Gheorghe Bibescu [SEP] child
Gheorghe Bibescu


. Gheorghe Bibescu was married to Zoe Brâncoveanu, the last of the Brâncoveanu family, therefore inheriting all the titles and wealth. The marriage was unsuccessful, as Zoe became mentally ill. Bibescu entered into a conflict with the Orthodox Church, as he wanted to divorce Zoe. He eventually managed to obtain the divorce in 1845 and in September of the same year, he married Maria Văcărescu, in Focşani. The Brâncoveanu patrimony passed on to Zoe and Gheorghe Bibescu's son, Grégoire Bibesco-Bassaraba (the father of Anna de
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Gheorghe Bibescu


Gheorghe Bibescu (; 1804–1873) was a "hospodar" (Prince) of Wallachia between 1843 and 1848. His rule coincided with the revolutionary tide that culminated in the 1848 Wallachian revolution. Born in Craiova as the first son of Dimitrie Bibescu, a member of the Bibescu boyar family, he studied Law in Paris. After his return to Wallachia, he was elected deputy in the Extraordinary Public Assembly, the legislative forum established by the Imperial Russian overseers at the end of the Russo-Turkish War of 1828–1829, representing the Dolj
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Gheorghe Bibescu


summer of 1848, the revolution broke out. Initially, Wallachian radicals had unsuccessfully attempted to attract Bibescu to their side. They then issued the "Islaz Proclamation" of June 9, 1848. On June 11, Gheorghe Bibescu accepted the proclamation and two days later, abdicated and left the country, leaving it to be ruled by a Provisoral Government which succumbed to Ottoman intervention in September. In 1859, Bibescu was presented as candidate to the throne by the conservatives who opposed Wallachia's union with Moldavia. He died in Paris
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Marițica Bibescu


Zoe Brâncoveanu. Described by period sources as exceptionally beautiful, if also vain and ambitious, she married in 1834 the Prince's brother, "Spatharios" Costache Ghica. Her adoptive clan, the Ghicas, remained the leading Wallachian family until late 1842, when Alexandru II was deposed by the Ottoman Empire. Marițica's influence peaked again after the princely election of 1842–1843. Though her husband failed in his bid for the throne, Marițica became mistress of the winner, Gheorghe Bibescu, bearing him a child. Her third cousin,
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George Valentin Bibescu


George III Valentin, Prince Bibescu (; 22 March 1880, Bucharest – 2 July 1941, Bucharest) was a Romanian early aviation pioneer and automobile enthusiast. His parents were George Bibescu (son of Gheorghe Bibescu) and Valentine de Riquet de Caraman, In 1902, he married Marthe Lucie Lahovary, who took the name Marthe Bibesco. They had one daughter, Valentina, born 27 August 1903. In 1912, he gave his wife as a present the Mogoşoaia Palace. Bibescu had an early interest in aviation; he flew a
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Nicolae Bălcescu


a pardon by the new prince, Gheorghe Bibescu), he took part in forming a secret society drawn up from the Freemasonry and named "Frăția" ("The Brotherhood"), which he led together with Ion Ghica and Christian Tell (joined soon after by Gheorghe Magheru) in resistance against Prince Bibescu. In order to further his history studies, Bălcescu went to France and Italy, and was, together with August Treboniu Laurian, the editor of a magazine entitled "Magazin istoric pentru Dacia", which was first
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Gheorghe Bibescu


as a new law on the Eastern Orthodox clergy, one that allowed the hospodar to approve the church budget, and a law freeing all the Gypsy slaves who belonged to the church and to the public authorities. Gheorghe Bibescu worked for better relations with Moldavia (the other Danubian Principality under Russian supervision), and, starting 1847, the two countries established a customs union, after an agreement with Mihail Sturdza, the Moldavian hospodar. This was the culmination of his attempt to remove Wallachia's traders and guilds from foreign competition (
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Marițica Bibescu


the various social classes with its nepotistic habits and especially with its support for a Russian venture capitalist, Alexander Trandafiloff. Liberals were also confident that the Kingdom of France supported Neofit's obstruction of the princely divorce, which hurt Gheorghe and his Russophile tendencies. According to historian Pavel Strihan, the French consul Adolphe Billecocq was "the most unusual victim" of the divorce scandal, recalled by his government for having suggested that Gheorghe was acting reasonably. However, other records suggest that Billecocq and the Bibescus were enemies, and that the
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Marițica Bibescu


of Marițica's applications, to get back at the Prince for his dissolving the Assembly. Bibescu responded by appealing to a higher authority, but Patriarch Germanus IV rejected his plea. This left the Prince with only an "extreme measure": he bribed the Ottoman Divan and obtained Germanus' replacement with Meletius III, who signed off on the Ghica divorce. Some reports suggest that Meletius himself had received kickbacks from Bibescu. Gheorghe Bibescu and Marițica were then married on September 9, 1845, with a lavish ceremony in Focșani,
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Constantin Al. Ionescu-Caion


literature, taken to extremes by the Romanian author). A regular presence in Macedonski's house, Caion mounted a campaign to promote minor Romanian Symbolist authors in France. As noted by critics, the French contacts were themselves fringe magazines, with Legitimist and Traditionalist Catholic agendas. Caion had an enduring interest in history and, in 1900, completed his monograph on Wallachian Prince Gheorghe Bibescu. Titled "Asupra domniei lui Bibescu" ("On Bibescu's Reign"), it was first published as an addendum to Georges Bibesco's
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Gheorghe Bibescu


based on his view that Romanian was incompatible with modernization. Two and a half years after that, Bibescu passed laws for public works and public administration. In the summer of 1844, he took a long trip through the country in order to inspect the public institutions and local authorities in the major cities. In December 1846, he was advised by Kiseleff to call for new Public Assembly elections. The elections brought a new Assembly dominated by politicians loyal to the hospodar. With this legislature, Bibescu passed several important laws, such
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George Matei Cantacuzino


