an American botanist who specialized in ecological physiology. He was notable for his collaboration with Jens Clausen and David D. Keck at Stanford University in the 1930s. In 1949, the three of them were co-recipients of the Mary Soper Pope Memorial Award in botany. He was the father of Elaine Pagels, Harrington Spear Paine Professor of Religion at Princeton University and a renown scholar of Early Christianity. His last book, "Interspecific Hybrid Derivatives Between Facultatively
21311650
David Spangler


the first Lindisfarne Fellows, a group of scientists, artists, religious teachers, political activists, economists, and visionaries whose number included Gregory Bateson, John and Nancy Todd, Elaine Pagels, E. F. Schumacher, Stewart Brand, Paul Hawken, James Lovelock, and Paul Winter, among others. Over the years since then, Spangler has continued to lecture and teach and has written numerous books on spirituality. He is considered one of the founding figures of the modern New Age phenomenon, but early on he identified its shadow and
4348296
Christianity in the 2nd century


Nicene Creed came to define the Church, the early debates have long been regarded as a unified orthodox position against a minority of heretics. Walter Bauer, drawing upon distinctions between Jewish Christians, Pauline Christians, and other groups such as Gnostics and Marcionites, argued that early Christianity was fragmented, with various competing interpretations, only one of them eventually coming to dominate. While Bauer's original thesis has been criticised, Elaine Pagels and Bart Ehrman have further explicated the existence of variant Christianities in the first centuries. The earliest of the
535546
Irenaeus


historian Elaine Pagels criticizes Irenaeus for describing Gnostic groups as sexual libertines, for example, when some of their own writings advocated chastity more strongly than did orthodox texts. However, the Nag Hammadi texts do not present a single, coherent picture of any unified Gnostc system of belief, but rather divergent beliefs of multiple Gnostic sects. Some of these sects were indeed libertine because they considered bodily existence meaningless; others praised chastity, and strongly prohibited any sexual activity, even within marriage. Irenaeus also wrote "The Demonstration of the Apostolic
15518594
R. Kent Greenawalt


R. Kent Greenawalt (born June 25, 1936) is a University Professor at Columbia Law School. His primary interests involve constitutional law, especially First Amendment jurisprudence, and legal philosophy. Born in Brooklyn, New York, he received a B.A. from Swarthmore College in 1958, a B.Phil. from Oxford University in 1960 and an LL.B. from Columbia Law School in 1963. After law school, he clerked for Supreme Court Justice John Harlan. He joined the Columbia faculty in 1965. Greenawalt married Elaine Pagels in 1995. Like fellow
17839210
Karl Pagel


Karl Douglas Pagel (born March 29, 1955 in Madison, Wisconsin) is a former Major League Baseball first baseman who played for five seasons. He played for the Chicago Cubs from 1978 to 1979 and the Cleveland Indians from 1981 to 1983. In nine minor league seasons, Pagel hit .294 with 163 home runs and 587 RBIs. Pagel was named MVP of the Texas League in 1977 when he played for the Midland Cubs. Pagel was named MVP of the American Association in 1979 while playing for the Wichita Aeros. Pagel
22130960
Mark Pagel


Mark David Pagel FRS (born 5 June 1954 in Seattle, Washington) is a Professor and head of the Evolutionary Biology Group at the University of Reading. Pagel was educated at the University of Washington where he was awarded a PhD in Mathematics in 1980 for work on ridge regression. Pagel's interests include evolution and the development of languages. Pagel was the editor-in-chief for the "Encyclopedia of Evolution" published in 2002. and the author of the 2012 book "Wired for Culture: The Natural History of
20135376
William Pagel


