Camellia sinensis [SEP] taxon rank
Camellia sinensis


cultivars include: "Camellia sinensis" is native to East Asia, the Indian Subcontinent and Southeast Asia, but it is today cultivated across the world in tropical and subtropical regions. Camellia sinensis is an evergreen shrub or small tree that is usually trimmed to below when cultivated for its leaves. It has a strong taproot. The flowers are yellow-white, in diameter, with 7 to 8 petals. The seeds of "Camellia sinensis" and "Camellia oleifera" can be pressed to yield tea oil, a sweetish seasoning
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Camellia sinensis


Camellia sinensis is a species of evergreen shrub or small tree whose leaves and leaf buds are used to produce tea. It is of the genus "Camellia" () of flowering plants in the family Theaceae. Common names include "tea plant", "tea shrub", and "tea tree" (not to be confused with "Melaleuca alternifolia", the source of tea tree oil, or "Leptospermum scoparium", the New Zealand Tea Tree). "Camellia sinensis" var. "sinensis" and "
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Camellia sinensis


in Latin. Four varieties of "Camellia sinensis" are recognized. Of these, "C. sinensis" var. "sinensis" and "C. sinensis" var. "assamica" (JW Masters) Kitamura are most commonly used for tea, and "C. sinensis" var. "pubilimba" Hung T. Chang and "C. sinensis" var. "dehungensis" (Hung T. Chang & BH Chen) TL Ming are sometimes used locally. The Cambod type tea ("C. assamica" subsp. "lasiocaly")
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Camellia sinensis


Camellia sinensis" var. "assamica", are two major varieties grown today. White tea, yellow tea, green tea, oolong, dark tea (which includes pu-erh tea) and black tea are all harvested from one or the other, but are processed differently to attain varying levels of oxidation. Kukicha (twig tea) is also harvested from "Camellia sinensis", but uses twigs and stems rather than leaves. The name "Camellia" is taken from the Latinized name of Rev. Georg Kamel, SJ
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Camellia sinensis


popular teas. "C. sinensis" var. "waldenae" was considered a different species, "Camellia waldenae" by SY Hu, but it was later identified as a variety of "C. sinensis". This variety is commonly called Waldenae Camellia. It is seen on Sunset Peak and Tai Mo Shan in Hong Kong. It is also distributed in Guangxi province, China. Three main kinds of tea are produced in India: Nepali tea is also considered to be similar to the tea produced in Darjeeling, mostly because the
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Camellia


see List of Lepidoptera that feed on Camellia. Leaves of the Japanese camellia ("C. japonica") are susceptible to the fungal parasite "Mycelia sterile" (see below for the significance). "Camellia sinensis", the tea plant, is of major commercial importance because tea is made from its leaves. The species "C. sinensis" is the product of many generations of selective breeding in order to bring out qualities considered desirable for tea. However, many other camellias can be used to produce a similar beverage.
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Camellia sinensis


different. Usually, the tip (bud) and the first two to three leaves are harvested for processing. This hand picking is repeated every one to two weeks. In 2017 Chinese scientists sequenced the genome of "Camellia sinensis var. assamica ." It contains about three-billion base pairs which was larger than most plants previously sequenced. "Camellia sinensis" is mainly cultivated in tropical and subtropical climates, in areas with at least 127 cm (50 inches) of rainfall a year. Tea plants prefer a rich and
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Camellia sinensis


(1661–1706), a Moravian-born Jesuit lay brother, pharmacist, and missionary to the Philippines. Carl Linnaeus chose his name in 1753 for the genus to honor Kamel's contributions to botany (although Kamel did not discover or name this plant, or any "Camellia", and Linnaeus did not consider this plant a "Camellia" but a "Thea"). Robert Sweet shifted all formerly "Thea" species to the genus "Camellia" in 1818. The name "sinensis" means "from China"
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Camellia taliensis


plant's natural habitat and from overpicking of the leaves for the tea market. "Camellia talensis" has five locules per ovary while in comparison "C. sinensis" has three locules per ovary. It grows primarily in the southwestern portion of Yunnan province in China and in neighboring areas in Thailand and northern Myanmar. "C. taliensis" has larger leaves than "C. sinensis" var. "sinensis" closer to the size of "C. sinensis" var. "assamica." And, in several chemical composition and morphological comparisons
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Camellia taliensis


Camellia taliensis (also Yunnan large leaf varietal tea, wild tea, 大理茶) is a species of evergreen shrub or small tree whose leaves and leaf buds are used to produce tea. It is of the genus "Camellia" of flowering plants in the family Theaceae. "C. taliensis" is an important wild relative to the cultivated the tea plant "Camellia sinensis." It also belongs to the same section "Thea" as "C. sinensis." It is an endangered species due to human overpopulation causing fragmentation of the
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Assam tea


1830s that Robert’s brother, Charles, arranged for a few leaves from the Assam tea bush to be sent to the botanical gardens in Calcutta for proper examination. There, the plant was finally identified as a variety of tea, or "Camellia sinensis" var "assamica", but different from the Chinese version ("Camellia sinensis" var. "sinensis"). The intervention of the colonizing British East India Company was realized through a body of 'experts' constituting the Tea Committee (1834) to assess the
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Camellia sinensis


the risk of human diseases, but none of this research is conclusive as of 2017. Caffeine is a molecule produced in "Camellia sinensis" which functions as a secondary metabolite. Caffeine is a purine alkaloid and its biosynthesis occurs in young tea leaves and is regulated by several enzymes. The biosynthetic pathway in "C. sinensis" differs from other caffeine producing plants such as coffee or guayusa. Analysis of the pathway was carried out by harvesting young leaves and using reverse transcription PCR to analyze the genes encoding the major enzymes involved in
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Decaffeination


synthase in normal coffee plants. Tea may also be decaffeinated, usually by using processes analogous to the direct method or the CO process, as described above. The process of oxidizing tea leaves to create black tea ("red" in Chinese tea culture) or oolong tea leaves from green leaves does not affect the amount of caffeine in the tea, though tea-plant subspecies (i.e., "Camellia sinensis sinensis" vs. "Camellia sinensis assamica") may differ in natural caffeine content. Younger leaves and buds contain more
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UBC Department of Asian Studies


