Pinctada fucata [SEP] taxon rank
Pinctada fucata


Pinctada fucata, the Akoya pearl oyster, is a species of marine bivalve mollusk in the family Pteriidae, the pearl oysters. Some authorities classify this oyster as "Pinctada imbricata fucata" (Gould, 1850). It is native to shallow waters in the Indo-Pacific region and is used in the culture of pearls. "Pinctada fucata" has two valves connected by a long straight hinge. The length of the shell is slightly greater than its width, and the latter is about 85% of the length of the
7025491
Pinctada fucata


nacre with a metallic sheen. "Pinctada fucata" is native to the Indo-Pacific region. Its range includes the Red Sea, the Persian Gulf, and coastal waters of India, China, Korea, Japan, and the Western Pacific Ocean. It has been introduced in coastal waters of Venezuela Like other bivalve mollusks, "Pinctada fucata" is a filter feeder. Water enters the shell through an opening in the mantle, passes over the gills where food particles are filtered out and gas exchange takes place, and passes
7025493
Pinctada fucata


. The process takes place within the tissues of living oysters, the species "Pinctada fucata" and "Pteria penguin" being mainly used for this purpose in Japan and "Pinctada maxima" in Australia. The oyster spat is grown in mesh baskets immersed in the sea for two or three years until large enough to seed. Then a tiny mother-of-pearl bead is inserted into the shell and layers of nacre become deposited around this. The oysters are kept in wire nets suspended from rafts while both oysters and pearls
7025495
Pinctada fucata


out through another opening. These pearl oysters feed on infusorians, foraminifers, radiolarians and other small planktonic organisms. The sexes are separate in "Pinctada fucata" and gametes are released into the sea where fertilisation takes place. In India, spawning peaks from June to September and again in November and December, during the monsoon periods. The developing larvae pass through a veliger stage and after about twenty-four days settle on the seabed and become juvenile oysters known as spat. Japan and Australia are the largest producers of cultured pearls
7025494
Cultured pearl


of small pearl oyster, "Pinctada fucata", which is no bigger than 6 to 8 cm in size, hence akoya pearls larger than 10 mm in diameter are extremely rare and highly priced. Today, a hybrid mollusk is used in both Japan and China in the production of akoya pearls. Furthermore, other "Pinctada" and "Pteria" species are also used for producing cultured pearls today. The development of cultured pearls took much of the chance, risk, and guesswork out of the pearl industry, allowing it
11908253
Laccadive Sea


are numerous coral reefs in the sea, such as the Lakshadweep islands which are made up of atolls and contain 105 coral species. The Gulf of Mannar is known for its pearl banks of "Pinctada radiata" and "Pinctada fucata" for at least two thousand years. Pliny the Elder (23–79) praised the pearl fishery of the gulf as most productive in the world. Although extraction of natural pearls is considered too expensive in most parts of the world, it is still conducted in the gulf. Also collected in large
14260223
Gulf of Mannar


of Earth Sciences, in India, has a field research station in the Gulf of Mannar region, have found an alarming pattern of bleaching in the reefs in Mandapam, Keezhakkarai and Palk Bay. Researchers observed a pattern of bleaching in corals when the temperatures rose to between 32°C and 36°C. The Gulf of Mannar is known for its pearl banks of "Pinctada radiata" and "Pinctada fucata" for at least two thousand years. Pliny the Elder (23–79) praised the pearl fishery of the gulf as
414651
Pinctada


black-lip oyster; white and golden South Sea pearls from the white-lip and golden-lip oysters; and Akoya cultured pearls from "Pinctada fucata martensii", the Akoya pearl oyster. Pearls are also obtained in commercial quantities from some species of the closely related winged oyster genus "Pteria". Pearls are also produced from freshwater mussel species unrelated to pearl oysters. These freshwater species include "Hyriopsis cumingii", "Hyriopsis schlegelii", and a hybrid of the two species. At danger from the large demand
2338797
Aquaculture in South Korea


the second most important group of marine aquaculture products. The primary species produced, including the oysters ("Crassostrea gigas" and "Pinctada fucata"), Korean mussel ("Mytilus coruscus" ), the sea squirt red oyas ("Halocynthia roretzi"), the Japanese carpet shell ("Ruditapes philippinarum" ), ark shells ("Anadara satowi" and "A. broughtonii"), cockles ("A. granosabisenensis" and "A. subcrenata"), Yesso scallop ("Patinopecten yessoensis") and abalone (
17076020
Pinctada fucata


hinge. The right valve is flatter than the left and there are hinge teeth in both valves. The anterior ear is larger than that in other members of the genus and there is a slit-like notch for the byssus threads to pass through at the junction of the ear and the rest of the shell. The posterior ear is large. The outer surface of the valves is scaly and reddish or golden brown with pale radiating streaks. The inner surface of the valve is lined with a thick layer of golden-yellow
7025492
Pearl


pearl oyster, "Pinctada fucata martensii", which is no bigger than in size, hence akoya pearls larger than 10 mm in diameter are extremely rare and highly priced. Today, a hybrid mollusk is used in both Japan and China in the production of akoya pearls. Cultured Pearls were sold in cans for the export market. These were packed in Japan by the I.C.P. Canning Factory (International Pearl Company L.T.D.) in Nagasaki Pref. Japan. Mitsubishi commenced pearl culture with the South Sea pearl oyster in 1916, as soon
4408849
Sikka, India


for this village. One of the main occupations of the people living in this coastal town is seafaring. Reliance Industries Limited is operating one of the largest grass root refineries in the world here. This plant covers an area of approximately 25 square kilometers. Another attraction of sikka from the point of research and education is its Fisheries Research Station,Junagadh Agricultural University, Sikka which was established in 1962. Its deals with the breeding and conservation of marine mollusc an including pearl oyster (Pinctada fucata), edible oyster crossostrea graphoides,
51942
Neanthes fucata