George Matei Cantacuzino (–November 1, 1960) was a Romanian architect, painter and essayist. A scion of two noble families, Cantacuzino and Bibescu, he was born in Vienna to Nicolae B. Cantacuzino and his wife Marcela Bibescu, the granddaughter of Gheorghe Bibescu. His father had arrived in the Austrian capital in 1895 to work at the Romanian embassy. The family lived there until 1909, when the elder Cantacuzino was recalled and briefly named a general secretary within the Foreign Ministry. As an adolescent, he attended high school
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Gheorghe Bibescu


were the most popular choices with Imperial Russia. Bibescu was elected hospodar, supported by both the conservative boyars and the younger liberals. One of his first gestures in office was to grant pardon to radicals who had conspired against Ghica (including Mitică Filipescu and Nicolae Bălcescu). Bibescu did not change the government immediately after the election, as it was made up mostly of Ghica's political adversaries. However, his relations with the Public Assembly started to deteriorate due to disagreements on several legislative projects. In the spring of 1844,
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Marițica Bibescu


transferred his votes to Gheorghe Bibescu, who thus obtained an unchallenged majority and the Wallachian throne. Through his mother Catinca, the new Prince was also a Văcărescu descendant, and Marițica's third-cousin. He had married Zoe Brâncoveanu in 1826, and had seven children by her. Probably while recovering from the last of these pregnancies, Zoe had developed a mysterious mental illness, which included cyclothymia. Marițica attended Bibescu's coronation ceremony, where she reportedly attracted more attention than the new Prince himself; the latter was also charmed
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Gheorghe Chițu


Gheorghe Chițu (August 24, 1828 – October 27, 1897) was a Wallachian, later Romanian lawyer and politician. Born in Oboga, Olt County, in the Oltenia region, his father was a waistcoat merchant with some knowledge of Greek literature. He attended primary school in Craiova. A protégé of Prince Gheorghe Bibescu, he was sent to continue his studies at Saint Sava College in Bucharest. Upon graduation, he taught classical languages there. He subsequently entered the University of Vienna, where he obtained a law degree.
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Gheorghe Bibescu


the Wallachian government approved the request of the Russian engineer Alexander Trandafiloff, to be allowed to administer the country's mines (which were subject to private ownership). Moreover, if any mine owner did not begin extracting from their mines within 18 months, the Russian company was to take over the administration of the mines for 12 years, by paying 10% of the income to the owner and 10% to the Wallachian state. Bibescu approved the contract, but the Public Assembly protested against it: the deputies saw it as
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Marițica Bibescu


, and had her favorite residence on the Prahova Valley, at Comarnic. While in Bucharest, she took piano lessons with the Transylvanian composer Gheorghe Simonis, later the brother-in-law of Omar Pasha. This period of Princess Marițica's life was curbed by an anti-conservative revolution. The opposition was initially peaceful, and issued a "Proclamation of Islaz", demanding more rights; it erupted into a more violent revolt on June 9, 1848, when officers Grigore Paleologu and Grigore Pereț shot at Prince Bibescu,
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Marițica Bibescu


who was taking a carriage ride outside Bucharest. They only managed to hit one of Bibescu's epaulettes. Various accounts suggest that Marițica was by her husband's side, though others have it that the Prince was traveling with his favorite minister, Alexandru Vilara. The following day, rebellious militiamen confronted the Prince with imperative requests for a liberal constitution. Though Gheorghe never made this pledge, he took another oath, "on my life and that of Her Highness the Princess", that "no Moskal shall enter this country"
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Marițica Bibescu


August 1849, the Bibescus left Austria and set course for a new home in Istanbul. On their passage through Brăila, they were offered a royal reception and gun salute by Lăcusteanu, who commanded the local garrison; other members of the Lăcusteanu clan joined the former princely couple for the remainder of their trip. Gheorghe established friendly contacts with the exiled revolutionaries; resentful of his brother, he returned to Wallachia as a pretender. He lived in the small town of Măgurele, but repeatedly demanded to be restored ownership of the princely
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Gheorghe Bibescu


County during the Pavel Kiseleff administration. He subsequently took on different offices, including that of secretary of state. Before his election as hospodar, he was seen as an opponent of his predecessor, Alexandru II Ghica. On January 1, 1843, the first (and only) elections carried out in accordance with the "Organic Statute" took place in Wallachia; these were carried out by a representative assembly, and had been prompted by Ghica's abuse. Of many candidates, Bibescu and his older brother, Barbu Ştirbei,
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1857 Wallachian legislative election


, his replacement was to be elected by the estates and then recognized by Sultan Abdulmejid I. The vote took place in December 1842, confronting two Russophile brothers with discreet nationalist agendas—Gheorghe Bibescu and Barbu Dimitrie Știrbei—, with each other, with the anti-Russian Iordache Filipescu, and with the arch-conservative Alecu Filipescu-Vulpea. Bibescu won by exhaustive ballot, picking 69% of the votes in the last round. Although nepotistic, his government introduced various liberal reforms, including a customs union with Moldavia, the
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Alecu Filipescu-Vulpea


the opposition to Alexandru II Ghica, reluctantly siding with Gheorghe Bibescu and Barbu Dimitrie Știrbei, before running against them in the 1842 election for the Wallachian throne. Bibescu emerged as the winner and then co-opted Vulpea into his circle, making Vulpache his son-in-law. The three of them oversaw the charity established for Princess Zoe, "Așezămintele Brâncovenești". In 1845, Vulpea was created "Ban", but was only marginally active before and after the Wallachian Revolution of 1848. Serving Prince Știrbei as adviser
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Craiova


barracks and 398 were houses built of brick. At the time, Craiova exported wheat, furs, leather, live animals and other products into the Austrian and Ottoman Empires. Costache Romanescu, a citizen of Craiova, was among the leaders of the Provisional Government during the 1848 Wallachian revolution. Wallachia's last two rulers, Gheorghe Bibescu and Barbu Dimitrie Știrbei, came from an important boyar family residing in Craiova – the Bibescu family. Around 1860, there were 4,633 buildings in Craiova, which were 3,220 houses, 26 churches,
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Marițica Bibescu


Botezătorul, a monastery church. Bishop Neofit still disapproved of the marriage, and was therefore uninvited. The ceremony was followed by a gala ball, with music provided by the Austrian conductor Ludwig Wiest and decorations designed by Moldavian architect Gheorghe Asachi; 50,000 locals were reportedly present. In parallel festivities, the new couple acted as godparents for 12 peasant weddings, donating land and cattle to the new families. Although supporting Romanian nationalism and receptive toward liberalism (including his creation of a customs union with Moldavia), the Bibescu regime alienated
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Marițica Bibescu


recall was owed to embarrassment over Billecocq's other intrigues. On the conservative side, Lăcusteanu claims that the overall failures of the Bibescu regime were largely attributable to his young wife's ambitions, which the Prince felt obliged to satisfy. A similar note was made by Austrian general Franz von Wimpffen, who viewed Gheorghe as a weakling maneuvered by his "coquette" wife. Wimpffen argues that such influence also framed the Prince's nationalist, or "Daco-Romanian", projects. According to a letter of protest signed by Wallachia
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Cișmigiu Gardens


taken in 1846, during a period of Imperial Russian administration introduced by "Regulamentul Organic". It was based on an earlier proposal made by Russian governor Pavel Kiselyov in 1830, and various small-scale works had first been undertaken in 1837. The initiative, countersigned by Prince Gheorghe Bibescu, was part of a series of major public works, and the plan dates back to 1844. On 27 February 1845, the area passed into public ownership through a princely decree. In 1843, Bibescu had called on experts in horticulture
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Gheorghe Bibescu


an intervention of the protecting power in local politics. The contract was eventually cancelled, but, caught between the Assembly's position and the Russian authorities, on March 4, 1844, Bibescu dissolved the Public Assembly with the approval of Russian Emperor Nicholas I. When elections for the body were convened in November 1846, he used several means to silence opposition, thus awarding himself a subservient legislature. A clear separation between him and Romantic nationalists occurred when he ordered the refoundation of the Saint Sava College as a French-language school —
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Gheorghe Bibescu


