Hipparcos [SEP] time of spacecraft launch
[{"answer": "8 August 1989", "provenance": [{"wikipedia_id": "207964", "title": "Hipparcos", "start_paragraph_id": 23, "start_character": 0, "end_paragraph_id": 23, "end_character": 188, "bleu_score": 0.7849324644314796, "meta": {}, "section": "Section::::Development, launch and operations.\n"}]}]
Hipparcos


thermal control system from Fokker Space System in Leiden; the data handling and telecommunications system from Saab Ericsson Space in Gothenburg; and the apogee boost motor from SEP in France. Groups from the Institut d'Astrophysique in Liege and the Laboratoire d'Astronomie Spatiale in Marseille contributed optical performance, calibration and alignment test procedures; Captec in Dublin and Logica in London contributed to the on-board software and calibration. The "Hipparcos" satellite was launched (with the direct broadcast satellite TV-SAT2 as co-passenger) on an Ariane 4 launch
283035
Solar electric propulsion


Solar electric propulsion (SEP) typically refers to the combination of solar cells and an ion drive to propel a spacecraft through outer space. This technology has been exploited in a variety of spacecraft by the European Space Agency, the Japanese Space Agency, Indian Space Research Organisation and NASA. SEP is valued for its potential for a high specific impulse, thus allowing less mass for propellant to be launched with a spacecraft and it has been evaluated for mission to Mars. Solar electric propulsion combines solar panels on spacecraft and ion thrusters,
19663908
Nano-JASMINE


capability; the second is Small-JASMINE with a telescope, and the third being JASMINE with an telescope. The spacecraft is designed to have an astrometric accuracy (2-3 mas for stars less than 7.5 magnitude) comparable to "Hipparcos" (1 mas). Nano-JASMINE should be able to detect approximately four times the number of stars as "Hipparcos". Given the time difference between these missions, combining the data sets of Nano-JASMINE and "Hipparcos" will constrain the positions of stars whose current
21394567
Oort constants


, was the first space-based astrometric mission, and its precise measurements of parallax and proper motion have enabled much better measurements of the Oort constants. In 1997 Hipparcos data were used to derive the values formula_1 = 14.82 ± 0.84 km s kpc and formula_2 = -12.37 ± 0.64 km s kpc. The Gaia spacecraft, launched in 2013, is an updated successor to Hipparcos; which allowed new levels of accuracy in measuring four Oort constants formula_1 = 15.3 ± 0.4 km s kpc, formula_2 = -11.9 ± 0.4 km s kpc
6180778
Nano-JASMINE


exterior is covered with GaAs solar cells providing approximately 20 watts of power. Due to limited bandwidth, Nano-JASMINE will employ a Star Image Extractor (SIE) for onboard raw image processing that will extract and transmit only specific object data. Nano-JASMINE is Japan's first and the world's third astrometric survey spacecraft, following "Hipparcos" (1989) and "Gaia" (2013), both launched by the European Space Agency. It is the pathfinder in a planned series of three spacecraft of increasing size and
21394566
Gaia (spacecraft)


the basic observational data to analyze a wide range of important questions related to the origin, structure, and evolutionary history of our galaxy. The successor to the "Hipparcos" mission (operational 1989–93), "Gaia" is part of ESA's Horizon 2000+ long-term scientific program. "Gaia" was launched on 19 December 2013 by Arianespace using a Soyuz ST-B/Fregat-MT rocket flying from Kourou in French Guiana. The spacecraft currently operates in a Lissajous orbit around the Sun–Earth L Lagrangian
7073938
Polaris


to Earth so its physical parameters are of critical importance to the whole astronomical distance scale. It is also the only one with a dynamically measured mass. The "Hipparcos" spacecraft used stellar parallax to take measurements from 1989 and 1993 with the accuracy of 0.97 milliarcseconds (970 microarcseconds), and it obtained accurate measurements for stellar distances up to 1,000 pc away. The Hipparcos data was examined again with more advanced error correction and statistical techniques. Despite the advantages of Hipparcos astrometry, the uncertainty in its Polaris data has been pointed
3527827
Hipparcos


catalogue of more than 118,200 stars, was published in 1997. The lower-precision "Tycho Catalogue" of more than a million stars was published at the same time, while the enhanced Tycho-2 Catalogue of 2.5 million stars was published in 2000. "Hipparcos" follow-up mission, "Gaia", was launched in 2013. The word "Hipparcos" is an acronym for HIgh Precision PARallax COllecting Satellite and also a reference to the ancient Greek astronomer Hipparchus of Nicaea, who is noted for applications of trigonometry to astronomy
283023
Jet Propulsion Laboratory Development Ephemeris


mission to Pluto. New observations of Pluto, which took advantage of the new astrometric accuracy of the Hipparcos star catalog, were included in the fit. Mars spacecraft ranging and VLBI observations were updated through 2007. Asteroid masses were estimated differently. Lunar laser ranging data for the Moon was added for the first time since DE403, significantly improving the lunar orbit and librations. Estimated position data from the Cassini spacecraft was included in the fit, improving the orbit of Saturn, but rigorous analysis of the data was deferred to a later
2774218
Gaia (spacecraft)


stars is expected to be 6.7 micro-arc seconds or better. For fainter stars, error levels increase, reaching 26.6 micro-arc seconds error in the parallax for 15th magnitude stars, and several hundred micro-arc seconds for 20th magnitude stars. For comparison, the best parallax error levels from the new Hipparcos reduction are no better than 100 micro-arc seconds, with typical levels several times larger. The overall data volume that will be retrieved from the spacecraft during the nominal five-year mission at a compressed data
7073948
Zeta Tucanae


Zeta Tucanae (ζ Tuc, ζ Tucanae) is a star in the constellation Tucana. It is a spectral class F9.5 main sequence star with an apparent magnitude of +4.23. Despite having a slightly lower mass, this star is more luminous than the Sun. Based upon parallax measurements by the Hipparcos spacecraft, it is approximately 28.0 light years from Earth. This is one of the least variable stars observed during the Hipparcos mission. The composition and mass of this star are very similar to the Sun, with a slightly lower mass
15096558
Hipparcos


the spacecraft about its center of gravity was controlled to scan the celestial sphere in a regular precessional motion maintaining a constant inclination between the spin axis and the direction to the Sun. The spacecraft spun around its Z-axis at the rate of 11.25 revolutions/day (168.75 arc-sec/s) at an angle of 43° to the Sun. The Z-axis rotated about the sun-satellite line at 6.4 revolutions/year. The spacecraft consisted of two platforms and six vertical panels, all made of aluminum
283031
Nimbus 4


