Alexandre Millerand [SEP] place of burial
Millerand letter


The Alexandre Millerand Letter was written by French Prime Minister Alexandre Millerand and was an annex to the Trianon Treaty. It stated that the border amendments made by the Trianon Treaty were not final, and could be reviewed in the future. This give the Hungarian government the false impression that the treaty itself was only temporary, and so the delegation signed the treaty on June 4, 1920. On March 8, 1920, the Council of Foreign Ministers and Ambassadors discussed for the last time the new borders of Hungary in London, and
4216902
Alexandre Millerand


and Millerand was forced to appoint a stronger figure, Aristide Briand. Briand's appointment was welcomed by both left and right, although the Socialists and the left wing of the Radical Party did not join his government. However, Millerand dismissed Briand after just a year, and appointed the conservative republican, Raymond Poincaré. Millerand was accused of favouring conservatives in spite of the traditional neutrality of French Presidents and the composition of the legislature. On 14 July 1922, Millerand escaped an assassination attempt by Gustave Bouvet, a young French anarchist
14347751
Millerand Island


Millerand Island is a high rugged island in diameter, lying south of Cape Calmette, off the west coast of Graham Land. It was discovered by the French Antarctic Expedition (1908-1910) under Jean-Baptiste Charcot, who thought that it was a cape of the mainland and named it as such after Alexandre Millerand, French statesman. Refuge 17 de Agosto is an Antarctic refuge located in the north east of the Millerand Island in the Marguerite Bay, on the Fallières Coast. It is operated by the Argentine Army and
18826348
Jeanne Millerand


Jeanne Millerand (May 7, 1864 – October 23, 1950) was the wife of wife of the President of France Alexandre Millerand. Jeanne Millerand was admired for her representational qualities. She was old fashioned and conventional; she forbade her children from listening to modern music, and despite the new fashion of the 1920s, she continued to dress in older fashions, in a corset, long skirts, and big hats. Bertrand Meyer-Stabley, Les Dames de l'Élysée. Celles d'hier et de demain, Librairie Académique Perrin,
9949684
Alexandre Millerand


Alexandre Millerand (; 10 February 1859 – 7 April 1943) was a French politician. He was Prime Minister of France from 20 January to 23 September 1920 and President of France from 23 September 1920 to 11 June 1924. His participation in Waldeck-Rousseau's cabinet at the start of the 20th century, alongside the Marquis de Galliffet who had directed the repression of the 1871 Paris Commune, sparked a debate in the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO) and in the Second International about the participation of socialists in
14347743
Edmond Buat


on 20 January 1920, and attended the first meeting of Conseil supérieur de la guerre following the armistice on 31 January. When asked by Alexandre Millerand whether the French Army had the capacity to occupy the Ruhr he replied that this would only be possible by mobilising the reserves. He was buried in the Cemetery Miséricorde, Nantes. On 10 July 1927 Petain, Alexandre Millerand and Ragueneau attended the inauguration of a monument to Buat in Nantes. He was wrote several books on military history specialising in artillery tactics: His journal, "
4337462
Alexandre Millerand


as Prime Minister, a decree of February 1920 introduced the eight-hour day for seamen. When Deschanel had to resign later that year due to his mental disorder, Millerand emerged as a compromise candidate for President between the "Bloc National" and the remnants of the "Bloc des gauches". Millerand appointed Georges Leygues, a politician with a long career of ministerial office, as Prime Minister and attempted to strengthen the executive powers of the Presidency. This move was resisted in the Chamber of Deputies and the French Senate,
14347750
Théodore Steeg


Senate on 11 January 1920 and won the first ballot. On 20 January 1920 Steeg was appointed Minister of Interior in Alexandre Millerand cabinet. The right had won the election and the appointment of a Radical Socialist to this sensitive position was controversial. Léon Daudet attacked Steeg, trying unsuccessfully to get Millerand to abandon Steeg's nomination. However, Millerand had appointed his friend in part to demonstrate his independence, in part due to his desire to form a "republican union" that rose above party lines, and stood firm. Steeg
15776751
Alexandre Millerand


status of a ""direction"". As labour minister, Millerand was responsible for the introduction of a wide range of reforms, including the reduction in the maximum workday from 11 to 10 hours in 1904, the introduction of an 8-hour workday for postal employees, the prescribing of maximum hours and minimum wages for all work undertaken by public authorities, the bringing of workers' representatives into the Conseil supérieur de travail, the establishment of arbitration tribunals and inspectors of labour, and the creation of a labour section inside his Ministry
14347747
1922 in France


see what improvements could be effected in those regions. But it is in North Africa that the work of France has been particularly noteworthy. While the conference of Genoa was sitting, Alexandre Millerand, president of the republic, made a tour through Morocco, Algiers, and Tunis. Everywhere he was welcomed with great enthusiasm. The theme of all his speeches was that the future of North Africa lay in the closest possible cooperation of the native Arabs and Berbers with the French soldiers, administrators, and colonists. In Tunis, Millerand
12238066
Socialist Republican Union


on to become the chief figure of the French socialist Party); René Viviani and Aristide Briand (both heads of government around the time of the first world war); Alexandre Millerand (head of state after the war). Some socialist-republicans, such as Jaurès, ended up drifting to marxism; others, like Millerand, to a Jacobin-inspired right-wing nationalism: it was never a coherent body of thought, but a catch-all grouping for all those who did not exactly fit into the orthodox
22045138
Théodore Steeg


readily accept. In April 1922 President Alexandre Millerand visited Algeria to calm the fears of the French "colons" about the growth in numbers of Muslim electors, and to assure them that France would continue to protect their interests. The prefect of Algiers did not want the influential Emir Khalid ibn Hashim (1875–1936) to present his position, but Steeg overrode him. Khaled told Millerand, "The inhabitants of Algeria without racial or religious distinction are equally children of France ... We come to solicit representation in the French Parliament."
15776754
René Viviani


a loan of 1,800,000,000 francs ($360,000,000) for military preparations. Viviani supported both of these measures. During the July Crisis, he was largely dominated by President Poincaré. He retained the premiership for the first year of the First World War, but his tenure was undistinguished. On 26 August 1914 Viviani reorganized his cabinet on a war basis with Alexandre Millerand replacing Adolphe Messimy as Minister of War. Along with President Poincaré and War Minister Millerand he attended a June 1915 meeting of Joffre (Commander-in-Chief) and
15776858
Socialist Party (France)