"see Sudiţi"), first manifested in his project to increase taxes on foreign goods. Bibescu also convinced the Russian government to allow him to impose some taxes on those monasteries that had been dedicated to various Orthodox centers of worship outside the Danubian Principalities' territories (the ownership issue, stringent ever since the end of the Phanariote epoch, implied that church property eluded state intervention, channelling income towards places such as Mount Athos; it was to be settled through secularization under the rule of Alexandru Ioan Cuza). In the
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Elisa Brătianu


of themselves as Romanians. Her mother's dowry included the winery and estate in Dărmăneşti, which would serve as the Știrbei family's summer home. Her father was an industrialist who took a specific interest in preserving and expanding the architectural holdings of his family and was involved in politics. Her grandfather, Barbu Dimitrie Știrbei was a Prince of Wallachia. Having been born into the Bibescu family and adopted by his uncle the heirless Barbu C. Ştirbey, last of the ancient Oltenian boyars, Barbu D. Știrbei and his brother Prince Gheorghe Bibescu
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Marițica Bibescu


, months after the Moldo–Wallachian union. Her tomb is located in a Bibescu crypt at Père Lachaise Cemetery. Marițica's first husband had died in early 1852, allegedly consumed by regret over his divorce. Her mother Luxița survived to 1870, when she was aged about 75. The Princess was also survived by Gheorghe (who died in 1873 and was buried at her side) and by his six living children from his marriage with Zoe. Through the eldest of these, Grégoire Brancovan, Marițica was stepgrandmother of poet Anna
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Marițica Bibescu


Eminescu revisited Gheorghe and Marițica Bibescu's plight with more sympathy, producing a rhyme based on Romanian folklore: 1840s propaganda also includes several paintings, often showing the Princess dressed in traditional peasant clothing. According to art historian Ruxandra Beldiman, she may have been the first lady to adhere to this fashion, which also stated her support for the cultural ideals of Romanian nationalism. The earliest such canvass, an official portrait, was done by Carol Szathmari, probably in 1845; it combines elements of peasant clothing from Argeș County, including
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George Barbu Știrbei


Bibescu brothers. On his mother Elisabeta's side, George descended from the Cantacuzino family, specifically its branch in Moldavia. When his son was born, Barbu Bibescu-Știrbei was merely a "Clucer", trailing behind his more ambitious brother Gheorghe; his climb was moreover interrupted by the Russian Empire, with its invasion of Wallachia. It resumed when he was imposed by Consul Peter I. Rikman into the cabinet of Prince Alexandru II Ghica. The liberal-minded and Westernizing Pavel Kiselyov become governor of the two Danubian Principalities,
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Valentine de Riquet de Caraman-Chimay


Countess Valentine de Riquet de Caraman (15 February 1839 - 25 August 1914) was a Belgian princess. She was the daughter of Joseph de Riquet de Caraman-Chimay (1808-1886) and Émilie Pellapra. Her first marriage was to prince Paul de Bauffremont on 13 April 1861, but this ended in divorce in 1875 - she gained custody of her two children and later the same year married Georges Bibescu, son of Gheorghe Bibescu, with whom she had three more children - Georges, Nadège (princess Stirbey) and
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Gheorghe Magheru


, his past and career made him an important asset for the young radicals, who quickly won him for their side. He joined the Freemasonry-inspired "Frăţia" ("Brotherhood") secret society, founded in 1834 by Bălcescu, Christian Tell, and Ion Ghica, one which aimed to counter the arbitrary rule of Alexandru Ghica, and then plotting against Gheorghe Bibescu. After the outbreak of the 1848 Wallachian Revolution, Magheru served in the Provisional government formed by the radicals. He is noted for organizing the revolutionary and
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Marițica Bibescu


Gheorghe was at the time married to her godmother Zoe Brâncoveanu. Choosing to ignore public outrage, he finally obtained a divorce in 1844. The following year, he and Marițica were married in Focșani, a town situated on Wallachia's border with Moldavia. This was a lavish ceremony attended by Moldavian Prince Mihail Sturdza, who was their new godfather. Nevertheless, it had only partial recognition from the Wallachian Orthodox Church hierarchy. At odds with Metropolitan Neofit II, Gheorghe appealed to the Ecumenical Patriarch, and obtained approval after replacing Germanus
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Marițica Bibescu


IV with Meletius III. His effort included bribing the Ottoman Divan to depose Germanus. Policy disagreements between the conservative Gheorghe and liberal groups fed the Wallachian Revolution of 1848. During these events, Marițica remained by her husband's side, and was possibly present when he survived an assassination attempt. The couple eventually escaped Wallachia and settled in the Austrian Empire; the revolution was crushed by the Ottoman and Russian Empires, and the throne was handed to Marițica's brother-in-law, Barbu Dimitrie Știrbei. She and Gheorghe lived
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Marițica Bibescu


's conservatives, Gheorghe took revenge on Neofit and, by July 1847, left him completed isolated: "Intimidation and corruption have isolated him [...]; he can only shed tears at the plight of his country." The bishop finally agreed to a formal reconciliation and baptized Marițica's adulterous daughter. Gheorghe celebrated his wife's Orthodox name day on September 8, 1847 with a national festivity. This included the inauguration of a wooden bridge over the Olt River, at Slatina. The Princess toured other parts of the country
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Marițica Bibescu


. However, shortly before the legislative election of 1857, Gheorghe led his own wing of the "National Party", whose activists supported unification between Wallachia and Moldavia. He then stood as a regular deputy in the ad-hoc Divan, where he proposed an hereditary monarchy under a foreign Prince. He eventually resigned in November 1857, and returned to Paris. At the time, he was upset by the radicalism of the elected legislature. Before and during the elections of January 1859, Gheorghe and Știrbei were again boyar favorites
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George Barbu Știrbei