Nimbus 4 (also called Nimbus D) was a meteorological satellite. It was the fourth in a series of the Nimbus program. Nimbus 4 was launched on April 8, 1970, by a Thor-Agena rocket from Vandenberg Air Force Base, Lompoc, CA. The spacecraft functioned nominally until 30 Sep 1980. The satellite orbited the Earth once every 1 hour and 47 minutes, at an inclination of 80°. Its perigee was and apogee was . Nimbus 4, the fourth in a series of second-generation meteorological
16596410
Hipparcos


the Input Catalogue. The Input Catalogue was compiled by the INCA Consortium over the period 1982–89, finalised pre-launch, and published both digitally and in printed form. Although fully superseded by the satellite results, it nevertheless includes supplemental information on multiple system components as well as compilations of radial velocities and spectral types which, not observed by the satellite, were not included in the published "Hipparcos Catalogue". Constraints on total observing time, and on the uniformity of stars across the celestial sphere for satellite operations and data analysis
283038
Apollo (spacecraft)


the S-IVB stage could leave the crew stranded in orbit, the separation system used multiple signal paths, multiple detonators and multiple explosive charges where the detonation of one charge would set off another even if the detonator on that charge failed to function. Once in space, the astronauts pressed the 'CSM/LV Sep' button on the control panel to separate the CSM from the launch vehicle. Detonating cord was ignited around the flange between the SM and SLA, and along the joints between the four SLA panels, releasing
18788495
HD 181068


HD 181068 is a star system in the constellation of Lyra. With an apparent magnitude of 7.09, the system is not visible to the naked eye but may be viewed with a pair of binoculars. Based on parallax measurements made by the Hipparcos spacecraft, the system is some 810 light years (250 parsecs) away from Earth. HD 181068 is in the Kepler spacecraft's field of view, and its unique properties were first observed by the satellite's photometer. It consists of a red giant, designated HD 181068 A,
2885600
IK Pegasi


orbits around the Sun. This shift was measured to high precision by the Hipparcos spacecraft, yielding a distance estimate of 150 light years (with an accuracy of ±5 light years). The same spacecraft also measured the proper motion of this system. This is the small angular motion of IK Pegasi across the sky because of its motion through space. The combination of the distance and proper motion of this system can be used to compute the transverse velocity of IK Pegasi as 16.9 km/s. The third component, the heliocentric
6313446
Chi Tauri


Chi Tauri (χ Tauri) is a star system in the constellation of Taurus. Parallax measurements made by the "Hipparcos" spacecraft put it at a distance of about 291 light years (89 parsecs) from Earth. The primary component has an apparent magnitude of about 5.4, meaning it is visible with the naked eye. The main component of the system is Chi Tauri A. It is a B-type main-sequence star. Its mass is 2.6 times that of the Sun and its surface glows with an effective temperature
14740864
Xi Pegasi


Xi Pegasi (ξ Peg, ξ Pegasi) is the Bayer designation for a double star in the northern constellation of Pegasus, the winged horse. Located in the horse's neck, the primary component is an F-type main sequence star that is visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.2. It is 86% larger and 17% more massive that the Sun, radiating 4.5 times the solar luminosity. Based upon parallax measurements taken with the Hipparcos spacecraft, it is located 53.2 ± 0.2 light years
16787500
110 Herculis


110 Herculis (abbreviated to 110 Her) is a star in the northern constellation of Hercules. Its apparent magnitude is 4.19, and it can be faintly seen with the naked eye, according to the Bortle scale. Based on parallax estimates made by the Hipparcos spacecraft, the star is located fairly close, about 62.7 light-years (19.21 parsecs) away. 110 Herculis has a spectrum matching that of an F-type main-sequence star. It is about 1.4 to 1.7 times more massive than the Sun, and
1746028
1 Lacertae


1 Lacertae is a solitary star in the northern constellation of Lacerta. It is visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.15. Based upon measurements by the Hipparcos spacecraft, this star is located at a distance of roughly 420 light years. It is moving further from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of −8.6 km/s. A stellar classification of K3 II-III suggests this is an evolved giant star/bright giant hybrid. It is 170 million years old with around four times the mass of
3871709
53 Piscium


53 Piscium, abbreviated as 53 Psc, is a star in the zodiac constellation of Pisces. With an apparent magnitude of about 5.9, it is just barely visible to the naked eye. parallax measurements made by the Hipparcos spacecraft place the star at a distance of about 1,040 light-years (320 parsecs) away. The spectral type of 53 Piscium is B2.5IV, meaning it is a B-type subgiant. It is 5.4 times more massive than the Sun, and has a luminosity of almost . Its surface temperature is
8711139
2011 Scottish Conservative Party leadership election


to the UK Conservative Party. This prompts mixed reactions from senior party figures. 4 Sep – Ruth Davidson formally announces that she will stand in the contest. 5 Sep – Murdo Fraser launches his campaign in Edinburgh. 8 Sep – Ruth Davidson launches her campaign in Edinburgh. 11 Sep – Lord Forsyth, at one point a suggested leadership candidate, declares his backing for Ruth Davidson. 23 Sep – Nominations for leadership close. Margaret Mitchell confirms she will stand in the election. 2 Oct – David Mundell MP declares his backing
10722174
FL Lyrae


