Artelida scutellaris [SEP] taxon rank
Brachygastra scutellaris


Guiana, Bolivia, Ecuador and Brazil, the distinct yellow coloration of "B. scutellaris" is observably reduced. On the other side of the spectrum, fully black "B. scutellaris" individuals are observed in Brazil. Both fully black and fully yellow individuals are found in Colombia. Though displaying a wide range of bodily coloration, these different variations of "B. scutellaris" must necessarily be grouped into a single species, as there is a distinct lack of difference in form and structure. Both male and female "B. scutellaris"
3772775
Brachygastra scutellaris


the Epiponini tribe," B. scutellaris "is observed to be a polygynous species with several queens, and it reproduces via swarming. Close relatives of "Brachygastra scutellaris" include: "B. azteca", "B. lecheguana", and "B. mellifica." "Brachygastra scutellaris" can be identified by characteristics that are specific to the genus "Brachygastra." These include a prominent and projecting scutellum which, coupled with the metanotum and propodeum, form a vertical and flat thorax. Furthermore, the first tergum (abdominal segment
3772773
Chrysis scutellaris


Chrysis scutellaris is a species of cuckoo wasps (insects in the family Chrysididae). "Chrysis scutellaris" can reach a length of . Head and chest are greenish blue while scutellum and abdomen are mainly golden red. At the rear edge of the third tergite it has 4 teeth. "Chrysis scutellaris" fly from late June to early August. The larvae parasitize solitary wasps ("Eumenes pomiformis") and bees ("Halictus maculatus"). These quite common wasps can be found in most of Europe and in North
2849616
Brachygastra scutellaris


all subsequent, secondary combs, which can, as well, be orderly or chaotically constructed. Characteristic to "B. scutellaris" is its inherent swarm-founding behavior, which presents in the form of a large group of workers and several queens initiating a new colony. Consequently, "B. scutellaris" will display mostly polygynous behavior. The colony cycle is the developmental period between one reproductive episode and the next. As part of the Epiponini tribe, "B. scutellaris" colonies will fluctuate between oligogyny and polygyny throughout the colony cycle
3772779
Brachygastra scutellaris


As seen antecedently, "B. scutellaris" often falls prey to "Eciton" raids, which, however infrequently occur, have devastating results. Unlike many of their eusocial relatives who have developed chemical defenses through self-produced ant repellants, which they excrete around the nest, B. scutellaris must adapt through nest evolution. The first variation of evolutionary response and most pertinent to "B. scutellaris" involves better choice of nest location. Locations that are less frequented by ants will ultimately result in higher fitness for the nest because they effectively
3772787
Taxonomic rank


not to say that a taxon at any other rank may not be sharply defined, or that any species is guaranteed to be sharply defined. It varies from case to case. Ideally, a taxon is intended to represent a clade, that is, the phylogeny of the organisms under discussion, but this is not a requirement. A classification in which all taxa have formal ranks cannot adequately reflect knowledge about phylogeny. Since taxon names are dependent on ranks in traditional Linnaean systems of classification, taxa without ranks cannot be
17667712
Brachygastra scutellaris


Brachygastra scutellaris, a honey wasp, is a Neotropical, swarm-founding species that is found in South America and has a medium-sized population of 100-1000 individuals per colony. It stores large amounts of nectar in its nest for the production of honey, and it was even found that at certain times of the year, the nectar is toxic to humans, as they will extract nectar from hallucinogenic plants, depending on the season. "Brachygastra scutellaris" is a part of the family Vespidae and the subfamily Polistinae
3772771
Brachygastra scutellaris


part of the genus "Brachygastra", "B. scutellaris" will have a sessile initiation onto a plant or tree upon which they will build the primary comb. Anchored to this will be the secondary combs built in seemingly random order. More specifically, "B. scutellaris" will build a "Phragmocyttarous" nest, which is characterized by a horizontal primary comb, covered by an envelope. Sessile to this primary comb will be secondary combs will be all subsequent combs, however, under the protection of the envelope. A technique
3772789
Melipona scutellaris


of antibiofilm agents and to present selectivity against human cancer cell lines at low concentrations compared to normal cells. "M. scutellaris" is a member of the family Apidae of eusocial bees within the order Hymenoptera, which consists of ants, bees, wasps, and sawflies. The subfamily Meliponini is commonly referred to as "stingless bees." It is one of 40 known species within the genus "Melipona". "M. scutellaris" has the common name of "uruçu-nordestina" (northeast uruçu) or "uruçu-
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Melipona scutellaris


from the pots it is stored avoiding contamination. "M. scutellaris" nests in cavities of tree trunks in the Atlantic rainforest and is widely distributed in the Northeast of Brazil, where it is commonly kept by regional and traditional beekeepers for honey, pollen and wax. To construct their nests, "M. scutellaris" use cerumen, a mixture of wax and floral resins. Ceruman is used in different ratios in storage pots, brood cells, entrance openings and tubes, and pillars. The nests are surrounded and protected by a structure
1589496
Melipona scutellaris


act as social parasites: they are able to take advantage of unrelated workers and benefit from their work. Foraging "M. scutellaris" motivate collecting bees to search for food at random by a "jostling run" where they bump into other workers. The number of jostles for a forager correlated with the number of collecting bees but do not correlate to the distance or direction. "M. scutellaris" foragers inform their nestmates adequately about the direction of the food source, but their information on distance is poor and limited. Recruited bees
1589504
Tenthredopsis scutellaris


