A tour thro' the whole island of Great Britain [SEP] author
A tour thro' the whole island of Great Britain


A tour thro' the whole island of Great Britain is an account of his travels by English author Daniel Defoe, first published in three volumes between 1724 and 1727. Other than "Robinson Crusoe", "Tour" was Defoe's most popular and financially successful work during the eighteenth century. Pat Rogers notes that in Defoe’s use of the “literary vehicle (the ‘tour’ or ‘circuit’) that could straddle the literal and the imaginative,” “Nothing...anticipated Defoe’s Tour”. Thanks in
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Enterkinfoot


transport of lead from the mines by pack horses with panniers to Dumfries. In 1726 Daniel Defoe writing in ""A Tour Thro' the Whole Island of Great Britain" (1726) described the pass: "Enterkin, the frightfullest pass, and most dangerous that I met with, between that and Penmenmuir in North Wales"". Another author wrote that ""A few steps and you are on its edge, looking down giddy and amazed into its sudden and immense depths. ... but we know nothing more noticeable
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A tour thro' the whole island of Great Britain


part to his extensive travels and colourful background as a soldier, businessman, and spy, Defoe had “hit on the best blend of objective fact and personal commentary” in his descriptions of locations and trips around Britain. The "Tour" is roughly divided into several tours, or circuits, around Britain. Volume 1 contains three letters. The first two, Through Essex, Colchester, Harwich, Suffolk, Norfolk, and Cambridgeshire, and through Kent Coast, Maidstone, Canterbury, Sussex, Hampshire, and Surrey, are
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River Mole


Leatherhead railway was constructed in 1859, a fossilised swallow hole was discovered in the cutting at the south end of Box Hill and Westhumble railway station, suggesting that even in its early history, the river had swallow holes. The author Daniel Defoe, who attended school in Dorking and probably grew up in the village of Westhumble, described the swallow holes in the River Mole in his book "A tour thro' the Whole Island of Great Britain" (first published in 1724): .. the current of the river being much
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Temple Mill Island


Temple Mill Island is an island in the River Thames in England upstream of Marlow, and just downstream of Temple Lock. It is on the southern Berkshire bank close to Hurley. The island is named after the three watermills that used to be on the island for beating copper and brass. The island now has a modern housing development on it with a marina. Daniel Defoe referred to the mills in his "A tour thro' the Whole Island of Great Britain" (1724-1727). He referred to the "
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Ayr


exported abroad from its harbour. At this time, Ayr's population is estimated to have been at around 2,000. By the late 17th century and early 18th century, Ayr was widely regarded as a town in decline, with Daniel Defoe remarking in "A tour thro' the whole island of Great Britain": The formation of the Kingdom of Great Britain through the Acts of Union 1707 was initially harmful to Ayr, due to the importance to its economy of the wine trade with France. The terms of the English Methuen
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Glasgow


triangular slave trade. Daniel Defoe visited the city in the early 18th century and famously opined in his book "A tour thro' the whole island of Great Britain", that Glasgow was "the cleanest and beautifullest, and best built city in Britain, London excepted". At that time the city's population was about 12,000, and the city was yet to undergo the massive expansionary changes to its economy and urban fabric, brought about by the Scottish Enlightenment and Industrial Revolution. After the Acts of Union in 1707,
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Eleanor cross


caullid, as I remembre, the Quenes Crosse", although he seems to have associated it with the 1460 Battle of Northampton. It is also referred to by Daniel Defoe in his "Tour thro' the Whole Island of Great Britain", in reporting the Great Fire of Northampton in 1675: "... a townsman being at Queen's Cross upon a hill on the south side of the town, about two miles () off, saw the fire at one end of the town then newly begun, and that before
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History of Cumbria


of other areas of Britain and the Continent of Europe. Daniel Defoe may not even have visited the Lakes when, in volume 3 of his "A tour thro' the whole island of Great Britain" (1726), he commented on the 'high and formidable' mountains' and the lack of anything of use or ornamentation to be found there – a pre-Romantic view of landscape prevailing with him. Other travellers were perhaps less given to hyperbole. Celia Fiennes, for example, who made her journey between 1684
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A tour thro' the whole island of Great Britain


printed between 1724 and 1727, the "Tour" was published several more times. A decade after the original printing, printer and future novelist Samuel Richardson secured the rights and printed the second edition of the "Tour", releasing an edition with substantial revisions on 13 October 1738. He was responsible for at least some of the revisions in this edition, as well as in the subsequent editions of 1742, 1748, 1753, and 1761–62. Richardson's biographers comment that a “travel book seems an odd thing for Richardson
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Plaistow, Newham


named after de Balun, though some argue its namesake is in fact a Walter Balame. In 1353 Sir Richard de Playz gave the manor of Plaistow to the abbot of Stratford-Langthorne. When this abbey was dissolved the manor was appropriated by the Crown, and granted to Sir Roger Cholmeley in 1553. Daniel Defoe's 1724 work, ""Tour of the Eastern Counties"" (part of his "“A tour thro’ the whole island of Great Britain”"), mentions Plaistow as a town in which
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George Hotel, Stamford


The George Hotel is a hotel and former coaching inn on the route of the Great North Road in St Martin's, Stamford, Lincolnshire. Both the main building and the adjacent 68, St Martins, are Grade II* listed buildings. Daniel Defoe, in "A tour thro' the whole island of Great Britain" (1724), wrote; "From hence we came to St. Martins, and stopp'd at the George, out of Curiosity, because it is reckoned one of the greatest Inns in England, and
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Clare, Suffolk