FL Lyrae is the variable star designation for an eclipsing binary star system in the northern constellation of Lyra. The combined apparent magnitude of the pair is 9.36, which means they are too faint to be seen with the naked eye. Parallax measurements from the Hipparcos spacecraft put the system at a distance of around 420 light years from the Sun. This star system was in the view field of the Kepler space telescope during 2009−2014, which allowed monitoring during that spacecraft's mission. The variability of this system was discovered from photographic plates
6498618
Pleiades


distance have elicited much controversy. Results prior to the launch of the "Hipparcos" satellite generally found that the Pleiades were about 135 parsecs (pc) away from Earth. Data from "Hipparcos" yielded a surprising result, namely a distance of only 118 pc by measuring the parallax of stars in the cluster—a technique that should yield the most direct and accurate results. Later work consistently argued that the "Hipparcos" distance measurement for the Pleiades was erroneous. In particular, distances derived to the cluster via the Hubble
11702841
Hipparcos


Hipparcos was a scientific satellite of the European Space Agency (ESA), launched in 1989 and operated until 1993. It was the first space experiment devoted to precision astrometry, the accurate measurement of the positions of celestial objects on the sky. This permitted the accurate determination of proper motions and parallaxes of stars, allowing a determination of their distance and tangential velocity. When combined with radial velocity measurements from spectroscopy, this pinpointed all six quantities needed to determine the motion of stars. The resulting Hipparcos Catalogue, a high-precision
283022
Dragon Spacecraft Qualification Unit


. On March 13, 2010, the first stage engines successfully underwent a 3.5 second static test firing, having failed a previous attempt the day before. SpaceX announced in September 2009 that the Dragon Spacecraft Qualification Unit would be the payload for the first Falcon 9 launch. At the time, launch was scheduled to occur no earlier than November 2009. The launch date had been delayed several times for various reasons, The spacecraft was launched and entered orbit on June 4, 2010. The first actual launch attempt targeted a four-
616394
Celestia


Celestia is a 3D astronomy program created by Chris Laurel. The program is based on the Hipparcos Catalogue (HIP) and allows users to virtually travel through an extensive universe, modeled after reality, at any speed, in any direction, and at any time in history. Celestia displays and interacts with objects ranging in scale from small spacecraft to entire galaxies in three dimensions using OpenGL, from perspectives which would not be possible from a classic planetarium or other ground-based display. Celestia is available for AmigaOS 4, Linux,
15098422
Methods of detecting exoplanets


was reported to have a mass seven times that of Jupiter. If confirmed, this would be the first exoplanet discovered by astrometry, of the many that have been claimed through the years. However recent radial velocity independent studies rule out the existence of the claimed planet. In 2010, six binary stars were astrometrically measured. One of the star systems, called HD 176051, was found with "high confidence" to have a planet. In 2018, a study comparing observations from the Gaia spacecraft to Hipparcos data for the Beta
20321952
Eta Chamaeleontis


Eta Chamaeleontis, Latinized from η Chamaeleontis, is a star in the constellation Chamaeleon. It has an apparent magnitude of about 5.5, meaning that it is just barely visible to the naked eye. Based upon parallax measurements made by the Hipparcos spacecraft, this star is located some 310 light years (95 parsecs) away from the Sun. Eta Chamaeleontis has a spectral type of B8V, meaning it is a B-type main sequence star. These types of stars are a few times more massive than the Sun, and have
3249153
Launch window


point. It may be continuous (i.e. able to launch every second in the launch window) or may be a collection of discrete instantaneous points between the open and close. Launch windows and days are usually calculated in UTC and then converted to the local time of where the rocket and spacecraft operators are located (frequently multiple time zones for USA launches). For trips into largely arbitrary Earth orbits, no specific launch time is required. But if the spacecraft intends to rendezvous with an object already in orbit, the launch must
20951574
Asteroid Redirect Mission


that pushes the spacecraft forward. The spacecraft concept would have a dry mass of 5.5 tons, and could store up to 13 tons of xenon propellant. Each thruster would have a 30- to 50-kilowatt power level, and several thrusters can be combined to increase the power of an SEP spacecraft. This engine, which is scalable to 300 kilowatts and beyond, is being researched and developed by Northrop Grumman with Sandia National Laboratories and the University of Michigan. NASA Glenn Research Center is managing the project. Even at a destination, the
17356108
Gaia (spacecraft)


or contract due to heat. Attitude control is provided by small cold gas thrusters that can output 1.5 micrograms of nitrogen per second. The telemetric link with the satellite is about 3 Mbit/s on average, while the total content of the focal plane represents several Gbit/s. Therefore, only a few dozen pixels around each object can be downlinked. Similar to its predecessor "Hipparcos", but with a precision one hundred times better, "Gaia" consists of two telescopes providing two observing directions with a fixed,
7073944
Parallax


, the satellite Hipparcos was launched primarily for obtaining improved parallaxes and proper motions for over 100,000 nearby stars, increasing the reach of the method tenfold. Even so, Hipparcos is only able to measure parallax angles for stars up to about 1,600 light-years away, a little more than one percent of the diameter of the Milky Way Galaxy. The European Space Agency's Gaia mission, launched in December 2013, will be able to measure parallax angles to an accuracy of 10 microarcseconds, thus mapping nearby stars (and potentially planets
3528708
Interplanetary spaceflight


reaction products (propellant) on the Solar System body until such time as a vehicle needs to be loaded for launch. SpaceX is currently developing a system in which a reusable first stage vehicle would transport a manned interplanetary spacecraft to earth orbit, detach, return to its launch pad where a tanker spacecraft would be mounted atop it, then both fueled, then launched again to rendezvous with the waiting manned spacecraft. The tanker would then transfer its fuel to the manned spacecraft for use on its interplanetary voyage. The SpaceX "Interplanetary
15258553
TKS (spacecraft)


Bugayskiy (the FGB block) as a manned spacecraft launched with Proton rocket alternative to the Soyuz spacecraft for use with "Almaz" space stations. Development began in 1965; the "Almaz programme" had been abandoned by the time the first TKS spacecraft flew in 1977. The VA spacecraft (""Vozvrashaemiy Apparat"") was flown separately on four test missions with two craft per launch to test the design, as well as one "all-up" test mission and three resupply missions. The project had further
2352649
McDonnell Douglas DC-X


Earth orbit takes about 90 to 120 minutes, the Earth will rotate to the east about 20 to 30 degrees in that time; or for a launch from the southern United States, about . If the spacecraft is launched to the east this does not present a problem, but for the polar orbits required of military spacecraft, when the orbit is complete the spacecraft overflies a point far to the west of the launch site. In order to land back at the launch site, the craft needs to have considerable cross-range
15420682
Progress M-16M