. There were also some declared socialist deputies such as Alexandre Millerand and Jean Jaurès who did not belong to any party. In 1899, the participation of Millerand in Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau's cabinet caused a debate about socialist participation in a "bourgeois government". Three years later, Jaurès, Allemane and the possibilists founded the possibilist French Socialist Party, which supported participation in government, while Guesde and Vaillant formed the Socialist Party of France, which opposed such co-operation. In 1905, during the Globe Congress, the
5251340
André Joseph Lefèvre


on 20 January 1920 in the first cabinet of Alexandre Millerand. The cabinet fell on 18 February 1920 but Lefèvre retained his portfolio in the second Millerand cabinet from 18 February 1920 to 23 September 1920 and in the cabinet of Georges Leygues. On 9 June 1920 Lefèvre told the Senate Committee on the Army of the imminent filing of a project to reorganize the recruitment and staffing of the French army. Most of the deputies and senators were in favor of reducing the length of service, but Lefèvre saw that the Germans were not adhering
8072561
Paul Jourdain


the cabinet of Georges Clemenceau, and retained this post in the subsequent cabinets of Alexandre Millerand and Georges Leygues, leaving office on 16 January 1921. In 1920 Jourdain became mayor of Altkirch, holding office throughout the inter-war years. General strikes broke out across France in May 1920. Jourdain tried to mediate a solution, while Millerand imposed repressive measures. Jourdain was the principal author of the first French social insurance bill, which was presented to the chamber by his successor as Minister of Labor, Charles Daniel-Vincent.
11613939
Jean Allemane


quarrel within the bourgeoisie.) In 1899, the Independent Socialist Alexandre Millerand precipitated a fierce controversy in French and European socialism by joining a bourgeois republican cabinet – something no socialist had done since Louis Blanc's ill-fated participation in the Provisional Government of the Second Republic in 1848. The controversy over Millerandism coincided with the Revisionist controversy in German Social-Democracy and with the controversy over 'Economism' among Russian Marxists. Revolutionary socialists like Guesde and Édouard Vaillant saw all three phenomena as a betrayal of the working class; Jaurès
14635529
Social democracy


which Alexandre Millerand of the Independent Socialists joined the non-socialist government of France's liberal Prime Minister Waldeck-Rousseau without seeking support from his party's leadership. Millerand's actions provoked outrage amongst revolutionary socialists within the Second International, including the anarchist left and Jules Guesde's revolutionary Marxists. In response to these disputes over reform or revolution, the 1900 Paris Congress of the Second International declared a resolution to the dispute in which Guesde's demands were partially accepted in a resolution drafted by Kautsky that declared that overall socialists should not
3821251
Alexandre Millerand


"bourgeois governments". Born in Paris, he was educated for the Bar and was elected Secrétaire of the Conférence du Barreau de Paris. He made his reputation through his defence, in company with Georges Laguerre, of Ernest Roche and Duc-Quercy, the instigators of the strike at Decazeville in 1883. He then took Laguerre's place on Georges Clemenceau's newspaper, "La Justice". He was a freemason between 1883 and 1905. He was elected to the Chamber of Deputies for the Seine "département" in
14347744
French Antarctic Expedition


maps at . Viewed from a position some 15 to 17 miles southeast of Jenny Island, expedition surveyor Maurice Bongrain made sketches of this feature which were labeled both "Île Pavie" and "Cap Pavie". The area later became known as Pavie Ridge. Adelaide Island was first surveyed by the expedition. They also discovered Millerand Island, which was likely named for Alexandre Millerand, French statesman. Douglas Range was seen from a distance. Rothschild Island was named after Baron Edouard Alphonse de Rothschild (1868-1949), head
1635375
Gustave Bouvet


a year in prison for publishing anarchist propaganda. In April 1922, Bouvet was released from prison and took up residence on the Rue des Panoyaux. On 14 July 1922, Bouvet made an attempt to assassinate President Alexandre Millerand. Millerand and other dignitaries were traveling in a procession of three carriages along the Champs-Élysées after returning from a Bastille Day military review. When the procession reached the corner of the Avenue Marigny at about 11:05, Bouvet drew a revolver from his pocket and fired two shots at the second car, which
7618057
1921 in France


Events from the year 1921 in France. Before touching on the principal events which took place in France in the course of the year 1921, it is necessary to recall one or two of the outstanding facts of 1920 in France. The most important political event was the election on 23 September of Alexandre Millerand as president of the republic. Georges Leygues succeeded him as prime minister, and his appointment somewhat surprised the majority of the nation. Leygues had had a fairly distinguished political career, but in the general opinion he was hardly
10419335
Breton-Prétot machine


Baby Holt, showing the superiority of the latter. On 16 June, new experiments had followed in front of the President of the Republic. After satisfactory tests on 22 July 1915 at Maison-Lafitte, War Minister Alexandre Millerand ordered ten armoured and armed wire-cutters to be manufactured on 7 August. For his machine, Breton was thus allowed to order ten Holt tractors, to use as a base for his wire-cutting machine. Experiments again took place on 10 September for Commander Ferrus. This order was modified on
1469453
Gaston, Marquis de Galliffet


Gaston Alexandre Auguste, Marquis de Galliffet, Prince de Martigues (Paris, 23 January 1830 – 8 July 1909), was a French general, best known for having taken part in the repression of the 1871 Paris Commune. He was Minister of War in Waldeck-Rousseau's cabinet at the turn of the century, which caused a controversy in the socialist movement, since independent socialist Alexandre Millerand also took part in the same government, and was thus side by side with the "Fusilleur de la Commune" (the "
4056889
Concours général


Charles Péguy, Jérome Carcopino, André Maurois, Maurice Couve de Murville, Edgar Faure, Maurice Schumann, Roger Nimier, Laurent Schwartz, Charles Alexandre de Calonne, Maximilien de Robespierre, André Chénier, Jules Michelet, Victor Hugo, Auguste Blanqui, Charles Forbes René de Montalembert, Évariste Galois, Henri d'Orléans, duc d'Aumale, Louis Pasteur, Edmond About, Lucien-Anatole Prévost-Paradol, Sadi Carnot, Émile Faguet, Jules Lemaitre, Henri Bergson, Alexandre Millerand, Émile Chartier (Alain), Maurice Denis, Édouard
15375139
1920 in Germany