Tenthredopsis scutellaris, a common sawfly, is a species of the family Tenthredinidae and subfamily Tenthrediniinae. This species is mainly present in British Isles, France, Germany, Italy, Austria, Switzerland, Poland and Romania. These sawflies mainly inhabit hedgerows, meadows, roadsides and forest edges Adults of "Tenthredopsis scutellaris" can reach a length of . Thorax is black, with a yellow stripe along the forehead and yellow scutellum and postscutellum. The legs are brown, but the hind legs are black. The wings are clear with brown
275709
Brachygastra scutellaris


are generally similar, there are a few stark differences that signify sexual dimorphism. Males have a smaller and more convex clypeus (shield-shaped part of the head), a more punctured and narrow abdomen, and a bright yellow spot on their abdomen that is usually indicative of sex. Though adults have been widely catalogued in "B. scutellaris", there has been very little research on the actual morphology of the larva. Lengths of "B. scutellaris" larvae include 5.7mm – 7.8mm with a maximum width of 2.2
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Brachygastra scutellaris


mm – 3.5mm. As the head is less developed, the head capsule is significantly softer than those of adults. Bands and lines on the abdomen are not yet developed and are weakly indicated. "B. scutellaris" are honey wasps and will thus display honey storing behavior characteristic of its genus "Brachygastra". This honey-storing pattern includes of these swarm-founding wasps includes storing honey in empty cells in order to act as a food reserve. Because of the biome in which "B. scutellaris" is found,
3772783
Brachyopa scutellaris


Brachyopa scutellaris is a European species of hoverflies. External images For terms see Morphology of Dipterabr The wing length is 6·5-7·75 mm. Apical antennomere with a large kidney-shaped sensory pit Tergite 2 posteriolaterally black pilose. The larva is illustrated by Rotheray (1993) "Brachyopa scutellaris" is a West Palearctic species with a distribution centred in Europe (Denmark to the Pyrenee.Ireland east through Central Europe to Switzerland. The habitat is deciduous forest ("Acer", "Alnus", "Ulmus", "Fraxinus
7290085
Crematogaster scutellaris


Crematogaster scutellaris is a species of ant belonging to the family Formicidae, subfamily Myrmicinae. "Crematogaster scutellaris" can reach a length of about 8 mm in the queen, while the workers rarely exceed 5 mm. These ants have reddish head and black thorax and abdomen. The shape of the abdomen is characteristic, as it gradually narrows toward the apex. They raise menacingly their pointed abdomen when they are feeling attacked, emitting a small drop of pheromones from the rear end. The smell of the pheromone causes a general mobilization in
793886
Melipona scutellaris


"M. scutellaris" was one of the first bee species domesticated by Potiguara, Kiriri, Xucuru, Pataxó, Paiaku, Tupicuruba and Aymoré Indians. The Portuguese colonizers learned rearing techniques that led "M. scutellaris" to become one of the most frequently reared species of stingless bees in the Northeast. Their colonies can have from 4000 to 6000 bees, and in favorable conditions can produce up to 10 liters of honey a year. This makes the species very attractive for commercial honey production, despite the extra work to collect the honey
1589495
Melipona scutellaris


has been hypothesized that at the nest entrance, "M. scutellaris" guards assess the scents of others attempting to enter and will not let them pass if it lacks the correct colony smell. The honey of "M. scutellaris" bees can be produced up to 10 liters per year per colony, in good times, though the average is 2.5 to 4 liters per year per colony. It is mainly considered medicinal by regional populations. The honey may have antimicrobial properties to be used for treating wounds and burns, as first reported
1589509
Form (botany)


In botanical nomenclature, a form ("forma", plural "formae") is one of the "secondary" taxonomic ranks, below that of variety, which in turn is below that of species; it is an infraspecific taxon. If more than three ranks are listed in describing a taxon, the "classification" is being specified, but only three parts make up the "name" of the taxon: a genus name, a specific epithet, and an infraspecific epithet. The abbreviation "f." or the
7125380
Infraspecific name


In botany, an infraspecific name is the scientific name for any taxon below the rank of species, i.e. an infraspecific taxon. (A "taxon", plural "taxa", is a group of organisms to be given a particular name.) The scientific names of botanical taxa are regulated by the "International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants" (ICN). This specifies a 'three part name' for infraspecific taxa, plus a 'connecting term' to indicate the rank of the name
20320028
Taxon


In biology, a taxon (plural taxa; back-formation from "taxonomy") is a group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit. Although neither is required, a taxon is usually known by a particular name and given a particular ranking, especially if and when it is accepted or becomes established. It is not uncommon, however, for taxonomists to remain at odds over what belongs to a taxon and the criteria used for inclusion. If a taxon is given
20416048
Name-bearing type


group" ranks consist of just the species and subspecies. (Note: a "species group" defined as a taxon, rather than as a category of ranks, has an unofficial rank, one of several such ranks between the subgenus and species levels sometimes used by zoologists in taxa with many species; see Taxonomic rank.) The name-bearing type of a species-group taxon (hereafter "species" for brevity) is an actual specimen or set of specimens; the "Code" recommends that great care should
5809726
Botanical nomenclature


taxon (see correct name) and if a new name may (or must) be coined. Plant taxonomy is an empirical science, a science that determines what constitutes a particular taxon (taxonomic grouping, plural: taxa): e.g. "What plants belong to this species?" and "What species belong to this genus?". The definition of the limits of a taxon is called its 'circumscription'. For a particular taxon, if two taxonomists agree exactly on its circumscription, rank and position (i.e. the
15041079
Synonym (taxonomy)


of Zoological Nomenclature", synonyms are different scientific names of the same taxonomic rank that pertain to that same taxon. For example, a particular species could, over time, have had two or more species-rank names published for it, while the same is applicable at higher ranks such as genera, families, orders, etc. In each case, the earliest published name is called the senior synonym, while the later name is the junior synonym. In the case where two names for the same taxon have been published
3098371
One Rank, One Pension


and 85 Indian Military Academy; and officers from the 14 Army Education Course; and twenty five officers and their families came from Jaipur. The movement continues to gain momentum, and perceptible increase in support and participation by former high-ranking officers of the armed forces, from Lt generals, Admirals, air marshals, Group Captains, and Colonels. Old veterans included Sep Ram Kishan, 93 years, Armoured Corp veteran of World War II; Sep Ram Bharose Yadav, 85 years, a blind veteran of 72 Medium Artillery;
8649907
Anthaxia scutellaris


