Napoleon at Saint Helena [SEP] screenwriter
Napoleon


escape to the United States. British ships were blocking every port. Napoleon surrendered to Captain Frederick Maitland on on 15 July 1815. The British kept Napoleon on the island of Saint Helena in the Atlantic Ocean, from the west coast of Africa. They also took the precaution of sending a garrison of soldiers to uninhabited Ascension Island, which lay between St. Helena and Europe. Napoleon was moved to Longwood House on Saint Helena in December 1815; it had fallen into disrepair, and the location was damp, windswept and unhealthy.
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Saint Helena


St. Helena and Europe. Napoleon stayed at the Briars pavilion on the grounds of the Balcombe family's home until his permanent residence at Longwood House was completed in December 1815. Napoleon died there on 5 May 1821. After Napoleon's death, the thousands of temporary visitors were withdrawn and the East India Company resumed full control of Saint Helena. Between 1815 and 1830, the EIC made the packet schooner "St Helena" available to the government of the island, which made multiple trips per year between the island and the Cape
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French domains of St Helena


the Napoleonic period. They welcome from six to eight thousand visitors annually. The museum is financed by the Fondation Napoléon and the buildings are maintained by the French Foreign Ministry. Since 2004, the French estate in Saint Helena have been administratively under the consulate of France in Cape Town. They are administered locally by a curator who is also honorary consul of France. Following his defeat at Waterloo, Napoleon was exiled and deported by the British to the island of Saint Helena, where he landed in 1815. Napoleon's arrival occasioned
18108879
The Memorial of Saint Helena


The Memorial of Saint Helena (), written by Emmanuel-Auguste-Dieudonné Las Cases, is a journal-memoir of the beginning of Napoleon Bonaparte's exile on Saint Helena. The core of the work transcribes Las Cases' near-daily conversations with the former Emperor on his life, his career, his political philosophy, and the conditions of his exile. First published in 1823 after Napoleon's death, the work was an immediate and continuing literary success, receiving multiple translations and appearing in new editions throughout the 19th
17594572
Ramsay Weston Phipps


edited a revised edition of what was then the standard authority on Napoleon, Louis Antoine Fauvelet de Bourrienne's "Memoirs of Napoleon Bonaparte." He also wrote the revision's chapters XXIV and XXVI. Subsequently, he edited a new edition of the surgeon Barry Edward O'Meara's "Napoleon at Saint Helena", another Napoleonic Wars classic, to which he wrote a new introduction: O'Meara had been Napoleon's doctor on Helena. Historians praised Phipps' introduction as a convincing exposition against the treatment of Napoleon on Helena. In 1889
17954836
History of Saint Helena


In 1815 the British government selected Saint Helena as the place of detention of Napoleon Bonaparte. He was brought to the island in October 1815 and lodged at Longwood, where he died on 5 May 1821. During this period the island was strongly garrisoned by regular British regimental troops and by the local St Helena Regiment, with Royal Navy ships circling the island. Agreement was reached that St Helena would be placed in the hands of a general officer of His Majesty's service during Napoleon's confinement. The British government would meet all
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Retour des cendres


author of "Le Mémorial de Sainte-Hélène"); and five people who had been domestic servants to Napoleon on Saint Helena (Saint-Denis - better known by the name Ali Le Mameluck - Noverraz, Pierron, Archambault and Coursot). Captain Guyet was in command of the corvette, which transported Louis Marchand, Napoleon's chief valet de chambre, who had been with him on Saint Helena. Others on the expedition included Abbé Félix Coquereau (fleet almoner); Charner (Joinville's lieutenant and second in command
11109536
Briars, Saint Helena


Briars is the name of the small pavilion in which Napoleon Bonaparte stayed for the first few weeks of his captivity on Saint Helena in late 1815. The pavilion was in the garden of William Balcombe, an English merchant who became a purveyor to Napoleon. His 14-year-old daughter Elizabeth Lucia ("Betsy") Balcombe was the only family member who spoke French and she became the family translator. Because of his family's closeness to Napoleon, Balcombe attracted the suspicion of Governor Hudson Lowe, and in 1818 he was forced
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Barry O'Meara


Barry Edward O'Meara (1786–1836) was an Irish surgeon and founding member of the Reform Club, who accompanied Napoleon to Saint Helena and became his physician, having been surgeon on board the Bellerophon when the emperor surrendered himself. O'Meara is remembered as the author of "Napoleon in Exile, or A Voice From St. Helena" (1822) a book which charged Sir Hudson Lowe with mistreating the former emperor and created no small sensation on its appearance. Less known are his secret letters he sent clandestinely from Saint Helena to a clerk
3141492
Ben Weider


II. In bodybuilding he founded and ran a physical fitness and sporting goods company bearing his name. He was IFBB president until October 29, 2006, when he announced his retirement. In Napoleonic circles, Weider was known as a forceful advocate of the theory that Napoleon was assassinated by a member of his entourage during his exile in Saint Helena. He co-authored several books, "Assassination at St. Helena" and "Assassination at St. Helena Revisited", with Sten Forshufvud and "The Murder Of Napoleon", with
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Saint Helena


, carrying passengers both ways and supplies of wine and provisions back to the island. Napoleon praised Saint Helena's coffee during his exile on the island, and the product enjoyed a brief popularity in Paris in the years after his death. The importation of slaves to Saint Helena was banned in 1792, but the phased emancipation of over 800 resident slaves did not take place until 1827, which was still some six years before the British parliament passed legislation to ban slavery in the colonies. Between 1791 and 1833, Saint Helena became
7131901
French domains of St Helena


The French domains of Saint-Helena are an estate of 14 ha (35 acres or 0.14 km²) in three separate parts owned by France on the British island of Saint Helena. Three French properties are under the administration of the French Foreign Ministry which undertakes their management and maintenance. These consist of : These places are connected with the exile of Napoleon I in Saint Helena. They house a museum and displays on the life of the Emperor. Buildings have been restored as closely as possible to the state that they had in
18108878
The Saint Helena Journal of General Baron Gourgaud


