Josep Maria Flotats [SEP] languages spoken or written
Josep Maria Flotats


Josep Maria Flotats i Picas (; Barcelona, 12 January 1939) is a Spanish actor and theatre director. Born in Barcelona, he started as an actor in Associació Dramàtica de Barcelona, and made his theatre debut in 1957 with "Les maletes del senyor Bernet". He received a student grant to study drama in Strasbourg in 1959, and he joined the "Théâtre National Populaire" in 1967, "Théâtre de la Ville" in 1968, and French National Theatre Comédie Française in 1981. In 1983, he went back
2803880
Josep Pla


more preoccupied with economically exploiting the documents than putting them at the disposal of investigators or the Josep Pla Foundation. Even though he did not write plays, his life and work inspired various significant works after his death, among which are: "Ara que els ametllers ja estan batuts" (Now that the almond trees have been knocked down) 1990, in which Josep Maria Flotats creates a portrait of Pla through a collage of his texts. Also "La increíble historia del Dr. Floït & Mr. Pla" (1997),
11126021
El Víbora


El Víbora (meaning "The Viper" in English) was a Spanish language monthly alternative comics magazine published in Barcelona, Spain, between 1979 and 2005. The magazine was subtitled as "Comix for Survivors". "El Víbora" was established in December 1979. The founders were a group of Spanish cartoonists led by Josep Maria Berenguer. Catalan comics publisher Josep Toutain financed and helped the establishment of the magazine which was published by La Cúpula. Josep Maria Berenguer wanted to name the magazine as GOMA 3, a reference to
1124607
Josep Maria Nadal i Farreras


or Francesc Feliu, have been incorporated to the project. Josep M. Nadal has contributed decisively to characterize History of Language as independent linguistic discipline. Along with his research group from Girona, he has aimed to research in the history of languages from an interdisciplinary perspective, incorporating contributions coming from the field of literature, social history or other apparently further disciplines like sociology, psychology or philosophy of the language. The team headed by Josep M. Nadal, on the other hand, has been interested in the history of Catalan language but always
5517574
Mary Webb


visiting weaver, Kester Woodseaves. It was first produced as a six-part BBC television drama series in 1957, starring Patrick Troughton and Daphne Slater. It was then adapted for French television (ORTF) in 1968 by director Claude Santelli, with Dominique Labourier as Prue, Josep Maria Flotats as Gedeon and Pierre Vaneck as Kester. The title was "Sarn", after the French title of the novel. The most recent adaptation was as a television play by the BBC in 1989, with Janet McTeer as Prue, Clive
19617357
María Adánez


Theater Awards in 2008 and 2009. In 2010 she played in "Pierre-Augustin de Beaumarchais", where she played the role of Madmoiselle Ménard, a naive and cheerful girl that becomes the protagonist's lover. In 2011 she returned to work with Narros in "¡Pero no andes desnuda!", as well as in "La escuela de la desobediencia de Luis Luque" where she played Fanchon. In 2012, and under the direction of Josep Maria Flotats and in the company of Kira Miró and Aitor Mazo,
15681524
Teatre Nacional de Catalunya


Teatre Nacional de Catalunya (TNC; ; ) is a public theatre in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain created by the Culture Department of the Catalan Government. The building of the theatre took place from 8 November 1991 to 1996 by the Catalan postmodern architect Ricardo Bofill. On November 12, 1996 it opened with "Àngels a Amèrica" ("Angels in America") by Tony Kushner, and directed by Josep Maria Flotats. The building, like the Royal National Theatre in the UK, contains three theatre spaces: Sala Gran
916712
Antoni Gaudí


, Gaudí created no school of his own and never taught, nor did he leave written documents. Some of his subordinates adopted his innovations, above all Francesc Berenguer and Josep Maria Jujol; others, like Cèsar Martinell, Francesc Folguera and Josep Francesc Ràfols graduated towards Noucentisme, leaving the master's trail. Despite this, a degree of influence can be discerned in some architects that either formed part of the "Modernista" movement or departed from it and who had had no direct contact with him, such as Josep Maria Pericas
5475894
Precious Bane


Precious Bane is a novel by Mary Webb, first published in 1924. It won the Prix Femina Vie Heureuse Prize. In 1957 the book was made into a six-part BBC television drama series starring Patrick Troughton and Daphne Slater. Under its French title 'Sarn', it was produced as a television play by French Television ORTF in 1968, with Dominique Labourier as Prue, Josep Maria Flotats as Gedeon and Pierre Vaneck as Kester; the director was Claude Santelli. In 1989 it was again adapted for British television by
21122248
Josep Maria Bayarri


Josep Maria Bayarri i Hurtado () (Alboraya (Valencia), Spain, 1886-1970) was a writer and poet, also known as "Xusep Maria Vaiarri". He studied at the San Carlos School of Fine Arts before releasing his first publication, 1915's collection of Valencian poetry, "Poetes valencians contemporanis", featuring various poets of his generation. He later helped found two poetry magazines in the Valencian language, "El vers valencià" (1934) and "Ribalta" (1939). During several
18023952
Written language


A written language is the representation of a spoken or gestural language by means of a writing system. Written language is an invention in that it must be taught to children, who will pick up spoken language or sign language by exposure even if they are not formally instructed. A written language exists only as a complement to a specific spoken language, and no natural language is purely written. Written languages change more slowly than corresponding spoken languages. When at least one register of a language is strongly divergent from spoken language, the
6491021
Josep Maria Corredor i Pomés


Corredor became personal secretary. As a result of his relationship with the cellist, in 1955 appeared the book "Conversations avec Pablo Casals: souvenirs et opinions d'un musicien". The book was an instant success and it was edited and translated to several languages. Josep Maria Corredor was also the catalyst for an international campaign to build a tomb for the Spanish poet Antonio Machado in Collioure. During the 1960s Corredor resumed his collaborations with the Catalan press and following the death of the dictator Francisco Franco he returned to Girona. However,
16640362
Josep Maria Nadal i Farreras