Progress M-16M (), identified by NASA as Progress 48 or 48P, is a Progress spacecraft used by Roskosmos to resupply the International Space Station during 2012. The sixteenth Progress-M 11F615A60 spacecraft, it has the serial number 416 and was built by RKK Energia. It was the 126th launch to the ISS and the fifteenth Russian space launch in 2012. It was also the seventh mission for the Soyuz family of rockets since the beginning of the year. The spacecraft was launched on time at 19:35:13 GMT from the Baikonur
15248003
Progress M-27M


to be fully controlled. The spacecraft was deemed to be a total loss. On 8 May 2015 at 02:20 UTC, the spacecraft was confirmed to have undergone destructive reentry over the middle of the Pacific Ocean. Progress M-27M was the 27th Progress-M 11F615A60 spacecraft, with the serial number 426. It was built by RKK Energia and was operated by the Russian Federal Space Agency. This was the second time the upgraded Soyuz-2.1a rocket was used for an ISS mission launch. The spacecraft was launched on 28 April 2015 at
18685709
Hipparcos


-dependent rotation rates, was conducted and completed in advance of the catalogue publication. This resulted in an accurate but indirect link to an inertial, extragalactic, reference frame. The "Hipparcos" and Tycho Catalogues were then constructed such that the "Hipparcos" reference frame coincides, to within observational uncertainties, with the International Celestial Reference System (the ICRS), and representing the best estimates at the time of the catalogue completion (in 1996). The resulting "Hipparcos" reference frame is thus a materialisation of the ICRS
283044
Tianzhou 1


braking maneuvers under ground control. It uses the first flight model of the Tianzhou. It is a Chinese automated cargo spacecraft developed from the Tiangong-1 to resupply its future modular space station. Tianzhou 1 launched successfully on 20 April 2017 at 7:41pm local time, from the Wenchang space center. This marked the second time a Long March 7 has been used, and the first one for a mission. Tianzhou-1 became the heaviest Chinese spacecraft ever launched, at that time. This mission demonstrated the Tianzhou spacecraft and its capabilities. It critically
19789700
Shenzhou 1


Shenzhou 1 () launched on November 19, 1999, was the first unmanned launch of the Shenzhou spacecraft. The spacecraft used was not equipped with a life support system or an emergency escape system. After orbiting the Earth 14 times, the command for retrofire was sent by the "Yuanwang 3" tracking ship off the coast of Namibia at 18:49 UTC. After a successful reentry it landed about 415 km east of its launch pad and 110 km north-west of Wuhai, Inner Mongolia. The first Shenzhou spacecraft was different
15520820
Progress M-25M


Progress M-25M (), identified by NASA as Progress 57 or 57P, is a Progress spacecraft used by Roskosmos to resupply the International Space Station (ISS) during 2014. Progress M-25M was launched on a 6-hours rendezvous profile towards the ISS. The 25th Progress-M 11F615A60 spacecraft to be launched, it had the serial number 424 and was built by RKK Energia. The spacecraft was launched on 29 October 2014 at 07:09 GMT from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. This was the first time the upgraded Soyuz-2.1a rocket was
5753093
Nano-JASMINE


positions are poorly known owing to uncertainty in their motion since being measured by "Hipparcos", and should provide an order-of-magnitude increase in the accuracy of proper motion measurements (approximately 0.1 mas/year; 0.2 mas/year for stars less than 9 magnitude). Nano-JASMINE had been scheduled for launch aboard a Tsyklon-4 rocket from the Brazilian Space Agency's Alcântara Launch Center. The launch was originally contracted for August 2011, but was delayed to the November 2013 to March 2014 time frame. Various issues
21394568
Soyuz TM-2


Soyuz TM-2 was the spacecraft used to launch a long duration crew to the Soviet space station Mir, which was unmanned at the time. TM-2 was launched in February 1987, and it was first manned spaceflight of the Soyuz-TM spacecraft, and the second manned spaceflight to Mir (the first being Soyuz T-15). The crew of the long duration expedition, Mir EO-2, who were launched by TM-2 consisted of Soviet cosmonauts Yuri Romanenko and Aleksandr Laveykin. The spacecraft remained docked to Mir, functioning as a lifeboat for the
12031756
Superbird-C2


companies dissolved. Thus, by the time of launch, Superbird-7 was a JSAT spacecraft. Superbird-7 was successfully launched along AMC-21 by an Ariane 5 ECA on August 14, 2008, at 20:44 UTC. It separated from the spacecraft at 21:09 UTC and less than an hour later, at 22:03 UTC, it had already spread its solar panels. After the successful launch, Superbird-7 was renamed as Superbird-C2. On October 17, 2008 MELCO announced that they had performed the final handover of the spacecraft to JSAT. They had
13969011
Deep Impact (spacecraft)


integrated by Ball Aerospace & Technologies in Boulder, Colorado. Developing the software for the spacecraft took 18 months and the application code consisted of 20,000 lines and 19 different application threads. The total cost of developing the spacecraft and completing its mission reached . The probe was originally scheduled for launch on December 30, 2004, but NASA officials delayed its launch, in order to allow more time for testing the software. It was successfully launched from Cape Canaveral on January 12, 2005 at 1:47 pm EST (1847 UTC) by a
14657501
Progress M-19M


Progress M-19M (), identified by NASA as Progress 51 or 51P, is a Progress spacecraft used by Roskosmos to resupply the International Space Station during 2013. Progress M-19M was launched on a standard 2-day rendezvous profile towards the ISS. The 19th Progress-M 11F615A60 spacecraft to be launched, it had the serial number 419 and was built by RKK Energia. The spacecraft was launched on time at 10:12 UTC on 24 April 2013 by a Soyuz-U carrier rocket flying from Site 1/5 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan
20140428
DAVE (CP-7)


was launched into a high-inclination orbit as a secondary payload on the final flight of the Delta II launch vehicle as part of the ELaNa-18 ride-share mission with NASA's ICESat-2 primary payload. The launch occurred out of Vandenberg Air Force Base, California on September 15 at 6:02 AM local time. DAVE was deployed alongside three other CubeSat spacecraft: University of Central Florida's SurfSat, and two ELFIN spacecraft from University of California, Los Angeles. As of November 2018, the spacecraft is active and in good health.
7307406
Advanced Gemini


proposal for a manned spacecraft for astronomical or solar observation. It would have used the larger reentry module which was also proposed for the Big Gemini spacecraft, and would have been launched on a Saturn IB. The enlarged reentry module was also considered for a spacecraft proposed at the same time, which would have been used to rescue the crews of manned spacecraft that were stranded in low Earth orbit. It would have launched atop a Titan IIIC, once in orbit it would have maneuvered by means of a Transtage integrated into the equipment
13312534
Progress M-66


