Ginkgo huttonii [SEP] taxon rank
Ginkgo biloba


, which share with the extant "G. biloba" the characteristic of motile sperm. Fossil plants with leaves that have more than four veins per segment have customarily been assigned to the taxon "Ginkgo", while the taxon "Baiera" is used to classify those with fewer than four veins per segment. "Sphenobaiera" has been used for plants with a broadly wedge-shaped leaf that lacks a distinct leaf stem. Fossils attributable to the genus "Ginkgo" first appeared in the Early Jurassic. One of the earliest fossils
18909445
Ginkgoales


Ginkgoales or Ginkgophyte is a gymnosperm order containing only one extant species: "Ginkgo biloba", the ginkgo tree. It is monotypic, (the only taxon) within the class Ginkgoopsida, which itself is monotypic within the division Ginkgophyta. The order includes five families, of which only Ginkgoaceae remains extant. The first "Ginkgo" leaves were found from the Triassic period, but there were many species of "Ginkgo" during the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods as well. These periods, known collectively as the Mesozoic era, were
18909464
Izatha huttonii


a female specimen obtained in Otago by F. W. Hutton and named "Oecophora huttonii". In 1888 "I. huttonii" was synonymised by Edward Meyrick with "Izatha peroneanella". However 2014 Robert J. B. Hoare removed "I. huttonii" from synonymy with "I. peroneanella" and reinstated it as a species. The holotype specimen is held at the Natural History Museum, London. Butler originally described the species as follows: "I. huttonii" has long been confused with "I. peroneanella". The differences between these species are
16966613
Izatha huttonii


variable and subtle. The most obvious visual distinguishing feature of "I. huttonii" is its forewing discal "M" mark. This mark is complete in "I. huttonii" where as with "I. peroneanella" it usually broken beyond the first stroke. In general, although both species are variable in colouration, "I. huttonii" tends to be a paler green and "I. peroneanella" is usually a brighter lime green. This species is polymorphic and comes in green and white shades. The green colouration can turn yellowish if
16966614
Relict (biology)


die out in Great Britain. Other populations of the same plant can be found in the Arctic and in the mountains of Europe and North America, where it is known as the common alplily. A well-studied botanical example of a relictual taxon is "Ginkgo biloba", the last living representative of Ginkgoales that is restricted to China in the wild. "Ginkgo" trees had a diverse and widespread northern distribution during the Mesozoic, but are not known from the fossil record after the Pliocene other than "G. biloba"
21958740
Izatha huttonii


Izatha huttonii is a moth of the Oecophoridae family. It is endemic to New Zealand, where it is known from the Wellington district of the North Island, the South Island, and Stewart Island. Although similar in appearance to related species "I. huttonii" can be distinguished as it has a distinctive "M" shaped mark on its forewings. The larvae feed on the dead wood of makomako and karamu. Adult moths have been collected from October to March. This species was first described by Arthur Gardiner Butler in 1879 using
16966612
Cantharidus huttonii


Cantharidus huttonii is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Trochidae, the top snails. The shell grows to a length of 14½ mm, its diameter 10½ mm. The covered perforate shell has a short-conical shape. It is bluish-black or purplishblack, the apex worn white. The 5 to 6 whorls are slightly convex. Their sculpture contains 7 to 8 spiral striae and incremental lines. The body whorl is obtusely angular at the periphery, rather convex beneath, slightly impressed in the
12079585
Izatha huttonii


the moth is wet. A description of larvae has yet to be positively associated with this species. This species is endemic to New Zealand. It is found in the south of the North Island only around Wellington, is widespread in the South Island and is the only "Izatha" species found on Stewart Island. "I. huttonii" is more common in Wellington that the similar species "I. peroneanella". Adults are on wing from November to March though one specimen has been captured in October. Larvae have been recorded feeding
16966615
Taxonomic rank


not to say that a taxon at any other rank may not be sharply defined, or that any species is guaranteed to be sharply defined. It varies from case to case. Ideally, a taxon is intended to represent a clade, that is, the phylogeny of the organisms under discussion, but this is not a requirement. A classification in which all taxa have formal ranks cannot adequately reflect knowledge about phylogeny. Since taxon names are dependent on ranks in traditional Linnaean systems of classification, taxa without ranks cannot be
17667712
Ginkgo cranei


yellow- to brown-colored shale with a notably high iron content. Fossils found in the shales are often three-dimensionally preserved with stem and seed structure intact. The age of the formation is based on the recovery of late Tiffanian mammals in the upper section of the formation along with the floral and palynological assemblages of the formation. Many of the "G. cranei" seeds are preserved as casts with hollow crystalline interiors and exterior cuticle present. Associated with the ovulate organs are fossil leaves that were formerly assigned to the taxon "
12787054
Form (botany)


In botanical nomenclature, a form ("forma", plural "formae") is one of the "secondary" taxonomic ranks, below that of variety, which in turn is below that of species; it is an infraspecific taxon. If more than three ranks are listed in describing a taxon, the "classification" is being specified, but only three parts make up the "name" of the taxon: a genus name, a specific epithet, and an infraspecific epithet. The abbreviation "f." or the
7125380
Infraspecific name


In botany, an infraspecific name is the scientific name for any taxon below the rank of species, i.e. an infraspecific taxon. (A "taxon", plural "taxa", is a group of organisms to be given a particular name.) The scientific names of botanical taxa are regulated by the "International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants" (ICN). This specifies a 'three part name' for infraspecific taxa, plus a 'connecting term' to indicate the rank of the name
20320028
Taxon


In biology, a taxon (plural taxa; back-formation from "taxonomy") is a group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit. Although neither is required, a taxon is usually known by a particular name and given a particular ranking, especially if and when it is accepted or becomes established. It is not uncommon, however, for taxonomists to remain at odds over what belongs to a taxon and the criteria used for inclusion. If a taxon is given
20416048
Name-bearing type


group" ranks consist of just the species and subspecies. (Note: a "species group" defined as a taxon, rather than as a category of ranks, has an unofficial rank, one of several such ranks between the subgenus and species levels sometimes used by zoologists in taxa with many species; see Taxonomic rank.) The name-bearing type of a species-group taxon (hereafter "species" for brevity) is an actual specimen or set of specimens; the "Code" recommends that great care should
5809726
Ginkgo CADx


