Xerocrassa cardonae [SEP] taxon rank
Xerocrassa geyeri


is mainly Central Europe: parts of Germany and the south of France. Verified recent localities of "Xerocrassa geyeri" include: Fossil evidence suggests that current populations of "Xerocrassa geyeri" are relicts of a much more widespread distribution during more favourable climatic periods in the Pleistocene era. "Xerocrassa geyeri" fossils are relatively abundant and "Xerocrassa geyeri" was one of main land snails in the western and southern Europe in glacial periods. In loess deposits, the presence of "Xerocrassa geyeri" shells has been reported since the early
2031401
Xerocrassa


Xerocrassa is a genus of small, air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the family Geomitridae, the hairy snails and their allies. Some species of "Xerocrassa" are instead considered to belong to the "subgenus" "Xerocrassa", within the genus "Trochoidea"; in those cases the species are listed under the generic name "Trochoidea". However, for other authors both taxa are not closely related being different genera. The genus "Xerocrassa" is divided in 3 subgenera: There are 53
12318697
Xerocrassa geyeri


of the shell is greyish-white sometimes with one or a few brownish spiral bands. The reproductive system of "Xerocrassa geyeri" was described by Gittenberger (1993): there is no appendage in the genital atrium, that is the distinguishing characteristic of the genus "Xerocrassa" Monterosato, 1892. There are two rudimentary dart-sacs near the mucus glands. The flagellum and the epiphallus have approximately the same length. "Xerocrassa geyeri" lives in Europe, showing a discontinuous, patchy distribution. Today, the species range
2031400
Xerocrassa geyeri


Xerocrassa geyeri is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Hygromiidae. It is also often known as Trochoidea geyeri. "Xerocrassa geyeri" was originally described under the name "Xerophila geyeri" by the Hungarian malacologist Lajos Soós (1879-1972) in 1926. The specific name "geyeri" is in honor of the German zoologist David Geyer (1855-1932). The type specimens are stored in the Natural History Museum of Geneva. "Xerocrassa geyeri" is a small
2031398
Xerocrassa geyeri


were also supplemented by cryptic sanctuaries in northern Europe during the late Pleistocene in shaping present day species composition. Localities with fossil "Xerocrassa geyeri" are summarized in Magnin (1989) and they also include: "Xerocrassa geyeri" can live only in open habitats so it died out in large areas (for example it became extinct in England) when the last glacial period ended and forests started to spread. It had to move to mountains where it survives today. "Xerocrassa geyeri" is xerophilous species and it is found today
2031405
Xerocrassa geyeri


. The latitudinal shifts of suitable habitat during Pleistocene across Europe, driven by climate change, were anticipated by "Xerocrassa geyeri" in the fossil record with remarkably short time lags. In other words, the species can be detected in the fossil record very soon after the onset of a suitable climate phase. Research by Pfenninger et al. (2003) suggested that the origin of the species is in the Provence from where it expanded its range first to Southwest France and subsequently from there to Germany. "Xerocrassa geyeri" seems
2031403
Joe Cardona


Joseph Cardona (born April 16, 1992) is an American football long snapper for the New England Patriots of the National Football League (NFL). As a graduate of the U.S. Naval Academy, Cardona is also an officer in the U.S. Naval Reserve holding the rank of Lieutenant. Cardona was drafted in the fifth round (166th overall) of the 2015 NFL draft. He played college football for Navy. He is only the fourth player designated as a long snapper ever to be drafted, and the second highest-drafted
19475525
Prudencio Cardona


wins made Cardona a ranked Flyweight on the WBC, and, on March 20, 1982, he challenged Antonio Avelar for the WBC and Lineal Flyweight titles, in Tamaulipas, Tampico, Mexico. Cardona became world champion by knocking Avelar out in the first round. He lost the titles on his first defense, however, being defeated by two division world champion and fellow Mexican Freddie Castillo by a fifteen round unanimous decision on July 24, also in Mexico. Castillo went on to lose the championships to Eleoncio Mercedes. Cardona won
21222938
Taxonomic rank


not to say that a taxon at any other rank may not be sharply defined, or that any species is guaranteed to be sharply defined. It varies from case to case. Ideally, a taxon is intended to represent a clade, that is, the phylogeny of the organisms under discussion, but this is not a requirement. A classification in which all taxa have formal ranks cannot adequately reflect knowledge about phylogeny. Since taxon names are dependent on ranks in traditional Linnaean systems of classification, taxa without ranks cannot be
17667712
Alfonso Coloma


Alfonso Coloma y Jasarte de Melo, (born in 1555- 20.4.1606) was a Spanish prelate and bishop, member of the House of Coloma. He is a son of don Juan IV Coloma y Cardona, 1st Count of Elda and a brother of Carlos Coloma. Like others in his family, be was knight of St. John of Jerusalem. His career started in Sevilla, where he was canon magistral. He was member of the holy Office of the inquisition , and became a royal consellor. On 27 Sep 1599 he was
20831620
Xerocrassa geyeri


Pleistocene. The subfossilised shell deposits in southern England and large parts of France are correlated with the widespread occurrence of rather arid cold steppe vegetation formations. These formations are associated with transitional phases of Pleistocene climate cycles, covering parts of Europe even during maximal glacial expansion thus providing the potential for local refugia. Both Pleistocene interstadial and pleniglacial periods resulted in altitudinal and latitudinal shiftings of these formations, as well as in reductions in their extent. The fossil record suggests that the population history of "Xerocrassa geyeri" is linked to palaeoclimate changes
2031402
Xerocrassa geyeri


in open calcareous or loessic grass and scrublands with a sparse vegetation cover on mountaintops, karstic highland plateaus and disturbed pastures, which are thought to constitute ecological refuges. In southeastern France it inhabits localities from 900 to 1000 m above sea level, but as anomaly it was found also in 370 m above sea level in Mont Vertoux. "Xerocrassa geyeri" is hermaphroditic species and fertilisation is obligately outcrossing. The main reproduction period is from March to June and from September to October (according to the table values). It lays
2031406
Xerocrassa geyeri


usually less than 10 uncalcified egss, but sometimes more (according to the table values). Juveniles are hatching from eggs in less than two weeks (according to the table values). They reach sexual maturity in one year and longevity of this species is 1–2 years. "Xerocrassa geyeri" feeds on dead plants, but rarely also on living plants, epilithic lichens and on algae. Its active dispersal capacity is about 3 m during its one-year lifetime. Its competitor may be "Candidula unifasciata". Species with
2031407
Form (botany)


