Ramaria subbotrytis [SEP] taxon rank
Ramaria botrytis


R. botrytis", has several distinguishing characteristics: it grows under hemlock; it has reddish to magenta branches with orange to yellowish tips; it lacks any discernible odor; it has warted, somewhat cylindrical spores averaging 9.9 by 3.7 µm; and it has non-amyloid stem tissue. Uniformly colored bright pink to reddish, "R. subbotrytis" has spores measuring 7–9 by 3–3.5 µm. An ectomycorrhizal species, "Ramaria botrytis" forms mutualistic associations with broadleaf trees, particularly beech. In a study to determine the effectiveness of several
19206749
Ramaria botrytis


taxon. Currie Marr and Daniel Stuntz described the variety "R. botrytis" var. "aurantiiramosa" in their 1973 monograph of western Washington "Ramaria"; Edwin Schild and G. Ricci described variety "compactospora" from Italy in 1998. In 1950, E.J.H. Corner published George F. Atkinson's 1908 "Clavaria holorubella" as "R. botrytis" var. "holorubella", but this taxon is now known as the independent species "Ramaria holorubella". The specific epithet "botrytis" is derived from the Greek word ("
19206739
Ramaria


sanctioned the name "Clavaria" in 1821, and treated "Ramaria" as a section of "Clavaria". In 1933, Donk elevated the name "Ramaria" to its current generic status by recognizing Bonorden's use of the name "Ramaria". Currently, "Ramaria" is placed in the Gomphaceae, although some older sources still classify it in the Ramariaceae. Ramaria has been further subdivided into four subgenera based on differences in spore ornamentation, substrate habitat, clamps, and basidiocarp appearance. Phylogenetic analyses has shown that
19339180
Ramaria flavosaponaria


is "Ramaria flavosaponaria". Before being formally described in 1986 by Ron Petersen, the species was labelled in scientific collections under various names. "Ramaria aurea" sensu mihi was used for its resemblance to the European "Ramaria aurea". It was also sometimes labeled "Ramaria aquafaba", at least as early as 1969, predating the 2015 coinage of the term aquafaba in an unrelated culinary usage. This term possibly relates to the use of some yellow species of "Ramaria" (possibly including "R. flavosaponaria")
21543530
Taxonomic rank


not to say that a taxon at any other rank may not be sharply defined, or that any species is guaranteed to be sharply defined. It varies from case to case. Ideally, a taxon is intended to represent a clade, that is, the phylogeny of the organisms under discussion, but this is not a requirement. A classification in which all taxa have formal ranks cannot adequately reflect knowledge about phylogeny. Since taxon names are dependent on ranks in traditional Linnaean systems of classification, taxa without ranks cannot be
17667712
Ramaria myceliosa


Ramaria myceliosa is a species of coral fungus in the family Gomphaceae. Found in North America, it was originally described by Charles Horton Peck in 1904 with the name "Clavaria myceliosa". The type was collected by botanist Edwin Bingham Copeland in the mountains near Stanford University in California. E.J.H. Corner transferred it to the genus "Ramaria" in 1950. Giachini and colleagues proposed that "Ramaria myceliosa" is the same species as the European "Phaeoclavulina curta", but did not provide molecular evidence to support their suggested synonymy.
18505092
Ramaria araiospora


originally collected in 1967 about south of Elbe, Washington. "Ramaria araiospora" is classified in the subgenus "Laeticolora" of "Ramaria". The mushroom is commonly known as the "red coral". The fruit bodies of "Ramaria araiospora" typically measure tall by wide. There is a single, somewhat bulbous stipe measuring long by thick, which is branched up to six times. The branches are slender, usually about in diameter, while branches near the base are thicker, up to thick. The terminal branches
6415725
Ramaria


The genus Ramaria comprises approximately 200 species of coral fungi. Several, such as "Ramaria flava", are edible and picked in Europe, though they are easily confused with several mildly poisonous species capable of causing nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea; these include "R. formosa" and "R. pallida". Three "Ramaria" species have been demonstrated to contain a very unusual organoarsenic compound homoarsenocholine. The genus name is derived from Latin "rāmus" meaning "branch". Basidiocarps may range in color from bright yellow, red
19339178
Form (botany)


In botanical nomenclature, a form ("forma", plural "formae") is one of the "secondary" taxonomic ranks, below that of variety, which in turn is below that of species; it is an infraspecific taxon. If more than three ranks are listed in describing a taxon, the "classification" is being specified, but only three parts make up the "name" of the taxon: a genus name, a specific epithet, and an infraspecific epithet. The abbreviation "f." or the
7125380
Ramaria botrytis


botrus") meaning "bunch of grapes". The species is commonly known as the "cauliflower coral", the "pink-tipped coral mushroom", or the "rosso coral". In the Cofre de Perote region of Veracruz, Mexico, "R. botrytis" is known by the local names "escobea", meaning "little broom", or "pechuga", meaning "breast meat of chicken". "Ramaria botrytis" was designated the type species of "Ramaria" in 1933 by Marinus Anton
19206740
Infraspecific name


In botany, an infraspecific name is the scientific name for any taxon below the rank of species, i.e. an infraspecific taxon. (A "taxon", plural "taxa", is a group of organisms to be given a particular name.) The scientific names of botanical taxa are regulated by the "International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants" (ICN). This specifies a 'three part name' for infraspecific taxa, plus a 'connecting term' to indicate the rank of the name
20320028
Ramaria flavosaponaria


Ramaria flavosaponaria is a species of coral fungus in the Gomphaceae family. It is found in the mountains of eastern North America from Georgia and Tennessee to Nova Scotia. The specific epithet is from the ('yellow') and ('soapy'), both of which are distinguishing features of the mushroom. The name was originally published as "Ramaria flavo-saponaria", including a hyphen. However, this is considered erroneous by the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, so the proper orthography
21543529
Ramaria acrisiccescens