Ginkgo CADx is a multiplatform (Windows, Linux, Mac OS X) DICOM viewer (*.dcm) and dicomizer (convert different files to DICOM). Ginkgo CADx is licensed under LGPL license, being an open source project with an Open core approach. The goal of Ginkgo CADx project is to develop an open source professional DICOM workstation. Ginkgo CADx also has a professional version with a private license model called Ginkgo CADx Pro. The main features of this software are: Ginkgo CADx is written in C++, has a plug
21958549
Botanical nomenclature


taxon (see correct name) and if a new name may (or must) be coined. Plant taxonomy is an empirical science, a science that determines what constitutes a particular taxon (taxonomic grouping, plural: taxa): e.g. "What plants belong to this species?" and "What species belong to this genus?". The definition of the limits of a taxon is called its 'circumscription'. For a particular taxon, if two taxonomists agree exactly on its circumscription, rank and position (i.e. the
15041079
Ginkgo


share with the extant "G. biloba" the characteristic of motile sperm. Fossils attributable to the genus "Ginkgo" first appeared in the Early Jurassic, and the genus diversified and spread throughout Laurasia during the middle Jurassic and Early Cretaceous. It declined in diversity as the Cretaceous progressed with the extinction of species such as "Ginkgo huolinhensis", and by the Palaeocene, only a few "Ginkgo" species, "Ginkgo cranei" and "Ginkgo adiantoides", remained in the Northern Hemisphere, while a markedly different (and
14277131
Synonym (taxonomy)


of Zoological Nomenclature", synonyms are different scientific names of the same taxonomic rank that pertain to that same taxon. For example, a particular species could, over time, have had two or more species-rank names published for it, while the same is applicable at higher ranks such as genera, families, orders, etc. In each case, the earliest published name is called the senior synonym, while the later name is the junior synonym. In the case where two names for the same taxon have been published
3098371
Ginkgo Bioworks


allows for the screening of many organisms at one time. Ginkgo Bioworks is hoping for a forty-fold decrease in the cost of screening and increase the speed of creating commercial ready organisms. On December 8, 2017, Ginkgo Bioworks and Synlogic announced a collaboration to engineer microbes for probiotic and gut-microbiome-based medicines. On January 20, 2017 Ginkgo Bioworks announced that it had acquired Gen9 — a company specializing in DNA synthesis. Ginkgo Bioworks previously contracted Gen9 to deliver 300 million base pairs in 2017, making Ginkgo Bioworks
13662757
One Rank, One Pension


and 85 Indian Military Academy; and officers from the 14 Army Education Course; and twenty five officers and their families came from Jaipur. The movement continues to gain momentum, and perceptible increase in support and participation by former high-ranking officers of the armed forces, from Lt generals, Admirals, air marshals, Group Captains, and Colonels. Old veterans included Sep Ram Kishan, 93 years, Armoured Corp veteran of World War II; Sep Ram Bharose Yadav, 85 years, a blind veteran of 72 Medium Artillery;
8649907
Ginkgo


, and cycadeoids) at the same time the flowering plants were on the rise, which supports the notion that flowering plants, with their better adaptations to disturbance, displaced "Ginkgo" and its associates over time. , molecular phylogenetic studies have produced at least six different placements of "Ginkgo" relative to cycads, conifers, gnetophytes and angiosperms. The two most common are that "Ginkgo" is a sister to a clade composed of conifers and gnetophytes or that "Ginkgo" and cycads form a clade within the gymnosperms.
14277137
Ginkgo


Ginkgo biloba", which is only found in the wild in China, but is cultivated across the world. The relationships between ginkgos and other groups of plants are not fully resolved. The ginkgo (Ginkgoales) is a living fossil, with fossils similar to modern ginkgo from the Permian, dating back 270 million years. The most plausible ancestral group for the order Ginkgoales is the Pteridospermatophyta, also known as the "seed ferns", specifically the order Peltaspermales. The closest living relatives of the clade are the cycads, which
14277130
Ginkgo


possible that "Ginkgo" represents a pre-angiosperm strategy for survival in disturbed streamside environments. "Ginkgo" evolved in an era before flowering plants, when ferns, cycads, and cycadeoids dominated disturbed streamside environments, forming a low, open, shrubby canopy. The large seeds of "Ginkgo" and its habit of "bolting"—growing to a height of before elongating its side branches—may be adaptations to such an environment. Diversity in the genus "Ginkgo" dropped through the Cretaceous (along with that of ferns, cycads
14277136
Ginkgo biloba


, cycads, and cycadeoids, the species diversity in the genus "Ginkgo" drops through the Cretaceous, at the same time the flowering plants were on the rise; this supports the hypothesis that, over time, flowering plants with better adaptations to disturbance displaced "Ginkgo" and its associates. At the end of the Pliocene, "Ginkgo" fossils disappeared from the fossil record everywhere except in a small area of central China, where the modern species survived. It is doubtful whether the Northern Hemisphere fossil species of "Ginkgo
18909447
PhyloCode


content of a taxon, other than the type, is not specified by the rank-based codes. In contrast, under phylogenetic nomenclature, the content of taxa are delimited using a definition that is based on phylogeny (i.e., ancestry and descent) and uses specifiers (e.g., species, specimens, apomorphies) to indicate actual organisms. The formula of the definition indicates an ancestor. The defined taxon, then, is that ancestor and all of its descendants. Thus, the content of a phylogenetically defined taxon relies on
4227015
Taxonomic rank


given names. Alternative approaches, such as using circumscriptional names, avoid this problem. There are no rules for how many species should make a genus, a family, or any other higher taxon (that is, a taxon in a category above the species level). It should be a natural group (that is, non-artificial, non-polyphyletic), as judged by a biologist, using all the information available to them. Equally ranked higher taxa in different phyla are not necessarily equivalent (e.g., it
17667713
Ginkgo biloba