Anthaxia scutellaris is a species of "jewel beetles" belonging to the family Buprestidae, subfamily Buprestinae. This beetle is present in Albania, Croatia, France, Italy, Greece, Portugal, Spain and in North Africa. The larva is polyphagous and lives at the expense of several shrubs and trees. Main larval host plants are in genus "Arbutus", "Ceratonia", "Cornus", "Juniper", "Malus", "Pinus", "Pistacia", "Prunus", "Pyrus",
5456538
PhyloCode


content of a taxon, other than the type, is not specified by the rank-based codes. In contrast, under phylogenetic nomenclature, the content of taxa are delimited using a definition that is based on phylogeny (i.e., ancestry and descent) and uses specifiers (e.g., species, specimens, apomorphies) to indicate actual organisms. The formula of the definition indicates an ancestor. The defined taxon, then, is that ancestor and all of its descendants. Thus, the content of a phylogenetically defined taxon relies on
4227015
Taxonomic rank


given names. Alternative approaches, such as using circumscriptional names, avoid this problem. There are no rules for how many species should make a genus, a family, or any other higher taxon (that is, a taxon in a category above the species level). It should be a natural group (that is, non-artificial, non-polyphyletic), as judged by a biologist, using all the information available to them. Equally ranked higher taxa in different phyla are not necessarily equivalent (e.g., it
17667713
Brachygastra scutellaris


as well as the tribe Epiponini. As is characteristic of the Vespidae, "B. scutellaris" is a eusocial wasp, which refers to the complex organization of behavior defined by: living in groups, cooperative care of young, reproductive division of labor and reproductive castes and an overlap of generations. As part of the subfamily Polistinae, food is masticated and subsequently fed to their young. The larvae then regurgitate the masticated food in the form of a nutritious liquid, which is consumed by the adults. Furthermore, as part of
3772772
Phylogenetic nomenclature


Phylogenetic nomenclature, often called cladistic nomenclature, is a method of nomenclature for taxa in biology that uses phylogenetic definitions for taxon names as explained below. This contrasts with the traditional approach, in which taxon names are defined by a "type", which can be a specimen or a taxon of lower rank, and a description in words. Phylogenetic nomenclature is currently not regulated, but the "International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature" ("PhyloCode") is intended to regulate it once it is ratified. Phylogenetic nomenclature ties names
4744909
Sarracenia rosea


this taxon in a 1993 issue of "Rhodora", the journal of the New England Botanical Club. Schnell decided to place this taxon at the rank of variety below subsp. "venosa" as "S. purpurea" var. "burkii", honoring Louis Burk as Wherry had suggested 60 years earlier. In 1999, however, botanists Robert Naczi, then a professor of biology at Northern Kentucky University, and Frederick and Roberta Case elevated the variety to species rank, naming it "Sarracenia rosea". They compiled morphological
4498748
Macrostomida


The Macrostomida are a taxon of small basal free-living flatworms (Turbellaria, Platyhelminthes), which inhabit freshwater, brackish, and marine environments. The taxon name was coined by Josef Meixner (1924). There are currently about 260 named species in this taxon. As is the case for many other taxa, the taxonomic rank of Macrostomida is not very clear. Macrostomidans are small (~0.5 to 5 mm in length), and generally highly transparent microturbellarians, usually round in cross section, and with only the largest forms
13717906
Type (biology)


specimens. The type of a genus or subgenus is a species. The type of a suprageneric taxon (e.g., family, etc.) is a genus. Names higher than superfamily rank do not have types. A "name-bearing type" is a specimen or image that "provides the objective standard of reference whereby the application of the name of a nominal taxon can be determined." Although in reality biologists may examine many specimens (when available) of a new taxon before writing an official published species description,
4362871
Tenthredopsis scutellaris


veins. Sexual dimorphism is not conspicuous, but in males the rear thigh is rather light, while in the females it is dark. Moreover in the females the abdomen is black with a central broad red band. Adults of "Tenthredopsis scutellaris" can be encountered from May through June feeding on nectar and pollen of flowers of Apiaceae species ("Heracleum sphondylium"). The larvae are polyphagous on a variety of plants, especially on Apiaceae species ("Anthriscus sylvestris") and on herbaceous plants (Poaceae species).
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Crematogaster scutellaris


the nest and any intruder is soon surrounded by a mass of aggressive ants. "Crematogaster scutellaris" establish independent monogynous colonies, but with the possibility of oligogyny (multiple queens are accepted by the workers in the colony, but the queens are aggressive among them). Winged males and queens can be found at the end of summer, but sometimes even until the end of October, if it is not very cold. They usually build their colonies mainly in stumps and fallen logs or dead branches. The nest are made with
793887
Correct name


there are two or more legitimate names for the same taxon (with the same circumscription, position and rank), then the correct name is the one which has priority, i.e. it was published earliest, although names may be conserved if they have been very widely used. Validly published names other than the correct name are called synonyms. Since taxonomists may disagree as to the circumscription, position or rank of a taxon, there can be more than one correct name for a particular plant. These may also be called synonyms.
19338400
Banksia aquilonia


geographically distinct from other infraspecific taxa. They also noted that there were no intermediate plants between what was then known as "B. integrifolia" var. "aquilonia" and other populations of "B. integrifolia". On this basis they would have liked to promote it to species rank, but did not because their inferred phylogeny suggested that this taxon arose from within "B. integrifolia". They were unwilling to render "B. integrifolia" paraphyletic by elevating this taxon to species rank, and they were equally unwilling to elevate all four
21331511
Drosera gigantea


geniculata", that grows to tall in black sandy soils near Perth and to its south. Jan Schlauer disagreed with Marchant and Lowrie's decision to give the new taxon a rank of subspecies and thus published a new combination of the taxon at the rank of variety in a 1996 issue of the "Carnivorous Plant Newsletter". He argued that subspecies should be reserved for those occasions where allopatric, or geographically isolated, speciation occurred and varieties are best used in cases where sympatric speciation is suspected. Others disagree with this assessment,
2758435
Anaspidea


somewhat resemble the ears of a hare. Many older textbooks and websites refer to this suborder as Anaspidea. The original author Paul Henri Fischer described the taxon Anaspidea at unspecified rank above family. In 1925 Johannes Thiele established the taxon Anaspidea as a suborder. Since the taxon Anaspidea was not based on an existing genus, this name is no longer available according to the rules of the ICZN. Anaspidea has been replaced in the new Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005) by the clade Aplysiomorpha. The scientific name
4362472
Brachygastra scutellaris