French, and Italian prime ministers, was opened at San Remo on April 19; and the Council had to deal, among other questions, with the German invasion of the Ruhr Valley, and with the problem of disarmament generally. David Lloyd George, with the support of Francesco Saverio Nitti, proposed that the German government should be invited to attend the conference; but this was strongly opposed by Alexandre Millerand, and the proposal therefore lapsed. The result of the discussions at San Remo on the German question was that a note
10317022
Alexandre Millerand


the international association of labour. However, when in June 1899 he entered Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau's cabinet of "republican defence" as Minister of Commerce, he limited himself to practical reforms, devoting his attention to the improvement of the merchant marine, to the development of trade, of technical education, of the postal system, and to the amelioration of the conditions of labour. Labour questions were entrusted to a separate department, the "Direction du Travail", and the pension and insurance office was also raised to the
14347746
Gabriel Fauré


1920, at the age of 75, Fauré retired from the Conservatoire because of his increasing deafness and frailty. In that year he received the Grand-Croix of the Légion d'honneur, an honour rare for a musician. In 1922 the president of the republic, Alexandre Millerand, led a public tribute to Fauré, a national "hommage", described in "The Musical Times" as "a splendid celebration at the Sorbonne, in which the most illustrious French artists participated, [which] brought him great joy. It
21577015
Gabriel Deville


(Gracchus Babeuf), the leader of the 1796 "Conspiracy of the Equals". Babeuf gave a clear statement of egalitarian principles, but was also pragmatic and willing to support the Directory against the threat of royalist counter-revolution. In 1899 Deville supported Alexandre Millerand's entry into the cabinet of Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau. On 22 March 1903 Deville was elected to the fourth district in a by-election to replace Daniel Cloutier, who had died. He defeated Maurice Barrès in the second round of voting. In the
16568559
Maurice Viollette


Maurice Viollette (3 September 1870 in Janville, Eure-et-Loir – 9 September 1960 in Dreux) was a French statesman. He was chief-of-staff for Alexandre Millerand in the Waldeck-Rousseau government in 1898, and was elected as a "député" for Eure-et-Loir in 1902 and as mayor of Dreux from 1908–1959. He acted as Transport and Supply Minister in 1917, Governor General of Algeria from 1925 to 1927, Minister of State for the Front Populaire, and author of the
20620039
Maxime Weygand


company of enthusiasts for the attack." During another meeting with Piłsudski on 18 August, Weygand became offended and threatened to leave, depressed by his failure and dismayed by Poland's disregard for the Allied powers. At the station at Warsaw on 25 August he was consoled by the award of the Virtuti Militari, 2nd class; at Paris on the 28th he was cheered by crowds lining the platform of the Gare de l'Est, kissed on both cheeks by the Premier Alexandre Millerand and presented with the Grand Cross of the Legion of
20647477
Annonay


a passion in Annonay and in its surroundings. There were expulsions of monks and nuns with the "Querelle des inventaires" particularly active during violent protests motivated by the fear of a return to the excesses of 1793-1794. The First World War with its refugees, its wounded, its mutilated, and its dead (552 from Annonay) put an end to the protests. The period between the two wars was marked by the presidential visit of Alexandre Millerand in 1923 on the occasion of the inauguration of the monument in honor
6493769
1920 in France


of the National Assembly on 17 January. Altogether 888 legislators cast their votes, and Deschanel secured no fewer than 734 votes. The success of Deschanel was regarded in France as in some sense a victory for the opponents of the Treaty of Versailles. Deschanel was born in 1856, and had held the office of president of the Chamber of Deputies. Poincaré was to remain in office as president until 18 February. On 18 January, Clemenceau resigned from office as premier; and Poincaré entrusted Alexandre Millerand with the task of forming a
10316796
List of works by Jean Boucher


the 1939-1945 war but the damage was subsequently repaired. Boucher chose the following to be inscribed on the monument The inauguration on 22 May 1922 was conducted by Alexandre Millerand in the presence of Franchet d'Esperey, Ferdinand Foch and Pétain. This memorial stands in the school's "Cour du mûrier" and Boucher sculpted the figure of a soldier. The memorial inscribed " A nos morts victorieux" lists all the students and staff of the Beaux-Arts who gave their lives for France in 1914-1918. Boucher's sculpture
11229196
France in the long nineteenth century


these processes transformed a country of regionalisms into a modern nation state. In 1880, Jules Guesde and Paul Lafargue, Marx's son-in-law, created the French Workers' Party ("Parti ouvrier français", or POF), the first Marxist party in France. Two years later, Paul Brousse's "Possibilistes" split. A controversy arose in the French socialist movement and in the Second International concerning "socialist participation in a bourgeois government", a theme which was triggered by independent socialist Alexandre Millerand's
11435733
San Remo conference


the Mandatory under an obligation to implement the Balfour Declaration. The boundaries of the three territories were to be determined by the Principal Allied Powers. It was attended by the four Principal Allied Powers of World War I who were represented by the prime ministers of Britain (David Lloyd George), France (Alexandre Millerand), Italy (Francesco Nitti) and by Japan's Ambassador Keishirō Matsui. The conference was attended by the allies, the US representative joining the meeting later in an observer capacity British Empire: France: Italy:
13126931
Charles Reibel


1915 he was attached to the office of Joseph Thierry, Under Secretary of State for War. On 16 November 1919 Reibel was elected deputy for Seine-et-Oise on the list of the National Democratic Union. On 20 January 1920 he was appointed Under-Secretary of State to the President of the Council, holding office in the cabinets of Alexandre Millerand and Georges Leygues until 16 January 1921. Reibel was reported to be in favor of a proposal by the Musée social supporting "the principle of complete equality [of men
13898414
Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau


such widely different politicians as the Socialist Alexandre Millerand and the General de Galliffet, dubbed the "repressor of the Commune". He himself returned to his former post at the ministry of the interior, and set to work to quell the discontent with which the country was seething, to put an end to the various agitations which under specious pretences were directed against republican institutions (far-right leagues, Boulangist crisis, etc.), and to restore independence to the judicial authority. His appeal to all republicans to sink their
14347703
Alexandre Millerand