In botanical nomenclature, a form ("forma", plural "formae") is one of the "secondary" taxonomic ranks, below that of variety, which in turn is below that of species; it is an infraspecific taxon. If more than three ranks are listed in describing a taxon, the "classification" is being specified, but only three parts make up the "name" of the taxon: a genus name, a specific epithet, and an infraspecific epithet. The abbreviation "f." or the
7125380
Infraspecific name


In botany, an infraspecific name is the scientific name for any taxon below the rank of species, i.e. an infraspecific taxon. (A "taxon", plural "taxa", is a group of organisms to be given a particular name.) The scientific names of botanical taxa are regulated by the "International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants" (ICN). This specifies a 'three part name' for infraspecific taxa, plus a 'connecting term' to indicate the rank of the name
20320028
Taxon


In biology, a taxon (plural taxa; back-formation from "taxonomy") is a group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit. Although neither is required, a taxon is usually known by a particular name and given a particular ranking, especially if and when it is accepted or becomes established. It is not uncommon, however, for taxonomists to remain at odds over what belongs to a taxon and the criteria used for inclusion. If a taxon is given
20416048
Name-bearing type


group" ranks consist of just the species and subspecies. (Note: a "species group" defined as a taxon, rather than as a category of ranks, has an unofficial rank, one of several such ranks between the subgenus and species levels sometimes used by zoologists in taxa with many species; see Taxonomic rank.) The name-bearing type of a species-group taxon (hereafter "species" for brevity) is an actual specimen or set of specimens; the "Code" recommends that great care should
5809726
Botanical nomenclature


taxon (see correct name) and if a new name may (or must) be coined. Plant taxonomy is an empirical science, a science that determines what constitutes a particular taxon (taxonomic grouping, plural: taxa): e.g. "What plants belong to this species?" and "What species belong to this genus?". The definition of the limits of a taxon is called its 'circumscription'. For a particular taxon, if two taxonomists agree exactly on its circumscription, rank and position (i.e. the
15041079
Synonym (taxonomy)


of Zoological Nomenclature", synonyms are different scientific names of the same taxonomic rank that pertain to that same taxon. For example, a particular species could, over time, have had two or more species-rank names published for it, while the same is applicable at higher ranks such as genera, families, orders, etc. In each case, the earliest published name is called the senior synonym, while the later name is the junior synonym. In the case where two names for the same taxon have been published
3098371
Santos Cardona


, chief of media operations for the Multi-National Force in Iraq, stated on behalf of the Pentagon that Cardona's movement with his unit into Iraq from a staging area in Kuwait had been stopped and that "he's not coming to Iraq, and will depart Kuwait and will return to Fort Bragg immediately where he will be assigned duties commensurate with his Military Occupation Specialty and rank that allows him to be a productive member of the military police corps and the United States Army." Following his return to Fort Bragg,
12254838
One Rank, One Pension


and 85 Indian Military Academy; and officers from the 14 Army Education Course; and twenty five officers and their families came from Jaipur. The movement continues to gain momentum, and perceptible increase in support and participation by former high-ranking officers of the armed forces, from Lt generals, Admirals, air marshals, Group Captains, and Colonels. Old veterans included Sep Ram Kishan, 93 years, Armoured Corp veteran of World War II; Sep Ram Bharose Yadav, 85 years, a blind veteran of 72 Medium Artillery;
8649907
PhyloCode


content of a taxon, other than the type, is not specified by the rank-based codes. In contrast, under phylogenetic nomenclature, the content of taxa are delimited using a definition that is based on phylogeny (i.e., ancestry and descent) and uses specifiers (e.g., species, specimens, apomorphies) to indicate actual organisms. The formula of the definition indicates an ancestor. The defined taxon, then, is that ancestor and all of its descendants. Thus, the content of a phylogenetically defined taxon relies on
4227015
Taxonomic rank


given names. Alternative approaches, such as using circumscriptional names, avoid this problem. There are no rules for how many species should make a genus, a family, or any other higher taxon (that is, a taxon in a category above the species level). It should be a natural group (that is, non-artificial, non-polyphyletic), as judged by a biologist, using all the information available to them. Equally ranked higher taxa in different phyla are not necessarily equivalent (e.g., it
17667713
Fernando Ramon Folch, 2nd Duke of Cardona


Fernando Ramon Folch De Cardona, 2nd Duke of Cardona, (circa 1470 – Barcelona, 13 November 1543), was a Spanish noble. He became 2nd Duke of Cardona in 1513 and was also Viceroy of Sicily. Fernando's father Juan Ramón Folch IV de Cardona (1446–1513) was awarded the title Duke of Cardona in 1491 by King Ferdinand II of Aragón. Fernando's grandfather was Juan Ramon Folch de Cardona, 3rd count of Cardona, a.k.a. Juan Ramon Folch III, 3rd count of Cardona, 6th count of
2757123
Phylogenetic nomenclature


Phylogenetic nomenclature, often called cladistic nomenclature, is a method of nomenclature for taxa in biology that uses phylogenetic definitions for taxon names as explained below. This contrasts with the traditional approach, in which taxon names are defined by a "type", which can be a specimen or a taxon of lower rank, and a description in words. Phylogenetic nomenclature is currently not regulated, but the "International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature" ("PhyloCode") is intended to regulate it once it is ratified. Phylogenetic nomenclature ties names
4744909
Sarracenia rosea


this taxon in a 1993 issue of "Rhodora", the journal of the New England Botanical Club. Schnell decided to place this taxon at the rank of variety below subsp. "venosa" as "S. purpurea" var. "burkii", honoring Louis Burk as Wherry had suggested 60 years earlier. In 1999, however, botanists Robert Naczi, then a professor of biology at Northern Kentucky University, and Frederick and Roberta Case elevated the variety to species rank, naming it "Sarracenia rosea". They compiled morphological
4498748
Macrostomida