Ramaria acrisiccescens, commonly known as the blah coral, is a coral fungus in the family Gomphaceae. It is found in the forests of northwestern North America. The species was first described scientifically by mycologists Currie Marr and Daniel Stuntz in their 1974 monograph, ""Ramaria" of western Washington". The holotype was collected in 1966 about south of Elbe, Washington. It is classified in the subgenus "Laeticolora". It is commonly known as the "blah coral". The fruit bodies are large, generally taller than
6415697
Ramaria abietina


Ramaria abietina, commonly known as the green-staining coral, is a coral mushroom in the family Gomphaceae. It is characterized by the green staining reaction it develops in response to bruising or injury. The species was first described by Christian Hendrik Persoon in 1794 as "Clavaria abietina". Lucien Quélet transferred it to the genus "Ramaria" in 1898. It is commonly known as the "green-staining" coral". In the Nahuatl language, it is called "xelhuas del veneno", meaning "poisonous broom
6415703
Ramaria abietina


". It was classified in the subgenus "Asteroramaria" of the genus "Ramaria". Molecular phylogenetic analysis in the early 2000s (decade) showed that "Ramaria" was polyphyletic. Fruit bodies are leathery, and brittle when dry. They are small, measuring tall by wide, and branch from the central stem up to five times. The slender branches are slightly flattened or spreading, and forked or crested near the top. The color of the fruit body is medium yellow green to light olive, but will bruise
6415704
Ramaria gracilis


", and this name was sanctioned by Elias Magnus Fries. The subsequently described "Clavaria fragrantissima" (G.F. Atk., 1908) is now considered a synonym. Within "Ramaria", "R. gracilis" is a part of the subgenus "Lentoramaria". "Ramaria gracilis" fruit bodies (basidiocarps), which are made up of a dense cluster of branches, measure up to in height and in width. The individual branches, which have fairly thin bases, are typically forked and sometimes entangled with one another
15014676
Ramaria


, or orange, to purple, white, and shades of tan. Color changes after bruising occur in some species. The spores of "Ramaria" species are yellow-brown to rusty-brown in mass deposit and range from smooth to warted to echinulate or striate; spore size may range considerably, and ornamentation, when present, is cyanophilous. Hjomsköld was the first to introduce the name "Ramaria" in 1790. Persoon later described "R. botrytis", and placed it in the genus "Clavaria". Fries
19339179
Ramaria flavosaponaria


, has small spores, and aborted branchlets, but is a bright red color and not slippery to the touch. There is also a similar "Ramaria" species in Nova Scotia that is bronze-colored and also not slippery. Macroscopically "Ramaria primulina" closely resembles "R. flavosaponaria", but the former produces larger spores, has clamps, and flesh that is more gelatinous than soapy. "R. flavosaponaria" has fruiting bodies up to in size that are broadly obovate to circular in shape and cespitose or scattered. The
21543532
Ramaria araiospora


Ramaria araiospora, commonly known as the red coral, is a coral mushroom in the family Gomphaceae. First described in 1974, it is found in North America, and the Himalaya. An edible species, it is sold in local markets in Mexico. The species was first described scientifically by mycologists Currie Marr and Daniel Stuntz in their 1974 monograph, ""Ramaria" of western Washington". The holotype was collected in 1967 in Pierce County, Washington. Marr and Stuntz also published the variety "rubella", which was
6415724
Taxon


In biology, a taxon (plural taxa; back-formation from "taxonomy") is a group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit. Although neither is required, a taxon is usually known by a particular name and given a particular ranking, especially if and when it is accepted or becomes established. It is not uncommon, however, for taxonomists to remain at odds over what belongs to a taxon and the criteria used for inclusion. If a taxon is given
20416048
Ramaria formosa


". However, this difference can be hard to make out. A general rule is to avoid all old coral fungi. The North American species "R. largentii" has orange branches. There are several other "Ramaria" species with yellow-tipped, salmon-coloured branches, including "R. leptoformosa", "R. neoformosa", "R. raveneliana" and "R. rubricarnata". These are distinguished from "R. formosa" most reliably using microscopic characteristics. Fruiting in autumn, "Ramaria formosa" is associated with
18495315
Ramaria magnipes


Ramaria magnipes is a coral fungus in the family Gomphaceae. It is found in western North America, where it fruits on the ground in mixed forests. The species was described as new to science in 1974 by Currie Marr and Daniel E. Stuntz in their monograph of "Ramaria" species of western Washington. The type collection was made near Merritt, Chelan County, Washington in 1967. The variety "albidior" was described by Ronald H. Petersen in 1988. The coral-shaped fruit bodies are relatively large, with dimensions of
369766
Ramaria rubripermanens


Ramaria rubripermanens is a species of coral fungus in the family Gomphaceae. Described as new to science in 1973, it is found in the western United States and Mexico. Its fruit bodies, which resemble sea coral, grow up to tall and feature whitish to light yellow branches with pinkish to reddish tips. It is edible. The fungus was described as new to science in 1973 by Currie Marr and Daniel Stuntz in their monograph on the "Ramaria" of western Washington. The type collection was made in Washington in 1967.
6432028
Ramaria gracilis


Ramaria gracilis is a species of coral fungus in the family Gomphaceae. The species was originally described in Christiaan Hendrik Persoon's 1797 "Commentatio de Fungis Clavaeformibus" as "Clavaria gracilis". It was subsequently reclassified by Kurt Polycarp Joachim Sprengel as "Merisma gracile" in 1826, by William Nylander as "Ramalina gracilis" in 1860, by Petter Adolf Karsten as "Clavariella gracilis" in 1881. It was then described as "Ramaria gracilis" in Lucien Quélet's 1888 "Flore mycologique de la France et des pays limitrophes
15014675
Ramaria botrytis


