Vaccinium whitmorei [SEP] taxon rank
Hawaiian Vaccinium


by Kron and Powell, together with Sam Vander Kloet’s detailed examination of morphological variation throughout the four species has concluded that "Vaccinium cereum" is probably a hybrid species, with origins shared between "Vaccinium calycinum", a member of the Hawaiian taxa and "Vaccinium fragile", a taxon of East Asian origin in section Eococcus. If Hawaiian "Vaccinium" is confirmed to be derived from section Myrtillus, this may mean that "Vaccinium cereum" represents an entity of union between new world and old world "Vaccinium.
2085139
Taxonomic rank


not to say that a taxon at any other rank may not be sharply defined, or that any species is guaranteed to be sharply defined. It varies from case to case. Ideally, a taxon is intended to represent a clade, that is, the phylogeny of the organisms under discussion, but this is not a requirement. A classification in which all taxa have formal ranks cannot adequately reflect knowledge about phylogeny. Since taxon names are dependent on ranks in traditional Linnaean systems of classification, taxa without ranks cannot be
17667712
Form (botany)


In botanical nomenclature, a form ("forma", plural "formae") is one of the "secondary" taxonomic ranks, below that of variety, which in turn is below that of species; it is an infraspecific taxon. If more than three ranks are listed in describing a taxon, the "classification" is being specified, but only three parts make up the "name" of the taxon: a genus name, a specific epithet, and an infraspecific epithet. The abbreviation "f." or the
7125380
Infraspecific name


In botany, an infraspecific name is the scientific name for any taxon below the rank of species, i.e. an infraspecific taxon. (A "taxon", plural "taxa", is a group of organisms to be given a particular name.) The scientific names of botanical taxa are regulated by the "International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants" (ICN). This specifies a 'three part name' for infraspecific taxa, plus a 'connecting term' to indicate the rank of the name
20320028
Taxon


In biology, a taxon (plural taxa; back-formation from "taxonomy") is a group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit. Although neither is required, a taxon is usually known by a particular name and given a particular ranking, especially if and when it is accepted or becomes established. It is not uncommon, however, for taxonomists to remain at odds over what belongs to a taxon and the criteria used for inclusion. If a taxon is given
20416048
Name-bearing type


group" ranks consist of just the species and subspecies. (Note: a "species group" defined as a taxon, rather than as a category of ranks, has an unofficial rank, one of several such ranks between the subgenus and species levels sometimes used by zoologists in taxa with many species; see Taxonomic rank.) The name-bearing type of a species-group taxon (hereafter "species" for brevity) is an actual specimen or set of specimens; the "Code" recommends that great care should
5809726
Hawaiian Vaccinium


" differs from "Vaccinium dentatum" and "Vaccinium calycinum" in several ways. In general, all vegetative and reproductive anatomy tends to be smaller and more compact than the other two species. Foliage tends to be chartaceous (papery) in "Vaccinium reticulatum", while is coriaceous (leathery) in "Vaccinium dentatum" and "Vaccinium calycinum". "Vaccinium reticulatum" is much less common in diverse plant communities, and is often described as an early successional plant, thriving primarily on exposed sites: lava flows,
2085145
Hawaiian Vaccinium


is well established in|Hawaiian "Vaccinium". Seed viability among self-fertilized individuals varies, however, between the three species. Controlled experiments found that while selfing is very successful in "Vaccinium calycinum, Vaccinium reticulatum" and "Vaccinium dentatum" show much poorer (62%) seed viability on average, probably due to morphological conditions in the calyx. Researchers have hypothesized that the self-compatible gene is not yet fixed in entire populations of "Vaccinium calycinum" and "Vaccinium reticulatum". The evolutionary history of the larger
2085135
Botanical nomenclature


taxon (see correct name) and if a new name may (or must) be coined. Plant taxonomy is an empirical science, a science that determines what constitutes a particular taxon (taxonomic grouping, plural: taxa): e.g. "What plants belong to this species?" and "What species belong to this genus?". The definition of the limits of a taxon is called its 'circumscription'. For a particular taxon, if two taxonomists agree exactly on its circumscription, rank and position (i.e. the
15041079
Vaccinium


complex, and still under investigation. Genetic analysis indicates that the genus "Vaccinium" is not monophyletic. A number of the Asian species are more closely related to "Agapetes" than to other "Vaccinium" species. A second group includes most of "Orthaea" and "Notopora", at least some of "Gaylussacia" (huckleberry), and a number of species from "Vaccinium", such as "Vaccinium crassifolium". Other parts of "Vaccinium" form other groups, sometimes together with species of other
8677341
Vaccinium darrowii


Vaccinium darrowii, with the common names Darrow's blueberry, evergreen blueberry, scrub blueberry, or southern highbush blueberry, is a species of "Vaccinium" in the blueberry group ("Vaccinium" sect. "Cyanococcus"). "Vaccinium darrowii" is native to the Southeastern United States, in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, and Mississippi. The primary habitat for the species is pine forests, where it prefers full sun and the slightly acidic soils common in such habitat. "Vaccinium darrowii" is an evergreen
1449831
Vaccinium crassifolium


Vaccinium crassifolium, the creeping blueberry, is a species of "Vaccinium" in the heath family. It is native to the four southeastern U.S. states of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. It is an evergreen shrub with shiny dark green to bronze leaves. "Vaccinium crassifolium" is native to the coastal plain of Georgia, the Carolinas, and southeastern Virginia, especially in pine barrens but also in disturbed settings like roadsides and other open areas. "Vaccinium crassifolium" is the only species in "Vaccinium
13062637
Synonym (taxonomy)


of Zoological Nomenclature", synonyms are different scientific names of the same taxonomic rank that pertain to that same taxon. For example, a particular species could, over time, have had two or more species-rank names published for it, while the same is applicable at higher ranks such as genera, families, orders, etc. In each case, the earliest published name is called the senior synonym, while the later name is the junior synonym. In the case where two names for the same taxon have been published
3098371
Hawaiian Vaccinium