Progress M-66 (), identified by NASA as Progress 32 or 32P, was a Progress spacecraft used to resupply the International Space Station. It was the penultimate flight of the Progress-M 11F615A55 spacecraft, using the spacecraft with the serial number 366. Progress M-66 was launched at 05:49 GMT on 10 February 2009, by a Soyuz-U carrier rocket flying from Site 31/6 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome. This was the first time Site 31 had been used for a Progress launch since Progress M-15 in 1992. The spacecraft docked with
8075857
Asteroid Redirect Mission


-site check-out of critical systems before the crew departs. Not only would the solar electric propulsion (SEP) technologies and designs be applied to future missions, but the ARRM spacecraft would be left in a stable orbit for reuse. The project has baselined any of multiple refueling capabilities; the asteroid-specific payload is at one end of the bus, for possible removal and replacement via future servicing, or as a separable spacecraft, leaving a qualified space tug in cislunar space. The robotic and crewed missions would demonstrate
17356102
ASTRO (satellite)


, from Space Launch Complex 41 at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. The launch was contracted by the Space Test Program to launch the STPSat-1 spacecraft, and was named STP-1. It also deployed NEXTSat; as well as FalconSAT-3, CFESat and MidSTAR-1. The launch marked the first time United Launch Alliance had launched an Atlas V, the type having previously been operated by International Launch Services. ASTRO was a spacecraft, which was built by Boeing. It was operated in low Earth orbit. On 9 March 2007, it had
13729328
NEXTSat


from Space Launch Complex 41 at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. The launch was contracted by the Space Test Program to launch the STPSat-1 spacecraft, and was named STP-1. It also deployed ASTRO; as well as FalconSAT-3, CFESat and MidSTAR-1. The launch marked the first time United Launch Alliance had launched an Atlas V, the type having previously been operated by International Launch Services. NEXTSat is a spacecraft, which was built by Ball Aerospace around the RS-300 satellite bus. It was operated in low Earth orbit; on 9
14097207
Gemini 9A


unknown reason, and the 40 second launch window opened and closed without launch. This earned Tom Stafford the title of "Mayor of Pad 19". The second launch attempt on June 3 went perfectly, with the spacecraft entering into orbit. With this launch, Stafford could say that he had been strapped into a spacecraft six times for only 2 launches. Launch vehicle performance was very close to nominal. Two small roll transients were evident at liftoff and pogo effects were the lowest yet recorded on a Gemini launch. Stafford made
7328995
Luna 1


Luna 1, also known as Mechta ( , "lit.": "Dream"), E-1 No.4 and "First Lunar Rover ", was the first spacecraft to reach the vicinity of the Earth's Moon, and the first spacecraft to be placed in heliocentric orbit. Intended as an impactor, "Luna 1" was launched as part of the Soviet Luna programme in 1959, however due to an incorrectly timed upper stage burn during its launch, it missed the Moon, in the process becoming the first spacecraft to
3607446
Space weather


CMEs), their associated shock waves and coronal clouds are also important drivers of space weather as they can compress the magnetosphere and trigger geomagnetic storms. Solar energetic particles (SEP) accelerated by coronal mass ejections or solar flares can trigger solar particle events (SPEs), a critical driver of human impact space weather as they can damage electronics onboard spacecraft (e.g. Galaxy 15 failure), and threaten the lives of astronauts as well as increase radiation hazards to high-altitude, high-latitude aviation. Some spacecraft failures can be
20959092
SpaceX Mars transportation infrastructure


on-orbit propellant refill via "ITS tanker"—were to begin no earlier than 2022. At the time, the company was planning for launches of research spacecraft to Mars using Falcon Heavy launch vehicles and specialized modified Dragon spacecraft, called "Red Dragon". Due to planetary alignment in the inner Solar System, Mars launches are typically limited to a window of approximately every 26 months. As announced in June 2016, the first launch was planned for Spring 2018, with an announced intent to launch again in every Mars launch window thereafter
7029577
VA spacecraft


spacecraft: While the VA spacecraft has seen some successful uncrewed test flights, both with and without a Functional Cargo Block, it never served in its intended role as a lunar or Almaz crew vehicle when the programs was canceled, and neither was it ever launched together with an Almaz space station. VA was the first spacecraft to be launched into orbit twice, as Kosmos 929 was recovered and launched again as Kosmos 998. Gemini 2 was launched into space twice, but both launches were suborbital. The VA spacecraft was initially designed
14077316
Project Mercury


oxygen. The entire procedure of preparing for launch and launching the spacecraft followed a time table called the countdown. It started a day in advance with a pre-count, in which all systems of the launch vehicle and spacecraft were checked. After that followed a 15-hour hold, during which pyrotechnics were installed. Then came the main countdown which for orbital flights started 6½ hours before launch (T – 390 min), counted backwards to launch (T = 0) and then forward until orbital insertion (T + 5 min
20422763
Suparco


DESTO, SIL and British Rutherford Laboratory, while the spacecraft integration was performed by SUPARCO. The programme was completed in 1994, and it was expected to be launched the same year. However, the space programme began to suffer much more serious hindrances and lacked the technical assistance to launch the satellite on its own. The target to complete the satellite could not be achieved on time, and in 1994, plans to launch the spacecraft did not materialise, and the launch was halted and delayed long to 2001. Unlike its neighbor
2040473
Progress M-1