Durban in February 1905. They toured the province, continuing to Johannesburg where Pagel worked on extending the repertoire of his circus. A tour of South Africa followed and another to Rhodesia, the success of which established Pagel's Circus as a national institution. Pagel's feats of strength and his control of the big cats soon made him a household name, particularly in the countryside. However, the circus as a career remained financially hazardous. In early 1906 Pagel and his wife travelled to India and Burma to acquire tigers, elephants
1452517
William Pagel


and other animals. Madame Pagel herself entered the ring in an act starring lions, tigers and leopards. The Circus flourished until the advent of the First World War (1914-1918) when Pagel, because of his German origin, was regarded with grave suspicion by the authorities, and crowds became openly hostile. Madame Pagel displayed her marriage certificate above the box-office in an attempt to defuse the situation. Even so Pagel was interned at Pietermaritzburg near the beginning of 1918 for a brief period. After the War he
1452518
Mike Pagel


Mike John Pagel (born September 13, 1960) is a former professional American football player who was selected by the Baltimore Colts in the fourth round of the 1982 NFL Draft. A 6'2", quarterback from Arizona State, Pagel played in 12 NFL seasons from 1982–1993. Drafted the same year as Art Schlichter, Pagel was drafted to be groomed as a backup. Generally he out-played Schlichter. Pagel bounced in and out of the starting quarterback job for the Colts in his four seasons with the team, alternating with
19499419
Heinz Pagels


outstanding achievement in physics. Pagels had a gift for explaining complex topics in easy to understand terms, avoiding both oversimplification and needless technicalities. The cosmologist David Schramm described Pagels' first book "The Cosmic Code" as "a beautiful account of modern physics". In reviewing Pagels' 1985 book "Perfect Symmetry", Schramm wrote: "Heinz Pagels is one of less than a handful of active scientists who can write excellent prose about the scientific frontier for a general audience." In his book, "The Cosmic Code
2734254
Dave Pagel (politician)


Dave Pagel is a businessman and Republican politician from Michigan currently serving in the Michigan House of Representatives. Prior to his election to the House, Pagel served for four years as the chairman of the Berrien County Board of Commissioners. Prior to that, he was the president of the Berrien Springs school board for 14 years. In addition to his political activity, Pagel has been involved in agriculture in Berrien Springs Michigan for more than 40 years. His family owns Dave Pagel Produce, which packages and distributes Michigan-grown fruit sold
14462741
Dave Pagel (politician)


in grocery stores throughout southwest Michigan, Northern Indiana, and the Chicago area. Pagel grew up in Berrien Springs, Michigan where he attended the local public schools. He is an alumnus of Michigan State University in East Lansing, Michigan. He graduated in 1976 with a degree in agricultural business. After graduating from Michigan State, Pagel worked with his father and older brother on the family’s fruit farm. In order to assist in the marketing of the family’s farm output, Pagel founded Dave Pagel Produce in 1978. Over
14462742
Julius Leopold Pagel


Julius Leopold Pagel (29 May 1851, Pollnow – 30 January 1912, Berlin) was a German physician and historian of medicine. Pagel was educated at the gymnasium at Stolp and at the University of Berlin (M.D. 1875). In 1876 he established himself as a physician in Berlin, receiving from the university in that city the "venia legendi" in 1891, and the title of professor in 1898. In 1902 he became assistant professor of the history of medicine. From 1885 Pagel was assistant editor of August Hirsch's
11438680
Dave Pagel (politician)


the school board, Pagel ran for an open position on the Berrien County Board of Commissioners. He served two terms in that position and was chosen as the chair of the board for both. Following his four years on the county board, Pagel ran for an open seat in the Michigan House of Representatives. His father-in-law, Lad Stacey, had served in the state legislature in the 1970s and 1980s. Pagel won election to the 78th District in 2012 and was re-elected in 2014 and 2016.
14462744
Klaus-Dieter Pagels


Klaus-Dieter Pagels (born 1 September 1949 in Germany) is a German football coach. On a Germany-Zimbabwe government project, Pagels went to Zimbabwe in 2009 to educate schoolchildren and develop grassroots as well as women's football. Nominated to take the position of Zimbabwe coach in 2009, Pagels was named as interim of the "Warriors" near the close of 2012 with his appointment seen as ludicrous to some. Tasked with bringing Zimbabwe to the 2014 FIFA World Cup, putting a confident mentality into the team and making
16693509
Heinz Pagels