The Macrostomida are a taxon of small basal free-living flatworms (Turbellaria, Platyhelminthes), which inhabit freshwater, brackish, and marine environments. The taxon name was coined by Josef Meixner (1924). There are currently about 260 named species in this taxon. As is the case for many other taxa, the taxonomic rank of Macrostomida is not very clear. Macrostomidans are small (~0.5 to 5 mm in length), and generally highly transparent microturbellarians, usually round in cross section, and with only the largest forms
13717906
Type (biology)


specimens. The type of a genus or subgenus is a species. The type of a suprageneric taxon (e.g., family, etc.) is a genus. Names higher than superfamily rank do not have types. A "name-bearing type" is a specimen or image that "provides the objective standard of reference whereby the application of the name of a nominal taxon can be determined." Although in reality biologists may examine many specimens (when available) of a new taxon before writing an official published species description,
4362871
Correct name


there are two or more legitimate names for the same taxon (with the same circumscription, position and rank), then the correct name is the one which has priority, i.e. it was published earliest, although names may be conserved if they have been very widely used. Validly published names other than the correct name are called synonyms. Since taxonomists may disagree as to the circumscription, position or rank of a taxon, there can be more than one correct name for a particular plant. These may also be called synonyms.
19338400
Banksia aquilonia


geographically distinct from other infraspecific taxa. They also noted that there were no intermediate plants between what was then known as "B. integrifolia" var. "aquilonia" and other populations of "B. integrifolia". On this basis they would have liked to promote it to species rank, but did not because their inferred phylogeny suggested that this taxon arose from within "B. integrifolia". They were unwilling to render "B. integrifolia" paraphyletic by elevating this taxon to species rank, and they were equally unwilling to elevate all four
21331511
Drosera gigantea


geniculata", that grows to tall in black sandy soils near Perth and to its south. Jan Schlauer disagreed with Marchant and Lowrie's decision to give the new taxon a rank of subspecies and thus published a new combination of the taxon at the rank of variety in a 1996 issue of the "Carnivorous Plant Newsletter". He argued that subspecies should be reserved for those occasions where allopatric, or geographically isolated, speciation occurred and varieties are best used in cases where sympatric speciation is suspected. Others disagree with this assessment,
2758435
Anaspidea


somewhat resemble the ears of a hare. Many older textbooks and websites refer to this suborder as Anaspidea. The original author Paul Henri Fischer described the taxon Anaspidea at unspecified rank above family. In 1925 Johannes Thiele established the taxon Anaspidea as a suborder. Since the taxon Anaspidea was not based on an existing genus, this name is no longer available according to the rules of the ICZN. Anaspidea has been replaced in the new Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005) by the clade Aplysiomorpha. The scientific name
4362472
Phylogenetic nomenclature


rank changed, even if it has precisely the same members (i.e. the same circumscription); and it is logically inconsistent with all taxa being monophyletic. Especially in recent decades (due to advances in phylogenetics), taxonomists have named many "nested" taxa (i.e. taxa which are contained inside other taxa). No system of nomenclature attempts to name every clade; this would be particularly difficult in traditional nomenclature since every named taxon must be given a lower rank than any named taxon in which it is nested, so the
4744916
José Cardona


José Enrique Gutiérrez Cardona (February 27, 1939 - January 30, 2013), more commonly known as "Cardona" or "Indio Cardona" or "Coneja Cardona", was a professional footballer. Cardona was born in Potrerillos, Honduras. In 1957 he was National Football Champion and Top Scorer. A year later, he was transferred to Portuguese club Lusitano. In 1959 he was acquired by Valencia CF but because it had reached its maximum allowance of foreign players, Cardona was lent to Spanish club Elche, who a
22141558
Synonym (taxonomy)


other purposes, if a researcher is interested in consulting or compiling all currently known information regarding a taxon, some of this (including species descriptions, distribution, ecology and more) may well have been published under names now regarded as outdated (i.e., synonyms) and so it is again useful to know a list of historic synonyms which may have been used for a given current (valid) taxon name. Objective synonyms refer to taxa with the same type and same rank (more or less the same taxon, although circumscription
3098374
Joan Ramon I, Count of Cardona


The 2nd Count of Cardona, Joan Ramon I Folc de Cardona (3 January 1375 - 11 April 1441), was a Catalan nobleman in the late Middle Ages. His titles included Count of Cardona and Viscount of Vilamur. Comte de Cardona i vescomte de Vilamur. His parents were Hug I, 1st Count of Cardona, and his wife Beatriu. In 1396 Joan Ramon, heir of Cardona, was one of the magnates who went to Sicily to assist its new king, Martín. The young king soon granted him the
4114892
George Cardona


narrow". This narrow scope, nonetheless, evidently affords Cardona the opportunity to wonder whether Staal thought that Pāṇini "started from scratch" in his composition of the "śivasūtras" (thus, from Cardona's point of view, Staal was ignoring one of Cardona's central theses that Pāṇini was deeply indebted to the Indian grammatical tradition). Staal claims that Cardona has misinterpreted him. He then goes on to dispute, in fact, that there is not so much of a difference between himself and Cardona when it comes to
11843860
World Qualification Series (2009)


18 - Aug 23" 30th Anniversary of the Lacanau Pro and good conditions this year. Surf, concerts, events scheduled. Check out the video for a summary of the event http://vimeo.com/6994555 "Aug 25 - Aug 30" "Sep 01 - Sep 06" "Sep 01 - Sep 06" "Sep 04 - Sep 06" "Sep 09 - Sep 12" "Sep 10 - Sep 13" "Sep 08 - Sep 13" "Sep 15 - Sep 20" "Sep 16 - Sep 22" "Sep
1986943
George Cardona


