Frederik Jacobus Johannes Buytendijk [SEP] languages spoken or written
Kunst zij ons doel


Willem Karel Rees, Laurens Floris van Reijsen, Johannes Cornelis Gerardus A. Roest, Nicolaas Johannes Roosenboom, Huib de Ru, Jan Rusman, Josef Santen, Martinus Savrij, Marianna Christina Schakel, Andreas Schelfhout, Hendrik Jacobus Scholten, Henk Schoorl, Nico Schrier, Jeanne Schwartz, Frederik Wilhelm Sinnecker, Freek Souwer, Johan Spaling, Leen Spierenburg, Joop Stoffels, Frederik Teding van Berkhout, Margaretha C. Verheus, Ab Vermeulen, Wouter Verschuur, Jan Visser, Elias Voet, Leendert de Vogel, Barend van Voorden, Anton Voorzanger,
6640995
Bart van Hove


, Jan Bronner, Lambertus Franciscus Edema van der Tuuk, Annie Ermeling, August Falise, Chris Hammes, Albert Hemelman, Gerard Hoppen, Bernardus IJzerdraat, Hildo Krop, Louis Maria van der Maas, Joseph (II) Mendes da Costa, Elisabeth Francisca Nieuwenhuis, Frederik Amalius van Oostveen, John Rädecker, Theo van Reijn, Jan Rotgans, John Ruys, Lizzy Schouten, Jo Schreve-IJzerman, Anton Smeerdijk, Kees Smout, Jacobus Frederik Sterre de Jong, Henri Teixeira de Mattos, Frans Werner, Johannes Cornelis Wienecke,
13784984
Johannes Jacobus Smith


Johannes Jacobus Smith (Antwerp 29 June 1867 – Oegstgeest 14 January 1947) (sometimes written as Joannes Jacobus Smith) was a Dutch botanist who, between years 1905 to 1924, crossed the islands of the Dutch East Indies (mainly Java), collecting specimens of plants and describing and cataloguing the flora of these islands. The standard botanical author abbreviation J.J.Sm. is applied to plants described by J.J. Smith. The description of the flowers of the western half of New Guinea (then a Dutch territory) is largely based on his
13825482
Early Slavs


Alps in the southwest or the Balkan Mountains in the south, or past Bohemia in the west. Frederik Kortlandt has suggested that the number of candidates for Slavic homeland may rise from a tendency among historians to date "proto-languages farther back in time than is warranted by the linguistic evidence"; although all spoken languages change gradually over time, in the absence of written records that change can be identified by historians only after a population has expanded and separated long enough to develop daughter languages. The existence of an "original
15914006
Frank Buytendijk


on data warehouses - quickly followed. This was a more technology-oriented book. Both the first and second book were written in Dutch. Buytendijk's third book, titled "Performance Leadership," was published by McGraw-Hill; it discussed the relationship between performance management and organizational behavior. The book has its roots in behavioral economics. "Dealing with Dilemmas", published by John Wiley & Sons, followed in 2010. It argues, following Henry Mintzberg, that strategy is full of dilemmas that require a different approach
16704961
Maria Margaretha van Os


Maria Margaretha van Os (November 15, 1779 – November 17, 1862), was a 19th-century flower painter from the Northern Netherlands. She was born in The Hague as the daughter of the painters Jan van Os and Susanna de la Croix. She was the younger sister of Pieter Gerardus van Os and became the older sister of Georgius Jacobus Johannes van Os and Pieter Frederik van Os. Like her brothers, she was a pupil of her parents; her father was a landscape and still-life artist and her
8737263
Henry Glen


English, in Dutch, or in a combination of both languages. In addition, his name is sometimes recorded with his middle name, without his middle name, and with spelling variants, including "Hendrik" and "Hendrick." His last name also sometimes appears in written records as "Glenn." Glen became a merchant and was successful in the Indian Trade and land speculation, operating a company in partnership with his brother Johannes and Jacobus Teller. He was an early white settler of Schenectady, and was appointed Town
9819309
Fanie Eloff


Fanie Eloff, (1885-1947) Stephanus Johannes Paulus Eloff was born as the sixth child and second son of Frederik Christoffel Eloff and Elsie Francina Eloff (née Kruger). They lived right next to his grandfather, President Paul Kruger of the Zuid Afrikaanse Republiek on church street in Pretoria. Eloff along with other influential South African Artists like Jacobus Hendrik Pierneef, Gerard Moerdijk and Gordon Leith attended the Staats Model School in Pretoria until the outbreak of the Anglo Boer War (1899-1902). The Eloff family followed Paul
11564650
Written language


A written language is the representation of a spoken or gestural language by means of a writing system. Written language is an invention in that it must be taught to children, who will pick up spoken language or sign language by exposure even if they are not formally instructed. A written language exists only as a complement to a specific spoken language, and no natural language is purely written. Written languages change more slowly than corresponding spoken languages. When at least one register of a language is strongly divergent from spoken language, the
6491021
Johann Gottlieb Christaller


the Natives" (1854). These works were a useful guide to Christaller. Based on these literary works, Christaller chose the Akuapem dialect to be the written form of Twi even though he learnt the version spoken at Akyem Abuakwa while living in Kyebi. Moreover, the Basel Mission on the Gold Coast had its headquarters at Akropong and the dialect of spoken Twi first assumed a written form by 1853. He justified this selection in one of his published books, "Grammar of the Asante and Fante Language Called Tschi" (
7598186
Frank Buytendijk


The Data Warehousing Institute (TDWI). Currently, Buytendijk is a research vice president at analyst firm Gartner, where he served before as well between 2001 and 2006. Buytendijk wrote five books related to strategy, organizational behavior and performance management. A common theme throughout these books is the application of stakeholder theory in business. According to managementboek.nl, Buytendijk's first book on balanced scorecards briefly reached the #1 sales position for management books in the Netherlands; it remained in the top 100 for 890 days. His second book -
16704960
BCMC College of Engineering & Technology