The Saint Helena Journal of General Baron Gourgaud is a private journal written down by Gaspard Gourgaud as a result of his conversations with Napoleon I of France between June 1815 and March 1818 during the former's exile on Saint Helena. According to Lord Rosebery "The one capital and superior record of life at St. Helena is the private journal of General Gourgaud. It was written, in the main at least, for his own eye, without flattery or even prejudice. It is sometimes almost brutal in its realism. He alone of
18790427
Saint Helena Medal


The Saint Helena Medal () was the first French campaign medal. It was established in 1857 by a decree of emperor Napoleon III to recognise participation in the campaigns led by emperor Napoleon I. Emperor Napoléon I, creator of the Order of the Legion of Honour and various other orders, never instituted commemorative campaign medals for his soldiers. In time, many veterans of these campaigns, sometimes called the "débris de la Grande Armée" (), began meeting within various new veterans' associations. Keeping alive their war memories and
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Betsy Balcombe


, the sisters returned to Saint Helena with their parents and two younger brothers. There they resided in a little cottage called the Briars, which was the residence of Napoléon Bonaparte during the first three months of his exile in Saint Helena. In October 1815 Napoléon Bonaparte was exiled to Saint Helena by the British government. Because Napoleon's residence, Longwood House, had not yet been rehabilitated, he was housed in a pavilion near 'The Briars' for the next two months. Although Balcombe was fearful of Bonaparte the first time
5713690
War. The Exile and the Rock Limpet


the former Emperor was exiled to Saint Helena in the South Atlantic and housed under guard in the Longwood House, his situation worsened by the building's poor living conditions. Without any realistic hopes of escape from Saint Helena, Napoleon lived out his final days on the island until his death in 1821. J. M. W. Turner was often inspired by conflicts from the Napoleonic era: his works "The Battle of Trafalgar" (1807) and "The Fighting Temeraire" are realizations of the artist's influences. Political overtones also are
4425183
Saint Helena pound


, see The Sterling Currency in the South Atlantic and the Antarctic. The first coins were introduced in 1821, in which copper half pennies were issued for Saint Helena by the East India Trading Company and these were used for a majority of the Company's influence in the area. During this period the island was also used as a penal ground for high-ranking political prisoners, including Napoleon Bonaparte. Circulating coinage for St. Helena would not be issued again for another 163 years, in 1984. Prior to 1984, both Saint
3770158
The Memorial of Saint Helena


century and into the 20th. The work entered the popular imagination as something like Napoleon's own personal and political testament, and as such became a founding text in the development of the Napoleon cult and the ideology of Bonapartism. Las Cases began his journal on June 20, 1815, two days after Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo, and continued it until his expulsion from St. Helena on orders of the island's governor, Hudson Lowe, at the end of the following year. According to Las Cases, the project of the
17594573
HMS Northumberland (1798)


, while in the company of , a 74-gun third rate, captured the 14-gun French privateer ketch "La Glaneuse". She received a measure of fame when she transported Napoleon I into captivity on the Island of Saint Helena. Napoleon had surrendered to Captain Frederick Maitland of , on 15 July 1815 and was then transported to Plymouth. Napoleon was transferred in Tor Bay, Devon from "Bellerophon" to "Northumberland" for his final voyage to St. Helena because concerns were expressed about the suitability of the ageing ship. HMS "
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Betsy Balcombe


they met, over time she and the emperor became friends. The French officers and servants were jealous of the young English girl, who addressed Napoleon as "Boney", without being reprimanded by him. After Napoleon was removed to Longwood House, Balcombe would often visit him. The European press recognised the relationship between the 47-year-old Napoleon and the teenage girl and wrote about a love story. In March 1818, the Balcombes left St. Helena and went back to England. Saint Helena governor Hudson Lowe disapproved of the friendship
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Georgetown, Ascension Island


Georgetown is the capital and chief settlement of Ascension Island, in the British Overseas Territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, situated on the west coast of the island. The town is centred on St Mary's Church, part of the Anglican Diocese of St Helena and the former Exiles Club, built as a Royal Marines barracks at the time of Napoleon's exile to Saint Helena in the early 19th century. The town is named after King George III, who reigned at the time the island was claimed for
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François Carlo Antommarchi


and was appointed by its president as Prosector. While in this capacity, Antommarchi worked under Paolo Mascagni (1752–1815) starting on 7 July 1813. Antommarchi left Florence for Saint Helena to become Napoleon I's physician until his death. Antommarchi took up this position at the behest of Napoleon's mother Maria Letizia Ramolino and his uncle Cardinal Joseph Fesch. Antommarchi received a letter of employment on 19 December 1818. Antommarchi was sent to St. Helena in replacement of Dr Barry Edward O'Meara as Napoleon's personal physician, because the illustrious captive
9658188
The Memorial of Saint Helena


"Memorial" commenced in early August, 1815 aboard the "Bellerophon", where Napoleon was waiting for the ship that would transport him and a small party of companions to St. Helena. Napoleon suggests he finds comfort in the thought of suicide, but Las Cases insists there will still be purpose for them in the "desolate place" of exile: "Sire, ... we will live on the past: there is enough in it to satisfy us. Do we not enjoy the life of Caesar and that of Alexander?
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Les Invalides


Les Invalides is that of Napoleon Bonaparte (1769–1821). Napoleon was initially interred on Saint Helena, but King Louis Philippe arranged for his remains to be brought to France in 1840, an event known as "le retour des cendres". Napoléon's remains were first buried in the Chapelle Saint-Jérôme in the Invalides until his final resting place, a tomb made of red quartzite and resting on a green granite base, was finished in 1861. Some members of Napoleon's family, several military officers who served under him
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Longwood House