, Scotland, and Ireland" (1610) wrote: 'On the South side wee saw the river Stour, which immediately from the verie spring head spreadeth a great Mere called Stourmmere, but soone after, drawing it selfe within the bankes, runneth first by Clare, a noble village which had a castle, but now decaied, and gave name to the right noble familie of the Clares'. Daniel Defoe in "A tour thro' the Whole Island of Great Britain" (1748 4th edition) said that Clare
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William Petre, 12th Baron Petre


as a great house. William almost certainly commissioned a large group of furniture, now at Ingatestone, in the latter part of the 19th century, possibly replacing items destroyed in the fire. However much apart from noble court the Petres may have kept themselves, they seem to have been popular in the vicinity, and kind and liberal neighbours, for they are not infrequently referred to by travellers, and Daniel Defoe writes of them in his "A tour thro' the Whole Island of Great Britain" (1724–1726). ‘
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Ely, Cambridgeshire


health … they have lost their Charter … and its a shame [the Bishop] does not see it better ordered and y buildings and streetes put in a better Condition. They are a slothful people and for little but y takeing Care of their Grounds and Cattle w is of vast advantage". Daniel Defoe, when writing in the Eastern Counties section of "A tour thro' the whole island of Great Britain" (1722), went "to Ely, whose cathedral, standing in a level flat country, is
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Chester Rows


their property by providing two-level access for customers". Daniel Defoe, writing around 1724 in "A tour thro' the whole island of Great Britain", describes the Rows of Chester as “long galleries, up one pair of stairs, which run along the side of the streets, before all the houses, though joined to them, and is pretended, they are to keep the people dry in walking along. This they do effectually, but then they...make the shops themselves dark, and the way
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Northumbrian burr


R in Northeastern England was made by Hugh Jones in 1724, slightly predating the more well known description of it by Daniel Defoe, who wrote, in his "A tour thro' the Whole Island of Great Britain", that: In the 19th century, the Burr was recorded by Alexander J. Ellis and by Joseph Wright. In the 20th century, it was recorded throughout much of the Northeast in the Orton Corpus, and in the "Survey of English Dialects". The Northumbrian Burr, like many traditional dialect features
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Daniel Defoe


) and "Atlas Maritimus and Commercialis" (1728). Perhaps his greatest achievement with the novels is the magisterial "A tour thro' the whole island of Great Britain" (1724–27), which provided a panoramic survey of British trade on the eve of the Industrial Revolution. Published in 1726, "The Complete English Tradesman" is an example of Defoe's political works. He discusses the role of the tradesman in England in comparison to tradesmen internationally, arguing that the British system of trade is far superior. He
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Wherrytown


Hawkins, writing in 1818, states that the reef at Wherrytown had been worked for tin from around the beginning of the 18th century, although he did not give any description or further details. Daniel Defoe, staying in Penzance in circa 1722 wrote in "A tour thro' the whole island of Great Britain" – "" ... the veins of lead, tinn, and copper ore, are said to be seen, even to the utmost extent of land at low water mark, and in the very sea ... "
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Surgeons' Hall


". Daniel Defoe, an early visitor in 1726, wrote in his Tour thro' the whole Island of Great Britain that the 'chamber of rarities' contained many curious things too numerous for him to describe. Much of this early collection was given to the University of Edinburgh in the 1760s. By the early years of the 19th Century, the Incorporation had received a Royal Charter to become the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. The College saw its primary role as the teaching of anatomy and surgery, the training of
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Camberley


the turnpike road through Bagshot Heath (now the A30) was known as a haunt of highwaymen, such as William Davies – also known as the Golden Farmer – and Claude Duval. The land remained largely undeveloped and uncultivated due to a sandy topsoil making it unsuitable for farming. In "A tour thro' the whole island of Great Britain", written between 1724 and 1726, Daniel Defoe described the area as barren and sterile; "a mark of the just resentment shew'd by Heaven upon the Englishmen's pride… horrid
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Harwich


invasion, Charles Louis Schomberg was made Marquess of Harwich. Writer Daniel Defoe devotes a few pages to the town in "A tour thro' the Whole Island of Great Britain". Visiting in 1722, he noted its formidable fort and harbour "of a vast extent". The town, he recounts, was also known for an unusual chalybeate spring rising on Beacon Hill (a promontory to the north-east of the town), which "petrified" clay, allowing it to be used to pave Harwich's streets
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Halifax Gibbet


the gibbet's history during his visit to Halifax in Volume 3 of his "A tour thro' the whole island of Great Britain", published in 1727. He reports that "Modern accounts pretend to say, it [the gibbet] was for all sorts of felons; but I am well assured, it was first erected purely, or at least principally, for such thieves as were apprehended stealing cloth from the tenters; and it seems very reasonable to think it was so". Eighteenth-century historians argued that
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Stilton cheese


", Letter V, dated October 1722. Daniel Defoe in his 1724 work "A tour thro' the whole island of Great Britain" notes, "We pass'd Stilton, a town famous for cheese, which is call'd our English Parmesan, and is brought to table with the mites, or maggots round it, so thick, that they bring a spoon with them for you to eat the mites with, as you do the cheese." According to the Stilton Cheesemaker's Association, the first person to market Blue
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Battle of Reading (1688)


on the account. There were few Dutch deaths, one being a Catholic officer. Many of the dead were buried in the churchyard of St Giles' Church. The battle is described in detail by Daniel Defoe in his "A tour thro' the whole island of Great Britain". Defoe, who had supported, and possibly fought for, the Duke of Monmouth in his earlier rebellion against James II was welcoming of the Dutch invasion. He describes how a squadron of "Irish dragoons" was routed by the "irresistible
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Lake District