Donk. Modern molecular analysis indicates that "Ramaria" is a polyphyletic assemblage of species with clavarioid fruit bodies. According to the infrageneric classification scheme proposed by Marr and Stuntz, "R. botrytis" is included in the subgenus "Ramaria", which includes species that have grooved spores, clamps present in the hyphae, and fruit bodies with a large, profusely branched cauliflower-like appearance. Phylogenetic analysis of nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA suggests that "R. botrytis" is closely related to "R. rubripermanens" and "R. rubrievanescens
19206741
Ramaria flavosaponaria


to make flavorful broth. cooked "R. flavosaponaria" has a beany flavor, so this 'bean water' (Latin + ) likely led to the early "R. aquafaba" name. "R. flavosaponaria" is easily distinguished from related mushrooms by the brilliant gold color, the large number of aborted branchlets, a surface that feels slippery, a lack of clamp connections, and a complex spore ornamentation. It is sometimes confused with "Ramaria aurea", which only grows in Europe. "Ramaria stuntzii" also lacks clamps
21543531
Ramaria fennica


Ramaria fennica, commonly known as the bitter coral, is a coral mushroom in the family Gomphaceae. It is found in Australia, Europe and North America. Petter Karsten first described the species in 1868 under the name "Clavaria fennica", based on collections made in Finnish fir woods. Adalbert Ricken transferred it to the genus "Ramaria" in 1920. The specific epithet "fennica" refers to Finland, where the original collections were made. It is commonly known as the "bitter coral". The fruit body consist
6415700
Ramaria fennica


olive-brown tinged with violet in young specimens. The thick and fleshy stalk is white below, with color becoming the same as the branch color in the upper part of the stem. The flesh is white, firm, and brittle. "Ramaria fennica" produces a pale yellowish-tan spore print. Spores are elliptical, covered with tiny spines, and measure 5.5–8 by 3–4.5 μm. The edibility of the coral is not known with certainty, but its sometimes bitter taste and thin flesh make it unappealing. "Ramaria
6415702
Ramaria stricta


Ramaria stricta, commonly known as the strict-branch coral is a coral fungus of the genus "Ramaria". It has a cosmopolitan distribution, and grows on dead wood, stumps, trunks, and branches of both deciduous and coniferous trees. Its fruit body is up to tall, made of multiple slender, compact, and vertical parallel branches. Its color is typically light tan to vinaceous-brown. All parts of the mushroom will bruise when handled. There are several lookalike corals that can usually be distinguished from "
6415706
Ramaria rubripermanens


Fruit bodies grow on the ground, and measure wide by tall. Young fruit bodies have whitish to light yellow branches (which dry to fawn-brown with a reddish tint) with pinkish to reddish tips. The flesh has a sweet odor and an indistinct taste. Its spores are somewhat ellipsoid, have longitudinal striations (grooves), and measure 8–13 by 3.5–4.5 µm (averaging 10.3 by 3.8 µm). It is an edible mushroom. "Ramaria rubripermanens" is somewhat similar in appearance to "Ramaria botrytis", but
6432029
Name-bearing type


group" ranks consist of just the species and subspecies. (Note: a "species group" defined as a taxon, rather than as a category of ranks, has an unofficial rank, one of several such ranks between the subgenus and species levels sometimes used by zoologists in taxa with many species; see Taxonomic rank.) The name-bearing type of a species-group taxon (hereafter "species" for brevity) is an actual specimen or set of specimens; the "Code" recommends that great care should
5809726
Botanical nomenclature


taxon (see correct name) and if a new name may (or must) be coined. Plant taxonomy is an empirical science, a science that determines what constitutes a particular taxon (taxonomic grouping, plural: taxa): e.g. "What plants belong to this species?" and "What species belong to this genus?". The definition of the limits of a taxon is called its 'circumscription'. For a particular taxon, if two taxonomists agree exactly on its circumscription, rank and position (i.e. the
15041079
Synonym (taxonomy)


of Zoological Nomenclature", synonyms are different scientific names of the same taxonomic rank that pertain to that same taxon. For example, a particular species could, over time, have had two or more species-rank names published for it, while the same is applicable at higher ranks such as genera, families, orders, etc. In each case, the earliest published name is called the senior synonym, while the later name is the junior synonym. In the case where two names for the same taxon have been published
3098371
One Rank, One Pension


and 85 Indian Military Academy; and officers from the 14 Army Education Course; and twenty five officers and their families came from Jaipur. The movement continues to gain momentum, and perceptible increase in support and participation by former high-ranking officers of the armed forces, from Lt generals, Admirals, air marshals, Group Captains, and Colonels. Old veterans included Sep Ram Kishan, 93 years, Armoured Corp veteran of World War II; Sep Ram Bharose Yadav, 85 years, a blind veteran of 72 Medium Artillery;
8649907
PhyloCode


content of a taxon, other than the type, is not specified by the rank-based codes. In contrast, under phylogenetic nomenclature, the content of taxa are delimited using a definition that is based on phylogeny (i.e., ancestry and descent) and uses specifiers (e.g., species, specimens, apomorphies) to indicate actual organisms. The formula of the definition indicates an ancestor. The defined taxon, then, is that ancestor and all of its descendants. Thus, the content of a phylogenetically defined taxon relies on
4227015
Taxonomic rank


given names. Alternative approaches, such as using circumscriptional names, avoid this problem. There are no rules for how many species should make a genus, a family, or any other higher taxon (that is, a taxon in a category above the species level). It should be a natural group (that is, non-artificial, non-polyphyletic), as judged by a biologist, using all the information available to them. Equally ranked higher taxa in different phyla are not necessarily equivalent (e.g., it
17667713
Phylogenetic nomenclature


Phylogenetic nomenclature, often called cladistic nomenclature, is a method of nomenclature for taxa in biology that uses phylogenetic definitions for taxon names as explained below. This contrasts with the traditional approach, in which taxon names are defined by a "type", which can be a specimen or a taxon of lower rank, and a description in words. Phylogenetic nomenclature is currently not regulated, but the "International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature" ("PhyloCode") is intended to regulate it once it is ratified. Phylogenetic nomenclature ties names
4744909
Sarracenia rosea


this taxon in a 1993 issue of "Rhodora", the journal of the New England Botanical Club. Schnell decided to place this taxon at the rank of variety below subsp. "venosa" as "S. purpurea" var. "burkii", honoring Louis Burk as Wherry had suggested 60 years earlier. In 1999, however, botanists Robert Naczi, then a professor of biology at Northern Kentucky University, and Frederick and Roberta Case elevated the variety to species rank, naming it "Sarracenia rosea". They compiled morphological
4498748
Macrostomida


