The Life of Zamenhof [SEP] author
Louis-Christophe Zaleski-Zamenhof


-Christophe Zaleski-Zamenhof has nevertheless been disinclined to assume a leading role in the Esperanto movement. Though he had no plans to write an autobiography, Polish journalist Roman Dobrzyński persuaded him to participate in a series of conversations over a ten-year period, which resulted in "La Zamenhof-strato" ("Zamenhof Street", 2003), a book detailing his life during the Nazi occupation of Poland, including his experiences in the Warsaw Ghetto and the Polish Resistance. Beyond an account of his own life, the
21887872
Edmond Privat


1924 until 1938 he was president of the UEA and at the same time president of the International Central Committee. He resigned after a scandal. Privat advanced the international Esperanto organization inside and outside UEA. His works "History of the Esperanto language" (in two volumes) and "The Life of Zamenhof" made him one of the most important historians of Esperanto. As the first historian of Esperanto and Zamenhof's first biographer, he used his connections within Swiss academia to further Esperanto. He authored a linguistic study "Esprimo
9107278
The Life of Zamenhof


The Life of Zamenhof is a biography of L. L. Zamenhof, the founder of Esperanto, written in Esperanto by Edmond Privat. The first edition was in 1920 with 208 pages, and the second edition was in 1923 with 109 pages. Titles of the chapters in the English translation by Ralph Eliott: The Peoples of Lithuania; A Child in Bielostok; A Schoolboy in Warsaw; Student Years; Doktoro Esperanto; A Prophet of Idealism; "Homarano"; Congress Speeches; The Linguist; The Writer; The Ethical Thinker;
9715852
Zamenhof Day


By 1887, this language had evolved into what is now recognized as Esperanto when he published the "Unua Libro". 15 December previously used to be also known as Esperanto Day, but that is now celebrated on 26 July, the day "Unua Libro" was published. 15 December 2009 marked 150 years since Zamenhof's birth, and there were several events to celebrate. On this date, the authorities in his home town of Białystok, Poland, opened a new Zamenhof Center, and a symposium honoring Zamenhof was held
15840865
Mark Zamenhof


of the Bialystok high school (actual school). If he instructed in that high school, probably that was only for a short episode, that probably happened after the "January Uprising" (so in 1864). Prospective hire of Zamenhof would be bound with the dismissal of many Polishes, that happened after 1863. Then Russian authorities sacked many Polish teachers. One reckons that in 1873 the Zamenhof family abandoned Bialystok. Even so unanswered is the question about the real cause of the transfer of Zamenhofs in Warsaw, where Mark
9681489
L. L. Zamenhof


by the representatives of all the world's nations. Zamenhof's grandson, Louis-Christophe Zaleski-Zamenhof (Adam's son), has lived in France since the 1960s. Besides his linguistic work, Zamenhof published a religious philosophy he called "Homaranismo" (the term in Esperanto, usually rendered as "humanitism" in English, sometimes rendered loosely as humanitarianism or humanism), based on the principles and teachings of Hillel the Elder. He said of Homaranismo: "It is indeed the object of my whole life.
18304432
L. L. Zamenhof


I would give up everything for it." Zamenhof came from and lived a very-much multilingual life. His name is/was variously transliterated, depending on the language: At his birth Zamenhof was given the Hebrew name "Eliezer" by his parents, the equivalent of the Latinized "Lazarus". However Zamenhof was born under Russian domination, and so his birth certificate records his name as "Leyzer Zamengov", using the Yiddish form of the forename and a russified version of his surname; many later Russian language
18304433
Mark Zamenhof


April 20, 1871, marginally of the earlier birth-certificate of Fejgla. Some unknown facts from the life of Zamenhofs were stripped based on the documents of the State Archive of History of Belarus in Grodno. In the spring of 1862 Mark Zamenhof declared his profession as an accountant. The reference about him as teacher appears a bit less early – already in the same year. About Mark is the note in the documents of the Russian secret-service about the teacher Zamenhof from Bialystok, that wrote denunciation letters to the Cara
9681487
Ho, mia kor'


"Ho, mia kor" is considered to be the first literary text ever published in Esperanto. It is a short poem by L. L. Zamenhof, which was written a short time before he released "Unua Libro" (1887), in which it was published. In "The Life of Zamenhof", Edmond Privat writes, "Zamenhof wrote at this time, very short verses. They sound much like the hard breathing of a person in a building, who runs to climb five flights of stairs and finally stops
3444174
Two Diseases in Esperanto


Two Diseases in Esperanto () is a book written by and edited by , published in Sweden in 1954. It deals with the so-called "kia"‑ism and "tiom‑kiom"‑ism in Esperanto. DeHoog recommended following the examples of the language's creator, L. L. Zamenhof, concerning Esperanto correlatives. The author argues: Here, the author states: In contrast to the reviews above, criticized the reasoning of the work in a satirical article. He also suggests that de Hoog is not truly concerned with whether the language is Zamenhof's
13264280
Fundamento de Esperanto


Fundamento de Esperanto (English: "Foundation of Esperanto") is a 1905 book by L. L. Zamenhof, in which the author explains the basic grammar rules and vocabulary that constitute the basis of the constructed language Esperanto. On August 9, 1905, it was made the only obligatory authority over the language by the Declaration of Boulogne at the first World Esperanto Congress. Much of the content of the book is a reproduction of content from Zamenhof's earlier works, particularly "Unua Libro". "Fundamento de Esperanto" consists
19093094
Marjorie Boulton


her later years was president of two Esperanto organisations, Kat-amikaro and ODES. Author of "Zamenhof: Creator of Esperanto" — a biography of L. L. Zamenhof published in 1960 by Routledge & Kegan Paul of London — she also wrote a widely used series of introductory texts on literary studies: "The Anatomy of Poetry" (1953), "The Anatomy of Prose" (1954), "The Anatomy of Drama" (1960), "The Anatomy of Language" (1968), "The Anatomy
2736092
Unua Libro