George Barbu Știrbei or Știrbeiŭ, also known as Gheorghe, Georgie, or Iorgu Știrbei (Francized "Georges Stirbey"; April 1, 1828 – August 15, 1925), was a Wallachian-born Romanian aristocrat and politician who served as the Minister of Foreign Affairs from July 15, 1866 until February 21, 1867. He was the eldest son of Barbu Dimitrie Știrbei, Prince of Wallachia, and the nephew of his rival, Gheorghe Bibescu; his younger siblings included the landowner and industrialist Alexandru B. Știrbei. Educated in
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Gheorghe Caranda


Gheorghe Caranda was a Romanian army officer and early aviator. He registered at Cotroceni Piloting School founded by George Valentin Bibescu in 1911, and earned his pilot license in 1912. On June 20, 1912 he crashed his biplane and died on Cotroceni field in Bucharest, thus becoming the first Romanian airplane accident fatality. The Farman III airplane was among those used at Chitila Piloting School, and reportedly had a longitudinal stability problem, and in addition the engine was under-performing on the day of the accident. Caranda received the Military
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Marițica Bibescu


for the throne, with Gheorghe clearly in the lead before the actual ballot. Marițica's cousin Iancu and her uncle Băleanu were also in the race. On election day, the progressive caucus inside the National Party put up Alexandru Ioan Cuza, who had already won the Moldavian election, as a surprise candidate. Under street pressure, Gheorghe renounced his ambitions, and Cuza emerged as the winner. Marițica did not follow her husband on these enterprises: she fell ill with cancer. She died in Paris on September 27, 1859
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Marițica Bibescu


their "țiitoare" ("kept women"). Such proposals were endorsed by the Ghica family, who mounted the opposition in alliance with the Filipescu boyars. Bibescu was shamed into withdrawing his own project, but obtained permission from Abdulmejid to dissolve the Assembly in 1844; until the legislative election of 1846, he ruled as an absolute monarch. Marițica was by then pregnant, giving birth to the Prince's eighth child, and her own fourth daughter. Bibescu had sent her abroad for the delivery, which reportedly occurred at
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Ioan Manu


"), he was a prefect of Galaţi, then a prefect of Giurgiu and in 1833, he settled in the capital Bucharest, holding several offices in succession: a "Vornic" during the reign of Prince Alexandru II Ghica, a secretary of the National Assembly, and an "Aga" (prefect of police) during the reign of Gheorghe Bibescu (when he organized the first Firefighters' Corps in Wallachia). In exchange for his leadership during the Great Fire of Bucharest (1847), Manu was awarded a
19827013
Slavery in Romania


owned by the church and state. In 1847, in Wallachia, a law of Prince Gheorghe Bibescu adopted by the Divan freed the slaves owned by the church and the rest of the slaves owned by the state institutions. During the Wallachian Revolution of 1848, the agenda of the short-lived Provisional Government included the emancipation ("dezrobire") of the Roma as one of the main social demands. The Government decreed the complete emancipation of the Roma by compensating the owners and it made a commission (made out of three
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Clăbucetul Taurului


Clăbucetul Taurului ("the bull's cap") is a mountain in Romania, part of Baiu Mountains in the Southern Carpathians. The highest peak is high. Located on the border of Brașov and Prahova counties, it is in the vicinity of Predeal, and features rich pastures. In 1844, the mountain was purchased by Alecu Filipescu-Vulpea. Pursuant to a deed issued by Prince Gheorghe Bibescu Filipescu granted it to Predeal Monastery later that year. It remained with the monastery until the 1863 secularization of monastic estates in Romania
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Alexandru G. Golescu


). Alexandru G. Golescu studied at the Saint Sava Academy and then in Paris, at the "École d'Arts et Métiers", and returned to be an engineer in Wallachia. Together with Nicolae Bălcescu, Ion Ghica and Christian Tell, Golescu was a founding member of the "Frăția" ("Brotherhood"), a radical secret society in 1843, meant as opposition to Wallachian Prince Gheorghe Bibescu. He returned to Paris in 1845 to be a member of a revolutionary society of the Romanian students. He took part in
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Great Fire of Bucharest


The Great Fire of Bucharest () was the largest conflagration ever to occur in Bucharest, Romania, then the capital of Wallachia. It started on March 23, 1847 and destroyed 1850 buildings, a third of the city, including, according to Prince Gheorghe Bibescu, "the most populated and richest part of Bucharest". The fire destroyed the central commercial part of the city, replacing the small and crowded wooden buildings with two-story brick merchants' and craftsemen's houses, inspired by those in Austria, having their
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Revolutions of 1848


-determination. It was closely connected with the 1848 unsuccessful revolt in Moldavia, it sought to overturn the administration imposed by Imperial Russian authorities under the "Regulamentul Organic" regime, and, through many of its leaders, demanded the abolition of boyar privilege. Led by a group of young intellectuals and officers in the Wallachian military forces, the movement succeeded in toppling the ruling Prince Gheorghe Bibescu, whom it replaced with a provisional government and a regency, and in passing a series of major liberal reforms, first announced in the
15723175
Proclamation of Islaz


The Proclamation of Islaz () was the program adopted on 9 June 1848 by Romanian revolutionaries. It was written by Ion Heliade Rădulescu. On 11 June, under pressure from the masses, Domnitor Gheorghe Bibescu was forced to accept the terms of the proclamation and recognise the provisional revolutionary government. The Proclamation of Islaz has the form and value of a constitutional act. Between these 22 provisions are notably: The location of Islaz (now in Teleorman County, then in Romanați County) was a small port on the Danube with some
17107681
Costache Aristia


Aristogeiton"). He returned to Wallachia before October 1843, and served as co-editor of Poenaru's newspaper, "Învățătorul Satului". This was the first publication specifically aimed at educating Wallachia's peasants, and was distributed by rural schools. Those years also witnessed his enthusiasm for political change in Wallachia: also in 1843, he published "Prințul român" ("The Romanian Prince"), which comprises encomiums for Gheorghe Bibescu, winner of the recent princely election. This was followed in 1847 by a similar
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Scarlat Vârnav


the 1850s, he and his brother Constantin, who was the son-in-law of Gheorghe Bibescu, took part in the nationalist movement that established the United Principalities, and was especially active as an electoral campaigner. However, his support of modernization in schools and the church was not welcomed by the religious establishment, and his stand-off with the conservative monks of Neamț resulted in the establishment of a dissident monastery. Subsequently, Vârnav lost the backing of "Domnitor" Alexandru Ioan Cuza, although he still approved of
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Alexandru B. Știrbei