is increased by each spring trickling down on either side of those hills, and so descends into the bottoms which are a Moorish ground in which in many places the waters stand, and so form some of those Lakes as it did here. In 1724, Daniel Defoe published the first volume of "A Tour Thro' the Whole Island of Great Britain". He commented on Westmorland that it was: the wildest, most barren and frightful of any that I have passed over in England, or even Wales itself; the
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Undergraduate gowns in Scotland


that pre-Reformation undergraduates would have worn a black "supertunica" in common with students at all European universities of the time. By the latter part of James VI's reign, this had formalised into scarlet. Traditionally, the red colour was symbolic of a lower status, and was particularly visible. The post-Reformation gown evolved as a uniform for students, its visibility preventing them from engaging in illicit activities in their university towns. In his work, "A tour thro' the Whole Island of Great Britain"
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Waltham Abbey Church


were shown a stone slab bearing the inscription ""Hic iacet Haroldus infelix"" ("Here lies Harold the unfortunate"), although it had been destroyed when that part of the abbey was demolished at the Dissolution. An earlier 18th-century reference comes from Daniel Defoe's "A tour thro' the whole island of Great Britain." In his description of Essex, Defoe mentions Waltham Abbey where “the ruins of the abbey remain; and tho’ antiquity is not my proper business, I cou’d not but
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Wellclose Square


Mary Graces stood near Tower Hill until the dissolution of the monasteries. An old map shows a river running down each side of "Nightingall Lane" (now called Thomas More Street). In 1954 Kenneth Reid suggested this was one of London's "lost rivers" and that it ran from Well Street into the Thames. Daniel Defoe mentions the square is his book "A tour thro' the Whole Island of Great Britain" (1724). He says that there used to be a well in the centre of the
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History of Bedfordshire


evidence. In the early 18th century Daniel Defoe's "A tour thro’ the whole island of Great Britain" refers to the extent and quality of Bedfordshire lace manufacture, and the Northampton Militia Lists of 1777 document the number of lacemakers in different parts of the county at that time. Woburn Abbey, belonging to the Russells since 1547, is the seat of the Dukes of Bedford, the greatest landowner in the county. The Burgoynes of Sutton, whose baronetcy dates from 1641, have been in Bedfordshire since the 15th century
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Oldham Coalfield


got in "Lennardyne" (Crompton) in 1552 and 70 years later Richard Radcliffe left his coal mines in Chadderton to his son. In A tour thro' the whole island of Great Britain finished in 1727, Daniel Defoe described "...Coals...upon the top of the highest hills" around Oldham. The coal seams were close to the surface and coal was easy to get. Exploitation of the local coal seams led to the rapid development of early steam-powered cotton mills and 65 had been built in Oldham by
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A tour thro' the whole island of Great Britain


through 13. Defoe did not necessarily travel to all of these locations, and certainly did not travel them as or just before he was writing the work; rather, he relied on his past journeys, likely during his time as a merchant or while working for politician Robert Harley in the early 18th century, and, at times, relied on or was inspired by other travel literature such as William Camden's "Britannia" and John Strype's new version of John Stow's Survey of London. Following the first edition,
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Winterton-on-Sea


men was James Haylett. During World War II, anti-invasion defences were constructed around Winterton-on-Sea. They included a number of pillboxes. The beaches were protected with unusually extensive barriers of scaffolding and large numbers of anti-tank cubes. Daniel Defoe mentions the village in "Robinson Crusoe" and "A tour thro' the whole island of Great Britain", published in 1719 and from 1724 respectively. In 1864 the novelist Wilkie Collins visited the village while preparing his novel "Armadale" and met Martha
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Peak Cavern


the same name in his "A tour thro' the whole island of Great Britain" (1724–26): and also mentions the shepherd story recorded by Gervase of Tilbury. The name of the cave was changed to "Peak Cavern" in 1880 in order not to cause offence to Queen Victoria during a visit for a concert. More recently the cave has been promoted using its older, more vulgar name. The cavern has hosted concerts by Jarvis Cocker, Richard Hawley and The Vaccines. In 2013 the operators began promoting more
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Dick Turpin


The artist Edward Hull capitalised on Ainsworth's story, publishing six prints of notable events in Turpin's career. Ainsworth's tale of Turpin's overnight journey from London to York on his mare Black Bess has its origins in an episode recorded by Daniel Defoe, in his 1727 work "A tour thro' the whole island of Great Britain". After committing a robbery in Kent in 1676, William Nevison apparently rode to York to establish an alibi, and Defoe's account of that journey became part of folk legend. A
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Daniel Defoe


why the same Parliament of Scotland which was so vehement for its independence from 1703 to 1705 became so supine in 1706. He received very little reward from his paymasters and of course no recognition for his services by the government. He made use of his Scottish experience to write his "Tour thro' the whole Island of Great Britain", published in 1726, where he admitted that the increase of trade and population in Scotland which he had predicted as a consequence of the Union was "not the case, but rather the
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Long Melford


Melford Country Park. This was formed by gravel excavations for nearby airfields during the second world war, leaving some large, attractive lakes with wildlife habitats and walking areas for visitors. The Long Melford Street Fair, Classic Steam Rally and the Big Night Out Guy Fawkes Night fireworks event at Melford Hall are held annually. Long Melford was visited by Daniel Defoe, who mentioned the village in his book "A tour thro' the whole island of Great Britain". Defoe wrote, "Near adjoining to it [Sudbury] is
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A tour thro' the whole island of Great Britain


complete circuits, both beginning and ending in London. Letter 3 describes a journey out to Land's End, while Letter 4 starts Volume 2 with the journey back. Letter 5 focuses on London and the Court. Volume 2 ends with Letters 6 and 7 describing a path out to Anglesey and back. Finally, in Volume 3, the narrator begins at the Trent or the Mersey and slowly travels northwards from the Midlands, taking up Letters 8 through 10. Finally, Scotland is divided into three convenient units for Letters 11
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Royal coat of arms of Great Britain