-attachment and enlightenment in Buddhist tradition. The design (courtesy of Asian Studies MA student in Japanese Literature and Visual Culture and graphic designer Julien Butterlin) does indeed gesture in this direction, but the flower depicted is in fact that of Camellia sinensis or Thea sinensis, the tea plant whence many teas are derived. A genus of flowering plants in the family Theaceae, Camellia sinensis is used to harvest white tea, green tea, oolong, pu-erh tea and black tea. Tea is the second-most widely consumed
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Camellia sinensis


distinct clades, Chinese Assam type tea ("C. sinensis" var. "assamica") may have two different parentages – one being found in southern Yunnan (Xishuangbanna, Pu'er City) and the other in western Yunnan (Lincang, Baoshan). Many types of Southern Yunnan assam tea have been hybridized with the closely related species "Camellia taliensis." Unlike Southern Yunnan Assam tea, Western Yunnan Assam tea shares many genetic similarities with Indian Assam type tea (also "C. sinensis" var. "assamica").
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Camellia taliensis


, "C. taliensis" is also closer to "C. sinensis" var. "assamica" than to "C. sinensis" var. "sinensis." However, the closer similarity may also be due to human selection (which causes reduction in genetic diversity) as "C. sinensis" var. "assamica" is the tea variety traditionally cultivated in Yunnan. Like "C. sinensis, C. taliensis" contains both theanine and caffeine. "C. talensis" can be easily crossed with "C. sinensis," and the resulting
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Korean tea


Korean tea is a beverage consisting of boiled water infused with leaves (such as the tea plant "Camellia sinensis"), roots, flowers, fruits, grains, edible mushrooms, or seaweed. According to the "Record of Gaya", cited in the "Memorabilia of the Three Kingdoms", the legendary queen Heo Hwang-ok, a princess of Ayodhya, brought the "Camellia sinensis" (var. "assamica") tea plant from India to Korea and planted it on Baegwolsan, a mountain that borders
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Camellia sinensis


-leaved Chinese variety plant ("C. sinensis sinensis") and the large-leaved Assamese plant ("C. sinensis assamica"), used mainly for black tea. The Chinese plant (sometimes called "C. sinensis" var. "sinensis") is a small-leafed bush with multiple stems that reaches a height of some 3 meters. It is native to southeast China. The first tea plant to be discovered, recorded and used to produce tea dates back 3,000 years ago, it yields some of the most
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Harry P. Leu Gardens


others are larval plants that larvae feed on. In addition, some of these plants also attract hummingbirds. Camellia Collection: This is the most important collection of plants at Leu Gardens. The foundation of this collection are the cultivars of "Camellia japonica" and "Camellia sasanqua" originally planted by Mr. Leu and his workers. Today, over 2,000 plants and 230+ cultivars are displayed throughout the gardens, including displays of "Camellia sinensis", which is the Tea Camellia, and other "Camellia" species. This collection
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Camellia japonica


. This was thought to signify that she would not have a son for a long time. One of the most important plants related to "Camellia japonica" is the "Camellia sinensis", which is the plant tea comes from. This plant is not usually grown in gardens because it has small white flowers, unlike the "Camellia japonica", which has larger, more beautiful flowers. It is not seen in art as often as the "Camellia japonica", but it is shown in a painting called the "
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Taiwanese tea


, with floral and warming notes. Black Jade Taiwan Tea TTES #18 is a cultivar developed by the Taiwan Tea Research and Experiment Station during the 1990s. The now popular tea is a hybrid of "Camellia sinensis" v. assamica and a native variety ("Camellia sinensis forma formosensis"), and is said to have notes of Honey, cinnamon, and mint. The tea's natural sweetness is a result of the fostered relationship with insects. The native Leafhopper (Jacobiasca formosana) spends its time throughout the growing season
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Camellia sinensis


eastern part of Nepal, where a large amount of tea is produced, has similar topography to that of Darjeeling. Tea leaves are eaten by some herbivores, like the caterpillars of the willow beauty ("Peribatodes rhomboidaria"), a geometer moth. Although health benefits have been assumed throughout the history of using "Camellia sinensis" as a common beverage, there is no high-quality evidence that tea confers significant benefits. In clinical research over the early 21st century, tea has been studied extensively for its potential to lower
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Charleston Tea Plantation


The Charleston Tea Plantation is located about twenty miles south of Charleston, South Carolina on Wadmalaw Island. Owned by the Bigelow Tea Company, it grows the tea sold under the brand name American Classic Tea and Charleston Tea Plantation from the Camellia sinensis plant. Every year they used to host the First Flush Festival celebrating the beginning of the harvest season. In the late 1700's, French botanist, François André Michaux, brought the "Camellia sinensis" plant to the United States and gave it to Henry Middleton. They planted the
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Black tea


Black tea is a type of tea that is more oxidized than oolong, green, and white teas. Black tea is generally stronger in flavour than the less oxidized teas. All four types are made from leaves of the shrub (or small tree) "Camellia sinensis." Two principal varieties of the species are used – the small-leaved Chinese variety plant ("C. sinensis" var. "sinensis"), used for most other types of teas, and the large-leaved Assamese plant ("C. sinensis
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Tomago House


"Psidium cattleyanum"); tree gardenia ("Rothmannia globosa"); pepper tree ("Schinus molle"); "Camellia japonica" cv. shrubs; autumn camellias ("Camellia sasanqua" cv.s); oranges ("Citrus sinensis" cv.); "Hibiscus" spp.; French lavender ("Lavandula dentata"); Cocos Island palm ("Syagrus romanzoffiana"); star jasmine ("Trachelospermum jasminoides"); laurustinus ("Viburnum tinus"); London or hybrid plane ("
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Tea


tea plants require at least 127 cm (50 in) of rainfall a year and prefer acidic soils. Many high-quality tea plants are cultivated at elevations of up to above sea level. Though at these heights the plants grow more slowly, they acquire a better flavour. Two principal varieties are used: "Camellia sinensis" var. "sinensis," which is used for most Chinese, Formosan and Japanese teas, and "C. sinensis" var. "assamica," used in Pu-erh and most Indian
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Andraca bipunctata