Longwood House is a mansion in St. Helena and the final residence of Napoleon Bonaparte, during his exile on the island of Saint Helena, from 10 December 1815 until his death on 5 May 1821. It lies on a windswept plain some 6 km (3.7 mi) from Jamestown. Longwood "was originally a farm belonging to the East India Company and was afterwards given as a country residence to the Deputy-Governor." It was converted for the use of Napoleon in 1815. The British government eventually recognised its inadequacy as
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Saint Helena


suggest that they never got any farther than Cape Town. There were also a very few Indian lascars who worked under the harbour master. The citizens of Saint Helena hold British Overseas Territories citizenship. On 21 May 2002, full British citizenship was restored by the British Overseas Territories Act 2002. See also British nationality law. During periods of unemployment, there has been a long pattern of emigration from the island since the post-Napoleonic period. The majority of "Saints" emigrated to Britain, South Africa and in the early
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Sacred Heart Church, Jamestown


Joseph). The first Catholic priests came to Saint Helena with Napoleon Bonaparte. In 1819. Father Antonio Bounavita and Father Ange Vignali arrived on St. Helena. Bounavita, left the island in March 1821 leaving Vignali to administer Extreme Unction to Napoleon on the 5th of May 1821 and conduct his burial service on the 9th of May. There were only sporadic visits from priests for the next thirty years. A permanent church was built in 1852 and the first resident priest arrived and it was under the jurisdiction of Apostolic Vicariate of Cape of
21058835
Napoleonic Wars


Sixth Coalition. The coalition defeated Napoleon at Leipzig, precipitating his fall from power and eventual abdication on 6 April 1814. The victors exiled Napoleon to Elba and restored the Bourbon monarchy. Napoleon escaped from Elba in 1815, gathering enough support to overthrow the monarchy of Louis XVIII, triggering a seventh, and final, coalition against him. Napoleon was decisively defeated at Waterloo, and he abdicated again on 22 June. On 15 July, he surrendered to the British at Rochefort, and was exiled to Saint Helena, where he
1712709
HMS Abundance (1799)


IV, wrote the Pope a letter of thanks. Later in October the Admiralty delivered "Abundance" to the Committee for Distressed Seamen as an accommodation ship. However, between August 1818 and March 1819, she underwent modifications for service as a storeship. She then sailed to Saint Helena. At the time she was under the command of Lieutenant Robert Campbell. "Abundance" was at Saint Helena when Napoleon died. She then sailed for Britain on 21 June 1821 and was laid up at Deptford in August. The Admiralty put
12132865
91st (Argyllshire Highlanders) Regiment of Foot


renamed the 91st (or Argyllshire) Regiment of Foot in November 1820. It embarked for the West Indies in June 1821 and was garrisoned in Jamaica before returning to England in 1831. Three companies were deployed to Saint Helena in November 1835 and with the exception of one detachment, then sailed on to South Africa in June 1839. The detachment that remained in Saint Helena was tasked with disinterring the body of the late Emperor Napoleon and taking it to Paris. In April 1842 the regiment formed a reserve battalion. The 1st Battalion
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Saint Helena


rural workforce. The coolie labourers arrived in 1810, and their numbers reached 600 by 1818. Many were allowed to stay, and their descendants became integrated into the population. An 1814 census recorded 3,507 people on the island. In 1815, the British government selected Saint Helena as the place of detention for Napoleon Bonaparte. He was taken to the island in October 1815. Britain also took the precaution of sending a garrison of soldiers, with an experienced officer (Edward Nicolls), to uninhabited Ascension Island, which lay between
7131899
Saint Helena


and string. Saint Helena's economy is now weak, and is almost entirely sustained by aid from the British government. The public sector dominates the economy, accounting for about 50% of gross domestic product. Inflation was running at 4% in 2005. There have been increases in the cost of fuel, power and all imported goods. The tourist industry is heavily based on the promotion of Napoleon's imprisonment. A golf course also exists and the possibility for sportfishing tourism is great. Three hotels operate on the island,
7131933
History of Saint Helena


's burial and of his home at Longwood House were vested in Napoleon III and his heirs and a French representative or consul has lived on the island ever since, the French flag now flying over these areas. The title deeds of Briars Pavilion, where Napoleon lived during his earliest period of exile, were much later given to the French Government in 1959. St Helena coffee grown on the Bamboo Hedge Estate at Sandy Bay won a premier award at the Great Exhibition at the Crystal Palace in 1851. Saul Solomon was buried at
7421223
St Helena (play)


St Helena: a play in twelve scenes is a play by the English author R. C. Sherriff (notable as the author of the First World War drama "Journey's End") and Jeanne de Casalis (who also researched it). It deals with the exile of Napoleon I on Saint Helena. It premiered at the Old Vic on 4 February 1936 to poor reviews, but was rescued by a letter to "The Times" by Winston Churchill, calling it "a remarkable play" and "a work of art
20680059
1810s


, seven days before Napoleon reached Paris, the powers at the Congress of Vienna ; four days later the United Kingdom, Russia, Austria and Prussia, members of the Seventh Coalition, bound themselves to put 150,000 men each into the field to end his rule. This set the stage for the last conflict in the Napoleonic Wars, the defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo, the restoration of the French monarchy for the second time and the permanent exile of Napoleon to the distant island of Saint Helena, where he died
15883841
Napoléon (miniseries)


) channel. The series begins with Napoleon on Saint Helena. Hudson Lowe, the British governor of the island, repeatedly demands Napoleon show his presence. After a futile attempt to convince Napoleon to leave his home, an English girl (Miss Betsy), soon appears. Although there is no explicit mention of this, it is assumed that Napoleon is reminiscing about his past successes to Miss Betsy, as it is revealed at the end. The story begins with his meeting of Josephine de Beauharnais, his future wife and Empress
17257809
Hélène Napoleone Bonaparte


Hélène Napoleone Bonaparte (18 June 1816 – 16 January 1907) was the reputed daughter of Napoleon by his mistress, Albine de Montholon, wife of Charles Tristan, marquis de Montholon, and mother of Charles-François-Frédéric, marquis de Montholon-Sémonville. She was born Napoléone Marie Hélène Charlotte de Montholon-Sémonville in Saint Helena while Albine and Montholon were with Napoleon in exile there. Napoleon never acknowledged Hélène, although she was said to bear a striking resemblance to him. Nothing else is known of Hélène's life
16632277
Polish Legions (Napoleonic period)