Neanthes fucata is a species of marine polychaete worm in the family Nereididae. It lives in association with a hermit crab such as "Pagurus bernhardus". It occurs in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. This worm was first described in 1822 by the French zoologist Marie Jules César Savigny who gave it the name "Nereis fucata", however it was later transferred to the genus "Neanthes", making it "Neanthes fucata". The body of this segmented worm is long, slender and
14698302
Pinctada albina


Pinctada albina is a species of pearl oyster of the genus "Pinctada", known as the sharks bay shell. Another common name is the Arafura shell. It is called the "Amami gai" in Japan. "Pinctada albina" belongs to the genus Pinctada. These are saltwater oysters, marine bivalve mollusks of the genus "Pinctada" in the family Pteriidae. They have a strong inner shell layer composed of nacre, also known as mother of pearl. Pearl oysters are not closely related to the edible oysters of family
1655389
Hypselodoris fucata


Hypselodoris fucata is a species of sea slug or dorid nudibranch, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Chromodorididae. This nudibranch is known from South Africa, along the KwaZulu-Natal coast. "Hypselodoris fucata" has a white body and a purple-blue mantle edge and foot. There is also often a yellow line on the very edge of the mantle. The body and dorsum have red-brown striations running longitudinally. The gills are white, lined with orange and the rhinophores are a bright orange colour. This species
7510849
Pinctada longisquamosa


Pinctada longisquamosa, sometimes called scaly pearl osters, are a small species of pearl oyster found in the western Atlantic. They are distinguished by unique prismatic shell structures which protrude from the outer shell. "Pinctada longisquamosa" are invertebrate bivalves of the phylum Mollusca, which include cephalopods such as squids and gastropods such as snails and slugs. Pearl oysters such as "Pinctada longisquamosa" are not true oysters (order Ostreida), but rather members of a separate order, Pteriida, that includes pearl oysters and winged oysters. The fossil
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Pinctada longisquamosa


the genus "Pinctada". "Pinctada longisquamosa" is a relatively small pearl oyster, with a mean length of 23 mm and a height of 20 mm. The largest recorded specimen, housed at the American Museum of Natural History, has a length of 39 mm and a height of 29 mm. "Pinctada longisquamosa" is noted for its radial rows of narrow shell lamellae and generally bright green to yellow coloration. The coloration of individual specimens has been recognized as matching that of the marine plants to which they are attached
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Pinctada longisquamosa


, suggesting a method of camouflage. The nacre, or mother-of-pearl, is thin, “allowing external color and ornamentation to show through the valve”. Additionally, the byssal ridge, a thickening on the interior surface of the left valve, is notably prominent in "Pinctada longisquamosa".br Juveniles display opaque white irregular blotches, which are randomly distributed. The conspicuous lamellae that are characteristic of adult Pinctada longisquamosa are largely absent. Preliminary quantitative and qualitative data indicate that "Pinctada longisquamosa" exhibit fluctuating population densities, from
7533748
Taxonomic rank


not to say that a taxon at any other rank may not be sharply defined, or that any species is guaranteed to be sharply defined. It varies from case to case. Ideally, a taxon is intended to represent a clade, that is, the phylogeny of the organisms under discussion, but this is not a requirement. A classification in which all taxa have formal ranks cannot adequately reflect knowledge about phylogeny. Since taxon names are dependent on ranks in traditional Linnaean systems of classification, taxa without ranks cannot be
17667712
Pinctada longisquamosa


genus of green macroalgae) clumps, associated with sponges and gorgonian stalks, and attached to floating "Sargassum" (a large, brown seaweed). It is sometimes found on the ocean side of the afore-mentioned islands, but only in near-shore shallows, and is considered more typical of shallow Florida Bay. The deepest record for living specimens of "Pinctada longisquamosa" is 4 m, supporting its characterization as a shallow water bivalve. Like other pearl oysters, "Pinctada longisquamosa" are filter-feeders,
7533751
Pinctada


Pinctada is a genus of saltwater oysters, marine bivalve mollusks in the family Pteriidae, the pearl oysters. These oysters have a strong inner shell layer composed of nacre, also known as "mother of pearl". Pearl oysters are not closely related to either the edible oysters of family Ostreidae or the freshwater pearl mussels of the families Unionidae and Margaritiferidae. "Pinctada margaritifera" and "P. maxima" are used for culturing South Sea and Tahitian pearls. They are cultured widely primarily in the central and eastern Indo-Pacific.
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Pinctada longisquamosa


record of their family, Pteriidae, extends from the Triassic Period. br The species was originally described as being from the Eastern Pacific Ocean, but this appears to have been due to an error in the locality data. Partly because of this confusion the species was often frequently confounded with "Pinctada imbricata" and "Pteria colymbus". the Western Atlantic’s main Pteriidae representatives. Recent efforts to classify Western Atlantic bivalves have confirmed "Pinctada longisquamosa" as a distinct species and supported its transfer from the genus "Pteria" to
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Pinctada longisquamosa


Pinctada longisquamosa" are found in the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea, from St. Augustine, Florida to Texas, Bermuda, The Bahamas, the Greater and Lesser Antilles, and the Caribbean coast of Mexico, Colombia, and Venezuela.br In Florida Bay, where the pearl oyster is most thoroughly documented, its preferred habitat is shallow seagrass, particularly "Thalassia testudinum", often intermixed with seaweed. Less frequently, "Pinctada longisquamosa" has been recorded in mixed algae on mangrove roots and rocks, in "Halimeda" (a
7533750
Form (botany)


In botanical nomenclature, a form ("forma", plural "formae") is one of the "secondary" taxonomic ranks, below that of variety, which in turn is below that of species; it is an infraspecific taxon. If more than three ranks are listed in describing a taxon, the "classification" is being specified, but only three parts make up the "name" of the taxon: a genus name, a specific epithet, and an infraspecific epithet. The abbreviation "f." or the
7125380
Infraspecific name