Hawaiian "Vaccinium" (blueberries) is a monophyletic group (a clade including all extant species and their common ancestor) comprised of three species endemic to the archipelago of Hawaii: "Vaccinium reticulatum, Vaccinium dentatum and Vaccinium calycinum", commonly known in Hawaii as O’helo. While "Vaccinium" as a larger group is characterized by an inferior ovary and brightly-colored berries, that are indehiscent. The Hawaiian group has been traditionally distinguished as having uniquely well-developed calyx lobes and longer calyx tube depth, more cylindrical corolla
2085129
One Rank, One Pension


and 85 Indian Military Academy; and officers from the 14 Army Education Course; and twenty five officers and their families came from Jaipur. The movement continues to gain momentum, and perceptible increase in support and participation by former high-ranking officers of the armed forces, from Lt generals, Admirals, air marshals, Group Captains, and Colonels. Old veterans included Sep Ram Kishan, 93 years, Armoured Corp veteran of World War II; Sep Ram Bharose Yadav, 85 years, a blind veteran of 72 Medium Artillery;
8649907
Vaccinium myrtillus


Vaccinium myrtillus is a species of shrub with edible fruit of blue color, commonly called "bilberry", "wimberry", "whortleberry", or European blueberry. It has much in common with the American blueberry ("Vaccinium cyanococcus"). It is more precisely called common bilberry or blue whortleberry, to distinguish it from other "Vaccinium" relatives. Regional names include blaeberry, urts (Cornwall), hurtleberry, huckleberry, wimberry, whinberry, winberry, blueberry, and fraughan. "Vaccinium myrtillus" is found
1500594
Vaccinium elliottii


Vaccinium elliottii (Elliott's blueberry) is a species of "Vaccinium" in the blueberry group ("Vaccinium" sect. "Cyanococcus"). It is native to the southeastern and south-central United States, from southeastern Virginia south to Florida, and west to Arkansas and Texas. "Vaccinium elliottii" is a deciduous shrub tall, with small, simple ovoid-acute leaves long with a finely serrated margin. The flowers are pale pink, bell-shaped, 6–8 mm long, opening in the early spring
3306344
Cranberry


Cranberries are a group of evergreen dwarf shrubs or trailing vines in the subgenus Oxycoccus of the genus "Vaccinium". In Britain, cranberry may refer to the native species "Vaccinium oxycoccos", while in North America, cranberry may refer to "Vaccinium macrocarpon". "Vaccinium oxycoccos" is cultivated in central and northern Europe, while "Vaccinium macrocarpon" is cultivated throughout the northern United States, Canada and Chile. In some methods of classification, "Oxycoccus" is regarded as a genus in its own right. They
7353800
PhyloCode


content of a taxon, other than the type, is not specified by the rank-based codes. In contrast, under phylogenetic nomenclature, the content of taxa are delimited using a definition that is based on phylogeny (i.e., ancestry and descent) and uses specifiers (e.g., species, specimens, apomorphies) to indicate actual organisms. The formula of the definition indicates an ancestor. The defined taxon, then, is that ancestor and all of its descendants. Thus, the content of a phylogenetically defined taxon relies on
4227015
Taxonomic rank


given names. Alternative approaches, such as using circumscriptional names, avoid this problem. There are no rules for how many species should make a genus, a family, or any other higher taxon (that is, a taxon in a category above the species level). It should be a natural group (that is, non-artificial, non-polyphyletic), as judged by a biologist, using all the information available to them. Equally ranked higher taxa in different phyla are not necessarily equivalent (e.g., it
17667713
Vaccinium caesariense


Vaccinium caesariense (New Jersey blueberry) is native to the Eastern United States. It is a species in the genus "Vaccinium", which includes blueberries, cranberries, huckleberry, and bilberries. "Vaccinium caesariense" is a native perennial plant in the Eastern United States, and is especially prominent in the New Jersey area, hence its common name New Jersey Blueberry. It is found in the coastal states from Florida to New Hampshire, almost always in wetlands. "Vaccinium caesariense" has simple, small, oval green leaves
10424304
Vaccinium cespitosum


Vaccinium cespitosum (also, "caespitosum"), the dwarf bilberry, is a species of flowering shrub in the genus "Vaccinium", which includes blueberries, huckleberries, and cranberries. "Vaccinium cespitosum" is widespread across much of Canada including all 3 Arctic territories, as well as the northern and western United States, Mexico, and Guatemala. "Vaccinium cespitosum" is a low-lying plant rarely reaching half a meter (1.5 feet) in height which forms a carpet-like stand in rocky mountainous meadows.
14454292
Hawaiian Vaccinium


the group. Hawaiian "Vaccinium" was originally placed in a section named "Macropelma", which traditionally included the three Hawaiian species and a mysterious South Pacific Island species known as "Vaccinium cereum." "Vaccinium cereum" was originally described by Sleumer as the type specimen for section "Macropelma". There is much ongoing debate as to the taxonomic placement of these four species as more information about their genetic relationships becomes available. The key distinctive morphological feature separating "Vaccinium cereum" from the Hawaiian taxa is the pseudo-10-locular ovary
2085137
Hawaiian Vaccinium


dubious parentage", and while hybrids have been described as separate species, the current consensus seems to agree that "Vaccinium reticulatum" is a single entity. "Vaccinium dentatum" is typically found decumbant to sprawling, 0.3 to 3 m tall, mostly on terrestrial edges and open areas: bogs, swamps, or windy exposed ridges. "Vaccinium dentatum" tends to occur at lower elevations than "Vaccinium reticulatum": 700 - 1,200m and with a wider range across all main Hawaiian islands. Leaf anatomy is more or
2085148
Hawaiian Vaccinium


fruiting can occur year round, but more abundantly in the summer months. The defining characteristic unique to "Vaccinium calycinum" is perhaps its deciduousness, but the degree of this character is relatively weak: plants are found without leaves for 1-3 weeks from October to February. "Vaccinium calycinum" can bloom 9 months after germination, the fastest maturity rate out of the three species. As in "Vaccinium dentatum", some morphological characters that define "Vaccinium calycinum" (red berries, serrate leaf margins), can
2085152
Phylogenetic nomenclature


