Hedwig of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel [SEP] place of burial
Hedwig of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel


Hedwig of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (9 February 1595 in Wolfenbüttel – 26 June 1650 in Szczecinek), was a princess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel by birth and the Duchess of Pomerania by marriage. Hedwig was a daughter of Henry Julius, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1564–1613) from his second marriage with Elisabeth of Denmark, the eldest daughter of King Frederick II of Denmark. Hedwig was a sister of Christian the Younger of Brunswick, "the mad Bishop of Halberstadt". Hedwig married on 7 February 1619 in Wolfenbüttel to Ulrich
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Dorothea Hedwig of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel


Dorothea Hedwig of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (3 February 1587, Wolfenbüttel – 16 October 1609, Zerbst) was a princess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel by birth and by marriage Princess of Anhalt-Zerbst. Dorothea Hedwig was the eldest child of the Duke Henry Julius of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (1564–1613) from his first marriage with Dorothea (1563–1587), daughter of the Elector August of Saxony (1526–1586). Her birth caused the death of her mother. Dorothea Hedwig married on 29 December 1605 in Wolfenbüttel to Prince Rudolf von Anhalt-
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Sophie Hedwig of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel


Sophie or Sophia Hedwig of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (1 December 1561 at Hessen Castle – 30 January 1631 in Loitz) was a princess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel by birth and by marriage a Duchess of Pomerania-Wolgast. Sophia Hedwig was the eldest child of the Duke Julius of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (1528-1589) from his marriage to Hedwig (1540-1602), the daughter of Elector Joachim II of Brandenburg. Her parents provided her with a comprehensive and thorough education and started marriage negotiations when she was young. She
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Sophia Hedwig of Brunswick-Lüneburg


Sophie Hedwig of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (13 June 1592 in Wolfenbüttel – 13 January 1642 in Arnhem), was a Duchess of Brunswick and Lüneburg by birth and by marriage a Countess of Nassau-Dietz. Sophia was the daughter of Duke Henry Julius of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (1564–1613) and his second wife Princess Elisabeth of Denmark (1573–1625), the eldest daughter of King Frederick II of Denmark. Sophia took up residence at widow seat, the Countly Castle at Diez, and managed to minimize damage caused during the Thirty Years
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Hedwig of Brandenburg, Duchess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel


Hedwig of Brandenburg (23 February 1540 – 21 October 1602), a member of the Hohenzollern dynasty, was Duchess of Brunswick-Lüneburg and Princess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel from 1568 to 1589, by her marriage with the Welf duke Julius. Born at the City Palace in Cölln (today part of Berlin), Hedwig was a younger daughter of Elector Joachim II Hector of Brandenburg (1505–1571) from his second marriage with Hedwig Jagiellon (1513–1573), a daughter of King Sigismund I of Poland. Her elder sister Elizabeth Magdalena
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Elisabeth of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (1567–1618)


Elisabeth of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (23 February 1567 at Hessen Castle in Hessen – 24 October 1618 in Otterndorf) was a German noblewoman. She was princess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel by birth and by her first marriage Countess of Holstein-Schauenburg and then by her second marriage Duchess of Brunswick-Harburg. Elisabeth was a daughter of Duke Julius of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (1528-1589) from his marriage with Hedwig (1540-1602), a daughter of Elector Joachim II of Brandenburg. In 1568, Gandersheim Abbey turned Protestant
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Maria of Brunswick-Lüneburg


Maria of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (born: 13 January 1566 in Schladen; died: 13 August 1626 in Lauenburg) was a princess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel by birth and by marriage Duchess of Saxe-Lauenburg. Mary was a daughter of the Duke Julius of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (1528–1589) from his marriage to Hedwig (1540–1602), daughter of the Elector Joachim II of Brandenburg. She married on 10 November 1582 at Wolfenbüttel with Duke Francis II of Saxe-Lauenburg (1547–1619). She was his second wife. She
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Dorothea of Anhalt-Zerbst


Dorothea von Anhalt-Zerbst (25 September 1607, Zerbst – 26 September 1634, Hitzacker) was a member of the House of Askanier and a princess of Anhalt-Zerbst and by marriage Duchess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. Dorothea was the daughter of Prince Rudolf of Anhalt-Zerbst (1576–1621) from his first marriage to Dorothea Hedwig (1587–1609), daughter of the Duke Henry Julius of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. On 26 October 1623 she married in Zerbst with Duke August the Younger of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (1579–1666). This
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Ulrich, Duke of Pomerania


was buried in the castle church in Stettin. The historian Martin Wehrmann (1861-1937) described Ulrich as a "fresh, young man, who had kept a benign happiness with his wife at his court in Koszalin". Ulrich married in 1619 in Wolfenbüttel with Hedwig of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (1595-1650). The marriage remained childless. After Ulrich's death, Duchess Hedwig resided as a widow in Neustettin. There, she founded a gymnasium in 1640, which was later named "Hedwig's gymnasium",
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Hedwig of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel


for another 28 years. She retained the elaborate court she had grown used to in Wolfenbüttel and Cammin. In 1649, het household numbered 65 people. She wore mourning clothes for the rest of her life, and devoted herself to charity. She organized the poor relief and made considerable donations to the local church. Hedwig was described as brave, beautiful and wise. She was a talented lute player and hymn author. She probably wrote the well-known . During her lifetime, almost all of her siblings died, the
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Hedwig of Brandenburg, Duchess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel


was married to Duke Francis Otto of Brunswick-Lüneburg in 1559; however, her husband died in the same year. One year later, on 25 February 1560, Hedwig was married in Cölln on the Spree river to the Welf prince Julius of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1528–1589). The couple had met at the Küstrin court of Margrave John of Brandenburg, where Julius had fled from his wayward father, Duke Henry V After Julius had reconciled with his father, who had agreed only reluctantly to the marriage of his son with
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Hedwig of Brandenburg, Duchess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel


a Protestant princess, the couple received the castles of Hessen and Schladen as residences. As Julius's elder brothers had been killed in the 1553 Battle of Sievershausen, Duke Henry V was alleged to have appeared at Hessen Castle and let himself into the room of his daughter-in-law, took her newborn son Henry Julius from the cradle and exclaimed: "You'll now have to be my beloved son!". In 1568 Julius succeeded his father as ruling Prince of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. He turned out to be
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Hedwig of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel


book on Evangelical education. In 1640, she founded a school, which was later named after her: the "Princess Hedwig School". She left her money to a foundation, on the condition that the school continued to exist in Szczecinek, which made later attempts to move the school to another town impossible. In 1642, Hedwig was wounded during a raid by the Polish noblemen Bartholomew Tarno from Strączno, Pipilowski from Czarnków and voivode Melchior Weiher of Chełmno. The attempt to take her hostage was probably related to her negotiations
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Brunswick Cathedral


and 1240. The cathedral was consecrated on December 29, 1226, dedicated to Saints Blaise, John the Baptist and Thomas Becket. In 1543, at the time of the Protestant Reformation, the City of Brunswick, in opposition to Duke Henry V of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, joined the Schmalkaldic League, and the church came into Lutheran use. Its college was dissolved. The cathedral is also the burial place of Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor (1175/76-1218) and Caroline of Brunswick, Queen Consort of George IV of
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Henry Julius, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg


Henry Julius (; 15 October 1564 – 30 July 1613), a member of the House of Welf, was Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and ruling Prince of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel from 1589 until his death. He also served as administrator of the Prince-Bishopric of Halberstadt from 1566 and of the Prince-Bishopric of Minden between 1582 and 1585. Henry Julius was born in Hessen am Fallstein as the eldest son of Duke Julius of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1528–1589) and his wife Hedwig of Brandenburg (1540–1602), at the
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Augusta Dorothea, Abbess of Gandersheim


in law, Princess Augusta of Great Britain, condemned Augusta as well as her sister Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Crown Princess of Prussia, who had been imprisoned for adultery, for their love life. Hedwig Elisabeth Charlotte of Holstein-Gottorp described her at the time of her visit to Brunswick in 1799 as "full of wit and energy and very amusing". In 1802, Gandersheim became annexed by Brunswick during the secularization of the clerical states in Germany, but she kept her title. When Brunswick was captured by
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Sophie Hedwig of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel


Amtshauptmann" was present, as were a treasurer, a comptroller, a "Hofmeister", a governess, a lady-in-waiting and several chamber staff, kitchen staff, cellar staff and stable hands. Sophia Hedwig was described as interested in economic processes, but also as wasteful and overbearing. She is considered one of the more influential duchesses in Pomerania. Her son survived her by nearly six years; he died in the turmoil of the Thirty Years' War. The war delayed her funeral by almost two years
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Sophie Hedwig of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel


married as a 16-year-old on 20 October 1577 in Wolgast to Duke Ernst Ludwig of Pommern-Wolgast (1545-1592). Her father sent Lutheran theologicians to the court at Wolgast, who tried to move the court to accept the Formula of Concord as the authoritative formulation of the Lutheran creed. The court did not accept this formula. Ernst Ludwig ordered structural changes to Wolgast Castle, replacing the medieval northeast wing by a new residential wing. Like her mother, Sophia Hedwig was described as high spirited. She took
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Sophie Hedwig of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel


Her children moved with her to her widow seat at Loitz. She wrote a hymn to commemorate her husband's death. It was published by Ambrosius Lobwasser. Between 1597 and 1601, she accompanied her son, who was introduced into the business of government by his guardian and regent Duke Bogislaw XIII. During her husband's lifetime, Sophia Hedwig had rebuilt the castle at Loitz as a renaissance château. After his death, she embellished it further. She also remodeled and extended the St. Mary's Church in Loitz. The château
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Ernst Ludwig, Duke of Pomerania


the modern Vorpommern-Greifswald district carry his name: Near Wolgast, he founded Groß Ernsthof, and on the shore of the Bay of Greifswald he built the residence of Ludwigsburg in 1580, which he gave to his wife on 16 August 1586. Ernst Ludwig married in 1577 with Sophia Hedwig, daughter of the Duke Julius of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. Sophia Hedwig survived her husband almost four decades. She died in 1631 in Loitz and was buried, like her husband in the St. Peter's Church, in Wolgast. The marriage
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Karl Georg August, Hereditary Prince of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel


during the Dutch rebellion in 1787. The wedding was conducted 14 October 1790 in The Hague, and the couple settled in Brunswick. He was born mentally restricted as well as blind, and Louise was reportedly more of a nurse than a spouse to him, who was described as totally dependent of her. In 1791, she commented in a letter in which she expressed no lamentation about the fact that her marriage was childless and rather seemed pleased with it. The Swedish Princess Hedwig Elizabeth Charlotte described him, as well as his
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Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg


from which sprang the de facto Kingdom of Hanover, a Kingdom which was declared a usurpation by the head of house, Charles II of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, in his edict of May 10, 1827. In 1866 Prussia annexed the territories and refused to recognize the Kingdom of Hanover. Prince Charles II of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel protested the violent annexation from his places of exile in Paris, as well as Geneva Switzerland, signed and sealed the 12th of April 1873. In 1432 the estates gained by the Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
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Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel


Albert II — were princes of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel-Bevern. In 1735 Ferdinand Albert II took over the Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, the subordinate principality returning to the overarching Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. According to Bornstedt serfdom in the state was abolished with the "Recess of 17 May 1433" by Henry the Peaceful. According to Bornstedt, Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel was therefore the first principality in the Holy Roman Empire to do away with feudalism. The recess laid down that all arbitrariness ("Willkür") in the levies
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List of rulers of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel


The Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel was a principality within the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg, whose history was characterised by numerous divisions and reunifications. Various dynastic lines of the House of Welf ruled Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel until the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806. As a result of the Vienna Congress, its successor state, the Duchy of Brunswick, was created in 1814. The following is a list of all the reigning princes of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. Note that, in addition to being titled "Prince of Brunswick-
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Clara of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel


Clara of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (16 November 1532 in Wolfenbüttel – 23 November 1595 at Herzberg Castle), was a princess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel by birth. She was abbess of the secular Gandersheim Abbey and later Duchess of Brunswick-Grubenhagen by marriage. Clara was the youngest daughter of the Duke Henry II of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (1489–1568) from his first marriage with Maria (1496–1541), daughter of the Earl Henry of Württemberg. At the urging of her father, Clara was elected abbess of Gandersheim Abbey after the death
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Princess Antoinette of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel


Antoinette of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (Antoinette Amalie; 14 April 1696 – 6 March 1762) was a Duchess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel by marriage to Ferdinand Albert II of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. She was the mother of the Queen of Prussia, the Duchess of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld and the Queen of Denmark and Norway. Antoinette was the youngest of four daughters born to Louis Rudolph of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel and his wife Princess Christine Louise of Oettingen-Oettingen. Her older sister was Elisabeth Christine, mother of Empress Maria Theresa.
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Frederick William, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel


Frederick William, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (; 9 October 1771 – 16 June 1815) was a German prince and Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and Oels. Nicknamed "The Black Duke", he was a military officer who led the Black Brunswickers against French domination in Germany. He briefly ruled the state of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel from 1806 to 1807 and again from 1813 to 1815. Prince Frederick William of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel was born in Braunschweig as the fourth son of Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (on
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William James Müller


his work was in great demand; leading to the production of a considerable number of fakes. A biography by Nathaniel Neal Solly was published in 1875. Muller is buried in the Unitarian burial ground, Brunswick Cemetery, off Brunswick Square, Bristol. His grave is marked by a simple polished black stone slab inscribed "Sacred to the memory of William James Muller who died Sep 8th 1845 Aged 35 years". His age, as given in the inscription is contrary to the burial records which record it as 33. The current
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Frederick Augustus, Prince of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel-Oels


Frederick Augustus of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel (29 October 1740, Wolfenbüttel – 8 October 1805, Eisenach) was a German nobleman and Prussian general. A prince of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel and thus one of the Dukes of Brunswick-Lüneburg, in 1792 he was granted the Duchy of Oels and the Duchy of Bernstadt and thus also became the ruling duke of these duchies. One of thirteen children of Charles I, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel and his wife Princess Philippine Charlotte of Prussia, in 1754 he became a captain in the Brunswick
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Catherine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Margravine of Brandenburg-Küstrin


Catherine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (1518, Wolfenbüttel – 16 May 1574, Krosno Odrzańskie) was a Princess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel by birth and by marriage Margravine of Brandenburg-Küstrin. Catherine was a daughter of the Duke Henry V of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1489–1568) from his first marriage to Maria of Württemberg (1496–1541), daughter of Count Henry of Württemberg. She married on 11 November 1537 in Wolfenbüttel Margrave John of Brandenburg-Küstrin (1513–1571). Catherine was instrumental in the spread of the Reformation in the Margraviate
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Eleanor of Anhalt-Zerbst


Eleonore of Anhalt-Zerbst (10 November 1608, in Zerbst – 2 November 1681, in Østerholm Castle, Als) was a member of the House of Ascania and a princess of Anhalt-Zerbst by birth and by marriage Duchess of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Norburg. Eleanor was a daughter of Prince Rudolph of Anhalt-Zerbst (1576-1621) from his first marriage to Dorothea Hedwig (1587-1609), daughter of Duke Heinrich Julius of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. She married on 15 February 1632 in Norburg
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Sophie Hedwig of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel


care of the poor and the needy and was not deterred by a plague epidemic. Ernst Ludwig died in 1592, after 15 years of marriage. In addition to her jointure, the castle and district of Loitz, he left her Ludwigsburg estate near Greifswald, which he had already given to her in 1586, and the Jamitsow estate at the Peenestrom. She soon swapped the latter for the Zerpenzyn estate, opposite the city of Loitz. She change the name Zerpenzyn to Sophienhof ("Sophie's Court") in 1594.
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Elisabeth of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Duchess of Saxe-Altenburg


Elisabeth of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (23 June 1593, Wolfenbüttel – 25 March 1650, Altenburg) was a princess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel and by marriage Duchess of Saxe-Altenburg. Elisabeth was the daughter of Duke Henry Julius of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (1564–1613) from his second marriage with Elizabeth (1573–1625), eldest daughter of King Frederick II of Denmark. Elisabeth married first on 1 January 1612 in Dresden, to Duke August of Saxony (1589–1615), the administrator of the diocese of Naumburg. August suddenly died at the
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Battle of Halberstadt


The Battle of Halberstadt took place on 29 and 30 July 1809 at Halberstadt in the Kingdom of Westphalia, during the War of the Fifth Coalition. A Westphalian infantry force attempted to halt the Black Brunswickers under Frederick William, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel who were heading for North Sea coast. However, the Brunswickers surprised the Westphalians by a rapid advance and defeated them inside the town. Frederick William, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel lost his father in battle and his duchy to Napoleon Bonaparte who incorporated it in his Kingdom of Westphalia
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Charles I, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel


Charles (German: "Karl"; 1 August 1713, Braunschweig – 26 March 1780, Braunschweig), Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (Bevern line), reigned as Prince of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel from 1735 until his death. Charles was the eldest son of Ferdinand Albert II, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. He fought under Prince Eugene of Savoy against the Ottoman Empire before inheriting the Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel from his father in 1735. On the suggestion of his court-preacher, Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Jerusalem, in
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Hedwig of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel


, Duke of Pomerania (1589-1622), Bishop of Cammin. The wedding feast was very costly; it was attended by 16 ruling princes. The marriage lasted only three years and remained childless. Ulrich died at the age of 33 as a result of his heavy drinking. Among the Duchess's entourage was Christopher of Hoym, who would later become Marshal of the last Duke of Pomerania, Bogislaw XIV. After her husband's death, she moved to her widow seat in Szczecinek, where she lived in the castle
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Sophie Hedwig of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel


has since been demolished and no trace of it remains. Some of her contributions to the church, however, are still there, among them the ducal seats, a double portrait of herself and her husband, and numerous coats of arms of their ancestors. Her husband also gave her an estate in Dersin near Loissin, where she built a castle named "Schloss Ludwigsburg", after her husband. Loitz and Ludwigsburg remained her dowager residences until her death. When the inventory of her court was taken in 1593, an "
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Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg


from two to five. In 1269 the Principality of Brunswick was formed following the first division of the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg. In 1432, as a result of increasing tensions with the townsfolk of Brunswick, the Brunswick Line moved their "Residence" to Wolfenbüttel, into the water castle, which was expanded into a "Schloss", whilst the town was developed into a royal seat. The name Wolfenbüttel was given to this principality. From 1546 Wolfenbüttel became the residence of the senior prince of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Henry
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House of Welf


had taken their final form as the Electorate of Hanover and the Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, and these would become the Kingdom of Hanover and the Duchy of Brunswick after the Congress of Vienna in 1815. In 1269 the Principality of Brunswick was formed following the first division of the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg. In 1432, as a result of increasing tensions with the townsfolk of Brunswick, the Brunswick Line moved their residence to Wolfenbüttel Castle, thus the name "Wolfenbüttel" became the unofficial name of this principality. With Ivan
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Rosine Elisabeth Menthe