Napoleon was forced into exile on Elba, the only unit he was allowed to keep as guards were the Polish Lancers. While many Poles returned to the Polish territories, a unit of about 325 men under Colonel Golaszewski fought in Napoleon's final 1815 campaign, the "Hundred Days", participating in the Battle of Waterloo. After Napoleon's second and final defeat, some are said to have accompanied him to his exile on Saint Helena. In analyzing the creation of the Polish Legions, many historians have argued that Napoleon used
17776207
Napoléon (1927 film)


two bullies who hold flanking seats. Another of the class's island examples is Saint Helena, which puts Napoleon into a pensive daydream. Unhappy in school, Napoleon writes about his difficulties in a letter to his family. A bully reports to a monk that Napoleon is hiding letters in his bed, and the monk tears the letter to pieces. Angry, Napoleon goes to visit the attic quarters of his friend Fleuri, a place of refuge where Napoleon keeps his captive bird, a young eagle that was sent to him from
19360756
Line of succession to the French throne (Bonapartist)


. Napoleon I's death in exile on Saint Helena in 1821 only transferred the allegiance of many of his loyalists to other members of the House of Bonaparte. After the death in 1832 of Napoleon I's son, known to Bonapartists as Napoleon II, Bonapartist hopes rested in several different members of the family. The disturbances of 1848 gave this group hope. Bonapartists were essential in the election of Napoleon I's nephew Louis Napoleon Bonaparte as president of the Second French Republic. They also gave him crucial political support for the 1852
3444959
Fernão Lopes (soldier)


Fernão Lopes (died 1545) was the first known permanent inhabitant of the remote Island of Saint Helena in the South Atlantic Ocean, an island that later became famous as the site of Napoleon's exile and death. Lopes was a 16th-century Portuguese soldier in India. He was tortured and disfigured in punishment for siding with Rasul Khan in a rebellion against Portuguese rule in Goa. On his way home to Portugal after these events, Lopes chose voluntary exile on Saint Helena, where he lived in almost complete solitude for more
18629146
Saint Helena


It is one of the most remote islands in the world and was uninhabited when discovered by the Portuguese in 1502. It was an important stopover for ships sailing to Europe from Asia and South Africa for centuries. Napoleon was imprisoned there in exile by the British, as was Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo (for leading a Zulu army against British rule) and more than 5,000 Boers taken prisoner during the Second Boer War, including Piet Cronjé. Saint Helena is Britain's second-oldest overseas territory after Bermuda. Most historical accounts state that the
7131887
History of Saint Helena


large number of temporary residents, such as military personnel, were soon withdrawn. The East India Company resumed full control of Saint Helena and life returned to the pre-1815 standards, the fall in population causing a sharp change in the economy. The next governors, Thomas Brooke (temporary governor, 1821–1823) and Alexander Walker (1823–1828), successfully brought the island through this post-Napoleonic period with the opening of a new farmer's market in Jamestown, the foundation of an Agricultural and Horticultural Society and improvements in education. The
7421211
Napoléon (miniseries)


cold Russian winter while being attacked by mounted Cossacks. Later, there is the Battle of Waterloo (June 18, 1815) with Ney's heavy cavalry charge, the French taking of the farm Le Haie Sainte from the British, the assault of the Imperial Guard, and the final rout of the French forces. As soldiers flee the battlefield, Napoleon's Imperial Guard grenadiers form a square around their emperor and retreat in disciplined order in their square. The episode ends with Napoleon dying in exile on the island of Saint Helena
17257816
Napoleon Museum (Monaco)


The Napoleon Museum in Monte Carlo, Monaco was a museum of artifacts which once belonged to the French Emperor Napoleon I. The museum, which was attached to the Prince of Monaco's palace, contained a collection assembled by Prince Louis II, the great grandfather of the present Prince of Monaco. The collection contained numerous possessions of the Emperor including letters and documents pertaining to his reign and conquest of Europe and relics from his exile and imprisonment on Saint Helena. Also included in the collection was clothing that belonged to Napoleon's son,
17058168
Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha


and then the United Kingdom in 1801; the British Empire grew into a global great power. The most important and first settled, the island of Saint Helena, had been governed by the East India Company since 1659. It became internationally known as the British government's chosen place of exile of Napoleon Bonaparte, who was detained on the island from October 1815 until his death on 5 May 1821, and it was made a British crown colony in 1834 by the Government of India Act 1833. Unoccupied Ascension Island was garrisoned by
15296456
Stephen Decatur Trenchard


Powhatan" made the run across the Atlantic without any further difficulties, reaching Funchal on the 27th, where the ex-President and his family went ashore. The frigate departed Funchal on January 6, 1858, calling at Jamestown, Saint Helena, where Trenchard visited Longwood House, the scene of Napoleon's captivity and death. On leaving Jamestown harbor "Powhatan" collided with the Dutch bark "Stad Enchede", sustaining minor damage. She towed the bark back to port and made repairs, leaving Saint Helena again the next
2481555
History of Saint Helena


Saint Helena has a known history of over 500 years since its recorded discovery by the Portuguese in 1502. Claiming to be Britain's second oldest colony, after Bermuda, this is one of the most isolated islands in the world and was for several centuries of vital strategic importance to ships sailing to Europe from Asia and South Africa. For several centuries, the British used the island as a place of exile, most notably for Napoleon Bonaparte, Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo and over 5,000 Boer prisoners. Most historical accounts state the island was discovered
7421161
Saint-Amans-Soult


