Cotton Plantation Record and Account Book [SEP] author
Cotton Plantation Record and Account Book


plantation management, such as the proper care and discipline of slaves. Thomas Affleck published the first edition of the "Cotton Plantation Record and Account Book" in 1847 or 1848. In 1842 he established a plant nursery and experimental cotton farm near Washington, Mississippi. Later, discussing the origin of his Account Book, Affleck wrote: During my first year's planting, I prepared two books with the pen, almost identical to that now published for the cotton plantation, and gave one to each of my next year's overseers
5192227
Cotton Plantation Record and Account Book


The Cotton Plantation Record and Account Book is a best-selling and pioneering guide to farm accounting in the antebellum cotton-producing regions of the United States. It was first published in 1847 or 1848 by Thomas Affleck (1812-1868), a Scottish immigrant and owner of the Glenblythe Plantation in Gay Hill, Washington County, Texas. The book contains a detailed system, including blank tables to be filled in, that allowed plantation owners to track the efficiency of their production. It also includes essays on various aspects of
5192226
Cotton Plantation Record and Account Book


followed the best and most advanced principles of efficient administrative management." The book contained a detailed system which allowed plantation owners to record and track the accounts of their plantations, including pounds of cotton produced per slave, per acre, per bale of cotton, and the gross and net value of production. Space was also provided for recording births and deaths of slaves, their clothing and tools, and other such assets and debits. Unlike many contemporary systems of agricultural book-keeping, Affleck's book took account of depreciation,
5192231
Thomas Affleck (planter)


also published the "Southern Rural Almanac and Plantation and Garden Calendar" from 1851 to 1861. His "Report on Agricultural Grasses," appeared as a Senate executive document in 1879. He is credited with advancing agriculture in Texas thanks to his writing. Moreover, he published two books about his plantation, where he cultivated the commodity crops of cotton and sugar cane with slave labor: "Cotton Plantation Record and Account Book" and "Sugar Plantation Record and Account Book". They became widely popular among the planter class,
5421585
Cotton Plantation Record and Account Book


the book was changed to "The Farmers' Record and Account Book" and the scope widened to include "any system of husbandry, ... the products of any climate, and ... farms of any extent." Affleck's book was a consistent antebellum bestseller in the cotton-producing states of the lower Mississippi River Valley. Historian Mark M. Smith has noted that "it was precisely on plantations that masters employed the most rigorous, capitalist management techniques," which created a need for specialized ledgers and accounting techniques, Affleck's
5192229
Cotton Plantation Record and Account Book


being "one of the most popular [of these] record book brands." By the end of the 1850s, his Account Book had sold over three thousand copies, contributing to his powerful influence on the direction of the "plantation economy into scientific and systematic channels." According to historian Robert Williams, Affleck's manual included "a number of other forms which marked an improvement in the system of rural book-keeping. The record forms were essentially consistent with the intent and purpose of modern cost-accounting, and
5192230
Cotton Plantation Record and Account Book


the costs of labor, and other "often neglected factors." According to historian Walter Johnson, the book "provided a convenient table by which slaves' annual increase in value could be tracked in the same set of tables as their daily cotton production, and a page at the back where the planter could fill in the value of his slave force, and calculate "interest on the same at ten percent."" It was published in four numbers for plantations with fewer than 40, 80, 120, and 160
5192232
Glenblythe Plantation


there were about 120 black slaves on the plantation. They were looked after by a black nurse and a doctor, who saw them at least once a month. In his essay entitled "The Duties of an Overseer", published in his 1847 best-selling book, the "Cotton Plantation Record and Account Book", Affleck emphasized the need to provide slaves with adequate food, clothing, medical care, and access to Christian church services, in order to increase their productivity. However, shortly after the American Civil War
5604452
Cotton Plantation Record and Account Book


"hands," which retailed for $2.50, $3.00, $3.50, and $4.00 respectively. It also contained advertising for the slave markets of New Orleans. Affleck's book also contained essays and advice on slave management, including, e.g., George Washington's instructions to his own slave overseer and instructions for managing the health of slaves. The Account Book included Affleck's essay, "The Duties of an Overseer", which noted that one of the most important aspects "of a fine crop is an increase
5192233
John Cotton (ornithologist)


and his artwork remained unpublished, scattered among his descendants and largely lost to the world for the next 120 years. In 1974 a limited edition book, "John Cotton’s Birds of the Port Phillip District of New South Wales 1843-1849", authored by Allan McEvey was published, containing reproductions of some of the illustrations Cotton had prepared for the book that never eventuated. In it McEvey concludes his account of Cotton’s life with: ”But apart from his historical position, apart from his records of value, he
3066256
Cotton Plantation Record and Account Book


, making it a part of my contract with them, that these books were to be correctly kept and returned to me at the end of the year. And, with a little assistance and encouragement, it was done. And what a satisfaction it was to me! Soon after that, at the suggestion of a New Orleans Publisher, I prepared him a transcript of the plan for publication. Affleck published new editions every year thereafter until the American Civil War of 1861-1865. After the war, the name of
5192228
Cotton Plantation Record and Account Book


in the number and a marked increase in the condition and value of the negroes." Slaveowners, for various reasons, were willing or eager to allow their slaves to attend religious services and Affleck, in "The Duties of an Overseer", agreed with this practice: You will find that an hour devoted every Sabbath morning to their moral and religious instruction would prove a great aid to you in bringing about a better state of things amongst the Negroes. It has been thoroughly tried, and with the most satisfactory results,
5192234
Loch Leven, Mississippi