Dr. Esperanto's International Language (, "International Language"), commonly referred to as Unua Libro ("First Book"), is an 1887 book by L. L. Zamenhof, in which the author first introduced and described the constructed language Esperanto. First published in Russian on , the publication of "Unua Libro" marks the formal beginning of the Esperanto movement. Writing under the pseudonym "Dr. Esperanto", Zamenhof originally referred to the language as the "international language"; the use of "Esperanto" did not
13765442
United States hydrogen policy


programs. Each states energy office gets SEP funding and manages all SEP funded projects. For more information about the SEP, including project descriptions, visit the SEP website. Clean Ports USA is an incentive-based program designed to help reduce emissions by encouraging port authorities to redesign and replace older diesel engines with new technologies and cleaner fuels. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's National Clean Diesel Campaign offers funding to port authorities to help them overcome the obstacles that prevent the adoption of cleaner diesel technologies. Clean Construction USA promotes the reduction
8426000
Mark Zamenhof


Mark Zamenhof (was born January 27, 1837 in Suwałki, died November 29, 1907 in Warsaw) is Esperanto form of Markus Fabianoviĉ Samenhof, "Christian" or goja name of Mordeĥaj Zamenhof, son of Fabian Zamenhof and father of L. L. Zamenhof (the creator of Esperanto); teacher of languages French and German. Knight of many orders. Descriptive analysis of the official documents allowed to ascertain that Mordka Zamenhof officially altered his name in Marek and postmortem the name of his father Fajwel to Fabian, what officially was lodged
9681486
Ido language


recommendations of the 1907 Committee composed by 12 members. Zamenhof deferred to their judgment, although doubtful. Furthermore, controversy ensued when the "Ido project" was found to have been primarily devised by Louis de Beaufront, whom Zamenhof had chosen to represent Esperanto before the Committee, as the Committee's rules dictated that the creator of a submitted language could not defend it. The Committee's language was French and not everyone could speak in French. When the president of the Committee asked who was the author of Ido's project,
15159260
Louis-Christophe Zaleski-Zamenhof


Louis-Christophe Zaleski-Zamenhof (born Ludwik Krzysztof Zamenhof, 23 January 1925) is a civil and marine engineer, specializing in the design of structural steel and concrete construction. He is a grandson of the Polish-Jewish L. L. Zamenhof, the inventor of the international auxiliary language Esperanto. Since the 1960s, Zaleski-Zamenhof has lived in France. He was born in Warsaw. After his father Adam Zamenhof was arrested and shot to death by the Nazis occupying Poland, he and his mother Wanda barely escaped deportation to
21887861
Adolf Holzhaus


Adolf Holzhaus (1892–6 June 1982) was an Esperantist and historian of the Esperanto movement. Between 1959 and 1985, he compiled biographies of the lives of Esperanto creator L. L. Zamenhof and his family, Esperanto pioneer Wilhelm Heinrich Trompeter, and others. He edited and published documents on the history of Esperanto, including Zamenhof's "Hillelism" and "Provo de gramatiko de novjuda lingvo kaj alvoko al la juda intelektularo". Holzhaus authored "Vivokurojn de esperantistoj" (History of Esperantists) as an intended replacement for the Encyclopedia of
10133122
Unua Libro


arise until later in 1889 when people began to use his pseudonym as the name of the language itself. Zamenhof reproduced a significant portion of the content of "Unua Libro" in the 1905 "Fundamento de Esperanto", which he established as the sole obligatory authority over Esperanto in the Declaration of Boulogne, ratified by the first World Esperanto Congress later that year. After many years of developing the language, Zamenhof completed "Unua Libro" by the spring of 1885 and spent the next two years looking for a publisher. In
13765443
Antoni Grabowski


astonishingly quickly, Grabowski traveled to Warsaw to visit Zamenhof, where the two held the first oral conversation in Esperanto. Like Zamenhof, Grabowski understood the important influence of literature on the development of languages, and especially for Esperanto, which by then was on the way to changing from a language project into a language which would be fully functional in all areas of life. Grabowski was already working on this: in 1888 he published "La Neĝa Blovado," his translation of Pushkin's Russian short story "Метель", known
21968091
Bible translations into Esperanto


The initiator of Esperanto, L. L. Zamenhof, translated the entire Hebrew Bible into Esperanto. His translation has been much admired by Esperantists and is widely held up as a model or exemplar for other Esperanto authors and translators. Other translators have also edited and published Esperanto versions of the New Testament and Apocrypha. A committee led by British clergy and scholars (J.C. Rust, B.J. Beveridge and C.G. Wilkinson) was formed to translate the New Testament and to review L. L. Zamenhof's translation of the Hebrew Bible for eventual publication by the
20333030
Zamenhof-Esperanto object


A Zamenhof-Esperanto object (, ZEO) is a monument or a place linked to L. L. Zamenhof, the constructed language Esperanto he created and first published in 1887, or the community of Esperanto speakers which has been using the language since. Zamenhof-Esperanto objects are streets, memorials, other public spaces such as squares, parks or bridges. Zamenhof or Esperanto sometimes appear also in the names of buildings and companies such as hospitals, hotels or translation agencies. There have also been vehicles, such as zeppelins, ships
11342114
Adam Zamenhof


Adam Zamenhof (1888 – 29 January 1940) was a Polish physician known for his work on ophthalmology and the son of L. L. Zamenhof, the inventor of Esperanto. Before the Holocaust, Zamenhof had invented a device to check blind spots in the field of vision. During World War II, 6 September 1939, he was head of the Starozakonnych Hospital in Warsaw, and its director. On 1 October 1939 Zamenhof was arrested and sent to the camp in Palmiry, where he was murdered by the Nazis. Adam and his
13432374
L. L. Zamenhof


successfully formed a community that continues today despite the World Wars of the 20th century. Also, it has developed like other languages, through the interaction and creativity of its users. In light of his achievements, and his support of intercultural dialogue, UNESCO selected Zamenhof as one of its eminent personalities of 2017, on the 100th anniversary of his death. Zamenhof was born on , the son of Markus Zamenhof ( - ) and Rozalia Zamenhof (1839 - ), in the multi-ethnic city of Belostok in Russian Empire (
18304420
L. L. Zamenhof


search to commemorate Zamenhof's 150th birthday. The house of the Zamenhof family, dedicated to Ludwik Zamenhof, and the Białystok Esperanto Centre, are sites of the Jewish Heritage Trail in Białystok, which was opened in June 2008 by volunteers at The University of Białystok Foundation. In 1960, Esperanto summer schools were established in Stoke-on-Trent in the United Kingdom by the Esperanto Association of Britain (EAB), which began to provide lessons and promote the language locally. There is a road named after Zamenhof in the city
18304440
1462 Zamenhof