Dan Caldi, Saul Stokar and Seth Lloyd. Pagels was an outspoken critic of those he believed misrepresented the discoveries and ideas of science to promote mysticism and pseudoscience. In his capacity as executive director of the New York Academy of Science in 1986, Pagels submitted an affidavit in a case involving a former member of the Transcendental Meditation movement who had sued the organization for fraud. As president of the International League for Human Rights, Pagels worked to support freedom for researchers in other countries. He was a fellow of the New York
2734251
Bernard Pagel


Bernard Ephraim Julius Pagel FRS (4 January 1930 – 14 July 2007) was a British astrophysicist who worked on the measurement and interpretation of elemental abundances in stars and galaxies. The son of physician and medical historian Walter Pagel and grandson of German physician Julius Leopold Pagel, he was born in Berlin in 1930, but moved with his family to Britain in 1933 to avoid the growing Jewish persecution in Germany at that time. He was educated at Merchant Taylors' School in Northwood and at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, from which
7428490
David Pagel


David Pagel is an art critic, educator, curator, dioramatist and bike enthusiast. Since 1991, Pagel has been a regular contributor to the "Los Angeles Times." He is a professor of art theory and history at Claremont Graduate University, where he has taught in the art department since 1994. He is also an adjunct curator at the Parrish Art Museum in Water Mill, NY. Pagel has written numerous essays for exhibition catalogs by such artists as Jim Isermann, Rodney Carswell, Roy Dowell, David Klamen, Michael
10583060
Eva Pagels


Eva Plotek née Pagels (born 31 October 1954) is a retired German field hockey player. Pagels played for Eintracht Braunschweig. She joined the club as a youth player in 1966 and was promoted to the first team in 1973. With Braunschweig, she won seven German championship titles. She also played 61 games in total for the German national team. With West Germany, Pagels won the 1981 Women's Hockey World Cup. She was also called up to the West German squad for the 1980 Summer Olympics. However, due
12883777
Dave Pagel (politician)


forty seasons the business has grown to supply fruit grown around Berrien County to grocery stores and farm stands in Michigan, Indiana, and Illinois. In addition to the produce packaging and distribution operation, the Pagel family also maintains an orchard of honeycrisp apples across the street. Pagel’s political career began with public service on the school board of Berrien Springs Public School system. As his own children were beginning school in 1993, Pagel was elected to the board and to the presidency of the board. After 14 years of service to
14462743
William Pagel


Friedrich Wilhelm August Pagel aka William Pagel (5 February 1878 Plathe, Pomerania, Germany - 13 October 1948 Knysna) was a ‘strong man’ and South African circus proprietor. He was the second of eight children raised by Antonia Fraudnich and August Pagel. Friedrich took after his father physically in having great size and strength. His first working years were spent as a blacksmith, but after qualifying at seventeen, he joined a ship's crew as a stoker. After extensive travelling he went ashore at Sydney, Australia, and
1452515
Mike Pagel


, and is a project manager for AT&T. He also serves as analyst for the pregame, halftime and postgame shows on WTAM and WMMS during Browns games and offers television color commentary on college games on Fox Sports Network. Pagel also provides video commentary on his own site Pagel On Point. In addition, he presently is the quarterback coach at Normandy High School in Parma, Ohio. Sports is part of the family bloodline; Mike's brother Karl Pagel played baseball for the Chicago Cubs and Cleveland Indians. His brother Rick was a
19499421
Heinz Pagels


Peak, a 14,000-foot summit 10 miles to the southwest of the Aspen Center for Physics, where he spent his summers. Many writers of his obituary quote a dream he wrote about in his book "The Cosmic Code": Pagels' work in chaos theory provided the inspiration for the character of Ian Malcolm in Michael Crichton's novel "Jurassic Park". Pagels was a 1956 graduate of Woodberry Forest School in Virginia. The school awards The Heinz R. Pagels Jr. Physics Memorial Award each year to a graduating student who has demonstrated
2734253
Garry Pagel