Phylogenetic nomenclature, often called cladistic nomenclature, is a method of nomenclature for taxa in biology that uses phylogenetic definitions for taxon names as explained below. This contrasts with the traditional approach, in which taxon names are defined by a "type", which can be a specimen or a taxon of lower rank, and a description in words. Phylogenetic nomenclature is currently not regulated, but the "International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature" ("PhyloCode") is intended to regulate it once it is ratified. Phylogenetic nomenclature ties names
4744909
Sarracenia rosea


this taxon in a 1993 issue of "Rhodora", the journal of the New England Botanical Club. Schnell decided to place this taxon at the rank of variety below subsp. "venosa" as "S. purpurea" var. "burkii", honoring Louis Burk as Wherry had suggested 60 years earlier. In 1999, however, botanists Robert Naczi, then a professor of biology at Northern Kentucky University, and Frederick and Roberta Case elevated the variety to species rank, naming it "Sarracenia rosea". They compiled morphological
4498748
Vaccinium darrowii


gardens, native plant and wildlife gardens, and natural landscaping projects. Many commercial Southern Highbush Blueberry cultivars are hybrids, derived from crosses between "Vaccinium darrowii" with the Northern Highbush Blueberry ("Vaccinium corymbosum"), as well as other species such as Rabbiteye blueberry ("Vaccinium virgatum") and "Lowbush blueberry ("Vaccinium angustifolium"). Southern Highbush Cultivars, in addition to lower chilling requirements, also have greater tolerance to high summer temperatures, somewhat greater drought tolerance and develop superior fruit quality under Southern U.S.
1449833
Macrostomida


The Macrostomida are a taxon of small basal free-living flatworms (Turbellaria, Platyhelminthes), which inhabit freshwater, brackish, and marine environments. The taxon name was coined by Josef Meixner (1924). There are currently about 260 named species in this taxon. As is the case for many other taxa, the taxonomic rank of Macrostomida is not very clear. Macrostomidans are small (~0.5 to 5 mm in length), and generally highly transparent microturbellarians, usually round in cross section, and with only the largest forms
13717906
Type (biology)


specimens. The type of a genus or subgenus is a species. The type of a suprageneric taxon (e.g., family, etc.) is a genus. Names higher than superfamily rank do not have types. A "name-bearing type" is a specimen or image that "provides the objective standard of reference whereby the application of the name of a nominal taxon can be determined." Although in reality biologists may examine many specimens (when available) of a new taxon before writing an official published species description,
4362871
Correct name


there are two or more legitimate names for the same taxon (with the same circumscription, position and rank), then the correct name is the one which has priority, i.e. it was published earliest, although names may be conserved if they have been very widely used. Validly published names other than the correct name are called synonyms. Since taxonomists may disagree as to the circumscription, position or rank of a taxon, there can be more than one correct name for a particular plant. These may also be called synonyms.
19338400
Banksia aquilonia


geographically distinct from other infraspecific taxa. They also noted that there were no intermediate plants between what was then known as "B. integrifolia" var. "aquilonia" and other populations of "B. integrifolia". On this basis they would have liked to promote it to species rank, but did not because their inferred phylogeny suggested that this taxon arose from within "B. integrifolia". They were unwilling to render "B. integrifolia" paraphyletic by elevating this taxon to species rank, and they were equally unwilling to elevate all four
21331511
Drosera gigantea


geniculata", that grows to tall in black sandy soils near Perth and to its south. Jan Schlauer disagreed with Marchant and Lowrie's decision to give the new taxon a rank of subspecies and thus published a new combination of the taxon at the rank of variety in a 1996 issue of the "Carnivorous Plant Newsletter". He argued that subspecies should be reserved for those occasions where allopatric, or geographically isolated, speciation occurred and varieties are best used in cases where sympatric speciation is suspected. Others disagree with this assessment,
2758435
Anaspidea


somewhat resemble the ears of a hare. Many older textbooks and websites refer to this suborder as Anaspidea. The original author Paul Henri Fischer described the taxon Anaspidea at unspecified rank above family. In 1925 Johannes Thiele established the taxon Anaspidea as a suborder. Since the taxon Anaspidea was not based on an existing genus, this name is no longer available according to the rules of the ICZN. Anaspidea has been replaced in the new Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005) by the clade Aplysiomorpha. The scientific name
4362472
Phylogenetic nomenclature


rank changed, even if it has precisely the same members (i.e. the same circumscription); and it is logically inconsistent with all taxa being monophyletic. Especially in recent decades (due to advances in phylogenetics), taxonomists have named many "nested" taxa (i.e. taxa which are contained inside other taxa). No system of nomenclature attempts to name every clade; this would be particularly difficult in traditional nomenclature since every named taxon must be given a lower rank than any named taxon in which it is nested, so the
4744916
Vaccinium ovalifolium


Krai, and Sakhalin); and in Japan (in Hokkaido, and central and northern Honshu). "Vaccinium ovalifolium" is used in jams and jellies and for making liqueur. Blueberry herbal tea can be made from the leaves, or from the juice of the blueberries themselves. "Vaccinium ovalifolium" has been used in Russia in the making of dyes, including the use of its tannin. In the winter, "Vaccinium ovalifolium" is an important food source for grazing deer, goats, and elk, and in
22107854
Synonym (taxonomy)


other purposes, if a researcher is interested in consulting or compiling all currently known information regarding a taxon, some of this (including species descriptions, distribution, ecology and more) may well have been published under names now regarded as outdated (i.e., synonyms) and so it is again useful to know a list of historic synonyms which may have been used for a given current (valid) taxon name. Objective synonyms refer to taxa with the same type and same rank (more or less the same taxon, although circumscription
3098374
Rhopobota myrtillana


Rhopobota myrtillana is a moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found on the British Isles, from northern and central Europe to Asia Minor and Siberia. The wingspan is 19–21 mm. Adults are on wing in May and June. The larvae feed on "Vaccinium", "Ledum palustre", "Berberis vulgaris", "Cornus sanguinea" and "Quercus". Larvae found feeding on "Vaccinium myrtillus", "Vaccinium vitis-idaea" and "Vaccinium uliginosum" live between two leaves spun flatly one above the
3904112
Vaccinium uliginosum