1885 as a Radical Socialist. He was associated with Clemenceau and Camille Pelletan as an arbitrator in the Carmaux strike (1892). He had long had the ear of the Chamber in matters of social legislation, and after the Panama scandals had discredited so many politicians, his influence grew. He was chief of the Independent Socialist faction, a group which then mustered sixty members, and edited until 1896 their organ in the press, "La Petite République". His programme included the collective ownership of the means of production and
14347745
Alexandre Millerand


of Commerce to tackle the problem of social insurance. The introduction of trade union representatives on the "Supreme Labour Council", the organisation of local labour councils, and instructions to factory inspectors to put themselves in communication with the councils of the trade unions were valuable concessions to labour. He further secured the rigorous application of earlier laws devised for the protection of the working class. His name was especially associated with a project for the establishment of old age pensions, which became law in 1905. In 1898, he became editor
14347748
Battle of El Herri


Pichon, said that Laverdure was "haunted by the obsessive temptation" of defeating Hammou. Lyautey stated, in a letter to Minister of War Alexandre Millerand, that Laverdure, had he not died on the field, would have deserved "the most severe punishment" at the hands of a military tribunal. It is thought that Laverdure's actions may have been influenced by a school of thought, advocated by General Charles Mangin, that bold movements would intimidate the North African tribes into submission. This school of thought was critical of
14654534
Treaty of Sèvres


remnants of the Ottoman Empire. In a new treaty, that of Lausanne in 1923, Turkish sovereignty was preserved through the establishment of the Republic of Turkey. George Dixon Grahame signed for the UK, Alexandre Millerand for France, and Count Lelio Bonin Longare for Italy. One Allied power, Greece, did not accept the borders as drawn, mainly due to the political change after the 1920 Greek legislative election, and never ratified the treaty. There were three signatories for the Ottoman Empire: The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic was
15923388
Greater Lebanon


Syria and the Lebanon, under which the definition of Lebanon was still to be set by the French. Most of the territory was controlled the Occupied Enemy Territory Administration, with the remainder controlled for a short time by the Arab Kingdom of Syria until the latter's defeat in July 1920. Following the decisive Battle of Maysalun, Lebanese Maronites openly celebrated the Arab defeat. On August 24, 1920, French Prime Minister Alexandre Millerand wrote to Archbishop Khoury: "Your country's claims on the Bekaa, that you have recalled for
17142099
Haile Selassie


, Mulugeta Yeggazu, actually fought at Adwa as a young man. The "Oriental Dignity" of the Ethiopians and their "rich, picturesque court dress" were sensationalized in the media; among his entourage he even included a pride of lions, which he distributed as gifts to President Alexandre Millerand and Prime Minister Raymond Poincaré of France, to King George V of the United Kingdom, and to the Zoological Garden ("Jardin Zoologique") of Paris, France. As one historian noted, "Rarely can a tour have
19511562
International Socialist Congress, Paris 1900


The 5th International Socialist Congress of the Second International era was held in Paris from September 23 to 27 in Paris. It was originally supposed to be held in Germany in 1899, but difficulties with the German authorities prevented this. The Congress is notable for establishing the International Socialist Bureau, the permanent organization of the International, as well as with dealing with the questions of the socialist attitude toward reformism and colonialism. On reformism, the Congress specifically addressed the question of socialists entering bourgeois governments. In 1899 the socialist Alexandre Millerand had
19744450
Christophe Thivrier


demonstrators. Thuvrier joined with Eugène Baudin, Jean-Baptiste Dumay and Alexandre Millerand in protesting to the government. Thivrier was reelected on 3 September 1893, holding office until 8 August 1895. In 1893 Henri Ghesquière, a Guesdist leader, reported in "La Socialiste Troyen" that when Thivrier entered the Assembly wearing his worker's "blouse" (smock) he was greeted by an uproar among the bourgeois leaders. Ghesquière commented that, "... a clean blue smock has every right to be worn in the Assembly, as
20991639
Duc-Quercy


discipline was widely admired by ordinary people. Duc-Quercy and the politicians Pierre Baudin, Alexandre Millerand, René Viviani, and Alfred Léon Gérault-Richard often spoke in Carmaux during the strike. Jean Jaurès, Duc-Quercy and Eugène Baudin said the strike was an attempt to guarantee the political liberties of Carmaux voters. Paul Lafargue of the French Workers' Party saw it as part of the wider "political and economic battle against the bourgeoisie". In 1893 Duc-quercy was candidate for the legislative elections for Decazeville,
21144700
Chantilly Conferences


of the Imperial General Staff William Robertson), France (Alexandre Millerand, the Minister of War and Joseph Joffre, the Commander-in-Chief), Belgium, Italy, Serbia and Russia. Joffre told the delegates that concerted, coordinated action would create the most favourable conditions for an Allied victory to present themselves. No specific undertakings were agreed upon as a consequence of the conference. A later conference at Chantilly about five months later, was more ambitious in its aims and led to a commitment by the Allies to begin
21778569
Gabriel Alapetite


is the only force they lack. They know well that if they have it, the enslavement of the Muslim natives won't be long in coming." Gabriel Alapetite was French Ambassador in Madrid from 1918 to 1920. Alapetite was French Commissioner General in Strasbourg, Alsace-Lorraine, from 1920 to 1924. Alapetite replaced Alexandre Millerand as Commissioner General. As a career bureaucrat he did not have the vision or political skills of his predecessor. He had to deal with labour tensions, disputes over language and religion, difficulties implementing
2363154
Henry Bérenger


the organization of labor. He appointed Commissioner General for Gasoline and Combustibles on 21 August 1918 in the government of Georges Clemenceau. He retained this position in the government of Alexandre Millerand, until resigning on 23 September 1920. His policies ensured that France received 22.5% of the oil of Mosul, and influenced development of the French refining industry. In 1921 Bérenger was a member of the Finance Committee and the main mover for the law on control of expenses. He was elected "rapporteur général", holding this position until 1926
4263295
Joseph-Honoré Ricard


congress decided the main tasks for family policy were to fight pornography, abortion, and neo-Malthusian propaganda; to fight slums and housing construction projects; to support the "vote familial"; and to work toward expansion of family benefits; subsidies for nornbreuses; and a "moral reform of intelligences and wills". Although not a deputy, Ricard was appointed Minister of Agriculture from 20 January 1920 to 15 January 1921 in the first and second cabinets of Alexandre Millerand and the cabinet of Georges Leygues. Ricard was a member
7027830
Gustave Bouvet