Josep Maria Nadal i Farreras (born 1949, in Girona, Catalonia, Spain) is Professor of History of Language at the University of Girona. He graduated in Romance Philology at the University of Barcelona and is Ph.D. in Hispanic Studies at the Autonomous University of Barcelona since 1975. He worked at this university for sixteen years, where he became Professor in 1987 and he held several management positions. From this position he promoted the creation of the University of Girona, which happened in December 1991. He was Chancellor of this new
5517570
Barcelona Metròpolis


Espuche, Rosario Fontova, Mario Gas, Marta Gili, Daniel Giralt-Miracle, Jordi Llovet, Rosa Maria Malet, Josep Martí Gómez, Josep Maria Huertas Claveria, Llàtzer Moix, Josep Maria Montaner, Sergi Pàmies, Lluís Permanyer, Josep Ramoneda, Sempronio, Ignasi de Solà-Morales, Josep Maria Valverde, Manuel Vázquez Montalbán, among others. Marc Augé, Ulrich Beck, Seyla Benhabib, Jordi Borja, Massimo Cacciari, Victoria Camps, Horacio Capel, Manuel Castells, Paolo Flores d'Arcais, Nancy Fraser, Néstor García
17880960
BCMC College of Engineering & Technology


Course; 03-months course 2. English Language Training Course (Spoken & Written); 06-months course 3. Spanish Language Training Course (Spoken & Written); 06-months course 4. German (Deutsch) Language Training Course (Spoken & Written); 06-months course 5. Arabic Language Training Course (Spoken & Written); 06-months course 6. Japanese Language Training Course (Spoken & Written); 06-months course 7. Korean Language Training Course (Spoken & Written); 06-months course 8. Chinese Language Training Course (Spoken &
1156668
Josep Maria de Sagarra


Josep Maria de Sagarra i de Castellarnau (Barcelona, 5 March 1894 – 27 September 1961) was a Catalan language writer from Barcelona, Spain. Born in Barcelona in 1894, in the breast of a family of the Catalan nobility being son of the historian and sigilógrafo Fernando de Sagarra i de Siscar. He attended a Jesuit high school and studied Law at the University of Barcelona, initially with the purpose of entering into a diplomatic career. However he quickly decided to become a writer and at the age of 18 won a
4398958
Language development


more skilled. Kroll considers the second phase in writing development to be consolidation. Here, children begin to consolidate spoken and written language. In this phase children's writing skills rely heavily on their spoken language skills, and their written and spoken language becoming integrated. Children's written language skills become stronger as they use their spoken language skills to improve their writing. Then in turn, when a development in children's written language skills is seen, their spoken language skills have also improved. A child's written language in this
11469661
Josep Maria Espinàs


Josep Maria Espinàs i Massip (; born 7 March 1927) is a Catalan language writer, journalist and publisher known for his novels, travel writing and newspaper articles. Author of an extensive body of literature, Espinàs has been honored with the Premi d'Honor de les Lletres Catalanes, el Premi Joanot Martorell, el Premi Sant Jordi and el Premi Víctor Català. In the 1960s he played a key role in the development of the Nova Cançó movement, co-founding the musical group Els Setze Jutges. Espinàs cowrote, with Jaume Picas
4263471
Language planning


often viewed as secondary to spoken language, the vocabulary, grammatical structures and phonological structures of a language often adopt characteristics in the written form that are distinct from the spoken variety. Second, the use of writing often leads to a folk belief that the written language is the 'real' language, and speech is a corruption of it. Written language is viewed as more conservative, while the spoken variety is more susceptible to language change. Isolated relic areas of the spoken language may be less innovative than the written form,
16819092
Spoken language


especially in contrast to written transcriptions of signs. In spoken language, much of the meaning is determined by the context. That contrasts with written language in which more of the meaning is provided directly by the text. In spoken language, the truth of a proposition is determined by common-sense reference to experience, but in written language, a greater emphasis is placed on logical and coherent argument. Similarly, spoken language tends to convey subjective information, including the relationship between the speaker and the audience, whereas written language tends
6491018
Spoken language


to convey objective information. The relationship between spoken language and written language is complex. Within the field of linguistics the current consensus is that speech is an innate human capability, and written language is a cultural invention. However some linguists, such as those of the Prague school, argue that written and spoken language possess distinct qualities which would argue against written language being dependent on spoken language for its existence. Both vocal and sign languages are composed of words. In vocal languages, words are made up from a limited set of
6491019
Spoken language


A spoken language is a language produced by articulate sounds, as opposed to a written language. Many languages have no written form and so are only spoken. An oral language or vocal language is a language produced with the vocal tract, as opposed to a sign language, which is produced with the hands and face. The term "spoken language" is sometimes used to mean only vocal languages, especially by linguists, making all three terms synonyms by excluding sign languages. Others refer to sign language as "spoken",
6491017
Josep Maria Bonet


de Llobregat, designs by Francesc Labarta and the parishes of Jesus and St. John of Grace. She also worked with the architect Josep Maria Jujol in the parishes of Santa Maria Vilanova and those of Sant Joan Despi. Xavier Bonet began new business adventures and finally left its positions in the company of stained glass that remained in the hands of Josep Maria Bonet. In addition to his work in the field of Catalan stained glass, he focused on improving materials and processes and worked on the introduction of Tiffany style lamps with tinned copper
17041396
Left Nationalists