Garry Louis Pagel (born 17 September 1966 in King Williams Town, South Africa), is a former South African rugby union player who played for the South Africa national rugby union team between 1995 and 1996. He played as a prop (1,87 m and 117 kg). Pagel was known as an exceptionally strong scrummager. He won the 1995 Rugby World Cup. He is now a farmer. Garry Pagel played his first test match for the Springboks on 25 May 1995 against Australia (won 27-18). Garry
187115
Individual retirement account


Certain IRAs (rollovers from SEP or Simple IRAs, Roth IRAs, individual IRAs) are exempt up to at least $1,000,000 (adjusted periodically for inflation) without having to show necessity for retirement. The law provides that "such amount may be increased if the interests of justice so require." Other IRAs (rollovers from most employer sponsored retirement plans (401(k)s, etc.) and non-rollover SEP and SIMPLE IRAs) are entirely exempt. The 2005 BAPCPA also increased the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation insurance limit for IRA
15706040
The Pie


pizza in the same manner that Audrey rejected the pie, which she interprets as him taking revenge. Elaine returns to the clothing store where she finds the "Elaine" mannequin posed bent over, with another mannequin spanking "her". Elaine is so furious that she steals the mannequin and runs off. George becomes concerned by the "swooshing" noise the suit makes when he walks, as he is wearing it to a job interview. George's prospective employer takes him to dinner. When George notices his rival for the
2066429
Jim Gerald


from school to watch acrobats practising on the sandhills behind Centennial Park, learned to tumble and haunted his uncles' circus. Three of his brothers also went on the stage using the names 'Max Clifton', 'Lance Vane' and 'Cliff Stevens'. In 1898 his father apprenticed him to Oscar Pagel's Circus. He subsequently travelled the world, including South Africa, Africa, the Far East and North America for around ten years. Back in Australia by 1908, Gerald found employment with several circuses; and as
15449509
Elaine Bay


a rich fishing environment. There is also a boat ramp, moorings and small dock, which provide easy access to boating opportunities. Elaine Bay hosts a small fishing and aquaculture port. Many smaller fishing vessels and large mussel boats regularly dock at the port. The main product is green lipped mussels, for which Pelorus Sound and its main port Havelock are famous. Many of the surrounding bays contain mussel farms, which are a large employer for the region. There is also a small forestry industry in Elaine Bay. Since the
19425408
SEP-IRA


"CR/(1+CR)"; for a 25% contribution rate, this yields a 20% reduced rate, as in the above. Thus the overall contribution limit (barring limits) is 20% of 92.9% (that is, 18.6%) of net profit. For example, if a sole proprietor has $50,000 net profit from self-employment on Schedule C, then the "1/2 of self-employment tax credit", $3,532, shown on adjustments to income at the bottom of form 1040, will be
13754348
Heinz Pagels


Heinz Rudolf Pagels (February 19, 1939 – July 23, 1988) was an American physicist, an associate professor of physics at Rockefeller University, the executive director and chief executive officer of the New York Academy of Sciences, and president of the International League for Human Rights. He wrote the popular science books "The Cosmic Code" (1982), "Perfect Symmetry" (1985), and "" (1988). Pagels obtained his PhD in elementary particle physics from Stanford University under the guidance of Sidney Drell
2734249
Julius Leopold Pagel


"Biographisches Lexikon der Hervorragenden Ärzte Aller Zeiten und Völker". He was also editor of the "Deutsche Ärzte-Zeitung" and of the "Biographisches Lexikon Hervorragender Ärzte des Neunzehnten Jahrhunderts", Berlin and Vienna, 1901. Beginning in 1899 he was collaborator for medical history on Rudolf Virchow's "Jahresbericht über die Leistungen und Fortschritte in der Gesammten Medizin". Pagel was a member of the "Neue Mittwochsgesellschaft" (1824–1856), a Berlin literary society founded in 1824 by Julius Eduard Hitzig. His son Walter Pagel (
11438681
Derek Pagel