Gustave Charles Bouvet () was a French anarchist (born 4 December 1898, Angers. Died 11 october 1984, Lagny-sur-Marne) who unsuccessfully tried to assassinate Alexandre Millerand, the President of France. Bouvet was raised by priests in Antwerp, and returned at 14 years of age to Paris to live with his parents. He served as the secretary for the Fédération Anarchiste and was founder of the "Journal des Jeunesses Communistes", of which he became secretary and director. In 1921, he was sentenced to
7618056
George Yates (socialist)


George S. Yates was a British socialist politician. An engineering draughtsperson, Yates became an active trade unionist in Leith, Scotland, and joined the Social Democratic Federation (SDF). By 1898, he was identified as a member of the left wing of the party, and began lecturing alongside James Connolly. In 1900, he was a delegate to the Congress of the Second International, where he was the only British delegate to vote against a motion supporting Alexandre Millerand's decision to join the French government. Becoming a convinced supporter
8305531
National Council of French Women


Julie Siegfried's husband, Jules Siegfried, was a deputy and won passage of the right for women to vote in 1919, but the law was rejected by the Senate. Julie Siegfried was decorated with the Knight's cross of the Legion of Honor by Alexandre Millerand. Avril de Sainte-Croix organized the CNFF congress in 1919. The congress was held in Strasbourg on 8-9 October 1919. At this meeting it called for a reform to the laws so that a French woman who married a foreigner could choose to retain
8373930
French occupation of Frankfurt


French occupation of Frankfurt occurred from 6 April to 17 May 1920 as part of the Allied occupation of the Rhineland. The principal city occupied was Frankfurt, but the French also occupied Dieburg, Darmstadt, Hanau and Homburg. The occupation was in response to the mobilisation of armed forces by the government of Hermann Müller to suppress the Ruhr Uprising - which in turn was part of a widespread strike movement which defeated the Kapp Putsch. On 20 January 1920 Alexandre Millerand succeeded Georges Clemenceau as Prime Minister of France. On 31 January he
12325508
Maximilien Luce


friends with Léo Gausson and Émile-Gustave Cavallo-Péduzzi. These three artists spent time around Lagny-sur-Marne creating Impressionist landscapes. Luce spent four years in the military, starting in 1879, serving in Brittany at Guingamp. The next year, he received a promotion to corporal, and he became friends with Alexandre Millerand, who, in 1920, assumed the office of President of France. In 1881 he requested the restoration of his lower rank of soldier, second class. Carolus-Duran used his influence to
12450882
Joseph Joffre


Army broke off its attacks on Maunoury's Sixth Army and swung south-east, inside of Paris. Messimy, the war minister, ordered Joffre to provide three active corps to defend Paris on 25 August, but Joffre, regarding this as interference with strategy, ignored him. On 26 August René Viviani formed a new government (the "Union sacrée"), and on 27 August the new war minister, Alexandre Millerand, who had replaced Messimy largely because of the poor state of the Paris defences, visited Joffre.
13120803
Raoul Péret


1921 he was asked to form a government by President Alexandre Millerand to replace that of Georges Leygues, but his negotiations were unsuccessful and Aristide Briand formed the new government. In 1924 he was replaced as President of the Chamber by Painlevé. Péret returned to ministerial office in 1926, as Minister of Finance in Briand's eighth government. He wished to undertake major financial reforms to meet the growing economic crisis in France, but was unable to find support from his colleagues. His resignation provoked the collapse of Briand's government. In
13122487
George Diamandy


the "reactionary" critics. It also proudly called itself "eclectic". "L'Ère Nouvelle" hosted articles by Marxist thinkers from the various countries of Europe: primarily Friedrich Engels and Paul Lafargue, but also Georgi Plekhanov, Clara Zetkin, Karl Kautsky, Jean Jaurès, Gabriel Deville, and Jules Guesde. Its regular contributors included Constantin Dobrogeanu-Gherea, the Romanian Marxist doyen, Duc-Quercy, the French strike organizer, with the additional presence of Racoviță, Zévaès, Victor Jaclard, Alexandre Millerand, Adolphe Tabarant,
1316236
Independent politician


centre-right ARD and conservative FR all included a greater or lesser number of independents who sat with their group for parliamentary work ("apparentés"). In 1920, Alexandre Millerand was elected president of the Republic under the banner "without label". However, it is nowadays rare to have independent politicians at national level, if only because independents usually affiliate themselves to an existing political grouping. Noteworthy independents include José Bové in the 2007 presidential election. Emmanuel Macron was an independent politician as Minister, but formed his own
14212474
Jean Henri Georges Laguerre


Jean Henri Georges Laguerre (June 24, 1858 - June 17, 1912) was a French lawyer and politician. Born in Paris, he was called to the bar in 1879 and distinguished himself by brilliant pleadings in favour of socialist and anarchist leaders, defending Prince Kropotkine at Lyon in 1883, Louise Michel in the same year. In 1886, with Alexandre Millerand as colleague he defended Ernest Roche and Duc Quercy, the instigators of the Decazeville strike. His strictures on the "procureur de la Republique" on this occasion being
14347777
History of the French in Holyoke


While not French herself, in her travels after the First World War Ms. Skinner became enamored with the cause of post-war reconstruction, and for her efforts in rallying a national movement of adopting villages, and the reconstruction of the Chateau Hattonchatel and its surrounding village. In Paris at some time during the month of January 1919, she was awarded the Médaille de la Reconnaissance française by Premier Alexandre Millerand and made the rank of Chevalier in the Légion d'honneur. At her urgence the City of Holyoke itself, briefly maintained a sister
15555748
Gaston Doumergue


after highly controversial Alexandre Millerand, who was his predecessor. Doumergue was single when elected, and became the first President of France to marry in office. According to "Rail Tales of the Unexpected" (Kenneth Westcott Jones, David St John Thomas, Nairn, 1992), Doumerge was involved in an unusual railway incident in the autumn of 1926. Travelling to Germany on the Orient Express around 1 am he accidentally opened an external door and fell from the train. His disappearance was not noticed until the train was approaching Augsburg
15776729
1919 French legislative election