, due to the swarm-nature of the colony, the high numbers of workers will serve as guards for during this vulnerable stage of nest construction and egg-laying. After the envelope is constructed, only a narrow entrance needs to be constructed and thus fewer workers are allocated to defend against predation. Guard "B. scutellaris" will position strategically on the edges of the entrance. On top of position, these individuals will also put their antennae and heads in a forward position in order to track movement outside the nest.
3772786
Melipona scutellaris


Melipona scutellaris is a eusocial stingless bee species of the order Hymenoptera and the genus "Melipona". It is considered to be the reared "Melipona" species with the largest distribution in the North and Northeast regions of Brazil, with records from Rio Grande do Norte down to Bahia. Its common name, Uruçu, comes from the Tupi "eiru su", which in this indigenous language means "big bee". Their honey is highly desirable and the materials they create for nests have been proven to be a promising source
1589492
Melipona scutellaris


a higher pay-off being a small queen rather than a worker. They then have the potential to be selected by the workers as the next queen when the active queen dies. On many occasions, virgin "M. scutellaris" queens avoid being killed by the workers and abandon their own nests. During their escape, they are able to identify and invade other colonies that have been orphaned by the death of their original queen, the mother of the other bees in the colony. These invasions usually occur around sunset, when
1589502
Melipona scutellaris


leave the hive in the direction communicated by the forager and search for a food source that smells like the sample taken to the hive. It is still not known exactly how they communicate the source’s location. Guiding flights and scent marking have been excluded as communication manners by studies. "M. scutellaris" is haplodiploid, meaning that females have two sets of chromosomes (diploid), receiving one set from the queen and the other from a male drone. Meanwhile, male drones have one set of chromosomes (haploid),
1589505
Melipona scutellaris


resulting from an unfertilized egg. The male bee's genetic makeup is therefore derived entirely from the mother, while the genetic makeup of the female worker bee is derived half from the mother, and half from the father. If a queen bee mates with one drone, any of her daughters will share about 3/4 of their genes. "M. scutellaris" have atrophied stingers, so they cannot be used for their defense. Instead, they will defend by biting their predators. During the day, 1 or 2 bees will
1589506
Brachygastra scutellaris


savannas and shrub-lands. "B. scutellaris" has a similar distribution to relatives "B. smithii" and "B. augusti," though it does not spread into Paraguay and Argentina. Wasps of the genus "Brachygastra" create nests in trees. Its composition varies between short chips or fibers that eventually form a brown and brittle home. Their nests are seemingly without order, often arranged without pattern and with a varying number of entrances. While the primary comb is attached to the tree, it acts as an anchor to
3772778
Brachygastra scutellaris


. This oscillating property of the Epiponini colony cycle allows for greater genetic relatedness among the nest. The mechanism for queen selection in this process is unknown but is hypothesized that larger females are selected due to a higher expected fitness. "B. scutellaris" is observed to have 3 separate and distinct reproductive castes: queens, intermediates and workers. Workers are the most populous of individuals followed by intermediates and queens respectively. Intermediates are females that are not inseminated with partially developed ovaries. Dimorphism between queens and non-queens is clear with
3772780
Brachygastra scutellaris


the honey it stores acts as a reserve for the nest for the entire year. Mexican natives are known to maintain nests in a semidomestic manner in order to harvest their honey stores. Though most social wasps like "B. scutellaris" will suffer from heavy vertebrate predation i.e. birds; ant predation on wasp nests is the most frequent and is considered to be the driving evolutionary force for their nests. Their nests are frequently attacked because their eggs and larvae are concentrated and exposed in the combs. Furthermore, due to the sessile nature
3772784
Brachygastra scutellaris


of their nests, it makes it difficult for escape. Thus these social wasp nests are a heavily desired source of food for predators. Raids of "Eciton" (army ants) are cited as the most severe of attacks on the nest. Though "Eciton" raids are low in frequency, when they do occur, the entire brood is often decimated. Swarm-founding species like "B. scutellaris" will actually lay their eggs before their nest envelope is finished thus leaving their young unguarded to any foraging ants. However
3772785
Brachygastra scutellaris


give the colony and more importantly, the helpless larvae time to develop into functional adults. This can be accomplished through nesting in high locations, on leaves instead of twigs and nesting in buildings (as ants frequent them less than natural substrates). Though less pertinent to "B. scutellaris" and members of the genus "Brachygastra", it is worth mentioning that the other referenced forms of nest evolution include: shortening the colony cycle, increasing tolerance of frequent destructive attacks, and evolving defenses (e.g. chemical defense). As
3772788
Eciton burchellii


the wasp nest as "Eciton burchellii" consume the larva and pupa. "Eciton burchellii" are also known to prey on wasp species like "Brachygastra scutellaris" - they are the most severe predators of the wasp and their raids have the most devastating of results. "B. scutellaris" only mode of defense from these "Eciton" raids is attempting to find more elusive nesting locations. "Eciton burchellii" ant colonies use pheromones to maintain a straight foraging pathway. The ants can detect the pheromones with their antennae and can
6423074
Phylogenetic nomenclature


rank changed, even if it has precisely the same members (i.e. the same circumscription); and it is logically inconsistent with all taxa being monophyletic. Especially in recent decades (due to advances in phylogenetics), taxonomists have named many "nested" taxa (i.e. taxa which are contained inside other taxa). No system of nomenclature attempts to name every clade; this would be particularly difficult in traditional nomenclature since every named taxon must be given a lower rank than any named taxon in which it is nested, so the
4744916
Melipona scutellaris


verdadeira" (true uruçu), usually shortened to just "uruçu." "M. scutellaris" workers of populations from different elevations show morphological differences. Workers from coastal colonies have a dark thorax, while workers from mountainous regions have a light thorax, both having five white stripes and grey hairs. This variation is associated with the humidity in those areas which influences the pigmentation. Its body is robust, the clypeus is slightly convex, and the face is relatively narrow. They are about 10 to 12 mm in length.
1589494
Melipona scutellaris


dramatically. Like honey bees, stingless bees form perennial, swarm-founded colonies. "M. scutellaris" colonies typically contain around 1500 workers and are headed by a single, once-mated queen. Workers, gynes, and males are reared individually in similar-sized cells filled with larval food and are sealed by workers immediately after an egg is laid. In "Melipona", queens may be reared in both royal cells and small cells. Queens reared in small cells, referred to as virgin queens, are smaller than
1589498
Melipona scutellaris