Poblenou, with 1,000 attendees, including Josep Huguet i Biosca (PSAN), Joan Olmos (Catalan Communist Collective), Jordi Caupena (FNC), Miquel Peiró, Josep Maria Espinàs and Jordi Carbonell, which approved the six basic points of the manifesto of NE: Among the minimum objectives of the party, the most important were breaking the Spanish autonomic system, recognizing the right to self-determination and the right to the federation of the Catalan Countries, abolition of the provinces, Catalan being the only official language and a
14016809
Noucentisme


century architecture. The architects of the first period, as Josep Maria Pericas mix and nineteenth-century modernist elements, especially in civil engineering. Its most prominent adherent, Josep Carner, known by his epithet of "prince of the Catalan poets" and produced very elaborate, ornate poetry, reminiscent of the baroque and still admired for his beautiful style and refined language. In the following decades, though, the name of the movement has acquired a negative connotation of an excessively affected and artificial literature, just the opposite of Moderniste
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Lexis (linguistics)


dichotomy of spoken and written language which actually entails a shift in paradigm: while linguistic theory posits the superiority of spoken language over written language (as the former is the origin, comes naturally, and thus precedes the written language), or the written over the spoken (for the same reasons: the written language being the highest form of rudimentary speech), Halliday states they are two entirely different entities. He claims that speech is grammatically complex while writing is lexically dense. In other words, a sentence such as "
2341557
Enric Sagnier


crypt divided into three aisles and an upper church in neo-Romanesque style, finished in 1927 probably by his son Josep Maria. Also in 1912 he built the palatial residence of the marquis of Alella, on the corner of the streets of Muntaner and Marià Cubí, a group of buildings in a style influenced by Plateresque, with paintings by Josep Maria Sert. Between 1916 and 1936 Sagnier designed a complex of buildings for the Provincial Board for the Protection of Children and Suppression of Begging, which were completed by Josep Maria Sagnier
19144329
Integrationism


, or the symbolization of phonetic signs, students are equipped with the literacy to understand the written texts. However, it is often the case that students have a hard time understanding and interpreting a poem even though they know every single word. The glittering example reveals the problem of treating spoken language and written language as the same and implies the need to treat them differently. According to Kravchenko, spoken language and written language are different in that spoken language is temporal and local, while written language is atemporal and non-local
5778602
Josep Carner


century, he joined "La Veu de Catalunya" ("The Voice of Catalonia"), where he wrote until 1928. In 1915 he married a Chilean, Carmen de Ossa, who died in Lebanon in 1935. They had two children together, Anna Maria and Josep. Carner was quite innovative in his use of language, in both poetry and prose. He created a new style of political journalism. Along with Prat de la Riba, then president of the Commonwealth of Catalonia, he fought for the professionalization of
2258787
Picap


PICAP is a Catalan record label headquartered in Castellar del Vallès, Spain. It was founded in 1984. PICAP supports Catalan authors and performers. While respecting the performer's linguistic expression, it gives preferential support to the Catalan language. Its debuted as a record label in 1984 with four maxi-singles that appeared simultaneously: the synthpop band Programa, Javier Asensi, pop group Oslo, and hard-rock artist Rockson. Hector Vila, Maria-Josep Villarroya, Josep Tero, Gato Pérez, and Joan Soler Boronat were among
2524986
Catalonia


dictatorship of Primo de Rivera, the Civil War (Generation of '36) and the Francoist period, Catalan literature is maintained despite the repression against the Catalan language, being often produced in exile. The most outstanding authors of this period are Salvador Espriu, Josep Pla, Josep Maria de Sagarra (the latter three being considered as the main responsible of the renewal of Catalan prose), Mercè Rodoreda, Joan Oliver Sallarès or "Pere Quart", Pere Calders, Gabriel Ferrater, Manuel de Pedrolo, Agustí Bartra or Miquel
6976556
El Be Negre


sharp and made liberal use of irony and ridicule. "El Be Negre" was first published on 23 June 1931, only two months after the foundation of the Second Spanish Republic. Its founder was Amadeu Hurtado from the "La Publicitat" newspaper, together with Josep Maria Planes, Rossent Llates and Just Cabot. The director of the magazine was Josep Maria Planes. Other notable members of the team were Josep Maria de Segarra, Valentí Castanys i Borràs, Francesc Fontanals ("Soka"), Avel·lí Artís-Gener "
208188
Integrationism


the community and society where one stays. With regard to it, this section first focuses on the distinction between spoken language (first-order language) and written language (second-order language) and how reading comprehension is achieved, and then aims at the impact of technology-enhanced interaction on reading comprehension. Traditionally, spoken language and written language are regarded as the two sides of the same coin In other words, written language is believed to fully represent its corresponding spoken language. Therefore, educators believe by teaching words
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Romanization


extremes. Pure transcriptions are generally not possible, as the source language usually contains sounds and distinctions not found in the target language, but which must be shown for the romanized form to be comprehensible. Furthermore, due to diachronic and synchronic variance no written language represents any spoken language with perfect accuracy and the vocal interpretation of a script may vary by a great degree among languages. In modern times the chain of transcription is usually spoken foreign language, written foreign language, written native language, spoken (read) native language.
8902055
Languages of Iraq


There are a number of languages spoken in Iraq, but Mesopotamian Arabic (Iraqi Arabic) is by far the most widely spoken in the country. The most widely spoken language in Iraq is the Arabic language (specifically Mesopotamian Arabic); the second most spoken language is Kurdish (mainly Sorani and Kurmanji dialects), followed by the Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman dialect of Turkish, and the Neo-Aramaic languages (specifically Chaldean and Ashuri). Arabic is written using the Arabic script and Kurdish is written with a modified Perso-
20847912
Josep Maria Jujol


Josep Maria Jujol i Gibert (; 16 September 1879 – 1 May 1949) was a Spanish architect. Jujol's wide field of activity ranged from furniture designs and painting, to architecture. He worked with Antoni Gaudí on many of his most famous works. Among Jujol's projects are Casa Batlló, Casa Milà, Park Güell, and Our Lady of Montserrat, and among his design styles are Modernisme and Art Nouveau. Josep Maria Jujol was born in Tarragona where he lived until age 9. He was the son of Andreu Jujol
8120506
List of artists from the MNAC collection