Course; 03-months course 2. English Language Training Course (Spoken & Written); 06-months course 3. Spanish Language Training Course (Spoken & Written); 06-months course 4. German (Deutsch) Language Training Course (Spoken & Written); 06-months course 5. Arabic Language Training Course (Spoken & Written); 06-months course 6. Japanese Language Training Course (Spoken & Written); 06-months course 7. Korean Language Training Course (Spoken & Written); 06-months course 8. Chinese Language Training Course (Spoken &
1156668
Jacobus Josephus Eeckhout


his son Victor Eeckhout who was an Orientalist painter. Other pupils were Willem Archibald Bake, Pieter Gerardus Bernhard, Johannes Mattheus Bogman, Louis Antoine Carolus, François De Marneffe, Gijsbertus Arnoldus Gretser, Henri Jean Baptiste Jolly, Willem Hendrik Pauli, Henri Rochussen and Frederik Pieter Thomas Somerschoe. He painted historical and genre subjects, and portraits. His style and themes went back to the Dutch school of the 17th century painters such as Gerrit Dou and Frans van Mieris. The detailed small-scale works of these Dutch masters were held
4721402
Johann Christoph Adelung


1771–1826). Of the very numerous works by Adelung, the following may be noted: "Directorium diplomaticum" (Meissen, 1802); "Deutsche Sprachlehre für Schulen" (Berlin, 1781), and the periodical, "Magazin für die deutsche Sprache" (1782–1784). He believed strongly that the orthography of the written language should match that of the spoken language. He declared, "Write as you speak and read as it is written". This principle has later been accepted as the key point of the
17526257
Language development


more skilled. Kroll considers the second phase in writing development to be consolidation. Here, children begin to consolidate spoken and written language. In this phase children's writing skills rely heavily on their spoken language skills, and their written and spoken language becoming integrated. Children's written language skills become stronger as they use their spoken language skills to improve their writing. Then in turn, when a development in children's written language skills is seen, their spoken language skills have also improved. A child's written language in this
11469661
Language planning


often viewed as secondary to spoken language, the vocabulary, grammatical structures and phonological structures of a language often adopt characteristics in the written form that are distinct from the spoken variety. Second, the use of writing often leads to a folk belief that the written language is the 'real' language, and speech is a corruption of it. Written language is viewed as more conservative, while the spoken variety is more susceptible to language change. Isolated relic areas of the spoken language may be less innovative than the written form,
16819092
Spoken language


especially in contrast to written transcriptions of signs. In spoken language, much of the meaning is determined by the context. That contrasts with written language in which more of the meaning is provided directly by the text. In spoken language, the truth of a proposition is determined by common-sense reference to experience, but in written language, a greater emphasis is placed on logical and coherent argument. Similarly, spoken language tends to convey subjective information, including the relationship between the speaker and the audience, whereas written language tends
6491018
Spoken language


to convey objective information. The relationship between spoken language and written language is complex. Within the field of linguistics the current consensus is that speech is an innate human capability, and written language is a cultural invention. However some linguists, such as those of the Prague school, argue that written and spoken language possess distinct qualities which would argue against written language being dependent on spoken language for its existence. Both vocal and sign languages are composed of words. In vocal languages, words are made up from a limited set of
6491019
Jacobus Capitein


Jacobus Elisa Johannes Capitein (born ca. 1717; died 1747) was a Dutch Christian minister of Ghanaian birth who was one of the first known sub-Saharan Africans to study at a European university and one of the first Africans to be ordained as a minister in the Dutch Reformed Church. He is credited with spreading the use of the written word in his native Ghana. Though a former slave, Capitein wrote a dissertation defending the right of Christians to keep slaves. Capitein, whose African name is unknown, was forcibly
18043326
Spoken language


A spoken language is a language produced by articulate sounds, as opposed to a written language. Many languages have no written form and so are only spoken. An oral language or vocal language is a language produced with the vocal tract, as opposed to a sign language, which is produced with the hands and face. The term "spoken language" is sometimes used to mean only vocal languages, especially by linguists, making all three terms synonyms by excluding sign languages. Others refer to sign language as "spoken",
6491017
Frank Buytendijk


Frank Buytendijk (The Hague, 1969) is a Dutch author of management books. He studied business and information technology at the Hogeschool Utrecht (University of Applied Sciences Utrecht), was a consultant at various firms in his home country, was a research analyst and held executive positions in various large, medium and small software companies. He has a background in business intelligence, corporate performance management and business process management. Buytendijk is also a visiting fellow at Cranfield University School of Management. In 2012, he was appointed fellow at
16704959
Johann Joachim Becher


philosophorum trismegistus dicta" (translated by Johannes Jacobus Heilmann) in vol. VI of the "Theatrum Chemicum". In 1657, he was appointed professor of medicine at the University of Mainz and physician to the archbishop-elector. His "Metallurgia" was published in 1660; and the next year appeared his "Character pro notitia linguarum universali", in which he gives 10,000 words for use as a universal language. In 1663, he published his "Oedipum Chemicum" and a book on animals, plants and minerals (
13193979
Lexis (linguistics)


dichotomy of spoken and written language which actually entails a shift in paradigm: while linguistic theory posits the superiority of spoken language over written language (as the former is the origin, comes naturally, and thus precedes the written language), or the written over the spoken (for the same reasons: the written language being the highest form of rudimentary speech), Halliday states they are two entirely different entities. He claims that speech is grammatically complex while writing is lexically dense. In other words, a sentence such as "
2341557
Integrationism


, or the symbolization of phonetic signs, students are equipped with the literacy to understand the written texts. However, it is often the case that students have a hard time understanding and interpreting a poem even though they know every single word. The glittering example reveals the problem of treating spoken language and written language as the same and implies the need to treat them differently. According to Kravchenko, spoken language and written language are different in that spoken language is temporal and local, while written language is atemporal and non-local
5778602
Integrationism


the community and society where one stays. With regard to it, this section first focuses on the distinction between spoken language (first-order language) and written language (second-order language) and how reading comprehension is achieved, and then aims at the impact of technology-enhanced interaction on reading comprehension. Traditionally, spoken language and written language are regarded as the two sides of the same coin In other words, written language is believed to fully represent its corresponding spoken language. Therefore, educators believe by teaching words
5778601
Jan Frederik Gronovius