The commune was formerly called Saint-Amans-la-Bastide. It was renamed in 1851, after Marshal Jean-de-Dieu Soult, who was born there in 1769. Marshal-General Soult, under the Emperor Napoleon, was later named as Duke of Dalmatia, and following the Emperor's permanent exile to St. Helena, enjoyed a long and fruitful career as a politician and diplomant under several early 19th royalist and republican regimes in France. His son, Napoleon H. de Soult, arranged for the posthumous publication of
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Bienno


suspected to have poisoned the Emperor Napoleon, in Saint Helena, and brother of " Hélène Napoleone Bonaparte de Montholon ", whose father could be Napoleon and who lived 90 years, with the exception of the usufruct of the lower floors, left to "Liberata Fostinelli" and "Battista Panteghini" and all their descendants " ad vitam eternam ", to reward them from their loyalty. This usufruct has been transferred to the municipality of Bienno by their children "Battista Panteghini", son of Liberata, and "Maria Bettoni"
19952255
Mark Wilks


engaging and affable man. Saint Helena was chiefly a center for slave trade and as Governor he did not outlaw it but he is thought to have taken a sympathy for Samuel Ally, a freed slave. Wilks invited William Roxburgh to study the possibility of cultivating cinchona. After the British government took temporary control of St Helena from the EIC during Napoleon's time on St Helena, Wilks return to England in 1816 and was elected to the Manx parliament, the House of Keys. In 1826, after the death of his father
16963760
Abdication of Napoleon, 1815


and the restoration of Louis XVIII. Napoleon, realising he could not hope to evade the Royal Navy, surrendered to Captain Maitland upon placing himself under his protection on board HMS "Bellerophon". The British Government refused to allow Napoleon to set foot in England and arranged for his exile to the remote South Atlantic island of Saint Helena where he died in 1821. With the defeat at Waterloo, the enthralment of the French people that had gripped them since Napoleon's return from exile rapidly dissipated, and they were forced to face
17356847
HMS Bellerophon (1786)


at hand. "Bellerophon" spent two weeks in Plymouth harbour while the authorities came to a decision about what to do with Napoleon. On 31 July they communicated their decision to the former emperor. Napoleon was to be exiled to the remote island of Saint Helena. He would be allowed to take three officers, his surgeon, and twelve servants. Napoleon, who had hoped to be allowed to settle quietly in Britain, was bitterly disappointed by the news. "Bellerophon" was not to take him into exile. The
17510599
Chilean ship Lautaro (1818)


"Windham"s first voyage was to China. She left Portsmouth on 31 March 1801 and reached Saint Helena on 10 June and Whampoa on 7 October. On her return leg she crossed the Second Bar on 21 January 1802, reached Saint Helena on 12 April, and The Downs on 12 June. With the outbreak of the Napoleonic Wars in mid-1803, Graham received a new letter of marque dated 2 July 1803. This voyage took Windham to Madras and Bengal. She left The Downs on 11 February 1803 and reached Tincomallee on 16
20180626
Bonapartism


was exiled to Elba. The Bonapartists helped him regain his power, leading to the Hundred Days period. Some of his acolytes could not accept his defeat in 1815 at Waterloo or the Congress of Vienna, and continued to promote the Bonaparte ideology. After Napoleon I's death in exile on Saint Helena in 1821, many of these people transferred their allegiance to other members of his family. After the death of Napoleon's son, the Duke of Reichstadt (known to Bonapartists as Napoleon II), Bonapartist hopes rested on several
16838289
Concert of Europe


of Napoleon to Saint Helena in 1815, Europe had been almost constantly at war. During this time, the military conquests of France had resulted in the spread of liberalism throughout much of the continent, resulting in many states adopting the Napoleonic code. Largely as a reaction to the radicalism of the French Revolution, most victorious powers of the Napoleonic Wars resolved to suppress liberalism and nationalism, and revert largely to the "status quo" of Europe prior to 1789. The Kingdom of Prussia, and the Austrian and Russian empires,
18214298
Hundred Days


". Unable to remain in France or escape from it, Napoleon surrendered to Captain Frederick Maitland of in the early morning of 15 July 1815 and was transported to England. Napoleon was exiled to the island of Saint Helena where he died in May 1821. While Napoleon had assessed that the Coalition forces in and around Brussels on the borders of north-east France posed the greatest threat, because Tolly's Russian army of 150,000 were still not in the theatre, Spain was slow to mobilise, Prince Schwarzenberg's Austrian army of
2856860
1st Infantry Division (United Kingdom)


an outlaw; four days later the United Kingdom, Russia, Austria and Prussia, members of the Seventh Coalition, bound themselves to put 150,000 men each into the field to end his rule. This set the stage for the last conflict in the Napoleonic Wars and for the defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo, the restoration of the French monarchy for the second time and the permanent exile of Napoleon to the island of Saint Helena, where he died in May 1821. 1st Division was involved in the Waterloo Campaign seeing
3087335
Napoleonic Wars


Battle of Issy and negotiations for surrender had begun. On arriving at Paris three days after Waterloo, Napoleon still clung to the hope of a concerted national resistance; but the temper of the legislative chambers, and of the public generally, did not favour his view. Lacking support Napoleon abdicated again on 22 June 1815, and on 15 July he surrendered to the British squadron at Rochefort. The Allies exiled him to the remote South Atlantic island of Saint Helena, where he died on 5 May 1821. In Italy, Joachim
1712804
The Memorial of Saint Helena


We shall possess still more, you will re-peruse yourself, Sire!" "Be it so!" rejoined Napoleon; "we will write our Memoirs." At some point Las Cases began a daily routine of transcribing notes of the Emperor's conversation, leaving his son Emmanuel the task of producing a fair copy. From time to time Las Cases would provide Napoleon with excerpts to read, thus assuring himself of Napoleon's imprimatur. Being found in possession of personal letters that he was attempting to send surreptitiously to
17594575
Napoleon


of Waterloo in June. The British exiled him to the remote island of Saint Helena in the South Atlantic, where he died six years later at the age of 51. Napoleon's influence on the modern world brought liberal reforms to the numerous territories that he conquered and controlled, such as the Low Countries, Switzerland, and large parts of modern Italy and Germany. He implemented fundamental liberal policies in France and throughout Western Europe. His Napoleonic Code has influenced the legal systems of more than 70 nations around the world. British
20108353
History of Paris


, weighing two hundred fifty tons, which was carried to France from Egypt on a specially-built ship. In the same year, at the westernmost end of the Champs-Élysées, Louis-Philippe completed and dedicated the Arc de Triomphe, which had been begun by Napoleon. The ashes of Napoleon were returned to Paris from Saint Helena in a solemn ceremony on 15 December 1840 at the Invalides. Louis-Philippe also placed the statue of Napoleon atop the column in the Place Vendôme. In 1840, he completed a
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Waterloo Campaign