, but rejected any possibility of an agreement with the radicals. The radicals were found stuck between the SFIO which hesitated between radicalization and the status quo, and a right more than ever anti-leftist. Following complex negotiations, 324 lists were formed. The Socialists chose homogeneous lists, while the radicals divided between lists allied with the center-right and isolated lists. The lists of the "Bloc National" gathered the members of the Democratic Republican Alliance, the progressives, the nationalists and the Catholics. Alexandre Millerand managed to
16748619
Józef Piłsudski


visited Paris, where, in negotiations with French President Alexandre Millerand, he laid the foundations for the Franco-Polish Military Alliance, which would be signed later that year. The Treaty of Riga, which ended the Polish-Soviet War in March 1921, partitioned Belarus and Ukraine between Poland and Russia. Piłsudski called the treaty an "act of cowardice". The treaty and his secret approval of General Lucjan Żeligowski's capture of Vilnius from the Lithuanians marked an end to this incarnation of Piłsudski's federalist Intermarium plan. On
18451739
Adolphe Messimy


other was chief of staff to the Commander-in-Chief and dealt with mobilisation and concentration. Alexandre Millerand abolished the former post (in his 1912-13 tenure), helping to create the situation where Joffre acquired enormous power in his hands during the early years of the First World War. Messimy was suspicious of Joffre's choice of the clericalist right-winger General de Castelnau as his chief of staff. As War Minister Messimy proposed other reforms. He advocated that the manpower of the French Army should be enhanced with
18861080
Yves Le Trocquer


he rendered in these positions he was made an Officer of the Legion of Honour. In 1919 he became general director of the cabinet of Jules Cels, Undersecretary of State for the Navy. Le Trocquer was elected Deputy of Côtes-du-Nord on 19 November 1919. He sat with the Left Republican group. Soon after being elected Le Trocquer was appointed Undersecretary of State for Liquidation of Stocks in the second cabinet of Georges Clemenceau. Le Trocquer was next appointed Minister of Public Works in the first cabinet of Alexandre Millerand,
19597900
Duc-Quercy


of the Polish nihilist Stanislas Padlewski (1857–91). She contributed to "La Revue des revues" in 1899. The first issue of the Marxist journal "L'Ère Nouvelle" ("The New Era") appeared on 1 July 1893, founded and edited by the Guesdist George Diamandy, with the declared purpose of infusing literature with a message of revolutionary socialism. Contributors included Georgi Plekhanov, Edward Aveling and Gabriel Deville. Georges Sorel joined the editorial staff. Other contributors were Abel Hovelacque, Jean Jaurès, Alexandre Millerand, Lafargue
21144697
What Is to Be Done?


's positions were opportunist, a point expressed by the French socialist Alexandre Millerand as in taking a post in a bourgeois government. Against the economists' demand for freedom of criticism, Lenin advanced the position that the orthodox Marxists had the same right to criticize in return. He stressed that in the struggle against the bourgeoisie revolutionary social democrats would need to pay particular attention to theoretical questions, recalling Engels' position that there were three forms of social democratic struggle, namely political, economic and theoretical. Lenin puts the case that workers
21188467
Wickham Steed


Henry Wickham Steed (10 October 1871 – 13 January 1956) was an English journalist and historian. He was editor of "The Times" from 1919 until 1922. Born in Long Melford, England, Steed was educated at Sudbury Grammar School and the universities of Jena, Berlin and Paris. While in Europe, he demonstrated an early interest in social democracy and met with a range of left-wing figures, including Friedrich Engels, Wilhelm Liebknecht, August Bebel, and Alexandre Millerand. His encounters formed the basis of his
21519794
Maurice Paléologue


in the Morocco Protectorate, then in Beijing (China), and later in Italy. A Minister Plenipotentiary in 1901, he represented France in Bulgaria (1907–1912) and Imperial Russia (1914–1917). He became General Secretary of the Foreign Ministry in the Alexandre Millerand cabinet. An Austrian diplomat described his personality in 1911: The British ambassador to Moscow in 1914 provided a similar description: His most important and controversial role came when he was the French ambassador to Russia in July 1914. He hated Germany and saw that when war
21978340
Federation of the Lefts


The Federation of the Lefts () was a French electoral coalition during the French Third Republic founded in January 1914 by members of the Democratic Republican Alliance such Aristide Briand, Alexandre Millerand and Louis Barthou to provide a centrist alternative to the left's coalition, led by the Radical-Socialist Joseph Caillaux. However, the federation failed to attract the most moderate Radical voters and the left won the 1914 election which saw the centre fall back. The Federation was a failure. However, a parliamentary group under the name Republican, Radical
22154487
Aftermath of World War I


socialists' support of the National Union government (including Alexandre Millerand's nomination as Minister of War) marked a shift towards the French Section of the Workers' International's (SFIO) turn towards social democracy and participation in "bourgeois governments", although Léon Blum maintained a socialist rhetoric. In 1882 Italy joined with the German Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Empire to form the Triple Alliance. However, even if relations with Berlin became very friendly, the alliance with Vienna remained purely formal, as the Italians were keen to
2690761
Spa Conference of 1920


of state, heads of government and foreign secretaries. The attendees included British and French Prime Ministers David Lloyd George and Alexandre Millerand, German Chancellor Constantin Fehrenbach. The British and French ambassadors to Germany, Lord d'Abernon and Charles François Laurent, were invited to the Conference and tasked with supervision of reparation payments and control of the Berlin-based Reparation Commission. Contrary to German expectations the conference did not focus on the issue of war reparations but was initially dominated by the topic of disarmament, also part of the Treaty of Versailles.
5021879
French Left


general strike". Additionally, some deputies took the name Socialist without adhering to any party. These mostly advocated moderation and reform. In 1899, a debate raged among Socialist groups about the participation of Alexandre Millerand in Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau's cabinet ("Bloc des gauches", Left-Wing Block), which included the Marquis de Gallifet, best known for having directed the bloody repression during the Paris Commune, alongside Radicals. Furthermore, the participation in a "bourgeois government" sparked a controversy opposing Jules Guesde to
5251451
French Section of the Workers' International


of the bourgeoisie. In Jean Jaurès's opinion, the Socialist movement was a part of the Republican movement and needed to take part in the struggle in order to defend Republican values. In 1899, another debate polarised the Socialist groups regarding the participation of Alexandre Millerand in Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau's cabinet, which included the Marquis de Gallifet, best known for having directed the bloody repression during the Paris Commune. Furthermore, the participation in a "bourgeois government" sparked a controversy pitting Jules Guesde against Jean Jaurès. In 1902
5251489
Far-left politics in the United Kingdom


issue which caused a significant portion of the hard left to split was the debate at the 5th Congress of the Second International in Paris, over the entry of Marxist Alexandre Millerand into the "bourgeois" French government of Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau. Those who opposed it, known as "Impossibilists", referred to supporters as "Opportunists" who were betraying revolutionary aims through class collaboration. Two significant groups broke with the SDF over this; the De Leonist-orientated Socialist Labour Party (SLP, formed 1903) of Neil Maclean
5536195
Charles François Laurent