." Furthermore, Cardona seems to think that Whitney's assumptions inescapably tainted his methodology, hence the disagreement between Staal and Cardona, discussed above. On the other hand, Cardona has looked amiably upon the work of scholars Kielhorn, Renou, and Yudhiṣṭhira Mīmāṃsaka. Scholars other than Staal have criticized Cardona's work, especially in his earlier period. Durbin, for instance, claims that Cardona's "A Gujarati Reference Grammar" inadequately meets the author's own goals of serving 1) as an audio-lingual textbook for students
11843866
George Cardona


his consequent reluctance to break with tradition and adopt modern scholarship. Bhattacharya, wary of criticizing Cardona on matters relating to Pāṇini because of Cardona's distinguished authority, also notes several of Cardona's departures from conventional analyses. This includes, for instance, Cardona's deliberate commitment to the Indian commentarial tradition in its analysis of accent derivation. Cardona's legacy is most felt in the discipline of Indian linguistics where he has exemplified ‒ indeed, championed ‒ an approach that seeks to describe and appreciate the techniques of the Indian grammarians. To
11843876
Prudencio Cardona


Cardona by a ninth round knockout on July 11, 1988, also at San Juan, and Darryl Pinckney, who knocked Cardona out in four rounds on June 27, 1992. The fight with Pinckney turned out to be the last fight boxed by Cardona as a professional. He had also previously lost to Agapito Gómez by a second round disqualification, in Madrid, Spain. Cardona had a professional boxing record of 40 wins, 23 losses and one draw, with 27 wins by knockout. His brother, Ricardo Cardona, was
21222942
List of 1982–83 NBA season transactions


1982 Oct 2, 1982 Oct 1, 1982 Sep 30, 1982 Sep 29, 1982 Sep 28, 1982 Sep 27, 1982 Sep 24, 1982 Sep 22, 1982 Sep 20, 1982 Sep 19, 1982 Sep 18, 1982 Sep 17, 1982 Sep 15, 1982 Sep 14, 1982 Sep 13, 1982 Sep 10, 1982 Sep 9, 1982 Sep 7, 1982 Sep 2, 1982 Sep 1, 1982 Aug 31, 1982 Aug 27, 1982 Aug 26, 1982 Aug 16, 1982 Aug 8,
557049
Abraham Halpern


in Royal Canadian Naval Volunteer Reserve from Sep. 24, 1942 to Nov. 30, 1945 in European, North Atlantic, and Pacific theatres. Rank on discharge: Petty Officer. Served in Royal Canadian Navy, 1953-1957, as follows: Medical Officer, R.C.N. Hospital, Esquimalt, BC, July to Nov., 1953. Medical Officer, H.M.C.S. "Cayuga", Nov., 1953 to Feb., 1955 - Far East (Korea). Medical Officer, R.C.N. Hospital, Cornwallis, NS, Apr., 1955 to Sep.,
12498700
Pedro Folc de Cardona


Pedro Folc de Cardona (died 11 April 1530), an illegitimate son of Joan Ramon Folc de Cardona y de Prades, 3rd Count of Cardona, was bishop of Urgell (1472–1515), president of the Generalitat of Catalonia (1482–85), editor of the "Usatges de Barcelona" (1505), viceroy of Catalonia (1521–23) and archbishop of Tarragona (1515–30). Pedro's half-brother Joan Ramon Folc IV de Cardona y d'Urgell (afterwards 1st Duke of Cardona) was ordered by King John II of
11001489
Francisco de Mendoza


married by proxy (represented by Juan de Zuñiga) María Ruiz de Liori Colón and Cardona, the daughter of Sancho Folch de Cardona, 1st Marquess of Guadalest. Cardona did not have a male heir, so he made one of the provisions of the marriage contract that Mendoza would adopt his wife's surname Cardona, and crest, during the marriage. When Cardona soon after died, Maria inherited the title, and Mendoza became Marquess of Guadelest "de jure uxoris". Cardona had also been "Almirante de Aragón",
11478120
The Murder of Baby Lollipops


2010. Lazaro's father and Cardona’s partner, Fidel Figueroa was a drug dealer and along with Cardona's two other children, the family lived very well off, with numerous indulgences. Cardona was described as living a luxurious life, that surrounded partying and expensive purchases. One month prior to Cardona giving birth to Lazaro, Fidel died – leaving Cardona with very little financially. Cardona blamed her youngest son and Fidel's child, Lazaro, for her sudden fall to poverty. Shortly after Fidel Figueroa’s death, Lazaro lived
13577068
Fernando Ramon Folch, 2nd Duke of Cardona


family, she used the inherited ruling title Juana Folch de Cardona, 4th duchess of Cardona without the customary "Aragon" used by her father, the 2nd duke of Segorbe, her brother, Francisco, the 3rd duke of Segorbe, and by her sisters. Eventually, Juana II, the 4t duchess of Cardona, sometimes described as 5th duchess, counting her brother named as Folch de Aragon but not Folch de Cardona, however, was the successor of Juana I, 3rd duchess of Cardona. She would marry Diego
2757127
Antonio Folc de Cardona y Enriquez


Antonio Folc de Cardona y Enriquez, Viceroy of Sardinia, 1534 - 1549, deceased 1555, was a cadet son of Joan Ramon Folc de Cardona, 1st Duke of Cardona, a.k.a. Joan Ramon Folc IV de Cardona, (1446 - Arbeca, 1513), title awarded in 1482 by Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabel I of Castile, Marquis of Pallars since 1491, title awarded by the same Royal Couple, 5th Count of Cardona till 1482 and "Aldonza Enriquez y Fernandez de Quiñones", Lady of Elche and
14165408
Joan Ramon II, Count of Cardona


The 3rd Count of Cardona, Joan Ramon II Folc de Cardona (14 June 14001471), was a Catalan nobleman in the late Middle Ages. HIs titles included Count of Cardona and Count-consort of Prades, as well as Viscount of Vilamur. 'Juan Ramón Folch de Cardona y Ximenez de Arenós' His parents were Joan Ramon I, 2nd Count of Cardona, and his wife Joana de Gandia. He was born in (circa) 1400. In 1404, he received the Viscountcy of Vilamur from his family.
4114935
Cardona, Rizal


', officially the ', (), is a  in the province of , . According to the , it has a population of people. Cardona is in District 2 of Rizal. With the continuous expansion of Metro Manila, the municipality is now part of Manila's conurbation which reaches Cardona in its easternmost part. Cardona is politically subdivided into 18 barangays, 11 of which are on the mainland and 7 on Talim Island. Mainland Talim Island In the , the population of Cardona, Rizal, was people, with a
5091553
Keith Cardona