Medica". Engelbert Kaempfer first introduced the spelling "ginkgo" in his book "Amoenitatum Exoticarum". It is considered that he may have misspelled "Ginkjo" as "Ginkgo". This misspelling was included by Carl Linnaeus in his book "Mantissa plantarum II" and has become the name of the tree's genus. Since the spelling may be confusing to pronounce, ginkgo is sometimes purposely misspelled as "gingko". Ginkgo has long been cultivated in China; some planted trees at temples are believed to be over 1,500
18909457
Ginkgo dissecta


Ginkgo dissecta is an extinct ginkgo species in the family Ginkgoaceae described from a series of isolated fossil leaves. The species is known from Early Eocene sediments exposed in the province of British Columbia, Canada, and Washington, USA. It is one of two "Ginkgo" species found at the Washington and British Columbia sites. "Ginkgo dissecta" is represented by a group of fossil specimens from four different geologic formations. The type locality for the species is at the Ypresian McAbee Fossil Beds, near Cache Creek, British Columbia,
10553619
Ginkgo cranei


Ginkgo cranei is an extinct "Ginkgo" species in the family Ginkgoaceae described from a series of isolated fossil ovulate organs and leaves. The species is known from upper Paleocene sediments exposed in the state of North Dakota, USA. It is the first "Ginkgo" species to be described from Paleogene period with reproductive structures. "Ginkgo cranei" is represented by a group of fossil specimens from the Upper Paleocene aged Sentinel Butte Formation exposed near the town of Almont, North Dakota. The specimens are preserved in a fine-grained
12787053
Phylogenetic nomenclature


Phylogenetic nomenclature, often called cladistic nomenclature, is a method of nomenclature for taxa in biology that uses phylogenetic definitions for taxon names as explained below. This contrasts with the traditional approach, in which taxon names are defined by a "type", which can be a specimen or a taxon of lower rank, and a description in words. Phylogenetic nomenclature is currently not regulated, but the "International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature" ("PhyloCode") is intended to regulate it once it is ratified. Phylogenetic nomenclature ties names
4744909
Sarracenia rosea


this taxon in a 1993 issue of "Rhodora", the journal of the New England Botanical Club. Schnell decided to place this taxon at the rank of variety below subsp. "venosa" as "S. purpurea" var. "burkii", honoring Louis Burk as Wherry had suggested 60 years earlier. In 1999, however, botanists Robert Naczi, then a professor of biology at Northern Kentucky University, and Frederick and Roberta Case elevated the variety to species rank, naming it "Sarracenia rosea". They compiled morphological
4498748
Ginkgo biloba


Tokyo is a ginkgo leaf. The logo of Osaka University has been a simplified ginkgo leaf since 1991 when designer Ikko Tanaka created it for the university's sixtieth anniversary. Extreme examples of the ginkgo's tenacity may be seen in Hiroshima, Japan, where six trees growing between from the 1945 atom bomb explosion were among the few living things in the area to survive the blast. Although almost all other plants (and animals) in the area were killed, the ginkgos, though charred, survived and were soon healthy again,
18909461
Macrostomida


The Macrostomida are a taxon of small basal free-living flatworms (Turbellaria, Platyhelminthes), which inhabit freshwater, brackish, and marine environments. The taxon name was coined by Josef Meixner (1924). There are currently about 260 named species in this taxon. As is the case for many other taxa, the taxonomic rank of Macrostomida is not very clear. Macrostomidans are small (~0.5 to 5 mm in length), and generally highly transparent microturbellarians, usually round in cross section, and with only the largest forms
13717906
Type (biology)


specimens. The type of a genus or subgenus is a species. The type of a suprageneric taxon (e.g., family, etc.) is a genus. Names higher than superfamily rank do not have types. A "name-bearing type" is a specimen or image that "provides the objective standard of reference whereby the application of the name of a nominal taxon can be determined." Although in reality biologists may examine many specimens (when available) of a new taxon before writing an official published species description,
4362871
Correct name


there are two or more legitimate names for the same taxon (with the same circumscription, position and rank), then the correct name is the one which has priority, i.e. it was published earliest, although names may be conserved if they have been very widely used. Validly published names other than the correct name are called synonyms. Since taxonomists may disagree as to the circumscription, position or rank of a taxon, there can be more than one correct name for a particular plant. These may also be called synonyms.
19338400
Banksia aquilonia


geographically distinct from other infraspecific taxa. They also noted that there were no intermediate plants between what was then known as "B. integrifolia" var. "aquilonia" and other populations of "B. integrifolia". On this basis they would have liked to promote it to species rank, but did not because their inferred phylogeny suggested that this taxon arose from within "B. integrifolia". They were unwilling to render "B. integrifolia" paraphyletic by elevating this taxon to species rank, and they were equally unwilling to elevate all four
21331511
Drosera gigantea


geniculata", that grows to tall in black sandy soils near Perth and to its south. Jan Schlauer disagreed with Marchant and Lowrie's decision to give the new taxon a rank of subspecies and thus published a new combination of the taxon at the rank of variety in a 1996 issue of the "Carnivorous Plant Newsletter". He argued that subspecies should be reserved for those occasions where allopatric, or geographically isolated, speciation occurred and varieties are best used in cases where sympatric speciation is suspected. Others disagree with this assessment,
2758435
Ginkgo Bioworks


owed to Stegodon Corporation. On September 23, 2016, Ginkgo Bioworks announced a partnership with Archer Daniels Midland Company (ADM) to design organisms capable of producing cultured ingredients for use in agricultural processing and food ingredient industries. ADM hopes to help Ginkgo Bioworks create new organisms that reduce cost and increase the sustainability of their agricultural processing and food ingredient business. ADM plans on using Ginkgo Bioworks for solving problems faced by its customers through providing novel ingredient production and formulation processes. On March 20, 2018, Ginkgo Bioworks announced it had
13662753
Anaspidea