Andraca bipunctata is a moth of the family Endromidae. It is found in China (Yunnan), India (Sikkim, Darjeeling, Meghalaya), Bhutan, northern Thailand, Myanmar and Nepal. The larvae are referred to as bunch caterpillars. The wingspan is 42–45 mm. Adults are rather variable in coloration and size. Adults have been recorded from March to April, May to June, July to August and October to November. The larvae feed on "Camellia sinensis", "Camellia assamica" and "Camellia oleifera"
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Stewartia sinensis


Stewartia sinensis is a species of flowering plant in the camellia family Theaceae, native to central and eastern China. It is typically a small deciduous tree or large shrub, commonly growing to about tall. It is highly regarded horticulturally for the combination of its attractive, cinnamon-colored peeling bark, numerous cup-shaped, fragrant white flowers to in midsummer, and generally intensely red fall foliage. The species also has an attractive multiply-branched growth habit and low maintenance requirements. In its native forests, "S. sinensis"
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Gajraj Singh Thapa


Colonel Thapa was then the Governor General (Bada Hakim) of the eastern region of Nepal. Translation of various signposts placed in Ilam (shown below), reads that the very first tea saplings planted by Thapa was received as a gift from the Government of China, it was gifted to his father-in-law prime minister Jung Bahadur Rana. According to the signpost the genus of tea planted in the estate were Camellia sinensis/Camellia Assamica/Camellia assamica sub sp Lasiocalyx or cambodensis. Thapa was born c. 1830 to
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Indarbela quadrinotata


tree resulting in dieback of the stem. Frass is visible in affected areas. Crops that are readily attacked by the pest are: "Albizia lebbeck", "Albizia procera", "Anacardium occidentale", "Camellia sinensis", "Cassia fistula", "Chloroxylon swietenia", "Citrus reticulata", "Citrus sinensis", "Citrus" × "paradisi", "Corymbia citriodora", "Eriobotrya japonica", "Eucalyptus camaldulensis", "Falcataria moluccana", "Ficus benghalensis", "Ficus
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Camellia japonica


Song Hundred Flowers" which hangs in the Palace Museum in Beijing. "Camellia sinensis" may have been used as medicine during the Shang Dynasty. It was first used for drinking during the Zhou Dynasty. The following is a poem written by English evangelical Protestant writer Charlotte Elizabeth Tonna in 1834: poem THE WHITE CAMELLIA JAPONICA. Thou beauteous child of purity and grace, Defilement bore me — my abiding place But light looked on me from a holier sphere, And can I vainly to thine eye appear, From thy dark dwelling
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Wildlife of South Korea


Abies koreana", "Eleutherococcus senticosus", "Aconitum chiisanense", "Angelica gigas" and others. In Mt. Deogyusan, there are "Aconitum uchiyamai", "Sorbus commixta", "Acanthopanax sessiliflorus", "Cimicifuga simplex" and others. In the coast district, there are "Camellia japonica", "Euonymus japonicus", "Daphniphyllum macropodum", "Camellia sinensis" and others. The central part of temperate forest contains 39°N at the west coast, 40°N at the east coast
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Lahpet


of all the meat, the pork's the best; and of all the leaves, lahpet's the best". In the West, laphet is most commonly encountered in tea leaf salad (). Tea is native to Myanmar, as in Bangladesh, Northeast India, Laos and China, both "Camellia sinensis" and "Camellia assamica", and grown mainly on the hills in northern Shan State around Namhsan in the Palaung substate of Tawngpeng, but also around Mogok in Mandalay Division, and Kengtung in eastern Shan State
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Anoplophora horsfieldi


Anoplophora horsfieldi is a species of beetles in the longhorn beetle family (Cerambycidae). "Anoplophora horsfieldi" can reach a length of about 35 mm. These beetles are black or dark brown, with large irregular pale yellow transversal bands on the elytra, pale yellow markings on the head and the pronotum and very long antennae. Main host plants are "Camellia sinensis, Celtis sinensis, Quercus glauca" and "Ulmus pumila." This species can be found in Thailand, Vietnam, China and Taiwan. The name honours Thomas
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Andraca theae


Andraca theae is a moth of the family Endromidae. It is widely distributed in Taiwan and Southern China. The wingspan is 35–37 mm. The head is densely covered with dark brown hairs. The forewing apex is inconspicuously falcate and the exterior margin is straight. The forewings and hindwings each have a dark discal spot. The larvae feed on the leaves of "Camellia tenuifolia" and "Camellia sinensis". They are gregarious. The first two instars feed on the back of leaves, from the leaf margin and veins and then
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Haplochrois theae


Haplochrois theae is a species of moth of the family Elachistidae. It is found from western Transcaucasia and Anatolia to China. It probably originated from Southeast Asia. During the 20th century, this species was a serious pest on tea plantations in Georgia and to a lesser degree, in the Krasnodar Territory of Russia. The wingspan is 9–12 mm. Adults are on wing from June to August in one generation per year. The larvae feed on "Camellia sinensis" and "Camellia japonica" and is considered a pest. They mine
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Tregothnan


and the project retained parts of the medieval house; however Vulliamy's enlargement involved the removal of what remained of the medieval house. Tregothnan is famous for its large private botanical garden and arboretum, which are not open to the public. Guided visits to the garden may be arranged. A tea plantation was recently started on the grounds. Tregothnan was home to the first outdoor "camellias" in the UK, around 1800. The first commercial tea was developed from "Camellia sinensis", the "Chinese tea plant",
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Thorndon Hall