Loch Leven is a ghost town in Wilkinson County, Mississippi, United States. Loch Leven began as a cotton plantation located directly on the Mississippi River. The plantation was abandoned early in the Civil War, and its owner, S. Chase, was listed in Union Army records as "absent" but "loyal". By 1864, a lease was granted to renew production of cotton on the property. In 1866, Loch Leven Plantation was in size. In the 1870s, Loch Leven and the plantation at nearby Artonish were
9224702
Cotton-Eyed Joe


on plantations. Both the dance and the song had many variants. The first printed one dates from 1882. American publishing house Harper and Brothers published a version in 1882, heard by author Louise Clarke Pyrnelle (born 1850) on the Alabama plantation of her father when she was a child, that was later republished in 1910: poem"Cotton-eyed Joe, Cotton-eyed Joe, What did make you sarve me so, Fur ter take my gal erway fum me, An' cyar her plum ter Tennessee? Ef it
8324355
SEP-IRA


contributions are treated as part of a profit-sharing plan. For employees, the employer may contribute up to 25% of the employee's wages to the employee's SEP-IRA account. For example, if an employee earns $40,000 in wages, the employer could contribute up to $10,000 to the SEP-IRA account. The total contribution to a SEP-IRA account should not exceed the lesser of 25% of income (20% for self-employed before self-employed tax deduction is included);(see below)
13754343
Industrial Revolution


gin in 1792 allowed Georgia green seeded cotton to be profitable, leading to the widespread growth of cotton plantations in the United States and Brazil. In 1791 world cotton production was estimated to be 490,000,000 pounds with U.S. production accounting to 2,000,000 pounds. By 1800, U.S. production was 35,000,000 pounds, of which 17,790,000 were exported. In 1945 the U.S. produced seven-eights of the 1,169,600,000 pounds of world production. The Americas, particularly the U.S., had labour shortages and high priced labour, which made slavery attractive. America's cotton
15051532
Twelve Years a Slave


Northup's account provides extensive details on the slave markets in Washington, D.C. and New Orleans, and describes at length cotton and sugar cultivation and slave treatment on major plantations in Louisiana. The work was published eight years before the Civil War by Derby & Miller of Auburn, New York, soon after Harriet Beecher Stowe's best-selling novel about slavery, "Uncle Tom's Cabin" (1852), to which it lent factual support. Northup's book, dedicated to Stowe, sold 30,000 copies, making it a
1227898
Slaves in the Family


Slaves in the Family is a biographical historical account written by Edward Ball, published in 1998. The book is an account of the author's family origins, dating back to when they first arrived in America. It also outlines the lineage of the slaves long ago owned by his ancestors. Ball follows the stories of these people over many years as the families dispersed. Over time, the family earned the reputation as "the most prominent of South Carolina plantation owners." The author explores genealogy and history, via interviewing descendants
10569182
Elaine race riot


settlement, landowners generally never gave an itemized statement to the black sharecroppers of accounts owed, nor details of the money received for cotton and seed. The farmers were disadvantaged as many were illiterate. It was an unwritten law of the cotton country that the sharecroppers could not quit and leave a plantation until their debts were paid. The period of the year around accounts settlement was frequently the time of most lynchings of blacks throughout the South, especially if economic times were poor. As an example, many Negroes in Phillips County,
8869920
Taxonomic contributions of Major P. H. G. Powell-Cotton


in 2008. The accounts of Major P. H. G. Powell-Cotton's specimen collection activities can be found in his books and articles. And, there is no difference between some of his writings and adventure stories. For example, in Black rhinoceros hunting which is included in Big Game Shooting in Africa, he vividly recorded the hunting of a black Rhino: Aside from the two books titled “A Sporting Trip through Abyssinia” (1902) and “In Unknown Africa” (1904) and the book chapter titled “Black
5366253
Up from Where We've Come


Up from Where We've Come is a book by veteran musician Charles Wright who led the Watts 103rd Street Rhythm Band during the 1970s. It covers his early years, battling hardship and racism in America's South through to his future in music. Told in Wright's own style, it tells of a young boy from a large family that worked on a cotton plantation that was owned by a cruel sharecropper. It covers his childhood years through to his finding fame as a musician. It gives an intimate account of his family
18114502
Cotton-Eyed Joe


although it pre-dates the 1861–1865 American Civil War. American folklorist Dorothy Scarborough (1878–1935) noted in her 1925 book "On the Trail of Negro Folk-songs," that several people remember hearing the song before the war. Scarborough's account of the song came from her sister, Mrs. George Scarborough, who learned the song from "the Negroes on a plantation in Texas, and other parts from a man in Louisiana." The man in Louisiana knew the song from his earliest childhood and heard slaves singing it
8324354
Umbria Plantation


Umbria Plantation, also known as the Samuel Pickens Plantation, was a historic cotton plantation and Greek Revival-style plantation house near what is now Sawyerville, Alabama. The plantation was established by Samuel Pickens, the younger brother of Alabama's third governor, Israel Pickens. The house was an unusual example of a raised basement plantation house built on a U-shaped plan. It was recorded by the Historic American Buildings Survey during the 1930s. It was destroyed in a fire in the early 1970s. Samuel Pickens was the son
287578
Abdulrahman Ibrahim Ibn Sori


brought him to Natchez, Mississippi where he labored on the cotton plantation of Thomas Foster for more than thirty-eight years before gaining his freedom. In 1794 he married Isabella, another slave of Foster's, and eventually fathered a large family: five sons and four daughters. By using his knowledge of growing cotton in Futa Jallon, Abdul-Rahman rose to a position of authority on the plantation and became the "de facto" foreman. This granted him the opportunity to grow his own vegetable garden and sell at the
13475005
Robert Henry Elliot


Robert Henry Elliot, (1837 – 1914), was an early British coffee planter in Mysore, India, and author of books upon plantation life in Mysore, and on farming in Scotland. According to Elliot's own account in "Gold, Sport, and Coffee Planting In Mysore", he arrived in Bombay in 1855 at 18 years of age. From there he sailed to Mangalore, then headed inland through the ghauts to the high plateau of Mysore. There he joined Frederick Green, who had begun his plantation in
15449603
Cotton production in Ethiopia


