Spix's macaw [SEP] IUCN conservation status
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Spix's macaw


of its natural range. The IUCN regard the Spix's macaw as probably extinct in the wild. Its last known stronghold in the wild was in northeastern Bahia, Brazil, and sightings are very rare. After a 2000 sighting of a male bird, the next sighting was in 2016. The species is now maintained through a captive breeding program at several conservation organizations under the aegis of the Brazilian government. It is listed on CITES Appendix I, which makes trade illegal except for legitimate conservation, scientific or educational purposes. The
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Spix's macaw


of the birds were captured for trade in 1987. A single male, paired with a female blue-winged macaw, was discovered at the site in 1990. A female Spix's macaw released from captivity at the site in 1995 was killed by collision with a power line after seven weeks. The last wild male disappeared from the site in October 2000; his disappearance was thought to have marked the extinction of this species in the wild. However, wild Spix's macaws may have been sighted in 2016. While the IUCN
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Spix's macaw


the veterinarian who performed these inseminations. In June 2018, the population of the species numbered approximately 158 individuals and an agreement was signed between the Ministry of the Environment of Brazil and conservation organizations of Belgium (Pairi Daiza Foundation) and Germany (Association for the Conservation of Threatened Parrots) to establish the repatriation of 50 Spix's macaws to Brazil by the first quarter of 2019. The Spix's macaw is expected to be then reintroduced to the wild by 2021. The project of reintroduction of the Spix's macaw in Brazil included
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Spix's macaw


Islands, Association for the Conservation of Threatened Parrots (ACTP) in Berlin, Germany, and NEST in Brazil. At three of these five conservation organizations (AWWP, ACTP and NEST), a captive breeding program is guiding Spix's macaw a step closer to re-establishment back to its natural habitat in Brazil. (The female at Loro Parque Foundation cannot be bred due to health reasons). Both the AWWP and the ACTP have loaned individuals to Jurong Bird Park in Singapore. The status and locations of 5
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Spix's macaw


the creation of two protected areas in the state of Bahia: the Wildlife Refuge of Spix's Macaw, in Curaçá, and the Environmental Protection Area of Spix's Macaw, in Juazeiro, with a awareness work done with the local population and the construction of a reproduction and readaptation center. In August 2018, 146 of the 160 Spix's macaws in the world lived in the Association for the Conservation of Threatened Parrots in Rüdersdorf, (Germany). 120 of them came from Qatar, transferred due to the death of the
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Hybrid macaw


help establish endangered wild populations of the Spix's macaw, demonstrating how vital hybrid macaws are. The hybridization of macaws in the wild is less common than in captivity due to natural barriers and mating behaviors, although a few rare cases have been recorded. One example was the natural hybridization of a Spix's and Illiger's macaw recorded in "Conservation Genetics" (2001), which demonstrated two species of macaws producing viable offspring. Due to the fact the Spix's macaw is now thought to be extinct in the wild,
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Spix's macaw


), only 17 captive Spix macaws could be located. Without the attendance of most of the captive Spix holders or involvement of the Brazilian government, little was accomplished. In 1990, the Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis (IBAMA, Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources) established the Permanent Committee for the Recovery of Spix's Macaw, called CPRAA, and its "Ararinha Azul" project (Little Blue Macaw project) in order to conserve the species. At that time, the known captive
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Spix's macaw


Red List views its status as Critically Endangered and possibly extinct in the wild, ornithologist Nigel Collar of BirdLife International, the authority for the IUCN Redlist of birds now calls this bird extinct in the wild. The bird was already rare by the time of Spix's discovery of it in 1819 following 100 years of intensive burning, logging and grazing of the Caatinga. Centuries of deforestation, human encroachment and agricultural development along the Rio Sao Francisco corridor following European colonization of eastern Brazil preceded its precipitous decline in the latter part of the
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Spix's macaw


of Spix's macaws in the world (although they are referred to as blue macaws). The movie even references their extinct-in-the-wild status and at one point ornithologist Túlio Monteiro mentions the species' scientific name. In its 2014 sequel "Rio 2", it is revealed that they are not the last pair at all, but in actuality other Spix's macaws are thriving secretly in the Amazon rainforest. In a 2008 episode titled "Wildlife" of "" the bird was included in an international
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Spix's macaw