The Macrostomida are a taxon of small basal free-living flatworms (Turbellaria, Platyhelminthes), which inhabit freshwater, brackish, and marine environments. The taxon name was coined by Josef Meixner (1924). There are currently about 260 named species in this taxon. As is the case for many other taxa, the taxonomic rank of Macrostomida is not very clear. Macrostomidans are small (~0.5 to 5 mm in length), and generally highly transparent microturbellarians, usually round in cross section, and with only the largest forms
13717906
Type (biology)


specimens. The type of a genus or subgenus is a species. The type of a suprageneric taxon (e.g., family, etc.) is a genus. Names higher than superfamily rank do not have types. A "name-bearing type" is a specimen or image that "provides the objective standard of reference whereby the application of the name of a nominal taxon can be determined." Although in reality biologists may examine many specimens (when available) of a new taxon before writing an official published species description,
4362871
Correct name


there are two or more legitimate names for the same taxon (with the same circumscription, position and rank), then the correct name is the one which has priority, i.e. it was published earliest, although names may be conserved if they have been very widely used. Validly published names other than the correct name are called synonyms. Since taxonomists may disagree as to the circumscription, position or rank of a taxon, there can be more than one correct name for a particular plant. These may also be called synonyms.
19338400
Banksia aquilonia


geographically distinct from other infraspecific taxa. They also noted that there were no intermediate plants between what was then known as "B. integrifolia" var. "aquilonia" and other populations of "B. integrifolia". On this basis they would have liked to promote it to species rank, but did not because their inferred phylogeny suggested that this taxon arose from within "B. integrifolia". They were unwilling to render "B. integrifolia" paraphyletic by elevating this taxon to species rank, and they were equally unwilling to elevate all four
21331511
Drosera gigantea


geniculata", that grows to tall in black sandy soils near Perth and to its south. Jan Schlauer disagreed with Marchant and Lowrie's decision to give the new taxon a rank of subspecies and thus published a new combination of the taxon at the rank of variety in a 1996 issue of the "Carnivorous Plant Newsletter". He argued that subspecies should be reserved for those occasions where allopatric, or geographically isolated, speciation occurred and varieties are best used in cases where sympatric speciation is suspected. Others disagree with this assessment,
2758435
Anaspidea


somewhat resemble the ears of a hare. Many older textbooks and websites refer to this suborder as Anaspidea. The original author Paul Henri Fischer described the taxon Anaspidea at unspecified rank above family. In 1925 Johannes Thiele established the taxon Anaspidea as a suborder. Since the taxon Anaspidea was not based on an existing genus, this name is no longer available according to the rules of the ICZN. Anaspidea has been replaced in the new Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005) by the clade Aplysiomorpha. The scientific name
4362472
Phylogenetic nomenclature


rank changed, even if it has precisely the same members (i.e. the same circumscription); and it is logically inconsistent with all taxa being monophyletic. Especially in recent decades (due to advances in phylogenetics), taxonomists have named many "nested" taxa (i.e. taxa which are contained inside other taxa). No system of nomenclature attempts to name every clade; this would be particularly difficult in traditional nomenclature since every named taxon must be given a lower rank than any named taxon in which it is nested, so the
4744916
Synonym (taxonomy)


other purposes, if a researcher is interested in consulting or compiling all currently known information regarding a taxon, some of this (including species descriptions, distribution, ecology and more) may well have been published under names now regarded as outdated (i.e., synonyms) and so it is again useful to know a list of historic synonyms which may have been used for a given current (valid) taxon name. Objective synonyms refer to taxa with the same type and same rank (more or less the same taxon, although circumscription
3098374
Ramaria botrytis


Korea, it is prevalent at sites that also produce the choice edible species "Tricholoma matsutake". "Ramaria botrytis" is found in Africa (Tunisia), Australia, Asia (including the eastern Himalayas of India, Nepal, Japan, Korea, Pakistan, China, the Far East of Russia, and Turkey) and Europe (including the Netherlands, France, Portugal, Italy, Bulgaria, and Spain). It is also present in Mexico and in Guatemala. Widely distributed in North America, it is most common
19206751
Ramaria rasilispora


Ramaria rasilispora, commonly known as the yellow coral, is a coral mushroom in the family Gomphaceae. Described as new to science in 1974, it is found in western North America south to Mexico, and in the eastern Himalaya. The species was first described scientifically in 1974 by American mycologists Currie Marr and Daniel Stuntz. The specific epithet "rasilispora" is derived from the roots "rasil-" (shaved, scraped, or worn smooth) and "spora" (spore). It is commonly known as the "yellow
6415720
Ramaria botrytis


is thick and white. The spores, yellowish in deposit, are ellipsoid, feature longitudinal striations, and measure about 13.8 by 4.7 micrometers. The type species of the genus "Ramaria", "R. botrytis" was first described scientifically in 1797 by mycologist Christiaan Hendrik Persoon. A widely distributed species, it is found in North America, North Africa, central and eastern Europe, Australia, and Asia. The fungus is mycorrhizal with broadleaf trees, and fruits on the ground in wooded areas. There are several species of
19206736
Ramaria magnipes