somewhat resemble the ears of a hare. Many older textbooks and websites refer to this suborder as Anaspidea. The original author Paul Henri Fischer described the taxon Anaspidea at unspecified rank above family. In 1925 Johannes Thiele established the taxon Anaspidea as a suborder. Since the taxon Anaspidea was not based on an existing genus, this name is no longer available according to the rules of the ICZN. Anaspidea has been replaced in the new Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005) by the clade Aplysiomorpha. The scientific name
4362472
Phylogenetic nomenclature


rank changed, even if it has precisely the same members (i.e. the same circumscription); and it is logically inconsistent with all taxa being monophyletic. Especially in recent decades (due to advances in phylogenetics), taxonomists have named many "nested" taxa (i.e. taxa which are contained inside other taxa). No system of nomenclature attempts to name every clade; this would be particularly difficult in traditional nomenclature since every named taxon must be given a lower rank than any named taxon in which it is nested, so the
4744916
Synonym (taxonomy)


other purposes, if a researcher is interested in consulting or compiling all currently known information regarding a taxon, some of this (including species descriptions, distribution, ecology and more) may well have been published under names now regarded as outdated (i.e., synonyms) and so it is again useful to know a list of historic synonyms which may have been used for a given current (valid) taxon name. Objective synonyms refer to taxa with the same type and same rank (more or less the same taxon, although circumscription
3098374
Ginkgo biloba


female ginkgo trees are technically not fruits, but are seeds that have a shell consisting of a soft and fleshy section (the sarcotesta), and a hard section (the sclerotesta). The sarcotesta has a strong smell that most people find unpleasant. The ginkgo is classified in its own division, the Ginkgophyta, comprising the single class Ginkgoopsida, order Ginkgoales, family Ginkgoaceae, genus "Ginkgo" and is the only extant species within this group. It is one of the best-known examples of a living fossil,
18909436
Ginkgo biloba


ascribed to the Ginkgophyta is "Trichopitys", distinguished by having multiple-forked leaves with cylindrical (not flattened), thread-like ultimate divisions. The genus "Ginkgo" diversified and spread throughout Laurasia during the middle Jurassic and Early Cretaceous. The Ginkgophyta declined in diversity as the Cretaceous progressed, and by the Paleocene, "Ginkgo adiantoides" was the only "Ginkgo" species left in the Northern Hemisphere, while a markedly different (and poorly documented) form persisted in the Southern Hemisphere. Along with that of ferns
18909446
Ginkgoales


when diversity and distribution for all plants were at their highest, including in "Ginkophytes". It was in the early Cenozoic period that "Ginkgophytes" nearly became extinct, specifically during the early Cretaceous and Tertiary periods. The only remaining "Ginkgophyte" was "Ginkgo adiantoides" – a polymorphic species. Modern "Ginkgo" trees are native to China. "Ginkgo" trees produce ovulate, pollen-bearing structures. These structures are dioecious, in that male and female structures come from different "Ginkgo" plants. The
18909465
Tokoyama


A tokoyama (床山) is a hairdresser employed by the Japan Sumo Association to cut and prepare sumo wrestlers' hair, which is done in a "chonmage" style. The Sumo Association ranks them according to experience and ability and only the most senior "tokoyama" are entitled to prepare the more ornate "oicho", or ginkgo leaf form of topknot, which "sekitori" ranked wrestlers wear in their bouts and on other formal occasions. It may not seem to the casual observer that such a position is necessary,
21099008
Ginkgo biloba


Ginkgo biloba, commonly known as ginkgo or gingko (both pronounced ), also known as the maidenhair tree, is the only living species in the division Ginkgophyta, all others being extinct. It is found in fossils dating back 270 million years. Native to China, the tree is widely cultivated, and was cultivated early in human history. It has various uses in traditional medicine and as a source of food. Ginkgos are large trees, normally reaching a height of , with some specimens in China being over . The tree
18909421
Ginkgo biloba


preparations, combinations, or extracts thereof. The level of these allergens in standardized pharmaceutical preparations from "Ginkgo biloba" was restricted to 5 ppm by the Commission E of the former Federal German Health Authority. The ginkgo is a living fossil, with fossils recognisably related to modern ginkgo from the Permian, dating back 270 million years. The most plausible ancestral group for the order Ginkgoales is the Pteridospermatophyta, also known as the "seed ferns"; specifically the order Peltaspermales. The closest living relatives of the clade are the cycads
18909444
Ginkgo biloba


may be adaptions to such an environment. Modern-day "G. biloba" grows best in environments that are well-watered and drained, and the extremely similar fossil "Ginkgo" favored similar environments: The sediment record at the majority of fossil "Ginkgo" localities indicates it grew primarily in disturbed environments, along streams and levees. "Ginkgo", therefore, presents an "ecological paradox" because while it possesses some favorable traits for living in disturbed environments (clonal reproduction) many of its other life-history traits
18909451
Ginkgo-toothed beaked whale


The ginkgo-toothed beaked whale ("Mesoplodon ginkgodens") is a poorly known species of whale even for a beaked whale, and was named for the unusual shape of its dual teeth. It is a fairly typical-looking species, but is notable for the males not having any scarring . Ginkgo-toothed beaked whales are more robust than most mesoplodonts, but otherwise look fairly typical. Halfway through the jaw, there is a sharp curve up where the ginkgo leaf-shaped tooth is. Unlike other species such as
6676232
Geography of Hunan


-level protected plants: Isoetes sinensis, Davidia involucrata, Cycad, Ginkgo, Cathaya, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Scaly-sided merganser, Bretschneidera and Brasenia. Hunan has been hailed as the "hometown of non-ferrous metal" and "hometown of nonmetallic minerals". There are more than 141 species of minerals in Hunan. Antimony of Hunan is ranked No. 1 in the world. Bismuth, rubidium, anthracite, realgar, fluorite, sepiolite, baryte are ranked No. 1 in China. Manganese, vanadium, rhenium
12909705
World Qualification Series (2009)