confirmed records, and patterns of bird extinction suggested that the bird was in all probability extinct in the wild. In the middle 1980's, by the time fieldwork to locate and understand the habitat of the Spix was completed, it was apparent that the Spix must be nearing extinction in the wild. Conservationists realized that a captive breeding program would be necessary to preserve the species. At a meeting in 1987 of conservationist groups including IUCN at Loro Parque (one of the original Spix holders) in Tenerife, Canary Islands (Spain
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Lear's macaw


the macaws to nest. Current Lear's macaw conservation projects are managed under the authority of Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources. The Committee for the Conservation and Management of the Lear's Macaw advises the institute on the conservation of Lear's macaw. The committee includes Brazilian and international organizations and individuals. In 2009, the conservation status of the species was downgraded to endangered from critically endangered by the IUCN. This was prompted by an increase in the population, which based on annual 2009 counts at the Toca Velha and
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Spix's macaw


population of Spix's stood at 15, and one in the wild. Early 1990 was the low point for conservation of the Spix. The Permanent Committee was dissolved in 2002 due to irreconcilable differences between the parties involved. In 2004 a committee was re-formed and re-structured under the title of "The Working Group for the Recovery of the Spix's Macaw". In the decade from 1990, the Loro Parque Foundation financed the field program to protect and study the last wild male, to protect and restore key
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Spix's macaw


specimens of the Spix's macaw are now in a conservation program run by the Brazilian government, there are now no sources from which the bird may be obtained for the pet trade. Presley died on 25 June 2014 outside São Paulo, at the approximate age of 40. What appears to be the last Spix discovered in the wild was found on 18 June 2016 in Curaçá, Brazil, however it is speculated that this may have been a bird released from captivity due to fear of the authorities. The Spix is one of
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Hybrid macaw


this discovery created a major break through in the preservation of this species and macaws as a whole as it is understood that the Spix's macaw may now be fully extinct. Due to deforestation and the capturing of wild macaws for the exotic-pet trade, it is likely that the hybridization of macaws may increase in the wild in efforts to conserve their species and reproduce. The hybridization of macaws is usually due to the placement of multiple macaw species in the same enclosure. Due to the rising interest in hybrid macaws in the
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IUCN Red List


tag for species with populations surviving in captivity but likely to be extinct in the wild (e.g. Spix's macaw). There have been a number of versions, dating from 1991, including: For plants, the 1997 Red List is the most important source. In 1997, the IUCN Red List received criticism on the grounds of secrecy (or at least poor documentation) surrounding the sources of its data. These allegations have led to efforts by the IUCN to improve its documentation and data quality, and to include peer reviews
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Tony Juniper


by a master's degree in conservation from University College, London in 1988. He became a Senior Associate at the Cambridge Institute for Sustainability Leadership, based at the University of Cambridge. In 2013 he was awarded honorary degrees by the University of Bristol and the University of Plymouth. Juniper has been involved in the efforts to save the Spix's macaw, one of the most endangered birds in the world. In his book "Spix's Macaw: The Race to Save the World's Rarest Bird" he criticised private holders of
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Birds International


an amnesty to all private owners of the Spix's macaw to boost the conservation efforts. Several exchanges of birds were made between institutions and individuals for increasing the probability of breeding based on DNA analysis as part of the program. Birds International's efforts turned out to be the most successful: "Dr. Hammerli was the first aviculturist to produce young Spix's macaws in 1984, however, Antonio de Dios has had the most successful breeding results at Birds International. This collection has achieved a second generation breeding, a real breakthrough for
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Spix's macaw


the conservation of the Spix's. In 2007 and 2008, two farms totalling in Curaçá, State of Bahia, Brazil were purchased by the Lymington Foundation (with contributions from ACTP and Parrots International) and Al Wabra Wildlife Preservation. These compose a small but important part of the natural habitat of the Spix, in the vicinity where the last known wild Spix nest existed. Efforts to clear the habitat of introduced predators and restore the natural Caraibeira seedlings and important creek systems are ongoing on the land. In May 2012, Brazil
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Spix's macaw