The long life expectancy of reproductive workers is most likely linked to the fact that they do not carry out risky or energetically costly tasks such as foraging like normal workers. The queen has the longest life expectancy of around 175 days. Caste determination in stingless bees is still not fully understood. There are two main theories of determination, and there is not enough conclusive data to establish which one is correct for "M. scutellaris." One theory stipulates that female larvae have the potential of following diverse pathways in development. Workers build
1589500
Melipona scutellaris


-produced male because the worker can transmit genes to her son that the queen does not possess. However, workers cannot be excluded as possible mothers of queen-produced males because any allele transmitted by the queen to her son will also have been transmitted to workers. It has been show that workers contribute significantly to male production. "M. scutellaris" show immediate discriminative responses towards nestmates compared to others that are not members of their colony. They do this through the recognition of species- and colony-specific hydrocarbons. It
1589508
Brachygastra scutellaris


) is short and cap-shaped. The second tergum, due to its large size, will conceal any successive terga, which gives these wasps a short appearance. On top of more yellow coloration to signify caste differences, "B. scutellaris "shows continuous variation in bodily coloration ranging from fully black and fully yellow. The most common form of the wasp is presented in a mostly yellow abdomen (scutellum and metanotum) lined with pale and narrow bands. This form is extensively seen throughout Peru. As one moves to British
3772774
Synonym (taxonomy)


other purposes, if a researcher is interested in consulting or compiling all currently known information regarding a taxon, some of this (including species descriptions, distribution, ecology and more) may well have been published under names now regarded as outdated (i.e., synonyms) and so it is again useful to know a list of historic synonyms which may have been used for a given current (valid) taxon name. Objective synonyms refer to taxa with the same type and same rank (more or less the same taxon, although circumscription
3098374
Melipona scutellaris


in 1892. Its supposed antimicrobial properties may be due to high osmolarity. Because of the high water content, it should be stored in the refrigerator when not consumed immediately. Geopropolis collected by "M. scutellaris" display antimicrobial and antiproliferative activity. It has also been proven to be a promising source of antibiofilm agents and to present selectivity against human cancer cell lines at low concentrations compared to normal cells. Its chemical composition appears to be essentially nonpolar. The characteristics shown by chemical analyses suggest the presence of benzophenones as active compounds.
1589510
Brachygastra scutellaris


with a rough surface of tergum 2 whereas females have small punctures and a smooth surface of tergum 2. Lastly, males are observed to present more yellow pigmentation than females. "B. scutellaris" is most commonly found in Bolivia, Costa Rica, and Peru ranging in altitudes from 175m–700m. It is most commonly found in humid and forested areas and more specifically, the Atlantic forest. The Atlantic Forest is a 4,000 km terrestrial biome along the Atlantic coast characterized by mostly tropical and subtropical rainforest and tropical and subtropical grasslands,
3772777
Brachygastra scutellaris


queens having a mean wing length of 2.71mm versus 2.57mm and 2.62mm for intermediates and workers respectively. We also see a stark difference in number of hamulus, which are small bristle-like hooks on the anterior part of the wing. Queens were found to display significantly more hamulus than non-queens with 7.5 hooks versus 7.2 hooks. There was also found to be a positive correlation between yellow coloration and ovarian development. There are also clear morphological differences between male and female "B. scutellaris". Though the two
3772781
World Qualification Series (2009)


18 - Aug 23" 30th Anniversary of the Lacanau Pro and good conditions this year. Surf, concerts, events scheduled. Check out the video for a summary of the event http://vimeo.com/6994555 "Aug 25 - Aug 30" "Sep 01 - Sep 06" "Sep 01 - Sep 06" "Sep 04 - Sep 06" "Sep 09 - Sep 12" "Sep 10 - Sep 13" "Sep 08 - Sep 13" "Sep 15 - Sep 20" "Sep 16 - Sep 22" "Sep
1986943
Brachygastra scutellaris


can range from 5–9mm with a wing length range of 5–9mm as well. Coloration varies for both sexes based on geographic location and environmental influences; "B. scutellaris" can range from fully black to fully yellow and anything variation in-between. Female heads have curved antennae and a mandible with two types of teeth: 3 large and acute, and 2 that are low, rounded and blunt. Males present shorter antennae as well as male genitalia with paramere 2–3x as long as high. Male abdomens have large punctures separated
3772776
List of 1982–83 NBA season transactions