The Royal coat of arms of Great Britain was the coat of arms representing royal authority in the sovereign state of the Kingdom of Great Britain, in existence from 1707 to 1801. The kingdom came into being on 1 May 1707, with the political union of the kingdom of Scotland and the kingdom of England, which included Wales. With the 1706 Treaty of Union (ratified by the Acts of Union 1707), it was agreed to create a single kingdom, encompassing the whole of the island of Great Britain and its outlying
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Great Britain


whole of England, Scotland and Wales, including their smaller off shore islands. While it is sometimes used to refer to the whole of the United Kingdom, including Northern Ireland, this is not correct. Similarly, "Britain" can refer to either all islands in Great Britain, the largest island, or the political grouping of countries. There is no clear distinction, even in government documents: the UK government yearbooks have used both "Britain" and "United Kingdom". "GB" and "GBR" are
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VisitBritain


VisitBritain is the name used by the British Tourist Authority, the tourist board of Great Britain incorporated under the Development of Tourism Act 1969. Under memoranda of understanding with the Northern Ireland Tourist Board and the offshore islands of Guernsey, Jersey and the Isle of Man, VisitBritain also hosts information on those territories on its website. However, under the 1969 Act, the remit of the organisation extends only to Great Britain rather than the whole of the United Kingdom. VisitBritain was created in April 2003 to market Britain to the rest of
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Great Britain


smaller surrounding islands, form the British Isles archipelago. The island is dominated by a maritime climate with quite narrow temperature differences between seasons. Politically, Great Britain is part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and constitutes most of its territory. Most of England, Scotland, and Wales are on the island. The term "Great Britain" is often used to include the whole of England, Scotland and Wales including their component adjoining islands; and is also occasionally but contentiously applied to the UK as a
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Kingdom of Great Britain


The Kingdom of Great Britain, officially called Great Britain, was a sovereign state in western Europe from 1 May 1707 to 1 January 1801. The state came into being following the Treaty of Union in 1706, ratified by the Acts of Union 1707, which united the kingdoms of England (which included Wales) and Scotland to form a single kingdom encompassing the whole island of Great Britain and its outlying islands, with the exception of the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands. The unitary state was governed by a single parliament
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Great Britain


Team GB" is used by the British Olympic Association to represent the British Olympic team. The Olympic Council of Ireland claims to represent the whole island of Ireland, and Northern Irish sportspeople may choose to compete for either team, most choosing to represent Ireland. Politically, Great Britain refers to the whole of England, Scotland and Wales in combination, but not Northern Ireland; it includes islands, such as the Isle of Wight, Anglesey, the Isles of Scilly, the Hebrides and the island groups of Orkney and Shetland,
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Rugby union at the Summer Olympics


. Like the 1900 games, three teams entered: Australasia (representing Australia and New Zealand), France, and hosts Great Britain (which included the whole of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland). France pulled out prior to the commencement of the tournament, being unable to field a representative team. Australasia was represented by the Wallabies, who were already on tour in Britain. As the best English and Welsh players were on tour in New Zealand at the time, Great Britain was represented by the Cornwall county
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Hardingstone


in three tiers and originally had a crowning terminal – possibly a cross. It is not known when this was lost, but it had been lost by the time of the second Battle of Northampton in 1460. The cross is referred to in Daniel Defoe's "Tour through the whole island of Great Britain", where he reports on the Great Fire of Northampton in 1675: ... a townsman being at Queen's Cross upon a hill on the south side of the town, about two miles off, saw the fire at
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United Kingdom


"Great Britain" conventionally refers to the island of Great Britain, or politically to England, Scotland and Wales in combination. However, it is sometimes used as a loose synonym for the United Kingdom as a whole. The term "Britain" is used both as a synonym for Great Britain, and as a synonym for the United Kingdom. Usage is mixed, with the BBC preferring to use Britain as shorthand only for Great Britain and the UK Government, while accepting that both terms refer to the United Kingdom, preferring
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Outline of the United Kingdom


The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; a sovereign state in Europe, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK), or Britain. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, it includes the island of Great Britain—a term also applied loosely to refer to the whole country—the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands Crown dependencies British Overseas Territories The United Kingdom is a member state
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Monmouth cap


Daniel Defoe, in his 1712 "Tour through the Whole Island of Great Britain", described Monmouth caps as being worn predominantly by Dutch seamen. Peter the Great of Russia wore one when working for the East India Company in 1697; it is preserved in the Hermitage Museum in St Petersburg. The caps were increasingly made outside Monmouth, and the term "Monmouth cap" became a generic one. Other areas, such as Coventry, produced other varieties of cap, and similar caps were known simply as knitted caps, Kilmarnock
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Craddock Dufty


for the New Zealand squad that played against the first tour of Australia. In 1922 he toured Australia with the New Zealand Māori side. He played in five inter-island games for the North Island, his last being in 1930. In 1924 he played for both Auckland City and Auckland Province against the touring Great Britain Lions. He was part of the disastrous 1926-27 New Zealand tour of Great Britain, which resulted in several forwards going on strike and receiving life bans. In 1928 he again played the touring Lions
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Terminology of the British Isles