12.4 µm), a smaller stipe, and an aromatic odor. Found in Macon County, North Carolina, it fruits in the summer. The fungus fruits on the ground in mixed forests. It has been collected from the US states of Idaho, Washington, and Tennessee. Variety "albidior" is found in the Sierra Nevada mountains of California, where it fruits in the spring. "Ramaria magnipes" is a snowbank fungus, meaning it is often found around the edge of melting snowbanks, or shortly after snowmelt.
369770
Ramaria formosa


was initially described by Christian Hendrik Persoon in 1797 as "Clavaria formosa". In 1821, Elias Magnus Fries sanctioned the genus name "Clavaria", and treated "Ramaria" as a section of "Clavaria". It was placed in its current genus by French mycologist Lucien Quélet in 1888. Synonyms have resulted from transfers of the fungus to the now obsolete genera "Merisma" by Harald Othmar Lenz in 1831, and to "Corallium" by Gotthold Hahn in 1883. The generic name is derived from Latin "rāmus
18495310
Ramaria botrytis


resistant bacteria that cause disease in humans. The species was first named as "Clavaria botrytis" in 1797 by Christian Hendrik Persoon. In 1821, Elias Magnus Fries sanctioned the genus name "Clavaria", and treated "Ramaria" as a section of "Clavaria". It was given its current name in 1918 by Adalbert Ricken. Obsolete historical synonyms include Gotthold Hahn's 1883 "Corallium botrytis" and A. A. Pearson's variety "Clavaria botrytis" var. "alba", which is no longer recognized as an independent
19206738
Ramaria botrytis


. "Ramaria botrytis" is an edible species, and some rate it as choice. Its taste is "slight", or "fruity", and has been likened to sauerkraut, green peanuts (fresh harvested peanuts that have not been dehydrated), or pea pods. Older fruit bodies develop an acidic flavor. It is sold in food markets in Japan as "Nedzumi-take", and harvested from the wild in Korea and Nepal. The thick base and main branches require longer cooking than the smaller branchlets.
19206753
World Qualification Series (2009)


18 - Aug 23" 30th Anniversary of the Lacanau Pro and good conditions this year. Surf, concerts, events scheduled. Check out the video for a summary of the event http://vimeo.com/6994555 "Aug 25 - Aug 30" "Sep 01 - Sep 06" "Sep 01 - Sep 06" "Sep 04 - Sep 06" "Sep 09 - Sep 12" "Sep 10 - Sep 13" "Sep 08 - Sep 13" "Sep 15 - Sep 20" "Sep 16 - Sep 22" "Sep
1986943
Ramaria formosa


" 'branch', while the specific epithet comes from the Latin "formōsus" 'beautiful'. Common names include salmon coral, beautiful clavaria, handsome clavaria, yellow-tipped- or pink coral fungus. There is some confusion over its classification as there is evidence the binomial name has been applied loosely to any coral fungus fitting the description, and thus some collections from North America may be a different species. The fruit body of "Ramaria formosa" grows to a height of and width of ; it is a many
18495311
Ramaria botrytis


Ramaria botrytis, commonly known as the clustered coral, the pink-tipped coral mushroom, or the cauliflower coral, is an edible species of coral fungus in the family Gomphaceae. Its robust fruit body can grow up to in diameter and tall, and resembles some marine coral. Its dense branches, which originate from a stout, massive base, are swollen at the tips and divided into several small branchlets. The branches are initially whitish but age to buff or tan, with tips that are pink to reddish. The flesh
19206735
Ramaria botrytis


edible ectomycorrhizal fungi in promoting growth and nutrient accumulation of large-fruited red mahogany ("Eucalyptus pellita"), "R. botrytis" was the best at improving root colonization and macronutrient uptake. Records of associations with conifers probably represent similar species. Fruit bodies grow on the ground singly, scattered, or in small groups among leaves in woods. They can also grow in fairy rings. "Ramaria botrytis" is a "snowbank fungus", meaning it commonly fruits near the edges of melting snowbanks in the spring. In
19206750
Ramaria botrytis


have a food energy value of 154 kilojoules per 100 grams of fresh fruit bodies, which is comparable to the 120–150 kJ range reported for commercially grown edible mushrooms. As a percentage of dry matter, the fruit bodies contain 39.0% crude protein, 1.4% lipids, 50.8% carbohydrates, and 8.8% ash. The majority of the lipid content comprises oleic (43.9%), linoleic (38.3%), and palmitic (9.9%) fatty acids. Extracts of the fruit body of "Ramaria botrytis" have been
19206755
Ramaria cokeri


Ramaria cokeri is a coral mushroom in the family Gomphaceae. It was described in 1976 from the Appalachian Mountains in the United States. Some authors have proposed to place the species in a separate genus "Phaeoclavulina" based on molecular analyses, but this was explicitly rejected in a subsequent publication due to the resulting morphological variability of the resulting genus. The species has been reported from Japan, Mexico, Colombia, Malaysia, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, and New Zealand. In 2012,
4442835
Ramaria capitata


Ramaria capitata is a species of coral fungus in the family Gomphaceae. It is found in Australia, where it is widespread and relatively common. The species was first described by American mycologist Curtis Gates Lloyd in 1922 as "Clavaria capitata", from collections sent to him by Australian botanist Edwin James Semmens. Lloyd noted that it was unusual for a "Clavaria" species to have the fertile, spore-bearing surface (the hymenium) confined to terminal heads, rather than over the surface of the stems and branches. He
4704878
Ramaria fennica


of numerous branches that arise from usually two to four large primary upright branches, which themselves originate from a single thick, fleshy base; the overall dimensions of the fruit body are tall by wide. Unlike many larger "Ramarias", "R. fennica" fruits bodies are usually taller than they are wide. The surface of the branches is smooth, and they can range in color from olive-grey to olive-umber to smokey-yellow, grayish-tan, or yellow brown. The primary branches are darker–
6415701
Ramaria stricta


R. stricta" by differences in coloration, bruising reaction, or microscopic features. The fungus is inedible due to its unpleasant odor and bitter taste. The species was originally described under the name "Clavaria stricta" by Christian Hendrik Persoon in 1795. In 1888, French mycologist Lucien Quélet transferred the species to the genus "Ramaria". It is commonly known as the "upright coral". The color of the fruit body is light yellow brown to paler toward extremities, the tips are light yellow; bruising light reddish brown
6415707
Ramaria rubripermanens


can be distinguished from that species by the persisting pink to red coloration of the branch tips, and the lack of a staining reaction in the branches. It can be reliably distinguished from "R. botrytis" by its smaller spores, which measure 8–13 by 3.5–4.5 µm. The basidia, which feature a clamp at their bases, are club-shaped, usually four-spored, and measure 31–62 by 7–11 µm. "Ramaria rubripermanens" is known from the western United States, including Washington, Idaho, and Oregon. It
6432030
List of 1982–83 NBA season transactions