July, the French King, Louis XVIII, made his public entry into Paris, amidst the acclamations of the people, and again occupied the throne. On 10 July, the wind became favourable for Napoleon to set sail from France. But a British fleet made its appearance and made escape by sea impossible. Unable to remain in France or escape from it, Napoleon surrendered to Captain Frederick Maitland of early in the morning of 15 July and was transported to England. Napoleon was exiled to the island of Saint Helena where he
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Roustam Raza


recently re-crowned emperor refused to even receive him and spoke bitterly of Raza's "betrayal" in his recollections written at St. Helena. Raza later claimed that he feared Napoleon would commit suicide and that he would be blamed for his death. He cited this as the reason he left Napoleon during the marshals' revolt, just prior to the emperor's abdication. Raza's position as second valet was filled during the Hundred Days restoration by his former assistant and the Imperial Librarian, Louis Étienne Saint-Denis; whom Napoleon
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Louis Joseph Marchand


Louis-Joseph-Narcisse Marchand (born Paris, March 28, 1791, died Trouville, June 19, 1876) was Napoleon Bonaparte's valet and the nominated liquidator of his succession. Born into a middle-class family from the Eure-et-Loir department, in 1811 he became an Imperial servant. He remained faithful to Napoleon after the first abdication and was selected to replace the Emperor's main valet who had fled. He followed the Emperor thereafter including to Saint Helena. He remained faithful to Napoleon so much
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Napoléon (1955 film)


Napoléon is a 1955 French historical epic film directed by Sacha Guitry that depicts major events in the life of Napoleon. Napoleon is played by two actors, Daniel Gélin as a young man and Raymond Pellegrin in later life; the switch takes place during a scene at a barber. Director/actor Guitry played the role of Talleyrand, controversial diplomat and first Prime Minister of France, narrating the story from a drawing room as if having just heard of Napoleon's death on the island of Saint Helena in 1821. Guitry had played
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Elizabeth Fox, Baroness Holland


Both Lord and Lady Holland were great admirers of Napoleon Bonaparte. In 1815, Lady Holland commission a bronze bust of him from sculptor Antonio Canova, which was placed in the garden at Holland House. After Napoleon was exiled to Saint Helena in 1815, Lady Holland sent him supplies of food and hundreds of books. Napoleon remembered Lady Holland in his will and following his death in 1821, his companions General Henri Gratien Bertrand and the Marquis de Montholon arrived at Holland House, delivering a snuffbox. The gold snuffbox, which had
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Dimitri Alexandrovich Obolensky


The son of Prince Alexander Dimitrievich Obolensky (1847–1917), by his marriage to Countess Anna Alexandrovna Polovtzova (1862–1917), Obolensky was born at Saint Petersburg on 24 April 1882. On 22 Sep 1905 Obolensky married firstly, in Berlin, Countess Helene Bobrinsky (1885–1937), daughter of Count Alexander Alexandrovich Bobrinsky. They had two sons and a daughter: Alexander, born 1906, Andrei (1907–1969), and Helena (1909–1978). Their son Andrei grew up to be a notable chess player. As a landowner, Obolensky
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Briars, Saint Helena


was offered a post in Australia and established a new estate called "The Briars" in the Carwoola area of New South Wales. On this new estate, it is believed that he was responsible for introducing two plants to Australia, the Sweet Briar ("Rosa rubiginosa") and the Weeping Willow ("Salix babylonica"). The willow grew nearby Napoleon’s grave on St Helena and Balcombe is reported to have taken cuttings from these trees. William's youngest son, Alexander Beatson Balcombe, named his pastoral run and
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Experiment (1798 ship)


reported that a large French privateer from Saint-Malo had captured "Experiment" as the privateer was on her way to Île de France and had taken her into the Cape of Good Hope. The crew had arrived at St Helena. The French sent Withers, the surgeon, and the Fourth Officer to Île de France in "Experiment". "Napoleon" then took the remaining officers and the purser to the Cape of Good Hope. There they were able to arrange for a cartel to take them to St Helena.
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Michel Dancoisne-Martineau


(Acknowledged & published locally in the St-Helena Government Gazette on the 30th June 1991). From 1987 till 1998, he managed the historical reconstruction of the admiral’s apartment at the Briars Pavilion (the first residence of Napoleon on St. Helena Island), completed in 2015; From 2010 till 2013, he managed, in partnership with the ‘Fondation Napoléon’, the funds raising campaign “Save Longwood House”. In May 2011, he published "Chroniques de Sainte-Hélène Atlantique Sud", a collection of
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List of birds of Saint Helena


This is a list of the bird species recorded on Saint Helena. The avifauna of Saint Helena Island include a total of 68 species. Only one endemic species survives today, the Saint Helena plover. Several more endemics are extinct and known only from subfossil remains: the Saint Helena petrel, Olson's petrel, Saint Helena shearwater, Saint Helena crake, Saint Helena rail, Saint Helena dove, Saint Helena cuckoo and Saint Helena hoopoe. At least five non-endemics have been extirpated from Saint Helena but still occur elsewhere.
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Napoleon


, after confession, Extreme Unction and Viaticum in the presence of Father Ange Vignali. His last words were, "France, l'armée, tête d'armée, Joséphine" ("France, the army, head of the army, Joséphine"). Napoleon's original death mask was created around 6 May, although it is not clear which doctor created it. In his will, he had asked to be buried on the banks of the Seine, but the British governor said he should be buried on Saint Helena, in the
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Maurice Persat


a rebel force in the Loire, but was exiled during the Bourbon Restoration. He also participated in a conspiracy for rescuing of Napoleon from the island of Saint Helena. In 1817, he emigrated to the United States. In 1818, he joined the army of Simón Bolívar, but was disappointed with leaders and by February 1819 went to the island of Martinique. He returned to France and again took part in a pro-Napoleon plot. He participated in the Neapolitan Revolution and was imprisoned by the Austrians, but escaped.
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Piazza del Plebiscito


left arm of the church). In the first years of the 19th century, the King of Naples, Murat (Napoleon's brother-in-law), planned the square and building as a tribute to the emperor. Soon after Napoleon was finally dispatched to St Helena, the Bourbons were restored to the throne, and Ferdinand I continued the construction but converted the finished product into the church one sees today. He dedicated it to Saint Francis of Paola, who had stayed in a monastery on this site in the
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Gaspard Gourgaud