Keith Francis Cardona (born November 7, 1992) is an American professional soccer player. Cardona grew up in Glen Rock, New Jersey and played soccer at Glen Rock High School before switching to a club team. Cardona spent time playing with the academy of New York Red Bulls, before attending the University of Maryland in 2011, where he played for two years. While at college and briefly afterwards, Cardona appeared for NPSL side New York Red Bulls U-23. Cardona signed for second-division Austrian side FC Liefering in July
18692055
George Cardona


goes to show how formulating this rule as /#(C)VCəC-VC/ → /#(C)VCCVC/ (where schwa is in a non-initial and unstressed syllable) captures Cardona's examples while accounting (or not accounting, rather) for examples like /rəm-aṛ/: it is no longer an exception to Cardona's rule, but rather simply inapplicable to it. Another criticism of Cardona's work has come from Szemerényi: his review of Cardona's "Haplology in Indo-European" centers primarily on the volume's thinness of "substance", as
11843870
Santos Cardona


Cardona worked at the Army dog kennels. Cardona needed 5 more years of military service in order to gain full retirement benefits, but was unable to re-enlist due to provisions of his conviction for the incidents at Abu-Ghraib prison in Iraq. On September 29, 2007, Cardona left the Army with an Honorable Discharge. After leaving the Army, Santos Cardona worked in Florida for a time as private security for a musician, then also as a motorcycle salesman. With the intention of returning to work as a dog
12254839
Manolo Cardona


Manolo Cardona (born Manuel Julián Cardona Molano April 25, 1977) is a Colombian actor. Cardona was born in Popayán, Cauca, Colombia on April 25, 1977. At the age of seven, Cardona's family gave him "Manolo" as a nickname. This would later be used as his name as an actor. When he was 18, he moved to Cali, Colombia, to finish his studies. Manolo studied finances and international relations. Manolo's mother, Nancy Molano, is a psychologist, merchant and
22047074
Manolo Cardona


years of absence, Cardona returned to work for Telemundo and Argos on the Telemundo soap opera production "Marina", replacing Mauricio Ochmann as Ricardo. The soap opera was filmed in Acapulco, Mexico. On September 27, 2007 Cardona was awarded the "Latin Pride Award" in the Back Bay Events Center in Boston. The award honors the accomplishments of Hispanics of different areas and is a production of the Latin Pride Magazine. Cardona appeared in the 2008 Disney film "Beverly Hills Chihuahua". In 2008, Cardona was in
22047080
Manuel Cardona


Manuel Cardona Castro (7 September 1934 – 2 July 2014) was a physicist. According to the ISI Citations web database, Cardona was one of the eight most cited physicists since 1970. He specialized in solid state physics. Cardona was born in Barcelona, Spain in 1934. After obtaining a Masters in physics in 1955 from University of Barcelona Cardona was awarded a fellowship to work as a graduate student at Harvard University starting in 1956. At Harvard he began investigations of the dielectric properties of semiconductors, in particular germanium and silicon
15429674
Maria Cardona


Maria Cardona (born November 12, 1966) works at the Dewey Square Group and is the founder of Latinovations. Cardona is a Democratic strategist and CNN/CNN en Español political commentator. Maria Teresa Cardona was born in Bogotá, Colombia. She moved to the United States with her family at the age of two and lived in Ohio but shortly after settled in Leesburg, Florida. She is a graduate of Duke University. Cardona spent five years at the United States Department of Commerce, first as Deputy Press Secretary to Secretary
16786493
Shirkers


alongside friends Jasmine Ng and Sophia Siddique, as well as film teacher and mentor Georges Cardona shot the independent film "Shirkers" in Singapore. After wrapping, Tan, Ng, and Siddique left the footage with Cardona as the trio went to study abroad for college. However, Cardona disappeared with the footage and the trio never saw or heard from him again. On September 11, 2011, four years after Cardona’s death in 2007, Cardona’s ex-wife emailed Tan, informing her that she was in possession of
2507588
Cardona Island Light


Cardona Island Light (also known as Faro del Puerto de Ponce or Cayo Cardona Light) is the only 6th order lighthouse in Puerto Rico with a cylindrical attached tower. The light is located on Cardona Island, a small island on the west side of the entrance to the harbor of Ponce, Puerto Rico. It was listed in the U.S. National Register of Historic Places on 22 October 1981. The light is located on a small key, west of Ponce Harbor. Cayo Cardona Light is the western minor light that together with
5590911
René Cardona Jr.


René Cardona Jr. (1939-2003) was a prolific Mexican filmmaker and actor, son of well-known Mexican director René Cardona, and the father of René Cardona III (also an actor and director). Cardona Jr. began by acting in his father's films and then took over his father's craft in the mid-1960s, directing, writing, and producing over a hundred films over the years. He enjoyed some notoriety and success, particularly in the late 1970s, as a result of his "Jaws-"inspired film "Tintorera
672512
Robert D. Cardona


Robert Daniel Cardona (born March 7, 1930) is an American television writer, producer, director and animator. He co-founded Clearwater Features, along with David Mitton, in 1980. Cardona has been based in the United Kingdom for much of his career. His best-known work is with his working partner David Mitton; their productions include "Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends", which Cardona produced until 1986 (the second series), and "Tugs", which ran for 13 episodes. Cardona has
8141304
Taxon


any biological domain, but traditionally it was always used for animals, whereas "Division" was traditionally often used for plants, fungi, etc. A prefix is used to indicate a ranking of lesser importance. The prefix "super-" indicates a rank above, the prefix "sub-" indicates a rank below. In zoology the prefix "infra-" indicates a rank below "sub-". For instance, among the additional ranks of class are superclass, subclass and infraclass. Rank is relative, and restricted to a particular
20416053
Enrique de Cardona y Enríquez