Vaccinium uliginosum (bog bilberry, bog blueberry, northern bilberry or western blueberry) is a Eurasian and North American flowering plant in the genus "Vaccinium" within the heath family. "Vaccinium uliginosum" is native to cool temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, at low altitudes in the Arctic, and at high altitudes south to the Pyrenees, the Alps, and the Caucasus in Europe, the mountains of Mongolia, northern China, the Korean Peninsula and central Japan in Asia, and the Sierra Nevada in California and the Rocky
4817915
Vaccinium myrtilloides


in the wild with "Vaccinium angustifolium" (lowbush blueberry). "Vaccinium myrtilloides" is also cultivated and grown commercially in Canada and Maine, mainly harvested from managed wild patches. "Vaccinium myrtilloides" is one of the sweetest blueberries known. It is also an important food source for black bears, deer, small mammals, and birds. This species is listed as endangered in Indiana and Connecticut, as threatened in Iowa and Ohio, and as sensitive in Washington (state). The Abenaki consume the fruit as part
6718320
Vaccinium virgatum


". Berries of "Vaccinium virgatum" are edible and are used as sauces and syrups, and for breads, muffins, pancakes, and pies, and may have pain killing properties (antinociceptive effects). "Vaccinium virgatum" is grown as an ornamental plant, especially for its fall colors, typically bright orange or red. "Vaccinium virgatum" grows best on acid soil and is subject to few pests and diseases. Because it is not self-fruitful, two compatible varieties should be planted next to each other to
18763202
Vaccinium arboreum


Vaccinium arboreum (sparkleberry or farkleberry) is a species of "Vaccinium" native to the southeastern and south-central United States, from southern Virginia west to southeastern Nebraska, south to Florida and eastern Texas, and north to Illinois. "Vaccinium arboreum" is a shrub (rarely a small tree) growing to 3–5 m (7.5-12.5 feet) rarely 9 m) (22.5 feet) tall, with a diameter at breast height of up to 35 cm (14 inches). The leaves are evergreen in the
6066558
Vaccinium membranaceum


Vaccinium membranaceum is a species within the group of Vaccinium commonly referred to as huckleberry. This particular species is known by the common names thinleaf huckleberry, tall huckleberry, big huckleberry, mountain huckleberry, square-twig blueberry, and (ambiguously) as "black huckleberry". "Vaccinium membranaceum" is native to western North America, with a range extending in the northern from southern Alaska, Yukon, and Northwest Territories south as far as Utah and the northern mountains of California. It can be found from the mountains next to
10366484
Vaccinium parvifolium


Vaccinium parvifolium, the red huckleberry, is a species of "Vaccinium" native to western North America, where it is common in forests from southeastern Alaska and British Columbia south through western Washington and Oregon to central California. In the Oregon Coast Range, it is the most common "Vaccinium". It occurs mostly at low to middle elevations in soil enriched by decaying wood and on rotten logs, from sea level up to . It is a deciduous shrub growing to tall with bright green shoots with an angular cross-section
19149574
Hawaiian Vaccinium


flows, yet is not limited to them. Within the group, distinct taxa vary in berry color (red, yellow, black, blue), bloom color (white, red, pink and green), foliage shape and size, and pedicel length. "Vaccinium reticulatum" and "Vaccinium dentatum" are evergreen, while "Vaccinium calycinum" is deciduous. All three species tend to fruit and flower throughout the year, but maximum flower and fruit production generally occurs during May - July. Outcrossing between all three species
2085131
Hawaiian Vaccinium


and characterization of adaptive radiation. All three species of Hawaiian "Vaccinium" show the opposite pattern of adaptive radiation: they are widespread throughout the Hawaiian islands, and have retained their dispersal capacity, thus suggesting, among other hypotheses, a relatively recent dispersal to the archipelago. However, the extent of Hawaiian Vaccinium’s diversification at population levels is not well known. Another characteristic typical of lineages that have undergone adaptive radiation is the ability to self-fertilize. Selfing is said to be rare elsewhere in "Vaccinium", but
2085134
Hawaiian Vaccinium


group "Vaccinium" has long been complete mystery for plant systematists and evolutionary biologists: species that have been found to be genetically related to not fall into groups traditionally described by morphological similarity, nor do they follow geographic pattern. What is certain is that the plant species traditionally understood to form the genus "Vaccinium" do not form a monophyly. Given this information, it is difficult to speculate with confidence upon the evolutionary history of Hawaiian "Vaccinium", though there is some confidence that there is a single common ancestor of
2085136
Hawaiian Vaccinium


seem to be more stable, but the norm seems to be outlandish. Vander Kloet, a researcher very experienced with "Vaccinium", once found a single individual that exhibited all types of inflorescences he had ever seen on any "Vaccinium" throughout the world, all on a single plant. "Vaccinium reticulatum" is a rhizomatous, evergreen shrub, characterized by stiffly erect aerial shoots, often pubescent throughout. Leaves ovate at 1-3 cm long and wide and typically exhibit pubescent and/or serrate margins, but not always.
2085143
Hawaiian Vaccinium


is again pedicel length: 1-3cm long. "Vaccinium dentatum" can generally be identified by its characteristic red berries and typical leaf anatomy, as well as its habitat, but because these same morphologies and behaviors can be found in "Vaccinium reticulatum", care must be taken in distinguishing between the species, hence the emphasis of the pedicel length character. "Vaccninium calycinum" is a stiffly erect deciduous shrub, 1-5 m tall. It's elevational and geographical range mirrors that of "Vaccinium dentatum"
2085150
Vaccinium macrocarpon


Vaccinium macrocarpon (also called large cranberry, American cranberry and bearberry) is a North American species of cranberry of the subgenus "Oxycoccus" and genus "Vaccinium". "Vaccinium macrocarpon" is native to central and eastern Canada (Ontario to Newfoundland) and the northeastern and north-central United States (Northeast, Great Lakes Region, and Appalachians as far south as North Carolina and Tennessee). It is also naturalized in parts of Europe and scattered locations in North America along western Canada (British Columbia) and the western
20907693
Vaccinium fuscatum