Jan Frederik Gronovius (also seen as Johann Frederik and Johannes Fredericus) (10 February 1690 in Leiden – 10 July 1762 in Leiden) was a Dutch botanist notable as a patron of Linnaeus. John Clayton, a plant collector in Virginia sent him many specimens, as well as manuscript descriptions, in the 1730s. Without Clayton's knowledge, Gronovius used the material in his "Flora Virginica" (1739–43, 2nd ed. 1762). He was the son of Jakob Gronovius and grandson of Johann Friedrich Gronovius, both classical
22093
Romanization


extremes. Pure transcriptions are generally not possible, as the source language usually contains sounds and distinctions not found in the target language, but which must be shown for the romanized form to be comprehensible. Furthermore, due to diachronic and synchronic variance no written language represents any spoken language with perfect accuracy and the vocal interpretation of a script may vary by a great degree among languages. In modern times the chain of transcription is usually spoken foreign language, written foreign language, written native language, spoken (read) native language.
8902055
Frederik Christian von Haven


in 1738, leaving his family in financial difficulty. With the assistance of relatives, Frederik was able to study at the Cathedral School in Odense and then become a student in theology at the University of Copenhagen. He earned his Master's degree in 1750 and received a scholarship which enabled him to travel to Göttingen for further study, amongst other subjects in Asian languages under the famous professor Johann David Michaelis. The expedition to Arabia was Michaelis' idea; he was studying the Bible from comparative historical and linguistic perspectives, so determining
19516373
Johannes Frederik Hulk


Johannes Frederik Hulk Sr. (9 January 1829 – 12 June 1911) was a Dutch painter, draftsman, photographer, and owner of a paint supplies store. Hulk was born in Amsterdam in 1829. He was the youngest son of the merchant Hendrik Hulk and his English wife Mary Burroughs. He received painting lessons from his older brother Abraham and from Kasparus Karsen. As a painter he mainly painted landscapes, seascapes, cities, villages, and harbors. He gave painting lessons to his son Johannes Frederik "John" Hulk
2279661
Languages of Iraq


There are a number of languages spoken in Iraq, but Mesopotamian Arabic (Iraqi Arabic) is by far the most widely spoken in the country. The most widely spoken language in Iraq is the Arabic language (specifically Mesopotamian Arabic); the second most spoken language is Kurdish (mainly Sorani and Kurmanji dialects), followed by the Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman dialect of Turkish, and the Neo-Aramaic languages (specifically Chaldean and Ashuri). Arabic is written using the Arabic script and Kurdish is written with a modified Perso-
20847912
Uyghur language


Xākānī language described by Mahmud al-Kashgari in Dīwānu l-Luġat al-Turk. According to Frederik Coene, Modern Uyghur and Western Yugur belong to entirely different branches of the Turkic language family, respectively the southeastern Turkic languages and the northeastern Turkic languages. The Western Yugur language, although in geographic proximity, is more closely related to the Siberian Turkic languages in Siberia. Robert Dankoff wrote that the Turkic language spoken in Kashgar and used in Kara Khanid works was Karluk, not (Old) Uyghur. Robert Barkley Shaw wrote
21165824
Mauritz de Haas


Maurits Frederik Hendrik de Haas (December 12, 1832November 23, 1895) was a Dutch-American marine painter. His name has been written as "Mauritz Frederik de Haas", "Maurice F. H. de Haas", "Maurice Frederic Henri de Haas", "Mauritz Frederick Hendrick De Haas", "Maurice Frederick Hendrick de Haas", as well as various other variations. De Haas was born in Rotterdam, Netherlands. He studied art at the Rotterdam Academy and at The Hague, under Johannes Bosboom and Louis
11026771
Johannes Jacobus van Rhijn


Johannes Jacobus van Rhijn served as the twelfth Archbishop of Utrecht from 1797 to 1808. Before serving as Archbishop of Utrecht, van Rhijn served as a parish priest in Utrecht. Following the death of Walter van Nieuwenhuisen, Archbishop of Utrecht, on Good Friday, April 14, 1797, van Rhijn was consecrated Archbishop of Utrecht by Bishop Adrianus Johannes Broekman of Haarlem and Bishop Nicolas Nellemans of Deventer. He was subsequently excommunicated for the act by the Roman Catholic Church. C.B. Moss suggests that, perhaps linked to the fact that “
14747359
Languages of Hong Kong


into Hong Kong from Canton Province, Cantonese is the dominant Chinese variant spoken in the territory with smaller numbers of speakers from other dialects. There are also numerous sinitic languages spoken by the native peoples of the New Territories, many of which are mutually unintelligible. Cantonese is a vernacular and when reduced to writing is normally converted to a standard written Chinese quite dissimilar to the spoken word. There is also a written language based on the vocabulary and grammar of spoken Cantonese known as written Cantonese. Although the "biliterate and trilingual"
2224386
Abraham Jacobus Wendel


Abraham Jacobus Wendel (Leiden, 31 October 1826 - Leiden, 23 September 1915) was a Dutch lithographer, draughtsman and scientific botanical and paleontological illustrator using the signature AW. Abraham Jacobus Wendel was born in 1826 in Leiden as a son of Jacobus Cornelis Wendel (1796-1860) and Johanna Vegt (1801-1869). In 1849 he married Jannetje Koolen (1826-1904) and had six children, including Abraham Jacobus Johannes Wendel (Leiden, 9 July 1854 - 3 April 1930), who became a lithographer
10366375
Hans Ras


Johannes Jacobus (Hans) Ras (1 April 1926 – 22 October 2003) was emeritus professor of Javanese language and literature at Leiden University, the Netherlands. In 1961 he was lecturer at the University of Malaya, and in 1969 first representative in Jakarta of the KITLV (the Leiden-based Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde = Royal Institute of Linguistics and Anthropology). Until his retirement he was several times a member of the board of the KITLV. From 1985 to 1992, he was professor of Javanese language
11946800
Kemi Sámi language


Kemi Sámi was a Sámi language that was originally spoken in the southernmost district of Finnish Lapland as far south as the Sámi siidas around Kuusamo. A complex of local variants which had a distinct identity from other Sámi dialects, but existed in a linguistic continuum between Inari Sámi and Skolt Sámi (some Kemi groups sounded more like Inari, and some more like Skolt, due to geographic proximity). Extinct now for over 100 years, few written examples of Kemi Sámi survive. Johannes Schefferus's "Lapponia" from 1673 contains two
11800666
Jacobus Wittichius