Enrique de Cardona y Enríquez (1485–1530) was a Spanish Roman Catholic cardinal and bishop. Enrique de Cardona y Enríquez was born in the County of Urgell in 1485, the son of Juan Folch de Cardona y Urgel, Duke of Cardona, and Aldonza Domínguez. He began his career as a cleric in Urgell. In 1505, Ferdinand II of Aragon wanted to promote him to the see of Barcelona; he therefore forced archdeacon Luís Desplá, who had been elected by the cathedral chapter of Barcelona Cathedral, to retire. The
10539968
George Cardona


expediency. Other scholars hold the view ‒ which Cardona rejects outright as uncritical ‒ that Western grammatical terms on concepts can be directly imposed onto Indian ones. This approach seems to hold in light of the view that, long ago, Indian grammarians anticipated modern developments in Western linguistics. Cardona has dismissed this kind of historical precursorism. Regier and Wallace (1991) observe Cardona's ire against Whitney and Goldstücker; for the former in particular, Cardona has criticized Whitney for his "linguistic prejudice" and "more than a little arrogance
11843865
Margarita de Cardona


Margarita de Cardona (1535–1581), was a Spanish court official. She was a lady-in-waiting to the Holy Roman Empress Maria of Habsburg between 1548 and 1581. She had an influential position in the court of the Empress, and her correspondence with her spouse and daughter Anna von Dietrichstein, gives valuable documentation about the politics of a royal household and its members. Margarita de Cardona was the daughter of the Spanish noble Antonio de Cardona and Maria de Requesens (d. 1577). Margarita de Cardona was appointed maid
12599650
Prudencio Cardona


at Barranquilla. Ibarra and Cardona had an immediate rematch, on February 17, 1979, in Colón, Panama, with Ibarra avenging his loss to Cardona by a ten round decision. On June 15 of that year, Cardona made his Asian debut, losing to future world champion Seung-Hoon Lee by a ten round decision in South Korea. Cardona, however, won nine of his next ten fights by knockout, including victories over Hector Patri, Steve Whitstone and Olympic bronze medalist Orlando Maldonado of Puerto Rico. These nine
21222937
Prudencio Cardona


four of his next five bouts, the exception being a ten round draw (tie), against Soon-Jung Kang on April 2, 1983 in South Korea. On September 15, 1984, Cardona had a chance to become world Flyweight champion for the second time, when he faced WBA world champion Santos Laciar in Argentina. Laciar defeated Cardona by a tenth round knockout. This was the last world title fight of Cardona's career. Cardona's career then began to take backwards turns, winning three and losing two of
21222939
Mark Cardona


Mark Reynan Mikesell Cardona (born November 13, 1981) is a Filipino professional basketball player for the San Juan Knights of the Maharlika Pilipinas Basketball League (MPBL). He last played for the GlobalPort Batang Pier of the Philippine Basketball Association (PBA). Cardona was born on November 13, 1981 at Mandaluyong, Metro Manila to Reynaldo Cardona and Griselda. The youngest of five children, Cardona got his elementary education from various schools, which include NAMEI Polytechnic Institute, Jose Rizal College, Isaac Lopez Elementary School, and a
9596230
Validly published name


a particular taxon and rank. Nevertheless, invalid names ("nomen invalidum", "nom. inval.") are sometimes in use. This may occur when a taxonomist finds and recognises a taxon and thinks of a name, but delays publishing it in an adequate manner. A common reason for this is that a taxonomist intends to write a "magnum opus" that provides an overview of the group, rather than a series of small papers. Another reason is that the code of nomenclature changes with time, and
14663024
Aromobatidae


The Aromobatidae are a family of frogs native to Central and South America. They are sometimes referred to as cryptic forest frogs. They are the sister taxon of the Dendrobatidae, the poison dart frogs, but are not as toxic as most dendrobatids are. The Aromobatidae were separated from the Dendrobatidae only in 2006, and some sources continue to treat these frogs as part of the Dendrobatidae. However, their position as the sister taxon is well supported, and the question is primarily about whether they should be ranked as a family or
17636105
Ozimops


30. The variation to this is the loss of a tooth in mature individuals, the upper anterior premolar, at one or both sides of the jaw. The taxon was first published as subgenus of "Mormopterus" in 2014, separating Australian groups whose diversity was reviewed and described as new species. The content of the new taxon was established or formerly cryptic taxa of Indo-Papuan species and a centre of diversity at the Australian mainland. This was elevated to the rank of genus in 2015. The arrangement of the genus
2029365
Taxon


coined a century before from the Greek components "τάξις" (taxis, meaning arrangement) and "-νομία" (-nomia meaning method). For plants, it was proposed by Herman Johannes Lam in 1948, and it was adopted at the VII International Botanical Congress, held in 1950. The Glossary of the "International Code of Zoological Nomenclature" (1999) defines a A taxon can be assigned a taxonomic rank, usually (but not necessarily) when it is given a formal name. "Phylum" applies formally to
20416052
Autonym (botany)


belonged to the species (and are not included in the newly described taxon) now become a new infraspecific taxon. But as neither the type nor the final epithet has changed, there is no need for a change in author citation. The same goes for a subdivision of a genus. If a botanist creates a new subdivision of a genus, for example by dividing a large genus into two or more subgenera, sections, or series, then a new subdivision of the genus at each of the new ranks will share the
20983137
Monera


Monera () (Greek - μονήρης (monḗrēs), "single", "solitary") is a kingdom that contains unicellular organisms with a prokaryotic cell organization (having no nuclear membrane), such as bacteria. They are single-celled organisms with no true nuclear membrane (prokaryotic organisms). The taxon Monera was first proposed as a phylum by Ernst Haeckel in 1866. Subsequently, the phylum was elevated to the rank of kingdom in 1925 by Édouard Chatton. The last commonly accepted mega-classification with the taxon
5726713
September 1941 lunar eclipse


A partial lunar eclipse took place on Friday, September 5, 1941. It was a shallow partial lunar eclipse, with less than 10% of the Moon covered in Earth's shadow. Aug 31, 1941 = Sunday Sep 1, 1941 = Monday Sep 2, 1941 = Tuesday Sep 3, 1941 = Wednesday Sep 4, 1941 = Thursday Sep 5, 1941 = Friday Sep 6, 1941 = Saturday Sep 7, 1941 = Sunday Sep 8, 1941 = Monday Sep 9, 1941 = Tuesday Sep 10, 1941
5363349
Antonio Fernández de Córdoba y Cardona