. It was jointly owned by the state, the main credit suppliers and the main French industrial enterprises. The public/private institution was to handle reparation payments and provide credit to small and medium enterprises. Laurent was co-founder and administrator of the Crédit national. Laurent returned to public service as French ambassador in Berlin from June 1920 to December 1922. Laurent was named to this post due to his "high competence in economic and financial matters". Alexandre Millerand, Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs, instructed Laurent
5854621
List of Presidents of France


Patrice de MacMahon in 1879, Jules Grévy in 1887, Alexandre Millerand in 1924, René Coty in 1959 and Charles de Gaulle in 1969. François Mitterrand served the longest, nearly fourteen years from 1981 to 1995. Of the individuals elected as President of the French Republic, two died in office of natural causes (Félix Faure and Georges Pompidou) and two were assassinated (Sadi Carnot and Paul Doumer). After the establishment of the French First Republic in 1792, the three powers of the State were entrusted to the National
5916320
Paul Révoil


issues in Morocco. He was persuaded by Delcassé, Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau, Minister of the Interior and President of the Council, and his friend Alexandre Millerand. Delcassé thought that Révoil would prevent any military adventures. In July 1901 Révoil wrote that after 70 years of French rule in Algeria it was finally becoming possible to exploit the Sahara commercially and strategically, linking France's West African territories to Mauritania and French Sudan. At this time the status of the territories to the south of the traditional Algerian provinces was unclear. Stephen
6440574
Georges Trouillot


issues. In March 1904 his predecessor Alexandre Millerand complained that his social program had been replaced by a program of "monk-hunting". However, during a strike of textile workers in the fall of 1903 Trouillot agreed in substance with the strikers' complaints against the manufacturers, and the Chamber voted almost unanimously for arbitration to resume, and for a thorough inquiry into the textile industry. Trouillot was again Minister of Industry, Commerce and Posts from 12 November 1905 to 9 March 1906 in the second cabinet of Maurice Rouvier.
7529959
Conference of London (1920)


In the Conference of London, (12–10 April 1920) , following World War I, leaders of Britain, France, and Italy met to discuss the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire and the negotiation of agreements that would become the Treaty of Sèvres. Under the leadership of British prime minister David Lloyd George, Prime Minister of France Alexandre Millerand, and Prime Minister of Italy Francesco Saverio Nitti, the allied powers reached agreements that would form the basis of their arguments at the San Remo conference. After the armistice of Mudros, the
8044225
Socialist Labour Party (UK, 1903)


nationally by Henry Hyndman. A group of Scottish members of the organisation, led by an engineering worker named George Yates, strongly criticised the party leadership of the SDF for supporting the entry of conservative socialist Alexandre Millerand into the bourgeois French cabinet at the 1900 Congress of the Second International. The group attacked the party leadership as reformist and began to publish their critique abroad in "The Weekly People", edited by Daniel DeLeon, official organ of the Socialist Labor Party of America. The tendency, initially known as the "Glasgow
9036327
Belle Skinner


clubs. After the first world war, Belle Skinner helped rebuild the small town of Hattonchâtel and Château de Hattonchâtel. In return for her efforts following the war, Ms. Skinner was presented the Médaille de la Reconnaissance française by future French president and then-commissioner general of Alsace-Lorraine, Alexandre Millerand, in January 1919, at the ministry of foreign affairs in Paris. She also led the effort to rally American cities to adopt French villages during the postwar reconstruction, establishing the American Committee of Villages Libérés in New York City
10062435
Interwar France


The great planners were Raymond Poincaré, Alexandre Millerand and Aristide Briand. France had paid for the war with very heavy borrowing at home, and from Britain and the United States. Heavy inflation resulted. In 1922 Poincaré became Prime Minister. He justified his strong anti-German policies: Poincaré used German reparations to maintain the franc at a tenth of its prewar value, and pay for the reconstruction of the devastated areas. Berlin was unwilling to pay nearly as much as Paris demanded. Poincaré sent the French army to occupy the
12275727
Henri Désiré Landru


the document on the grounds that he was entirely innocent. "The tribunal has made a mistake," he told the court before being led back to his cell. "I have never killed anyone. This is my final protest." Landru was eventually persuaded by Moro to sign his clemency appeal, which was rejected by President Alexandre Millerand. He was executed by guillotine just before dawn on 25 February 1922 outside the gates of the Prison Saint-Pierre in Versailles. The whole procedure from Landru walking out of prison to
13705539
Alexandre Millerand


of "La Lanterne". He had not joined his independent socialist colleague, Jean Jaurès, in forming the Parti Socialiste Français in 1902, instead forming the small Independent Socialist Party in 1907 which became the Republican-Socialist Party (PRS) in 1911. His influence with the far-left had already declined, for it was said that his departure from the true Marxist tradition had disintegrated the movement. He continued to move to the right, being appointed Prime Minister by the conservative President, Paul Deschanel. During his time
14347749
Compagnie minière de Carmaux


and troops to protect them arrived. The company may have sponsored "agents provocateurs" to encourage violent acts that would discredit the miners. The strike of the Carmaux miners in 1892 had national impact. The "Quarterly Register of Current History" reported that the strike had surpassed all other labor movements of the quarter in interest. Collections were organized to support the miners, whose determination, solidarity and discipline was widely admired by ordinary people. The politicians Duc-Quercy, Pierre Baudin, Alexandre Millerand, René Viviani, and Alfred
15072051
Occupation of Smyrna