of £5,000, much of which still survives, albeit merged into the landscaping of Thorndon Park Golf Course. The main driveway extended from what is now Shenfield Common for nearly two miles southwards to the northern face of the house. It can still be traced with maps, although it is now made up of public country parks and golf courses. The first recorded "camellia" – a cousin of the tea plant, "camellia sinensis" – to grow in Great Britain was at Thorndon Hall in the 1730s. Fifteen years
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Jeffrey Bennetzen


of Bioinformatics and Department of Plant Biology. He founded the Maize Genetics Executive Committee (2000) and the McClintock Prize (2014). From 2012-2016, he was a 1000 Talents Professor in the Chinese Academy of Sciences at the Kunming Institute of Botany. In 2016, he established labs at Anhui Agricultural University and the Yunnan Academy of Forestry to study the molecular genetics of tea ("Camellia sinensis") and two Chinese native oil trees, "Camellia oleifera" and "Malania oleifera". Bennetzen's research interests
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Economy of Assam


the finest and most expensive teas in the world. Other than the Chinese tea variety "Camellia sinensis", Assam is the only region in the world that has its own variety of tea, called "Camellia assamica". Assam tea is grown at elevations near sea level, giving it a malty sweetness and an earthy flavor, as opposed to the more floral aroma of highland (e.g. Darjeeling, Taiwanese) teas. Assam also accounts for fair share of India’s production of rice, rapeseed, mustard, jute, potato
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Theanine


a well-established chemical process promoted by elevated temperature and non-neutral pH values; prolonged heating of "Camellia" extracts—possible for oversteeped teas and in undisclosed commercial preparative processes—has been reported to result in increasing racemization of theanine to give increasing proportions of the nonnatural D-theanine, up to equal proportions of each enantiomer. Theanine is found primarily in plant and fungal species. It was discovered as a constituent of tea ("Camellia sinensis)" in 1949 and in 1950, a laboratory in Kyoto successfully
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Zealong


Zealong is a New Zealand tea company based in Hamilton, New Zealand, where local climate, terroir, and lack of heavy frost aid in growing the camellia sinensis tea plant and encouraged initial propagation trials in 1996. It is the first commercial tea plantation in New Zealand. They specialise in high-quality loose teas, green, oolong, and black, and are organic or conversion organic certified, Halal certified, and ISO 22000 / HACCP certified. In January 2010, the company opened a restaurant on the estate, Camellia
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Green tea


Green tea is a type of tea that is made from "Camellia sinensis" leaves and buds that have not undergone the same withering and oxidation process used to make oolong teas and black teas. Green tea originated in China, but its production and manufacture has spread to many other countries in Asia. Several varieties of green tea exist, which differ substantially based on the variety of "C. sinensis" used, growing conditions, horticultural methods, production processing, and time of harvest. Although there has been considerable research on the
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White tea


in the making of green tea in order to denature intrinsic oxidative enzymes. White tea is often being sold as "Silvery Tip Pekoe", a form of its traditional name, and now also under the simple designations "China White" and "Fujian White". Some tea from the related wild "Camellia taliensis" in Yunnan is made using white tea processing techniques. White tea, like black and green tea, is made from the "Camellia sinensis" plant and contains polyphenols, a set of phytonutrients that are thought
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Tai Mo Shan


species of native bamboos. "Camellia sinensis var. waldenae" (formerly "Camellia waldenae") are also found on the mountain. A few types of wild orchids also grow in the streams of Tai Mo Shan including the Chinese pholidota orchid, Hong Kong's most common orchid, and the bamboo orchid, so called because of a distinct stem that looks like bamboo, which also grows in the streams of Tai Mo Shan. During the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong in World War II, most of the trees in the
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Mount Guanyin (Dongguan)


Mount Guanyin is protected within Mount Guanyin National Forest Park. The mount enjoys a subtropical maritime monsoon climate and has plenty of rainfall and sunshine, the lowest temperature is 5 °C. Summer usually lasts from April 6 to October 10. There are more than 73 families and 199 plant species in the mount, including "Ixonanthes chinensis", "Artocarpus hypargyreus", "Brainea insignis", "Camellia nitidissima", "Camellia sinensis", and "Dimocarpus longan". Animals that inhabit the mount are Asiatic salamander,
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Alison Appleton


a relief design under a celadon glaze. The Camellia teapot is inspired by the flowers of Camellia Sinensis, the plant from China which gives us tea, and the Woodland collection is evocative of fairy-tale forests. Her view is that: "Every day should include a tea ceremony. Life's too short for ugly mugs and dusty teabags," has resulted in all her teapots including stainless steel fine-mesh filters, so they can be used with fine and long leafed teas. Her products can be seen in shops
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Tea


. Given their genetic differences forming distinct clades, Chinese Assam type tea ("C. sinensis" var. "assamica") may have two different parentages – one being found in southern Yunnan (Xishuangbanna, Pu'er City) and the other in western Yunnan (Lincang, Baoshan). Many types of Southern Yunnan assam tea have been hybridized with the closely related species "Camellia taliensis." Unlike Southern Yunnan Assam tea, Western Yunnan Assam tea shares many genetic similarities with Indian Assam type tea (also "C. sinensis" var
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Camellia sinensis


years ago while Chinese Assam tea and Indian Assam tea diverged 2,800 years ago. The divergence of Chinese small leaf tea and Assam tea would correspond to the last glacial maximum. Chinese small leaf type tea was introduced into India in 1836 by the British and some Indian Assam type tea (e.g. Darjeeling tea) appear to be genetic hybrids of Chinese small leaf type tea, native Indian Assam, and possibly also closely related wild tea species. There are hundreds, if not thousands of cultivars of "C. sinensis." Some Japanese
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Camellia sinensis


Thus, Western Yunnan Assam tea and Indian Assam tea both may have originated from the same parent plant in the area where southwestern China, Indo-Burma, and Tibet meet. However, as the Indian Assam tea shares no haplotypes with Western Yunnan Assam tea, Indian Assam tea is likely to have originated from an independent domestication. Some Indian Assam tea appears to have hybridized with the species "Camellia pubicosta." Assuming a generation of 12 years, Chinese small leaf tea is estimated to have diverged from Assam tea around 22,000
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Ectropis bhurmitra