Jacobus Wittichius (Jacob Wittich) (1677–1739) was a German-Dutch philosopher, a Cartesian and follower of Burchard de Volder, and holder of controversial views on the nature of God. He was the son of Tobias Wittich and nephew of Christophorus Wittichius, and was born in Aachen. He studied under Herman Alexander Roëll, at the University of Franeker. A Latin dissertation at the University of Duisburg in 1711, on the nature of God, and at least nominally against Benedictus de Spinoza and Frederik van Leenhof, raised some
17193972
Johannes Goropius Becanus


that Antwerpian Brabantic, spoken in the region between the Scheldt and Meuse Rivers, was the original language spoken in Paradise. Goropius believed that the most ancient language on Earth would be the simplest language, and that the simplest language would contain mostly short words. Since Brabantic has a higher number of short words than do Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, Goropius reasoned that it was the older language. A corollary of this theory was that all languages derived ultimately from Brabantic. The Latin word for “oak,” "quercus
1221654
Gospel riots


spoken or "demotic" Greek had evolved far from its ancient roots, and the two languages were now mutually incomprehensible. As a compromise, a grammatically simplified version of Ancient Greek known as "katharevousa glossa" ("language that tends towards purity") had been adopted as the written language of the new state in 1830. This meant that the spoken and written languages were now intentionally different. It was hoped that written "katharevousa" would provide a model for imitation, and that spoken Greek would naturally "purify"
19598876
Language development


fact that males are more visible, and thus more often diagnosed. Research in writing development has been limited in psychology. In the research that has been conducted, focus has generally centred on the development of written and spoken language and their connection. Spoken and written skills could be considered linked. Researchers believe that children's spoken language influences their written language. When a child learns to write they need to master letter formation, spelling, punctuation and they also have to gain an understanding of the structure and the organisational patterns involved
11469658
North Germanic languages


and written versions of the language, so the differences between spoken Norwegian and spoken Danish are somewhat more significant than the difference between their respective written forms. Written Danish is relatively close to the other Continental Scandinavian languages, but the sound developments of spoken Danish include reduction and assimilation of consonants and vowels, as well as the prosodic feature called "stød" in Danish, developments which have not occurred in the other languages (though the "stød" corresponds to the changes in pitch in Norwegian and Swedish, which are pitch-
19865425
Frederik van Eeden


meren des doods" (translated in English as "The Deeps of Deliverance"). Published in 1900, the novel intimately traced the struggle of a woman addicted to morphine as she deteriorated physically and mentally. His best known written work, "De Kleine Johannes" ("Little Johannes"), which first appeared in the premiere issue of "De Nieuwe Gids", was a fantastical adventure of an everyman who grows up to face the harsh realities of the world around him and the emptiness of hopes for a better
10512376
Adamic language


it was used by Adam in Paradise to name all things. The language was later dubbed Enochian, due to Dee's assertion that the Biblical Patriarch Enoch had been the last human (before Dee and Kelley) to know the language. Dutch physician, linguist, and humanist Johannes Goropius Becanus (1519–1572) theorized in "Origines Antwerpianae" (1569) that Antwerpian Brabantic, spoken in the region between the Scheldt and Meuse Rivers, was the original language spoken in Paradise. Goropius believed that the most ancient language on Earth would
2025731
Maithili language


Maithili (; "Maithilī") is an Indo-Aryan language native to the Indian subcontinent, mainly spoken in India and Nepal. In India, it is spoken in the states of Bihar and Jharkhand and is one of the 22 recognised Indian languages. In Nepal, it is spoken in the eastern Terai and is the second most prevalent language of Nepal. It is also one of the 122 recognized Nepalese languages. Tirhuta was formerly the primary script for written Maithili. Less commonly, it was also written in the local variant
12237739
Japanese: The Spoken Language


Japanese: The Spoken Language (JSL) is an introductory textbook series for learning Japanese. JSL was written by Eleanor Harz Jorden in collaboration with Mari Noda. "Part 1" was published in 1987 by Yale Language Press, "Part 2" in 1988, and "Part 3" in 1990. The series differs from most Japanese language textbooks in many ways, most basically in that it focuses exclusively on the spoken language and leaves discussion of any aspect of the written language to other textbooks, such as the parallel series
9995425
J. J. Smith (linguist)


Professor Johannes Jacobus "Jan" Smith (5 October 1883 − 18 June 1949) was a leading figure in the Afrikaans language movement and the compiler of the first standard Afrikaans dictionary. He was an important member of the committee which first attempted to standardize Afrikaans spelling, and was made the founding editor of "Die Huisgenoot", the family magazine of the Nasionale Pers, in which early Afrikaans literature was discussed. He was a professor of languages at Stellenbosch University from 1919 until his retirement in 1945. His nephew was the
4025152
Johannes Gijsbertus de Casparis


Johannes Gijsbertus de Casparis (31 May 1916, Eemnes – 19 June 2002, Wassenaar) was a Dutch orientalist and indologist. After attending Barlaeus Gymnasium in Amsterdam, De Casparis started piano study at the conservatory of Amsterdam. However, a year later, in 1934, he turned to classical languages with Russian as a minor at the University of Amsterdam. Barend Faddegon was teaching Sanskrit in Amsterdam and under his influence, de Casparis switched to Sanskrit. In 1935, the archaeologist Willem Frederik Stutterheim of the Oudheidkundige Dienst in Nederlandsch-
15186047
Heterography and homography


In linguistics, heterography is a property of a written language, such that it lacks a 1-to-1 correspondence between the written symbols and the sounds of the spoken language. Its opposite is homography, which is the property of a language such that written symbols of its written form and the sounds of its spoken form have a 1-to-1 correspondence. The orthography of the English language is, according to Larry Trask, a "spectacular example" of heterography. But most European languages exhibit it to some extent. Finnish is "very close"
773908
Duruwa language


Dhurwa (Odia: ପରଜି, Devanagari: दुरुवा) or Parji is a Central Dravidian language spoken by the Dhurwa tribe, a scheduled tribe people of India, in the districts of Koraput and Bastar in Chhattisgarh state. The language is related to Ollari and Kolami, which is also spoken by other neighbouring tribes. Dhurwa is a member of the Central Dravidian languages. Duruwa is a spoken language and is generally not written. Whenever it is written, it makes use of the Devanagari script in Bastar district and Odia script in Koraput
284442
Mongolia