Spix's macaw ("Cyanopsitta spixii"), also known as the little blue macaw, is a macaw native to Brazil. It is a member of Tribe Arini in the subfamily Arinae (Neotropical parrots), part of the family Psittacidae (the true parrots). It was first described by German naturalist Georg Marcgrave, when he was working in the State of Pernambuco, Brazil, in 1638 and it is named for German naturalist Johann Baptist von Spix, who collected a specimen in 1819 on the bank of the Rio
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Parrots International


strives to form strategic cooperative partnerships with organizations and field projects. The majority of Parrots International supported projects are in Central and South American and the Caribbean. Examples include the Spix's macaw; Lear's macaw; Puerto Rican parrot; hyacinth macaw; great green macaw; military macaw; blue-fronted amazon; slender-billed conure; Pfrimer's parakeet; Bahama parrot; and the blue-throated macaw. The Parrots International Symposium is the largest annual conference dedicated to parrot conservation, field research and companion parrot welfare. This
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Spix's macaw


maintainer of the Al Wabra Wildlife Preserve, Sheikh Saud bin Mohammed Al-Than, in 2014, and the economic embargo imposed to Qatar for Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt and Bahrain, in 2017. The goal of the Association is to produce about 20 macaws per year. One of the earliest records (and one of very few at all) of a Spix's macaw in a public zoo was a dramatic display of "the four blues" including Spix's, glaucous, hyacinth, and Lear's macaws in 1900
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Spix's macaw


the "four blues", the four species of all blue macaws formerly seen in captivity together including the hyacinth macaw, Lear's macaw, and glaucous macaw (extinct). In the animated TV series "Noah's Island", the "Born to be Wild" episode focuses on Noah, the main character, bringing a breeding pair of Spix's macaws to his island from the Amazon rainforest, in the hope that they will breed. At first, the two macaws are both very aggressive and fight with each other
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Spix's macaw


macaw at Al Wabra Wildlife Preservation in 2012. In the 2013 breeding season veterinarians and scientists from Parrot Reproduction Consulting, a German veterinary practice focused on parrot reproduction medicine, and Al Wabra developed new specific strategies for semen collection and artificial insemination of the Spix's macaw. These resulted in the world's first egg fertilisation and first chicks of the Spix's macaw as a result of assisted reproduction, performed et al-Wabra Wildlife Preservation. Two chicks were produced and the first chick was called "Neumann" after Daniel Neumann,
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Spix's macaw


"Aratinga"s and other smaller parakeets. Within the macaw clade, "C. spixii" was the first taxon to diverge from the ancestral macaws; its nearest relatives are the red-bellied macaw ("Orthopsittaca manilata") and the blue-headed macaw ("Primolius couloni"). Spix's macaw is easy to identify being the only small blue macaw and also by the bare grey facial skin of its lores and eyerings. It is about long including tail length of . It has a wing length of . The external
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Spix's macaw


's more like a conure" ('conure' is not a defined taxon – in Dutton's time, it referred to the archaic genus "Conurus"; today those would be among the smaller non-macaw parakeets in "Arini"). Brazilian ornithologist Helmut Sick stated in 1981: ""Cyanopsitta spixii"...is not a real macaw". (Sick's remark was in the context of an article on "Lear's macaw", a larger blue macaw. He recognized, as Spix had not 150 years
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Spix's macaw


Baptist von Spix, who collected the type specimen in April 1819 in Brazil, but gave it the misnomer "Arara hyacinthinus" not realizing till later that the name collided with "Psittacus hyacinthinus", the name assigned to the hyacinth macaw described by John Lathan in 1790. Spix's mistake was noticed in 1832 by German Professor of Zoology Johann Wagler, who realized that the 1819 specimen was smaller and a different color than the hyacinth macaw and he designated the new species as ""Sittace spixii"". It wasn't
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Spix's macaw


older than 20 years. The eldest bird in captivity died at age 34 years. Various accounts relate that the birds were more common in Pernambuco than in Bahia through the 1960s but not later. Spix's macaw was most recently (1974–1987) known in the Río São Francisco valley, in northeastern Brazil, principally in the basins on the south side of the river in the State of Bahia. In 1974, ornithologist Helmut Sick, based on information from traders and trappers, extended the possible range of the Spix's macaw to
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Spix's macaw


is tall (8m) evenly spaced Caraibeira trees, ten per hundred meters, interspersed with low scrub and desert cacti. Large mature trees of this species (and apparently no other) provided the nesting hollows of Spix's macaws, as well as shelter and their seedpods, food for the species. Notable among the seasonal waterways are Riacho Melância watershed 30 km south of Curaçá, where the last known wild Spix's macaw nest was located, adjacent Riacho Barra Grande, and Riacho da Vargem ~100 km to the north near
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Spix's macaw