1982 Oct 2, 1982 Oct 1, 1982 Sep 30, 1982 Sep 29, 1982 Sep 28, 1982 Sep 27, 1982 Sep 24, 1982 Sep 22, 1982 Sep 20, 1982 Sep 19, 1982 Sep 18, 1982 Sep 17, 1982 Sep 15, 1982 Sep 14, 1982 Sep 13, 1982 Sep 10, 1982 Sep 9, 1982 Sep 7, 1982 Sep 2, 1982 Sep 1, 1982 Aug 31, 1982 Aug 27, 1982 Aug 26, 1982 Aug 16, 1982 Aug 8,
557049
Abraham Halpern


in Royal Canadian Naval Volunteer Reserve from Sep. 24, 1942 to Nov. 30, 1945 in European, North Atlantic, and Pacific theatres. Rank on discharge: Petty Officer. Served in Royal Canadian Navy, 1953-1957, as follows: Medical Officer, R.C.N. Hospital, Esquimalt, BC, July to Nov., 1953. Medical Officer, H.M.C.S. "Cayuga", Nov., 1953 to Feb., 1955 - Far East (Korea). Medical Officer, R.C.N. Hospital, Cornwallis, NS, Apr., 1955 to Sep.,
12498700
Melipona scutellaris


normal queens because they emerge from brood cells in which normally only workers and males are reared. Just like normal queens, virgin queens can successfully mate and head colonies. Virgin queens and workers are produced in identically sized cells, and are typically produced in great excess of colony needs. The development time from egg to adult is about 40 days. "M. scutellaris" workers have an average life expectancy of only 31 days while reproductive workers have an average life expectancy of 110 days, 3.5 times longer than a normal worker.
1589499
Taxon


any biological domain, but traditionally it was always used for animals, whereas "Division" was traditionally often used for plants, fungi, etc. A prefix is used to indicate a ranking of lesser importance. The prefix "super-" indicates a rank above, the prefix "sub-" indicates a rank below. In zoology the prefix "infra-" indicates a rank below "sub-". For instance, among the additional ranks of class are superclass, subclass and infraclass. Rank is relative, and restricted to a particular
20416053
Validly published name


a particular taxon and rank. Nevertheless, invalid names ("nomen invalidum", "nom. inval.") are sometimes in use. This may occur when a taxonomist finds and recognises a taxon and thinks of a name, but delays publishing it in an adequate manner. A common reason for this is that a taxonomist intends to write a "magnum opus" that provides an overview of the group, rather than a series of small papers. Another reason is that the code of nomenclature changes with time, and
14663024
Aromobatidae


The Aromobatidae are a family of frogs native to Central and South America. They are sometimes referred to as cryptic forest frogs. They are the sister taxon of the Dendrobatidae, the poison dart frogs, but are not as toxic as most dendrobatids are. The Aromobatidae were separated from the Dendrobatidae only in 2006, and some sources continue to treat these frogs as part of the Dendrobatidae. However, their position as the sister taxon is well supported, and the question is primarily about whether they should be ranked as a family or
17636105
Ozimops


30. The variation to this is the loss of a tooth in mature individuals, the upper anterior premolar, at one or both sides of the jaw. The taxon was first published as subgenus of "Mormopterus" in 2014, separating Australian groups whose diversity was reviewed and described as new species. The content of the new taxon was established or formerly cryptic taxa of Indo-Papuan species and a centre of diversity at the Australian mainland. This was elevated to the rank of genus in 2015. The arrangement of the genus
2029365
Taxon


coined a century before from the Greek components "τάξις" (taxis, meaning arrangement) and "-νομία" (-nomia meaning method). For plants, it was proposed by Herman Johannes Lam in 1948, and it was adopted at the VII International Botanical Congress, held in 1950. The Glossary of the "International Code of Zoological Nomenclature" (1999) defines a A taxon can be assigned a taxonomic rank, usually (but not necessarily) when it is given a formal name. "Phylum" applies formally to
20416052
Autonym (botany)


belonged to the species (and are not included in the newly described taxon) now become a new infraspecific taxon. But as neither the type nor the final epithet has changed, there is no need for a change in author citation. The same goes for a subdivision of a genus. If a botanist creates a new subdivision of a genus, for example by dividing a large genus into two or more subgenera, sections, or series, then a new subdivision of the genus at each of the new ranks will share the
20983137
Monera


Monera () (Greek - μονήρης (monḗrēs), "single", "solitary") is a kingdom that contains unicellular organisms with a prokaryotic cell organization (having no nuclear membrane), such as bacteria. They are single-celled organisms with no true nuclear membrane (prokaryotic organisms). The taxon Monera was first proposed as a phylum by Ernst Haeckel in 1866. Subsequently, the phylum was elevated to the rank of kingdom in 1925 by Édouard Chatton. The last commonly accepted mega-classification with the taxon
5726713
September 1941 lunar eclipse


A partial lunar eclipse took place on Friday, September 5, 1941. It was a shallow partial lunar eclipse, with less than 10% of the Moon covered in Earth's shadow. Aug 31, 1941 = Sunday Sep 1, 1941 = Monday Sep 2, 1941 = Tuesday Sep 3, 1941 = Wednesday Sep 4, 1941 = Thursday Sep 5, 1941 = Friday Sep 6, 1941 = Saturday Sep 7, 1941 = Sunday Sep 8, 1941 = Monday Sep 9, 1941 = Tuesday Sep 10, 1941
5363349
Tatuidris


of the tribe has been the focus of debate. Bolton (2003) was the first to suggest the taxonomic instability of "Tatuidris" within Myrmicinae and raised the genus to the level of a new subfamily, the Agroecomyrmecinae, suggesting that Agroecomyrmecinae might be the sister taxon to Myrmicinae. The subfamily rank was re-assessed by Baroni Urbani & de Andrade in 2007, this was the first attempt to include "Tatuidris" as a terminal taxon in a morphological cladistic analysis. In their study, Baroni Urbani & de Andrade identified
21404594
Correct name


In botany, the correct name according to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN) is the one and only botanical name that is to be used for a particular taxon, when that taxon has a particular circumscription, position and rank. Determining whether a name is correct is a complex procedure. The name must be validly published, a process which is defined in no less than 16 Articles of the ICN. It must also be "legitimate", which imposes some further requirements. If
19338399
Abelisauridae


. Abelisauridae is a family in rank-based Linnaean taxonomy, within the infraorder Ceratosauria and the superfamily Abelisauroidea, which also contains the family Noasauridae. It has had several definitions in phylogenetic taxonomy. It was originally defined as a node-based taxon including "Abelisaurus", "Carnotaurus", their common ancestor, and all of its descendants. Later, it was redefined as a stem-based taxon, including all animals more closely related to "Abelisaurus" (or the more complete "Carnotaurus") than to "
19559613
Gleicheniaceae