The most northerly point on the island, Malin Head, is in the Republic of Ireland—in County Donegal's Inishowen Peninsula. The dictionary definition of British Isles is that it is a geographical term that refers to the whole of Ireland and Great Britain as well as the surrounding islands. It is sometimes incorrectly used as if identical to the UK; or to refer to Great Britain and the surrounding islands, excluding the island of Ireland entirely. The BBC and "The Times" have style guides that mandate the dictionary definition
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Bert Avery


he represented Auckland and was part of the side that held the Northern Union Cup and recorded victories over the touring Great Britain Lions in 1921. By 1925 he was made captain of the Auckland side. He was also part of the first two inter Island matches, playing for the North Island in 1925 and 1926. Between 1919 and 1927 Avery played in thirteen test matches for New Zealand including against the 1919 touring Australians and 1920 and 1924 touring Great Britain Lions. He was part of tours of New South Wales and Queensland in
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Robert Seppings


the whole of the keel, the vessel remaining suspended by the shores. Soon, his creation became commonly known as "Seppings Blocks." For this invention Seppings received £1000 from the Admiralty, and in 1804 was promoted to be a master shipwright at Chatham. At Chatham, in spite of the repugnance to innovation displayed by the naval authorities of that period, he was able to introduce important innovations in the methods of ship-construction. Quoted as saying "partial strength produces general weakness", he significantly improved the
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Britain (place name)


early 20th century, the name was changed to "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland", which is still the official name. In contemporary usage therefore, "Great Britain", while synonymous with the island of Britain, and capable of being used to refer politically to England, Scotland and Wales in combination, is sometimes used as a loose synonym for the United Kingdom as a whole. For example, the term "Team GB" and "Great Britain" were used to refer to the United Kingdom's
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Cobham Park


records of royal patronage from the late 13th century. The Downe family lived there for several generations, leading to the still extant name of Downside for the locality. The house was later also known as "Downe Hall". The house was rebuilt in the classical style in the 1720s by John Bridges. The design was based on an Italian villa of the 1680s. A description in Daniel Defoe's "A Tour Through The Whole Island of Great Britain" reads "... for the size of this House, there is hardly
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Stourbridge fair


instruments including a pair of prisms, which he used to demonstrate that white light could be split into the colours of the spectrum. Daniel Defoe visited the fair and wrote at length of it in his "Tour through the whole island of Great Britain", stating: He described the huge variety of merchandise, with stalls including "goldsmiths, toyshops, brasiers, turners, milliners, haberdashers, hatters, mercers, drapers, pewterers, china-warehouses, and in a word all trades that can be named in London.
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Baldock


St. Matthew's Day and for four days following. This would mean the original fair was held on 21–25 September, but with the Calendar reform of 1752 the dates are now 2, 3 and 4 October. Today the principal part of the fair is a visiting Amusement Fair which sets up in the High Street. The 2012 festival resulted in some controversy with a dispute between the organisers of the festival and the Performing Rights Society Daniel Defoe, in his book "A tour through the whole island of Great Britain", passed
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Dip pen


. Several other surviving all-metal and removable-nib pens from the Middle Ages and Renaissance have been found, suggesting they were used alongside quill pens. The steel pen is first attested in Daniel Defoe's book "A Tour Through the Whole Island of Great Britain – 1724–26". In Letter VII Defoe wrote: "the plaster of the ceilings and walls in some rooms is so fine, so firm, so entire, that they break it off in large flakes, and it will bear writing on it with a
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Britannia


to be used for Great Britain specifically. After the Roman conquest in 43 AD, Britannia meant Roman Britain, a province covering the island south of Caledonia (roughly Scotland). When Roman Britain was divided into four provinces in 197 AD, two were called Britannia Superior and Britannia Inferior. Britannia is the name given to the female personification of the island, and it is a term still used to refer to the whole island. In the 2nd century, Roman Britannia came to be personified as a goddess, armed with a
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Golgonooza


the terrible starry wheels of Albions sons: But that toward Eden is walled up, till time of renovation: Yet it is perfect in its building, ornaments & perfection. Building Golgonooza Los stands in London on the banks of the Thames but it covers the whole of Britain: From Golgonooza the spiritual Four-fold London eternal In immense labours & sorrows, ever building, ever falling, Thro Albions four Forests which overspread all the Earth, From London Stone to Blackheath east: to Hounslow west: To Finchley north: to
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Rail transport in the United Kingdom


The United Kingdom consists of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and previously consisted of Great Britain and the whole of Ireland. Rail transport systems developed independently on the two island masses of Great Britain and Ireland, and most of the railway construction in the Republic of Ireland was undertaken before the creation of the Irish Free State in 1922. Thus, the logical division to discuss the history and present-day state of railways in these areas is by geographical division, rather than the nationalist division of nation states. The United Kingdom is
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East Boston


. He stated ... in my opinion that the circular route from Chelsea thro' Charlestown to Boston is about 1 of a mile farther than a direct course over Noddle's Island in Boston ... The course suggested will be almost in a direct line, from my knowledge of the land ... On the back part of the Island is a muddy creek and the distance of the Island to Boston is not so great by one third, I presume as it is from Chelsea to Moreton Point in Charlestown ... There is no doubt that but
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Dorking


include: Daniel Defoe who attended Rev. James Fisher's boarding school in Pixham Lane, and Defoe later mentioned Dorking in his tour through the whole Island of Great Britain. Henry Hope and his nephew Thomas Hope spent summers at Deepdene in the beginning of the 19th century. Benjamin Disraeli wrote his novel Coningsby also while staying in Deepdene House (demolished in 1967) on the outskirts of the town. Emma Holland was brought up in the town. The Cubitt family also had links with the town. Thomas Cubitt was born and lived
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Irish neutrality