Cotton is grown throughout Ethiopia at elevations above 1000 meters and below 1400 meters. Because most of the lowlands lack adequate rainfall, cotton cultivation depends largely on irrigation. Cotton production has long been underway in Ethiopia. Before the revolution, large-scale commercial cotton plantations were developed in the Awash Valley and the Humera areas. The Tendaho Cotton Plantation in the lower Awash Valley was one of Ethiopia's largest cotton plantations. Rain-fed cotton also grew in Humera, Bilate, and Arba Minch. In 1867 it was reported that
3237269
History of Georgia (U.S. state)


subsidized construction of numerous new railroad lines to improve infrastructure and connections to markets. Use of commercial fertilizers increased cotton production in Georgia's upcountry, but the coastal rice plantations never recovered from the war. In January 1865, William T. Sherman issued Special Field Orders, No. 15 authorizing federal authorities to confiscate abandoned plantations in the Sea Islands and redistribute land in smaller plots to former slaves. Later that year, after succeeding Lincoln in the presidency after he was assassinated, Andrew Johnson revoked the order and returned the plantations to their
14372070
Plantation complexes in the Southern United States


planters went bankrupt and their land and slaves were bought by larger plantations. As cotton-producing estates grew in size, so did the number of slaveholders and the average number of slaves held. A cotton plantation normally had a cotton gin house, where the cotton gin was used to remove the seeds from raw cotton. After ginning, the cotton had to be baled before it could be warehoused and transported to market. This was accomplished with a cotton press, an early type of baler that was usually powered by two mules
4203912
Liendo Plantation


Liendo Plantation is an historic cotton plantation in Waller County, Texas, United States. Named after its original owner, José Justo Liendo, the plantation was purchased in 1873 by sculptor Elisabet Ney and her husband, physician Edmund Montgomery. The plantation is a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The land that is now Liendo Plantation was granted to José Justo Liendo in 1828, when the region was a part of Mexico. In 1841 the plot was purchased by Leonard Waller Groce, who
3338876
Plantation complexes in the Southern United States


fully develop. Cotton production was a very labor-intensive crop to harvest, with the fibers having to be hand-picked from the bolls. This was coupled with the equally laborious removal of seeds from fiber by hand. Following the invention of the cotton gin, cotton plantations sprang up all over the South and cotton production soared, along with the expansion of slavery. Cotton also caused plantations to grow in size. During the financial panics of 1819 and 1837, when demand by British mills for cotton dropped, many small
4203911
Thomas Affleck (planter)


Thomas Affleck (1812–1868) was a Scottish-American nurseryman, almanac editor, and agrarian writer and Southern planter. He published the "Southern Rural Almanac and Plantation and Garden Calendar" from 1851 to 1861. He owned a plantation in Washington, Mississippi and, in 1859 purchased Glenblythe Plantation in Gay Hill, Washington County, Texas. He was the first Southern writer whose work on plants was widely read; in addition, he published books on his cultivation of cotton and sugar at his plantation. Thomas Affleck was born on
5421582
Bennettsville, South Carolina


development of the cotton gin, which made short-staple cotton, cotton with relatively short fibers, profitable. The advent of the gin in turn led to development of large cotton plantations throughout the Deep South. In the same year, the S.C. General Assembly authorized the relocation of the courthouse from the eastern bank of the Great Pee Dee River to a more central location, selecting a apple orchard located on a bluff above Crooked Creek. The new courthouse was designed by South Carolina architect Robert Mills. Streets were developed radiating courthouse
9586878
Levi Coffin


. The problem of obtaining good-quality free-labor products forced Coffin to travel south to seek out plantations that did not use slave labor to produce their goods. He met with only limited success. Coffin located a cotton plantation in Mississippi, where the owner had freed all his slaves and hired them as free laborers. The plantation struggled financially because it had no equipment to automate cotton production. Coffin helped the owner purchase a cotton gin that greatly increased the plantation's productivity and provided a steady supply of cotton for Coffin
20187695
Agriculture in Ethiopia


about 1,400 meters. Because most of the lowlands lack adequate rainfall, cotton cultivation depends largely on irrigation. Before the revolution, large-scale commercial cotton plantations were developed in the Awash Valley and the Humera areas. The Tendaho Cotton Plantation in the lower Awash Valley was one of Ethiopia's largest cotton plantations. Rain-fed cotton also grew in Humera, Bilate, and Arba Minch. Since the revolution, most commercial cotton has been grown on irrigated state farms, mostly in the Awash Valley area. Production jumped from 43,500
4957736
Judd Hill Cotton Gin


The Judd Hill Cotton Gin is a historic cotton gin in Judd Hill, Arkansas. The gin was part of the Judd Hill Plantation, which was established by businessman Orange Judd Hill in the 1920s and sold to Hill's daughter and her husband, Esther and Samuel Chapin, in 1933. The cotton gin was built on the plantation circa 1930; its brick construction, designed to prevent fires, makes it a rarity among extant cotton gins. The plantation was successful throughout the 1940s and became one of the largest farms in Poinsett
18104778
Heathman Plantation


The Heathman Plantation (a.k.a. Dogwood Ridge Plantation and Billups Plantation) was a cotton plantation in Heathman, Mississippi. The plantation is located at the intersection of Highway 82 and Heathman Road in Heathman near Indianola, Mississippi, in Sunflower County, Mississippi. In 1848, James Brown built the Dogwood Ridge Plantation as an 8000-acre cotton plantation. In 1871, James Martin Heathman, who was married to Lillie Brown, the daughter of James Brown, purchased the plantation. He renamed it the Heathman Plantation. He died in 1885.
3218448
Pensacola and Atlantic Railroad


Marianna inhabited with old-line Southern farmers, a people of the highest type of civilization, operating many large plantations, at that time snow-white for miles and miles along the public roads, with hundreds of negroes picking and ginning it for market. The banks of the Chattahoochee River were covered with hundreds of bales of cotton that could not be moved by the steamboats as the water was very low. . . . Much money was lost by the planters on account of long delays in shipping their cotton up the Chattahoochee
14322885
Thomas Bray


books for these libraries, requests are to be made to the learned authors now living, to give copies of their books, and to others, especially merchants to the foreign plantations, to give money, of all of which there shall be a full account published. These libraries were meant to encourage the spread of the Anglican church in Britain's colonies, and as such mostly included theological works. It was a major endeavor, as at the time the only other public libraries in the American colonies were at a small number
13195085
History of slavery in Florida


free people of color. Their labor accounted for 85 percent of the state's cotton production. The 1860 Census also indicated that in central Leon County (Tallahassee), which was the center both of the Florida slave trade and of Florida’s plantation industry (see Plantations of Leon County), slaves constituted 73% of the population. As elsewhere, their value was greater than all the land of the county. (References in History of Tallahassee, Florida#History of black Tallahassee.) In January 1861, nearly all delegates in
2851432
Levi Jordan Plantation State Historic Site