In botany, an infraspecific name is the scientific name for any taxon below the rank of species, i.e. an infraspecific taxon. (A "taxon", plural "taxa", is a group of organisms to be given a particular name.) The scientific names of botanical taxa are regulated by the "International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants" (ICN). This specifies a 'three part name' for infraspecific taxa, plus a 'connecting term' to indicate the rank of the name
20320028
Pinctada albina


Ostreidae, and they are also not closely related to the freshwater pearl mussels of the families Unionidae and Margaritiferidae. Like other members of the genus "Pinctada", they share the physiological properties that can lead to the production of large pearls of commercial value, and therefore attempts have been made to harvest pearls commercially from many different Pinctada species. The species is small, only three to four inches in diameter. The shells are either grayish or greenish yellow and surrounded by a few indistinct brownish-green radial bands. Nacre is
1655390
Pinctada radiata


a pearly interior and a light brown edge. More rarely, the shell may display a green or bronze exterior. Darker brown or red rays may mark the shell, creating darker areas at the margin. The shell's shape and structure also show much variation, hence its many synonyms; it has been described as "very similar to "Pinctada margaritifera"", and has been misidentified on occasion as "P. margaritifera". "P. radiata" is hermaphroditic, with reproductive maturity being influenced by temperature. "Pinctada radiata
17847936
Pinctada


A pearl oyster can be seen on the reverse side of the 1,000-peso note of the Philippines. All species within the genus produce pearls. Attempts have been made to harvest pearls commercially from many "Pinctada" species. However, the only species that are currently of significant commercial interest are: The various species of "Pinctada" produce different maximum sizes and colors of pearls, depending on the size of the species and the natural color of the nacre inside the shell. Black South Sea pearls, or Tahitian pearls come from the
2338796
Pinctada


for pearls, the typical lifespan of a pearl oyster is usually around 3 years to 14 years. "Pinctada maxima" are seeded at about 2 years of age and take 2 years to fully develop a pearl. They can be reseeded up to 3 or 4 times. Akoya pearls are harvested after about 9 to 16 months. Research carried out by biologist Aldemaro Romero Jr. allowed him to discover that the first animal population depleted by Europeans in the American continent was a pearl oyster species ("Pinctada imbricata") off the
2338798
Chestnut-eared bunting


The chestnut-eared bunting ("Emberiza fucata"), also called grey-headed bunting or grey-hooded bunting, with the latter name also used for grey-necked bunting, is a passerine bird in the bunting family Emberizidae. The genus name "Emberiza" is from Old German "Embritz", a bunting. The specific "fucata" is Latin for "painted" from "fucare", "to paint red". It is 15 to 16 cm in length. The plumage is mostly brown with
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Pinctada maxima


Water temperature, plankton and sediments determine which color variety is more common in a given area. "Pinctada maxima" produces South Sea pearls in colors ranging from white, silver, champagne, gold. "Pinctada margaritifera" produces South Sea pearls commonly referred to as Tahitian pearls or black pearls which in fact come in color hues including gray, platinum, charcoal, aubergine, peacock. Currently south sea pearls are cultured primarily in Australia, Indonesia, Tahiti and now, the Philippines. Because these pearl oysters are so large,
13746711
Taxon


In biology, a taxon (plural taxa; back-formation from "taxonomy") is a group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit. Although neither is required, a taxon is usually known by a particular name and given a particular ranking, especially if and when it is accepted or becomes established. It is not uncommon, however, for taxonomists to remain at odds over what belongs to a taxon and the criteria used for inclusion. If a taxon is given
20416048
Tawny-headed swallow


The tawny-headed swallow ("Alopochelidon fucata") is a species of bird in the family Hirundinidae. It is monotypic within the genus Alopochelidon. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Falkland Islands, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela, where its natural habitats are dry savanna and subtropical or tropical seasonally wet or flooded lowland grassland. This swallow was originally described as "Hirundo fucata" by Coenraad Jacob Temminck in 1822. The current genus, "Alopochelidon", was created in 1903
8576573
Neanthes fucata


the northwestern Atlantic Ocean, the Kattegat, the North Sea, the English Channel, the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea. It lives in association with a hermit crab, sharing the shell of the gastropod mollusc in which it lives, but individuals have occasionally been observed away from a host, probably only temporarily. Over much of its range, the normal host is the common European species "Pagurus bernhardus" which is found on the mid and lower shore and at depths down to about . "Neanthes fucata" lives inside
14698304
Fenimorea fucata


Fenimorea fucata is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Drilliidae. The size of an adult shell varies between 10 mm and 27 mm. The shell is obsoletely channeled above the periphery which is not prominently angulated. The longitudinal ribs are numerous, rounded, not prominent, not interrupted on the periphery but continuous to the suture. The shell is sometimes obsoletely spirally striated. The back of the body whorl has a peculiar hump or longitudinal varix. The shell is yellowish white, banded and maculated with
911848
Name-bearing type


group" ranks consist of just the species and subspecies. (Note: a "species group" defined as a taxon, rather than as a category of ranks, has an unofficial rank, one of several such ranks between the subgenus and species levels sometimes used by zoologists in taxa with many species; see Taxonomic rank.) The name-bearing type of a species-group taxon (hereafter "species" for brevity) is an actual specimen or set of specimens; the "Code" recommends that great care should
5809726
NII Holdings


in Mexico Gustavo Cantu announced the partnership had been terminated by mutual agreement. More recently Cantu spoke about the future of content and telecommunications in Mexico. In August 2013, NII Holdings completed the sale of Nextel Peru to Entel. for 400 million dollars In August 2014, NII Holdings sold Nextel Chile to Fucata, S.A Fucata was subsequently acquired by the British investment firm Novator Partners in 2015, and the Nextel Chile network was rebranded as WOM in July that same year. On January 26, 2015, it was announced that AT&T
15549261
Botanical nomenclature


taxon (see correct name) and if a new name may (or must) be coined. Plant taxonomy is an empirical science, a science that determines what constitutes a particular taxon (taxonomic grouping, plural: taxa): e.g. "What plants belong to this species?" and "What species belong to this genus?". The definition of the limits of a taxon is called its 'circumscription'. For a particular taxon, if two taxonomists agree exactly on its circumscription, rank and position (i.e. the
15041079
Synonym (taxonomy)