, Korean and American nationalities. The official language of Mongolia is Mongolian, and is spoken by 95% of the population. A variety of dialects of Oirat and Buryat are spoken across the country, and there are also some speakers of Mongolic Khamnigan. In the west of the country, Kazakh and Tuvan, both Turkic languages, are also spoken. Mongolian Sign Language is the principal language of the deaf community. Today, Mongolian is written using the Cyrillic alphabet in Mongolia, although in the past it was written using the
19552363
Machine translation of sign languages


The machine translation of sign languages has been possible, albeit in a limited fashion, since 1977. When a research project successfully matched English letters from a keyboard to ASL manual alphabet letters which were simulated on a robotic hand. These technologies translate signed languages into written or spoken language, and written or spoken language to sign language, without the use of a human interpreter. Sign languages possess different phonological features than spoken languages, which has created obstacles for developers. Developers use computer vision and machine learning to recognize specific phonological parameters
11747827
CF Bezuidenhout


Cornelis Frederik Bezuidenhout was a frontier farmer in the eastern Cape Colony whose death in a skirmish with Hottentot soldiers, who had been sent to arrest him, was the origin of the Slagtersnek Rebellion which reached its dramatic finale on 9 March 1816 under the gallows at Van Aardspos, twelve miles south of Slagtersnek. Cornelis Frederik Bezuidenhout, known by the nickname Freek, was the fifth of seven children of Wynand Jacobus Bezuidenhout, a burgher of Graaff-Reinet, and his wife, Maria Terblans, a descendant of Wynand Leendertsz Bezuidenhout,
5863584
Koraga language


Koraga (also rendered "Koragar, Koragara, Korangi)" is a Dravidian language spoken by the Koraga people, a Scheduled tribe people of Dakshina Kannada, Karnataka, and Kerala in South West India. The dialect spoken by the Koraga tribe in Kerala, Mudu Koraga, is divergent enough to not be intelligible with Korra Koraga. Koraga is a member of the Dravidian family of languages. It is further classified into the Southern Dravidian family. Koraga is a spoken language and generally not written, whenever it is written it makes
21515602
James Jacobus Roosevelt


James Jacobus Roosevelt (October 25, 1759 – August 13, 1840) was an American businessman from New York City who was a member of the prominent Roosevelt family and a paternal great-grandfather of U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt. James Jacobus Roosevelt was born on October 25, 1759 in New York City. He was the sixth of seven children born to Jacobus James Roosevelt (1724–1777) and Annetje Bogert (1728–1773). His paternal grandfather was Johannes Roosevelt (1689–1750), the founder of the Oyster Bay branch of the Roosevelt
3875236
Henry Glen


leanings and settled in Canada. His brothers included Johannes (John) Glen and Jacobus (Jacob) Teller Glen. Glens Falls was named for Johannes, and Glenville was named for their ancestor, Sander Leendertse Glen, also known as Alexander Lindsay Glen. Henry's middle name was Jacob, and his names in Dutch were "Hendrick" (the Dutch version of Henry) and "Jacobse" or "Jacobus." He grew up in the Dutch culture of Albany and Schenectady, and his name often appears in records in
9819308
Language development


writing and speaking are different. When writing and speaking development is looked at more closely it can be seen that certain elements of written and spoken language are differentiating and other elements are integrating, all in the same phase. Perera conducted a survey and her view mirrors that of Kroll to the extent that she used Kroll's four phases. When a child undergoes initial learning of the written language, they have not yet fully mastered the oral language. It is clear that their written language development is aided by their spoken language;
11469665
Johannes Van Rensburg


Johannes Frederik Janse Van Rensburg (known as Hans) (24 September 1898 – 25 September 1966) was a South African lawyer, and leader of the "Ossewabrandwag". He was born in Winburg and died in Cape Town and was a descendant of the Loyalist Johannes Frederik Janse Van Rensburg. He received his MA in German from University of Stellenbosch, and his bachelor's and doctor's degrees in law from University of Pretoria. Van Rensburg qualified as a solicitor and was hired as the personal secretary of Tielman Roos, the
21173899
Lord's Prayer


published in 1715 by John Chamberlain. This 1715 edition was used by Gottfried Hensel in his "Synopsis Universae Philologiae" (1741) to compile "geographico-polyglot maps" where the beginning of the prayer was shown in the geographical area where the respective languages were spoken. Johann Ulrich Kraus also published a collection with more than 100 entries. These collections continued to be improved and expanded well into the 19th century; Johann Christoph Adelung and Johann Severin Vater in 1806–1817 published the prayer in "well-nigh five hundred languages and
18791845
Demotic (Egyptian)


development of the Late Egyptian language and shares much with the later Coptic phase of the Egyptian language. In the earlier stages of Demotic, such as those texts written in the Early Demotic script, it probably represented the spoken idiom of the time. But, as it was increasingly used for only literary and religious purposes, the written language diverged more and more from the spoken form, leading to significant diglossia between the Late Demotic texts and the spoken language of the time, similar to the use of classical Middle Egyptian during the
10531270
Arabic


times and languages such as English and French in modern times. Classical Arabic is the liturgical language of 1.8 billion Muslims, and Modern Standard Arabic is one of six official languages of the United Nations. All varieties of Arabic combined are spoken by perhaps as many as 422 million speakers (native and non-native) in the Arab world, making it the fifth most spoken language in the world. Arabic is written with the Arabic alphabet, which is an abjad script and is written from right to left, although the spoken
285746
Standard written English


spoken language. We don't have the spoken language standardised yet. When we say that we're speaking Standard English, what we're doing is transferring into our spoken vocabulary and syntax the elements of the written language. What is standard in what you and I are talking now is what we get from our writing. There are grammatical constructions and words that one uses in speech that one generally avoids in written compositions. Even in the most colloquial of online chats, interjections such as "like" are rarer than in speech
10151272
Willem Treub