1462 Zamenhof, provisional designation , is a carbonaceous Themistian asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 27 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 6 February 1938, by Finnish astronomer Yrjö Väisälä at the Iso-Heikkilä Observatory in Finland. The asteroid was named after L. L. Zamenhof, the creator of Esperanto. It is a recognized Zamenhof-Esperanto object. "Zamenhof" is a Themistian asteroid that belongs to the Themis family (), a very large family of carbonaceous asteroids, named after 24 Themis.
20439923
Zamenhof-Esperanto object


and trains named after Zamenhof or Esperanto, and some species, rivers, islands, asteroids and other natural discoveries bear such names too. Even postage stamps or a computer virus commemorating Zamenhof or Esperanto are considered ZEOs. The first Zamenhof-Esperanto object ever was a ship called "Esperanto", which was constructed and launched in Spain in 1896, nine years after the language's birth. The 1934 Encyclopedia of Esperanto gives a list of approximately 54 towns and cities in which Esperanto or Zamenhof have been honored in this way.
11342115
L. L. Zamenhof


Lazar". While at university, Zamenhof began using the Russian name "Lyudovik" (also transcribed "Ludovic" or translated as "Ludwig") in place of "Lazar", possibly in honor of Francis Lodwick, who in 1652 had published an early conlang proposal. When his brother Leon became a doctor and started signing his name "Dr L. Zamenhof", Zamenhof reclaimed his birth name "Lazar" and from 1901 signed his name "Dr L. L. Zamenhof" to avoid confusion with his brother. The two
18304435
The Ludwik Zamenhof Centre


person of Ludwik Zamenhof, the Esperanto language, and also to the multiculturalism, history and tradition of Bialystok in a broad sense. Modern methods and teaching aids are applied in order to educate according to the idea of teaching by entertaining. The permanent exhibition entitled Bialystok of Young Zamenhof is the main tool for promotion of the work and the person of Ludwik Zamenhof. This multimedia exhibition based on listening, video, and photographic materials provides the recipients with an attractive way to explore the past. Not only is it a presentation of
17515787
The Ludwik Zamenhof Centre


The Ludwik Zamenhof Centre is a city cultural institution established in Bialystok at 19 Warszawska St. upon the motion of the President of the City. It was founded to celebrate the organization of the 94th World Congress of Esperanto that was held from 25 July to 1 August 2009 in Bialystok. The Centre was officially opened for the visitors on 21 July 2009. At the beginning The Zamenhof Centre was a branch of The Centre of Culture in Bialystok, but it has been an autonomous cultural unit since January 2011. The Zamenhof Centre offers the
17515783
L. L. Zamenhof


, with smaller groups of Belarusians, Germans and other ethnic groups. Zamenhof was saddened and frustrated by the many quarrels among these groups. He supposed that the main reason for the hate and prejudice lay in the mutual misunderstanding caused by the lack of a common language. If such a language existed, Zamenhof postulated, it could play the role of a neutral communication tool between people of different ethnic and linguistic backgrounds. As a student at secondary school in Warsaw, Zamenhof attempted to create an international language with a grammar that was
18304423
L. L. Zamenhof


; both give birth to and support each other ..." The Hebrew Bible is among the many works that Zamenhof translated into Esperanto. Zamenhof died in Warsaw on , possibly of heart attack, and was buried at the Okopowa Street Jewish Cemetery. The farewell speech was delivered by the chief rabbi and preacher of the Great Synagogue in Warsaw, Samuel Abraham Poznański, who said: "There will be a time where the Polish soil and nation will understand what fame gave this great son of God to his homeland." Zamenhof and
18304430
L. L. Zamenhof


L's do not seem to have specifically represented either name, and the order "Ludwik Lejzer" is a modern convention. In 1905 Zamenhof received the Légion d'honneur for creating Esperanto. In 1910, Zamenhof was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize, by four British Members of Parliament (including James O'Grady, Philip Snowden) and Professor Stanley Lane Poole. (The Prize was instead awarded to the International Peace Bureau.) On the occasion of the 5th Universala Kongreso de Esperanto in Barcelona, Zamenhof was made a Commander of the
18304436
L. L. Zamenhof


Order of Isabella the Catholic by King Alfonso XIII of Spain. The minor planet 1462 Zamenhof is named in his honour. It was discovered on 6 February 1938, by Yrjö Väisälä. Hundreds of city streets, parks, and bridges worldwide have also been named after Zamenhof. In Lithuania, the best-known Zamenhof Street is in Kaunas, where he lived and owned a house for some time. There are others in Poland, the United Kingdom, France, Hungary, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Spain (mostly in
18304437
L. L. Zamenhof


Catalonia), Italy, Israel, Belgium and Brazil. There are Zamenhof Hills in Hungary and Brazil, and a Zamenhof Island in the Danube. In some Israeli cities, street signs identify Esperanto's creator and give his birth and death dates, but refer to him solely by his Jewish name Eliezer (a variant of which, El'azar, is the origin of Lazarus). Zamenhof is honoured as a deity by the Japanese religion Oomoto, which encourages the use of Esperanto among its followers. Also, a genus of lichen
18304438
Zamenhof Day


Zamenhof Day (), also called Esperanto Book Day, is celebrated on 15 December, the birthday of Esperanto creator L. L. Zamenhof. It is the most widely celebrated day in Esperanto culture. On this day, Esperantists hold information sessions and cultural gatherings to promote literature in Esperanto. The history of celebrating Esperanto on Zamenhof's birthday can be traced back to 17 December 1878, when at a birthday party for his 19th birthday he presented to his friends his "Lingwe uniwersala", the first version of his international language.
15840864
The Ludwik Zamenhof Centre


visitors a permanent exhibition - Bialystok of Young Zamenhof – and various temporary exhibitions, concerts, film projections, and theatre performances. Moreover, the Centre regularly holds panel discussions, lectures, and literary promotions. The Zamenhof Centre organises also numerous educational workshops for children and teenagers and introduces modern social and educational projects, such as Living Library and „Discover Bialystok” – an outdoor game realised in the urban area of the city. The building where the Ludwik Zamenhof Centre is situated was included in the Jewish Heritage Trail, which was
17515784
L. L. Zamenhof


Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof ( – ), often credited as L. L. Zamenhof, was a Polish ophthalmologist and the inventor of the international language Esperanto, the most widely-used constructed international auxiliary language in the world. Zamenhof first developed the language in 1873 while still in school. He grew up fascinated by the idea of a world without war. He believed that this could happen with the help of a new international auxiliary language. The language would be a tool to gather people together through neutral, fair, equitable communication. He
18304419
L. L. Zamenhof


has been named "Zamenhofia" in his honour. In Italy, a few streets are named after Esperanto, including Largo Esperanto in Pisa. In 1959, Unesco honoured Zamenhof in the occasion of his centenary. In 2015 Unesco decided to support the celebration of the 100th anniversary of his death. Zamenhof was nominated 12 times for the Nobel Peace Prize. His birthday, December 15, is celebrated annually as Zamenhof Day by users of Esperanto. On December 15, 2009, Esperanto's green-starred flag flew on the Google
18304439
Louis-Christophe Zaleski-Zamenhof


Stanisław Szymecki; the award met with general approval among the people of Białystok. Zaleski-Zamenhof presented the Tolerance Medal on 10 June 1999, during the Pope's historic visit to Poland. Dr. Zaleski-Zamenhof has written a foreword to "L'homme qui a défié Babel" ("The man who defied Babel", 2003), a French-language biography, by René Centassi and Henri Masson, of the originator of Esperanto. In a 2001 speech, Dr. Zaleski-Zamenhof characterized the 86th World Congress of Esperanto in
21887865
Richard H. Geoghegan


language Esperanto had just appeared, Geoghegan read an article about it and immediately wrote to the language's creator, L. L. Zamenhof, in Latin. Zamenhof sent Geoghegan a German edition of his "Unua Libro". Having learned the language from this book in short order, a while later Geoghegan received from Zamenhof the first copies of the same book in an English translation by the Warsaw Jew J. St. (pseudonym of Julian Steinhaus). Geoghegan warned Zamenhof that this translation was a mess, and it would only make a laughingstock
9540164
Mark Zamenhof


officers. One of the denunciations, anonymous, concerned arriving to Bialystok from Warsaw a Hebrew teacher – Bernard Wildenbaum, whom one charged because of the usage of Polish national dresses. The police in the exploration suspected, that that anonymous letter was written by Zamenhof, because he led that time a concurs school for girls and already sooner had written various denunciation letters. Zamenhof indeed that time shared the possession of the school for Jewish girls. In 1866 in it were 63 pupils. Several Polish biographers write that Mark Zamenhof was teacher
9681488
Robert Seppings


the whole of the keel, the vessel remaining suspended by the shores. Soon, his creation became commonly known as "Seppings Blocks." For this invention Seppings received £1000 from the Admiralty, and in 1804 was promoted to be a master shipwright at Chatham. At Chatham, in spite of the repugnance to innovation displayed by the naval authorities of that period, he was able to introduce important innovations in the methods of ship-construction. Quoted as saying "partial strength produces general weakness", he significantly improved the
18514392
Somatosensory evoked potential


including: Besides the clinical setting, SEPs have shown to be useful in distinct experimental paradigms. Schubert et al. (2006) used SEPs to investigate the differential processing of consciously perceived versus unperceived somatosensory stimuli. The authors used an 'extinction' paradigm to examine the connection between activation of S1 and somatosensory awareness, and observed that early SEPs (P60, N80), generated in the contralateral S1, were independent of stimulus perception. In contrast, amplitude enhancements were observed for the P100 and N140 for consciously perceived stimuli.
10173568
World Qualification Series (2009)


18 - Aug 23" 30th Anniversary of the Lacanau Pro and good conditions this year. Surf, concerts, events scheduled. Check out the video for a summary of the event http://vimeo.com/6994555 "Aug 25 - Aug 30" "Sep 01 - Sep 06" "Sep 01 - Sep 06" "Sep 04 - Sep 06" "Sep 09 - Sep 12" "Sep 10 - Sep 13" "Sep 08 - Sep 13" "Sep 15 - Sep 20" "Sep 16 - Sep 22" "Sep
1986943
1421 Esperanto


minor planet was named by the discoverer after the artificial language, Esperanto, which was created by inventor and writer, Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof (1859–1917), who used the pseudonym "Doktoro Esperanto". The discoverer also named another asteroid, 1462 Zamenhof, directly after the inventor. Both asteroids are considered to be the most remote Zamenhof-Esperanto objects. The official was published by the Minor Planet Center before November 1977 (). "Esperanto" is an assumed, carbonaceous C-type asteroid. In March 2012, a
11860903
Zofia Zamenhof


Zofia Zamenhof (13 December 1889 – probably in August 1942) was a Polish pediatrician and the daughter of L. L. Zamenhof, the inventor of Esperanto. From 1907 to 1913 she completed her medical studies at the University of Lausanne and she passed a state examination in Saint Petersburg in 1914. She then continued to specialize in internal and pediatric diseases. She worked at a hospital in Lebedin, and from 1922 in a hospital in Warsaw. During World War II, she moved to the Warsaw Ghetto. Despite the presence of the
14731682
The Ludwik Zamenhof Centre


historical materials, but also an attempt to recreate the atmosphere of the times when young L. Zamenhof was strolling along the streets. The permanent exhibition is used as a substantial basis for numerous scripts of educational classes for children and teenagers. Esperanto – Libraro was opened on May 12, 2010 in the building of the Ludwik Zamenhof Centre as a branch of Lukasz Gornicki’s Podlaska Library in Bialystok. It is the first public library in Poland that has a collection in Esperanto and publications devoted to this language. The Library’s opening hours
17515788
Dua Libro


Dua Libro de l' Lingvo Internacia ("Second Book of the International Language"), usually referred to simply as Dua Libro, is an 1888 book by L. L. Zamenhof. It is the second book in which Zamenhof wrote about the constructed language Esperanto, following "Unua Libro" in 1887, and the first book to be written entirely in the language. "Dua Libro" consists primarily of translations, which Zamenhof provided as reading material for those who expressed interest in the language after the publication of "Unua Libro
18163277
L. L. Zamenhof


Zamenhof wrote the first grammar of the Yiddish. It was partly published years later in the Yiddish magazine "Lebn un visnshaft". The complete original Russian text of this manuscript was only published in 1982, with parallel Esperanto translation by Adolf Holzhaus, in "L. Zamenhof, provo de gramatiko de novjuda lingvo" [An attempt at a grammar of neo-Jewish language], Helsinki, pp. 9–36. In this work, not only does he provide a review of Yiddish grammar, but also proposes its transition to the
18304427
Lidia Zamenhof