", but was not allowed to land in England. Determined to share Napoleon's exile, he sailed with him on HMS "Northumberland" to Saint Helena. The ship's secretary, John R. Glover, has left an entertaining account of some of Gourgaud's "gasconnades" at table. His extreme sensitivity and vanity soon brought him into collision with Napoleon's other companions, Las Cases and Montholon, in their exile at Longwood. The former he styles in his journal a Jesuit and a scribbler who went there only to
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Saint Helena


on the island, and between 1840 and 1849 over 15,000 freed slaves, known as "Liberated Africans", were landed there. In 1858, the French emperor Napoleon III successfully gained the possession, in the name of the French government, of Longwood House and the lands around it, the last residence of Napoleon I (who died there in 1821). It is still French property, administered by a French representative and under the authority of the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs. On 11 April 1898 American Joshua Slocum,
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History of Saint Helena


but would be over 20,000. Surviving freed slaves lived at Lemon Valley – originally the quarantine area, later for women and children, Rupert's and High Knoll, and only when numbers became too great were they sent to Cape Town and the British West Indies as labourers. About 500 remained on St Helena, where they were employed. In later years, some were sent to Sierra Leone. It was also in 1840 that the British government acceded to a French request for Napoleon's body to be returned to France in what
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Jamestown, Saint Helena


British rule. After his defeat in the Battle of Waterloo in June 1815 and the subsequent occupation of Paris, the Emperor of the French, Napoleon, surrendered to the British and was exiled to St Helena. He arrived on 21 October aboard the 74-gun ship and resided at the Briars in Jamestown for several months until he was transferred to Longwood House in a more remote part of the island in December. Jamestown was chosen to host a vice admiralty court and a naval base for British efforts to interdict the slave traffic between Africa
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Alarm Forest


in the district are the headquarters of Sure South Atlantic, with its large satellite dishes that connect Saint Helena to the outside world, and the St Helena Distillery. The district lacks a community centre or a school and the population looks to nearby Jamestown or Longwood for shopping and entertainment. Napoleon resided in the Briars, then in Jamestown, for several months in 1815 before being transferred to Longwood House. He had selected a spot in Sane Valley as his burial site during one of his walks and his tomb was built there after
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History of music in Paris


, and rustic comedies at the "Théâtre des Variétés". With the signing of the Concordat in 1801 between Napoleon and Pope Pius VII, the churches of Paris were re-opened, and religious music was allowed once more. After Napoleon's second abdication at the end of the Hundred Days in 1815, and his exile to the island of Saint Helena, the new government of Louis XVIII tried to restore the Parisian musical world to what it had been before the Revolution. The opera once again became the Royal Academy;
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19th century


In 1814, after defeat in the War of the Sixth Coalition, Napoleon abdicated and was exiled to Elba. Later that year, he escaped exile and began the Hundred Days before finally being defeated at the Battle of Waterloo and exiled to Saint Helena, an island in the South Atlantic Ocean. After Napoleon's defeat, the Congress of Vienna was held to determine new national borders. The Concert of Europe attempted to preserve this settlement was established to preserve these borders, with limited impact. Most countries in Central America and South
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Architecture of Paris


a stone obelisk from Luxor, weighing two hundred fifty tons, brought on a specially built ship from Egypt, was slowly hoisted into place in the presence of Louis-Philippe and a huge crowd. In the same year, the "Arc de Triomphe", begun in 1804 by Napoleon, was finally completed and dedicated. Following the return to Paris of the ashes of Napoleon from Saint Helena in 1840, they were placed with great ceremony in a tomb designed by Louis Visconti beneath the church of Les Invalides. Another Paris
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Napoleon Diamond Necklace


, in 1815, Napoleon was exiled to Saint Helena. Marie Louise returned to Austria with the necklace and owned it until her death. Upon the death of Marie Louise in 1847, the necklace passed to Archduchess Sophie of Austria, the wife of her brother Archduke Franz Karl of Austria. Two diamonds were removed from the necklace to shorten it, at the request of Princess Sophie. These diamonds were fitted to a pair of earrings, the location of which is now unknown. Following the death of Sophie in 1872, the
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Emperor of the French


Emperor of the French" was supposed to demonstrate that Napoleon's coronation was not a restoration of monarchy, but an introduction of a new political system: the French Empire. Napoleon's reign lasted until 22 June 1815, when he was defeated at the Battle of Waterloo, exiled and imprisoned on the island of Saint Helena, where he died on 5 May 1821. His reign was interrupted by the Bourbon Restoration of 1814 and his own exile to Elba, from where he escaped less than a year later to reclaim the throne
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War. The Exile and the Rock Limpet


War. The Exile and the Rock Limpet is an oil painting of 1842 by the English Romantic painter J. M. W. Turner (1775–1851). Intended to be a companion piece to Turner's "Peace. Burial at Sea", "War" is a painting that depicts a moment from Napoleon Bonaparte's exile at Saint Helena. In December 1815, the former Emperor was taken by the British government to the Longwood House, despite its state of disrepair, to live in captivity; during his final years of isolation, Napoleon
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Petra Unkel


Petra Unkel (born 3 March 1925), also known as Petra Unkel-Klinder, is a former German film actress, voice actress and cabaret artist. She was born in Budapest, in what was then the Kingdom of Hungary, and was the daughter of tenor Peter Unkel (1880–1942). Unkel became best known as a child star. She made her debut appearance on screen as a four-year-old during the silent film era, in "Napoleon at Saint Helena", starring Werner Krauss as Napoleon.
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Nicholas Girod