-shaped hairs. There is some dispute about ranking these ferns. They are typically placed in the order Gleicheniales. They may alternatively be considered a subclass Gleicheniatae or class Gleichenopsida, so that a distinct taxon can be established for the leptosporangiate ferns. In this case, the Gleicheniaceae are upranked to an order and receive the name Gleicheniales. Irrespective of their modern taxonomic treatment, the Gleicheniaceae were formerly included in the order Polypodiales. But the ferns in the loose sense are much too diverse a group to be shoehorned into one taxon
4344486
Taxonomic rank


by the nomenclature codes. There are seven main taxonomic ranks: kingdom, phylum or division, class, order, family, genus, species. In addition, "domain" (proposed by Carl Woese) is now widely used as a fundamental rank, although it is not mentioned in any of the nomenclature codes, and is a synonym for dominion (lat. dominium), introduced by Moore in 1974. A taxon is usually assigned a rank when it is given its formal name. The basic ranks are species and
17667700
Taxonomic rank


In biological classification, taxonomic rank is the relative level of a group of organisms (a taxon) in a taxonomic hierarchy. Examples of taxonomic ranks are species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain, etc. A given rank subsumes under it less general categories, that is, more specific descriptions of life forms. Above it, each rank is classified within more general categories of organisms and groups of organisms related to each other through inheritance of traits or features from common ancestors. The rank
17667696
Taxonomic rank


nuclei in the domain Eukarya. The "International Code of Zoological Nomenclature" defines "rank" as: "The level, for nomenclatural purposes, of a taxon in a taxonomic hierarchy (e.g. all families are for nomenclatural purposes at the same rank, which lies between superfamily and subfamily)." In his landmark publications, such as the "Systema Naturae", Carl Linnaeus used a ranking scale limited to: kingdom, class, order, genus, species, and one rank below species. Today, nomenclature is regulated
17667699
Sorbeoconcha


Sorbeoconcha is a taxonomic clade of snails, i.e. gastropods, mainly marine species with gills and opercula, within the clade Caenogastropoda. The taxon Sorbeoconcha was named by Winston Ponder and David R. Lindberg in 1997. According to the older taxonomy by Ponder and Lindberg the suborders within the order Sorbeoconcha are: In the taxonomy by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005), the clade Sorbeoconcha was declared a taxon of unspecified rank, within the clade Caenogastropoda. It comprises the superfamily Cerithioidea, the superfamily Campaniloidea, the informal group Ptenoglossa and the clade
13363551
Stomatellinae


Stomatellinae is a subfamily of small sea snails with a brilliantly nacreous interior of the shell, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Trochidae, the top snails. In the earlier classification used in the Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, the Stomatellidae was included in the Archaeogastropoda, however, this taxon is now largely abandoned in favor of the more recently defined Vetigastropoda. According to Bouchet & Rocroi (2005), Williams et al. (2008) and Williams et al. (2010) this taxon underwent a rank change from family Stomatellidae to
2477997
Rhinonycteridae


in 2014. The affinities within the families Hipposideridae and Rhinolophidae are sometimes found to be contrary in morphological and molecular analyses, yet resolving the phylogeny of these speciose and poorly defined groups has implication in several areas of research. The synonymy includes earlier combinations that elevated the rank through subtribe, tribe then subfamily. The taxon Triaenopini Benda & Vallo, 2009 was also reduced to a synonym for this family by the authors of the 2014 revision that elevated this taxon. The hipposiderid and rhinolophid bats are of especial interest to research into potential
1208236
La Gomera giant lizard


to be controlled. In his scientific description, the German zoologist R. Hutterer referred the subfossil remains from La Gomera to two subspecies of "Gallotia simonyi" with the differences being size related. He named these "Gallotia simonyi bravoana" and "Gallotia simonyi gomerana". Bischoff (1998) synonymized them to a single taxon. Barbadillo "et al." (1999) decided for "bravoana" when they elevated the taxon to species rank. Nogales "et al." (2001) concurred as regards species status,
14733429
Orange-spotted trevally


a /j/ sound; Forsskål used this technique to name a number of Red Sea fish species. Forsskål at first gave the new taxon subspecies status as "Scomber ferdau bajad", relating it to the mackerels, and especially "Scomber ferdau", which would later also be transferred to "Carangoides". The taxon was later given a species rank, becoming "Scomber bajad", then "Caranx bajad", before being transferred to its current position as "Carangoides bajad". The species was also independently renamed three times
15301652
Drosera subg. Lasiocephala


monograph of the family and recognizing this taxon as a series under section "Rossolis". In 1996, taxonomist Jan Schlauer argued for the recognition of this taxon at the rank of subgenus, noting that these closely related species share many affinities with subgenus "Drosera" but are different enough to warrant subgeneric status. All species in this subgenus are native to northern Australia except for "D. petiolaris", which is more widely distributed to as far as New Guinea. The plants in this subgenus or "petiolaris"-complex mostly look like variations
19625002
Synonym (taxonomy)


Given that the correct name of a taxon depends on the taxonomic viewpoint used (resulting in a particular circumscription, position and rank) a name that is one taxonomist's synonym may be another taxonomist's correct name (and "vice versa"). Synonyms may arise whenever the same taxon is described and named more than once, independently. They may also arise when existing taxa are changed, as when two taxa are joined to become one, a species is moved to a different genus, a variety is moved to a
3098366
Name-bearing type


for example, the Central American rodent tribe Nyctomyini has "Nyctomys" as its type genus and its name consists of the stem of the type genus, Nyctomy-, and the appropriate ending for a tribe, -ini. "Genus group" ranks consist of the genus and subgenus. The name-bearing type for a genus-group taxon is the type species, which must be one of the species included when that taxon ("genus" hereafter for brevity) was first formally named or, when no species were included when
5809723
Botanical name


names may also have an extra component, bringing a maximum of four parts: A botanical name in three parts, i.e., an infraspecific name (a name for a taxon below the rank of species) needs a "connecting term" to indicate rank. In the "Calystegia" example above, this is "subsp.", for subspecies. In botany there are many ranks below that of species (in zoology there is only one such rank, subspecies, so that this "connecting term" is not used in
6449289
Class (biology)