, "Sambucus", "Uncaria gambir", "Cassia", "Indigofera", "Leucaena", "Allium", "Eugenia", "Syzygium", "Champereia", "Grevillea robusta", "Anthocephalus", "Coffea arabica", "Elettaria cardamomum", "Camellia sinensis", "Gliricidia sepium", "Citrus", "Schleichera", "Theobroma cacao", "Taxodium", "Gmelina", "Vernicia montana" and "Tectona grandis". Caterpillars feed
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Dasychira mendosa


indica", "Camellia sinensis", "Ricinus communis", and "Salmalia malabarica". In Bangladesh, caterpillars were recorded on "Sesbania aculeata" and "Bauhinia purpurea". Other common food plants of larva include, "Ceiba", "Durio", "Terminalia", "Raphanus", "Shorea", "Dipterocarpus", "Aleurites", "Excoecaria", "Pelargonium", "Saccharum", "Sorghum", "Zea", "Cinnamomum", "Careya",
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Euproctis fraterna


", "Malus pumila", "Mangifera indica", "Manihot esculenta", "Manilkara zapota", "Musa", "Pelargonium", "Persea bombycina", "Plantago", "Prunus persica", "Psidium", "Punica granatum", "Abelmoschus esculentus", "Aleurites fordii", "Aleurites montana", "Artocarpus heterophyllus", "Bauhinia variegate", "Bombax", "Cajanus cajan", "Camellia sinensis", "Cinnamomum" and "Citrus".
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Calliteara horsfieldii


Caterpillar is yellowish with rows of dorsal brushes. The caterpillar is known to feed on many plants such as "Etlingera elatior", "Anacardium occidentale", "Mangifera", "Casuarina", "Begonia", "Bixa orellana", "Brassica", "Albizia falcataria", "Dipterocarpus", "Hopea", "Camellia sinensis", "Shorea", "Acacia richii", "Acacia mangium", "Cassia fistula", "Casuarina equisetifolia", "Cinnamomum zeylanicum", "Cocos
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Homona coffearia


and April in Sri Lanka. There are two generations per year in China with adults appearing in late May. The larvae feed on "Acacia auriculiformis", "Arachis hypogaea", "Bauhinia", "Cajanus indicus", "Calophyllum inophyllum", "Camellia sinensis", "Cinnamomum", "Citrus", "Coffea", "Crotalaria", "Derris", "Eucalyptus alba", "Eugenia polyantha", "Glochidion", "Gossypium", "Linum", "Melochia indica",
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Holcocera iceryaeella


plant species: "Yucca whipplei", "Juniper", "Sequoia sempervirens", "Quercus agrifolia", "Quercus lobata", "Persea americana", "Medicago arborea", "Ficus", "Abies concolor", "Pinus radiata", "Eriogonum parvifilium", "Polyporus hirsutus", "Heteromeles arbutifolia", "Prunus dulcis" and "Citrus sinensis". Recorded animal hosts are "Lepidosaphes camelliae", "Icerya purchase", "Lecanium persicae", "Planococcus citri" and
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Camellia


are known as "cháhuā" (茶花, 'tea flower') in Chinese, "tsubaki" (椿) in Japanese, "dongbaek-kkot" (동백꽃) in Korean, and as "hoa trà" or "hoa chè" in Vietnamese. Of economic importance in East Asia, Southeast Asia, and the Indian subcontinent, leaves of "C. sinensis" are processed to create the popular beverage tea. The ornamental "C. japonica", "C. sasanqua" and their hybrids are the source of hundreds
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Tree


and some can be eaten by humans but they tend to be high in tannins which makes them bitter. Leaves of the curry tree ("Murraya koenigii") are eaten, those of kaffir lime ("Citrus × hystrix") (in Thai food) and "Ailanthus" (in Korean dishes such as bugak) and those of the European bay tree ("Laurus nobilis") and the California bay tree ("Umbellularia californica") are used for flavouring food. "Camellia sinensis", the source of
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Coptotermes ceylonicus


Coptotermes ceylonicus, is a species of subterranean termite of the genus "Coptotermes". It is native to India and Sri Lanka. It is a common wood destroying termites, which damage to logs, woodens structures of both natural and man-made. It is a pest of many economically valuable trees such as "Hevea brasiliensis" and "Camellia sinensis", and also an inhabitant of "Anacardium occidentale", "Cocos nucifera", "Ficus fergusonii", "Gliricidia sepium", "Grevillea robusta", "
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Homona magnanima


Homona magnanima, the Oriental tea tortrix moth, is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Japan, Taiwan, China and Vietnam. The wingspan is 19–28 mm for males and 26–37 mm for females. The larvae feed on "Arachis", "Camellia sinensis", "Chrysanthemum indicum", "Citrus", "Diospyros kaki", "Eurya", "Glycine", "Lithocarpus edulis", "Malus domestica", "Nandina domestica", "Paeonia", "Paulownia
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Postelectrotermes militaris


Postelectrotermes militaris (Up-country tea termite) is a species of drywood termite of the genus "Postelectrotermes". It is native to India and Sri Lanka. It is a serious pest of tea. It is one of major plant pest that attack wide range of economically important plants such as "Acacia decurrens", "Camellia sinensis", "Casuarina equisetifolia", "Cedrus" sp., "Cinnamomum camphora", "Cryptomeria japonica", "Erythrina subumbrans", "Eucalyptus robusta", "Grevillea robusta
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Korean cuisine


by the end of the 20th century. In Korean cuisine, tea, or "cha", refers to various types of herbal tea that can be served hot or cold. Not necessarily related to the leaves, leaf buds, and internodes of the "Camellia sinensis" plant, they are made from diverse substances, including fruits (e.g. "yuja-cha"), flowers (e.g. "gukhwa-cha"), leaves, roots, and grains (e.g. "bori-cha", "hyeonmi-cha
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Cheromettia apicata