Lidia Zamenhof (; 29 January 1904–1942) was a Polish writer, publisher, translator and the youngest daughter of L. L. Zamenhof, the creator of Esperanto. She was born on 29 January 1904 in Warsaw, then in partitioned Poland. She was an active promoter of Esperanto as well as of Homaranismo, a form of religious humanism first defined by her father. Around 1925 she became a member of the Bahá'í Faith. In late 1937 she went to the United States to teach that religion as well as Esperanto. In December 1938
5249823
List of 1982–83 NBA season transactions


1982 Oct 2, 1982 Oct 1, 1982 Sep 30, 1982 Sep 29, 1982 Sep 28, 1982 Sep 27, 1982 Sep 24, 1982 Sep 22, 1982 Sep 20, 1982 Sep 19, 1982 Sep 18, 1982 Sep 17, 1982 Sep 15, 1982 Sep 14, 1982 Sep 13, 1982 Sep 10, 1982 Sep 9, 1982 Sep 7, 1982 Sep 2, 1982 Sep 1, 1982 Aug 31, 1982 Aug 27, 1982 Aug 26, 1982 Aug 16, 1982 Aug 8,
557049
Homaranismo


Homaranismo () is a philosophy developed by L. L. Zamenhof. Based largely on the teachings of Hillel the Elder, Zamenhof originally called it Hillelism. He sought to reform Judaism because he hoped that without the strange dress code and purity requirements, it would no longer be the victim of antisemitic propaganda. The basis of Homaranismo is the sentence known as the Golden Rule: "One should treat others as one would like others to treat oneself". Zamenhof said about Homaranismo: With Hillelism we don't mean a new denomination;
11054591
Zamenhof-Esperanto object


In 1997, a German Esperantist, Hugo Röllinger, published a book titled "Monumente pri Esperanto – ilustrita dokumentaro pri 1044 Zamenhof/Esperanto-objektoj en 54 landoj" ("Monumentally about Esperanto – an illustrated documentary of 1044 Zamenhof-Esperanto objects in 54 countries") and until his death in 2001 he listed a total of 1260 such objects. It is he who coined the acronym "ZEO". Currently, Robert Kamiński of Poland is the person charged with the registration of ZEOs by the Universal Esperanto Association. The
11342116
Dua Libro


" the previous year. It also usually includes "Aldono al la Dua Libro" ("Supplement to the Second Book"), which was originally published separately. In "Aldono", Zamenhof solidified Esperanto into its final form. Zamenhof originally intended to publish "Dua Libro" in five or six volumes throughout 1888, with one volume appearing approximately every two months. Zamenhof's intention with the publications was to provide reading material in Esperanto for those who expressed interest following the publication of "Unua Libro" in 1887,
18163278
L. L. Zamenhof


Предисловие и полный учебникь" (International language: Introduction and complete textbook) was published in Russian under the pseudonym "Doktoro Esperanto" (Doctor Hopeful). Zamenhof initially called his language "Lingvo internacia" (international language), but those who learned it began to call it "Esperanto" after his pseudonym, and this soon became the official name for the language. For Zamenhof, this language, far from being merely a communication tool, was a way to promote peaceful coexistence between people of different cultures. In 1879
18304426
L. L. Zamenhof


Latin script and other orthographic innovations. In the same period Zamenhof wrote some other works in Yiddish, including perhaps the first survey of Yiddish poetics (see p. 50 in the above-cited book). In 1882 a wave of pogroms within the Russian Empire, including Congress Poland, motivated Zamenhof to take part in the early Zionist movement, the Hibbat Zion. He left the movement in 1887, and in 1901 published a statement in Russian with the title "Hillelism", in which he argued that the Zionist project could
18304428
1462 Zamenhof


lightcurves of "Zamenhof" were obtained from photometric observations in 2006 and 2011. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 10.2 and 10.4 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.15 and 0.30 magnitude, respectively (). According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, "Zamenhof" measures between 25.91 and 27.645 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.087 and 0.121. The "Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link" derives an albedo of 0.0891 and
20439925
Louis-Christophe Zaleski-Zamenhof


the Nazi death camp at Treblinka where his aunts Zofia Zamenhof and Lidia Zamenhof were murdered. The teenager remained in hiding within Poland under the false name of 'Krzysztof Zaleski', a name he maintained afterwards in remembrance of the ordeal. During that time, he worked in a tomato field together with a Pole who happened to speak Esperanto; this person once tried to recruit him to the cause, asking him: "Ĉu vi konas Esperanton?" ("Do you know Esperanto?"). 'Christoph' blurted
21887862
Reformed Esperanto


Reformed Esperanto, or Esperanto 1894, is an Esperantido, a constructed language derived from Esperanto. It is notable as the only complete Esperantido created by the original creator of Esperanto, L. L. Zamenhof. Although Zamenhof's stated preference was to avoid any discussion of changes, he was put under considerable pressure, including financial, to respond to the diverse reforms proposed by others. Reluctantly he decided to present a reformed dialect himself and undertook to continue guiding the community, whether or not reforms were eventually agreed upon. Although Zamenhof initially
237632
Bahá'í Faith in Poland


, and in 1915 there was a Polish translation of Paris Talks published in Silesia. Around 1925 Zamenhof became a member of the Bahá'í Faith. Zamenhof was the official representative of the religion to the dedication of the monument erected upon the grave of her father in Warsaw in 1926. Some Canadian Bahá'ís visited Poland in the early 1930s while Zamenhof went to the United States in late 1937 to teach the religion as well as Esperanto. In December 1938 she returned to Poland, where she continued to teach and translated Bahá'u'lláh and the New
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Bahá'í Faith in Poland