Chapter VII missions and again in 2006 to allow for regionally organised UN missions. Before the creation of the Irish Free State, the whole island of Ireland was part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 1801 to 1922; the pre-1801 Kingdom of Ireland was separate from but subordinate to the Kingdom of Great Britain (and before 1707 the Kingdom of England). While Irish unionists supported political integration with Britain, Irish nationalists were divided between those who envisaged some continuing link with Britain and the "advanced nationalists",
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Martello tower


of Great Britain and Ireland can be considered to have been part of a single defensive system, designed to protect the coastlines of the two main islands of the British Isles as a whole. This is most clearly visible on the south and east coasts of England and the east coast of Ireland, where chains of Martello towers were built. Elsewhere in the world, individual Martello towers were erected to provide point defence of strategic locations. Between 1804 and 1812 the British authorities built a chain of towers based on the original Mortella tower
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Frank Mulcare


Frank Mulcare is a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. Born in Ngahere, Mulcare was a farmer. Mulcare played for the Ngahere club and represented the West Coast and South Island. He first made the New Zealand national rugby league team in 1951, being selected for the tour of Great Britain and France. He then toured Australia in 1952 and played in home test matches against Australia in 1953 and Great Britain in 1954. In 1953 the American All Stars toured New Zealand. The squad had many injuries and
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Charlie Pearce


Charlie James Pearce was a New Zealand rugby footballer who was part of the professional 1907-1908 New Zealand rugby tour of Great Britain. Pearce originally played rugby union for the Christchurch Albion and represented Canterbury between 1903 and 1906. In 1906 Pearce was also selected for the South Island team. He was a butcher by trade. Like Albion teammates, Joseph Lavery and Hubert Turtill, Pearce was selected for the professional All Blacks 1907-1908 tour of Australia and Great Britain. All the members of the touring party received a life
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Rex Percy


national rugby league team, touring Great Britain and France. He was again named for the Kiwis in 1957, being part of the World Cup squad that year. In 1958 Percy was part of the first ever Grand Final in the Auckland Rugby League competition, which Ponsonby won 16-7. He also toured the South Island with Auckland and played for the Kiwis against Great Britain that year. 1959 was his last year in a Kiwis jersey and he toured Australia. Percy played in nine test matches during his career and scored
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Pacific Islanders rugby union team


that year's tour to Great Britain and Ireland would consist only of players who had previously played for Fiji, Manu Samoa or Tonga. This was intended to ensure that the Pacific Islanders team serves to develop players for the island nations only. Notably, two players on the 2004 tour, Sione Lauaki and Sitiveni Sivivatu (the latter the Islanders' leading scorer on that tour), went on to play for the All Blacks. During that tour, they were the last opponents of at their traditional home of Lansdowne Road before
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History of Sheffield


were used in cutlery and blade production. As early as the 14th century, Sheffield was noted for the production of knives: By 1600 Sheffield was the main centre of cutlery production in England outside London, and in 1624 The Company of Cutlers in Hallamshire was formed to oversee the trade. Examples of water-powered blade and cutlery workshops from around this time can be seen at the Abbeydale Industrial Hamlet and Shepherd Wheel museums in Sheffield. Around a century later, Daniel Defoe in his book "A tour thro' the whole
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Joshua Gilpin


"Journal of a Tour from Philadelphia Thro the Western Counties of Pennsylvania in the Months of September and October, 1809", "The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography", Vol. 50. No. 1, (1926), pp 64–78. Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/20086594 Joshua Gilpin, "Journal of a Tour from Philadelphia Thro the Western Counties of Pennsylvania in the Months of September and October, 1809 (continued)", "The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography", Vol. 50. No. 2
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Jim Challinor


Britain to victory in the 1972 Rugby League World Cup in France. During the 1973 Kangaroo tour he coached Great Britain to an 11–7 victory over Australia at Knowsley Road, St. Helens on Tuesday 13 November 1973. Challinor was also coach on the 1974 Great Britain Lions tour, due to an injury crisis he came out of retirement on the New Zealand leg, he scored a try in the 33–2 victory over South Island rugby league team at Greymouth on Tuesday 6 August 1974, however he picked up an injury that resulted in him
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History of fire brigades in the United Kingdom


government was again reformed in 1996, and all brigades except Tayside and the Highlands and Islands eventually adopted the name "Fire and Rescue Service". Under the terms of the Police and Fire Reform (Scotland) Act 2012, the eight regional services were replaced by a single Scottish Fire and Rescue Service for the whole of Scotland, with effect from 1 April 2013. The Scottish Fire and Rescue Service has its headquarters in Cambuslang (having initially been based in Perth). As in Great Britain, there were numerous local authority
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Joshua Gilpin


, (1927), pp 163–178. Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/20086605 Joshua Gilpin, "Journal of a Tour from Philadelphia Thro the Western Counties of Pennsylvania in the Months of September and October, 1809 (continued)", "The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography", Vol. 50. No. 4, (1926), pp 380–382. Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/20086622 Joshua Gilpin, "Journal of a Tour from Philadelphia Thro the Western Counties of Pennsylvania in the Months of September and October, 1809 (continued)"
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Joshua Gilpin


, "The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography", Vol. 51. No. 2, (1927), pp 172–190. Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/20086637 Joshua Gilpin, "Journal of a Tour from Philadelphia Thro the Western Counties of Pennsylvania in the Months of September and October, 1809 (continued)", "The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography", Vol. 51. No. 4, (1927), pp 351–375. Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/20086650 Joshua Gilpin, "Journal of a Tour from Philadelphia Thro
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2019 Great Britain Lions tour


The 2019 Great Britain Lions tour is a forthcoming tour by the Great Britain national rugby league team to the Southern Hemisphere in 2019. The tour will be the first matches played by the Lions since 2007 when they defeated New Zealand 3–0 during the New Zealand tour that year. The last time the Lions travelled to Australasia was for the 2006 Tri-Nations tournament and the last full Lions tour was in 1996. After the 2007 New Zealand tour to Great Britain the Great Britain Lions were disbanded and more emphasis was placed on the
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Roman Britain