Cheromettia apicata is a moth of the family Limacodidae first described by Moore in 1879. It is found in Oriental tropics such as Sri Lanka and India. Larval host plants are "Camellia sinensis", "Ceiba pentandra", "Cocos nucifera", "Gliricidia sepium", "Schleichera oleosa", "Schleichera trijuga", "Vernicia fordii", "Aleurites fordii", "Butea monosperma", "Coffea arabica", "Derris elliptica", "Juglans regia" "Pyrus communis", "Theobroma cacao
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Tea


India supplied 62% of the world's tea in 2016. The term herbal tea refers to drinks not made from "Camellia sinensis": infusions of fruit, leaves, or other parts of the plant, such as steeps of rosehip, chamomile, or rooibos. These are sometimes called "tisanes" or "herbal infusions" to prevent confusion with tea made from the tea plant. The Chinese character for tea is 茶, originally written with an extra stroke as 荼 (pronounced "tú", used as a word
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Homona trachyptera


Homona trachyptera is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in New Guinea, as well as Australia, where it has been recorded from Queensland. The wingspan is 20–23 mm for males and about 30 mm for females. The larvae feed on a wide range of plants, including "Ficus copiosa", "Ficus wassa", "Theobroma cacao", "Camellia sinensis", "Kleinhovia hospita", "Psidium guajava", "Mangifera" species (including "Mangifera indica"), "
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Theophylline


Theophylline, also known as 1,3-dimethylxanthine, is a methylxanthine drug used in therapy for respiratory diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma under a variety of brand names. As a member of the xanthine family, it bears structural and pharmacological similarity to theobromine and caffeine, and is readily found in nature, and is present in tea ("Camellia sinensis") and cocoa ("Theobroma cacao"). A small amount of theophylline is one of the products of caffeine metabolic processing in the liver. The
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Chinese tea culture


as "chayi" ("the art of drinking tea"), or "cha wenhua" ("tea culture"). The word "cha" (茶) denotes the beverage that is derived from "Camellia sinensis", the tea plant. Prior to the 8th century BCE, tea was known collectively under the term 荼 (pinyin: tú) along with a great number of other bitter plants. These two Chinese characters are identical, with the exception of an additional horizontal stroke in the Chinese lettering 荼
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Nygmia xanthomela


Nygmia xanthomela is a moth of the family Erebidae first described by Francis Walker in 1862. It is found in Sri Lanka, Borneo, Java, Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Forewings are orange yellow with a darker scaly suffusion. The caterpillar is dark brownish grey with a broad grey dorsal band. Head yellowish. The caterpillar is known to feed on "Dioscorea", "Annona", "Tamarindus", "Citrus", "Loranthus", "Theobroma cacao", "Lagerstroemia indica", "Camellia sinensis"
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Isoquercetin


Isoquercetin, isoquercitrin or isotrifoliin is a flavonoid, a type of chemical compound. It is the 3-"O"-glucoside of quercetin. Isoquercitrin can be isolated from various plant species including "Mangifera indica" (mango) and "Rheum nobile" (the Noble rhubarb). It is also present in the leaves of "Annona squamosa" and "Camellia sinensis" (tea). The lambda-max for isoquercetin is 254.8 and 352.6 nm. Isoquercetin is presently being investigated for prevention of thromboembolism in selected cancer patients and as an anti-
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Canned tea


leaves, buds, or twigs of the plant Camellia sinensis in hot water for a few minutes. The processing can include oxidation (called "fermentation" in the tea industry), heating, drying and the addition of herbs, flowers, spices and fruits. There are four main types of tea: black, oolong, green, and white. Tea is a natural source of caffeine, theophylline, theanine, and antioxidants; but it has almost no fat, carbohydrates, or protein Tea has been consumed in China for
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Cervara Abbey


a very old and monumental wisteria vine ("Wisteria sinensis"). Columns of the upper garden are completely covered with fragrant star jasmine ("Trachelospermum jasminoides"), "Bougainvillea", rare pink capers, "Bignonia", grapes, pepper trees ("Schinus" sp.), "Camellia"s, roses, "Hydrangea"s, "Strelizia", and several other species. The monks' orchard has been preserved and enhanced with a collection of citrus trees. On the side facing the mountain, it has been
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Camellia


For example, in some parts of Japan, tea made from "C. sasanqua" leaves is popular. Tea oil is a sweet seasoning and cooking oil made by pressing the seeds of "C. oleifera", "C. japonica", and to a lesser extent other species such as "C. crapnelliana", "C. reticulata", "C. sasanqua" and "C. sinensis". Relatively little-known outside East Asia, it is the most important cooking oil for hundreds of millions of people, particularly in southern China
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Euwallacea fornicatus


weak pathogen. "Euwallacea fornicatus" breeds in various live hosts and is considered a severe pest of several economically important plants, such as: tea ("Camellia sinensis"), avocado ("Persea americana"), citrus ("Citrus" spp.) and cacao ("Theobroma cacao"). Adult females are range between 1.9-2.5 mm long. They are bulky, dark brown or black and the frontal edge of the pronotum has a row of saw-like projections. Moreover, specimens have erect
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Macartney Embassy


address the "immense debt of silver" caused by the tea trade. At this time, botanists were not yet aware that a variety of the tea plant ("camellia sinensis" var. "assamica") was already growing natively in Assam, a fact that Robert Bruce was to discover in 1823. Banks advised the embassy to gather as many plants as possible in their travels, especially tea plants. He also insisted that gardeners and artists be present on the expedition to make observations and illustrations of local flora. Accordingly
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Jacobiasca formosana