of Zoological Nomenclature", synonyms are different scientific names of the same taxonomic rank that pertain to that same taxon. For example, a particular species could, over time, have had two or more species-rank names published for it, while the same is applicable at higher ranks such as genera, families, orders, etc. In each case, the earliest published name is called the senior synonym, while the later name is the junior synonym. In the case where two names for the same taxon have been published
3098371
One Rank, One Pension


and 85 Indian Military Academy; and officers from the 14 Army Education Course; and twenty five officers and their families came from Jaipur. The movement continues to gain momentum, and perceptible increase in support and participation by former high-ranking officers of the armed forces, from Lt generals, Admirals, air marshals, Group Captains, and Colonels. Old veterans included Sep Ram Kishan, 93 years, Armoured Corp veteran of World War II; Sep Ram Bharose Yadav, 85 years, a blind veteran of 72 Medium Artillery;
8649907
PhyloCode


content of a taxon, other than the type, is not specified by the rank-based codes. In contrast, under phylogenetic nomenclature, the content of taxa are delimited using a definition that is based on phylogeny (i.e., ancestry and descent) and uses specifiers (e.g., species, specimens, apomorphies) to indicate actual organisms. The formula of the definition indicates an ancestor. The defined taxon, then, is that ancestor and all of its descendants. Thus, the content of a phylogenetically defined taxon relies on
4227015
Taxonomic rank


given names. Alternative approaches, such as using circumscriptional names, avoid this problem. There are no rules for how many species should make a genus, a family, or any other higher taxon (that is, a taxon in a category above the species level). It should be a natural group (that is, non-artificial, non-polyphyletic), as judged by a biologist, using all the information available to them. Equally ranked higher taxa in different phyla are not necessarily equivalent (e.g., it
17667713
Phylogenetic nomenclature


Phylogenetic nomenclature, often called cladistic nomenclature, is a method of nomenclature for taxa in biology that uses phylogenetic definitions for taxon names as explained below. This contrasts with the traditional approach, in which taxon names are defined by a "type", which can be a specimen or a taxon of lower rank, and a description in words. Phylogenetic nomenclature is currently not regulated, but the "International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature" ("PhyloCode") is intended to regulate it once it is ratified. Phylogenetic nomenclature ties names
4744909
Sarracenia rosea


this taxon in a 1993 issue of "Rhodora", the journal of the New England Botanical Club. Schnell decided to place this taxon at the rank of variety below subsp. "venosa" as "S. purpurea" var. "burkii", honoring Louis Burk as Wherry had suggested 60 years earlier. In 1999, however, botanists Robert Naczi, then a professor of biology at Northern Kentucky University, and Frederick and Roberta Case elevated the variety to species rank, naming it "Sarracenia rosea". They compiled morphological
4498748
Macrostomida


The Macrostomida are a taxon of small basal free-living flatworms (Turbellaria, Platyhelminthes), which inhabit freshwater, brackish, and marine environments. The taxon name was coined by Josef Meixner (1924). There are currently about 260 named species in this taxon. As is the case for many other taxa, the taxonomic rank of Macrostomida is not very clear. Macrostomidans are small (~0.5 to 5 mm in length), and generally highly transparent microturbellarians, usually round in cross section, and with only the largest forms
13717906
Type (biology)


specimens. The type of a genus or subgenus is a species. The type of a suprageneric taxon (e.g., family, etc.) is a genus. Names higher than superfamily rank do not have types. A "name-bearing type" is a specimen or image that "provides the objective standard of reference whereby the application of the name of a nominal taxon can be determined." Although in reality biologists may examine many specimens (when available) of a new taxon before writing an official published species description,
4362871
Pearl


for the pearl from the black oyster, these pearls are usually referred to as "black pearls". The correct definition of a South Sea pearl – as described by CIBJO and GIA – is a pearl produced by the "Pinctada maxima" pearl oyster. South Sea pearls are the color of their host "Pinctada maxima" oyster – and can be white, silver, pink, gold, cream, and any combination of these basic colors, including overtones of the various colors of the rainbow displayed in the pearl nacre of
4408830
Pearl


donor shell) to serve as a catalyst for the pearl sac, it is surgically implanted into the gonad (reproductive organ) of a saltwater mollusk. In freshwater perliculture, only the piece of tissue is used in most cases, and is inserted into the fleshy mantle of the host mussel. South Sea and Tahitian pearl oysters, also known as "Pinctada maxima" and "Pinctada margaritifera", which survive the subsequent surgery to remove the finished pearl, are often implanted with a new, larger beads as part of the
4408846
Correct name


there are two or more legitimate names for the same taxon (with the same circumscription, position and rank), then the correct name is the one which has priority, i.e. it was published earliest, although names may be conserved if they have been very widely used. Validly published names other than the correct name are called synonyms. Since taxonomists may disagree as to the circumscription, position or rank of a taxon, there can be more than one correct name for a particular plant. These may also be called synonyms.
19338400
Banksia aquilonia


geographically distinct from other infraspecific taxa. They also noted that there were no intermediate plants between what was then known as "B. integrifolia" var. "aquilonia" and other populations of "B. integrifolia". On this basis they would have liked to promote it to species rank, but did not because their inferred phylogeny suggested that this taxon arose from within "B. integrifolia". They were unwilling to render "B. integrifolia" paraphyletic by elevating this taxon to species rank, and they were equally unwilling to elevate all four
21331511
Drosera gigantea


geniculata", that grows to tall in black sandy soils near Perth and to its south. Jan Schlauer disagreed with Marchant and Lowrie's decision to give the new taxon a rank of subspecies and thus published a new combination of the taxon at the rank of variety in a 1996 issue of the "Carnivorous Plant Newsletter". He argued that subspecies should be reserved for those occasions where allopatric, or geographically isolated, speciation occurred and varieties are best used in cases where sympatric speciation is suspected. Others disagree with this assessment,
2758435
Anaspidea