Era, (see John Esslemont), Hidden Words and Some Answered Questions. While Zamenhof worked on the translations publication was delayed and accomplished out of France by a Polish nephew of Anne Lynch then in a Swiss internment camp for Polish officers. In the second half of 1938 Zamenhof had been a major influence of the conversion of the first known Ukrainian becoming a Bahá'í, who was living in eastern Poland at the time. Zamenhof mentions there were five Bahá'ís in Poland in August 1939. Contact was made in 1947 with nine individuals
5195755
Oomoto


of Zamenhof's godhood is stated, in Esperanto, as follows: …[L]a spirito de Zamenhof eĉ nun daŭre agadas kiel misiisto de la anĝela regno; do, lia spirito estis apoteozita en la kapeleto Senrej-ŝa. Translated into English, the foregoing reads: …[T]he spirit of Zamenhof even now continues to act as a missionary of the angelic kingdom; therefore, his spirit was deified in the Senrei-sha shrine. The belief that two kami, Kunitokodachi no Mikoto and Susano-o no Mikoto, were
768103
Proto-Esperanto


song that Zamenhof composed: In modern Esperanto, this would be, "Jam temp' está" remains an idiom in modern Esperanto, an allusion to this song. While at university, Zamenhof handed his work over to his father, Mordechai, for safe-keeping until he had completed his medical studies. His father, not understanding the ideas of his son and perhaps anticipating problems from the Tsarist police, burned the work. Zamenhof did not discover this until he returned from university in 1881, at which point he restarted
8517101
Mark Zamenhof


family were a bit more complex. It is memorable that at the beginning of the ninetieth years of the 19th century three sons of Mark started their costly, university education: Fabian — pharmacology, Grzegorz (Henriko) and Lion — medicine. Probably was required also the dowry for marrying Gitla. Help was required alsoby Ludovic. Starting studies at university in 1879, L. L. Zamenhof handed over the work on his language (Esperanto) to his father, Mordeĥaj Zamenhof, so that he could preserve it until he finished his studies
9681494
Comparison between Esperanto and Ido


Ido, like Esperanto, is a constructed international auxiliary language. L. L. Zamenhof published his constructed language under the pseudonym Dr Esperanto in 1887. It immediately became popular, but soon people were making suggestions as to how they thought it might be improved. Zamenhof responded by making a list of possible changes to Esperanto and in 1894 put them before the Esperanto community. If accepted they would create what Dr Zamenhof called "a Reformed Esperanto". This proposed reformed Esperanto is sometimes referred to as Esperanto 1894. However, when the
17121731
Edward Wakefield (statistician)


Edward Wakefield (1774–1854) was an English philanthropist and statistician, chiefly known as the author of "Ireland, Statistical and Political", and as the father of several controversial sons. Edward was the eldest son of Edward Wakefield (1750–1826) and Priscilla Bell and was born in 1774. He was the brother of Daniel Wakefield (1776–1846) and Isabella Wakefield (3 Mar 1773–17 October 1841)who married Joshua Head of Ipswich on 12 Sep 1794. Wakefield commenced adult life as a farmer near Romford in Essex, and was subsequently employed
10192824
September 1941 lunar eclipse


A partial lunar eclipse took place on Friday, September 5, 1941. It was a shallow partial lunar eclipse, with less than 10% of the Moon covered in Earth's shadow. Aug 31, 1941 = Sunday Sep 1, 1941 = Monday Sep 2, 1941 = Tuesday Sep 3, 1941 = Wednesday Sep 4, 1941 = Thursday Sep 5, 1941 = Friday Sep 6, 1941 = Saturday Sep 7, 1941 = Sunday Sep 8, 1941 = Monday Sep 9, 1941 = Tuesday Sep 10, 1941
5363349
Severn Estuary


authorities and interested parties such as farmers and fisherman. Its stated aim is "To bring together all those involved in the development, management and use of the Estuary within a framework which encourages the integration of their interests and responsibilities to achieve common objectives". In 2001 SEP published the "Strategy for the Severn Estuary", which sets out a plan for the management of the estuary. SEP uses a geographically extended definition of the Severn Estuary, beginning at the tidal limit of the River Severn in Gloucester and ending at a
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Radio Educación


to the Secretaría de Gobernación. Radio Educación was consolidated with Radio México, which was labeled "the radio agency of the Government of the Republic", and the SEP sent its programs to be aired on that station and over all other stations during the time that all broadcasters were required to cede to the SEP. On April 29, 1964, Radio Educación's future shortwave station was authorized as XEICM-OC, operated by the (Federal Teacher Training Institute). The callsign changed on September 21, 1973, to XEPPM
7566909
Delegation for the Adoption of an International Auxiliary Language


, but rather, at Couturat's insistence, created a committee to make the decision. The Delegation Committee arranged to meet in Paris in October 1907. Supporters of Esperanto, including its author L. L. Zamenhof, warned Couturat that the committee had no authority to impose an international language, but they had received assurances from Couturat that Esperanto would be chosen anyway. The members of the Committee were: The committee heard from representatives of language projects, including Italian mathematician Giuseppe Peano in support of his own Latino sine flexione. Esperanto was
1306408
Scaleup company


Growth', an independent report that presents results from other nations that have changed their economic policy towards scaleups and recommends actions the UK needs to take to ensure is the leading economy in the world for generations to come. Alberto Onetti: Chairman – Mind The Bridge Foundation (MTB) that leads Startup Europe Partnership (SEP); SEP Coordinator at MTB. Professor of Entrepreneurship at Insubria University and serial entrepreneur. He is a scaleup advocate. Alberto Onetti Linkedin Alberto Onetti crunchbase Brad Feld: A noted American entrepreneur, author,
21231079
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy


The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (SEP) combines an online encyclopedia of philosophy with peer-reviewed publication of original papers in philosophy, freely accessible to Internet users. It is maintained by Stanford University. Each entry is written and maintained by an expert in the field, including professors from many academic institutions worldwide. Authors contributing to the encyclopedia give Stanford University the permission to publish the articles, but retain the copyright to those articles. , the "SEP" has nearly 1,600 published entries. Apart from its online status, the
3875988
Sarah Bowdich Lee


Sarah Bowdich Lee (née Wallis) (10 Sep 1791–22 Sep 1866) was an English author, illustrator, traveller, zoologist, botanist, and pteridologist. Sarah Lee was born on 10 September 1791, the only daughter of John Eglinton Wallis of Colchester. In 1813, she married the naturalist Thomas Edward Bowdich, whose interests in nature, travel, and adventure she shared. In 1819, they went to Paris to visit Baron Cuvier; Thomas had previously visited him in 1818 with a letter of introduction obtained from Dr. William
5045770
The Beeps