Rosine Elisabeth Menthe (nicknamed: "Madame Rudolphine"; 17 May 1663, Brunswick – 20 May 1701, Brunswick, Germany), was married morganatically with Duke Rudolph Augustus of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (1627–1704), Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and Prince of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. Rosine Elisabeth was born the daughter of a barber and surgeon from Brunswick. In 1681 she married Rudolf August (1627–1704), the Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. Rudolph Augustus had been married in his first marriage with the Countess Christiane Elisabeth of Barby
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Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel-Bevern


Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel-Bevern (8 November 1715 – 13 January 1797) was Queen of Prussia from 1740 to 1786 as the spouse of Frederick the Great. By birth, she was a Duchess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. She was also the longest-serving queen of Prussia. Elisabeth Christine was born the daughter of Duke Ferdinand Albert II and Duchess Antoinette of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. In 1733, Crown Prince Frederick of Prussia, having failed in his attempt to flee from his father's tyrannical regime, was ordered
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Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel


of Soltau, eventually resulted in large territorial gains accruing to Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. In the Thirty Years War Wolfenbüttel was the strongest fortress in North Germany, but survived the war heavily damaged. The Wolfenbüttel line died out during the war. In 1571 the castle and village of Calvörde became part of the principality thanks to Duke Julius of Brunswick. In 1635 Duke Augustus the Younger, from the collateral line of Lüneburg-Dannenberg, took over the reins of power in the principality and founded the New House of Brunswick. Under his
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Margarete of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel


Margarete of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (1516 or 1517 – 28 October 1580, Stauffenburg) was a princess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel by birth and by marriage Duchess of Münsterberg, Oels and Bernstadt. Margaret was the eldest child of the Duke Henry II of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (1489–1568) from his first marriage to Maria of Württemberg (1496–1541), daughter of Count Henry of Württemberg. She married on 8 September 1561 in Oleśnica Duke John of Münsterberg and Oels (1509–1565). With permission from the Estates, the castle and lordship
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Therese of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel


Princess Therese Natalie of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel-Bevern (4 June 1728 in Wolfenbüttel – 26 June 1778 in Gandersheim Abbey, in Bad Gandersheim) was a German noblewoman. She was a member of the House of Welf and was princess-abbess of the Imperial Free secular Abbey in Gandersheim . Therese Natalie was the sixth daughter of Duke Ferdinand Albert II of Brunswick-Bevern (1680-1735) and his wife Antoinette Amalie (1696-1762), a daughter of Duke Louis Rudolph of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel and Princess Christine Louise
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Frederick Francis of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel


Frederick Francis of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (born 1732, died 14 October 1758 at the Battle of Hochkirch) was Frederick the Great's brother-in-law. His name is listed on the Equestrian statue of Frederick the Great Francis was the youngest of 13 children of Ferdinand Albert II, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel and Antoinette Amalie (1696–1762); his sister Luise of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel married Prince Augustus William of Prussia, brother of Frederick the Great. On 14 October 1758, the Austrians, commanded by Daun, surprised
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Juliana Maria of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel


Juliana Maria of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel-Bevern (Danish: "Juliane Marie"; 4 September 1729 – 10 October 1796) was queen of Denmark and Norway between 1752 and 1766, second consort of king Frederick V of Denmark and Norway, mother of the prince-regent Hereditary Prince Frederick of Denmark and Norway and herself de facto regent 1772–1784. King Christian VIII of Denmark descends from her. Born as daughter of Ferdinand Albert II, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel and Antoinette of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, she held the rank of
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Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel


rule Wolfenbüttel reached its cultural zenith. One of his greatest achievements was the building of the Wolfenbüttel Library, the largest in Europe in its day. In 1671 an old pipe dream of the House of Welf dukes came true when the joint armies of the different dynastic lines were able to capture the town of Brunswick and add it to their domain. In 1735 when the dynastic line died out another collateral line emerged: the Brunswick-Bevern line founded in 1666. In 1753/1754 the residence of the dukes of Wolfenbüttel returned to Brunswick
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Catherine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Duchess of Saxe-Lauenburg


Catherine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (1488 – 29 June 1563, Neuhaus upon Elbe) was a member of the house of Welf and a Princess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel and by marriage Duchess of Saxe-Lauenburg. Catherine was a daughter of the Duke Henry IV of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1463–1514) from his marriage to Catherine of Pomerania (1465–1526), daughter of the Duke Erich II of Pomerania. She married on 20 November 1509 in Wolfenbüttel Duke Magnus I of Saxe-Lauenburg (1470–1543). Her father summoned the Parliament
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Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel


Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (28 August 1691 – 21 December 1750) was Princess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Holy Roman Empress, German Queen, Queen of Bohemia and Hungary; and Archduchess of Austria by her marriage to Emperor Charles VI. She was renowned for her delicate beauty and also for being the mother of Empress Maria Theresa. She was the longest serving Holy Roman Empress. Elisabeth Christine was the eldest daughter of Louis Rudolph, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel and his wife Princess Christine Louise of Oettingen-Oettingen.
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Augusta Dorothea of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel


Augusta Dorothea of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (16 December 1666 in Wolfenbüttel – 11 July 1751 at Augustenburg Castle in Arnstadt) was a daughter of the Duke Anthony Ulrich of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel and his wife Juliane of Holstein-Norburg. Auguste Dorothea married on 7 August 1684 in Wolfenbüttel to Count Anton Günther II of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen. He was elevated to Imperial Prince in 1697. The couple resided in Arnstadt; the marriage remained childless. Auguste Dorothea survived her husband by 35 years. She spent her long widowhood at Augustenburg Castle in
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Elisabeth Eleonore of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel


Elisabeth Eleonore of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (30 September 1658, in Wolfenbüttel – 15 March 1729, in Meiningen) was the eldest daughter of Duke Anthony Ulrich of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel and his wife Juliane of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Norburg. Elisabeth Eleanor married twice. On 2 February 1675 in Wolfenbüttel, she married Prince John George of Mecklenburg, but he died five months later. On 25 January 1681 in Schöningen, she married Duke Bernard I of Saxe-Meiningen. This was described as a happy marriage, although she
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Duchess Luise of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel


Luise of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (Luise Amalie; 29 January 1722 – 13 January 1780) was daughter of Ferdinand Albert II, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel and his wife Duchess Antoinette of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. She was born at the Schloss Bevern near Holzminden/Weser. She was the seventh of fourteen children. Her parents were second cousins. On 6 January 1742 she married Prince Augustus William of Prussia, second son of King Frederick William I of Prussia and Sophia Dorothea of Hanover. Prince Augustus William was a younger brother of
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Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel


The Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel () was a subdivision of the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg, whose history was characterised by numerous divisions and reunifications. Various dynastic lines of the House of Welf ruled Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel until the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806. As a result of the Congress of Vienna, its successor state, the Duchy of Brunswick, was created in 1815. After Otto the Child, grandchild of Henry the Lion, had been given the former allodial seat of his family (located in the
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Ferdinand Albert I, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel-Bevern


Ferdinand Albert I (; 22 May 1636 – 23 April 1687), a member of the House of Welf, was a Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg. After a 1667 inheritance agreement in the Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, he received the secundogeniture of Brunswick-Bevern, which he ruled until his death. Ferdinand Albert was born in Brunswick, the fourth son of Duke Augustus the Younger, reigning Prince of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, from his third marriage with Duchess Elisabeth Sophie of Mecklenburg. Raised at his father's residence, the
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Hedwig of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel


House of Griffins died out (the last Duke had supported her financially) and during the Thirty Years' War both Swedish and Imperial troops ravaged and confiscated her territory. Her complaints to her cousins King Christian IV of Denmark and Queen Christina of Sweden were unsuccessful. In 1630, she fled to Bobolice to evade the plague. In 1631, she appointed Gregor Lagus, who was Rector of the Latin school at Kołobrzeg as provost in Szczecinek, despite opposition from Duke Bogislaw XIV. Lagus became her leading co-author of a
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Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel


added. From then on the name of the principality became "Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel". The reigns of dukes Henry the Younger, Julius and Henry Julius followed, under whose lordship the "Residenz" of Wolfenbüttel was expanded and the principality gained a Germany-wide standing. In 1500 Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel became part of the Lower Saxon Circle within the Holy Roman Empire. From 1519 to 1523 the principality went to war with the principalities of Hildesheim and Lüneburg in the Hildesheim Diocesan Feud which, despite a resounding defeat in the Battle
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Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel


Calenberg. There were further reunifications and divisions. In the meanwhile the dukes became weary of the constant disputes with the citizens of the town of Brunswick and, in 1432, moved their "Residenz" to the water castle of Wolfenbüttel, which lay in a marshy depression of the river Oker about south of Brunswick. The castle built here for the Brunswick-Lüneburg dukes - together with the ducal chancery, the consistory, the courts and the archives - became the nerve centre of a giant region, from which the Wolfenbüttel-
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Duchess Anna Amalia of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel


Anna Amalia of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (24 October 173910 April 1807), was a German princess and composer. She became the duchess of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, by marriage, and was also regent of the states of Saxe-Weimar and Saxe-Eisenach from 1758 to 1775. She transformed her court and its surrounding into the most influential cultural center of Germany. She was born in Wolfenbüttel, the ninth child of Karl I, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel and Princess Philippine Charlotte of Prussia. Her maternal grandparents were
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Braunschweig


Late Middle Ages and the Early modern period. Because of the growing power of Braunschweig's burghers, the Princes of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, who ruled over one of the subdivisions of Brunswick-Lüneburg, finally moved their "Residenz" out of the city and to the nearby town of Wolfenbüttel in 1432. The Princes of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel didn't regain control over the city until the late 17th century, when Rudolph Augustus, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, took the city by siege. In the 18th century Braunschweig was not
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Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel


-Wolfenbüttel. His brother John (1242-1277) inherited the land around Lüneburg and founded the Old House of Lüneburg. The town of Brunswick remained under joint rule. The area of Brunswick(-Wolfenbüttel) was further subdivided in the succeeding decades. For example, the lines of Grubenhagen and Göttingen were split for a while. In a similar way, in 1432 the estates between the Deister hills and the Leine river, that had been gained in the meantime from the Middle House of Brunswick, split away to form the Principality of
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Henry V, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg


Henry V of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (; 10 November 1489 – 11 June 1568), called the Younger, ("Heinrich der Jüngere"), a member of the House of Welf, was Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and ruling Prince of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel from 1514 until his death. The last Catholic of the Welf princes, he was known for the large number of wars in which he was involved and for the long-standing affair with his mistress Eva von Trott. He was born at Wolfenbüttel Castle, the son
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Princess Antoinette of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel


Her other surviving sister Charlotte Christine was the daughter-in-law of Peter the Great of Russia. 15 October 1712 saw her marriage to her father's cousin Ferdinand Albert II of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, son of Ferdinand Albert I, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel-Bevern and Princess Christine of Hesse-Eschwege. The marriage was described as very happy and Antoinette was the mother of eight sons and six daughters. In 1735, her father-in-law the Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg died and her husband succeeded him
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Brunswick–Derneburg railway


took place in 1960 with the opening of the new Brunswick Hauptbahnhof. By 1959, the Wolfenbüttel branch was abandoned, but near Wolfenbüttel there was a section of the line that was still used as a connection from the Welger agricultural machinery factory. The rest of the line lasted until the 1980s, with traffic continuing to decline, especially west of Lebenstedt. Deutsche Bundesbahn discontinued passenger services on the section between Lebenstedt and Derneburg at the commencement of the summer 1984 timetable on 2 June. At the same time, the transport of goods
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Karl Georg August, Hereditary Prince of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel


Karl Georg August, Hereditary Prince of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (8 February 1766 in London – 20 September 1806 in Antoinettenruh) was the heir to the Duchy of Brunswick as the eldest son of Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel and Princess Augusta of Great Britain. In 1789, his father formally made Princess Louise of Orange-Nassau a proposal of marriage on his behalf. The marriage was seen as a suitable gesture of gratitude and alliance between the House of Orange and his father, who had assisted the Orange dynasty
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Rudolph Augustus, Duke of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel


Rudolph Augustus (May 16, 1627 – January 26, 1704), a member of the House of Welf, was Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and ruled as Prince of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel from 1666 until his death. In 1685 he made his younger brother Anthony Ulrich co-ruler. He was born in Hitzacker, then the residence of his father Duke Augustus the Younger of Brunswick-Lüneburg and his second wife Princess Dorothea of Anhalt-Zerbst. His father assumed the rule in the Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, after
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Albert II of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel


Albert II of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (died 14 April 1395) was Prince-Archbishop of Bremen in the years 1361–1395. His name is given as "Albrecht" in the genealogies of the House of Welf. He was a son of Magnus I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, of Principality of Wolfenbüttel and Sophia of Brandenburg-Stendal. Albert gained prebendaries as canon of the then Catholic cathedral in Magdeburg (then in the Prince-Archbishopric of Magdeburg) and as provost at the church of St. Pauli in Halberstadt (then
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Martin Chemnitz


He was ordained to the ministry on 26 November 1554 by Johannes Bugenhagen (1485-1558), and became co-adjutor of Joachim Mörlin (1514-1571), who was ecclesiastical superintendent for the Duchy of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. When Mörlin resigned in 1567, Chemnitz became his successor; he held the post for the rest of his life. Through his leadership, Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel was brought firmly into . There he helped his prince, Duke Julius of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, establish the University of Helmstedt (1575–76)
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Francis of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel


Francis of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (1492 – 1529) () was Bishop of Minden as Francis I from 1508 to 1529. Francis was born in 1492 to Duke Henry I of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (1463–1514) and Catharine of Pomerania (1465–1526), daughter of Duke Eric II of Pomerania. At the age of 16, Francis was elected as Bishop of Minden and subsequently lived in the town from 1511. As a result of his lax morals during his youth, characterized by violence, excessive drinking, debt and fornication as
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Duchy of Brunswick


Brunswick-Lüneburg except Wolfenbüttel had been held by the Prince of Calenberg and Celle, i.e. the Elector of Hanover, but the Wolfenbüttel line retained its independence from Hanover. The Wolfenbüttel principality had for the period from 1807 to 1813 been held as part of the Kingdom of Westphalia. The Congress turned it into an independent country under the name Duchy of Brunswick. The underage Duke Charles, the eldest son of Duke Frederick William (who had been killed in action), was put under the guardianship of George IV, the Prince
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Princess Sophie Caroline of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel


Duchess Sophie Caroline Marie of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (; 7 October 1737 – 22 December 1817) was Margravine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth by marriage to Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth. She was the eldest daughter of Charles I, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, and his wife, Philippine Charlotte of Prussia, sister of Frederick the Great. In 1753, George II of Great Britain hoped to marry Sophie Caroline to his grandson George, Prince of Wales (the future George III). This was an attempt to improve relations with
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Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel


of gardens grew, until they eventually reached the Lechlum Wood ("Lechlumer Holz"). Its southern edge was graced by the little Lustschloss of "Antoinettenruh", built in 1733 instead of a garden house, a work by the master builder, Hermann Korb, who was so important to Wolfenbüttel. Wolfenbüttel became a town of schools. In 1753 the teachers' training college was founded, which began in the orphanage and later moved to the building of the present-day Harztorwall School. Politically Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel was one
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Wolfenbüttel–Oschersleben railway


as 1993, buses were offered as a rail replacement services. No maintenance took place any more. After the division of Germany, the Jerxheim–Börßum railway also lost its importance and traffic on it was abandoned. Until 2007, the section from Wolfenbüttel to Jerxheim was used by regional trains on the Brunswick–Wolfenbüttel–Schöppenstedt–Jerxheim–Schöningen–Helmstedt route. Because of a planned expansion of mining, the line was cut north of Schöningen. Because of the low number of passengers, the line was closed rather than
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Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg


, Duke of Brunswick-Dannenberg. With sole rights to the duchy Brunswick-Lüneburg, he provided a conditional lease of the principality of Lüneburg to the princes of Calenburg with the conditions of payment to Wolfenbüttel heirs, together with the guarantee that only his descendants would inherit this senior principality of Wolfenbüttel. Not until 1753/1754 was the "Residence" moved back to Brunswick, into the newly built Brunswick Palace. In 1814 the principality became the Duchy of Brunswick, with its own subordinate principalities that are all apart from the Calenburg principality
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Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel-Bevern


to marry a daughter of the Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg. Elisabeth Christine was the niece of Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI's wife Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel; the match had thus been arranged by the Austrian court in the hopes of securing influence over Prussia for another generation. On 12 June 1733, Elisabeth Christine married Frederick at her father's summer palace, Schloss Salzdahlum in Wolfenbüttel, Germany. On their wedding night, Frederick spent a reluctant hour with his new wife and then walked about outside for the rest of
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Henry I, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen


to rule the Principality of Wolfenbüttel until his death in 1279. Henry first ruled the Brunswick principality of Wolfenbüttel jointly with his younger brothers Albert II the Fat and William. In 1291 they again divided the territory; Henry received the part that came to be known as Principality of Grubenhagen. It included the cities of Einbeck, half of Hamelin, Clausthal, Amelungsborn, Duderstadt, Herzberg, and Osterode. Henry quarreled with his brother Albert, who had received the Principality of Göttingen, over the remaining belittled areas around Brunswick and Wolfenbüttel
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Augusta Dorothea, Abbess of Gandersheim