somewhat resemble the ears of a hare. Many older textbooks and websites refer to this suborder as Anaspidea. The original author Paul Henri Fischer described the taxon Anaspidea at unspecified rank above family. In 1925 Johannes Thiele established the taxon Anaspidea as a suborder. Since the taxon Anaspidea was not based on an existing genus, this name is no longer available according to the rules of the ICZN. Anaspidea has been replaced in the new Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005) by the clade Aplysiomorpha. The scientific name
4362472
Pinctada longisquamosa


absence to 300 individuals/m. It is unclear whether these fluctuations are seasonal or in response to “the extremes of high and low salinity that sometimes occur in the Florida Bay estuarine system”. br It has also been suggested that "Pinctada longiquamosa" exhibit a behavior described as “suicide spawning,” in which older pearl oysters go through a period of spawning then die off in response to a strong storm, such as a hurricane. The functionality of this behavior is the subject of further research. Populations of "
7533749
Pinctada margaritifera


, and fishes, usually have close relationships with pearl oyster beds. This species is commonly farmed and harvested for pearls, and there is general consensus that the quality of pearls from "Pinctada margaritifera" is the highest quality out of all the pearl oysters. Pearls form when a small particle enters into the oyster and nacre is released by the oyster to coat the particle or object, eventually creating a small pearl. The particle might be a grain of sand, organic material, or even a parasite. The oyster’s release
20730206
Phylogenetic nomenclature


rank changed, even if it has precisely the same members (i.e. the same circumscription); and it is logically inconsistent with all taxa being monophyletic. Especially in recent decades (due to advances in phylogenetics), taxonomists have named many "nested" taxa (i.e. taxa which are contained inside other taxa). No system of nomenclature attempts to name every clade; this would be particularly difficult in traditional nomenclature since every named taxon must be given a lower rank than any named taxon in which it is nested, so the
4744916
Baroque pearl


-lipped oysters) and "Pinctada maxima" (gold-lipped and white-lipped oysters). Although these are a variety of cultured saltwater pearls, the amount of time that the pearls are cultured dramatically increases the depth of the nacre, and the likelihood of producing a baroque pearl. Most Tahitian pearl farm harvests, for example, produce more than 40 percent baroque and semi-baroque pearls. Western Australia is currently the world's largest cultivator of "Pinctada maxima" gold-lipped oysters. Tahiti is the number
11908234
Cultured pearl


South Sea and Tahitian pearl oysters, also known as "Pinctada maxima" and "Pinctada margaritifera", which survive the subsequent surgery to remove the finished pearl, are often implanted with a new, larger beads as part of the same procedure and then returned to the water for another 2–3 years of growth. An experimental process using an RFID nucleus allows the provenance of cultured pearls to be tracked. Mikimoto Kōkichi was able to use Nishikawa's technology. After the patent was granted in 1916, the technology was immediately commercially applied
11908251
Pinctada maxima


Pinctada maxima is a species of pearl oyster, a marine bivalve mollusk in the family Pteriidae, the pearl oysters. There are two different color varieties: the White-lipped oyster and the Gold-lipped oyster. These bivalves are the largest pearl oysters in the world. They have a very strong inner shell layer composed of nacre, also known as "mother of pearl" and are important to the cultured pearl industry as they are cultivated to produce South Sea pearls. The South Sea pearl or Philippine pearl was declared by
13746709
Pinctada maxima


Philippine President Fidel Ramos as the national gem in 1996 through Proclamation No. 905. The oyster and pearl are depicted on the reverse side of the Philippine New Generation Currency Series 1,000-peso bill. This species occurs in Australia, Fiji, Tahiti, Indonesia and the Philippines. "Pinctada maxima" oysters grow very large, up to in diameter. The two color varieties have different coloration in the outer edge of the interior. This mother of pearl or nacre is responsible for the color of the pearls that the oyster can produce.
13746710
Molluscs in culture


molluscs with shells can produce pearls, but only the pearls of bivalves and some gastropods, whose shells are lined with nacre, are valuable. The best natural pearls are produced by marine pearl oysters, "Pinctada margaritifera" and "Pinctada mertensi", which live in the tropical and subtropical waters of the Pacific Ocean. Natural pearls form when a small foreign object gets stuck between the mantle and shell. Pearls for use as jewellery are cultured by inserting either "seeds" or beads into oysters. The "seed" method
1674487
Pinctada radiata


Pinctada radiata, commonly known as the Atlantic pearl-oyster or the Gulf pearl oyster is a species of pearl oyster distributed throughout the Indo-Pacific. Its range extends as far north as Japan and as far south as the Australian state of Victoria. "P. radiata" is generally between in length, though it can reach . The shell is, thin, compressed, and square-like, with growth rings and ribs on the top surface. Its colouration varies, though it usually displays a brown or red exterior with
17847935
Pinctada radiata


" occurs throughout the Indo-Pacific and Mediterranean Sea at all depths, though it is generally found between . It attaches itself to various hard substrata, including rocks and wrecks. "P. radiata" is common throughout its range, possibly because of its adaptation to subtropical environments and ability to survive in polluted water. It was originally distributed only in the Indo-Pacific, but has been introduced into the Mediterranean unintentionally through the Suez Canal and intentionally for aquaculture. "Pinctada radiata" is harvested for pearls, especially in Qatari
17847937
Pinctada margaritifera


Pinctada margaritifera, commonly known as the black-lip pearl oyster, is a species of pearl oyster, a saltwater clam, a marine bivalve mollusk in the family Pteriidae. This species is common in the Indo-Pacific within tropical coral reefs. The ability of "P. margaritifera" to produce pearls means that the species is a valuable resource to humans. The oysters are harvested wild from coral reefs and are also commonly grown in aquaculture, both primarily taking place in the Indo-Pacific region. The common name of this
20730203
Pinctada mazatlanica