Marie Willem Frederik Treub (30 November 1858, Voorschoten – 24 July 1931, The Hague) was a Dutch politician. Marie Willem Frederik Treub was born to Jacobus Petrus Treub, mayor of Voorschoten, and his wife Marie Louise Cornaz. Together with his two brothers Hector and Melchior, he enjoyed primary education in Voorschoten and attended the "Gemeentelijke HBS" in Leiden, from which he graduated in 1876. After having obtained enough funds in minor municipal positions in Voorschoten, he studies Law at Leiden University, and later at the
19380611
Johan Frederik Holleman


Johan 'Hans' Frederik Holleman (18 December 1915 – 28 August 2001) was a Dutch and South African professor, ethnologist, and legal scholar, best known for his research into the indigenous legal systems of Southern Africa. During his life he published twenty books, including five works of fiction. He also published works using the pseudonyms 'Jacobus van der Blaeswindt' and 'Holmer Johanssen'. He is also known for his photography. Johan Holleman was born in Tulungagung in Java in the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia
4842289
Languages in censuses


, are also spoken. The public use of Chinese, especially Chinese written characters, was officially discouraged between 1966 and 1998. The majority of the population speaks the Persian language, which is also the official language of the country, as well as other Iranian languages or dialects. Turkic languages and dialects, most importantly Azerbaijani language, are spoken in different areas in Iran. In southwestern and southern Iran, the Luri language and Lari language are spoken. In Kurdistan Province and nearby area's Kurdish is widely spoken. In Khuzestan
3806607
Lodewicus du Plessis


Lodewicus Johannes du Plessis was a South African academic, alternative Afrikaner political philosopher, and Calvinist. He was born on 10 February 1897 at Burgersdorp, Cape Province, South Africa. He was the son of Jacobus Albertus du Plessis and Laurika Postma. He married Engela Susanna van der Merwe on 12 January 1926. He died on 19 February 1968 at Potchefstroom, Transvaal, South Africa. Du Plessis matriculated in 1912 on Potchefstroom Gimnasium. He received his BA, BA Hons (Classical languages) and MA (Classical languages) at
3221392
Johannes Crucius


Johannes Crucius, or Jean de la Croix (1560 – 1625), was a Dutch theologian. He was born in Lille, France as the son of Jacobus de la Croix, a Walloon preacher of Middelburg, among other cities. He was the brother of Jacobus Crucius. Crucius studied in Geneva and on 28 September 1586 he matriculated at the Heidelberg University a year after Franciscus Gomarus, along with the students Abrahamus Vandermylen of Dordrecht, Meinardus ab Idzaerda of Friesland, and Andreas ab Hiddema of Friesland. He then matriculated at
18950396
Johannes Jacobus Poortman


Johannes Jacobus Poortman (April 26, 1896 in Rotterdam – December 21, 1970 in The Hague), studied philosophy and psychology at Groningen University under Professor Gerardus Heymans. In 1919 he received his Master of Arts; many years later he would also earn a Ph.D.. He was also a theosophist. Poortman studied at the universities of Hamburg, Geneva, the Sorbonne in Paris and at Vienna. From 1932 to 1938 he was member of the Council of the Dutch Society for Psychical Research. From 1958 to 1966 he
21581758
Jacobus Storck


Jacobus Storck (8 September 1641 – c.1700) was a Dutch Golden Age marine painter. Storck was born and died in Amsterdam. According to Houbraken he was the brother of the marine painter Abraham Storck who painted views of the Rhine and inland ships, but who was not as gifted. According to the RKD he was the second son of the marine painter Johannes Sturckenburgh, younger brother of the marine painter Johannes Storck and older brother of Abraham. Signed works by him are dated 1664-1687. He sometimes signed "JA
2170670
Joost Zwagerman


Johannes Jacobus Willebrordus (Joost) Zwagerman (18 November 1963 – 8 September 2015) was a Dutch writer, poet and essayist. Among his teachers was the novelist Oek de Jong. Johannes Jacobus Willebrordus Zwagerman was born on 18 November 1963 in Alkmaar in the Netherlands. At the age of nine, Zwagerman compiled a magazine, "De Zwagergids," of texts and images from TV magazines. Zwagerman received his high-school education at the Rijksscholengemeenschap Noord-Kennemerland in Alkmaar, The Netherlands, where he graduated from havo and
9602310
Initial sound table


pronounce them" with the help of an "initial sound list" of pictured words. Constructing words in this way is supposed to help them to understand the basic relationship between spoken and written language. Johann Amos Comenius already added 1658 an initial-sound-table to his „Orbis sensualium pictus“. There are software for children which has a multimedial "initial sound keyboard" for text input (virtual keyboard). Several hardware keyboards for kids also have "initial sound pictures" on its keys. With "initial sound
13250606
Abraham Hulk Senior


Hulk Junior (1843–1919) and Willem Frederik Hulk (b.1852) and his nephew Johannes Frederik Hulk (1855–1913). Abraham Hulk Senior married Maria Wilhelmina van der Meulen; as well as the sons named above they had two daughters, Maria Cornelia Hulk (born 1838) and Hendrika Geertruida Petronella Hulk (born 1841). Abraham Senior was the teacher of his brother Johannes Frederik and several other members of his family, and also of the painter Adrianus David Hilleveld. Although most literature states that he died in London, he actually
983946
Bengali dialects


formal, written language and the vernacular, spoken language. Two styles of writing, involving somewhat different vocabularies and syntax, have emerged : Spoken Bengali exhibits far more variation than written Bengali. Formal spoken Bengali, including what is heard in news reports, speeches, announcements, and lectures, is modelled on Choltibhasha. This form of spoken Bengali stands alongside other spoken dialects, or "Ancholik Bangla" (আঞ্চলিক বাংলা) (i.e. 'regional Bengali'). The majority of Bengalis are able to communicate in more than one
19431759
Nannūl


Nannūl () is a work on Tamil grammar written by a Jain ascetic Pavananthi Munivar around 13th century AD. It is the most significant work on Tamil grammar after Tolkāppiyam. The work credits Western Ganga vassal king Seeya Gangan of Kolar with patronising it. About 20 commentaries have been written on Nannūl up to 19th Century AD. Nannūl was divided into five sections: written language, spoken language, semantics, poetic language and rhetorical devices. The latter three sections have been lost, so only the parts on written and spoken language
19636936
Ovambo language