Vaccinium fuscatum, commonly called black highbush blueberry, is a species of flowering plant in the heath family (Ericaceae). It is native eastern to North America, where it is found in Canada and the United States. Its typical natural habitat is wet areas such as bogs, pocosins, and swamps. "Vaccinium fuscatum" is an upright deciduous shrub. It can be distinguished from the similar-looking "Vaccinium corymbosum" by its stems and abaxial leaf surfaces are pubescent with dingy hairs, and its dark colored fruit that
21750163
Acrobasis vaccinii


Acrobasis vaccinii, the cranberry fruitworm, is a moth of the family Pyralidae described by Charles Valentine Riley in 1884. It is found in North America from Nova Scotia to Florida and from Wisconsin to Texas, it is introduced in the state of Washington. The wingspan is 16–18 mm. The larva feed on "Vaccinium corymbosum", "Vaccinium macrocarpon", "Vaccinium vitis-idaea" and "Vaccinium stamineum". Larvae feed inside a berry until most of its contents have been consumed. Larvae are mostly green, with
725974
Vaccinium


in habitats such as heath, bog and acidic woodland (for example, blueberries under oaks or pines). Blueberry plants are commonly found in oak-heath forests in eastern North America. "Vaccinium" species are used as food plants by the larvae of a number of Lepidoptera (butterfly and moth) species – see list of Lepidoptera that feed on "Vaccinium". Two fossil seeds of †Vaccinium minutulum have been extracted from borehole samples of the Middle Miocene fresh water deposits in Nowy Sacz Basin, West Carpathians, Poland.
8677343
World Qualification Series (2009)


18 - Aug 23" 30th Anniversary of the Lacanau Pro and good conditions this year. Surf, concerts, events scheduled. Check out the video for a summary of the event http://vimeo.com/6994555 "Aug 25 - Aug 30" "Sep 01 - Sep 06" "Sep 01 - Sep 06" "Sep 04 - Sep 06" "Sep 09 - Sep 12" "Sep 10 - Sep 13" "Sep 08 - Sep 13" "Sep 15 - Sep 20" "Sep 16 - Sep 22" "Sep
1986943
Hawaiian Vaccinium


situation would place Japan as the likely origin of dispersal. It should be noted first that "V. cereum" is not Hawaiian. It ranges throughout islands in the South Pacific including the Cook Islands, Tahiti, the Marquesas Islands, the Society Islands, at high elevations 838 - 1430 feet. Vander Kloet noted that "Vaccinium cereum" uniquely has a pseudo-10-locular ovary and a complex floriferous shoot, both characters associated with East Asian species of "Vaccinium" and not Hawaiian "Vaccinium", which are strictly 5-locular in ovary structure
2085141
Hawaiian Vaccinium


also be found on variations of "Vaccinium reticulatum", so care must be taken in distinguishing between these species. The designated distinguishing character is again the calyx, which in "Vaccinium calycinum" is foliaceous and overlapping in bud and 2–3 mm wide at base, longer than the tube at antithesis. Excerpted from Wagner's "Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii" 1.Leaves deciduous, chartaceous, blades 2–4 cm wide; calyx lobes foliaceous, overlapping in bud; HI ex. Ni & Ka ….. 1. "Vaccinium
2085153
Vaccinium ovalifolium


Vaccinium ovalifolium (commonly known as Alaska blueberry, early blueberry, oval-leaf bilberry, oval-leaf blueberry, and oval-leaf huckleberry) is a plant in the heath family having three varieties, all of which grow in northerly regions, including the subarctic. "Vaccinium ovalifolium" is a spreading shrub which may grow to tall. It has pink urn-shaped flowers. Berries are dark blue, often black, sometimes with a waxy coating. The original variety (i.e. the automatically named "Vaccinium ovalifolium" var[iety
22107852
List of 1982–83 NBA season transactions


1982 Oct 2, 1982 Oct 1, 1982 Sep 30, 1982 Sep 29, 1982 Sep 28, 1982 Sep 27, 1982 Sep 24, 1982 Sep 22, 1982 Sep 20, 1982 Sep 19, 1982 Sep 18, 1982 Sep 17, 1982 Sep 15, 1982 Sep 14, 1982 Sep 13, 1982 Sep 10, 1982 Sep 9, 1982 Sep 7, 1982 Sep 2, 1982 Sep 1, 1982 Aug 31, 1982 Aug 27, 1982 Aug 26, 1982 Aug 16, 1982 Aug 8,
557049
Abraham Halpern


in Royal Canadian Naval Volunteer Reserve from Sep. 24, 1942 to Nov. 30, 1945 in European, North Atlantic, and Pacific theatres. Rank on discharge: Petty Officer. Served in Royal Canadian Navy, 1953-1957, as follows: Medical Officer, R.C.N. Hospital, Esquimalt, BC, July to Nov., 1953. Medical Officer, H.M.C.S. "Cayuga", Nov., 1953 to Feb., 1955 - Far East (Korea). Medical Officer, R.C.N. Hospital, Cornwallis, NS, Apr., 1955 to Sep.,
12498700
Vaccinium deliciosum


Vaccinium deliciosum is a species of bilberry known by the common names Cascade bilberry, Cascade blueberry, and blueleaf huckleberry. "Vaccinium deliciosum" is native to western North America from British Columbia to northern California with a few isolated populations in eastern Idaho. It grows at elevations of in subalpine and alpine climates. Its habitat includes coniferous forests, meadows, and clearings. "Vaccinium deliciosum" is a rhizomatous shrub taking a clumpy, matted form, its tangling stem rooting where its nodes touch moist substrate. It may form expansive colonies
10192807
Eomysticetus


Eomysticetus is an extinct genus of baleen whale from the late Oligocene (Chattian) Chandler Bridge Formation of South Carolina. "Eomysticetus" is a member of the family Eomysticetidae, which also includes "Micromysticetus", "Tohoraata", "Tokarahia", and "Yamatocetus". There are two species of "Eomysticetus", "E. whitmorei" and "E. carolinensis", both from the Chandler Bridge Formation of South Carolina. The skull was around in length. Like more evolved baleen whales, its jaws had baleen instead
6774387
Taxon


any biological domain, but traditionally it was always used for animals, whereas "Division" was traditionally often used for plants, fungi, etc. A prefix is used to indicate a ranking of lesser importance. The prefix "super-" indicates a rank above, the prefix "sub-" indicates a rank below. In zoology the prefix "infra-" indicates a rank below "sub-". For instance, among the additional ranks of class are superclass, subclass and infraclass. Rank is relative, and restricted to a particular
20416053
Validly published name


a particular taxon and rank. Nevertheless, invalid names ("nomen invalidum", "nom. inval.") are sometimes in use. This may occur when a taxonomist finds and recognises a taxon and thinks of a name, but delays publishing it in an adequate manner. A common reason for this is that a taxonomist intends to write a "magnum opus" that provides an overview of the group, rather than a series of small papers. Another reason is that the code of nomenclature changes with time, and
14663024
Aromobatidae