1982 Oct 2, 1982 Oct 1, 1982 Sep 30, 1982 Sep 29, 1982 Sep 28, 1982 Sep 27, 1982 Sep 24, 1982 Sep 22, 1982 Sep 20, 1982 Sep 19, 1982 Sep 18, 1982 Sep 17, 1982 Sep 15, 1982 Sep 14, 1982 Sep 13, 1982 Sep 10, 1982 Sep 9, 1982 Sep 7, 1982 Sep 2, 1982 Sep 1, 1982 Aug 31, 1982 Aug 27, 1982 Aug 26, 1982 Aug 16, 1982 Aug 8,
557049
Abraham Halpern


in Royal Canadian Naval Volunteer Reserve from Sep. 24, 1942 to Nov. 30, 1945 in European, North Atlantic, and Pacific theatres. Rank on discharge: Petty Officer. Served in Royal Canadian Navy, 1953-1957, as follows: Medical Officer, R.C.N. Hospital, Esquimalt, BC, July to Nov., 1953. Medical Officer, H.M.C.S. "Cayuga", Nov., 1953 to Feb., 1955 - Far East (Korea). Medical Officer, R.C.N. Hospital, Cornwallis, NS, Apr., 1955 to Sep.,
12498700
Ramaria formosa


Ramaria formosa, commonly known as the beautiful clavaria, handsome clavaria, yellow-tipped- or pink coral fungus, is a coral fungus found in Asia, Europe and North America. It is widely held to be mildly poisonous if consumed, giving rise to acute gastrointestinal symptoms of nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea and colicky pain. It is a pinkish, much-branched coral-shape reaching some high. Some forms collected in North America often lack the bitter taste common to European specimens and may represent a different species. The fungus
18495309
Ramaria formosa


so that rubbing the branches between one's fingers crumbles them into powder. "Ramaria formosa" produces a golden-yellow spore print. The spores have a cylindrical to elliptical shape, and measure 8–15 by 4–6 µm. The spore surface features small warts that are arranged in confluent lines. Basidia (spore-bearing cells) are club-shaped, measuring 40–60 by 7–10 µm, and have one to four sterigmata. In the stalk, the hyphae comprising the flesh are interwoven, while hyphae in the branches have a more
18495313
Ramaria formosa


parallel arrangement. Both types measure 4–13 µm wide. Some of the hyphae are gloeoplerous, meaning they have an oily or granular appearance when viewed under the microscope. Clamp connections are present in the hyphae. Iron salts applied to the branches will cause a green colour change. In Europe, it could be confused with two edible yellow coral fungi—the high yellow clavaria ("Ramaria flava") and "R. aurea". These have pale golden yellow flesh in their branches, unlike the white flesh of "R. formosa
18495314
Ramaria botrytis


coral fungi that are superficially similar in appearance to "R. botrytis", and although comparison of habitat or characteristics like color or branching morphology is often sufficient for identification, sometimes microscopy is required to definitively distinguish between them. Fruit bodies of "Ramaria botrytis" are edible, and young specimens have a mild, fruity taste. Some authors warn of laxative effects in susceptible individuals. The fungus contains several chemical compounds with "in vitro" biological activity, and fruit bodies have antimicrobial activity against several species and strains of drug-
19206737
Ramaria botrytis


the orange color of the upper branches. Variety "compactospora" tends to show a more pronounced wine-red, purple, or reddish color in the branch tips, and has smaller spores measuring 9.2–12.8 by 4–5.4 µm. Distinctive features of "Ramaria botrytis" include its large size, the orange, reddish, or purplish branchlets, striate spores with dimensions averaging 13.8 by 4.7 µm, and a weak amyloid staining reaction of the stem tissue. "R. rubripermanens" has reddish terminal branches, a stout form, and striate spores
19206746
Ramaria botrytis


In the Garfagnana region of central Italy, the mushroom is stewed, or pickled in oil. Fruit bodies can be preserved by slicing thinly and drying. One field guide rates the edibility as "questionable", warning of the possible danger of confusing specimens with the poisonous "Ramaria formosa". Other authors warn that some individuals may experience laxative effects from consuming the mushroom. Caution is advised when collecting fruit bodies near polluted areas, as the species is known to bioaccumulate toxic arsenic. Chemical analysis shows "R. botrytis" to
19206754
Ramaria stricta


and young fruit bodies often have white branch tips. "R. gracilis" prefers conifer wood, and has lighter colors than "R. stricta". The tropical "R. moelleriana" can only be reliably distinguished from "R. sticta" by location and microscopic characteristics. "R. flava" is mycorrhizal, and grows under coniferous and deciduous trees. Its fruit bodies are typically taller, have a more unpleasant odor, and a less bitter taste. "Ramaria stricta" has a cosmopolitan distribution, and is a fairly common species.
6415710
Ramaria rasilispora


spore-bearing cells) are club-shaped, two- to four-spored (most have four spores), and measure 47–60 by 8–10 μm. The variety "Ramaria rasilispora" var. "scatesina" differs from the main type in the color of its fruit bodies, which, in both young and mature specimens, have branches that range from yellowish-white to light yellow. The fruit bodies are edible mushroom, and "quite popular", according to David Arora, who reports its use raw in salads,
6415723
Ramaria araiospora


They are somewhat cylindrical, ornamented with lobed warts, and measure 9.9 by 3.7 μm. The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are club-shaped, one- to four-spored (although four spores is most typical), and have dimensions of 43–75 by 7–12 μm. The variety "rubella" differs from the main type in having slightly more "bluish or crimson" branches in mature specimens, and slightly smaller basidia that measure 30–70 by 6–10 μm. "Ramaria araiospora" fruit bodies are edible. In the Villa
6415727
Ramaria magnipes