18 - Aug 23" 30th Anniversary of the Lacanau Pro and good conditions this year. Surf, concerts, events scheduled. Check out the video for a summary of the event http://vimeo.com/6994555 "Aug 25 - Aug 30" "Sep 01 - Sep 06" "Sep 01 - Sep 06" "Sep 04 - Sep 06" "Sep 09 - Sep 12" "Sep 10 - Sep 13" "Sep 08 - Sep 13" "Sep 15 - Sep 20" "Sep 16 - Sep 22" "Sep
1986943
Ginkgo Bioworks


and high volume manufacturing capacity. On October 19, 2016, Ginkgo Bioworks announced a partnership with Prospect Bio to create a new biosensor to improve the speed and lower the cost of organism prototyping for new strain development. The biosensor under development will make the process of organism screening (testing for a desired trait) faster. Organism screening is one of the slowest processes of the design, build, test system Ginkgo Bioworks uses for organism development. Normally, each organism created by Ginkgo Bioworks has to be screened individually. A biosensor
13662756
Ginkgo biloba


from the fossil record) extreme ecological conservatism (restriction to disturbed streamside environments). Given the slow rate of evolution of the genus, "Ginkgo" possibly represents a pre-angiosperm strategy for survival in disturbed streamside environments. "Ginkgo" evolved in an era before flowering plants, when ferns, cycads, and cycadeoids dominated disturbed streamside environments, forming low, open, shrubby canopies. "Ginkgo"'s large seeds and habit of "bolting" – growing to a height of 10 meters before elongating its side branches –
18909450
Ginkgo biloba


years old. The first record of Europeans encountering it is in 1690 in Japanese temple gardens, where the tree was seen by the German botanist Engelbert Kaempfer. Because of its status in Buddhism and Confucianism, the ginkgo is also widely planted in Korea and parts of Japan; in both areas, some naturalization has occurred, with ginkgos seeding into natural forests. In some areas, most intentionally planted ginkgos are male cultivars grafted onto plants propagated from seed, because the male trees will not produce the malodorous seeds. The popular cultivar
18909458
List of 1982–83 NBA season transactions


1982 Oct 2, 1982 Oct 1, 1982 Sep 30, 1982 Sep 29, 1982 Sep 28, 1982 Sep 27, 1982 Sep 24, 1982 Sep 22, 1982 Sep 20, 1982 Sep 19, 1982 Sep 18, 1982 Sep 17, 1982 Sep 15, 1982 Sep 14, 1982 Sep 13, 1982 Sep 10, 1982 Sep 9, 1982 Sep 7, 1982 Sep 2, 1982 Sep 1, 1982 Aug 31, 1982 Aug 27, 1982 Aug 26, 1982 Aug 16, 1982 Aug 8,
557049
Abraham Halpern


in Royal Canadian Naval Volunteer Reserve from Sep. 24, 1942 to Nov. 30, 1945 in European, North Atlantic, and Pacific theatres. Rank on discharge: Petty Officer. Served in Royal Canadian Navy, 1953-1957, as follows: Medical Officer, R.C.N. Hospital, Esquimalt, BC, July to Nov., 1953. Medical Officer, H.M.C.S. "Cayuga", Nov., 1953 to Feb., 1955 - Far East (Korea). Medical Officer, R.C.N. Hospital, Cornwallis, NS, Apr., 1955 to Sep.,
12498700
Ginkgo Bioworks


Ginkgo Bioworks is a biotech company founded in 2009 by scientists from MIT headed by Tom Knight. The company specializes in using genetic engineering to produce bacteria with industrial applications. Ginkgo Bioworks is an analytics company that designs organisms for customers in a range of industries. It is the self-proclaimed "Organism Company". Ginkgo Bioworks designs microbes in analytical labs it calls synthetic biology foundries, which comprise software and hardware tools that allow for rapid prototyping and high-throughput screening. Several publicly-stated products include chemical intermediates, flavors
13662744
Ginkgo Bioworks


DARPA), before gaining access to venture capital funding in the summer of 2014. On July 16, 2014 Ginkgo Bioworks received $120K in seed funding from Y Combinator, TSVC, CRCM ventures, 11.2 Capital, Farzad Nazem, Todd Corenson, and David Spector. On March 19, 2015 Ginkgo Bioworks received $9 million dollars in funding from iGlobe Partners, Vast Ventures, OS Fund, Felicis Ventures, Data Collective, Ian McNish, and David Beyer. Ginkgo Bioworks had a pre-money evaluation of $250
13662748
Ginkgo biloba


"Ginkgo biloba" leaf extracts may have undesirable effects, especially for individuals with blood circulation disorders and those taking anticoagulants such as aspirin or warfarin, although studies have found ginkgo has little or no effect on the anticoagulant properties or pharmacodynamics of warfarin in healthy subjects. Additional side effects include increased risk of bleeding, gastrointestinal discomfort, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headaches, dizziness, heart palpitations, and restlessness. According to a systemic review, the effects of ginkgo on pregnant women may include increased bleeding time, and it should
18909442
Ginkgo biloba


small areas in Zhejiang province in eastern China, in the Tianmushan Reserve. However, high genetic uniformity exists among ginkgo trees from these areas, arguing against a natural origin of these populations and suggesting the ginkgo trees in these areas may have been planted and preserved by Chinese monks over a period of about 1,000 years. This study demonstrates a greater genetic diversity in Southwestern China populations, supporting glacial refugia in mountains surrounding eastern Tibetan Plateau, where several old-growth candidates for wild populations have been reported. Whether native ginkgo populations still
18909433
Yixuan, Prince Chun


son, Zaifeng, inherited his title "Prince Chun of the First Rank". Yixuan was granted a posthumous name "xian" (賢), so his full posthumous title became "Prince Chunxian of the First Rank" (醇賢親王). Yixuan was interred in a tomb of princely status, now popularly known as the "Seventh Prince's Grave" (七王墳), located 35 km/22 miles northwest of Beijing. According to Puyi's autobiography, a ginkgo tree grew on the tomb of Yixuan, and became very tall
14663502
Phylum


in recent years. Thus some sources place horsetails in division Arthrophyta and ferns in division Pteridophyta, while others place them both in Pteridophyta, as shown below. The division Pinophyta may be used for all gymnosperms (i.e. including cycads, ginkgos and gnetophytes), or for conifers alone as below. Since the first publication of the APG system in 1998, which proposed a classification of angiosperms up to the level of orders, many sources have preferred to treat ranks higher than orders as informal clades. Where formal ranks have been provided
8615999
Taxon