The Levi Jordan Plantation is located on Farm to Market Road 521, southwest of the city of Brazoria, in the county of Brazoria, in the U.S. state of Texas. It was one of the largest sugar and cotton producing plantations in Texas during the mid-19th century. It was designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1967. Levi Jordan, born in 1793, was a plantation owner in Union County, Arkansas in 1848. However Jordan was not as successful as he wanted to be. It is for this reason that Jordan
12629552
Nightjohn (film)


been lied to and that God was on the slave’s side. As Sarny begins to read more and more, the rest of the slaves reject it and tell her to stop. She begins to read a story in the Gazette newspaper about a slave insurrection (Nat Turner's and his army of slaves), capturing the other slaves’ attention. Sarny then tricks Homer into playing hide and seek so she can go back and read Clel's record book. The Waller plantation had a good crop of cotton this year and
16488079
Twelve Years a Slave


account, documenting it through the slave sales records of Washington, D.C. and New Orleans, by retracing his journey and bondage in Bayou Boeuf plantation country in central Louisiana and through its records, and documenting his New York State origins. They found his father's freeman's decree, and the case files for the legal work that restored Northup's freedom and prosecuted his abductors. In 1968, Eakin and Logsdon's thoroughly annotated edition of the original book was published by Louisiana State University Press, shedding new light on Northup's account
1227916
List of plantations in Louisiana


This is a list of plantations and/or plantation houses in the U.S. state of Louisiana that are National Historic Landmarks, listed on the National Register of Historic Places, listed on a heritage register; or are otherwise significant for their history, their association with significant events or people, or their architecture and design. Upland or green seeded cotton was not a commercially important crop until the invention of an improved cotton gin in 1793. With an inexpensive cotton gin a man could remove seed from as much cotton in one day as a woman
2885119
SEP-IRA


deducted from the net profit. The result is then multiplied by 20% to arrive at the maximum SEP deduction, $9,293. SEP contributions and earnings are held in SEP-IRAs and can be withdrawn at any time, subject to the general limitations imposed on Traditional IRA. A withdrawal is taxable in the year received. If a participant makes a withdrawal before age 59½, generally a 10% additional tax applies. SEP contributions and earnings may be rolled over tax-free to other Individual retirement account and retirement plans.
13754349
Clementine Hunter


was known as a harsh place to live and work, and local accounts say it was the inspiration for "Uncle Tom's Cabin". It is now known as Little Eva's Plantation. At the age of 15, Hunter moved to Melrose Plantation south of Natchitoches. She spent much of her life picking cotton and attended school for only 10 days, never learning to read or write. Her first two children, Joseph (Frenchie) and Cora, were fathered by Charlie Dupree, whom Hunter said she did not marry
21482420
Robert Fogel


better than did many industrial workers in the North. Fogel based this analysis largely on plantation records and claimed that slaves worked less, were better fed and whipped only occasionally – although the authors were careful to state explicitly that slaves were still exploited in ways which were not captured by measures available from records. This portion of "Time on the Cross" created a firestorm of controversy, although it was not directly related to the central argument of the book – that Southern slave plantations were profitable for the slave owners and would not
14108636
Bamboo textile


are common in some places to encourage edible shoot growth. Bamboo also contains a substance called bamboo-kun – an antimicrobial agent that gives the plant a natural resistance to pest and fungi infestation, though some pathogen problems do still exist in some bamboo plantations. By contrast, only 2.4% of the world’s arable land is planted with cotton, yet cotton accounts for 24% of the world’s insecticide market and 11% of the sale of global pesticides. Many of these pesticides are hazardous and toxic. An estimated 1
7219729
SEP-IRA


A Simplified Employee Pension Individual Retirement Arrangement (SEP IRA) is a variation of the Individual Retirement Account used in the United States. SEP IRAs are adopted by business owners to provide retirement benefits for themselves and their employees. There are no significant administration costs for a self-employed person with no employees. If the self-employed person does have employees, all employees must receive the same benefits under a SEP plan. Since SEP IRAs are a type of IRA, funds can be invested the same way as most other IRAs
13754341
House Place Plantation


The House Place Plantation was a small cotton plantation of located in central Leon County, Florida, United States established by R.A. Whitfield. The House Place bordered the James Kirksey Plantation on the west and the large La Grange Plantation on the south and east. Today the land northeast of Fleischmann Road and between Miccosukee Road and Centervillle Road. In the twentieth century, House Place and other cotton plantations became Welaunee Plantation, used for quail hunting. The Leon County Florida 1860 Agricultural Census shows that Pine Hill Plantation had the following: The
16408824
Julia Peterkin


1903. He was a planter who owned Lang Syne, a cotton plantation near Fort Motte. Julia began writing short stories, inspired by the everyday life and management of the plantation. She was described as audacious as well as gracious by Robeson (1995). Peterkin sent highly assertive letters to people she did not know and had never met. For instance, she wrote to authors Carl Sandburg and H.L. Mencken, and included samples of her writing about the Gullah culture of coastal South Carolina. Living chiefly on the plantation,
15068636
Oakland Plantation (Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana)


barn, two "pigeonniers", and several chicken coops. The Prud'hommes also owned and operated a general store on the plantation, which also housed the Bermuda U.S. Post Office for many years. The plantation flourished in the 19th century. Descendant J. Alphonse Prud'homme won the gold medal at the 1904 World's Fair in St. Louis for growing the highest-grade cotton in the South. The Cane River Creole National Historical Park was authorized by Congress in 1994, with support by US Senator J. Bennett Johnston (R-LA)
15933618
History of South Carolina


an elite racial caste of people who had more skills and education than most blacks. Unlike Virginia, where most of the larger plantations and slaves were concentrated in the eastern part of the state, in South Carolina plantations and slaves became common throughout much of the state. After 1794, Eli Whitney's cotton gin allowed cotton plantations for short-staple cotton to be widely developed in the Piedmont area, which became known as the Black Belt. By 1830, eighty-five percent of inhabitants of rice plantations in the Low Country
17940923
Livingstone Bruce Plantation Raid