µm long, and measure 47–80 by 8–11 µm. The variety "albidior" differs from the main type by having white to yellowish branches. Its spores are somewhat cylindrical to narrowly ellipsoid, and range in size from 10.8–11.9 by 3.6–4.3 µm. "Ramaria obtusissima" is somewhat similar in appearance. It can be distinguished from "R. magnipes" by its smaller size, less intense fruit body color, and its shorter spores (9.5–11.5 by 3.5–4.0 µm). "R. highlandensis" has larger spores (with an average length of
369769
Taxon


any biological domain, but traditionally it was always used for animals, whereas "Division" was traditionally often used for plants, fungi, etc. A prefix is used to indicate a ranking of lesser importance. The prefix "super-" indicates a rank above, the prefix "sub-" indicates a rank below. In zoology the prefix "infra-" indicates a rank below "sub-". For instance, among the additional ranks of class are superclass, subclass and infraclass. Rank is relative, and restricted to a particular
20416053
Validly published name


a particular taxon and rank. Nevertheless, invalid names ("nomen invalidum", "nom. inval.") are sometimes in use. This may occur when a taxonomist finds and recognises a taxon and thinks of a name, but delays publishing it in an adequate manner. A common reason for this is that a taxonomist intends to write a "magnum opus" that provides an overview of the group, rather than a series of small papers. Another reason is that the code of nomenclature changes with time, and
14663024
Aromobatidae


The Aromobatidae are a family of frogs native to Central and South America. They are sometimes referred to as cryptic forest frogs. They are the sister taxon of the Dendrobatidae, the poison dart frogs, but are not as toxic as most dendrobatids are. The Aromobatidae were separated from the Dendrobatidae only in 2006, and some sources continue to treat these frogs as part of the Dendrobatidae. However, their position as the sister taxon is well supported, and the question is primarily about whether they should be ranked as a family or
17636105
Ozimops


30. The variation to this is the loss of a tooth in mature individuals, the upper anterior premolar, at one or both sides of the jaw. The taxon was first published as subgenus of "Mormopterus" in 2014, separating Australian groups whose diversity was reviewed and described as new species. The content of the new taxon was established or formerly cryptic taxa of Indo-Papuan species and a centre of diversity at the Australian mainland. This was elevated to the rank of genus in 2015. The arrangement of the genus
2029365
Taxon


coined a century before from the Greek components "τάξις" (taxis, meaning arrangement) and "-νομία" (-nomia meaning method). For plants, it was proposed by Herman Johannes Lam in 1948, and it was adopted at the VII International Botanical Congress, held in 1950. The Glossary of the "International Code of Zoological Nomenclature" (1999) defines a A taxon can be assigned a taxonomic rank, usually (but not necessarily) when it is given a formal name. "Phylum" applies formally to
20416052
Autonym (botany)


belonged to the species (and are not included in the newly described taxon) now become a new infraspecific taxon. But as neither the type nor the final epithet has changed, there is no need for a change in author citation. The same goes for a subdivision of a genus. If a botanist creates a new subdivision of a genus, for example by dividing a large genus into two or more subgenera, sections, or series, then a new subdivision of the genus at each of the new ranks will share the
20983137
Monera


Monera () (Greek - μονήρης (monḗrēs), "single", "solitary") is a kingdom that contains unicellular organisms with a prokaryotic cell organization (having no nuclear membrane), such as bacteria. They are single-celled organisms with no true nuclear membrane (prokaryotic organisms). The taxon Monera was first proposed as a phylum by Ernst Haeckel in 1866. Subsequently, the phylum was elevated to the rank of kingdom in 1925 by Édouard Chatton. The last commonly accepted mega-classification with the taxon
5726713
September 1941 lunar eclipse


A partial lunar eclipse took place on Friday, September 5, 1941. It was a shallow partial lunar eclipse, with less than 10% of the Moon covered in Earth's shadow. Aug 31, 1941 = Sunday Sep 1, 1941 = Monday Sep 2, 1941 = Tuesday Sep 3, 1941 = Wednesday Sep 4, 1941 = Thursday Sep 5, 1941 = Friday Sep 6, 1941 = Saturday Sep 7, 1941 = Sunday Sep 8, 1941 = Monday Sep 9, 1941 = Tuesday Sep 10, 1941
5363349
Tatuidris


of the tribe has been the focus of debate. Bolton (2003) was the first to suggest the taxonomic instability of "Tatuidris" within Myrmicinae and raised the genus to the level of a new subfamily, the Agroecomyrmecinae, suggesting that Agroecomyrmecinae might be the sister taxon to Myrmicinae. The subfamily rank was re-assessed by Baroni Urbani & de Andrade in 2007, this was the first attempt to include "Tatuidris" as a terminal taxon in a morphological cladistic analysis. In their study, Baroni Urbani & de Andrade identified
21404594
Correct name


In botany, the correct name according to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN) is the one and only botanical name that is to be used for a particular taxon, when that taxon has a particular circumscription, position and rank. Determining whether a name is correct is a complex procedure. The name must be validly published, a process which is defined in no less than 16 Articles of the ICN. It must also be "legitimate", which imposes some further requirements. If
19338399
Abelisauridae


. Abelisauridae is a family in rank-based Linnaean taxonomy, within the infraorder Ceratosauria and the superfamily Abelisauroidea, which also contains the family Noasauridae. It has had several definitions in phylogenetic taxonomy. It was originally defined as a node-based taxon including "Abelisaurus", "Carnotaurus", their common ancestor, and all of its descendants. Later, it was redefined as a stem-based taxon, including all animals more closely related to "Abelisaurus" (or the more complete "Carnotaurus") than to "
19559613
Gleicheniaceae


-shaped hairs. There is some dispute about ranking these ferns. They are typically placed in the order Gleicheniales. They may alternatively be considered a subclass Gleicheniatae or class Gleichenopsida, so that a distinct taxon can be established for the leptosporangiate ferns. In this case, the Gleicheniaceae are upranked to an order and receive the name Gleicheniales. Irrespective of their modern taxonomic treatment, the Gleicheniaceae were formerly included in the order Polypodiales. But the ferns in the loose sense are much too diverse a group to be shoehorned into one taxon
4344486
Taxonomic rank


by the nomenclature codes. There are seven main taxonomic ranks: kingdom, phylum or division, class, order, family, genus, species. In addition, "domain" (proposed by Carl Woese) is now widely used as a fundamental rank, although it is not mentioned in any of the nomenclature codes, and is a synonym for dominion (lat. dominium), introduced by Moore in 1974. A taxon is usually assigned a rank when it is given its formal name. The basic ranks are species and
17667700
Taxonomic rank