Sao Paulo, Brazil as a breeding and staging center for eventual release of the Spix into the wild. Birds formerly housed at the Sao Paulo Zoo as well as Loro Parque Foundation and other conservation organizations were relocated to NEST. The Spix's at NEST are owned by the Brazilian government and managed by Al Wabra Wildlife Preservation. The existing captive population is descended from just 7 wild caught founder birds, which are believed to have all come from just two wild nests that existed post 1982: pairs originally owned by Birds International in
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Spix's macaw


Spix's sold to private owners from Dr. Hammerli's Swiss collection in 1999 are unknown but presumed to be still alive; they are the likely source of the approximately 13 Spix's in the hands of private owner(s) in Switzerland. In July 2015, the number of Spix's macaws held in captivity participating in the ICMBio recovery program reached 110(NEST:12, ACTP:12, AWWP:86). The count does not include an unverifiable number of birds in private hands. The captive population suffers from very low heterozygosity – the original wild caught founder birds
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Spix's macaw


Brazilian government department of natural resources (ICMBio) is conducting a project "Ararinha-Azul" with an associated plan to restore the species to the wild as soon as sufficient breeding birds and restored habitat are available. Spix's macaw is the only known species of the genus "Cyanopsitta". The genus name is derived from the Ancient Greek "kuanos" meaning "blue" and "psittakos" meaning "parrot". The species name "spixii" is a Latinized form of the surname "von Spix", hence
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Spix's macaw


the birds in 1995.) As of June 2013 there are approximately 96 Spix's macaws in captivity. Eighty-three of these are participating in an international breeding program managed by the Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio), the Natural Heritage Branch of the Brazilian Government. Most of these are managed at Al Wabra Wildlife Preservation (AWWP), which purchased the population of Birds International and most of the birds in Dr. Hammerli's Swiss collection. Other Spixs are located at Loro Parque Foundation, Tenerife, Canary
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Spix's macaw


's ICMBio formulated and published a 5-year National Action Plan (PAN) for conservation and reestablishment of the species in the wild. Highlights of the plan are to increase the captive population to 150 specimens (expected by 2020), build a breeding facility in Brazil within the Spix's native habitat, acquire and restore additional portions of its range, and prepare for its release into the wild between 2017 and 2021. Pursuant to the plan, in 2012, the Brazilian government established NEST, a private aviary near Avaré, State of
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Spix's macaw


(cuius & species) sed maior, plumae totius ex gryseo subcoerulescunt, clamat ut Psittacus. Fructus amat, Murucuia imprimis. (Translation: "Brazilian parrot, bird very similar to Psittacus [ grey parrot ] but larger, the entire plumage is ashy-bluish, calls like a parrot. Fruit it loves, especially Passionfruit.") – by the German naturalist Georg Marcgrave when he worked in Pernambuco in 1638. Spix's macaw is named for German naturalist Johann Baptist von Spix, who collected the first specimen in April
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Spix's macaw


Fundación of Tenerife, Canary Islands and the University of Giessen in Germany used a new technique developed for semen collection and tested in many other parrot species on the Spix's macaws. However, artificial insemination was not used in this case. Scientists from the University of Giessen of the working group of Prof. Dr. Michael Lierz, Clinic for Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fish, developed a novel technique for semen collection and artificial insemination in large parrots. The research team used artificial insemination for the first time ever in the Spix's
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Spix's macaw


habitat, and other important actions. In 1997, the Loro Parque Foundation returned the ownership to the Government of Brazil of all the Spix's macaws held in its facilities. Between 2000 and 2003, most of two large collections of Spix at Birds International in the Philippines and the aviaries of Swiss aviculturist Dr. Hammerli were purchased by Sheikh Saud bin Muhammed bin Ali Al-Thani of Qatar and became Al Wabra Wildlife Preservation. Under the Sheikh were instituted standards of animal keeping, veterinary care, animal husbandry and stud book records for
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Spix's macaw


"Schinopsis brasiliensis"), Imburana ("Commiphora leptophloeos" or "Bursera leptophloeos"), Facheiro ("Pilosocereus piauhyensis)", "Phoradendron" species, Caraibeira ("Tabebuia caraiba"), Angico ("Anadenanthera macrocarpa"), Umbu ("Spondias tuberosa") and Unha-de-gato ("Acacia paniculata"). Reports from previous Spix's macaw researchers seem to add another two plants to the list: "Maytenus rigida" and "Geoffroea spinosa". "Combretum leprosum" may
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Spix's macaw