The Livingstone Bruce Plantation Raid was an attack on the European owned and run cotton and tobacco plantation, which was situated at Magomero. The attack on the plantation was only major action of the ill fated Chilembwe uprising. The Livingstone Bruce Plantation was situated at Magomero. The plantation spanned about and grew both cotton and tobacco. Around 5,000 local Africans worked on it as part of their "thangata" obligations. The plantation had a reputation locally for the poor treatment of its workers and for the brutality of its managers, who closed
6003437
Levi Jordan Plantation State Historic Site


his sugar cane, but so did the planters surrounding his plantation. The Jordan Plantation was also involved in the trading of slaves. According to records, Jordan imported and raised slaves in order to trade later. After the Civil War, workforce for the production of sugar declined. Furthermore, after the Emancipation in 1865, sugar was produced in very small quantities because the labor needed to man the lands was no longer available. Even though sugar on the Levi Jordan Plantation declined significantly, the cotton production grew due to sharecropping.
12629555
Pine Hill Plantation


and William in hosting an annual holiday celebration, for the slave populations of Water Oak Plantation, Walnut Hill Plantation, and Edgewood Plantation every 4 July. This included a massive barbecue and, when held at Water Oak, fishing parties on Lake Iamonia. No whites were allowed to partake of or interfere with these festivities. Records from 1840-1866 show transactions with commission merchants and New York cotton brokers evidence that a prosperous business was transacted at Pine Hill. Dr. Edward Bradford was a signee to the Southern Rights Association of Centreville
17250391
Cotton


-price cotton from India to Britain was time-consuming and expensive. This, coupled with the emergence of American cotton as a superior type (due to the longer, stronger fibers of the two domesticated Native American species, "Gossypium hirsutum" and "Gossypium barbadense"), encouraged British traders to purchase cotton from plantations in the United States and plantations in the Caribbean. By the mid-19th century, "King Cotton" had become the backbone of the southern American economy. In the United States, cultivating and harvesting cotton
16206996
History of the Southern United States


early Southern economy. Cotton did not become a mainstay until much later, after technological developments, especially the Whitney cotton gin of 1794, greatly increased the profitability of cotton cultivation. Until that point, most cotton was farmed in large plantations in the Province of Carolina, and tobacco, which could be grown profitably in farms of smaller scale, was the dominant cash crop export of the South and the Middle Atlantic States. In 1640, the Virginia General Court recorded the earliest documentation of lifetime slavery when it sentenced John Punch to
3502255
Vaidhyanathaswamy Santhanam


Dr.Vaidhyanathaswamy Santhanam (born 31 July 1925) is an Indian cotton scientist and former FAO of United Nations long term resident expert for Cotton and Project leader in Myanmar. He had served as a short term consultant to Vietnam as well.He is Chairman of the Expert Review team of the Southern India Mills Cotton Development and Research Association for November 2009 – March 2010. He is an author/co-author of over 110 publications including books and book chapters on cotton. Dr.Santhanam was born on 31 July 1925
7812699
Plantation


, are usually called plantations. Oil palm agriculture is rapidly expanding across wet tropical regions, and is usually developed at plantation scale. Fruit orchards are sometimes considered to be plantations. These include tobacco, sugarcane, pineapple, and cotton, especially in historical usage. Before the rise of cotton in the American South, indigo and rice were also sometimes called plantation crops. When Newfoundland was colonized by England in 1610, the original colonists were called "Planters" and their fishing rooms were known as "fishing plantations". These
13281357
Butler Greenwood Plantation


130 bales of cotton, 2000 bushels of corn, 175 hogsheads of sugar and more than 10,000 gallons of molasses. Their other plantations covered nearly worked by some 400 slaves and were equally productive in 1860, although after the Civil War the labor force had fallen to a field gang of only 27 freedmen working for monthly wages on the home place. Now the home of the seventh and eighth generation of the family, author Anne Butler and her daughter Chase Poindexter, Butler Greenwood is a simple, raised cottage-style plantation house
12416641
Oakland Plantation (Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana)


Oakland Plantation, originally known as the Jean Pierre Emmanuel Prud'homme Plantation, and also known as Bermuda, is a historic cotton plantation in unincorporated Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana. It is one the nation's best and most intact examples of a French Creole cotton plantation complex It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2001, and is now owned by the National Park Service as part of the Cane River Creole National Historical Park. The plantation is situated on a bend of the Cane River Lake, with access by Louisiana Highway 119 in the
15933615
Wilkes County, Georgia


nineteenth centuries, colonists used enslaved African Americans to clear land, cultivate plantations, and process cotton in this area. Long-staple cotton would not grow in this area and short-staple cotton required much labor to process. In 1793, Mount Pleasant, a cotton plantation east of Washington, was the site where Eli Whitney first perfected his revolutionary invention, the cotton gin. It allowed mechanization of processing of short-staple cotton, making its cultivation profitable in the upland areas. As a result, there was a dramatic
11487077
1811 German Coast uprising


They converted from cotton and indigo plantations to sugar cane, so that by 1802, 70 sugar plantations produced over 3,000 tons in a year. However, they replicated the brutal conditions which had led to numerous revolts in Haiti—the high profits were made by working slaves longer hours and punishing them more brutally, so that they lived shorter lives than any other slave society in North America. Some accounts claimed blacks outnumbered whites by nearly five to one by 1810, and about 90% of whites in the area owned slaves.
14506175
Waverly Plantation (Leon County, Florida)