Pinctada mazatlanica is a species of tropical marine bivalve mollusc in the family Pteriidae, the pearl oysters. It is native to shallow waters on the Pacific coast of Central America where its range includes both northern and southern Mexico and Panama. This oyster along with the Pacific wing-oyster ("Pteria sterna") has been the subject of a pearl fishery in the Gulf of California since before the arrival of Hernando Cortez in 1535; the Spaniards quickly appreciated the value of the harvest and in 1586 declared the gathering of oysters to
7024726
Synonym (taxonomy)


other purposes, if a researcher is interested in consulting or compiling all currently known information regarding a taxon, some of this (including species descriptions, distribution, ecology and more) may well have been published under names now regarded as outdated (i.e., synonyms) and so it is again useful to know a list of historic synonyms which may have been used for a given current (valid) taxon name. Objective synonyms refer to taxa with the same type and same rank (more or less the same taxon, although circumscription
3098374
Pinctada maxima


pearls farmed in the Philippines, typically produce golden pearls from the gold-lipped pearl oyster, which are currently experiencing a surge in popularity, resulting in increased market-demand, particularly in China. The Tahitian or black pearl comes from the black-lipped pearl oyster, produced from the waters surrounding Tahiti and the French Polynesian archipelago. Pearl meat is the adductor muscle of the pinctada maxima=, is MSC certified, recognising the delicacy as a wild caught, sustainable seafood which can be traced to an environmentally sustainable source. At
13746713
Mollusca


and handling of molluscs and other seafood, mainly to minimize the poison risk from toxins that can sometimes accumulate in the animals. Most molluscs with shells can produce pearls, but only the pearls of bivalves and some gastropods, whose shells are lined with nacre, are valuable. The best natural pearls are produced by marine pearl oysters, "Pinctada margaritifera" and "Pinctada mertensi", which live in the tropical and subtropical waters of the Pacific Ocean. Natural pearls form when a small foreign object gets stuck between the mantle and
16992167
Pearling in Western Australia


trepang, turtles and pearl shell for tobacco, rice and axes. There was also violence, including the abduction of men and women. As a result, both groups were often armed and the Aborigines learnt to treat any newcomers with suspicion. From a European perspective, William Dampier and then the French explorers saw (Pinctada albina) at Shark Bay and Dampier, Stokes, Grey and F.T Gregory found (Pinctada maxima) on the north-west coast. While anchored at Nickol Bay, waiting for him to return from his
18519131
Pinctada margaritifera


species refers to the black coloring along the margins of the interior of the shell. Externally the shell is dark grayish brown or green, though white spots are common across the shell. Adults usually reach between in height. A distinctive feature of the species is that the hinge has no teeth. "Pinctada margaritifera" occupies a wide range throughout the Persian Gulf, Red Sea, Sudan, Papua New Guinea, Australia, French Polynesia, Cook Islands, Indonesia, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Southwestern part of the Indian Ocean,
20730204
Pearl


cultured pearl is now a "comparative" issue. The black cultured pearl is rare when compared to Chinese freshwater cultured pearls, and Japanese and Chinese akoya cultured pearls, and is more valuable than these pearls. However, it is more abundant than the South Sea pearl, which is more valuable than the black cultured pearl. This is simply because the black pearl oyster "Pinctada margaritifera" is far more abundant than the elusive, rare, and larger south sea pearl oyster "Pinctada maxima", which cannot be found
4408828
World Qualification Series (2009)


18 - Aug 23" 30th Anniversary of the Lacanau Pro and good conditions this year. Surf, concerts, events scheduled. Check out the video for a summary of the event http://vimeo.com/6994555 "Aug 25 - Aug 30" "Sep 01 - Sep 06" "Sep 01 - Sep 06" "Sep 04 - Sep 06" "Sep 09 - Sep 12" "Sep 10 - Sep 13" "Sep 08 - Sep 13" "Sep 15 - Sep 20" "Sep 16 - Sep 22" "Sep
1986943
List of 1982–83 NBA season transactions


1982 Oct 2, 1982 Oct 1, 1982 Sep 30, 1982 Sep 29, 1982 Sep 28, 1982 Sep 27, 1982 Sep 24, 1982 Sep 22, 1982 Sep 20, 1982 Sep 19, 1982 Sep 18, 1982 Sep 17, 1982 Sep 15, 1982 Sep 14, 1982 Sep 13, 1982 Sep 10, 1982 Sep 9, 1982 Sep 7, 1982 Sep 2, 1982 Sep 1, 1982 Aug 31, 1982 Aug 27, 1982 Aug 26, 1982 Aug 16, 1982 Aug 8,
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Abraham Halpern


in Royal Canadian Naval Volunteer Reserve from Sep. 24, 1942 to Nov. 30, 1945 in European, North Atlantic, and Pacific theatres. Rank on discharge: Petty Officer. Served in Royal Canadian Navy, 1953-1957, as follows: Medical Officer, R.C.N. Hospital, Esquimalt, BC, July to Nov., 1953. Medical Officer, H.M.C.S. "Cayuga", Nov., 1953 to Feb., 1955 - Far East (Korea). Medical Officer, R.C.N. Hospital, Cornwallis, NS, Apr., 1955 to Sep.,
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Taxon


any biological domain, but traditionally it was always used for animals, whereas "Division" was traditionally often used for plants, fungi, etc. A prefix is used to indicate a ranking of lesser importance. The prefix "super-" indicates a rank above, the prefix "sub-" indicates a rank below. In zoology the prefix "infra-" indicates a rank below "sub-". For instance, among the additional ranks of class are superclass, subclass and infraclass. Rank is relative, and restricted to a particular
20416053
Validly published name


a particular taxon and rank. Nevertheless, invalid names ("nomen invalidum", "nom. inval.") are sometimes in use. This may occur when a taxonomist finds and recognises a taxon and thinks of a name, but delays publishing it in an adequate manner. A common reason for this is that a taxonomist intends to write a "magnum opus" that provides an overview of the group, rather than a series of small papers. Another reason is that the code of nomenclature changes with time, and
14663024
Aromobatidae