Roman Britain ( or, later, "", "the Britains") was the area of the island of Great Britain that was governed by the Roman Empire, from 43 to 410 AD. It comprised almost the whole of England and Wales and, for a short period, southern Scotland. Julius Caesar invaded Britain in 55 and 54 BC as part of his Gallic Wars. According to Caesar, the Britons had been overrun or culturally assimilated by other Celtic tribes during the British Iron Age and had been aiding Caesar's
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Notes from a Small Island


Notes from a Small Island is a humorous travel book on Great Britain by American author Bill Bryson, first published in 1995. Bryson wrote "Notes from a Small Island" when he decided to move back to his native United States, but wanted to take one final trip around Great Britain, which had been his home for over twenty years. Bryson covers all corners of the island, observing and talking to people from as far afield as Exeter in the West Country to John o' Groats at the north-eastern tip
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Sipping Cider Through a Straw


" was published in Great Britain by Charles Sheard & Co., and Sheard also held the U.S. copyright. It was noted in waltz time in the key of F. The first line is "The funniest girl that I ever saw, Was sucking cider thro' a straw". The lyrics go on to describe how a man ends up married because of sucking cider through a straw with a girl; the White-Smith sheet music advertised it as "drolly delivered to shrieks of laughter". In "The American Songbag"
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John Black (privateer)


: ""A small brig from the Cape of Good Hope, commanded by Mr. Black (a person of good abilities as a surveyor and navigator) passed thro and keeping more to the Southward made Cape Albany Otway and standing to the southward made an island lying in the centre of the west entrance of the strait which he named King Island and afterwards passed thro the centre of the strait unadvisable to attempt from the east only from the west."" A copy of Black's writing on the passage through Bass Strait in
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Graeme Cooksley


same year for two test matches against Australia. He played in twenty two games, including thirteen test matches for New Zealand between 1969 and 1972, and was included in the squads for the 1970 and 1972 World Cups and the 1971 tour of Great Britain and France. In 1974 Cooksley played for the South Island against the touring Great Britain Lions. In 1975 he played for Canterbury when they upset Auckland 15-14. Between 1975 and 1977 he was the player-coach of Eastern Suburbs before spending a season each with Kaiapoi
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Great Britain national rugby league team


side in the 2007 All Golds tour. After the 2007 All Golds tour Great Britain was retired with the focus being more on strengthening the other three home nations. A 2015 Great Britain Lions tour of Australasia was approved by the RLIF however the Australians wanted to have a year off before the 2016 Four Nations. In 2016 it was rumoured the Australians want to have a Kangeroos tour of the UK against Great Britain. In May 2017, it was confirmed that Great Britain would tour the southern hemisphere in 2019, with New Zealand
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2002 New Zealand rugby league tour of Great Britain and France


The 2002 New Zealand rugby league tour of Great Britain and France was a tour by the New Zealand national rugby league team. The New Zealand national rugby league team drew the series 1-all against Great Britain and also defeated Wales and France. This was the Kiwis first tour of Great Britain since the 2000 World Cup, the Kangaroos having toured Great Britain the previous year. The original squad named in September included Nathan Cayless, Craig Smith and Tevita Vaikona who all later had to withdraw from the final squad. Before the tour started
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Methodist Church of Great Britain


Methodist churches. Others, such as the landmark Birmingham Central Hall, and Liverpool's Grand Central Hall, have been sold and adapted as retail or nightclub venues. One of the remaining halls is Methodist Central Hall, located off Parliament Square in Westminster, established in 1912 to serve as a church with additional use "for conferences on religious, educational, scientific, philanthropic and social questions". The Connexion is divided into thirty-one districts covering the whole of Great Britain, the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands.
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Monarchy of the United Kingdom


1798, the Act of Union merged the kingdom of Great Britain and the kingdom of Ireland into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The whole island of Ireland continued to be a part of the United Kingdom until 1922, when what is now the Republic of Ireland won independence as the Irish Free State, a separate Dominion within the Commonwealth. The Irish Free State was renamed Éire (or "Ireland") in 1937, and in 1949 declared itself a republic, left the Commonwealth and severed all ties with the
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Great Bookham


; King Offa of Mercia and of the nations roundabout in 787; King Athelstan who was "King and ruler of the whole island of Britain" in 933 confirmed the privileges to the monastery; King Edgar, "Emperor of all Britain" in 967 confirmed "twelve mansiones" in Bocham, and King Edward the Confessor, King of the English, in 1062 confirmed twenty mansae at Bocham cum Effingham, Driteham and Pechingeorde. Great Bookham lay within the Anglo-Saxon administrative district of Effingham half hundred. The Domesday Book 1086
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Media panic


Media panic is emotional criticism against a new medium or media technology such as the Internet, the World Wide Web, computer games or social media. Media panic has a long history. At the end of the 18th century, print media were the subject of strong criticism in Great Britain for "the poison continually flowing thro' the channel of vulgar and licentious publications". The Danish media scholar Kirsten Drotner defines media panic in the following way: In some cases, debate of a new medium brings about - indeed changes into
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Bert Cooke (rugby)


club rugby in 1923. In that same year he made his Auckland debut and was a reserve for New Zealand against New South Wales. He was then part of the 1924–1925 "Invincibles" side that toured Great Britain. He again played for the All Blacks in 1925 and 1926 but withdrew from the 1928 tour of South Africa for business reasons. He did play twice in 1928 for New Zealand against New South Wales before making his last Test appearances in 1930 against Great Britain. Cooke played for the North Island in 1931 and
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Joseph Lavery