In biological classification, class () is a taxonomic rank, as well as a taxonomic unit, a taxon, in that rank. Other well-known ranks in descending order of size are life, domain, kingdom, phylum, order, family, genus, and species, with class fitting between phylum and order. The class as a distinct rank of biological classification having its own distinctive name (and not just called a "top-level genus" "(genus summum)") was first introduced by the
15757221
Flight officer


. Flight officer was a United States Army Air Forces rank used during World War II, from 1942 to 1945; the rank being created on Sep 10, 1942 On 5 November 1942 military glider pilots were commissioned flight officers after the completion of their training. The new rank insignia was nicknamed "the blue pickle". The rank is equivalent to Warrant Officer Junior Grade (WOJG) which is today's Warrant Officer (NATO grade: W-1). Enlisted and aviation cadet trainees who successfully passed air qualification training were appointed as
18437829
Taxon in disguise


In bacteriology, a taxon in disguise is a species, genus or higher unit of biological classification whose evolutionary history reveals has evolved from another unit of similar or lower rank, making the parent unit paraphyletic. This happens when rapid evolution makes a new species appear radically different from the ancestral group, so that it is not (initially) recognised as belonging to the parent phylogenetic group, leaving the latter an evolutionary grade. While the term is from bacteriology, parallel examples are found throughout the tree of life. E.g. four-
13686091
Taxonomy (biology)


In biology, taxonomy () is the science of naming, defining (circumscribing) and classifying groups of biological organisms on the basis of shared characteristics. Organisms are grouped together into taxa (singular: taxon) and these groups are given a taxonomic rank; groups of a given rank can be aggregated to form a super-group of higher rank, thus creating a taxonomic hierarchy. The principal ranks in modern use are domain, kingdom, phylum (division is sometimes used in botany in place of phylum), class,
11753004
The Beeps


Sapphire Stream S2/Ep45 Apr. 29 Wash Those Socks! S2/Ep46 Dec. 12 The Bumps SEASON 3: S3/Ep1 Aug. 30 Up Down Hill S3/Ep2 Aug. 31 Caravan S3/Ep3 Sep. 6 Secret Garden S3/Ep4 Sep. 7 Bounceflower Tea S3/Ep5 Sep. 13 The Whale S3/Ep6 Sep. 14 Soggy Sockroaches S3/Ep7 Sep. 20 Stinkroots S3/Ep8 Sep. 21 Sing-a-long-a-beeps S3/Ep9 Sep. 27 History Book S3/Ep10 Sep. 28 What Goes Splat? S3
14688027
Signal Transfer Point


. SEPs send signaling messages to other SEPs, but the messages are normally routed via the SEP's adjacent STPs. An STP's main function is to identify the best path for two SEPs to communicate. A typical application would be for two SEPs to agree on the use of a shared data path (e.g., using ISUP to initiate a voice call between a user on one SEP and a user on the second SEP). In this way, STPs route signaling messages (for starting, maintaining or finishing any kind of
21819468
Signal Transfer Point


calls originated by the SEPs' attached users) while avoiding disabled intermediary STPs. A signaling message typically never goes directly from a given SEP to the destination SEP: the message would normally have to pass through the initiating SEP's adjacent STP so that it can be routed to the destination SEP. In some applications, however, SEPs might be directly connected with signaling links; this would typically be done to enhance robustness or performance between two critical SEPs. Such mesh network configurations are also common in Europe, where STPs have not
21819469
Variety (botany)


In botanical nomenclature, variety (abbreviated var.; in ) is a taxonomic rank below that of species and subspecies, but above that of form. As such, it gets a three-part infraspecific name. It is sometimes recommended that the subspecies rank should be used to recognize geographic distinctiveness, whereas the variety rank is appropriate if the taxon is seen throughout the geographic range of the species. The pincushion cactus, "Escobaria vivipara" , is a wide-ranging variable species occurring from Canada to Mexico, and found
20421108
The Beeps


/Ep20 Sep. 19 Bouncy Bouncy Beep Beep S2/Ep21 Sep. 19 Big Beepday Bash S2/Ep22 Sep. 20 Yuk Says No S2/Ep23 Sep. 24 Wheely Helpful S2/Ep24 Sep. 25 Teeny Beep Takes Off S2/Ep25 Sep. 26 Carnival S2/Ep26 Sep. 27 Peas and Beeps S2/Ep27 Apr. 25 Stuck on You! S2/Ep28 Dec. 9 Hole Lot of Trouble S2/Ep29 Dec. 15 A Little Adventure S2/Ep30 Dec. 16 The Lost Houses S2/Ep31 May 1 Bounceberry Pie S2/Ep32 Dec. 23
14688025
Harsh Mankad


ranked players, including Andy Roddick, Andy Murray, Lleyton Hewwitt, and other top ranked players such as James Blake, Marcos Baghdatis, and Scheng Schalken. Mankad has been a member of India Davis Cup team for over a dozen Davis Cup ties between Sep 2001 and Oct 2010. He was the highest ranked singles player from India on the ATP Tour in June 2005 (No. 220). He won the Manchester Challenger title in July 2006, becoming the first Indian since Leander Paes to win an ATP Challenger Series title
10094500
Tadatoshi Fujimaki


Fujimaki attended Toyama High School and enrolled to Sophia University. He chose for a Manga career after finishing his studies. Shonen Jump's Series of Manga Shorts About Creators as Rookies Continues with Yusei Matsui, Tadatoshi Fujimaki (Oct 28, 2018) Japanese Comic Ranking, September 3-9 (Sep 12, 2018) Japanese Comic Ranking, July 9-15 (Jul 18, 2018) Robot × Laserbeam, ZIGA Manga Both End in Shōnen Jump (Jun 24, 2018) Japanese Comic Ranking, May 7-13 (
7211551