Josep Maria Sert i Badia, Josep Lluís Sert, Giuseppe Signorini, Diego de Siloé, Gil de Siloé, Joseph W. Simpson, Ton Sirera, Alfred Sisley, Ismael Smith Marí, Antoni Solà, Rafael Solanic Balius, Francisco de Solís, Francesc Soler i Rovirosa, Joaquim Sorolla Bastida, Massimo Stanzione, Gherardo Starnina, Théophile Alexandre Steinlen, August Stoehr, Matthias Stomer, Bernhard Strigel, Jeroni Suñol Pujol, Ramon Sunyer Clarà, Joaquim Sunyer Miró. Vincenzo Tamagni, Josep Maria Tamburini i Dalmau, Antoni Tàpies, Josep Tapiró
9170719
Josep Maria Nadal i Farreras


in relation to other historical processes that European languages have undergone, especially Romance languages. Moreover, they have worried about theoretical and methodological aspects, so that led them to discuss questions linked to the concept of language itself and the role played by disciplines such as philology and linguistics in the history of languages. These questions have focused several international colloquia held in Girona with the motto "Problems and Methods of History of Language" that, throughout more than twenty years, have gathered internationally recognized researchers like , Bernard Cerquiglini, Sylvain Auroux
5517575
Santa Maria de Montserrat Abbey


realized in negative, where only the face, the hands and the feet are seen, with a light that illuminates the face to him; the Holy Family chapel, where the painting "The Flight to Egypt", by Josep Cusachs (1904); the Santo Cristo chapel, with an image of Josep Llimona (1896); and the chapel of the Immaculada Concepció (1910) a Modernisme work by Josep Maria Pericas, with a stained glass window by Darius Vilàs. The basilica was restored between 1991 and 1995 by
17095853
Languages of Hong Kong


into Hong Kong from Canton Province, Cantonese is the dominant Chinese variant spoken in the territory with smaller numbers of speakers from other dialects. There are also numerous sinitic languages spoken by the native peoples of the New Territories, many of which are mutually unintelligible. Cantonese is a vernacular and when reduced to writing is normally converted to a standard written Chinese quite dissimilar to the spoken word. There is also a written language based on the vocabulary and grammar of spoken Cantonese known as written Cantonese. Although the "biliterate and trilingual"
2224386
Gospel riots


spoken or "demotic" Greek had evolved far from its ancient roots, and the two languages were now mutually incomprehensible. As a compromise, a grammatically simplified version of Ancient Greek known as "katharevousa glossa" ("language that tends towards purity") had been adopted as the written language of the new state in 1830. This meant that the spoken and written languages were now intentionally different. It was hoped that written "katharevousa" would provide a model for imitation, and that spoken Greek would naturally "purify"
19598876
Marta Roure


of Andorra. She attended first course of guitar and song at the Music School in Lleida and studies of musical theater at Youkali school in Barcelona, with Marc Montserrat, "el Sueco" and Susanna Egea as teachers of interpretation, Emma Reverter as teacher of Dance Jazz, Rosa Mateu in spoken voice technics, Enric Torner as teacher of claque, Josep Maria Borràs teacher of sol-fa and repertoire, and Fulgenci Mestres and Carme Sánchez teachers of song. She also attended an intensive course of Comedia dell'Arte with Ester Cort at
8021990
Language development


fact that males are more visible, and thus more often diagnosed. Research in writing development has been limited in psychology. In the research that has been conducted, focus has generally centred on the development of written and spoken language and their connection. Spoken and written skills could be considered linked. Researchers believe that children's spoken language influences their written language. When a child learns to write they need to master letter formation, spelling, punctuation and they also have to gain an understanding of the structure and the organisational patterns involved
11469658
North Germanic languages


and written versions of the language, so the differences between spoken Norwegian and spoken Danish are somewhat more significant than the difference between their respective written forms. Written Danish is relatively close to the other Continental Scandinavian languages, but the sound developments of spoken Danish include reduction and assimilation of consonants and vowels, as well as the prosodic feature called "stød" in Danish, developments which have not occurred in the other languages (though the "stød" corresponds to the changes in pitch in Norwegian and Swedish, which are pitch-
19865425
Maithili language


Maithili (; "Maithilī") is an Indo-Aryan language native to the Indian subcontinent, mainly spoken in India and Nepal. In India, it is spoken in the states of Bihar and Jharkhand and is one of the 22 recognised Indian languages. In Nepal, it is spoken in the eastern Terai and is the second most prevalent language of Nepal. It is also one of the 122 recognized Nepalese languages. Tirhuta was formerly the primary script for written Maithili. Less commonly, it was also written in the local variant
12237739
Japanese: The Spoken Language


Japanese: The Spoken Language (JSL) is an introductory textbook series for learning Japanese. JSL was written by Eleanor Harz Jorden in collaboration with Mari Noda. "Part 1" was published in 1987 by Yale Language Press, "Part 2" in 1988, and "Part 3" in 1990. The series differs from most Japanese language textbooks in many ways, most basically in that it focuses exclusively on the spoken language and leaves discussion of any aspect of the written language to other textbooks, such as the parallel series
9995425
Heterography and homography


In linguistics, heterography is a property of a written language, such that it lacks a 1-to-1 correspondence between the written symbols and the sounds of the spoken language. Its opposite is homography, which is the property of a language such that written symbols of its written form and the sounds of its spoken form have a 1-to-1 correspondence. The orthography of the English language is, according to Larry Trask, a "spectacular example" of heterography. But most European languages exhibit it to some extent. Finnish is "very close"
773908
Duruwa language


Dhurwa (Odia: ପରଜି, Devanagari: दुरुवा) or Parji is a Central Dravidian language spoken by the Dhurwa tribe, a scheduled tribe people of India, in the districts of Koraput and Bastar in Chhattisgarh state. The language is related to Ollari and Kolami, which is also spoken by other neighbouring tribes. Dhurwa is a member of the Central Dravidian languages. Duruwa is a spoken language and is generally not written. Whenever it is written, it makes use of the Devanagari script in Bastar district and Odia script in Koraput
284442
Nueva canción


his open criticism of some aspects of Castro's revolution. The Nova Cançó was an artistic movement of the late 1950s that promoted Catalan music in Francoist Spain. The movement sought to normalize use of the Catalan language after public use of the language was forbidden when Catalonia fell in the Spanish Civil War. Artists used the Catalan language to assert Catalan identity in popular music and denounce the injustices of the Franco regime. Musically, it had roots in the French Nouvelle Chanson. In 1957, the writer Josep Maria Espinàs gave lectures on
19213022
Josep Maria Nadal i Farreras


they published the first volume of the "Història de la llengua catalana: dels inicis al segle XV" ("History of Catalan language: from the beginning until the 15th century") and in 1986 the second, "Història de la llengua catalana: el segle XV" ("History of the Catalan language: the 15th century"). Other three volumes are still in progress and researchers from the Group of History of the Language at the University of Girona, as August Rafanell, Narcís Iglésias, Joan Ferrer Costa
5517573
Francoist Catalonia


were Josep Maria de Porcioles in Barcelona and Josep Gomis in Montblanc. Josep Maria de Porcioles (1904-1993), was mayor of Barcelona during the Franco regime. The municipal administration of Porcioles was generally not coherent from a budgetary and political point of view, apart from carrying out uncontrolled urban development. In 1983, during the mayorlty of Pasqual Maragall, Porcioles was awarded the gold medal of the city of Barcelona; Maragall had been a high official of the city council during the Porcioles era. During his funeral he was
9342418
Mongolia