Alexandru Barbu Știrbei, also rendered Alex. Știrbeĭ, Știrbey, or Știrbeiŭ (Francized "Alexandre Stirbey"; 1837 – March 13, 1895), was a Wallachian-born Romanian aristocrat, politician, businessman and agriculturalist, the son of Barbu Dimitrie Știrbei, Prince of Wallachia, younger brother of George Barbu Știrbei, and nephew of another Prince, Gheorghe Bibescu. After a short career in the French Army, he returned to the United Principalities and served terms in their Assembly of Deputies, inheriting the fortune left by his
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Alexandru B. Știrbei


grandfather of politician George Cretzianu, of female aviator Marina Știrbei and, allegedly, of Ileana of Romania. The large estate built by Știrbei, and expanded by his children, was dismantled during the communist regime, which also persecuted his descendants. It has been restored since, and continues to be lucrative into the 21st century. Born in Bucharest, Alexandru was the son of Barbu, the future reigning Prince. As such, he was also the nephew of Prince Barbu's rival brother, Gheorghe Bibescu, cousin of the adventurer
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Ion Heliade Rădulescu


by two future Princes, Gheorghe Bibescu and Barbu Dimitrie Ştirbei. Its character was based on Freemasonry; around that time, Heliade is known to have become a Freemason, as did a large section of his generation. In 1828, Heliade published his first work, an essay on Romanian grammar, in the Transylvanian city of Hermannstadt (which was part of the Austrian Empire at the time), and, on April 20, 1829, began printing the Bucharest-based paper "Curierul Românesc". This was the most successful
12081738
Great Fire of Bucharest


process. A fund was created for the rebuilding of the city. The Prince, Gheorghe Bibescu was the first to donate 6000 lei, with the rest of the institutions contributed 2,200,000 lei: The royal courts of Vienna, Stamboul and Petersburg contributed as well, as did the merchants of Leipzig and bankers (Rothschild family and Sinas), who contributed 3401 thalers (45,584 lei). The Moldavians, led by Vasile Alecsandri, had also a significant contribution of 50,715 lei. Additional contributions came from Bucharesters not affected by the fire
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National Theatre Bucharest


— a cultural society founded by Ion Heliade Rădulescu and Ion Câmpineanu — bought the Câmpinencii Inn to build a National Theatre on the site, and began to collect money and materials for this purpose. In 1840, Obşteasca Adunare (the legislative branch established under the terms of the Imperial Russian-approved "Organic Statute") proposed to Alexandru II Ghica, the Prince of Wallachia, a project to build a National Theatre with state support. The request was approved on June 4, 1840. Prince Gheorghe Bibescu adopted the idea of
19645703
Marițica Bibescu


. Later that month, Gheorghe secretly left the country, leaving Bucharest to be fought over between the Wallachian provisional government and a conservative dissident, Ioan Odobescu. According to Lăcusteanu, the departing Prince was sure that he would be returned to the throne by "the Moskals", who "are set to enter Bucharest in three to four days". Marițica followed her husband into exile, both of them initially settling at Corona. On June 29, another conservative coup in Bucharest briefly established a triumvirate comprising Neofit and two of
20991377
Wallachian Revolution of 1848


The Wallachian Revolution of 1848 was a Romanian liberal and nationalist uprising in the Principality of Wallachia. Part of the Revolutions of 1848, and closely connected with the unsuccessful revolt in the Principality of Moldavia, it sought to overturn the administration imposed by Imperial Russian authorities under the "Regulamentul Organic" regime, and, through many of its leaders, demanded the abolition of boyar privilege. Led by a group of young intellectuals and officers in the Wallachian Militia, the movement succeeded in toppling the ruling Prince Gheorghe Bibescu, whom it replaced
658754
Emanoil Băleanu


in the princely election of 1842, but conceded defeat in favor of his friend Gheorghe Bibescu, who then made him his "Postelnic" (1843–1847). As such, Băleanu contributed directly to the modernization of Wallachia, and also to the early stages of abolitionism—though he himself remained a slave owner to 1855. Băleanu joined the conservative camp during the Wallachian Revolution of 1848. For a few days in June–July of that year, he proclaimed himself "Caimacam", heading a reactionary administration alongside Metropolitan Neofit II
9255527
Constantin Daniel Rosenthal


Vasile Alecsandri to paint a portrait of the deceased Elena Negri after a daguerrotype. He also painted the portrait of Anica Manu, the wife of "Aga" Iancu Manu. Upon the outbreak of the revolution, Rosenthal was spared the first wave of repression ordered by Prince Gheorghe Bibescu - given the fact that he carried an Austrian passport. On June 18, 1848, soon after the Provisional Government took hold, Rosenthal applied for Wallachian citizenship (in theory, Romanian - as the new administrative body indicated its goal in the union
11405460
Ion Heliade Rădulescu


, Hungarian, and German ("see Romanian lexis"). By 1846, he was planning to begin work on a "universal library", which was to include, among other books, the major the philosophical writings of, among others, Plato, Aristotle, Roger Bacon, René Descartes, Baruch Spinoza, John Locke, Gottfried Leibniz, David Hume, Immanuel Kant, Johann Gottlieb Fichte and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. Before Alexandru Ghica was replaced with Gheorghe Bibescu, his relations with Heliade had soured. In contrast
12081751
Mateiu Caragiale


] and contradicted him systematically." The young Caragiale was sent to school at Anghel Demetriescu's Sfântul Gheorghe College in Bucharest, where he discovered a passion for history and heraldry. At around that time, he was probably introduced to Demetriescu's circle, which included the doctor Constantin Istrati, the writer Barbu Ștefănescu-Delavrancea, the physicist Ștefan Hepites, the literary critic N. Petrașcu, and the architect Ion Mincu. During a 1901 summer trip to Sinaia, where he sojourned with the Bibescu family, Mateiu was acquainted with George
1224684
Constantin Cantacuzino (died 1877)


of the Wallachian theaters. Cantacuzino's political climb was accelerated during the Russo-Turkish War of 1828, when he welcomed the Imperial Russian Army and became a protege of Governor Pavel Kiselyov. Following the Treaty of Adrianople, both Principalities became protectorates of Russia under Ottoman suzerainty. In 1831, Cantacuzino was "Vornic" of the Wallachian Police in Bucharest. In this capacity, together with Gheorghe Bibescu he organized the very first elections for the Town Council, which took place in November 1831. When this was convened, he also
1250685
1857 Wallachian legislative election