The Aromobatidae are a family of frogs native to Central and South America. They are sometimes referred to as cryptic forest frogs. They are the sister taxon of the Dendrobatidae, the poison dart frogs, but are not as toxic as most dendrobatids are. The Aromobatidae were separated from the Dendrobatidae only in 2006, and some sources continue to treat these frogs as part of the Dendrobatidae. However, their position as the sister taxon is well supported, and the question is primarily about whether they should be ranked as a family or
17636105
Ozimops


30. The variation to this is the loss of a tooth in mature individuals, the upper anterior premolar, at one or both sides of the jaw. The taxon was first published as subgenus of "Mormopterus" in 2014, separating Australian groups whose diversity was reviewed and described as new species. The content of the new taxon was established or formerly cryptic taxa of Indo-Papuan species and a centre of diversity at the Australian mainland. This was elevated to the rank of genus in 2015. The arrangement of the genus
2029365
Taxon


coined a century before from the Greek components "τάξις" (taxis, meaning arrangement) and "-νομία" (-nomia meaning method). For plants, it was proposed by Herman Johannes Lam in 1948, and it was adopted at the VII International Botanical Congress, held in 1950. The Glossary of the "International Code of Zoological Nomenclature" (1999) defines a A taxon can be assigned a taxonomic rank, usually (but not necessarily) when it is given a formal name. "Phylum" applies formally to
20416052
Autonym (botany)


belonged to the species (and are not included in the newly described taxon) now become a new infraspecific taxon. But as neither the type nor the final epithet has changed, there is no need for a change in author citation. The same goes for a subdivision of a genus. If a botanist creates a new subdivision of a genus, for example by dividing a large genus into two or more subgenera, sections, or series, then a new subdivision of the genus at each of the new ranks will share the
20983137
Monera


Monera () (Greek - μονήρης (monḗrēs), "single", "solitary") is a kingdom that contains unicellular organisms with a prokaryotic cell organization (having no nuclear membrane), such as bacteria. They are single-celled organisms with no true nuclear membrane (prokaryotic organisms). The taxon Monera was first proposed as a phylum by Ernst Haeckel in 1866. Subsequently, the phylum was elevated to the rank of kingdom in 1925 by Édouard Chatton. The last commonly accepted mega-classification with the taxon
5726713
September 1941 lunar eclipse


A partial lunar eclipse took place on Friday, September 5, 1941. It was a shallow partial lunar eclipse, with less than 10% of the Moon covered in Earth's shadow. Aug 31, 1941 = Sunday Sep 1, 1941 = Monday Sep 2, 1941 = Tuesday Sep 3, 1941 = Wednesday Sep 4, 1941 = Thursday Sep 5, 1941 = Friday Sep 6, 1941 = Saturday Sep 7, 1941 = Sunday Sep 8, 1941 = Monday Sep 9, 1941 = Tuesday Sep 10, 1941
5363349
Tatuidris


of the tribe has been the focus of debate. Bolton (2003) was the first to suggest the taxonomic instability of "Tatuidris" within Myrmicinae and raised the genus to the level of a new subfamily, the Agroecomyrmecinae, suggesting that Agroecomyrmecinae might be the sister taxon to Myrmicinae. The subfamily rank was re-assessed by Baroni Urbani & de Andrade in 2007, this was the first attempt to include "Tatuidris" as a terminal taxon in a morphological cladistic analysis. In their study, Baroni Urbani & de Andrade identified
21404594
Ideain


Ideain, the cyanidin 3-O-galactoside, is an anthocyanin, a type of plant pigment. Ideain is the main anthocyanin in red-skinned or red-fleshed (for example Weirouge) apple varieties. It is also found in Chinese hawthorn fruits ("Crataegus spp."). While it is only one in the many anthocyanins present in billberries ("Vaccinium myrtillus") and cranberries ("Vaccinium macrocarpon"), it is the main anthocyanin in lingonberries ("Vaccinium vitis-idaea"). "Quintinia
20173514
Squalodon


named based on skull characteristics and size (the biggest being S. whitmorei). Most of the fossil record consists of teeth. These odontocete fossils have been discovered in Europe, eastern North America, New Zealand, and Argentina. Because isolated teeth are insufficient for species identification, most specimens lacking the skull can only be identified to genus. The fossils of squalodontids indicate that this species is more closely related to endangered species of dolphins and not to most of the living dolphins today. The systematic placement of "Squalodon" within Odontoceti
21622608
Correct name


In botany, the correct name according to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN) is the one and only botanical name that is to be used for a particular taxon, when that taxon has a particular circumscription, position and rank. Determining whether a name is correct is a complex procedure. The name must be validly published, a process which is defined in no less than 16 Articles of the ICN. It must also be "legitimate", which imposes some further requirements. If
19338399
Abelisauridae


. Abelisauridae is a family in rank-based Linnaean taxonomy, within the infraorder Ceratosauria and the superfamily Abelisauroidea, which also contains the family Noasauridae. It has had several definitions in phylogenetic taxonomy. It was originally defined as a node-based taxon including "Abelisaurus", "Carnotaurus", their common ancestor, and all of its descendants. Later, it was redefined as a stem-based taxon, including all animals more closely related to "Abelisaurus" (or the more complete "Carnotaurus") than to "
19559613
Gleicheniaceae