Joseph Aloysius Lavery was a New Zealand rugby footballer who was part of the professional 1907-1908 New Zealand rugby tour of Great Britain. Lavery worked on for the New Zealand Railways Department. Lavery started his career playing for Temuka in 1901 before moving to Christchurch Albion where he was a club mate of Hubert Turtill and Charlie Pearce. Lavery represented Canterbury between 1902 and 1904 and played for the South Island in 1903. Lavery joined the professional All Blacks tour of Great Britain and Australia in 1907-1908, thus switching codes to
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1982 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France


-minded Balmain Tigers coach Frank Stanton who demanded great discipline and focus from his sides and who was making his third tour. Stanton's first tour came as a player in 1963–64, while this was his second consecutive as coach after also coaching the 1978 Kangaroo tour. Manly-Warringah's Max Krilich was making his second Kangaroo tour and was named captain and carried out his duties coolly and with great application. Queensland captain Wally Lewis was named as tour vice-captain. Interviewed by journalist/author Ian Whiticker in 2004 Krilich
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Battle of Tory Island


might act as the ideal platform for a subsequent invasion of Great Britain. The rhetoric of the French Revolution inspired many Irishmen to fight for similar principles of liberty, equality, and brotherhood in their own nation; liberty in this context largely meant independence from Great Britain. With these goals in mind, in 1791 Dublin lawyer Wolfe Tone founded the Society of United Irishmen. Allying itself with the French Republic, the society was suppressed by the British authorities and forced to go underground when war broke out between France and Great Britain in
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Wilfrid


from within the locality. Wilfrid's deposition became tangled up in a dispute over whether or not the Gregorian plan for Britain, with two metropolitan sees, the northern one set at York, would be followed through or abandoned. Wilfrid seems to have felt that he had metropolitan authority over the northern part of England, but Theodore never acknowledged that claim, instead claiming authority over the whole of the island of Britain. Wilfrid went to Rome after his expulsion to appeal against Theodore and Ecgfrith's decisions, the first Englishman to challenge
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Great Britain women's national rugby league team


It is planned that the Great Britain team will come together in future only for occasional tours, same as the Great Britain Lions. In 2002 Great Britain Lionesses went on a tour of Australia with Australian Women's Rugby League on the matches were 14 July - 1st Test was Australian Jillaroos at Wentworthville Oval then 17 July - Queensland vs Great Britain, 20 July - 2nd Test Australian Jillaroos, 23 July - Canberra vs Great Britain at Seiffart Oval, 27 July - 3rd Test Australian Jillaroos at Bruce Stadium for this tour they were
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Jimmy Hunter


the one Test match against Great Britain, but after an injuring himself the day before the match, he was replaced. He was first selected for the North Island team in the annual inter-island match that year as well. In 1905 he captained the North Island to a 26–0 victory over the South Island; the match was also used as a trial for the All Blacks team to tour the British Isles that year. He was selected for the New Zealand team that toured the New Zealand and Australia that July. This
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1963–64 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France


The 1963-64 Kangaroo tour was the eleventh Kangaroo tour, during which the Australian national rugby league team traveled to Europe and played thirty-six matches against British and French club and representative teams. It included three Test matches against Great Britain for The Ashes, and three Tests against the French. The tour followed the 1959-60 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France and was followed by the 1967-68 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France. The Australian team was captain-coached by Western Suburbs Magpies Arthur Summons
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Pierre Van Cortlandt


wrote in his memoir that in "the Spring of 1780 ... having passed thro the Manor of Cortlandt Saw My friends at Peeks Kill and then to Nine Partners where my Father and his family were obliged to remove from Rhinebeck as Colo. Livingston would not suffer him to remain any longer". Van Cortlandt served in the colonial forces during the American Revolution in spite of efforts by British officials to ensure his loyalty to Great Britain. On October 19, 1775, he was appointed Colonel of the Third Regiment of Westchester County Militia.
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1994 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France


for the game, the third test was a genuine contest and the 23–4 scoreline didn't tell the whole story and it wasn't until late in the game that Australia put the result beyond doubt. Laurie Daley opened the scoring midway through the first half with a try from his own kick. Near the Great Britain line he chip kicked over Paul Newlove who got a hand to the ball but it deflected up perfectly for the Australian vice-captain who caught the ball and stepped past a wrong footed Gary Connolly and put it
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1998 New Zealand rugby league tour of Great Britain


The 1998 New Zealand rugby league tour of Great Britain was a tour by the New Zealand national rugby league team. The New Zealand national rugby league team defeated Great Britain 2–0 in the three match test series. New Zealand arrived in Great Britain for the first time since the 1995 World Cup, having already lost a test series 1–2 with Australia. It was the first full tour of Great Britain by a New Zealand side since 1993. Many of the squad, including coach Frank Endacott, had been involved in the Auckland Warriors
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1993 New Zealand rugby league tour of Great Britain and France


The 1993 New Zealand rugby league tour of Great Britain and France was a tour by the New Zealand national rugby league team. The New Zealand national rugby league team lost a series 0-3 against Great Britain but defeated Wales and France in one-off test matches. They also won games against Wigan, St Helens, Widnes, Leeds and the Great Britain under 23's. New Zealand last toured Great Britain in 1989. Earlier in 1993, New Zealand had drawn 14-all with the Kangaroos at Mt Smart Stadium. This
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Continental Europe


Continental or mainland Europe is the continuous continent of Europe, excluding its surrounding islands. It can also be referred to ambiguously as the European continent – which can conversely mean the whole of Europe – and by Europeans, simply the Continent. The most common definition of continental Europe excludes continental islands, encompassing the Greek Islands, Cyprus, Malta, Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, the Balearic Islands, Great Britain and Ireland and surrounding islands, Novaya Zemlya and the Nordic archipelago, as well as nearby oceanic islands, including the Canary
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