Sapphire Stream S2/Ep45 Apr. 29 Wash Those Socks! S2/Ep46 Dec. 12 The Bumps SEASON 3: S3/Ep1 Aug. 30 Up Down Hill S3/Ep2 Aug. 31 Caravan S3/Ep3 Sep. 6 Secret Garden S3/Ep4 Sep. 7 Bounceflower Tea S3/Ep5 Sep. 13 The Whale S3/Ep6 Sep. 14 Soggy Sockroaches S3/Ep7 Sep. 20 Stinkroots S3/Ep8 Sep. 21 Sing-a-long-a-beeps S3/Ep9 Sep. 27 History Book S3/Ep10 Sep. 28 What Goes Splat? S3
14688027
Signal Transfer Point


. SEPs send signaling messages to other SEPs, but the messages are normally routed via the SEP's adjacent STPs. An STP's main function is to identify the best path for two SEPs to communicate. A typical application would be for two SEPs to agree on the use of a shared data path (e.g., using ISUP to initiate a voice call between a user on one SEP and a user on the second SEP). In this way, STPs route signaling messages (for starting, maintaining or finishing any kind of
21819468
Socialist Equality Party (UK)


US aggression, which, with the Conservatives' support, threatens to spread the illegal wars against Iraq and Afghanistan into Syria and possibly Iran. The manifesto states: "The fight against war is bound up with the struggle to put an end to the capitalist profit system by reorganizing economic life to meet the social interests of the vast majority of the world's population rather than the selfish interests of a parasitic elite." (See SEP election manifesto) The SEP held a public meeting in Sheffield on 23 February 2011 to address
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Signal Transfer Point


calls originated by the SEPs' attached users) while avoiding disabled intermediary STPs. A signaling message typically never goes directly from a given SEP to the destination SEP: the message would normally have to pass through the initiating SEP's adjacent STP so that it can be routed to the destination SEP. In some applications, however, SEPs might be directly connected with signaling links; this would typically be done to enhance robustness or performance between two critical SEPs. Such mesh network configurations are also common in Europe, where STPs have not
21819469
Cape Cod Regional Transit Authority


31st Daily $5.00 Weekly $30.00 br Apr 1st - Jun 14th Daily $10.00 Weekly $60.00br Jun 15th - Sep 14th Daily $15.00 Weekly $90.00 br Sep 15th - Dec 14th Daily $10.00 Weekly $60.00br IMPORTANT NOTICE: "Daily" parking purchases will be limited to 21 days and "Weekly" purchases will be limited to 3 weeks when purchased at the parking machines. If you wish to purchase a longer length of time, you must come to the Transportation Center 2nd Floor Administrative Offices during business hours.
11594952
Indigenismo in Mexico


Life. His administration experimented with policies, new bureaucratic structures, and administrators with particular ideas about indigenous peoples and their relationship to the Mexican state and culture. The SEP during Cárdenas presidency increased the number and quality of schools for indigenous communities. Cardenas was also an advocate for bi-lingual education and in 1939 the SEP started a bi-lingual education program, where indigenous schools were taught in regional languages then slowly transitioned to Spanish. This was the first time national education programs used indigenous languages to acculturate indigenous children. To
14182966
My Tehran for Sale


young people in Iran, she is forced to lead a secret life in order to express herself artistically. At an underground rave, she meets Iranian born Saman, now an Australian citizen, who offers her a way out of her country and the possibility of living without fear." The film has been an official selection to Toronto International Film Festival (Sep 2009), Vancouver International Film Festival (Sep-Oct 2009), Busan International Film Festival (Oct 2009), International Filmfestival Mannheim-Heidelberg (Nov 2009)
2069834
Somatosensory evoked potential


The authors concluded that early activation of S1 is not sufficient to warrant conscious stimulus perception. Conscious stimulus processing differs significantly from unconscious processing starting around 100 ms after stimulus presentation when the signal is processed in parietal and frontal cortices, brain regions crucial for stimulus access into conscious perception. In another study, Iwadate et al. (2005) looked at the relationship between physical exercise and somatosensory processing using SEPs. The study compared SEPs in athletes (soccer players) and non-athletes, using two oddball tasks following separate somatosensory stimulation
10173569
Common ethanol fuel mixtures


EPA waiver authorizes sale of E15 only from Sep 15 to May 31 out of a black hose and a yellow hose to flex fuel vehicles only from June 1 to Sep 14. Retailers have shunned building infrastructure due to the costly regulatory requirements which have created a practical barrier to the commercialization of the higher blend. Most fuel stations do not have enough pumps to offer the new blend, few existing pumps are certified to dispense E15, and no dedicated tanks are readily available to store E15. Also, some state and federal regulations
12147359
Esperanto


speakers of Esperanto, and find others in their area to speak the language with. The earliest flag, and the one most commonly used today, features a green five-pointed star against a white canton, upon a field of green. It was proposed to Zamenhof by Richard Geoghegan, author of the first Esperanto textbook for English speakers, in 1887. The flag was approved in 1905 by delegates to the first conference of Esperantists at Boulogne-sur-Mer. A version with an "" superimposed over the green star
9156336
The Beeps


/Ep20 Sep. 19 Bouncy Bouncy Beep Beep S2/Ep21 Sep. 19 Big Beepday Bash S2/Ep22 Sep. 20 Yuk Says No S2/Ep23 Sep. 24 Wheely Helpful S2/Ep24 Sep. 25 Teeny Beep Takes Off S2/Ep25 Sep. 26 Carnival S2/Ep26 Sep. 27 Peas and Beeps S2/Ep27 Apr. 25 Stuck on You! S2/Ep28 Dec. 9 Hole Lot of Trouble S2/Ep29 Dec. 15 A Little Adventure S2/Ep30 Dec. 16 The Lost Houses S2/Ep31 May 1 Bounceberry Pie S2/Ep32 Dec. 23
14688025
Fundamento de Esperanto


of four parts: a foreword, a grammar section, a collection of exercises, and a dictionary. With the exception of the foreword, almost everything in the "Fundamento" comes directly from Zamenhof's earlier works, primarily "Unua Libro". Esperanto, however, underwent a minor change in 1888 in "Aldono al la Dua Libro", in which Zamenhof changed the ending of the temporal correlatives ("when", "then", "always", "sometimes", "never") from "
19093095
Esperanto phonology


with each vowel defining a syllabic nucleus: "familio" ('family'). An exception is when the final "-o" of a noun is elided, usually for poetic reasons, because this does not affect the placement of the stress: "famili’" . On the rare occasions that stress needed to be specified, as in explanatory material or with proper names, Zamenhof used an acute accent. The most common such proper name is Zamenhof's own: "Zámenhof". If the stress falls on the
19773641
Esperanto