any biological domain, but traditionally it was always used for animals, whereas "Division" was traditionally often used for plants, fungi, etc. A prefix is used to indicate a ranking of lesser importance. The prefix "super-" indicates a rank above, the prefix "sub-" indicates a rank below. In zoology the prefix "infra-" indicates a rank below "sub-". For instance, among the additional ranks of class are superclass, subclass and infraclass. Rank is relative, and restricted to a particular
20416053
Validly published name


a particular taxon and rank. Nevertheless, invalid names ("nomen invalidum", "nom. inval.") are sometimes in use. This may occur when a taxonomist finds and recognises a taxon and thinks of a name, but delays publishing it in an adequate manner. A common reason for this is that a taxonomist intends to write a "magnum opus" that provides an overview of the group, rather than a series of small papers. Another reason is that the code of nomenclature changes with time, and
14663024
Aromobatidae


The Aromobatidae are a family of frogs native to Central and South America. They are sometimes referred to as cryptic forest frogs. They are the sister taxon of the Dendrobatidae, the poison dart frogs, but are not as toxic as most dendrobatids are. The Aromobatidae were separated from the Dendrobatidae only in 2006, and some sources continue to treat these frogs as part of the Dendrobatidae. However, their position as the sister taxon is well supported, and the question is primarily about whether they should be ranked as a family or
17636105
Ozimops


30. The variation to this is the loss of a tooth in mature individuals, the upper anterior premolar, at one or both sides of the jaw. The taxon was first published as subgenus of "Mormopterus" in 2014, separating Australian groups whose diversity was reviewed and described as new species. The content of the new taxon was established or formerly cryptic taxa of Indo-Papuan species and a centre of diversity at the Australian mainland. This was elevated to the rank of genus in 2015. The arrangement of the genus
2029365
Taxon


coined a century before from the Greek components "τάξις" (taxis, meaning arrangement) and "-νομία" (-nomia meaning method). For plants, it was proposed by Herman Johannes Lam in 1948, and it was adopted at the VII International Botanical Congress, held in 1950. The Glossary of the "International Code of Zoological Nomenclature" (1999) defines a A taxon can be assigned a taxonomic rank, usually (but not necessarily) when it is given a formal name. "Phylum" applies formally to
20416052
Autonym (botany)


belonged to the species (and are not included in the newly described taxon) now become a new infraspecific taxon. But as neither the type nor the final epithet has changed, there is no need for a change in author citation. The same goes for a subdivision of a genus. If a botanist creates a new subdivision of a genus, for example by dividing a large genus into two or more subgenera, sections, or series, then a new subdivision of the genus at each of the new ranks will share the
20983137
Monera


Monera () (Greek - μονήρης (monḗrēs), "single", "solitary") is a kingdom that contains unicellular organisms with a prokaryotic cell organization (having no nuclear membrane), such as bacteria. They are single-celled organisms with no true nuclear membrane (prokaryotic organisms). The taxon Monera was first proposed as a phylum by Ernst Haeckel in 1866. Subsequently, the phylum was elevated to the rank of kingdom in 1925 by Édouard Chatton. The last commonly accepted mega-classification with the taxon
5726713
September 1941 lunar eclipse


A partial lunar eclipse took place on Friday, September 5, 1941. It was a shallow partial lunar eclipse, with less than 10% of the Moon covered in Earth's shadow. Aug 31, 1941 = Sunday Sep 1, 1941 = Monday Sep 2, 1941 = Tuesday Sep 3, 1941 = Wednesday Sep 4, 1941 = Thursday Sep 5, 1941 = Friday Sep 6, 1941 = Saturday Sep 7, 1941 = Sunday Sep 8, 1941 = Monday Sep 9, 1941 = Tuesday Sep 10, 1941
5363349
Tatuidris


of the tribe has been the focus of debate. Bolton (2003) was the first to suggest the taxonomic instability of "Tatuidris" within Myrmicinae and raised the genus to the level of a new subfamily, the Agroecomyrmecinae, suggesting that Agroecomyrmecinae might be the sister taxon to Myrmicinae. The subfamily rank was re-assessed by Baroni Urbani & de Andrade in 2007, this was the first attempt to include "Tatuidris" as a terminal taxon in a morphological cladistic analysis. In their study, Baroni Urbani & de Andrade identified
21404594
Correct name


In botany, the correct name according to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN) is the one and only botanical name that is to be used for a particular taxon, when that taxon has a particular circumscription, position and rank. Determining whether a name is correct is a complex procedure. The name must be validly published, a process which is defined in no less than 16 Articles of the ICN. It must also be "legitimate", which imposes some further requirements. If
19338399
Abelisauridae


. Abelisauridae is a family in rank-based Linnaean taxonomy, within the infraorder Ceratosauria and the superfamily Abelisauroidea, which also contains the family Noasauridae. It has had several definitions in phylogenetic taxonomy. It was originally defined as a node-based taxon including "Abelisaurus", "Carnotaurus", their common ancestor, and all of its descendants. Later, it was redefined as a stem-based taxon, including all animals more closely related to "Abelisaurus" (or the more complete "Carnotaurus") than to "
19559613
Gleicheniaceae


-shaped hairs. There is some dispute about ranking these ferns. They are typically placed in the order Gleicheniales. They may alternatively be considered a subclass Gleicheniatae or class Gleichenopsida, so that a distinct taxon can be established for the leptosporangiate ferns. In this case, the Gleicheniaceae are upranked to an order and receive the name Gleicheniales. Irrespective of their modern taxonomic treatment, the Gleicheniaceae were formerly included in the order Polypodiales. But the ferns in the loose sense are much too diverse a group to be shoehorned into one taxon
4344486
Taxonomic rank


by the nomenclature codes. There are seven main taxonomic ranks: kingdom, phylum or division, class, order, family, genus, species. In addition, "domain" (proposed by Carl Woese) is now widely used as a fundamental rank, although it is not mentioned in any of the nomenclature codes, and is a synonym for dominion (lat. dominium), introduced by Moore in 1974. A taxon is usually assigned a rank when it is given its formal name. The basic ranks are species and
17667700
Taxonomic rank