. He owned a large number of properties in the area of today's Central Business District, in the vicinity of Girod Street. New Orleans was full of excitement in the spring of 1821 when Girod remodeled and furnished the house on Chartres Street, that he inherited from Claude Francois Girod, in readiness for Napoleon Bonaparte. The ship "Seraphine" was being outfitted for a secret voyage by Commander Bossier and Dominique You, and Nicolas Girod was one of the sponsors of the plan to rescue Napoleon from his exile in Saint Helena
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Outline of Saint Helena


The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Saint Helena: Saint Helena, named after St Helena of Constantinople, is an island of volcanic origin in the South Atlantic Ocean. It is part of the British overseas territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha which also includes Ascension Island and the islands of Tristan da Cunha. Saint Helena measures about and has a population of 4,255 (2008 census). Geography of Saint Helena Demographics of Saint Helena Politics of Saint Helena Court system of Saint Helena
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HMS Weymouth (1804)


1807 under Commander Martin White. White made two voyages to the Mediterranean, after which she operated in the North Sea by 1809. She passed under a succession of masters over the next few years. While under the command of Richard Turner, master, in August 1815 she accompanied the 74-gun , and the troopship HMS "Ceylon" as "Northumberland" carried Napoleon into exile at Saint Helena. She was at St Helena on 15 November 1815. On 14 September 1817 she was at Lebida (Leptis Magna), together with
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History of Saint Helena


importation of slaves was banned in 1792, but the phased emancipation of over 800 resident slaves did not take place until 1827, some six years before legislation to ban slavery in the colonies was passed by the British Parliament. An abortive attempt was made to set up a whaling industry in 1830 (also in 1875). Following praise of St Helena's coffee given by Napoleon during his exile on the island, the product enjoyed a brief popularity in Paris during the years after his death. The Parliament of the United Kingdom passed
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History of Saint Helena


Tristan da Cunha (initially also including the Falkland Islands, Rio de Janeiro and other towns along the east coast of South America), the first Bishop of St Helena arriving on the island that year. Islanders later complained that succeeding governors were mainly retired senior military officers with an undynamic approach to the job. St John's church was built in upper Jamestown in 1857, one motivation being to counter the levels of vice and prostitution at that end of the town. The following year, the lands forming the sites of Napoleon
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Jamestown, Saint Helena


being recaptured. Many of the buildings built by the East India Company in the 1700s survive and give the town its distinctive Georgian flavour. The town briefly hosted Napoleon in 1815 during his exile on St. Helena and later served as a base for the Royal Navy's efforts to suppress the slave trade. It had no role during the First World War and only played a minor role during the Second World War. Jamestown was founded in 1659 by the English East India Company and named after James, Duke of York, the future
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Napoleon and the Catholic Church


not wish him to become a cause for remorse.”" At the Congress of Vienna (1814–1815) the Papal States were largely restored. The Jesuits were restored. The Pope offered a refuge in his capital to the members of the Bonaparte family. Princess Letitia, the deposed emperor's mother, lived there; likewise did his brothers Lucien and Louis and his uncle, Cardinal Fesch. In February 1821, while exiled at Saint Helena island, Napoleon's health began to deteriorate rapidly. He reconciled with the Catholic Church.
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First French Empire


exiled to Saint Helena, a remote island in the South Atlantic, where he remained until his death in 1821. After the Hundred Days, the Bourbon monarchy was restored, with Louis XVIII regaining the throne of France, while the rest of Napoleon's conquests were disposed of in the Congress of Vienna. Napoleon gained support by appealing to some common concerns of French people. These included dislike of the emigrant nobility who had escaped persecution, fear by some of a restoration of the "Ancien Régime", a dislike and suspicion
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Robert Plampin


Vice-Admiral Robert Plampin (1762 – 14 February 1834), was a British Royal Navy officer during the late 18th and early 19th centuries, serving in the American Revolutionary War, the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars, but best known for his time as commander of the British colony of Saint Helena in the South Atlantic during the period when former Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte was imprisoned there. Born into a Navy family, Plampin went to sea at age 13 and fought throughout the American Revolutionary War, based principally in the
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66th (Berkshire) Regiment of Foot


Napoleon who was in exile: the two battalions amalgamated again later that year. The regiment left Saint Helena in May 1821 following Napoleon's death. It was deployed to Canada in August 1827 before returning home in October 1840. It was sent to Gibraltar in July 1845 before returning to the West Indies in 1848. It returned to Canada in 1851 and returned home in 1854. In March 1857 it was sent to India to help suppress the Indian Rebellion. It returned to England in March 1865 but went back to India in
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Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma


at his Austrian relatives and his mother for their lack of support, and began identifying as Napoleon II and surrounding himself with French courtiers. The relationship with his mother broke down to such an extent that he once remarked "If Josephine had been my mother, my father would not have been buried at Saint Helena, and I should not be at Vienna. My mother is kind but weak; she was not the wife my father deserved; Josephine was." However, before anything could become of Napoleon II, he died
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Paris under Louis-Philippe


Napoleonic armies were in the crowd, and they called out "Vive l'Empereur", but Louis-Philippe was unperturbed. The ashes of Napoleon were returned to Paris from Saint Helena in 1840, and were placed with great ceremony in a tomb designed by Louis Visconti beneath the church of Les Invalides. Another Paris landmark, the July Column on the Place de la Bastille, was inaugurated on 28 July 1840, on the anniversary of the July Revolution, and dedicated to those killed during the uprising. Several older monuments were put
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George Crowninshield Jr.


schooner was launched in 1816. The elaborate vessel had a luxurious interior. There are suspicious circumstances connected with the possibility of Crowninshield and his brothers rescuing Napoleon Bonaparte from his exile on Saint Helena Island and taking him back to America. It was speculated by author Francis Boardman Crowninshield that the purpose of "Cleopatra's Barge" was for the object of rescuing Napoleon, but that has not been conclusively proven. Crowninshield never married, but did have one daughter born 1811, Clarissa (called Clara), whose mother was Elizabeth Rowell
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