The Ovambo () language, "Oshiwambo", is a dialect cluster spoken by the Ovambo people in southern Angola and northern Namibia, of which the written standards are Kwanyama and Ndonga. The native name for the language is Oshiwambo (also written "Oshivambo"), which is also used specifically for the Kwanyama and Ndonga dialects. It is the largest spoken local language in Namibia, particularly the Ovambo people. The language is closely related to that of the Herero and Himba, the Herero language ("Otjiherero")
6353123
Jacobus Wittichius


. Leiden city and university now resisted outside pressure from Rotterdam in particular. Johann Franz Buddeus intervened, getting the Jena theology faculty to assert that the views of Wittichius were close to those of Spinoza and Abraham Joannes Cuffeler. Wittichius was comprehensively attacked in a pamphlet by Jacobus Leydekker in 1719. His position became a matter of wide discussion in the United Provinces; he defended himself by analogy with Johannes Bredenburg, and arguing that Cartesianism was effective against Spinozism. Wittichius went on in combative fashion in his inaugural oration, with praise for
17193974
The Jonker


The Jonker diamond was found at the Elandsfontein mine in South Africa by Johannes Jacobus Jonker on 17 January 1934. The diamond was 726 carats, which at the time was the fourth largest uncut gem ever found. The diamond was found 5 km away from the largest diamond ever found, the Cullinan Diamond. There is speculation that the Jonker may have originally been part of the Cullinan crystal, as both crystals had cleaved faces which seemed to match up perfectly. The diamond was discovered by South African farmer Johannes Jacobus Jonker on the
17194585
Deaf education


There are a variety of educational philosophies that differ in their views both regarding language use and goals for deaf and hard-of-hearing students. In this philosophy, deafness is approached as a cultural, not a medical, issue (see models of deafness). In a bilingual-bicultural program, deaf children learn sign language such as American Sign Language (ASL) as a first language, followed by a written or spoken language such as English as a second language. Bilingual-bicultural programs consider spoken or written language
10057671
Maranao language


Maranao () is an Austronesian language spoken by the Maranao people in the provinces of Lanao del Norte and Lanao del Sur in the Philippines, and in Sabah, Malaysia. Iranun was once considered a dialect. Unique among other Danao languages, Maranaoan is spoken with a distinct downstep accent, as opposed to stress accent. Maranao is spoken in the following areas ("Ethnologue"). Maranaoan was historically written in Arabic letters, which were known as "Batang Arab". It is now written with Latin letters. Though
21261341
Chavacano


language than a spoken language. In recent years, there have been efforts to encourage the use of Chavacano as a written language, but the attempts were mostly minor attempts in folklore and religious literature and few pieces of written materials by the print media. In Zamboanga City, while the language is used by the mass media, the Catholic Church, education, and the local government, there have been few literary work written in Zamboangueño and access to these resources by the general public is not readily available. As Chavacano is spoken
4116920
Literary language


of written Chinese used from the end of the Han dynasty to the early 20th century when it was replaced by written vernacular Chinese, or "Baihua" (白話) spoken according to Standard Mandarin pronunciation. Literary Chinese continually diverged from Classical Chinese as the dialects of China became more disparate and as the Classical written language became less representative of the spoken language. At the same time, Literary Chinese was based largely upon the Classical language, and writers frequently borrowed Classical language into their literary writings. Literary Chinese therefore shows a great
5373568
Georgius Jacobus Johannes van Os


Georgius Jacobus Johannes van Os (20 November 1782 The Hague – 11 July 1861 Paris), was a 19th-century painter from the Northern Netherlands. According to the RKD he was a son and pupil of the painters Jan van Os and Susanna de la Croix, and a brother of the painters Pieter van Os and Maria Margaretha van Os. In 1809 he won the first prize of the Society Felix Meritis in Amsterdam for a still life in which genre he later specialized. Van Os became Ridder in de orde van de
13457665
Eversdal, Bellville


,  Thuringia, Germany. Eckstein married Sara Heyns from the van der Merwe bloodline (1685–1713). Other family members who may be historically linked to this region are Johannes Louw (1764–1803); Pieter Joosten (born 1758), who was in the region from 1803 to 1815; and Jacobus Wynand Louw (1778–1847). Heirs of Jacobus Wynand Louw include daughter Sibella Magretha Louw (1818–1892). She married Petrus Johannes Schabort (1804–1880). The Schabort family then owned the land from 1855 into the early 20th century,
2153081
Johannes Jacobus le Roux


Squadron Leader Johannes Jacobus le Roux (12 April 1920 - 19 September 1944) was a South African World War II flying ace, who flew for the Royal Air Force. He is credited with 23.5 kills He joined the RAF in 1939. In July 1944, by now OC, 602 Squadron, Le Roux was credited with attacking and seriously injuring General Erwin Rommel in his staff car, on a road outside Sainte Foy de Montgomerie, in Normandy. Strafing the vehicle, the driver lost control, struck a tree and spun
7932698
Cornelis Jacobus Langenhoven


Cornelis Jacobus Langenhoven (13 August 1873 – 15 July 1932), who published under his initials C.J. Langenhoven, was a South African poet who played a major role in the development of Afrikaans literature and cultural history. His poetry was one of the then young language's foremost promoters. He is best known to have written the words for the national anthem of South Africa, "Die Stem van Suid-Afrika", which was used during the apartheid era. He was affectionately known as "Sagmoedige Neelsie" (Gentle Neelsie
1742694
Finnish verb conjugation


used in the formal, written language. Verb conjugation in the everyday spoken language is somewhat different. The present, imperfect, perfect, and pluperfect correspond fairly well to English: "speaks", "spoke", "has spoken", and "had spoken", respectively or in the passive voice, "it is spoken", "it was spoken", "it has been spoken", and "it had been spoken". The auxiliary verb "ei" used for negation, usually with the
9131916
Swedish orthography


Swedish "sj"-sound. The Swedish sound can also be spelled several different ways, including , , , , , or , similarly to the "tj"-sound which can be spelled with (in some loanwords), , , or . Traditional spelling reflects an older pronunciation and often results in a large difference between written and spoken language (deep orthography). Many written languages of European origin have a written language that reflects an older spoken language. The traditional spelling also indicates assimilations, which often occur when certain difficult consonant combinations are pronounced
11282196
Languages of Norway