In biological classification, taxonomic rank is the relative level of a group of organisms (a taxon) in a taxonomic hierarchy. Examples of taxonomic ranks are species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain, etc. A given rank subsumes under it less general categories, that is, more specific descriptions of life forms. Above it, each rank is classified within more general categories of organisms and groups of organisms related to each other through inheritance of traits or features from common ancestors. The rank
17667696
Taxonomic rank


nuclei in the domain Eukarya. The "International Code of Zoological Nomenclature" defines "rank" as: "The level, for nomenclatural purposes, of a taxon in a taxonomic hierarchy (e.g. all families are for nomenclatural purposes at the same rank, which lies between superfamily and subfamily)." In his landmark publications, such as the "Systema Naturae", Carl Linnaeus used a ranking scale limited to: kingdom, class, order, genus, species, and one rank below species. Today, nomenclature is regulated
17667699
Sorbeoconcha


Sorbeoconcha is a taxonomic clade of snails, i.e. gastropods, mainly marine species with gills and opercula, within the clade Caenogastropoda. The taxon Sorbeoconcha was named by Winston Ponder and David R. Lindberg in 1997. According to the older taxonomy by Ponder and Lindberg the suborders within the order Sorbeoconcha are: In the taxonomy by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005), the clade Sorbeoconcha was declared a taxon of unspecified rank, within the clade Caenogastropoda. It comprises the superfamily Cerithioidea, the superfamily Campaniloidea, the informal group Ptenoglossa and the clade
13363551
Stomatellinae


Stomatellinae is a subfamily of small sea snails with a brilliantly nacreous interior of the shell, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Trochidae, the top snails. In the earlier classification used in the Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, the Stomatellidae was included in the Archaeogastropoda, however, this taxon is now largely abandoned in favor of the more recently defined Vetigastropoda. According to Bouchet & Rocroi (2005), Williams et al. (2008) and Williams et al. (2010) this taxon underwent a rank change from family Stomatellidae to
2477997
Ginkgoales


". There are similar, now extinct, morphogens, such as "Sphenobaiera", which describes fan-shaped, deeply divided leaves without clear petioles. The distinctive shape of the modern "Ginkgo biloba" gives the impression of a very narrow leaf morphology, but the group is varied and diverse. The genus "Ginkgo" by itself contains a range of morphologies. "Ginkgo digitata", from the Jurassic, has long, wedge-shaped laminae with the intercostal regions covered in stomata and resin bodies, while "
18909469
Ginkgotoxin


Ginkgotoxin (4'-O-methylpyridoxine) is a neurotoxin naturally occurring in "Ginkgo biloba". It is an antivitamin structurally related to vitamin B (pyridoxine). It has the capacity to induce epileptic seizures. Seeds and phytopharmaceuticals derived from the plant "Ginkgo biloba" are dietary supplements used to improve memory, brain metabolism, and blood flow, and to treat neuronal disorders. It has been long used for a wide range of medicinal purposes. For instance, in Japan and China, "Ginkgo biloba" is used to treat
505272
Zoid


can be up to 300 to 500 micrometers long and can contain thousands of flagella. The zoid of the ginkgo is approximately 86 micrometers long and also can contain thousands of flagella. Because of the high number of flagella associated with both cycads and ginkgo, there has been some debate as to whether they are flagella or cilia. Either way, cycads and "Ginkgo" are rare woody plants that produce motile gametes. In plants, the zoid, or swimming sperm, is considered to be a trait of the "lower"
8919411
Rhinonycteridae


in 2014. The affinities within the families Hipposideridae and Rhinolophidae are sometimes found to be contrary in morphological and molecular analyses, yet resolving the phylogeny of these speciose and poorly defined groups has implication in several areas of research. The synonymy includes earlier combinations that elevated the rank through subtribe, tribe then subfamily. The taxon Triaenopini Benda & Vallo, 2009 was also reduced to a synonym for this family by the authors of the 2014 revision that elevated this taxon. The hipposiderid and rhinolophid bats are of especial interest to research into potential
1208236
La Gomera giant lizard


to be controlled. In his scientific description, the German zoologist R. Hutterer referred the subfossil remains from La Gomera to two subspecies of "Gallotia simonyi" with the differences being size related. He named these "Gallotia simonyi bravoana" and "Gallotia simonyi gomerana". Bischoff (1998) synonymized them to a single taxon. Barbadillo "et al." (1999) decided for "bravoana" when they elevated the taxon to species rank. Nogales "et al." (2001) concurred as regards species status,
14733429
Orange-spotted trevally


a /j/ sound; Forsskål used this technique to name a number of Red Sea fish species. Forsskål at first gave the new taxon subspecies status as "Scomber ferdau bajad", relating it to the mackerels, and especially "Scomber ferdau", which would later also be transferred to "Carangoides". The taxon was later given a species rank, becoming "Scomber bajad", then "Caranx bajad", before being transferred to its current position as "Carangoides bajad". The species was also independently renamed three times
15301652
Drosera subg. Lasiocephala


monograph of the family and recognizing this taxon as a series under section "Rossolis". In 1996, taxonomist Jan Schlauer argued for the recognition of this taxon at the rank of subgenus, noting that these closely related species share many affinities with subgenus "Drosera" but are different enough to warrant subgeneric status. All species in this subgenus are native to northern Australia except for "D. petiolaris", which is more widely distributed to as far as New Guinea. The plants in this subgenus or "petiolaris"-complex mostly look like variations
19625002
Synonym (taxonomy)