first public consultation to be held in eleven years. It ran in conjunction with the Moldavian Divan elections, and, like them, had unusually lax criteria for participation, allowing peasants and guilds to vote by indirect suffrage. The result in both countries was a sweep for parties which demanded the union. In Wallachia, the progressive National Party, chaired by Constantin A. Crețulescu, was on this topic indistinguishable from the conservative unionist factions, respectively led by brothers Gheorghe Bibescu and Barbu Dimitrie Știrbei. A fourth party, supporting Alexandru II
13468020
History of Bucharest


much larger Royal Palace). This was also the time the first opposition to Russian rule made itself felt, as the standoff in the Bucharest Assembly between Prince Ghica and the radical Ion Câmpineanu. The city was affected by a minor earthquake in January 1838, and a major flood in March 1839. The new prince Gheorghe Bibescu completed a water supply network and works on public gardens, began constructing the National Theater of Romania building (1846; finished in 1852) and improved the "chaussées" linking Bucharest with other Wallachian centers
13815343
Alecu Filipescu-Vulpea


(or Ordinary Assembly), Vulpea helped maneuver the opposition against Ghica, alongside Vilara and the young jurist Gheorghe Bibescu: immediately after the legislative election of 1841, they drafted a special report, presented to Ghica by the entire Assembly. It depicted Ghica as an anti-patriot and a foreigner, emphasizing his Albanian origins. Ghica was eventually disgraced by Sultan Abdulmejid I and deposed in October 1842. Alongside Câmpineanu, Vilara, and Ion Ghica, Vulpea suggested the appointment of Mihail Sturdza, the reigning Prince of Moldavia, for
13900724
Anton Pann


sided with the liberal revolutionaries in their action against Prince Gheorghe Bibescu, was a supporter of the new Wallachian Provisional Government, participating in popular rallies in Craiova and Râmnicu Vâlcea ("see 1848 Wallachian revolution"). The following year, after falling severely ill, he wrote down the first version of his testament in verse ("Adiata"), in which he asked to be buried in Viforâta Monastery (where he hoped that his wife Catinca would become a nun). After a series of other satirical works, Pann
18608066
Barbu Dimitrie Știrbei


"Organic Regulation", the first form of constitutional law ever implemented in Wallachia. In 1836, he was given the administration of the Justice Department, where he set up a new commercial code, based on the Napoleonic model, and improved the criminal and civil procedures. After Grigore IV Ghica was removed from the throne, Ştirbei was a candidate for the office in the only elections carried under the "Regulations"' provisions, but renounced his votes in favour of his brother, Gheorghe Bibescu. After the 1848 Wallachian Revolutionary
19505199
Marițica Bibescu


in Istanbul, and later in Paris, where Gheorghe continued to press for his recognition as Prince, as well as for union between Wallachia and Moldavia. His political career in Wallachia was resumed after the Crimean War, but his prospects of becoming Prince were ended during the electoral battles of 1859; his rival, Alexandru Ioan Cuza, was in a position to unite the two countries. The same year, Marițica died of cancer in Paris. She was survived by five children from two marriages, including a son, Mihai Ghica
20991348
Marițica Bibescu


Marițica's uncles: Teodor Văcărescu and Emanoil Băleanu. All three were captured and expelled over the border with Austria. Eventually, the revolution was dealt with by a two-stage invasion of Wallachia, seeing cooperation between the Ottoman Army and Russian forces, led by Mehmed Fuad Pasha, Abdülkerim Nadir Pasha, and Alexander von Lüders; the only battle was fought over Dealul Spirii in Bucharest. By June 1849, Gheorghe's brother Știrbei had been appointed Prince by both the Ottoman Empire and Russia, returning Wallachia to conservatism. In
20991378
C. A. Rosetti


near Gara de Nord in Bucharest is named after him. Rosetti took part in the Wallachian Revolution of 1848. He was among the first arrested by Prince Gheorghe Bibescu, who accused Rosetti of plotting to kill him. After the provisional government came to power on 11 June 1848, he held the post of chief of police. He was also the editor of the first newspaper of the Muntenian revolution, "Pruncul Român". He served with Nicolae Bălcescu, Alexandru G. Golescu and Ion C. Brătianu as a secretary of the Provisional
21708581
Costache Aristia


, and helped set up the Philharmonic Society, which produced a new generation of Wallachian actors—including Costache Caragiale and Ioan Curie. He contributed to the effort of modernizing the language, though his own proposals in this field were widely criticized and ultimately rejected. Aristia was made popular by his translation of Vittorio Alfieri's "Saul", which doubled as a nationalist manifesto, and earned accolades for his rendition of the "Iliad"; however, he was derided for eulogizing Prince Gheorghe Bibescu. He also contributed to cultural life
2380212
Radu D. Rosetti


County bar association. During the interwar, he maintained contact with both the socialists and the "cremationists", but grew more conservative and passeistic. This attitude consolidated his success as the author of memoirs. Largely forgotten in his old age, he withdrew to a garret. The future poet was born in Bucharest into the "boyar" Rosetti family. His grandfather was a Wallachian statesman, "Aga" Radu Rosetti, who headed the National Theater Bucharest under Prince Gheorghe Bibescu. In 1847, he was Prefect of Gorj County
624320
Wallachian Revolution of 1848


In October 1840, the first specifically revolutionary secret society of the period was repressed by Prince Ghica. Among those arrested and taken into confinement were the high-ranking boyar Mitică Filipescu, the young radical Nicolae Bălcescu, and the much older Dimitrie Macedonski, who had taken part in the uprising of 1821. The new ruler, Gheorghe Bibescu, released Bălcescu and other participants in the plot during 1843; soon afterwards, they became involved in founding a new Freemason-inspired secret society, known as "Frăția" ("The
658761
Chindia Tower


The Chindia Tower () is a tower in the Curtea Domnească monuments ensemble in Târgovişte, Romania, built in the 15th century. The tower was begun during the second reign of Prince Vlad III the Impaler over Wallachia and took its final form during the 19th century. It initially had a military purpose, but during its history, it has been used as a guard point, a fire spotter, and for storing and protecting the state treasury. Between 1847 and 1851, the Chindia Tower was completely restored by Gheorghe Bibescu who
6708387
Emanoil Băleanu


exposed as plagiarized version of a similar work by Theodoros Photeinos, which in turn may have copied a since-lost book by Dionisie Fotino. Historian Radu Crutzescu proposes that Emanoil's political rise was in large part owed to his kinship with two families: the Văcărescus and the Soutzos; he was uncle of Marițica Văcărescu, who was to become Prince Gheorghe Bibescu's wife, and, through his marriage with Catinca, son-in-law of Wallachia's last Phanariote Prince, Alexandros Soutzos. A Wallachian comedy of ca.
9255535
Scarlat Vârnav