In biological classification, taxonomic rank is the relative level of a group of organisms (a taxon) in a taxonomic hierarchy. Examples of taxonomic ranks are species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain, etc. A given rank subsumes under it less general categories, that is, more specific descriptions of life forms. Above it, each rank is classified within more general categories of organisms and groups of organisms related to each other through inheritance of traits or features from common ancestors. The rank
17667696
Taxonomic rank


nuclei in the domain Eukarya. The "International Code of Zoological Nomenclature" defines "rank" as: "The level, for nomenclatural purposes, of a taxon in a taxonomic hierarchy (e.g. all families are for nomenclatural purposes at the same rank, which lies between superfamily and subfamily)." In his landmark publications, such as the "Systema Naturae", Carl Linnaeus used a ranking scale limited to: kingdom, class, order, genus, species, and one rank below species. Today, nomenclature is regulated
17667699
Sorbeoconcha


Sorbeoconcha is a taxonomic clade of snails, i.e. gastropods, mainly marine species with gills and opercula, within the clade Caenogastropoda. The taxon Sorbeoconcha was named by Winston Ponder and David R. Lindberg in 1997. According to the older taxonomy by Ponder and Lindberg the suborders within the order Sorbeoconcha are: In the taxonomy by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005), the clade Sorbeoconcha was declared a taxon of unspecified rank, within the clade Caenogastropoda. It comprises the superfamily Cerithioidea, the superfamily Campaniloidea, the informal group Ptenoglossa and the clade
13363551
Stomatellinae


Stomatellinae is a subfamily of small sea snails with a brilliantly nacreous interior of the shell, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Trochidae, the top snails. In the earlier classification used in the Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, the Stomatellidae was included in the Archaeogastropoda, however, this taxon is now largely abandoned in favor of the more recently defined Vetigastropoda. According to Bouchet & Rocroi (2005), Williams et al. (2008) and Williams et al. (2010) this taxon underwent a rank change from family Stomatellidae to
2477997
Rhinonycteridae


in 2014. The affinities within the families Hipposideridae and Rhinolophidae are sometimes found to be contrary in morphological and molecular analyses, yet resolving the phylogeny of these speciose and poorly defined groups has implication in several areas of research. The synonymy includes earlier combinations that elevated the rank through subtribe, tribe then subfamily. The taxon Triaenopini Benda & Vallo, 2009 was also reduced to a synonym for this family by the authors of the 2014 revision that elevated this taxon. The hipposiderid and rhinolophid bats are of especial interest to research into potential
1208236
La Gomera giant lizard


to be controlled. In his scientific description, the German zoologist R. Hutterer referred the subfossil remains from La Gomera to two subspecies of "Gallotia simonyi" with the differences being size related. He named these "Gallotia simonyi bravoana" and "Gallotia simonyi gomerana". Bischoff (1998) synonymized them to a single taxon. Barbadillo "et al." (1999) decided for "bravoana" when they elevated the taxon to species rank. Nogales "et al." (2001) concurred as regards species status,
14733429
Orange-spotted trevally


a /j/ sound; Forsskål used this technique to name a number of Red Sea fish species. Forsskål at first gave the new taxon subspecies status as "Scomber ferdau bajad", relating it to the mackerels, and especially "Scomber ferdau", which would later also be transferred to "Carangoides". The taxon was later given a species rank, becoming "Scomber bajad", then "Caranx bajad", before being transferred to its current position as "Carangoides bajad". The species was also independently renamed three times
15301652
Drosera subg. Lasiocephala


monograph of the family and recognizing this taxon as a series under section "Rossolis". In 1996, taxonomist Jan Schlauer argued for the recognition of this taxon at the rank of subgenus, noting that these closely related species share many affinities with subgenus "Drosera" but are different enough to warrant subgeneric status. All species in this subgenus are native to northern Australia except for "D. petiolaris", which is more widely distributed to as far as New Guinea. The plants in this subgenus or "petiolaris"-complex mostly look like variations
19625002
Synonym (taxonomy)


Given that the correct name of a taxon depends on the taxonomic viewpoint used (resulting in a particular circumscription, position and rank) a name that is one taxonomist's synonym may be another taxonomist's correct name (and "vice versa"). Synonyms may arise whenever the same taxon is described and named more than once, independently. They may also arise when existing taxa are changed, as when two taxa are joined to become one, a species is moved to a different genus, a variety is moved to a
3098366
Name-bearing type


for example, the Central American rodent tribe Nyctomyini has "Nyctomys" as its type genus and its name consists of the stem of the type genus, Nyctomy-, and the appropriate ending for a tribe, -ini. "Genus group" ranks consist of the genus and subgenus. The name-bearing type for a genus-group taxon is the type species, which must be one of the species included when that taxon ("genus" hereafter for brevity) was first formally named or, when no species were included when
5809723
Botanical name


names may also have an extra component, bringing a maximum of four parts: A botanical name in three parts, i.e., an infraspecific name (a name for a taxon below the rank of species) needs a "connecting term" to indicate rank. In the "Calystegia" example above, this is "subsp.", for subspecies. In botany there are many ranks below that of species (in zoology there is only one such rank, subspecies, so that this "connecting term" is not used in
6449289
Class (biology)


In biological classification, class () is a taxonomic rank, as well as a taxonomic unit, a taxon, in that rank. Other well-known ranks in descending order of size are life, domain, kingdom, phylum, order, family, genus, and species, with class fitting between phylum and order. The class as a distinct rank of biological classification having its own distinctive name (and not just called a "top-level genus" "(genus summum)") was first introduced by the
15757221