Given that the correct name of a taxon depends on the taxonomic viewpoint used (resulting in a particular circumscription, position and rank) a name that is one taxonomist's synonym may be another taxonomist's correct name (and "vice versa"). Synonyms may arise whenever the same taxon is described and named more than once, independently. They may also arise when existing taxa are changed, as when two taxa are joined to become one, a species is moved to a different genus, a variety is moved to a
3098366
Name-bearing type


for example, the Central American rodent tribe Nyctomyini has "Nyctomys" as its type genus and its name consists of the stem of the type genus, Nyctomy-, and the appropriate ending for a tribe, -ini. "Genus group" ranks consist of the genus and subgenus. The name-bearing type for a genus-group taxon is the type species, which must be one of the species included when that taxon ("genus" hereafter for brevity) was first formally named or, when no species were included when
5809723
Botanical name


names may also have an extra component, bringing a maximum of four parts: A botanical name in three parts, i.e., an infraspecific name (a name for a taxon below the rank of species) needs a "connecting term" to indicate rank. In the "Calystegia" example above, this is "subsp.", for subspecies. In botany there are many ranks below that of species (in zoology there is only one such rank, subspecies, so that this "connecting term" is not used in
6449289
Ginkgo


poorly documented) form persisted in the Southern Hemisphere. At the end of the Pliocene, "Ginkgo" fossils disappeared from the fossil record everywhere except in a small area of central China, where the modern species survived. It is doubtful whether the Northern Hemisphere fossil species of "Ginkgo" can be reliably distinguished. Given the slow pace of evolution and morphological similarity between members of the genus, there may have been only one or two species existing in the Northern Hemisphere through the entirety of the Cenozoic: present-day "
14277132
Ginkgo


a contiguous entity for many millions of years, many of the ginkgo's life-history parameters fit. These are: extreme longevity; slow reproduction rate; (in Cenozoic and later times) a wide, apparently contiguous, but steadily contracting distribution coupled with, as far as can be demonstrated from the fossil record, extreme ecological conservatism (restriction to disturbed streamside environments). Modern-day "G. biloba" grows best in well-watered and drained environments, and the extremely similar fossil "Ginkgo" favoured similar environments
14277134
Ginkgo


; the sediment records at the majority of fossil "Ginkgo" localities indicate it grew primarily in disturbed environments along streams and levees. "Ginkgo" therefore presents an "ecological paradox" because, while it possesses some favourable traits for living in disturbed environments (clonal reproduction), many of its other life-history traits (slow growth, large seed size, late reproductive maturity) are the opposite of those exhibited by modern plants that thrive in disturbed settings. Given the slow rate of evolution of the genus, it is
14277135
Heidelberg Castle


containing this poem with which Goethe included two Ginkgo leaves can be viewed in the Goethe Museum in Düsseldorf. The Ginkgo, planted in 1795, that Goethe lead Marianne von Willemer to in September 1815, is no longer standing today. Since 1928 the Ginkgo tree in the castle garden was labelled that it was "the same tree that inspired Goethe to create his fine poem". The tree was probably still standing in 1936. The former harness room, originally a coach house, was in reality begun as a fortification. After
18625764
Ginkgo biloba


specimens claimed to be more than 2,500 years old. Ginkgo is a relatively shade-intolerant species that (at least in cultivation) grows best in environments that are well-watered and well-drained. The species shows a preference for disturbed sites; in the "semiwild" stands at Tian Mu Shan, many specimens are found along stream banks, rocky slopes, and cliff edges. Accordingly, ginkgo retains a prodigious capacity for vegetative growth. It is capable of sprouting from embedded buds near the base of the trunk (
18909423
Ginkgo biloba


lignotubers, or basal chi chi) in response to disturbances, such as soil erosion. Old individuals are also capable of producing aerial roots on the undersides of large branches in response to disturbances such as crown damage; these roots can lead to successful clonal reproduction upon contacting the soil. These strategies are evidently important in the persistence of ginkgo; in a survey of the "semiwild" stands remaining in Tianmushan, 40% of the specimens surveyed were multistemmed, and few saplings were present. Extracts of ginkgo leaves contain phenolic acids
18909424
Ginkgo biloba


, proanthocyanidins, flavonoid glycosides, such as myricetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin and quercetin, and the terpene trilactones, ginkgolides and bilobalides. The leaves also contain unique ginkgo biflavones, as well as alkylphenols and polyprenols. Ginkgo branches grow in length by growth of shoots with regularly spaced leaves, as seen on most trees. From the axils of these leaves, "spur shoots" (also known as short shoots) develop on second-year growth. Short shoots have very short internodes (so they may grow only one or two
18909425
Ginkgo biloba


the ovule. Although it is widely held that fertilization of ginkgo seeds occurs just before or after they fall in early autumn, embryos ordinarily occur in seeds just before and after they drop from the tree. Although "Ginkgo biloba" and other species of the genus were once widespread throughout the world, its range shrank until by two million years ago, it was restricted to a small area of China. For centuries, it was thought to be extinct in the wild, but is now known to grow in at least two
18909432
Ginkgo biloba


the trees are easy to propagate from seed. The nut-like gametophytes inside the seeds are particularly esteemed in Asia, and are a traditional Chinese food. Ginkgo nuts are used in "congee", and are often served at special occasions such as weddings and the Chinese New Year (as part of the vegetarian dish called Buddha's delight). In Chinese culture, they are believed to have health benefits; some also consider them to have aphrodisiac qualities. Japanese cooks add ginkgo seeds (called "ginnan") to
18909438
Ginkgo biloba


cultivars release zero pollen. Many cultivars are listed in the literature in the UK, of which the compact ‘Troll’ has gained the Royal Horticultural Society’s Award of Garden Merit. Ginkgos adapt well to the urban environment, tolerating pollution and confined soil spaces. They rarely suffer disease problems, even in urban conditions, and are attacked by few insects. The ginkgo leaf is the symbol of the Urasenke school of Japanese tea ceremony. The tree is the official tree of the Japanese capital of Tokyo, and the symbol of
18909460
Class (biology)


In biological classification, class () is a taxonomic rank, as well as a taxonomic unit, a taxon, in that rank. Other well-known ranks in descending order of size are life, domain, kingdom, phylum, order, family, genus, and species, with class fitting between phylum and order. The class as a distinct rank of biological classification having its own distinctive name (and not just called a "top-level genus" "(genus summum)") was first introduced by the
15757221