, he was visited by the Flemish painter Peter Paul Rubens. Fernandez de Córdoba married Juana de Córdoba Cardona y Aragón in Torà, Catalunya, on 19 June 1578. She was the eldest daughter of Diego Fernández de Córdoba, 3rd marquis of Comares, Governor General of Oran and Mazalquivir. Her mother was Juana Folch de Cardona, 4th Duke of Cardona, countess of Ampurias, countess of Prades, marchioness of Pallars. Juana de Córdoba Cardona y Aragón died in 1634. Antonio died, aged 55, in Valladolid, Spain
16982314
Fernando Ramon Folch, 2nd Duke of Cardona


been married in Segorbe, 1516, to Alfonso de Aragon, 2nd duke of Segorbe, (1489–1563), a.k.a. Alfonso de Aragon y Portugal. The couple had one son, Francisco, later Francisco de Aragón, 3rd duke of Segorbe, a.k.a. Francisco de Aragon y Folch de Cardona and 4th duke of Cardona, as well as four daughters, who used their family names as "Aragon y Folch de Cardona". The eldest daughter was called Juana like her mother; as a token of remembrance of the Cardona
2757126
Joan Ramon I, Count of Cardona


Ramon I was married to a young lady from the Royal House, by name Joana de Arago de Gandia, in 1391. She was daughter of Alfons, Duke of Gandia and his wife Violant de Arenos. Countess Joana died in 1419. Their adult children were: Joan Ramon II (1400-1471), his successor as Count of Cardona Hug de Cardona i Gandia (1405-1470) Joana de Cardona Jaume de Cardona i de Gandia (1405-1466), bishop of Vic (1445-1459) and
4114897
Edwin Cardona


Argentine club River Plate, he was amongst the best players of the tournament even earning the best young player award. That same year, Cardona was included in Star XI of the Americas. On 16 December 2014, Cardona signed for Liga MX club Monterrey alongside compatriots Alexander Mejía and  Yimmi Chará. On 18 January 2015, Cardona scored his first goal for "Los Rayados", netting against Pachuca for the 2014 Clausura. His first brace would come on 7 March against Toluca. Cardona scored his second brace on 16 August 2015
6946220
Tatuidris


of the tribe has been the focus of debate. Bolton (2003) was the first to suggest the taxonomic instability of "Tatuidris" within Myrmicinae and raised the genus to the level of a new subfamily, the Agroecomyrmecinae, suggesting that Agroecomyrmecinae might be the sister taxon to Myrmicinae. The subfamily rank was re-assessed by Baroni Urbani & de Andrade in 2007, this was the first attempt to include "Tatuidris" as a terminal taxon in a morphological cladistic analysis. In their study, Baroni Urbani & de Andrade identified
21404594
Enrique de Aragón Folc de Cardona y Córdoba


Enrique de Aragón Folc de Cardona y Córdoba (Lucena, 12 August 1588 – Perpignan, 22 July 1640), was 5th Duke of Segorbe, 6th Duke of Cardona and Viceroy of Catalonia. He was son of Luis Ramón de Aragón Folc de Cardona y Córdoba (died 1596), count of Prades, and Ana Enríquez de Cabrera (died 1607). He inherited the titles of Duke of Segorbe and Duke of Cardona in 1608, after the death of his grandmother Juana de Aragón y Cardona.br He was a Knight and
19823650
Prudencio Cardona


Prudencio Cardona (born December 22, 1951 in San Basilio de Palenque, Colombia) is a former professional boxer who was world flyweight champion. He represented his native country at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany. Prudencio Cardona made his professional boxing debut on November 2, 1973 defeating Luis Ramos by a four round decision in Barranquilla, Colombia. Twenty two days later, Cardona earned his first knockout win, knocking out Humberto Ortega in four rounds at Barranquilla. Cardona's first seven fights were in Barranquilla; he
21222934
Correct name


In botany, the correct name according to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN) is the one and only botanical name that is to be used for a particular taxon, when that taxon has a particular circumscription, position and rank. Determining whether a name is correct is a complex procedure. The name must be validly published, a process which is defined in no less than 16 Articles of the ICN. It must also be "legitimate", which imposes some further requirements. If
19338399
Abelisauridae


. Abelisauridae is a family in rank-based Linnaean taxonomy, within the infraorder Ceratosauria and the superfamily Abelisauroidea, which also contains the family Noasauridae. It has had several definitions in phylogenetic taxonomy. It was originally defined as a node-based taxon including "Abelisaurus", "Carnotaurus", their common ancestor, and all of its descendants. Later, it was redefined as a stem-based taxon, including all animals more closely related to "Abelisaurus" (or the more complete "Carnotaurus") than to "
19559613
Gleicheniaceae


-shaped hairs. There is some dispute about ranking these ferns. They are typically placed in the order Gleicheniales. They may alternatively be considered a subclass Gleicheniatae or class Gleichenopsida, so that a distinct taxon can be established for the leptosporangiate ferns. In this case, the Gleicheniaceae are upranked to an order and receive the name Gleicheniales. Irrespective of their modern taxonomic treatment, the Gleicheniaceae were formerly included in the order Polypodiales. But the ferns in the loose sense are much too diverse a group to be shoehorned into one taxon
4344486
Taxonomic rank


by the nomenclature codes. There are seven main taxonomic ranks: kingdom, phylum or division, class, order, family, genus, species. In addition, "domain" (proposed by Carl Woese) is now widely used as a fundamental rank, although it is not mentioned in any of the nomenclature codes, and is a synonym for dominion (lat. dominium), introduced by Moore in 1974. A taxon is usually assigned a rank when it is given its formal name. The basic ranks are species and
17667700
Taxonomic rank