Waverly Plantation was a large cotton plantation of unknown size, located in southern Leon County, Florida, United States, owned by George Taliaferro Ward. Waverly Plantation bordered the Southwood Plantation on the west. The Leon County Florida 1860 Agricultural Census shows that Southwood Plantation had the following: Besides Waverly, Ward also maintained his plantations of Clifford Place and Southwood. Including Waverly, his holdings totaled of which were improved. Combined, Ward had 160 slaves, produced 7500 bushels of corn and 500 bales of cotton. George Taliafero Ward was
8663235
Miccosukee, Florida


. Eventually the area became a center of cotton plantations, as was most of Leon County. Prior to the Civil War Miccosukee had three cotton plantations nearby, Miccosukee Plantation, Ingleside Plantation and Blakely Plantation. After the Civil War, the area reverted to farms and by 1887, the Florida Central Railroad served Miccosukee. During the 1890s, wealthy industrialists bought large tracts of land for quail hunting plantations or estates removing thousands of acres of land from agricultural production. Miccosukee thrived until the boll weevil infestation of 1918. The Great Depression
19673258
Miccosukee Plantation


Miccosukee Plantation was a medium-sized cotton plantation of 2517 acres (10 km) located in eastern Leon County, Florida. It was developed by John Miller, from Duplin County, North Carolina, who had migrated south during the period of Indian Removal in the 1830s. He depended on the labor of enslaved African Americans to develop the plantation and produce cotton as a commodity crop. Miccosukee Plantation was located in eastern Leon County near Lake Miccosukee and the village of Miccosukee, most likely north of Blakely Plantation. The Leon County
7969938
Sunnyside Plantation


The Sunnyside Plantation was a cotton plantation near Lake Village in Chicot County, Arkansas, in the Arkansas Delta region. Built as a cotton plantation in the Antebellum South, it was farmed using the forced labor of African American slaves. After the American Civil War of 1861-1865, freedmen farmed it. From the 1890s to the 1910s, it used convict laborers and employed immigrants from Northern Italy, many of whom were subject to peonage. They were later replaced by black sharecroppers. The plantation was closed down and it was
5144682
Frogmore Plantation


Frogmore is an historic, privately owned cotton plantation near Ferriday in Concordia Parish, Louisiana. A working farm, it is also a tourist attraction, and may be visited to see old and new cotton farming methods. Buildings on the site include a cotton gin. The gin is a system cotton gin, which was invented by Robert S. Munger. This invention was the second major revolution in cotton processing (after the original gin was invented by Eli Whitney). This example is one of the few (and perhaps the only
4582456
Susina Plantation


were recorded in his name. Harriet became a prominent planter in her own right. In 1860, thirteen Thomas County plantations produced over 100 bales of cotton. Harriet Blackshear had the record with 235 bales produced by slave workers. She was also one of the county's larger rice producers and she raised 5000 bushels of sweet potatoes. Food crops were also required to feed not only her family, but the slaves who worked the land. The 1840 census recorded 43 male and 59 female slaves. When James Joseph's will was
16389659
The Beeps


Sapphire Stream S2/Ep45 Apr. 29 Wash Those Socks! S2/Ep46 Dec. 12 The Bumps SEASON 3: S3/Ep1 Aug. 30 Up Down Hill S3/Ep2 Aug. 31 Caravan S3/Ep3 Sep. 6 Secret Garden S3/Ep4 Sep. 7 Bounceflower Tea S3/Ep5 Sep. 13 The Whale S3/Ep6 Sep. 14 Soggy Sockroaches S3/Ep7 Sep. 20 Stinkroots S3/Ep8 Sep. 21 Sing-a-long-a-beeps S3/Ep9 Sep. 27 History Book S3/Ep10 Sep. 28 What Goes Splat? S3
14688027
William Higton


. his parents being John and Jenny HIGTON. John was a cotton spinner (which does seem an unlikely occupation for the father of a Cambridge Alumnus) (source: St James, Manchester parish registers). William Nichols HIGTON, the son of John and Mary HIGTON, was born on 30 Sep 1798, and baptised on 17 Aug 1810 at St Mary's church, Newington, London (ref: St Mary's church, Newington parish registers). There does not appear to be any later record of his life.
20675874
Belvoir (Saffold Plantation)


Belvoir, including his negative impressions of slavery, were later published in his book, "Letters from Alabama: Chiefly Relating to Natural History". Family records indicate that the current main house was built prior to the death of Saffold on February 15, 1847. Architectural historians usually date it to the early to mid-1850s, due to stylistic elements found in its architecture. Belvoir changed hands several times following the American Civil War, with cotton production giving way to cattle farming by the mid-20th century. The Mason family from Birmingham used
11944117
St. Simons, Georgia


. The victory in the Frederica Naval Action boosted the morale of the colonials in Georgia. During the plantation era, Saint Simons became a center of cotton production, known for its long-fiber Sea Island Cotton. Nearly the entire island was cleared of trees to make way for several large cotton plantations worked by purchased labor - Geechee slaves and their descendants. The plantations of this and other Sea Islands were large, and often the owners stayed on the mainland in Darien and other towns, especially during the summers, because the
18870610
Monte Verdi Plantation


The Monte Verdi Plantation is a historic Southern plantation in Rusk County, Texas. It was used to grow cotton in the Antebellum South. Julien Sidney Devereux, a member of the Sixth Texas Legislature, purchased land from 1845 onwards. By 1849, he called it Monte Verdi, which means "green mountain" in Italian. By 1850, seventy-four African slaves worked on the plantation. They produced 120 bales of cotton every year, making it one of the 100 most productive plantations in Texas. At its peak,
13672227
Fort-Liberté


-au-Prince by building facilities of hotels and other infrastructure. The bay was the site of Caribbean's largest sisal plantation until nylon was invented. From the time of colonization, the economy of the island has been essentially agriculture centric. Plantation tillage has been the main occupation, inclucing sugar-cane, coffee, sisal, cocoa, and cotton. In 1789, the French part of the island had 793 sugar plantations, 3,117 coffee plantations, 789 cotton plantations, and 182 establishments for making rum, plus other minor
4662806
Jarrell Plantation