Jacobiasca formosana is an insect species belonging to the subfamily Typhlocybinae of the family Cicadellidae. Plant hosts include "Gossypium" (cotton) species and, notably, "Camellia sinensis" (Chinese tea plants). The species is distributed throughout East, Southeast, and South Asia (including in China, India, Malaysia, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, and Thailand). Common names for "J. formosana" include the small green leafhopper, tea green leafhopper, or tea jassid. In Mandarin Chinese, the insect is
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Melaleuca


because one of the first specimens described had fire-blackened white bark. The common name "tea-tree" has been applied to species in the genera "Leptospermum", "Melaleuca", "Kunzea", and "Baeckea" because the sailors on the "Endeavour" used the leaves of a shrub from one of these groups as a replacement for tea "Camellia sinensis" during Captain James Cook's 1770 voyage to Australia. Most melaleucas occur naturally only on the Australian mainland. Eight occur in Tasmania, but
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Biston suppressaria


series present. Larva dark green with dark somital bands and slight sub-lateral line. Spiracles white ringed with red and red centers. Tubercle on first somite and legs purple. Female larva much pale green. Larva known to feed on "Cassia auriculata", "Acacia", "Albizia", "Camellia sinensis", "Chrysanthemum indicum", "Dalbergia latifolia", "Eucalyptus", "Litchi chinensis", "Mangifera indica", "Paulownia tomentosa", "Phyllanthus emblica", "Prunus domestica
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Lapsang souchong


Lapsang souchong (; ), sometimes referred to as smoked tea (熏茶), is a black tea ("Camellia sinensis") that is originally from the mountainous Wuyi region in the province of Fujian in China. It is distinct from other types of tea, as the leaves are traditionally smoke-dried over pinewood fires, imparting a distinctive flavor of smoky pine. "Xiǎozhǒng" or "Siu2 zung2" (小種) refers to the larger, coarser tea leaves that are found lower on the branch. Lapsang souchong is
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Tea processing


Tea processing is the method in which the leaves from the tea plant "Camellia sinensis" are transformed into the dried leaves for brewing tea. The categories of tea are distinguished by the processing they undergo. In its most general form, tea processing involves different manners and degree of oxidation of the leaves, stopping the oxidation, forming the tea and drying it. The innate flavour of the dried tea leaves is determined by the type of cultivar of the tea bush, the quality of the plucked tea leaves, and the manner
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North-West University Botanical Garden


, Bonatea, Crinum, Dierama, Encephalartos, Eucomis, Eulophia, Euphorbia, Gasteria, Gladiolus, Haworthia, Hypoxis, Indigofera, Kniphofia, Plectranthus, Podocarpus, Polygala, Scadoxus, Searsia, Stapelia and Zantedeschia. In the tropical greenhouse a variety of tropical and subtropical plants from all over the world can be found. Some of the plants include a variety of food and medicinal plants including "Coffea arabica" (coffee), "Camellia sinensis" (tea), "Vanilla planifolia" (vanilla), "Saccharum
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Kukicha


) or ' (白折 / しらおれ). "Kukicha" has a mildly nutty and slightly creamy sweet flavour. It is made of four sorts of stems, stalks and twigs of "Camellia sinensis". For best results, "kukicha" is steeped in water between to . Green varieties are best steeped for less than one minute (oversteeping or steeping too hot, as with all green teas, will result in a bitter, unsavoury brew). It is common to steep "kukicha" for three or four infusions
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Fluoride


, and to promote healthy bone growth. The tea plant ("Camellia sinensis" L.) is a known accumulator of fluorine compounds, released upon forming infusions such as the common beverage. The fluorine compounds decompose into products including fluoride ions. Fluoride is the most bioavailable form of fluorine, and as such, tea is potentially a vehicle for fluoride dosing. Approximately, 50% of absorbed fluoride is excreted renally with a twenty-four-hour period. The remainder can be retained in the oral cavity, and lower digestive
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Leptospermum petersonii


citral, and pinene. It is grown in plantations in Kenya, Zaire, South Africa, Guatemala and Australia. The leaf of lemon-scented teatree is also used as a flavouring ingredient in boutique tea blends with standard black tea, "Camellia sinensis". The essential oil from "L.petersonii "inhibits the pathological fungi "Candida albicans" and "Aspergillus fumigatus". It can be mistaken for "Backhousia citriodora" (lemon myrtle). Lemon-scented teatree is well known as a garden plant, popular for its
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Chrysiridia rhipheus


. However, not all white flowers elicit a response: the white and showy flowers of "Omphalea oppositifolia" are not visited by the adult moths. Nectar sources include the flowers of: All these flowers are white, with the exception of "Camellia sinensis" which has a yellow centre, and all either have dense filaments or are formed of tight clusters of small flowers. This spectacular moth is considered one of the most impressive and beautiful Lepidoptera, rivalling almost any of the butterflies in brilliance of colouring and form. It
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History of tea in India


Camellia sinensis]]". In the early 1820s, the [[British East India Company]] began large-scale production of tea in [[Assam]], India, of a tea variety traditionally brewed by the [[Singpho people]]. In 1826, the British East India Company took over the region from the Ahom kings through the Yandaboo Treaty. In 1837, the first English tea garden was established at Chabua in Upper Assam; in 1840, the Assam Tea Company began the commercial production of
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Dongfang Meiren


Dongfang Meiren () or "Baihao" (), marketed as "Oriental Beauty", or White Tip Oolong or "Champagne Oolong", is a heavily oxidized, non-roasted, tip-type oolong tea originating in Hsinchu County, Taiwan. It is an insect tea produced from the droppings of a leaf-hopper that feeds on the tea plant "Camellia sinensis". This tea has natural fruity aromas and produces a sweet-tasting liquor, bright reddish-orange in color, without any bitterness. Dried
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Ericales


The entire order contains over 8,000 species, of which the Ericaceae account for 2,000-4,000 species (by various estimates). The most commercially used plant in the order is tea ("Camellia sinensis") from the Theaceae family. The order also includes some edible fruits, including kiwifruit ("Actinidia deliciosa"), persimmon (genus "Diospyros"), blueberry, huckleberry, cranberry, Brazil nut, and Mamey sapote. The order also includes shea ("Vitellaria paradoxa"), which is the major dietary
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Vaucluse House