-shaped hairs. There is some dispute about ranking these ferns. They are typically placed in the order Gleicheniales. They may alternatively be considered a subclass Gleicheniatae or class Gleichenopsida, so that a distinct taxon can be established for the leptosporangiate ferns. In this case, the Gleicheniaceae are upranked to an order and receive the name Gleicheniales. Irrespective of their modern taxonomic treatment, the Gleicheniaceae were formerly included in the order Polypodiales. But the ferns in the loose sense are much too diverse a group to be shoehorned into one taxon
4344486
Taxonomic rank


by the nomenclature codes. There are seven main taxonomic ranks: kingdom, phylum or division, class, order, family, genus, species. In addition, "domain" (proposed by Carl Woese) is now widely used as a fundamental rank, although it is not mentioned in any of the nomenclature codes, and is a synonym for dominion (lat. dominium), introduced by Moore in 1974. A taxon is usually assigned a rank when it is given its formal name. The basic ranks are species and
17667700
Taxonomic rank


In biological classification, taxonomic rank is the relative level of a group of organisms (a taxon) in a taxonomic hierarchy. Examples of taxonomic ranks are species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain, etc. A given rank subsumes under it less general categories, that is, more specific descriptions of life forms. Above it, each rank is classified within more general categories of organisms and groups of organisms related to each other through inheritance of traits or features from common ancestors. The rank
17667696
Taxonomic rank


nuclei in the domain Eukarya. The "International Code of Zoological Nomenclature" defines "rank" as: "The level, for nomenclatural purposes, of a taxon in a taxonomic hierarchy (e.g. all families are for nomenclatural purposes at the same rank, which lies between superfamily and subfamily)." In his landmark publications, such as the "Systema Naturae", Carl Linnaeus used a ranking scale limited to: kingdom, class, order, genus, species, and one rank below species. Today, nomenclature is regulated
17667699
Sorbeoconcha


Sorbeoconcha is a taxonomic clade of snails, i.e. gastropods, mainly marine species with gills and opercula, within the clade Caenogastropoda. The taxon Sorbeoconcha was named by Winston Ponder and David R. Lindberg in 1997. According to the older taxonomy by Ponder and Lindberg the suborders within the order Sorbeoconcha are: In the taxonomy by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005), the clade Sorbeoconcha was declared a taxon of unspecified rank, within the clade Caenogastropoda. It comprises the superfamily Cerithioidea, the superfamily Campaniloidea, the informal group Ptenoglossa and the clade
13363551
Stomatellinae


Stomatellinae is a subfamily of small sea snails with a brilliantly nacreous interior of the shell, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Trochidae, the top snails. In the earlier classification used in the Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, the Stomatellidae was included in the Archaeogastropoda, however, this taxon is now largely abandoned in favor of the more recently defined Vetigastropoda. According to Bouchet & Rocroi (2005), Williams et al. (2008) and Williams et al. (2010) this taxon underwent a rank change from family Stomatellidae to
2477997
Vaccinium praestans


Vaccinium praestans or Vaccinium praestans - Lamb. or Kamchatka bilberry, is a perennial shrub in the Ericaceae family, which includes species like cranberries, blueberries, and huckleberries. In Russia this plant is known as the "Klopovka", or "the stink-bug berry," due to its distinct, potent scent, resembling that of a secretion produced by bugs of Heteroptera genus. The plant is native to Kamchatka but can be found in North America to Eastern Asia. Mostly growing in the wild, it is also enjoyed
13663777
Coleophora vacciniella


Coleophora vacciniella is a moth of the family Coleophoridae. It is found from Fennoscandia and northern Russia to the Pyrenees and Italy and from France to Romania. The larvae feed on "Vaccinium myrtillus", "Vaccinium uliginosum" and "Vaccinium vitis-idaea". They make a blotch mine, then cut the mined part out of the leaf and use it to make the first case. Later, another (or rarely more) mines are excised to enlarge the case. The final case is a composite leaf case of 8–14
6319434
Huckleberry


for various "Gaylussacia" species, and some "Vaccinium" species, such as "Vaccinium parvifolium", the "red huckleberry", and is also applied to other "Vaccinium" species which may also be called blueberries depending upon local custom, as in New England and parts of Appalachia. Four species of huckleberries in the genus "Gaylussacia" are common in eastern North America, especially "G. baccata", also known as the black huckleberry. From coastal Central California to southern Washington and British Columbia, the red
10477838
Ancylis myrtillana


Ancylis myrtillana is a moth of the family Tortricidae. It was described by Treitschke in 1830. It is found in most of Europe and has also been recorded in North America. The habitat consists of moorland. The wingspan is 12–16 mm. Adults are on wing from May to July in one generation per year. The larvae feed on "Vaccinium myrtillus", "Vaccinium vitis-idaea" and "Vaccinium uliginosum". They feed from within a pod, created by spinning two leaves together. The species overwinters as a
14408675
Vaccinium parvifolium


in the specialty horticulture trade with limited availability as an ornamental plant: for natural landscaping, native plant, and habitat gardens; wildlife gardens; and restoration projects. Another cultivated species of similar size and habitats is the evergreen "Vaccinium ovatum" (evergreen huckleberry). As a crop plant (along with the other huckleberries of the genus "Vaccinium" in western North America), it is not currently grown on a large Commercial agriculture scale, despite efforts to make this possible. It requires acidic soil (pH of 4.5
19149577
Vaccinium angustifolium


Vaccinium angustifolium, commonly known as the wild lowbush blueberry, is a species of blueberry native to eastern and central Canada (from Manitoba to Newfoundland) and the northeastern United States, growing as far south as the Great Smoky Mountains and west to the Great Lakes region. The species epithet "angustifolium" is a combination of the Latin words meaning 'narrow', and meaning 'leaf'. It shares this epithet with other species of plants including "Epilobium angustifolium". "Vaccinium angustifolium" is a low spreading deciduous shrub
6170637
Rhinonycteridae


in 2014. The affinities within the families Hipposideridae and Rhinolophidae are sometimes found to be contrary in morphological and molecular analyses, yet resolving the phylogeny of these speciose and poorly defined groups has implication in several areas of research. The synonymy includes earlier combinations that elevated the rank through subtribe, tribe then subfamily. The taxon Triaenopini Benda & Vallo, 2009 was also reduced to a synonym for this family by the authors of the 2014 revision that elevated this taxon. The hipposiderid and rhinolophid bats are of especial interest to research into potential
1208236
La Gomera giant lizard