There are a large number of languages spoken in Norway. Of these, the Norwegian language is the most widely spoken and the main official language of the country. The most widely spoken language in Norway is Norwegian. It is a North Germanic language, closely related to Swedish and Danish, all linguistic descendants of Old Norse. Norwegian is used by some 95% of the population as a first language. The language has two separate written standards: Nynorsk ("New Norwegian", "New" in the sense of contemporary
11715982
Langues d'oïl


specific "10th-and-11th centuries" variant of langue d'oïl spoken in the Paris region; both variants contributed to the koine, as both were called "French" at that time. For political reasons it was in Paris and Île-de-France that this koiné developed from a written language into a spoken language. Already in the 12th century Conon de Béthune reported about the French court who blamed him for using words of Artois. By the late 13th century the written koiné had begun to turn into a spoken and written
11594673
Tungusic languages


. Currently, Manchu proper is a dying language spoken by a dozen or so elderly people in Qiqihar province, China. However, the closely related Xibe language spoken in Xinjiang, which historically was treated as a divergent dialect of Jurchen-Manchu, maintains the literary tradition of the script, and has around 30,000 speakers. As the only language in the Tungustic family with a long written tradition, Jurchen-Manchu is a very important language for the reconstruction of Proto-Tungusic. Other Tungusic languages have relatively short or no written
16233530
Jan Hendrik Weissenbruch


a small scale. Among Johannes' collection were works by Andreas Schelfhout and Bartholomeus van Hove. Johannes' cousin Jan (1822–80) was a well-known painter of townscapes. Another cousin Frederik Hendrik (1828–87) was a lithographer, while his younger brother Frederik Johan, his uncle Daniel and his nephew Isaac (1826-1912) were all engravers. When Jan was sixteen years old he received drawing lessons from Johannes Low. In 1843, he took evening classes taught by Bartholomeus van Hove at the Hague Academy of Art
2563920
Languages in Star Wars


The "Star Wars" science fiction universe, created by George Lucas, features dialogue that is not spoken in natural languages. The lingua franca of the franchise, for which the language the works are dubbed or written stand in, is Galactic Basic. Characters often speak languages other than Basic, notably "Shyriiwook" spoken by Chewbacca, droidspeak spoken by R2-D2 and BB-8, and Huttese spoken by Jabba the Hutt. The fictional languages were approached as sound design and developed largely by Ben Burtt, sound designer for both the original
11477717
Utterance


In spoken language analysis, an utterance is the smallest unit of speech. It is a continuous piece of speech beginning and ending with a clear pause. In the case of oral languages, it is generally but not always bounded by silence. Utterances do not exist in written language, only their representations do. They can be represented and delineated in written language in many ways. In oral/spoken language utterances have several features including paralinguistic features which are aspects of speech such as facial expression, gesture, and posture. Prosodic
8977284
Maithili Wikipedia


The Maithili Wikipedia is the Maithili language version of Wikipedia, run by the Wikimedia Foundation. The site was launched on November 6, 2014. Tirhuta was formerly the primary script for written Maithili. Less commonly, it was also written in the local variant of Kaithi. Today it is written in the Devanagari script. Maithili is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in the Bihar and Jharkhand states of India and is one of the 22 recognised Indian languages which is also spoken in the eastern Terai of Nepal and is the second most
16000927
Language production


In psycholinguistics, language production is the production of spoken or written language. It describes all of the stages between having a concept, and translating that concept into linguistic form. In computational linguistics/natural language processing and artificial intelligence, the term natural language generation (NLG) is more common, and those models may or may not be psychologically motivated. Language production consists of several interdependent processes which transform a nonlinguistic message into a spoken, signed, or written linguistic signal. Though the following steps proceed in this approximate order,
2154152
Neil Cohn


such as in sand drawings used by Australian Aboriginals. Just as spoken languages differ, so do visual languages: Japanese manga are written in “Japanese Visual Language” while American comics are written in “American Visual Language.” In addition, Cohn has argued that the development of visual languages may follow similar constraints as learning spoken and signed languages, and that most people do not learn how to draw proficiently because they do not acquire visual vocabularies within a critical period. Cohn's primary research program with visual language theory emphasizes that
19238139
Languages in censuses


"Well", "Average", "A little" and "Not at all". The official language of Mongolia is Mongolian, and is spoken by 95% of the population. A variety of dialects of Oirat and Buryat are spoken across the country, and there are also some speakers of Mongolic Khamnigan. In the west of the country, Kazakh and Tuvan, both Turkic languages, are also spoken. Mongolian Sign Language is the principal language of the deaf community. Today, Mongolian is written using the Cyrillic
3806623
List of diglossic regions


such as Mandarin, Teochew, Hokkian and Hakka, along with Malay and English. Sinhala (also known as Sinhalese), spoken in Sri Lanka, is a diglossic language. There are several differences between the literary language (also known as Literary Sinhala, LS) and the spoken language (Spoken Sinhala, SS), especially about verbs: Literary or written Sinhala is commonly understood, and used in literary texts and formal occasions (public speeches, TV and radio news broadcasts, etc.), whereas the spoken language
17376133
Languages of Greece


officially used standard, but there are several non-official dialects and distinct Hellenic languages spoken as well. Regional spoken dialects exist side by side with learned, archaic written forms. All surviving forms of modern Greek, except the Tsakonian language, are descendants of the common supra-regional ("koiné") as it was spoken in late antiquity. As such, they can ultimately be classified as descendants of Attic Greek, the dialect spoken in and around Athens in the classical era. Tsakonian, an isolated dialect spoken today
3917249
Mizo culture


as the Hmar, Ralte, Lai, Lusei etc. A number of dialects are still spoken under the umbrella of Mizo; Mizo is the official language of Mizoram, along with English. Mizo language, or Mizo ṭawng, is a language belonging to the Sino-Tibetan family of languages, spoken natively by the Mizo people in  Mizoram states of India and Chin State in Burma. Mizo literature is the literature written in Mizo ṭawng, the principal language of the Mizo peoples, which has both written and oral traditions. It
17623431