Progress M-1 (), was a Soviet unmanned cargo spacecraft which was launched in 1989 to resupply the Mir space station. The eighteenth of sixty four Progress spacecraft to visit Mir, it was the first Progress-M spacecraft to be launched, and had the serial number 201. It carried supplies including food, water and oxygen for the EO-5 crew aboard Mir, as well as equipment for conducting scientific research, and fuel for adjusting the station's orbit and performing manoeuvres. At the time of docking, Mir was unmanned,
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32 Tauri


32 Tauri is the Flamsteed designation for a solitary star in the zodiac constellation of Taurus. It has a visual magnitude of 5.64, making it visible to the naked eye from suburban skies (according to the Bortle scale). The position of this star near the ecliptic plane means that it is subject to occultations by the Moon. Parallax measurements with the Hipparcos spacecraft put it at a distance of roughly from the Sun. The spectrum of this star matches a stellar classification of F2IV, with the luminosity class of IV indicating that
5717119
Deep Space Industries


of launching on a variety of commercial rideshares to low Earth orbit, and decouples launch timing from orbit raising and Earth departure maneuvers. Comet is a launch-safe electrothermal propulsion system designed for orbit raising, life extension, and de-orbit. It uses water as a propellant, and is scalable for CubeSats to small micro-satellites, with a flexible interface suitable for a wide range of spacecraft. The system is approved to fly on multiple launch vehicles as part of a secondary or rideshare spacecraft. The announcement of DSI
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Galaxy (spacecraft)


, in diameter and with of interior volume—45% greater than the "Genesis" modules. It was intended for launch in late 2008. In August 2007, however, Bigelow Aerospace announced that due to rising launch costs (stated as three times more expensive than for previous launches) and the successful "Genesis" missions, the "Galaxy" spacecraft would not be launched. Instead, many of the module's systems—possibly the entire craft—would be constructed and ground tested, allowing Bigelow employees to gain further experience and
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Stellar parallax


(and also the star with the largest parallax), Proxima Centauri, has a parallax of 0.7685 ± 0.0002 arcsec. This angle is approximately that subtended by an object 2 centimeters in diameter located 5.3 kilometers away. In 1989 the satellite Hipparcos was launched primarily for obtaining parallaxes and proper motions of nearby stars, increasing the number of stellar parallaxes measured to milliarcsecond accuracy a thousandfold. Even so, Hipparcos is only able to measure parallax angles for stars up to about 1,600 light-years away, a little more than one percent
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Beta Trianguli


it has evolved away from the main sequence and is now a subgiant star. However, the classification is uncertain and not consistent with the mass derived from the orbit. It is among the least variable of the stars that were observed by the Hipparcos spacecraft, with a magnitude varying by only 0.0005. Based on observations using the Spitzer Space Telescope, as reported in 2005, this system is emitting an excess of infrared radiation. This emission can be explained by a circumbinary ring of dust. The dust is emitting infrared radiation at
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2 Lacertae


2 Lacertae is a binary star in the constellation of Lacerta. With an apparent magnitude of about 4.5, it is faintly visible to the naked eye. Its parallax, measured by the Hipparcos spacecraft, is 5.88 milliarcseconds, corresponding to a distance of about 550 light years (170 parsecs). It is projected against the Lacertae OB1 stellar association to the northeast of the main concentration of stars, but it is likely to be a foreground object. 2 Lacertae is a double-lined spectroscopic binary. Its components are too close
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Zeta Delphini


Zeta Delphini (ζ Delphini) is a star in the constellation of Delphinus. With an apparent magnitude of about 4.6, it is faintly visible to the naked eye. Parallax measurements of the system made by the Hipparcos spacecraft put it at a distance of about 220 light-years, or 67 parsecs. Zeta Delphini has a spectral type of A3V, implying it is an A-type main-sequence star. These types of stars are bluish-white colored, and have effective temperatures between 7100 and 11500 K: Zeta
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98 Aquarii


98 Aquarii (abbreviated 98 Aqr) is a star in the equatorial constellation of Aquarius. "98 Aquarii" is the Flamsteed designation, although it also bears the Bayer designation b Aquarii. It is visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of +3.97. The distance to this star, , is known from parallax measurements made with the Hipparcos spacecraft. With over double the mass of the Sun, this is an evolved giant star that has a stellar classification of K0 III. The measured angular diameter of this star
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Alpha Piscium


Alpha Piscium (α Piscium) is a binary star system in the equatorial constellation of Pisces. Based upon parallax measurements made by the Hipparcos spacecraft, it is located approximately 311 light-years from the Sun. The two components are designated Alpha Piscium A (officially named Alrescha, the traditional name of the system) and B. "α Piscium" (Latinised to "Alpha Piscium") is the star's Bayer designation. The designations of the two components as "Alpha Piscium A" and "B" derive from the
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SpaceX


re-entry burn for a splashdown in the Pacific Ocean. With Dragon's safe recovery, SpaceX became the first private company to launch, orbit, and recover a spacecraft; prior to this mission, only government agencies had been able to recover orbital spacecraft. COTS Demo Flight 2 launched in May 2012, in which Dragon successfully berthed with the ISS, marking the first time that a private spacecraft had accomplished this feat. Commercial Resupply Services (CRS) are a series of contracts awarded by NASA from 2008–2016 for delivery of
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Hayabusa


and sit on the asteroid surface for about 30 minutes (see timeline below). The "Hayabusa" spacecraft was launched on 9 May 2003 at 04:29:25 UTC on an M-V rocket from the Uchinoura Space Center (still called Kagoshima Space Center at that time). Following launch, the spacecraft's name was changed from the original MUSES-C to "Hayabusa", the Japanese word for falcon. The spacecraft's xenon ion engines (four separate units), operating near-continuously for two years, slowly moved
13030280
InterPlanetary Network


showed that bursts originated at great distances. Other spacecraft (such as the OGO, OSO, and IMP series) had detectors for Earth, Solar, or all-sky gamma radiation, and also confirmed the GRB phenomenon. Scientists began to tailor instruments specifically for GRBs. The Helios-2 spacecraft carried a detector with precision time resolution to a Solar orbit that took it over one AU from Earth. Helios-2 was launched in 1976. In 1978, multiple spacecraft were launched, forming the necessary baselines for a position determination. The Pioneer
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Albert Einstein ATV


were constructed in Turin, Italy, and Bremen, Germany, and underwent final assembly and testing in Bremen in 2012. The spacecraft left Bremen for Kourou on 31 August 2012 to begin launch preparations. "Albert Einstein" was launched on an Ariane 5ES rocket from the Guiana Space Centre in Kourou, French Guiana at 21:52:11 UTC on 5 June 2013. The launch was conducted by Arianespace on behalf of the European Space Agency (ESA). At the time of its launch, "Albert Einstein" was the heaviest spacecraft ever
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Phobos 1