summer offensive in the Greco-Turkish War. Early in July 1920, the allies approved operations by the Greeks to take over Eastern Thrace and territory around Smyrna as part of ongoing hostilities with the Turkish Nationalist movement. On 22 July 1920, Greek military divisions crossed the Milne line around the Smyrna zone and began military operations in the rest of Anatolia. International negotiations between the allies and the Ottoman administration largely ignored the increasing conflict. In early 1920, Lloyd George was able to convince the new French Prime Minister, Alexandre Millerand
16550571
François de Wendel


republican, and was helped by Aristide Briand and Alexandre Millerand of the Democratic Left Party, but was defeated again, although this time by a narrow margin. Wendel was convinced, perhaps correctly, that Camille Cavallier had engineered his defeat since he distrusted Wendel's dealings with union leaders and thought he had encouraged a strike at his Pont-à-Mousson iron works. On 26 April 1914 François de Wendel once more ran for election to the legislature in the second district of Briey. He was elected on the Fédération républicaine platform
17243784
Eugène Baudin


left-wing members. Baudin made the bald statement that socialists were republicans and atheists, and Alexandre Millerand said socialists must oppose the church. When the workers at the Rosières ironworks in Lunery, Cher, went on strike in May 1892 for higher pay and better conditions they immediately telegraphed Baudin and asked him to come and guide the movement. The miners of the Compagnie minière de Carmaux held a stormy meeting on 15 August 1892. The strike began the next day and would drag out for ten weeks. Jean Jaurès, Duc
4442377
Nasreddine Dinet


Léon Binet and Marie Odile Boucher. In 1865 his sister Jeanne, who would be his biographer, was born. From 1871, he studied at the Lycée Henry IV, where the future president Alexandre Millerand was also among the students. Upon graduation in 1881 he enrolled in the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts and entered the studio of Victor Galland. The following year he studied under William Bouguereau and Tony Robert-Fleury at the Académie Julian. He also exhibited for the first time at the Salon des artistes français.
5189124
Franco-Polish alliance (1921)


1920, France, one of the most active supporters of Poland, sent the French Military Mission to Poland to aid the Polish army. In early February in Paris, three pacts were discussed by Polish Chief of State Józef Piłsudski and French President Alexandre Millerand: political, military and economic. The political alliance was signed there on February 19, 1921 by Polish Minister of Foreign Affairs Count Eustachy Sapieha and his French Minister of Foreign Affairs Aristide Briand, in the background of the negotiations that ended the Polish-Soviet War by the
6635004
Hôpital Temporaire d'Arc-en-Barrois


Committee and its temporary Anglo-French Hospital Sub-Committee. The hospital project gained approval in November. Next, French military authorization had to be obtained for a hospital building and for permits granting the British hospital personnel's entry into France. Lacking more suitable alternatives in proximity to the French coastline, the Bromley-Martin hospital slated its installation for an empty château in rural eastern France. In December the building, the hospital proposal and the British staff were approved for service by French Minister of War Alexandre Millerand and Service de
683620
Robert Pinot


Minister of Commerce, Alexandre Millerand, issued a decree that gave trade unions semi-official status, including the right to elect members to the Conseil supérieur du travail, where they would join government and employer representatives in discussions of proposed legislation. In 1900 another decree established regional Conseils du travail to report on labour conditions and the effects of protective legislation, help arrange collective contracts and mediate in disputes. Pinot organized opposition by employees to these decrees, which were strongly opposed by large industrialists who feared the growth of trade unions now
12727438
Conférence des avocats du barreau de Paris


The Conference du barreau de Paris is an association of French lawyers founded in 1810 which brings together twelve young lawyers elected by their peers (following a three-round oratory contest), working as a special task force on sensitive criminal cases. Many "Secrétaires de la conférence" have distinguished themselves in French culture and politics such as Members of the Académie française Members of the Government, Members of Parliament, Presidents of the French Republic (Jules Grévy, Raymond Poincaré, Alexandre Millerand). Many notable lawyers were Secrétaires de la
17706685
Victor Jaclard


seems to have been involved in founding the Marxist French Workers' Party of Jules Guesde and Paul Lafargue while simultaneously maintaining good relations with Clemenceau. While republicans like Clemenceau were shedding whatever socialist sympathies they may once have had and moving into positions of power in the Third Republic, the French Blanquists and Marxists firmly opposed socialist participation in 'bourgeois' republican governments and furiously denounced reformist socialists like Alexandre Millerand who sought power. Jaclard was once again able to straddle that divide. In the 1880s, Jaclard edited the journal "La Justice
19075714
Port Lympne Mansion


, author, diarist and politician along with the writer Vita Sackville-West; Marie Adelaide Belloc Lowndes and Maurice Baring. Politicians included Sir Douglas Haig, Sir Winston Churchill and his wife Clementine, Prime Minister Asquith, David Lloyd George and Alexandre Millerand; Then there were sports personalities which included Georges Carpentier, a French boxer and the composer Ethel Smyth, Philip's old teacher from Eton. Philip Sassoon's other homes included Trent Park and 25 Park Lane (London) and for many years he was the Speyside tenant of the
7497916
Le Petit Provençal


contributors included Alexandre Millerand, René Viviani, Gustave Rouanet, Clovis Hugues and Léon Mirman. André Joseph Lefèvre wrote for "Le Petit Provençal" in the period before World War I (1914–18). During the period leading up to 1914 the paper emphasized that it supported both radicals and socialists. The circulation was 40,000–50,000 in 1902. While papers at the time usually gave false circulation figures "Le Petit Provençal" by 1913 probably had a daily circulation of about 100,000. Advertising only filled 20% or so of the pages.
9486535
Paraguay national rugby union team


- 13 Paraguay 19 AGO 1991 Chile 25 - 18 Paraguay 07 SEP 1991 Brasil 6 - 33 Paraguay 28 SEP 1991 Paraguay 10 - 37 Argentina 4th place Sudamericano 1993 5 Naciones 28 SEP 1993 Chile 24 - 25 Paraguay 02 OCT 1993 Paraguay 3 - 67 Uruguay 10 OCT 1993 Paraguay 49 - 21 Brasil 16 OCT 1993 Argentina 51 - 3 Paraguay 3rd place Sudamericano 1995 4 Naciones 22 SEP 1995 Paraguay 14 - 24 Chile 24 SEP 1995 Paraguay 9 - 103 Argentina 30 SEP 1995 Uruguay 48 - 12 Paraguay 4th place Sudamericano 1997 4
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