In biological classification, taxonomic rank is the relative level of a group of organisms (a taxon) in a taxonomic hierarchy. Examples of taxonomic ranks are species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain, etc. A given rank subsumes under it less general categories, that is, more specific descriptions of life forms. Above it, each rank is classified within more general categories of organisms and groups of organisms related to each other through inheritance of traits or features from common ancestors. The rank
17667696
Taxonomic rank


nuclei in the domain Eukarya. The "International Code of Zoological Nomenclature" defines "rank" as: "The level, for nomenclatural purposes, of a taxon in a taxonomic hierarchy (e.g. all families are for nomenclatural purposes at the same rank, which lies between superfamily and subfamily)." In his landmark publications, such as the "Systema Naturae", Carl Linnaeus used a ranking scale limited to: kingdom, class, order, genus, species, and one rank below species. Today, nomenclature is regulated
17667699
Sorbeoconcha


Sorbeoconcha is a taxonomic clade of snails, i.e. gastropods, mainly marine species with gills and opercula, within the clade Caenogastropoda. The taxon Sorbeoconcha was named by Winston Ponder and David R. Lindberg in 1997. According to the older taxonomy by Ponder and Lindberg the suborders within the order Sorbeoconcha are: In the taxonomy by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005), the clade Sorbeoconcha was declared a taxon of unspecified rank, within the clade Caenogastropoda. It comprises the superfamily Cerithioidea, the superfamily Campaniloidea, the informal group Ptenoglossa and the clade
13363551
Stomatellinae


Stomatellinae is a subfamily of small sea snails with a brilliantly nacreous interior of the shell, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Trochidae, the top snails. In the earlier classification used in the Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, the Stomatellidae was included in the Archaeogastropoda, however, this taxon is now largely abandoned in favor of the more recently defined Vetigastropoda. According to Bouchet & Rocroi (2005), Williams et al. (2008) and Williams et al. (2010) this taxon underwent a rank change from family Stomatellidae to
2477997
Church of Sant Vicenç


The Church of Sant Vicenç of Cardona () is a Lombard Romanesque church in Cardona, Catalonia, Spain. It was built between the years 1019 and 1040, and is located in the center of the Castle of Cardona. The church has its origins in the chapel of the Castle of Cardona, which was property of House of the Viscounts of Osona. (The family later took their name from this castle.) This first church was documented in 980, and was protected under the patronage of the viscounts. During the
7861890
Rhinonycteridae


in 2014. The affinities within the families Hipposideridae and Rhinolophidae are sometimes found to be contrary in morphological and molecular analyses, yet resolving the phylogeny of these speciose and poorly defined groups has implication in several areas of research. The synonymy includes earlier combinations that elevated the rank through subtribe, tribe then subfamily. The taxon Triaenopini Benda & Vallo, 2009 was also reduced to a synonym for this family by the authors of the 2014 revision that elevated this taxon. The hipposiderid and rhinolophid bats are of especial interest to research into potential
1208236
La Gomera giant lizard


to be controlled. In his scientific description, the German zoologist R. Hutterer referred the subfossil remains from La Gomera to two subspecies of "Gallotia simonyi" with the differences being size related. He named these "Gallotia simonyi bravoana" and "Gallotia simonyi gomerana". Bischoff (1998) synonymized them to a single taxon. Barbadillo "et al." (1999) decided for "bravoana" when they elevated the taxon to species rank. Nogales "et al." (2001) concurred as regards species status,
14733429
Orange-spotted trevally


a /j/ sound; Forsskål used this technique to name a number of Red Sea fish species. Forsskål at first gave the new taxon subspecies status as "Scomber ferdau bajad", relating it to the mackerels, and especially "Scomber ferdau", which would later also be transferred to "Carangoides". The taxon was later given a species rank, becoming "Scomber bajad", then "Caranx bajad", before being transferred to its current position as "Carangoides bajad". The species was also independently renamed three times
15301652
Drosera subg. Lasiocephala


monograph of the family and recognizing this taxon as a series under section "Rossolis". In 1996, taxonomist Jan Schlauer argued for the recognition of this taxon at the rank of subgenus, noting that these closely related species share many affinities with subgenus "Drosera" but are different enough to warrant subgeneric status. All species in this subgenus are native to northern Australia except for "D. petiolaris", which is more widely distributed to as far as New Guinea. The plants in this subgenus or "petiolaris"-complex mostly look like variations
19625002
Synonym (taxonomy)


Given that the correct name of a taxon depends on the taxonomic viewpoint used (resulting in a particular circumscription, position and rank) a name that is one taxonomist's synonym may be another taxonomist's correct name (and "vice versa"). Synonyms may arise whenever the same taxon is described and named more than once, independently. They may also arise when existing taxa are changed, as when two taxa are joined to become one, a species is moved to a different genus, a variety is moved to a
3098366
Name-bearing type


for example, the Central American rodent tribe Nyctomyini has "Nyctomys" as its type genus and its name consists of the stem of the type genus, Nyctomy-, and the appropriate ending for a tribe, -ini. "Genus group" ranks consist of the genus and subgenus. The name-bearing type for a genus-group taxon is the type species, which must be one of the species included when that taxon ("genus" hereafter for brevity) was first formally named or, when no species were included when
5809723
Botanical name


names may also have an extra component, bringing a maximum of four parts: A botanical name in three parts, i.e., an infraspecific name (a name for a taxon below the rank of species) needs a "connecting term" to indicate rank. In the "Calystegia" example above, this is "subsp.", for subspecies. In botany there are many ranks below that of species (in zoology there is only one such rank, subspecies, so that this "connecting term" is not used in
6449289
Castle of Cardona


The Castle of Cardona (, ) is arguably the most important medieval fortress in Catalonia and one of the most important in Spain. It is situated on a hill overlooking the river valley of the Cardener and the town of Cardona. The fortress was initially constructed by Wilfred the Hairy in 886. It is in both the Romanesque and Gothic styles, and includes the so-called "Sala Dorada" and "Sala dels Entresols". During the 14th century, the dukes of Cardona came from the most important family of the
5963525
George Cardona


". Harald Millonig, for instance, appraises Cardona's study of the "śivasūtras" as more or less comprehensive, but ultimately deficient in its attention to detail, particularly with regard to the relationships between the text and the "pratyāhāra-sūtras". Staal offers an even more critical review: he argues, first of all, that Cardona's explication of the "śivasūtras" is not especially imbued with originality. Nonetheless, Staal credits Cardona for a more explicit formulation of Pāṇinian economy. This explicit formulation, according to
11843851