, Korean and American nationalities. The official language of Mongolia is Mongolian, and is spoken by 95% of the population. A variety of dialects of Oirat and Buryat are spoken across the country, and there are also some speakers of Mongolic Khamnigan. In the west of the country, Kazakh and Tuvan, both Turkic languages, are also spoken. Mongolian Sign Language is the principal language of the deaf community. Today, Mongolian is written using the Cyrillic alphabet in Mongolia, although in the past it was written using the
19552363
Machine translation of sign languages


The machine translation of sign languages has been possible, albeit in a limited fashion, since 1977. When a research project successfully matched English letters from a keyboard to ASL manual alphabet letters which were simulated on a robotic hand. These technologies translate signed languages into written or spoken language, and written or spoken language to sign language, without the use of a human interpreter. Sign languages possess different phonological features than spoken languages, which has created obstacles for developers. Developers use computer vision and machine learning to recognize specific phonological parameters
11747827
Els Setze Jutges


. With the appearance of professional Catalan-language singers, many of the group's earlier members, such as Miquel Porter i Moix and Josep Maria Espinàs, decided to retire from music. By the time the group ceased to exist in 1968, several of its members - most notably Serrat, but also Llach, Maria del Mar Bonet, Pi de la Serra, Barbat, Motta and Subirachs - had begun to enjoy success as individual musicians. On April 13, 2007, the group of singers received the Medal of Honor
21947328
Francoist Catalonia


books (like "Rosa mística" by Mossèn Geis), magazines (like "Dau al set", edited by Brossa) and campaigns to oppose the silence imposed by the regime, for example, Pío Daví and Maria Vila performed theatre, including "L'hostal de la glòria" by Josep Maria de Sagarra. During most of Franco's dictatorship, Catalan was excluded from the education system and relegated to the family sphere; in some places students had to denounce students who spoke Catalan. The Catalan language was also prohibited on
9342407
Koraga language


Koraga (also rendered "Koragar, Koragara, Korangi)" is a Dravidian language spoken by the Koraga people, a Scheduled tribe people of Dakshina Kannada, Karnataka, and Kerala in South West India. The dialect spoken by the Koraga tribe in Kerala, Mudu Koraga, is divergent enough to not be intelligible with Korra Koraga. Koraga is a member of the Dravidian family of languages. It is further classified into the Southern Dravidian family. Koraga is a spoken language and generally not written, whenever it is written it makes
21515602
Josep Maria Trigo Rodríguez


Josep Maria Trigo Rodríguez ( 3 July 1970) is a Spanish astronomer, astrophysicist and science writer. His work focuses on the early development of the solar system. He is the cofounder of the Spanish Meteor Network. Trigo Rodríguez was born in Valencia, Spain. He grew up reading Isaac Asimov, Josep Comas Solà, Camille Flammarion, and Carl Sagan. He studied at Universidad de Valencia where he earned his Ph.D. in 2002. Trigo Rodríguez researched primitive solar system materials (meteorites) at the Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics
10471314
Language development


writing and speaking are different. When writing and speaking development is looked at more closely it can be seen that certain elements of written and spoken language are differentiating and other elements are integrating, all in the same phase. Perera conducted a survey and her view mirrors that of Kroll to the extent that she used Kroll's four phases. When a child undergoes initial learning of the written language, they have not yet fully mastered the oral language. It is clear that their written language development is aided by their spoken language;
11469665
Josep Maria Nadal i Farreras


university from 1993 to early 2002. He has also been Chair of the Department of Language and Communication from 2009 to 2012. He is a member of the Institute of Catalan Language and Culture and Director of the Observatory of European and the Mediterranean Languages (ODELLEUM). He has promoted various forums for scientific and interdisciplinary discussion. Since 2009 is member of the Philological Section of the Institute for Catalan Studies. That same year he received the Jaume Vicens Vives Price for University Quality awarded by the Government of Catalonia. His early research
5517571
Josep Torras i Bages


the erosion of Christian values. Exalting rural life, the family, religion, and the love of Catalan language, the land and the language took an almost mystical dimension in his point of view. He was convinced that the Catalan nation had to be Christian in order to establish itself as something enduring and meaningful in the future. His words ""Catalunya serà cristiana o no serà"" (Catalonia will be Christian or will not be) are engraved at the gate of Santa Maria de Montserrat abbey. Torras was very
11221248
Demotic (Egyptian)


development of the Late Egyptian language and shares much with the later Coptic phase of the Egyptian language. In the earlier stages of Demotic, such as those texts written in the Early Demotic script, it probably represented the spoken idiom of the time. But, as it was increasingly used for only literary and religious purposes, the written language diverged more and more from the spoken form, leading to significant diglossia between the Late Demotic texts and the spoken language of the time, similar to the use of classical Middle Egyptian during the
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Arabic


times and languages such as English and French in modern times. Classical Arabic is the liturgical language of 1.8 billion Muslims, and Modern Standard Arabic is one of six official languages of the United Nations. All varieties of Arabic combined are spoken by perhaps as many as 422 million speakers (native and non-native) in the Arab world, making it the fifth most spoken language in the world. Arabic is written with the Arabic alphabet, which is an abjad script and is written from right to left, although the spoken
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Standard written English


spoken language. We don't have the spoken language standardised yet. When we say that we're speaking Standard English, what we're doing is transferring into our spoken vocabulary and syntax the elements of the written language. What is standard in what you and I are talking now is what we get from our writing. There are grammatical constructions and words that one uses in speech that one generally avoids in written compositions. Even in the most colloquial of online chats, interjections such as "like" are rarer than in speech
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Languages in censuses