The Aromobatidae are a family of frogs native to Central and South America. They are sometimes referred to as cryptic forest frogs. They are the sister taxon of the Dendrobatidae, the poison dart frogs, but are not as toxic as most dendrobatids are. The Aromobatidae were separated from the Dendrobatidae only in 2006, and some sources continue to treat these frogs as part of the Dendrobatidae. However, their position as the sister taxon is well supported, and the question is primarily about whether they should be ranked as a family or
17636105
Ozimops


30. The variation to this is the loss of a tooth in mature individuals, the upper anterior premolar, at one or both sides of the jaw. The taxon was first published as subgenus of "Mormopterus" in 2014, separating Australian groups whose diversity was reviewed and described as new species. The content of the new taxon was established or formerly cryptic taxa of Indo-Papuan species and a centre of diversity at the Australian mainland. This was elevated to the rank of genus in 2015. The arrangement of the genus
2029365
Taxon


coined a century before from the Greek components "τάξις" (taxis, meaning arrangement) and "-νομία" (-nomia meaning method). For plants, it was proposed by Herman Johannes Lam in 1948, and it was adopted at the VII International Botanical Congress, held in 1950. The Glossary of the "International Code of Zoological Nomenclature" (1999) defines a A taxon can be assigned a taxonomic rank, usually (but not necessarily) when it is given a formal name. "Phylum" applies formally to
20416052
Autonym (botany)


belonged to the species (and are not included in the newly described taxon) now become a new infraspecific taxon. But as neither the type nor the final epithet has changed, there is no need for a change in author citation. The same goes for a subdivision of a genus. If a botanist creates a new subdivision of a genus, for example by dividing a large genus into two or more subgenera, sections, or series, then a new subdivision of the genus at each of the new ranks will share the
20983137
Monera


Monera () (Greek - μονήρης (monḗrēs), "single", "solitary") is a kingdom that contains unicellular organisms with a prokaryotic cell organization (having no nuclear membrane), such as bacteria. They are single-celled organisms with no true nuclear membrane (prokaryotic organisms). The taxon Monera was first proposed as a phylum by Ernst Haeckel in 1866. Subsequently, the phylum was elevated to the rank of kingdom in 1925 by Édouard Chatton. The last commonly accepted mega-classification with the taxon
5726713
September 1941 lunar eclipse


A partial lunar eclipse took place on Friday, September 5, 1941. It was a shallow partial lunar eclipse, with less than 10% of the Moon covered in Earth's shadow. Aug 31, 1941 = Sunday Sep 1, 1941 = Monday Sep 2, 1941 = Tuesday Sep 3, 1941 = Wednesday Sep 4, 1941 = Thursday Sep 5, 1941 = Friday Sep 6, 1941 = Saturday Sep 7, 1941 = Sunday Sep 8, 1941 = Monday Sep 9, 1941 = Tuesday Sep 10, 1941
5363349
Tatuidris


of the tribe has been the focus of debate. Bolton (2003) was the first to suggest the taxonomic instability of "Tatuidris" within Myrmicinae and raised the genus to the level of a new subfamily, the Agroecomyrmecinae, suggesting that Agroecomyrmecinae might be the sister taxon to Myrmicinae. The subfamily rank was re-assessed by Baroni Urbani & de Andrade in 2007, this was the first attempt to include "Tatuidris" as a terminal taxon in a morphological cladistic analysis. In their study, Baroni Urbani & de Andrade identified
21404594
Correct name


In botany, the correct name according to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN) is the one and only botanical name that is to be used for a particular taxon, when that taxon has a particular circumscription, position and rank. Determining whether a name is correct is a complex procedure. The name must be validly published, a process which is defined in no less than 16 Articles of the ICN. It must also be "legitimate", which imposes some further requirements. If
19338399
Abelisauridae


. Abelisauridae is a family in rank-based Linnaean taxonomy, within the infraorder Ceratosauria and the superfamily Abelisauroidea, which also contains the family Noasauridae. It has had several definitions in phylogenetic taxonomy. It was originally defined as a node-based taxon including "Abelisaurus", "Carnotaurus", their common ancestor, and all of its descendants. Later, it was redefined as a stem-based taxon, including all animals more closely related to "Abelisaurus" (or the more complete "Carnotaurus") than to "
19559613
Gleicheniaceae


-shaped hairs. There is some dispute about ranking these ferns. They are typically placed in the order Gleicheniales. They may alternatively be considered a subclass Gleicheniatae or class Gleichenopsida, so that a distinct taxon can be established for the leptosporangiate ferns. In this case, the Gleicheniaceae are upranked to an order and receive the name Gleicheniales. Irrespective of their modern taxonomic treatment, the Gleicheniaceae were formerly included in the order Polypodiales. But the ferns in the loose sense are much too diverse a group to be shoehorned into one taxon
4344486
Taxonomic rank


by the nomenclature codes. There are seven main taxonomic ranks: kingdom, phylum or division, class, order, family, genus, species. In addition, "domain" (proposed by Carl Woese) is now widely used as a fundamental rank, although it is not mentioned in any of the nomenclature codes, and is a synonym for dominion (lat. dominium), introduced by Moore in 1974. A taxon is usually assigned a rank when it is given its formal name. The basic ranks are species and
17667700
Taxonomic rank


In biological classification, taxonomic rank is the relative level of a group of organisms (a taxon) in a taxonomic hierarchy. Examples of taxonomic ranks are species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain, etc. A given rank subsumes under it less general categories, that is, more specific descriptions of life forms. Above it, each rank is classified within more general categories of organisms and groups of organisms related to each other through inheritance of traits or features from common ancestors. The rank
17667696
Taxonomic rank


nuclei in the domain Eukarya. The "International Code of Zoological Nomenclature" defines "rank" as: "The level, for nomenclatural purposes, of a taxon in a taxonomic hierarchy (e.g. all families are for nomenclatural purposes at the same rank, which lies between superfamily and subfamily)." In his landmark publications, such as the "Systema Naturae", Carl Linnaeus used a ranking scale limited to: kingdom, class, order, genus, species, and one rank below species. Today, nomenclature is regulated
17667699
Sorbeoconcha