Phobos 1 was an unmanned Russian space probe of the Phobos Program launched from the Baikonour launch facility on 7 July 1988. Its intended mission was to explore Mars and its moons Phobos and Deimos. The mission failed on 2 September 1988 when a computer malfunction caused the end-of-mission order to be transmitted to the spacecraft. At the time of launch it was the heaviest interplanetary spacecraft ever launched, weighing . It was to take an estimated 200 days for the "Phobos 1" space probe to travel from the Earth
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Mars 2M No.522


the cosmodrome as a pool of spilled nitrogen tetroxide was blocking one of the entryways out, while other entryway was blocked by the still-intact second stage of the rocket. By the time this had happened, the alignment of Earth and Mars necessary to launch spacecraft had ended, and the Soviets were unable to launch any further Mars probes until 1971. It also resulted in delays to a number of Luna spacecraft scheduled for launch in 1969.The accident left a deep impression on Soviet military personnel attending the launch and helped spur the development
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Little Joe 1


1959, LJ-1 was being prepared for launch from the Wallops Flight Facility, Wallops Island, Virginia. Suddenly, about a half-hour before the scheduled launch, the escape rocket fired and pulled the Mercury spacecraft away from the launch pad. The spacecraft reached an apogee of and landed about 2000 feet away. The flight time was 20 seconds. According to the Sept. 18, 1959 accident report, the unexpected triggering of the launch escape system was caused by a transient or electrical leak; analysis showed it to be due to
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Kosmos 96


Kosmos 96 ( meaning "Cosmos 96"), or 3MV-4 No.6, was a Soviet spacecraft intended to explore Venus. A 3MV-4 spacecraft launched as part of the Venera programme, Kosmos 96 was to have made a flyby of Venus; however, due to a launch failure, it did not depart low Earth orbit. The 3MV-4 No.6 spacecraft was originally built for a mission to Mars, with launch scheduled for late 1964. After it was not launched by the end of its launch window, the spacecraft was repurposed, along
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Polaris


out and some researchers have questioned the accuracy of Hipparcos when measuring binary Cepheids like Polaris. The Hipparcos reduction specifically for Polaris has been re-examined and reaffirmed but there is still not widespread agreement about the distance. The next major step in high precision parallax measurements comes from "Gaia", a space astrometry mission launched in 2013 and intended to measure stellar parallax to within 25 microarcseconds (μas). Although it was originally planned to limit Gaia's observations to stars fainter than magnitude 5.7, tests carried out during the commissioning
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Canopus


appeared anything but white to him. Before the launch of the Hipparcos satellite telescope, distance estimates for Canopus varied widely, from 96 light-years to 1200 light-years. Had the latter distance been correct, Canopus would have been one of the most luminous stars in the Milky Way galaxy. Hipparcos established Canopus as being 310 light-years (96 parsecs) from the Solar System; this is based on its 2007 parallax measurement of . Canopus has an MK spectral type of A9 II, although it has also been
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Delta Ophiuchi


Delta Ophiuchi (δ Ophiuchi, abbreviated Delta Oph, δ Oph), formally named Yed Prior , is a star in the constellation of Ophiuchus. It forms a naked eye optical double with Epsilon Ophiuchi (named "Yed Posterior"). The apparent visual magnitude is 2.75, making this a third-magnitude star and the fourth-brightest in the constellation. Parallax measurements from the Hipparcos spacecraft yield a distance estimate of approximately from the Sun (Epsilon Ophiuchi is approximately ). "δ Ophiuchi" (Latinised to "Delta
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HN Pegasi


HN Pegasi is the variable star designation for a young, Sun-like star in the northern constellation of Pegasus. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 5.9, which, according to the Bortle scale, indicates that it is visible to the naked eye from suburban skies. Parallax measurements made by the Hipparcos spacecraft put the star at a distance of around 58 light years. This is a G-type main sequence star with a stellar classification of and an estimated age of just 237 million years. It has slightly more mass
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HD 158633


HD 158633 is a main sequence star in the northern constellation Draco. With an apparent visual magnitude of 6.43, this star is too faint to be observed with the unaided eye but it can be seen with a small telescope. Based upon parallax measurements made by the Hipparcos spacecraft, it is located around 42 light years from the Sun. This is a K-type main sequence star with a spectral classification of K0 V. It has about 79% of the Sun's radius and 73% of the solar mass. The star
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HD 96700


HD 96700 is the "Henry Draper Catalogue" designation for a star in the equatorial constellation of Hydra. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 6.51, which puts it below the limit that can be seen with the naked eye by a typical observer. (According to the Bortle scale, it is possible for some observers to see it from dark rural skies.) Based upon measurements made by the Hipparcos spacecraft, this star is around 84 light years away from the Sun. This is considered a high proper motion star,
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9 Ceti


9 Ceti is the Flamsteed designation for a star in the equatorial constellation of Cetus. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 6.39, which is below the limit that can be seen with the naked eye by a typical observer. (According to the Bortle scale, it is possible for some observers to see it from dark rural skies.) Based upon measurements made by the Hipparcos spacecraft, this star is around 68 light years away from the Sun. There is a magnitude 12.57 optical companion at an angular separation of 214 arc
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HD 98800


HD 98800, also catalogued as TV Crateris (TV Crt), is a quadruple star system in the constellation of Crater (the cup). Parallax measurements made by the Hipparcos spacecraft put it at a distance of about 150 light-years (45 parsecs) away, but this value is in high error. The system is located within the TW Hydrae association (TWA), and has received the designation TWA 4. The system consists of HD 98800 A and HD 98800 B each of which contains two stars. In
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HD 196761