, are also spoken. The public use of Chinese, especially Chinese written characters, was officially discouraged between 1966 and 1998. The majority of the population speaks the Persian language, which is also the official language of the country, as well as other Iranian languages or dialects. Turkic languages and dialects, most importantly Azerbaijani language, are spoken in different areas in Iran. In southwestern and southern Iran, the Luri language and Lari language are spoken. In Kurdistan Province and nearby area's Kurdish is widely spoken. In Khuzestan
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Àngels Cardona Palmer


Àngels Cardona Palmer (born 1951 in Palma) is a Catalan language writer, teacher and social and cultural activist who was raised on Mallorca. Àngels Cardona Palmer was born in the neighborhood of Santa Catalina of Palma, Spain in 1951. After studying only in Spanish in a convent during the post-war period, in her maturity she decided to study again in her mother tongue, Catalan. She studied the works of Blai Bonet, Josep Maria Llompart, Maria Mercè Marçal, the writings by Clarice Lispector or Djuna Barnes,
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Maria (West Side Story song)


"Maria" is a song from the Broadway musical "West Side Story", sung by the lead character Tony. The music was written by Leonard Bernstein and lyrics by Stephen Sondheim. The song was published in 1956. "Maria" is sung by the male lead Tony when he learns the name of the girl he's fallen in love with is "Maria". The name "Maria" is spoken or sung in the song 29 times. Originally written in B major by Bernstein - but later lowered a half
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Els Setze Jutges


Els Setze Jutges (, meaning "The Sixteen Judges") was a group of singers in the Catalan language founded in 1961 by Miquel Porter i Moix, Remei Margarit, and Josep Maria Espinàs. The name comes from a well known tongue-twister in the Catalan language: ("Sixteen judges of a court eat liver off a hangman"). The mission of the group was to promote the Nova Cançó movement and to normalize the use of Catalan in the world of modern music. They started out singing their own
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Josep Lluís Alay


Josep Lluís Alay (Barcelona, 1966) is a Catalan history professor at the University of Barcelona. He is the director of the Tibet and Central Asia Observatory and lecturer in Contemporary History of Tibet and Mongolia. He was the first Catalan writer to have translated a text written in Tibetan language and was responsible for the publication of "Les poesies d’amor del sisè dalai-lama del Tibet" ("The Love Poems of the Sixth Dalai Lama of Tibet"), of which he was the translator as well as author of
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Catalonia


the century and the first ones of the next, many buildings of the Eixample are modernists. In the field of architectural rationalism, which turned especially relevant in Catalonia during the Republican era (1931-1939) highlighting Josep Lluís Sert and Josep Torres i Clavé, members of the GATCPAC and, in contemporany architecture, Ricardo Bofill and Enric Miralles. There are several UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Catalonia: Literary use of the Catalan language is considered to have started with the religious text known as Homilies d'Organyà, written either in late
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Rafael Casanova


jurisdiction of the Councillors of Barcelona. In 1696, with his career established, he married the heiress Maria Bosch i Barba, daughter of Pau Bosch and Maria Barba. The Bosch family were a lineage of apothecaries from Barcelona that had important properties in Sant Boi de Llobregat. Maria Bosch had become the widow of a medical doctor, Josep Campllonch i Puig, with whom she had a son named Josep. In the ""marriage agreement"", it stated that Rafael Casanova would not obtain possession of the assets of the
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Maria Aurèlia Capmany


Maria Aurelia Capmany i Farnés (Barcelona, 3 August 1918 – 2 October 1991) was a Catalan novelist, playwright and essayist of Catalan descent. She was also a prominent feminist cultural and anti-Franco activist. Along with the writers Manuel de Pedrolo, Jordi Sarsanedas, Joan Perucho, and Josep Maria Espinàs, Capmany co-authored, "Cita de narradors" ("Rendezvous of Narrators") (1958), which was awarded the Josep Yxart Essay Prize. Granddaughter of Sebastià Farnés (1854-1934),
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Institució de les Lletres Catalanes


1999 – 2001), Maria Antònia Oliver (2001 – 2004), Josep Maria Benet i Jornet (2004 – 2006), Josep Maria Castellet (2006 – 2010) i Francesc Parcerisas (2010 – fins a l'actualitat) i directors Oriol Pi de Cabanyes (1988 – 1996), Magdalena Oliver (1996 – 1998), Francesc Parcerisas (1998 – 2004), Jaume Subirana (2004 – 2006), Oriol Izquierdo (2007 – 2013), Laura Borràs Castanyer (2013 – 2018), Joan-Elies Adell
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Bengali dialects


formal, written language and the vernacular, spoken language. Two styles of writing, involving somewhat different vocabularies and syntax, have emerged : Spoken Bengali exhibits far more variation than written Bengali. Formal spoken Bengali, including what is heard in news reports, speeches, announcements, and lectures, is modelled on Choltibhasha. This form of spoken Bengali stands alongside other spoken dialects, or "Ancholik Bangla" (আঞ্চলিক বাংলা) (i.e. 'regional Bengali'). The majority of Bengalis are able to communicate in more than one
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Nannūl


Nannūl () is a work on Tamil grammar written by a Jain ascetic Pavananthi Munivar around 13th century AD. It is the most significant work on Tamil grammar after Tolkāppiyam. The work credits Western Ganga vassal king Seeya Gangan of Kolar with patronising it. About 20 commentaries have been written on Nannūl up to 19th Century AD. Nannūl was divided into five sections: written language, spoken language, semantics, poetic language and rhetorical devices. The latter three sections have been lost, so only the parts on written and spoken language
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Ovambo language