. Before the Civil War, the Jarrell's farm was one of the half-million cotton farms in the South that collectively produced two-thirds of the world's cotton. Like many small planters, the Jarrell family benefited from the development of the cotton gin in 1793 by Eli Whitney, which made it practical to cultivate heavily seeded, short-staple cotton even in hilly, inland areas of Georgia. John Fitz Jarrell built the first permanent structure on the site in 1847. Typical of antebellum cotton plantations, John Jarrell
10727414
Robert Fogel


. In the book, Fogel and Engerman argued that the system of slavery was profitable for slave owners because they organized plantation production "rationally" to maximize their profits. Due to economies of scale, (the so-called "gang system" of labor on cotton plantations), they argued, Southern slave farms were more productive, per unit of labor, than northern farms. The implications of this, Engerman and Fogel contended, is that slavery in the American South was not quickly going away on its own (as
14108634
United States hydrogen policy


programs. Each states energy office gets SEP funding and manages all SEP funded projects. For more information about the SEP, including project descriptions, visit the SEP website. Clean Ports USA is an incentive-based program designed to help reduce emissions by encouraging port authorities to redesign and replace older diesel engines with new technologies and cleaner fuels. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's National Clean Diesel Campaign offers funding to port authorities to help them overcome the obstacles that prevent the adoption of cleaner diesel technologies. Clean Construction USA promotes the reduction
8426000
History of Fiji


on various plantations throughout the islands. The blackbirding era began in Fiji in 1865 when the first New Hebridean and Solomon Island labourers were transported there to work on cotton plantations. The American Civil War had cut off the supply of cotton to the international market when the Union blockaded southern ports. Cotton cultivation was potentially an extremely profitable business. Thousands of European planters flocked to Fiji to establish plantations but found the natives unwilling to adapt to their plans. They sought labour from the Melanesian islands. On 5 July 1865 Ben Pease received
14335254
Edgefield, South Carolina


century after his death. Unsigned pottery from kilns in Pottersville and Edgefield today are known by the names of their owners; the artists were largely undocumented. The upland area also was developed for cotton plantations, after invention of the cotton gin made growing short-staple cotton profitable. Several mansions and a plantation have been preserved from this era: Blocker House, Cedar Grove, Darby Plantation, and together with the Edgefield Historic District, Horn Creek Baptist Church, and Pottersville, are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
9444356
John Faulkner (author)


Mississippi Delta and after tremendous efforts turns it into a lucrative cotton plantation, only to lose everything in the 1921 recession when the cotton market collapses. He also published magazine stories. A number of his short stories appeared in "Collier's". Faulkner's third novel, "Chooky" (1950), is a series of sketches about an eleven-year-old boy, who is a composite of Faulkner's two sons, Jimmy and Murry, who was himself nicknamed "Chooky." Faulkner's next novel was
13094134
Lakeport Plantation


in 1846, leaving the plantation's ownership in legal dispute; his son Lycurgus Johnson acquired clear title in 1857. By 1860, Johnson held more than 150 enslaved African Americans at Lakeport and his other Arkansas properties. The plantation's mansion was built circa 1859 for Lycurgus Johnson. It was designed in the Greek Revival architectural style. The plantation was highly profitable as cotton prices increased with European demand, though the Civil War took a toll on Johnson's fortunes. Confederate forces burned 158 bales of the plantation's cotton in 1862
10401235
La Grange Plantation


to the south it bordered Evergreen Hills Plantation and the Francis Eppes Plantation. The Leon County Florida 1860 Agricultural Census shows that the La Grange Plantation had the following: Purchasing agents for land, equipment and slaves: La Grange was Leon County's largest producer of cotton at the beginning of the Civil War. Williams would go on to inherit of land from his father-in-law, Noah Thompson. Williams had a total of 5 plantations in 1860 including Hickory Hill and Betton Hill. His total cotton production was 1113 bales
14158142
History of Tallahassee, Florida


again serve from 1856—1857. During the antebellum period, Tallahassee was at the center of the fast-growing "middle counties" of Florida, which held the bulk of the antebellum state population. For several decades before the Civil War, nearby Gadsden County was the most populous in the state. Cotton and tobacco plantations and smaller farms were the main draw for population growth as well as economic and political power. Many cotton plantations such as the William Bailey Plantation, Barrow Hill, Francis Eppes Plantation, La Grange Plantation were built
20624471
The British Cotton Growing Association


was to increase colonial cotton production, although it also attempted other projects to increase raw material supplies. The main KWK project was in Togo, where cotton was produced on European owned plantations between 1904 and 1909. However, much of this cotton was low-grade and the attempt was later ended. Colonial cotton production never met more than a small fraction of German needs. One of the main problems the KWK had is that it initially conscripted African labour to work on plantations, both in Togo and German East Africa. In
4114666
Kingsley Plantation


done his task by 2 p.m., often sooner, so they have abundance of time to work their own crop, fish, etc., etc. This task system of slavery was common among sea island plantations in the Southeastern United States. In contrast, cotton and tobacco plantations in Virginia and other parts of the South practiced the gang system, where an overseer who was also a slave drove slaves to work the entire day. Slaves on Fort George Island were African or first generation African-American. Records and archeological information
19541300
Mala Compra Plantation Archeological Site


; cotton and corn were grown there until the settlement was destroyed by marauding Indians. The main dwelling-house was described in historical accounts as a 1 1/2-story framed structure with a masonry foundation. Investigations revealed that the building had a coquina block foundation in the eastern part while masonry footers supported the western section. It was almost twice the size of the dimensions cited in the historical descriptions. Wooden floors had been described as well, and traces of them were found, but tabby concrete surfaces were also identified. An account of
14907292
Hutchinson House (Edisto Island, South Carolina)


about 1900 into the 1920s. The gin was located in a cotton house adjacent to his home. The cotton house was formerly a part of Clark Plantation and adjacent to the Clark Plantation house. Henry purchased and refurbished the building after the Civil War. The cotton gin he operated was notably a McCarthy gin powered by a coal-fired steam engine. Henry ginned his own Sea Island Cotton crop and the cotton produced by other freedmen on Edisto Island from about 1900 into the 1920s. Henry consigned not only his own crop but
14380501
Swiftwater, Mississippi