HD 196761 is the Henry Draper Catalogue designation for a G-type main-sequence star in the constellation Capricornus. With an apparent magnitude of 6.37 it is near the limit of what can be seen with the naked eye, but according to the Bortle Scale it may be possible to view it at night from rural skies. Based upon parallax measurements by the Hipparcos spacecraft, it is located about 47 light years from the Solar System. It has a stellar classification of G8V with about 88% of the radius of the Sun
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Gamma Serpentis


Gamma Serpentis (γ Serpentis, γ Ser) is a star in the equatorial constellation Serpens, in the part of the constellation that represents the serpent's head (Serpens Caput). It has an apparent visual magnitude +3.85, which means it is visible to the naked eye. Based upon parallax measurements by the Hipparcos spacecraft, this star is approximately 36.7 light years from Earth. Gamma Serpentis is an ordinary F-type main sequence star with a stellar classification of F6 V. It is larger and more massive than the Sun,
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63 Ceti


63 Ceti is a star in the constellation of Cetus. With an apparent magnitude of about 5.9, the star is barely visible to the naked eye (see Bortle scale). Parallax estimates made by the Hipparcos spacecraft put it at a distance of about 390 light years (129 parsecs) away from the Earth. 63 Ceti has a spectral type of K0III, implying a K-type giant. These types of stars are generally reddish-colored stars with spectral types from K to M, with radii that are 10 to
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HR 297


HR 297 is a solitary star in the northern circumpolar constellation of Cassiopeia. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 5.8, making it faintly visible to the naked eye from dark suburban skies. Parallax measurements with the Hipparcos spacecraft put this system at a distance of roughly 263 light years. This is an F-type main sequence star with a stellar classification of F7V. Because of the stability of this star, it is used as a standard in the photometric WBVR system. The angular diameter of this star has been measured directly using
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HD 133002


HD 133002 is the "Henry Draper Catalogue" designation for a star in the northern constellation of Ursa Minor. With an apparent visual magnitude of 5.65, it is faintly visible to the naked eye. (According to the Bortle scale, it can be viewed from dark rural skies.) The high declination of +82.5° means it is hidden from view from most of the southern hemisphere. Parallax measurements made with the Hipparcos spacecraft yield an estimated distance of around 141 light years from the Sun. If it was instead positioned at
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Sigma2 Ursae Majoris


Sigma Ursae Majoris (σ Ursae Majoris, σ UMa) is a binary star in the constellation of Ursa Major. Parallax measurements made by the Hipparcos spacecraft put it at a distance of about 66.5 light years (20.4 parsecs) from Earth, making this a fairly nearby system. The primary component has an apparent magnitude of about 4.8, meaning it can be seen with the naked eye "(see Bortle scale)". This is a visual binary, meaning that the two components can be resolved, and the orbit is
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HD 47366


HD 47366 is the "Henry Draper Catalogue" designation for a star in the southern constellation of Canis Major. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 6.12, which puts it near the lower limit of stars visible to the naked eye. According to the Bortle scale, it can be viewed from dark rural skies. Parallax measurements performed by the Hipparcos spacecraft provide a distance estimate of roughly . This is a K-type giant star with a stellar classification of K1III: − the colon suffix indicates some uncertainty in the luminosity classification
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36 Tauri


36 Tauri (abbreviated to 36 Tau) is a binary star in the constellation of Taurus. Parallax measurements made by the Hipparcos spacecraft put it at a distance of over 1,000 light years (350 parsecs) from Earth. The combined apparent magnitude of the system is about 5.5, meaning it can barely be seen with the naked eye, according to the Bortle scale. 36 Tauri is a spectroscopic binary. The two stars are close enough that periodic Doppler shifts in their spectra can be made out. In this case, light
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65 Ursae Majoris


65 Ursae Majoris, abbreviated as 65 UMa, is a star system in the constellation of Ursa Major. With an apparent magnitude of about 6.5, it is at the limit of human eyesight and is just barely visible to the naked eye. Trigonometric parallax measurements made by the Hipparcos spacecraft put it at a distance of about 690 light years (210 parsecs); this is in close agreement with the dynamical parallax value of . 65 Ursae Majoris is a sextuple star system. It contains six stars in a hierarchical orbit where each
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Alpha Volantis


Alpha Volantis (α Vol, α Volantis) is a binary star system in the southern constellation Volans. It has an apparent visual magnitude of +4.00, which is bright enough to be seen with the naked eye. Based upon parallax measurements made with the Hipparcos spacecraft, it is located at a distance of 125 light years from the Sun. As of 2010, the two components of this system had an angular separation of 0.0318″ along a position angle of 286.9°. The magnitude difference between the two components is 0.1. It
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Iota Delphini


Iota Delphini (ι Del, ι Delphini) is a star in the constellation Delphinus. It has an apparent magnitude of about 5.4, meaning that it is just barely visible to the naked eye. Based upon parallax measurements made by the Hipparcos spacecraft, this star is around 177 light years away from the Sun. Iota Delphini's spectral type is A1IV, meaning it is an A-type subgiant. Observations of the star's spectrum reveal a periodic Doppler shift. This means that Iota Delphini is a spectroscopic binary with a
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P Velorum


p Velorum (abbreviated to p Vel) is a triple star system in the constellation Vela. Parallax measurements by the Hipparcos spacecraft put it at a distance of 87.5 light-years, or 26.8 parsecs from Earth. It is visible to the naked eye with a combined apparent magnitude of 3.83. The primary component is a spectroscopic binary whose components have an orbital period of 10.21 days. The inner spectroscopic binary consists of two F-type stars, a subgiant and a main-sequence star. There is a companion star which
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33 Pegasi


33 Pegasi is the Flamsteed designation for a visual binary star in the northern constellation of Pegasus. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 6.2, placing it near the limit of naked eye visibility. Measurements made with the Hipparcos spacecraft show an annual parallax shift of 0.02967″, which is equivalent to a distance of roughly from the Sun. The primary component of this system is a main sequence star with a visual magnitude of 6.4 and a stellar classification of F7 V. It is nearly as old as the Sun with an estimated age of
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