Constantin became famous for his advocacy of balneotherapy, and also for his work during the 1848 cholera epidemic: he was the only doctor of Iași to have survived the calamity. This was particularly unusual, as he did not believe that cholera was contagious, and relied on folk medicine in his attempts to cure it. He shared some of Scarlat's views about modernization, publishing his plans to set up a sanitary service and medical schools. From 1844, he was also son-in-law of the Wallachian Prince Gheorghe Bibescu
9914060
Regulamentul Organic


Bălcescu, Eftimie Murgu, Ion Ghica, Christian Tell, Dimitrie Macedonski, and Cezar Bolliac (all of whom held Câmpineanu's ideology in esteem)—in 1840, Filipescu and most of his group (who had tried in vain to profit from the Ottoman crisis engendered by Muhammad Ali's rebellion) were placed under arrest and imprisoned in various locations. Noted abuses against the rule of law and the consequent threat of rebellion made the Ottoman Empire and Russia withdraw their support for Ghica in 1842, and his successor, Gheorghe Bibescu, reigned as
1023731
Alexandru B. Știrbei


of native or assimilated boyars. A protege of Prince Grigore IV Ghica in the 1820s, he married Ecaterina, granddaughter of the boyaress Safta Brâncoveanu and a member of the Văcărescu family. His second son was adopted by a more prestigious Oltenian, the "Vornic" Barbu C. Știrbei, who left him his name, the estate of Cepturoaia, and vineyards outside Drăgășani. The Bibescu and Știrbei branches remained distinct and competitive, with the two brothers even running against each other in the princely election of 1842—although eventually Barbu ceded Gheorghe his
10810051
Romanian air tours over Africa


Valentin Bibescu (1880–1941) founded the Romanian Flight Club in 1909, and the National Air League in 1912. Between 1911 and 1912 he commanded the Cotroceni Flight School. Between 1930 and 1941, he was President of The International Aeronautical Federation (I.A.F.). Gheorghe Bănciulescu (1898–1935) flew for the first time in 1919. On 12September 1926, while flying in the fog close to Rýmařov, he hit Hirshbrun Mount, and lost both legs below the knees in the accident. Following that accident, he learned to fly by
13781899
1842 Wallachian princely election


Elections for the princely throne of Wallachia were held on December 20–21, 1842 (New Style: January 1–2, 1843), marking the start of Gheorghe Bibescu's rule. They were the first of two such elections ever held in Wallachia, and historic in that they restored and modernized the elective monarchy, after a 112-year hiatus. While earlier elections took place under the Vlach law, the 1842–43 race was held under a modernized suffrage: there were multiple candidates, an electoral college, approval voting, and exhaustive ballot. The
13835320
1842 Wallachian princely election


promotions of his associates, and allegedly pocketing 11 million French francs from the national treasury. Before the legislative election of 1841, a more conservative opposition group, distinct from the National Party, was slowly emerging among the boyars. It was consolidated around the jurist Gheorghe Bibescu, who had exposed Ghica's favoritism toward foreigners, and had "Vornic" Alexandru Vilara for its "éminence grise". Another affiliate was Barbu Catargiu of Teleorman, who used his maiden speech to denounce Ghica's abuses. Under such influences, the Assembly
13835337
Gheorghe Chițu


disposition, conservative politicians pressed for their dissolution, with certain mayors defunding the guards. In 1882, their budgetary shortfall widened; meanwhile, more modern police institutions were appearing in Europe, so the time seemed fit to do away with them. In early 1884, when tensions over modifying the Constitution spilled over into street protests that aimed to install Bibescu's son as king, Chițu helped lead a successful effort to disperse the crowd and restore order. His final term in government was a second stint as Education Minister, from June
14222824
Claymoor (Mișu Văcărescu)


Alexandru II Ghica. After Ghica's downfall, he ran in the first princely election, winning just 21 votes from 179. His aunt, Marițica Văcărescu-Ghica, went on to marry the winner of that race, Gheorghe Bibescu, after a years-long scandal. She was also a poet, although her work remained unpublished. Mihail's mother Ecaterina (1819–1891), also a boyaress, descended from the Cantacuzino family through a Moldavian offshoot, and claimed ownership of an estate in Pașcani. Despite her generous dowry,
14255054
Edmond van Saanen Algi


and Anna Pavlova. Van Saanen-Algi was the son of Robert van Saanen, a founding member of Romania’s National Church, and Louise Bruzzessi. Though the name van Saanen is of Dutch origin, his family had left Hoorn as early as 1710. His grandfather, Pierre Edmond van Saanen (born Smyrna in 1813), had arrived in Wallachia during Gheorghe Bibescu’s reign (between 1843-1848) and had started a dynasty active in business and the arts. His mother's family had been active in the unification
14379004
Anna de Noailles


Anna, Comtesse Mathieu de Noailles (15 November 1876 – 30 April 1933) was a Romanian-French writer. Born Princess Anna Elisabeth Bibesco-Bassaraba de Brancovan in Paris, she was a descendant of the Bibescu and Craioveşti families of Romanian boyars. Her father was Prince Grégoire Bibesco-Bassaraba, a son of Wallachian Prince Gheorghe Bibesco and Zoe Mavrocordato-Bassaraba de Brancovan. Her Greek mother was the former Ralouka (Rachel) Mussurus, a musician, to whom the Polish composer Ignacy Paderewski dedicated several of his compositions.
18656278
Constantin Gane


scientific in nature, being rather a popularizing work". The final installments of "Trecute vieți" were panned by Iorga, who noted that their "pioneering notices" were unveiled in the form of "light anecdote about serious people". Sections of these books drew heavily on new archival material, including the letters of Maria Moruzi Comnen. The author also had interviews with Marthe Bibesco, who provided details about the mental illness plaguing Zoe Brâncoveanu, and leading to her divorce from Prince Gheorghe Bibescu. As part of his research
20415232
Maurice Paléologue