Sorbeoconcha is a taxonomic clade of snails, i.e. gastropods, mainly marine species with gills and opercula, within the clade Caenogastropoda. The taxon Sorbeoconcha was named by Winston Ponder and David R. Lindberg in 1997. According to the older taxonomy by Ponder and Lindberg the suborders within the order Sorbeoconcha are: In the taxonomy by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005), the clade Sorbeoconcha was declared a taxon of unspecified rank, within the clade Caenogastropoda. It comprises the superfamily Cerithioidea, the superfamily Campaniloidea, the informal group Ptenoglossa and the clade
13363551
Stomatellinae


Stomatellinae is a subfamily of small sea snails with a brilliantly nacreous interior of the shell, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Trochidae, the top snails. In the earlier classification used in the Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, the Stomatellidae was included in the Archaeogastropoda, however, this taxon is now largely abandoned in favor of the more recently defined Vetigastropoda. According to Bouchet & Rocroi (2005), Williams et al. (2008) and Williams et al. (2010) this taxon underwent a rank change from family Stomatellidae to
2477997
Rhinonycteridae


in 2014. The affinities within the families Hipposideridae and Rhinolophidae are sometimes found to be contrary in morphological and molecular analyses, yet resolving the phylogeny of these speciose and poorly defined groups has implication in several areas of research. The synonymy includes earlier combinations that elevated the rank through subtribe, tribe then subfamily. The taxon Triaenopini Benda & Vallo, 2009 was also reduced to a synonym for this family by the authors of the 2014 revision that elevated this taxon. The hipposiderid and rhinolophid bats are of especial interest to research into potential
1208236
La Gomera giant lizard


to be controlled. In his scientific description, the German zoologist R. Hutterer referred the subfossil remains from La Gomera to two subspecies of "Gallotia simonyi" with the differences being size related. He named these "Gallotia simonyi bravoana" and "Gallotia simonyi gomerana". Bischoff (1998) synonymized them to a single taxon. Barbadillo "et al." (1999) decided for "bravoana" when they elevated the taxon to species rank. Nogales "et al." (2001) concurred as regards species status,
14733429
Orange-spotted trevally


a /j/ sound; Forsskål used this technique to name a number of Red Sea fish species. Forsskål at first gave the new taxon subspecies status as "Scomber ferdau bajad", relating it to the mackerels, and especially "Scomber ferdau", which would later also be transferred to "Carangoides". The taxon was later given a species rank, becoming "Scomber bajad", then "Caranx bajad", before being transferred to its current position as "Carangoides bajad". The species was also independently renamed three times
15301652
Drosera subg. Lasiocephala


monograph of the family and recognizing this taxon as a series under section "Rossolis". In 1996, taxonomist Jan Schlauer argued for the recognition of this taxon at the rank of subgenus, noting that these closely related species share many affinities with subgenus "Drosera" but are different enough to warrant subgeneric status. All species in this subgenus are native to northern Australia except for "D. petiolaris", which is more widely distributed to as far as New Guinea. The plants in this subgenus or "petiolaris"-complex mostly look like variations
19625002
Synonym (taxonomy)


Given that the correct name of a taxon depends on the taxonomic viewpoint used (resulting in a particular circumscription, position and rank) a name that is one taxonomist's synonym may be another taxonomist's correct name (and "vice versa"). Synonyms may arise whenever the same taxon is described and named more than once, independently. They may also arise when existing taxa are changed, as when two taxa are joined to become one, a species is moved to a different genus, a variety is moved to a
3098366
Name-bearing type


for example, the Central American rodent tribe Nyctomyini has "Nyctomys" as its type genus and its name consists of the stem of the type genus, Nyctomy-, and the appropriate ending for a tribe, -ini. "Genus group" ranks consist of the genus and subgenus. The name-bearing type for a genus-group taxon is the type species, which must be one of the species included when that taxon ("genus" hereafter for brevity) was first formally named or, when no species were included when
5809723
Botanical name


names may also have an extra component, bringing a maximum of four parts: A botanical name in three parts, i.e., an infraspecific name (a name for a taxon below the rank of species) needs a "connecting term" to indicate rank. In the "Calystegia" example above, this is "subsp.", for subspecies. In botany there are many ranks below that of species (in zoology there is only one such rank, subspecies, so that this "connecting term" is not used in
6449289
Class (biology)


In biological classification, class () is a taxonomic rank, as well as a taxonomic unit, a taxon, in that rank. Other well-known ranks in descending order of size are life, domain, kingdom, phylum, order, family, genus, and species, with class fitting between phylum and order. The class as a distinct rank of biological classification having its own distinctive name (and not just called a "top-level genus" "(genus summum)") was first introduced by the
15757221
Flight officer


. Flight officer was a United States Army Air Forces rank used during World War II, from 1942 to 1945; the rank being created on Sep 10, 1942 On 5 November 1942 military glider pilots were commissioned flight officers after the completion of their training. The new rank insignia was nicknamed "the blue pickle". The rank is equivalent to Warrant Officer Junior Grade (WOJG) which is today's Warrant Officer (NATO grade: W-1). Enlisted and aviation cadet trainees who successfully passed air qualification training were appointed as
18437829
Taxon in disguise


In bacteriology, a taxon in disguise is a species, genus or higher unit of biological classification whose evolutionary history reveals has evolved from another unit of similar or lower rank, making the parent unit paraphyletic. This happens when rapid evolution makes a new species appear radically different from the ancestral group, so that it is not (initially) recognised as belonging to the parent phylogenetic group, leaving the latter an evolutionary grade. While the term is from bacteriology, parallel examples are found throughout the tree of life. E.g. four-
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