Augusta Dorothea of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel (1749–1810), was Princess Abbess of Gandersheim Abbey from 1778 until 1810. She was the last sovereign Princess Abbess of Gandersheim. Augusta Dorothea was the daughter of Charles I, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, and Princess Philippine Charlotte of Prussia. She became deacaness in Quedlinburg Abbey in 1776. Two years later, she succeeded her aunt Therese of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel as Princess Abbess of Gandersheim. However, she continued to spend her life at the Brunswick court. In the 1770s, her sister
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Magnus II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg


Magnus (1324–1373), called Magnus with the Necklace () or Magnus II, was Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, ruling the Brunswick-Lüneburg principalities of Wolfenbüttel (colloquially also called Brunswick) and, temporarily, Lüneburg. Magnus was the son of Magnus the Pious, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (Wolfenbüttel). In 1362 Magnus and his brother Louis I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg helped their brother Prince-Archbishop Albert II of Bremen to assert himself against the incumbent diocesan administrator Morris of Oldenburg, who claimed the
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Caroline of Brunswick


barred from the coronation on the orders of her husband. She fell ill in London and died three weeks later. Her funeral procession passed through London on its way to her native Brunswick, where she was buried. Caroline was born a princess of Brunswick, with the courtesy title of Duchess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, on 17 May 1768 at Braunschweig (known in English as "Brunswick") in Germany. She was the daughter of Charles William, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, and his wife Princess Augusta of Great Britain
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Brunswick-Bevern


Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. Nevertheless, the Bevern line came to power in the Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel when the main line of the Younger House of Brunswick became extinct with the death of Duke Louis Rudolph in 1735. Ferdinand Albert II, fourth son of Ferdinand Albert I who had succeeded his father in Bevern in 1687, ascended to the throne. At that time, he passed the appanage of Brunswick-Bevern to his younger brother Ernest Ferdinand (1682–1746), who thereby became head of the Younger Brunswick-Bevern
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Anthony Ulrich, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel


Augustus' son Elector George Louis and the Welf Principality of Lüneburg sided with the Habsburg emperor in the War of the Spanish Succession, Anthony Ulrich decided to enter into an agreement with King Louis XIV of France. This led to Hanover and Lüneburg forces invading the Principality of Wolfenbüttel in March 1702; Anthony Ulrich was almost captured while travelling from his Wolfenbüttel residence to Brunswick. By order of the emperor, Anthony Ulrich was deposed as duke against his brother's protestations, and Rudolph Augustus remained as the only Wolfenbüttel ruler, while Anthony
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Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel


Years' War. The regiments of the principality screened the allied army in western Prussia and, in particular, the allied Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg. An outstanding representative of the military alliance between Brunswick and Prussia was the Duke of Brunswick and Lüneburg, the hereditary Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. During Charles I's era, there were great achievements in the cultural and scientific fields: the theatre was promoted and education encouraged. In 1753 the ducal art and natural history collection - forerunner of the Natural History Museum - was
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Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick


Charles William Ferdinand (; 9 October 1735 – 10 November 1806) was the Prince of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and a military leader. His titles are usually shortened to Duke of Brunswick in English-language sources. He succeeded his father as sovereign prince of the Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, one of the princely states of the Holy Roman Empire. The duke was a cultured and benevolent despot in the model of Frederick the Great, and was married to Princess Augusta, a sister of George III of
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Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg


this reason, many cities and provinces in former British colonies are named after Brunswick or Lüneburg. The Hanoverians never ruled Brunswick while they held the British throne, as the city was part of neighboring Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. After the Congress of Vienna in 1814/15, the Brunswick-Lüneburg territories became the Kingdom of Hanover and the Duchy of Brunswick. When the imperial ban was placed on Henry the Lion in 1180, he lost his titles as Duke of Saxony and Duke of Bavaria. He went into exile for several years, but
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Schöppenstedt


Schöppenstedt is a small town in the district of Wolfenbüttel, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is the administrative seat of the "Samtgemeinde" ("collective municipality") of Elm-Asse. It is situated southwest of the Elm and Asse hill ranges, about east of Wolfenbüttel, and southeast of Brunswick. Since 2007, Schöppenstedt station is the eastern terminus on the Wolfenbüttel–Helmstedt railway line. The settlement of "Sciphinstete" in the Derlingau region of Saxony, located on the trade route from Brunswick to the "
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Wolfenbüttel–Oschersleben railway


Kassel or another possible line from Magdeburg to Lüneburg would not have passed through the Duchy. A treaty signed on 10 April 1841 between the Kingdom of Prussia, the Kingdom of Hanover and the Duchy of Brunswick dealt with the construction of a rail link from Magdeburg via Oschersleben, Brunswick and Hanover to Minden. Even before the conclusion of the treaty, the Duchy of Brunswick commenced preparatory work for the construction of the line. Between Brunswick and Wolfenbüttel, the existing Brunswick–Bad Harzburg railway was double tracked and the facilities of the
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Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel


area of present-day eastern Lower Saxony and northern Saxony-Anhalt) by Emperor Frederick II on 21 August 1235 as an imperial enfeoffment under the name of the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg, the dukedom was divided in 1267/1269 by his sons. Albert I (also called Albert the Tall) (1236-1279) was given the regions around Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Einbeck-Grubenhagen and Göttingen-Oberwald. He thus founded the Old House of Brunswick and laid the basis for what became, later, the Principality of Brunswick
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Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel


Only the archives, the ecclesiastical office and the library remained as a link to earlier times. From Brunswick there were jibes that Wolfenbüttel had deteriorated into a "widows' residence" ("Witwensitz"). The extensive gardens in front of the three town gates (the "Herzogtor", "Harztor" and "Augusttor") were leased to the former gardeners as an emphyteusis. As a consequence jam factories were established which were characteristic of Wolfenbüttel until the 20th century. In front of the "Herzogtor" the number
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Ernest I, Duke of Brunswick-Göttingen


Duke Ernest I of Brunswick-Göttingen ( – 24 April 1367) was a member of the Guelph dynasty and was Duke of Brunswick-Göttingen from 1344 until his death. Ernest was a son of Duke Albert II of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel-Göttingen and his wife, Rixa of Werle. In the division of 1286, his father had received the Principality of Göttingen and in 1292, he inherited Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel from his childless brother William I. After his father's death in 1318, Ernest's older brother Otto the
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Anthony Ulrich, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel


Anthony Ulrich (German: "Anton Ulrich"; 4 October 1633 – 27 March 1714), a member of the House of Welf, was Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and ruling Prince of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel from 1685 until 1702 jointly with his elder brother Rudolph Augustus, and solely from 1704 until his death. He was one of the main proponents of enlightened absolutism among the Brunswick dukes. He was born in Hitzacker, then the residence of his father Duke Augustus the Younger of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1579–1666) and his
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Duchess Augusta of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel


Duchess Augusta of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (Augusta Caroline Friederika Luise; 3 December 1764 – 27 September 1788) was the first wife of Frederick of Württemberg and the mother of William I of Württemberg. Like her sister, Caroline of Brunswick, Augusta had a scandalous personal life and an unhappy marriage. Princess Augusta was born in Brunswick, the eldest child of Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick and Princess Augusta of Great Britain, the elder sister of George III of the United Kingdom. She was named in honour of her mother
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Schloss Wolfenbüttel


It was first recorded in 1074 and was built as a fort on the river Oker by Widekind of Wolfenbüttel. In the Oker marshes there was already a small settlement known as "Wulferisbuttle", sited on a trade route between the Rhine and Elbe and the bishoprics of Halberstadt and Hildesheim, used by both merchants and pilgrim monks. Gunzelin of Wolfenbüttel refused to swear allegiance to Albert I of Brunswick in 1255 and so the latter destroyed the fort, though it was rebuilt by Henry I of Brunswick-Grubenhagen in 1283. The
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Frederick I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg


Frederick ( – 5 June 1400), a member of the House of Welf, was Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and ruling Prince of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel from 1373 until his death. In May 1400, he unsuccessfully stood as a candidate for the election as German king-elect at Frankfurt, in opposition to Wenceslaus of Luxembourg, and was murdered on his way home. Frederick was the eldest son of Duke Magnus II of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Prince of Wolfenbüttel, and his consort Catherine of Anhalt-Bernburg. A minor
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Totenkopf


-Husaren Regiments Nr.1 and Nr.2 in 1808. In 1809 during the War of the Fifth Coalition, Frederick William, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel raised a force of volunteers to fight Napoleon Bonaparte, who had conquered the Duke's lands. The Brunswick corps was provided with black uniforms, giving rise to their nickname, the Black Brunswickers. Both hussar cavalry and infantry in the force wore a "Totenkopf" badge, either in mourning for the duke's father, Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, who had
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Battle of Ölper (1809)


The Battle of Ölper is a battle that took place on 1 August 1809 in Ölper, currently a district of the town of Brunswick, as part of the War of the Fifth Coalition. It pitched troops of the Kingdom of Westphalia against the Black Brunswickers under Frederick William, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, but ended in a tactical draw. In the Battle of Jena and Auerstedt, Duke Charles William Ferdinand of Brunswick was mortally wounded. On his deathbed he nominated his son Frederick William as his successor. Although the Duchy of
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Wolfenbüttel (district)


created in 1832 when the Duchy of Brunswick was subdivided into six districts. It remained unchanged until 1941 when the "Salzgitter-Verordnung" ("Salzgitter Ordinance" creating the city of Salzgitter) took effect and removed 20 municipalities from the district; in return, 10 municipalities from the (then) District of Marienburg were turned over to Wolfenbüttel. When the district boundaries changed again in 1974 (as part of administrative reforms), parts of the former District of Brunswick were added to Wolfenbüttel. Additionally, several municipalities—most
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Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel


, to the newly built Brunswick Palace. The town thus lost the independence it had enjoyed since the 15th century. In the process, the duke followed the trend and did not interfere with anything, including work on the new castle, begun in 1718 by Hermann Korb on the "Grauer Hof" which was still not finished. The effect on Wolfenbüttel was catastrophic, as can be seen from the timber-framed houses built later on. 4,000 townsfolk followed the ducal family and Wolfenbüttel's population sank from 12,000 to 7,000.
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Marie Elisabeth of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel


Marie Elisabeth of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (7 January 1638 - 15 February 1687), was a German noblewoman member of the House of Welf and by her two marriages Duchess of Saxe-Eisenach and Saxe-Coburg. Born in Brunswick, she was the second of the three children of Augustus the Younger, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and his third wife, Duchess Elisabeth Sophie of Mecklenburg. Marie Elisabeth and her older brother Ferdinand Albert are the only surviving children of their parents' marriage. In addition, they had seven older
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Brunswick–Derneburg railway


in Fallersleben. As of 1938, passenger trains operated to the old Brunswick station. A new, direct connection was built from Leiferde on the Brunswick–Wolfenbüttel railway to Drütte, which replaced the old BLE line north of Drütte. Wolfenbüttel was also re-connected to the BLE line. Soon after further extensions were interrupted by the Second World War. After the war, a well-developed northeast half of the Brunswick–Drütte line contrasted with the less-developed rural western section, which passed south of the industrial sites
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Wolfenbüttel


Henry the Lion in 1191, and again by his great-grandson Duke Albert I of Brunswick-Lüneburg in 1255, the fortress was acquired and rebuilt by the Welf duke Henry I of Brunswick from 1283 onwards. By 1432, the town had become a permanent residence of the Brunswick Princes of Wolfenbüttel. Devastated in the 1542 Schmalkaldic War, it was largely rebuilt in a Renaissance style under Duke Julius of Brunswick-Lüneburg, including several "gracht" waterways laid out by Hans Vredeman de Vries. The duke vested the citizens
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Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel


William Ferdinand was mortally wounded as a Prussian general in the Battle of Auerstedt. After a short interregnum Brunswick was occupied from 1807 to 1813 by the French and became part of the Kingdom of Westphalia. After the end of Napoleonic rule the state was re-established under the name of the Duchy of Brunswick. The Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel-Bevern emerged from an inheritance dispute between Ferdinand Albert I and his brothers. In 1667 Ferdinand Albert was awarded the castle of Bevern near Holzminden. He — and later his son Ferdinand
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