Camellia japonica cv.s, azaleas (Rhododendron indicum cv's), Cherokee rose (Rosa laevigata), "Wisteria sinensis", (introduced into Sydney by Alexander Macleay at Elizabeth Bay) orange jessamine / sweet box (Murraya paniculata), confederate rose (Hibiscus mutabilis), butterfly bush (Buddleja davidii), fried egg plant (Gordonia axillaris) and "Safrano" rose, (R. 'Safrano'). Large shrubs in this shrubbery area include Cotoneaster sp. (China), Angel's trumpets (Brugmansia cv.s:
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Korean tea


the reign of Queen Seondeok of Silla (631‒647), when two types of tea bricks, "jeoncha" () and "dancha" (), were imported from the Tang Empire. In 765, a Buddhist monk is said to have presented an offering of the tea to King Gyeongdeok and the Buddha. "Camellia sinensis" tea plants spread throughout the country in 828, when King Heungdeok received seeds from the Tang Empire and sent them to be planted on the Jirisan mountain. Tea was usually offered to the Buddha
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History of tea


India, in order to compete with the Chinese monopoly on tea. ""Camellia sinensis" originated in southeast Asia, specifically around the intersection of latitude 29°N and longitude 98°E, the point of confluence of the lands of northeast India, north Burma, southwest China and Tibet. The plant was introduced to more than 52 countries, from this 'centre of origin'." On morphological differences between the Assamese and Chinese varieties, botanists have long asserted a dual botanical origin for tea; however, statistical
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History of tea


. Almost all production is of basic mass-market teas, processed by the Crush, Tear, Curl method. Kenya is now the third largest global producer (figures below), after China and India, and is now the largest exporter of tea to the United Kingdom. There is also a great consumption of tea in Chile. In South Africa, the non-Camellia sinensis beverage rooibos is popular. In South America yerba mate is a popular infused beverage. The only European plantation is Chá Gorreana, located in Ribeira
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Fernhill, Mulgoa


Wentworth Hotel). These were erected as supports for the heavy timber pergola over which white Wisteria sinensis "Alba" was planted. This pergola design was very refined, with the timber ends fashioned in a detail sympathetic to the Georgian architecture of the house. A wide bed of mixed plantings of perennials and shrubs, including camellias and azaleas, forms a backdrop to the pergola when viewed from the house, adding a floral display at this important arrival point to the house. A swimming pool was installed south of the house,
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Cannabinoid


/Z-tetraenoic-acid-isobutylamide. At least 25 different alkylamides have been identified, and some of them have shown affinities to the CB-receptor. In some "Echinacea" species, cannabinoids are found throughout the plant structure, but are most concentrated in the roots and flowers. Yangonin found in the Kava plant has significant affinity to the CB1 receptor. Tea (Camellia sinensis) catechins have an affinity for human cannabinoid receptors. A widespread dietary terpene, beta-caryophyllene, a component from the essential oil of
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Dim sum


include jasmine, gardenia, magnolia, grapefruit flower, sweet-scented osmanthus and rose. There are strict rules about the proportion of flowers to tea. Jasmine tea is the most popular type of scented tea, and is often the most popular type of tea served at yum cha establishments. The above teas are produced in most of China. Chinese tea bushes ("Camellia sinensis") are cultivated in the mountain areas of tropical and subtropical regions or wherever there is a proper climate, sufficient humidity, adequate sunshine and fertile
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Tea in Australia


Tea consumption is an essential part of the Australian culture. Small quantities of tea are grown and produced in Australia itself. The Aboriginal Australians drank an infusion from the plant species leptospermum (a different plant from the tea plant or "camellia sinensis"). Upon landing in Australia for the first time, Captain Cook noticed the aboriginal peoples drinking it and called it tea. Today the plant is referred to as the "ti tree". Through colonisation by the British, tea was introduced to Australia. In fact, tea
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Assam


In Assam among all the productive sectors, agriculture makes the highest contribution to its domestic sectors, accounting for more than a third of Assam's income and employs 69% of workforce. Assam's biggest contribution to the world is Assam tea. It has its own variety, "Camellia sinensis" var. "assamica". The state produces rice, rapeseed, mustard seed, jute, potato, sweet potato, banana, papaya, areca nut, sugarcane and turmeric. Assam's agriculture is yet to experience modernisation in a
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Assam tea


Assam tea is a black tea named after the region of its production, Assam, India. Assam tea is manufactured specifically from the plant "Camellia sinensis" var. "assamica" (Masters). The same tea plant is also traditionally used in Yunnan province in China. Assam tea is mostly grown at or near sea level and is known for its body, briskness, malty flavour, and strong, bright colour. Assam teas, or blends containing Assam, are often sold as "breakfast" teas. For instance
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Delias pasithoe


broad subbasal band and dorsal patch both pale yellow and much broader than in the male, and the postdiscal curved series of hastate spots obscure and ill-defined. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen as in the male, the abdomen whitish grey below and on the sides. Wingspan is 66–90 mm. Nepal; Sikkim; Assam; Myanmar; Tenasserim; to the south extending through the Malay Peninsula to Borneo; to the east through the Shan States to Thailand and southern China. "Buddleja", "Camellia sinensis"
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Matcha


During shaded growth, the plant "Camellia sinensis" produces more theanine and caffeine. The powdered form of matcha is consumed differently from tea leaves or tea bags, and is suspended in a liquid, typically water or milk. The traditional Japanese tea ceremony centers on the preparation, serving, and drinking of matcha as hot tea and embodies a meditative spiritual style. In modern times, matcha has also come to be used to flavor and dye foods such as "mochi" and "soba" noodles, green tea ice cream
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Matcha


quality. Grades of matcha are defined by many factors. Where leaves destined for tencha are picked on the tea bush ("Camellia sinensis") is vital. The very top should have developing leaves that are soft and supple. This gives a finer texture to higher grades of matcha. More-developed leaves are harder, giving lower grades a sandy texture. The better flavour is a result of the plant sending the majority of its nutrients to the growing leaves. Traditionally, sencha leaves are dried outside in the shade and
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