Maurice Paléologue (13 January 1859 – 23 November 1944) was a French diplomat, historian, and essayist. He played a major role in the French entry into the First World War, when he was the French ambassador to Russia and supported the Russian mobilization against Germany that led to world war. Paléologue was born in Paris as the son of Alexandru Paleologu, a Wallachian Romanian revolutionary who had fled to France after attempting to assassinate Prince Gheorghe Bibescu during the 1848 Wallachian revolution. Alexandru was one of three illegitimate children of Elisabeta
21978338
Gheorghe Bănciulescu


flew the route Paris - Strasbourg - Nuremberg - Prague - Vienna - Belgrade with a Romanian aircraft type SET-41). Last raid "to stick Commander" was part of the French civil aviation missions to identify and set air routes over the African continent. To carry out these missions, George Valentin Bibescu proposed Bănciulescu together with an experienced team, a telegraphist and the driver, which received the French modern aircraft, a Potez 9 AB with two engines. On 13 March 1935 took off along and audacious raid on the route Paris
3116469
Serban Cantacuzino (architect)


Șerban Cantacuzino, CBE (6 September 1928, Paris – 22 February 2018) was a Romanian architect and the founder and president of Pro Patrimonio foundation. Cantacuzino was the son of architect, painter and essayist Prince George Matei Cantacuzino, of the noble Cantacuzino family (his mother being granddaughter of Wallachian ruler Gheorghe Bibescu) and his wife Sanda Știrbei, also of a family of Romanian aristocrats. Following his parents' separation and his mother settling in England with her children in 1939, Cantacuzino was educated at Winchester College and Magdalene College
6354975
Bonifaciu Florescu


, but had endured the unrepentant bohemian. He only worked when we pressed him to, with us looking over his shoulder." During this stage of his life, Florescu became close friends with Georges Bibesco, French-speaking son of Prince Gheorghe Bibescu (whom his father and uncles had deposed in 1848). He translated Bibesco's defensive biography of his father, which ran at over 1200 pages in the printed edition of 1893–1894. As he noted in a dedication to Bibesco, he considered him a friend through their shared
664911
Moldavian Revolution of 1848


counterpart alarmed Russia, which in late March had warned Sturdza and Prince Gheorghe Bibescu that armies would be sent across the Prut if changes were pondered in the Organic Statute system. The threat emboldened Sturdza to resist the liberals' demands. In April, after the Iaşi petitioners were scattered, Tsar Nicholas sent an aide, General Alexander Duhamel, to investigate the situation; in Iaşi he urged the prince to make a few modest concessions to defuse the situation, but the latter rejected any move toward "liberalism". Meeting in Cernăuţi
9377981
Marițica Bibescu


Marițica Bibescu, born Maria Văcărescu, also known as Marițica Ghica (August 1, 1815 – September 27, 1859), was the Princess-consort of Wallachia between September 1845 and June 1848. A boyaress by birth, she belonged to the Văcărescu family. Her father Nicolae, her grandfather Ienăchiță and her uncle Alecu were politicians and professional writers; Marițica herself was an unpublished poet. She was orphaned as a child, but was looked after by her relatives and her family friends, including Prince Alexandru II Ghica and philanthropist
20991344
Iosif Trifa


, is born, but she dies the following year. In 1914 his second child, a boy this time - Titus Gheorghe, is born, but he also dies in the following year. This year also coincides with the start of the first World War I, and Ardealul passes under Austro-Hungarian occupation. In 1916, his third child is born: a boy, whom he names the same as his second Titus-Gheorghe. This child is the only one who survives. In 1918, his fourth child,
8433443
Elena Bibescu


Princess Elena Bibescu (1855 – October 18, 1902) was a Romanian noblewoman and pianist, regarded as one of the greatest pianists of Europe in the nineteenth century. Elena Bibescu debuted on February 14, 1873 in Bucharest, in a charity concert held at Grand Theatre of Bucharest, in the presence of King Carol I and Queen Elisabeth of Romania. In France, she became famous for being an outstanding pianist, but also for being a protector of culture. Princess Bibescu held, for three decades, one of the most
15767957
XYY syndrome


chromosome abnormalities was undertaken at seven centers worldwide: in Denver (Jan 1964–1974), Edinburgh (Apr 1967–Jun 1979), New Haven (Oct 1967–Sep 1968), Toronto (Oct 1967–Sep 1971), Aarhus (Oct 1969–Jan 1974, Oct 1980–Jan 1989), Winnipeg (Feb 1970–Sep 1973), and Boston (Apr 1970–Nov 1974). The Boston study, led by Harvard Medical School child psychiatrist Stanley Walzer at Children's Hospital, was unique among the seven newborn screening studies in that it only screened newborn "boys" (
18157960
1842 Wallachian princely election


and conservatives versus liberals. These protracted battles had marked the rule of Alexandru II Ghica, deposed by collusion between Bibescu and his aging conservative rival, Alecu Filipescu-Vulpea. The electoral campaign, touched by corruption and slander, also opposed Bibescu to his brother Barbu Dimitrie Știrbei, who became a leading contender. Bibescu won when Știrbei effectively transferred him his electoral votes, leaving the senior boyar Iordache Filipescu in third-place. Bibescu's reign was marked by concessions to the National Party, but later the prince asserted his independence
13835322
Gheorghe Barbu


Gheorghe Barbu was a member of the parliamentary friendship groups with the Slovak Republic, India and the Tunisian Republic. On 29 December 2004, Gheorghe Barbu was appointed as Minister of Labor, Social Solidarity and Family in the Tariceanu Government. Among the legal proposals it worth mentioning the one proposed in 2005, the draft law that reduces the child's allowance from ROL 7,800,000 to ROL 3,000,000. A simple displaying of the project on the website of the Ministry has triggered a so hostile feedback from civil society that the day after its submission
6614595
The Man from Snowy River (TV series)


NOV 1994)br 13 The Stampede (27 NOV 1994) Season 2br 1 The Hostage (13 AUG 1995)br 2 The Savage Land (20 AUG 1995)br 3 The Railroad (27 AUG 1995)br 4 Fathers and Sons (3 SEP 1995)br 5 The Manly Art (10 SEP 1995)br 6 The Dry Argument (17 SEP 1995)br 7 Servant of the People (1 OCT 1995)br 8 The Search (8 OCT 1995)br 9 The Lost Child (15 OCT 1995)br 10 The Foundling (22 OCT 1995)br 11 The Long Arm of the Law (29 OCT 1995)br
19713722
Marițica Bibescu


party per fess": the Wallachian bird, displayed as in the Bibescu arms, appears in chief; and the Văcărescu arms, depicting a knight guarding Făgăraș Citadel, in the bottom half. A quartered variant of the combined arms, including the Romanian tricolor, came to represent the Bibescu–Văcărescu descendants. It appears as a relief at Père Lachaise, and was also used by the Baroness Courval; Grégoire Brancovan also adopted the arms, but with different tinctures. Marițica's ascent to the throne was an influence on other
20991399