to be controlled. In his scientific description, the German zoologist R. Hutterer referred the subfossil remains from La Gomera to two subspecies of "Gallotia simonyi" with the differences being size related. He named these "Gallotia simonyi bravoana" and "Gallotia simonyi gomerana". Bischoff (1998) synonymized them to a single taxon. Barbadillo "et al." (1999) decided for "bravoana" when they elevated the taxon to species rank. Nogales "et al." (2001) concurred as regards species status,
14733429
Orange-spotted trevally


a /j/ sound; Forsskål used this technique to name a number of Red Sea fish species. Forsskål at first gave the new taxon subspecies status as "Scomber ferdau bajad", relating it to the mackerels, and especially "Scomber ferdau", which would later also be transferred to "Carangoides". The taxon was later given a species rank, becoming "Scomber bajad", then "Caranx bajad", before being transferred to its current position as "Carangoides bajad". The species was also independently renamed three times
15301652
Drosera subg. Lasiocephala


monograph of the family and recognizing this taxon as a series under section "Rossolis". In 1996, taxonomist Jan Schlauer argued for the recognition of this taxon at the rank of subgenus, noting that these closely related species share many affinities with subgenus "Drosera" but are different enough to warrant subgeneric status. All species in this subgenus are native to northern Australia except for "D. petiolaris", which is more widely distributed to as far as New Guinea. The plants in this subgenus or "petiolaris"-complex mostly look like variations
19625002
Synonym (taxonomy)


Given that the correct name of a taxon depends on the taxonomic viewpoint used (resulting in a particular circumscription, position and rank) a name that is one taxonomist's synonym may be another taxonomist's correct name (and "vice versa"). Synonyms may arise whenever the same taxon is described and named more than once, independently. They may also arise when existing taxa are changed, as when two taxa are joined to become one, a species is moved to a different genus, a variety is moved to a
3098366
Name-bearing type


for example, the Central American rodent tribe Nyctomyini has "Nyctomys" as its type genus and its name consists of the stem of the type genus, Nyctomy-, and the appropriate ending for a tribe, -ini. "Genus group" ranks consist of the genus and subgenus. The name-bearing type for a genus-group taxon is the type species, which must be one of the species included when that taxon ("genus" hereafter for brevity) was first formally named or, when no species were included when
5809723
Ausktribosphenidae


Ausktribosphenidae is a family of therians from the Early Cretaceous of Australia that are closely related to monotremes. Ausktribosphenidae is closely related to monotremes and hence the two form the yinotherian clade Australosphenida. It includes two species, "Ausktribosphenos nyktos" and "Bishops whitmorei", both of which are known only from skull and jaw fragments. Like other therians, ausktribosphenids have tribosphenic molars. Given that Ausktribosphenidae has been found in Early Cretaceous deposits in Australia, its occurrence has ramifications for knowledge of early monotreme paleobiogeography because Australia was connected only to
6760661
Botanical name


names may also have an extra component, bringing a maximum of four parts: A botanical name in three parts, i.e., an infraspecific name (a name for a taxon below the rank of species) needs a "connecting term" to indicate rank. In the "Calystegia" example above, this is "subsp.", for subspecies. In botany there are many ranks below that of species (in zoology there is only one such rank, subspecies, so that this "connecting term" is not used in
6449289
Vaccinium membranaceum


the Pacific Ocean in the west, to the Rocky Mountains and Black Hills in the east. Isolated populations of this species have been found in Arizona, North Dakota, Minnesota, the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, and Ontario. "Vaccinium membranaceum" grows at higher elevations in subalpine and alpine environments. It occurs in both pine and spruce dominated forests and in open meadow ecosystems. In forests "V. membranaceum" often dominates the forest understory during early to mid stages of succession. "Vaccinium membranceum" is fire adapted. The
10366485
Vaccinium crassifolium


" sect. "Herpothamnus". Some sources have recognized a second species, "V. sempervirens", but recent authors combine the two into a single species. Creeping blueberries, although they are native to North America, do not seem to be most closely related to North American blueberries, but instead to South American "Vaccinium" species. The leaves resemble bearberry ("Arctostaphylos uva-ursi"), and may be used in herbalism in its place. "Vaccinium crassifolium" has been cultivated since at least about 1787
13062638
Vaccinium hirsutum


Vaccinium hirsutum is a species of flowering plant in the heath family known by the common name hairy blueberry. This species is endemic to a small area in the southern Appalachian mountains, where it is only known from a few counties in eastern Tennessee, northern Georgia, and the Carolinas. "Vaccinium hirsutum" is native to dry oak-pine ridges, where it can be locally abundant. It is a shrub up to 75 cm (28 inches) tall, forming large colonies. Leaves are rather thick, elliptical, densely
15086511
Vaccinium vitis-idaea


to raspberries "Rubus idaeus"). There are at least 25 other common English names of "Vaccinium vitis-idaea" worldwide, including: "Vaccinium vitis-idaea" spreads by underground stems to form dense clonal colonies. Slender and brittle roots grow from the underground stems. The stems are rounded in cross-section and grow from in height. Leaves grow alternately and are oval, long, with a slightly wavy margin, and sometimes with a notched tip. The flowers are bell-shaped, white to pale
18804247
Hawaiian Vaccinium


" However, these are simply exciting postulations for now, as there is much uncertainty surrounding the evolutionary history South Pacific "Vaccinium" in general. For instance, though there is confidence that Hawaiian taxa are close in relation to primarily North American section "Myrtillus", some taxonomic treatments based on molecular data of "Myrtillus" have included Japanese species "Vaccinium yatabei." These findings support that a Japanese species is just as likely to be closest in genetic relation to the Hawaiian taxa than the North American members. Such a
2085140
Hawaiian Vaccinium


: 500-1,800m, on all main islands, though it is not well known whether these taxa occur together. Leaves are more like "Vaccinium dentatum" than "Vaccinium reticulatum": ovate, glabrous, with serrate margins, but largest out of the three: 5-8cm long by 2-4cm wide. Corolla color varies from solid green, yellowish green to reddish green, at 9-12mm long, while berries are always bright red and 9-15 mm in diameter. Flowering and
2085151