The Ovambo () language, "Oshiwambo", is a dialect cluster spoken by the Ovambo people in southern Angola and northern Namibia, of which the written standards are Kwanyama and Ndonga. The native name for the language is Oshiwambo (also written "Oshivambo"), which is also used specifically for the Kwanyama and Ndonga dialects. It is the largest spoken local language in Namibia, particularly the Ovambo people. The language is closely related to that of the Herero and Himba, the Herero language ("Otjiherero")
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Deaf education


There are a variety of educational philosophies that differ in their views both regarding language use and goals for deaf and hard-of-hearing students. In this philosophy, deafness is approached as a cultural, not a medical, issue (see models of deafness). In a bilingual-bicultural program, deaf children learn sign language such as American Sign Language (ASL) as a first language, followed by a written or spoken language such as English as a second language. Bilingual-bicultural programs consider spoken or written language
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Maranao language


Maranao () is an Austronesian language spoken by the Maranao people in the provinces of Lanao del Norte and Lanao del Sur in the Philippines, and in Sabah, Malaysia. Iranun was once considered a dialect. Unique among other Danao languages, Maranaoan is spoken with a distinct downstep accent, as opposed to stress accent. Maranao is spoken in the following areas ("Ethnologue"). Maranaoan was historically written in Arabic letters, which were known as "Batang Arab". It is now written with Latin letters. Though
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Chavacano


language than a spoken language. In recent years, there have been efforts to encourage the use of Chavacano as a written language, but the attempts were mostly minor attempts in folklore and religious literature and few pieces of written materials by the print media. In Zamboanga City, while the language is used by the mass media, the Catholic Church, education, and the local government, there have been few literary work written in Zamboangueño and access to these resources by the general public is not readily available. As Chavacano is spoken
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Josep Maria Moliné


Josep Maria Moline (January 25, 1819 - 1883) was a Catalan composer. Born in Barcelona, Moline studied composition with the choirmaster of Santa Maria del Mar, Ramon Aleix i Batlle and violin with Francesco Beroni, director of the Santa Cruz Theatre in Barcelona. After traveling to Cuba as a violinist and returning to Barcelona, he started directing the orchestra that performed in the concerts of Anselmo Clavé between 1858 and 1866. He also directed the Societat Coral Barcino (Barcino Choral Society). He was part of several ensembles
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Literary language


of written Chinese used from the end of the Han dynasty to the early 20th century when it was replaced by written vernacular Chinese, or "Baihua" (白話) spoken according to Standard Mandarin pronunciation. Literary Chinese continually diverged from Classical Chinese as the dialects of China became more disparate and as the Classical written language became less representative of the spoken language. At the same time, Literary Chinese was based largely upon the Classical language, and writers frequently borrowed Classical language into their literary writings. Literary Chinese therefore shows a great
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Josep Maria Castellet


analysis of the narrative richness of Josep Pla's work, "Josep Pla o la raó narrativa" (Josep Pla or narrative reason, 1978). In "Per un debat sobre la cultura a Catalunya" (For a debate on culture in Catalonia, 1983) he reflected on the role of culture in the recently democratic state and the frame of the autonomous region of Catalonia. His last works consisted of memories; the first one, not published until 2007 was "Dietari de 1973" (Diary of 1973).
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L'Esquella de la Torratxa


and Màrius Aguilar. The main illustrators for the magazine were Apel·les Mestres, Tomas Padró, Josep Lluís Pellicer, Lluís Bagaria, Manuel Moliné, Josep Segrelles, Llorenç Brunet, Josep Costa «Picarol», Joan Junceda, Jaume Passarell, Feliu Elias («Apa»), Jaume Juez («Xirinius»), Romà Bonet («Bon»), Antoni Roca, Ricard Opisso, Rosa Riera and Isidre Nonell. In 1939, after Josep Maria Planes, the director of "El Be Negre", was murdered
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Concert for Freedom


Masferrer, Roger Coma and Sílvia Bel. Readings were written by Bertolt Brecht, Dolors Miquel, Enric Casasses, Jacint Verdaguer (La veu del Montseny), Joan Margarit, Joana Raspall (El vell vestit), Maria Àngels Anglada, Marià Villangómez, Miquel Martí i Pol, Montserrat Abelló, Salvador Espriu (El meu poble i jo), Vicent Andrés Estellés, Joan Brossa, Josep Maria de Sagarra (La campana de Sant Honorat). The Concert for Freedom was covered by several international media agencies (such as Reuters
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Finnish verb conjugation


used in the formal, written language. Verb conjugation in the everyday spoken language is somewhat different. The present, imperfect, perfect, and pluperfect correspond fairly well to English: "speaks", "spoke", "has spoken", and "had spoken", respectively or in the passive voice, "it is spoken", "it was spoken", "it has been spoken", and "it had been spoken". The auxiliary verb "ei" used for negation, usually with the
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Swedish orthography


Swedish "sj"-sound. The Swedish sound can also be spelled several different ways, including , , , , , or , similarly to the "tj"-sound which can be spelled with (in some loanwords), , , or . Traditional spelling reflects an older pronunciation and often results in a large difference between written and spoken language (deep orthography). Many written languages of European origin have a written language that reflects an older spoken language. The traditional spelling also indicates assimilations, which often occur when certain difficult consonant combinations are pronounced
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Languages of Norway


There are a large number of languages spoken in Norway. Of these, the Norwegian language is the most widely spoken and the main official language of the country. The most widely spoken language in Norway is Norwegian. It is a North Germanic language, closely related to Swedish and Danish, all linguistic descendants of Old Norse. Norwegian is used by some 95% of the population as a first language. The language has two separate written standards: Nynorsk ("New Norwegian", "New" in the sense of contemporary
11715982
Langues d'oïl


specific "10th-and-11th centuries" variant of langue d'oïl spoken in the Paris region; both variants contributed to the koine, as both were called "French" at that time. For political reasons it was in Paris and Île-de-France that this koiné developed from a written language into a spoken language. Already in the 12th century Conon de Béthune reported about the French court who blamed him for using words of Artois. By the late 13th century the written koiné had begun to turn into a spoken and written
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Tungusic languages