Swiftwater is an unincorporated community located in Washington County, Mississippi, United States. Swiftwater began as Swiftwater Cotton Plantation, founded by Alexander Barckly Montgomery, who built a mansion there in either 1850 or 1845. Montgomery sold the plantation to Col. Ed Richardson, the world's largest cotton plantation owner in the 1870s and 1880s, and owner of plantations across the South. Swiftwater was a stop on the now-abandoned Yazoo and Mississippi Valley Railroad, completed in the 1880s. Located on the rail platform was the Swiftwater Store,
12677042
Sunnyside Plantation


Genoa and arriving in New Orleans, Louisiana. They lived in a house on their own twelve-and-a-half acre lots of cotton, which they were obligated to pay back over the next twenty years, with an annual rate of five percent. Each immigrant picked the cotton on his own lot, which Corbin agreed to purchase. When Corbin died in 1896, many Italians stayed on the plantation. Moreover, Prince Ruspoli visited the plantation in 1896. In December 1898, Corbin's heirs leased the plantation to
5144691
Deep South


The Deep South is a cultural and geographic subregion in the Southern United States. Historically, it was differentiated as those states most dependent on plantations and slave societies during the pre-Civil War period. The Deep South is commonly referred to as the Cotton States, given that the production of cotton was a primary cash crop. The term "Deep South" is defined in a variety of ways: Though often used in history books to refer to the seven states that originally formed the Confederacy, the term "Deep South"
15471518
John Cotton's Birds of the Port Phillip District of New South Wales 1843-1849


after Cotton's death. The book is 230 mm high by 324 mm wide and was issued in a slipcase. It was authored by Allan McEvey and contains a foreword by Alec H. Chisholm, as well as a biographical introduction by Cotton's great-granddaughter, Maie Casey, who also sponsored the production of the book. The book is a tribute to Cotton and his ornithological and artistic talents. After migrating from England to Australia and establishing himself and his family on a sheep station on the Goulburn River, he began to
3196020
Arthur Agarde


Words in the Doomsday Book") as well as a guide book for his successors in office containing a catalogue of the records of the Treasury and an account of treaties with foreign nations. Agarde died between 22 and 24August 1615, when almost 80, and was buried in the cloister of Westminster Abbey, on his tomb being inscribed "Recordorum regiorum hic prope depositorum diligens scrutator." He bequeathed to the exchequer all his papers relating to that court, and to his friend Sir Robert Cotton his other manuscripts, amounting to twenty
13132929
Mulberry Grove Plantation


Mulberry Grove Plantation, located north of Port Wentworth, Chatham County, Savannah, was a rice plantation, notable as the location where Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin. Once a thriving plantation, comprising, in 1798, some ... 500 acres of river swamp, under good dams and well drained; and 200 acres of upland, in good order for cotton or provisions. The remaining part of the tract, which contains in the whole more than 2000 acres, consists of oak and hickory, and well timbered pine land.
14731030
Magnolia Plantation (Derry, Louisiana)


, respectively. Atala (LeComte) and Matthew Hertzog took over the plantation shortly after their marriage in 1852, thus linking the Hertzog name to Magnolia. Magnolia Plantation is exceptional because of the surviving farming technology, such as the cotton picker tractors and two cotton gins (both steam- and animal-powered). It has 21 buildings that contribute to the significance of the site, an unusually high number for surviving plantations. Among these are the eight brick cabins of the original slave quarters, which contained 70 cabins for the numerous
15933688
Plantation (settlement or colony)


the early nineteenth century, as the invention of the cotton gin made cultivation of short-staple cotton profitable across vast areas of the upland Southeast. Settlers poured into what became known as the Deep South, putting pressure on the federal government to remove the Native American tribes from the Southeast. In the 1830s, the government forced most of the Five Civilised Tribes to Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River, leading to rapid development of extensive cotton plantations across the South to eastern Texas. Cotton was king, and worldwide demand for
13013235
History of the United States (1849–1865)


plantations were flourishing, thanks to the very high price of cotton on the world market. Cotton production wears out the land, and so the center of gravity was continually moving west. The annexation of Texas in 1845 opened up the last great cotton lands. Meanwhile, other commodities, such as tobacco in Virginia and North Carolina, were in the doldrums. Slavery was dying out in the upper South, and survived because of sales of slaves to the growing cotton plantations in the Southwest. While the Northeast was rapidly urbanizing,
224192
Willie "61" Blackwell


In 1942, while on Beale Street in Memphis with fellow musician William Brown, Blackwell met Alan Lomax, a musicologist collecting field recordings of authentic country blues. Admittedly, Lomax was more interested in recording Brown than Blackwell who had taken to drinking moonshine, making it difficult for him to stay awake. From Lomax's own account in his book "The Land Where the Blues Began", he took Blackwell and Brown to an Arkansas plantation in July 1942 to escape persecution from police for associating with the black musicians. Lomax recorded
9142433
Woodville, Mississippi


A fourth book is in the works. A public school system and a private alternative, the Wilkinson County Christian Academy (WCCA), offer co-educational grades K through 12. The town has a medical clinic and churches with active Catholic, Episcopal, Methodist, Baptist, and Presbyterian congregations. Woodville was developed based on two commodities: cotton and timber. The first was most important during the antebellum period. Planters developed numerous Wilkinson County cotton plantations, based on the intensive labor of enslaved Africans, with many relocated to
3378394
Sapelo Island


Representative, bought the island and developed it into a plantation, selling live oak for shipbuilding, introducing irrigation ditches, and cultivating Sea Island Cotton, corn, and sugar cane. Spalding brought 400 slaves to the island from West Africa and the West Indies to work the plantation and build what would become the Spalding Mansion. One of the slaves owned by Thomas Spalding was Bilali Muhammad, an Islamic scholar from West Africa who authored a 13-page document about Islamic law on the island — possibly the first manuscript of Islamic law ever written
10562982