Derek L. Pagel (born October 24, 1979) is a former American football safety in the National Football League (NFL) for the New York Jets and Dallas Cowboys. He was drafted by the New York Jets in the fifth round of the 2003 NFL Draft. He played college football at the University of Iowa. Pagel attended Nashua-Plainfield High School, where he played football and basketball. He walked-on at the University of Iowa. He played mostly on special teams in his first 2 seasons. As a
16048107
Walter Pagel


Walter Traugott Ulrich Pagel (12 November 1898 – 25 March 1983) was a German pathologist and medical historian. Harlesden, in Greater London From 1939 to 1956, and continued at the Clare Hall Hospital, Barnet, Herts from 1956 to 1967, when he retired. Following his retirement he began to devote his efforts to writing the history of medicine. He was awarded the Dexter Award (1969), the George Sarton Medal (1970), Julius Pagel Medal (1971), the Robert Koch Prize (1973) and
18404037
Mike Pagel


Schlichter, Matt Kofler, and Mark Herrmann. He was the last Colt to wear #18 before Peyton Manning. He was traded to Cleveland for the 1986 season and served for the next five years there strictly as a backup. In 1988, he took over for an injured Bernie Kosar and Don Strock and played well in a playoff loss to the Houston Oilers. Pagel finished up the last three years with the Los Angeles Rams, never garnering more than mop-up duties. Pagel now resides in suburban Cleveland, Ohio
19499420
Alma E Pagels Elementary School


Alma E. Pagels Elementary School is a grade PK-4 school in West Haven, Connecticut. Alma E. Pagels opened in 1954 to serve the growing population of West Haven's West Shore. Built on land formally owned by the Hubbard Family, the school originally held grades K-5. In 1958, the school received an addition, which included additional classroom space. In 2000 it was completely renovated and expanded at an estimated cost of over $9 million. The school has long stood as a critical meeting place within the community, hosting public
19552812
Natalie Kaaiawahia


a foul. The third slot went to another Southern California star Ramona Pagel with a . Kaaiawahia's best was in fifth place. After that, Kaaiawahia's interest in throwing waned. She dropped out of Arizona State, transferring to Fullerton College and Allan Hancock College studying Law Enforcement. Her recreational pursuits turned to playing recreational softball leagues. While she claimed she might come back to throwing after taking time off, she watched her competition, Pagel, coached by her husband, Fullerton High School alum Kent Pagel, increase the American
6774510
Mamatha Raghuveer Achanta


women and children aversely affecting their health. NILA along with Save the Children organized a conference to review the Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Bill. It was held on Sep. 15, 2015 at ASCI, Banjarahills Campus, Hyd from 11 AM to 2 PM. The Union Minister of Labour and Employment, Sri Bandaru Dattatreya, was the Chief Guest and the Minister for Home and Labour, Employment and Training, Telanagna Sri Nayani Narsimha Reddy, was the Guest of Honour. Dr. Mamatha is the Technical Partner to BHAROSA -
11217665
SEP-IRA


employment tax (2006 Form 1040, line 27, from Schedule SE, Section A, line 6, or Section B, line 13). Barring limits, this is half the 15.3% FICA tax, levied on net earnings, which is 92.35% of net profit. Therefore, adjusted net profit (net profit minus deduction for self-employment tax) is 92.935225% of net profit, which is close to but slightly more than net earnings. The limit of 25% applies to wages, not (adjusted)
13754346
World Qualification Series (2009)


18 - Aug 23" 30th Anniversary of the Lacanau Pro and good conditions this year. Surf, concerts, events scheduled. Check out the video for a summary of the event http://vimeo.com/6994555 "Aug 25 - Aug 30" "Sep 01 - Sep 06" "Sep 01 - Sep 06" "Sep 04 - Sep 06" "Sep 09 - Sep 12" "Sep 10 - Sep 13" "Sep 08 - Sep 13" "Sep 15 - Sep 20" "Sep 16 - Sep 22" "Sep
1986943