. Currently, Manchu proper is a dying language spoken by a dozen or so elderly people in Qiqihar province, China. However, the closely related Xibe language spoken in Xinjiang, which historically was treated as a divergent dialect of Jurchen-Manchu, maintains the literary tradition of the script, and has around 30,000 speakers. As the only language in the Tungustic family with a long written tradition, Jurchen-Manchu is a very important language for the reconstruction of Proto-Tungusic. Other Tungusic languages have relatively short or no written
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Josep Maria Nadal i Farreras


focused on generative linguistics and in 1975 defended his doctoral thesis "Aspectes de la subordinació en català actual: per una sintaxi abstracta" ("On Aspects of the Current Catalan Subordination: Towards an Abstract Syntax"). Soon, however, and beside Modest Prats he became interested in the History of the Catalan Language from a new approach: the study of the linguistic aspects in relation to those social and within the historical context. Both experts set themselves to write a History of the Catalan language from this perspective. In 1982
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Languages in Star Wars


The "Star Wars" science fiction universe, created by George Lucas, features dialogue that is not spoken in natural languages. The lingua franca of the franchise, for which the language the works are dubbed or written stand in, is Galactic Basic. Characters often speak languages other than Basic, notably "Shyriiwook" spoken by Chewbacca, droidspeak spoken by R2-D2 and BB-8, and Huttese spoken by Jabba the Hutt. The fictional languages were approached as sound design and developed largely by Ben Burtt, sound designer for both the original
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Utterance


In spoken language analysis, an utterance is the smallest unit of speech. It is a continuous piece of speech beginning and ending with a clear pause. In the case of oral languages, it is generally but not always bounded by silence. Utterances do not exist in written language, only their representations do. They can be represented and delineated in written language in many ways. In oral/spoken language utterances have several features including paralinguistic features which are aspects of speech such as facial expression, gesture, and posture. Prosodic
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Maithili Wikipedia


The Maithili Wikipedia is the Maithili language version of Wikipedia, run by the Wikimedia Foundation. The site was launched on November 6, 2014. Tirhuta was formerly the primary script for written Maithili. Less commonly, it was also written in the local variant of Kaithi. Today it is written in the Devanagari script. Maithili is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in the Bihar and Jharkhand states of India and is one of the 22 recognised Indian languages which is also spoken in the eastern Terai of Nepal and is the second most
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Ixil language


Ixil (Ixhil) is one of the 21 different Mayan languages spoken in Guatemala. According to historical linguistic studies Ixil emerged as a separate language sometime around the year 500AD. It is the primary language of the Ixil people, which comprises the three towns of San Juan Cotzal, Santa Maria Nebaj, and San Gaspar Chajul in the Guatemalan highlands. There is also an Ixil speaking migrant population in Guatemala City and the United States. Although there are slight differences in vocabulary in the dialects spoken by people in the three different Ixil
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Language production


In psycholinguistics, language production is the production of spoken or written language. It describes all of the stages between having a concept, and translating that concept into linguistic form. In computational linguistics/natural language processing and artificial intelligence, the term natural language generation (NLG) is more common, and those models may or may not be psychologically motivated. Language production consists of several interdependent processes which transform a nonlinguistic message into a spoken, signed, or written linguistic signal. Though the following steps proceed in this approximate order,
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Neil Cohn


such as in sand drawings used by Australian Aboriginals. Just as spoken languages differ, so do visual languages: Japanese manga are written in “Japanese Visual Language” while American comics are written in “American Visual Language.” In addition, Cohn has argued that the development of visual languages may follow similar constraints as learning spoken and signed languages, and that most people do not learn how to draw proficiently because they do not acquire visual vocabularies within a critical period. Cohn's primary research program with visual language theory emphasizes that
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Languages in censuses


"Well", "Average", "A little" and "Not at all". The official language of Mongolia is Mongolian, and is spoken by 95% of the population. A variety of dialects of Oirat and Buryat are spoken across the country, and there are also some speakers of Mongolic Khamnigan. In the west of the country, Kazakh and Tuvan, both Turkic languages, are also spoken. Mongolian Sign Language is the principal language of the deaf community. Today, Mongolian is written using the Cyrillic
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List of diglossic regions


such as Mandarin, Teochew, Hokkian and Hakka, along with Malay and English. Sinhala (also known as Sinhalese), spoken in Sri Lanka, is a diglossic language. There are several differences between the literary language (also known as Literary Sinhala, LS) and the spoken language (Spoken Sinhala, SS), especially about verbs: Literary or written Sinhala is commonly understood, and used in literary texts and formal occasions (public speeches, TV and radio news broadcasts, etc.), whereas the spoken language
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Languages of Greece


officially used standard, but there are several non-official dialects and distinct Hellenic languages spoken as well. Regional spoken dialects exist side by side with learned, archaic written forms. All surviving forms of modern Greek, except the Tsakonian language, are descendants of the common supra-regional ("koiné") as it was spoken in late antiquity. As such, they can ultimately be classified as descendants of Attic Greek, the dialect spoken in and around Athens in the classical era. Tsakonian, an isolated dialect spoken today
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Mizo culture


as the Hmar, Ralte, Lai, Lusei etc. A number of dialects are still spoken under the umbrella of Mizo; Mizo is the official language of Mizoram, along with English. Mizo language, or Mizo ṭawng, is a language belonging to the Sino-Tibetan family of languages, spoken natively by the Mizo people in  Mizoram states of India and Chin State in Burma. Mizo literature is the literature written in Mizo ṭawng, the principal language of the Mizo peoples, which has both written and oral traditions. It
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Cyrillic alphabets


). Living Northwest Caucasian languages are generally written using Cyrillic alphabets. Abkhaz is a Caucasian language, spoken in the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia, Georgia. Northeast Caucasian languages are generally written using Cyrillic alphabets. Avar is a Caucasian language, spoken in the Republic of Dagestan, of the Russian Federation, where it is co-official together with other Caucasian languages like Dargwa, Lak, Lezgian and Tabassaran. All these alphabets, and other ones (Abaza, Adyghe, Chechen, Ingush, Kabardian) have an extra sign:
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