for radio communications was negligible. All the personal documents sold by the World Service Authority, including the World Passport, are written in Esperanto, together with English, French, Spanish, Russian, Arabic, and Chinese. Zamenhof's goal to "enable the learner to make direct use of his knowledge with persons of any nationality, whether the language be universally accepted or not", as he wrote in 1887, has been achieved, as the language is currently spoken by people living in more than 100 countries. On the
9156275
Canada West Foundation


global emissions, Release Date: 16-May-2016 Fair Enough: Assessing community confidence in energy authorities, Release Date: 11-Apr-2016 Branching Out: Preparing for life without a Softwood Lumber Agreement, Release Date: 2-Sep-2015 Patchwork Pollution Solution: Stitching together a Canadian climate plan, Release Date: 13-Jul-2015 Walkin' the Walk: Five Steps To Efficient Cities, Release Date: 24-Mar-2015 Restoring Trust: The Road to Public Support for Resource Industries, Release Date: 18-Jul-2014 From the ground up: Earning public support for resource development, Release Date: 26-May-2014 Buildings
10370727
Unua Libro


towards an International Language", but Geoghegan's translation remains the preferred standard. "Unua Libro" was also translated into Hebrew, Yiddish, Swedish, and Lithuanian in 1889 and then into Danish, Bulgarian, Italian, Spanish, and Czech in 1890. The name "Unua Libro" was applied retroactively to the book in relation to the title of Zamenhof's 1888 book "Dua Libro" ("Second Book"). In 1905, Zamenhof reproduced much of the content of "Unua Libro" in "Fundamento de
13765446
Gender reform in Esperanto


chicken", but is read as masculine in "koko kaj kokino" "rooster and hen". Zamenhof used the nominal root "vir" "man, human male" to make words for animals masculine. Originally this took the form of a suffix "-viro," but in response to criticisms that the resulting words such as "bovoviro" "bull" were ambiguous with mythological man–animal hybrids such as minotaurs (also "bovoviro"), Zamenhof switched to using "vir" as a prefix in his
7383420
Esperanto


the first World Esperanto Congress, an ongoing annual conference, in Boulogne-sur-Mer, France. The first congress ratified the Declaration of Boulogne, which established several foundational premises for the Esperanto movement. One of its pronouncements is that "Fundamento de Esperanto" is the only obligatory authority over the language. Another is that the Esperanto movement is exclusively a linguistic movement and that no further meaning can ever be ascribed to it. Zamenhof also proposed to the first congress that an independent body of linguistic scholars should steward the future
9156249
The Life of Zamenhof


Approach of Death. "The master, already dead, with a living spirit is among us and to be intimately acquainted with this spirit, the most humane in the last century, the faithful disciple introduces it to us through masterful eloquence in his work." (Jobo, L M 1922, page 20). Appeared in English (1931) and Dutch (1934) translations. The English version of the book is supplied with many black-and-white photographs, most of them of full-page size.
9715853
Declaration of Boulogne


The Declaration on the Essence of Esperantism (), commonly referred to as the Declaration of Boulogne ("Bulonja Deklaracio"), is a historic document that establishes several important premises for the Esperanto movement. The Declaration was written by L. L. Zamenhof and ratified in 1905 by the attendees of the first World Esperanto Congress, held in Boulogne-sur-Mer, France. The Declaration of Boulogne consists of an introduction and five points. In the introduction, Zamenhof clarifies that the five points of the Declaration are necessary to establish
14136658
L. L. Zamenhof


documents also include the patronymic "Markovich", as is the custom in the language. His family name is of German origin and was originally written "Samenhof"; the spelling Zamenhof reflects the romanization of the Yiddish spelling , as well as the Esperanto and Polish spellings. (The German letter "z" is always pronounced [ts], while German "s" can be pronounced either like [s] or [z].) In his adolescence he used both the Yiddish "Leyzer" and the Russian "
18304434
La Esperantisto


interest in Esperanto after the publication of "Unua Libro" in 1887 and "Dua Libro" in 1888. By 1889, the name "Esperanto" had become the preferred name for the language, replacing Zamenhof's original name for it, "international language". Zamenhof first attempted to publish a weekly newspaper in 1888 titled "La Internaciulo" ("The Internationalist") but failed to find a publisher. After modifying his idea to the monthly "La Esperantisto", he found a publisher in Christian Schmidt, president
11023835
Esperanto culture


world celebrate Zamenhof Day, sometimes called Book Day. It's a common goal to have a book written in Esperanto published on or by that day, as Zamenhof was a strong advocate of the idea that in order to spread Esperanto around the world, its speakers need to create a large body of literature. The poem "La Espero" is the Esperanto anthem, and most Esperanto speakers know it by heart. It's often sung at conventions. Whether or not one enjoys the lyrics, the song is in general something
10321120
Unua Libro


" slightly outdated. The book consists of three parts, an introduction, a grammar section, and a dictionary. Zamenhof begins by renouncing all rights to the language, putting it in the public domain. In the introduction, Zamenhof lays out his case for the need for an international auxiliary language (IAL). He states that previous attempts, such as Volapük, have failed because they have not overcome the three main difficulties an IAL must overcome in order to succeed. Those difficulties are: In the next three parts,
13765448
Veisiejai


Veisiejai () is a town in the Lazdijai district municipality, Lithuania. It is located south-east of Lazdijai. The Esperanto language was created in Veisiejai where L. L. Zamenhof started his practice as an ophthalmologist in 1885. There is a church dedicated to St. George (built in 1817), an old estate with a park, high school, kindergarten "Ąžuoliukas", a post office (postal code LT-67043), a museum and monuments dedicated to the composer J. Neimontas and L. L. Zamenhof. Veisiejai is one of
17233704
Esperantido


adverb under the suffix "-e", loss of the accusative and adjectival agreement, changes to the verb conjugations, eliminating the diacritics, and bringing the vocabulary closer to Latin, for example with superlative "-osim-" to replace the Esperanto particle "plej" "most". Zamenhof himself proposed several changes in the language in 1894, which were rejected by the Esperanto community and subsequently abandoned by Zamenhof himself. Ido (1907), the foremost of the Esperantidos, sought to bring Esperanto into closer alignment with Western European expectations
8339811