. Most of his birds died of poisoning in the 1970s. Some of these birds were the likely source of rumored Brazilian Spix owners in the 1960s and 1970s. Bates and Busenbark say that the bird was intelligent and affectionate, talked some, and had no worse proclivity for screaming than Amazons. They also noted that the Spix were spiteful to other birds. In October 2002, a Spix named Presley was discovered in Colorado, and repatriated to Brazil. This Spix had not been among those known in 1987. Because all known
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Spix's macaw


at the Berlin Zoo. The bird was exceedingly rare in aviculture, the few being held by wealthy collectors rather than privately as pets. A trickle of Spix's appeared in captivity starting in the late 1800s. The earliest known specimens were three held by the London Zoological Society between 1878 and 1902. One of the few accounts of the Spix in captivity was given by Rev. F.G. Dutton, president of the Avicultural Society U.K. in 1900: "I have not yet seen a good-tempered Spix ... My Spix, which is
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Spix's macaw


animal smuggling ring. It was found in the purse of a victim who had been mauled by a tiger. References were made to the extreme rarity of the bird and the potential value of it and other endangered species. On 18 June 2016 one specimen was seen in Curaçá in the Brazilian state of Bahia. On 19 June, the bird was filmed in poor quality although its call was identified as a Spix's Macaw. However, Birdlife noted it is possible the individual was a released captive bird. A note on the
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Hybrid macaw


means they are able to reproduce, unlike generation F3 and later due to a rising rate of sterility. The most popular hybrids include crossing with the blue and gold macaw, military macaw or scarlet macaw. Because macaw species are able to hybridize and produce viable offspring, scientists study and breed them in captivity to better understand hybridization, and understand their importance in preserving endangered macaw species. A study performed of the hybridization between the last wild Spix's macaw and an Illiger's macaw, provides evidence and important information that could potentially
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Spix's macaw


seven. Incubation period is 25–28 days and only the female performs incubation duties. The chicks fledge in 70 days and are independent in 100–130 days. The mating call of Spix's macaw can be described as the sound "whichaka". The sound is made by creating a low rumble in the abdomen bringing the sound up to a high pitch. Its voice is a repeated short grating. It also makes squawking noises. Its lifespan in the wild is unknown; the only documented bird (the last wild male), was
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Spix's macaw


shore of the São Francisco River, such as a broad scale conversion into agricultural lands and flooding following the construction of Sobradinho Dam starting in 1974, have changed the flora structure and displaced the Spix's macaw away from that portion of its original range. The decline of the species in the 1970s and early 80s is attributed to hunting and trapping of the birds, unsustainable harvesting of the Caraíba trees for firewood, the construction of the Sobradinho Dam above Juazeiro starting in 1974 that submerged the basin woodlands under an artificial lake, and
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Antonio de Dios


de Dios has also been heavily criticized by some conservationists for his commercial interests in the Spix's macaw, one of the rarest birds in the world, despite his success in captive breeding the species. For example, when he decided to donate some birds to other facilities Natasha Schischakin, a conservationist working on Spix's macaw who is critical of private efforts, stated that "The owner of BII, Antonio de Dios offered to donate these birds to the reintroduction effort, but only with the establishment of rigorous protocols and involvement of
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Spix's macaw


"Cyanopsitta spixii" means "blue parrot of Spix". The genus "Cyanopsitta" is one of six genera of Central and South American macaws in the tribe Arini, which also includes all the other long-tailed New World parrots. Tribe Arini together with the short-tailed Amazon and allied parrots and a few miscellaneous genera make up subfamily Arinae of Neotropical parrots in family Psittacidae of true parrots. In 1638 Georg Marcgrave was the first European naturalist to observe and describe the species; however, it is named for Johann
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Spix's macaw


until 1854 that naturalist Prince Charles Bonaparte properly placed it in its own genus, designating the bird "Cyanopsitta spixi", based on important morphological differences between it and the other blue macaws. It was listed as "Cyanopsittacus spixi" by Italian zoologist Tommaso Salvadori in his 1891 "Catalog of the Birds in the British Museum". Naturalists have noted the Spix's similarity to other smaller members of tribe Arini based on general morphology as long ago as Rev. F.G. Dutton, president of the Avicultural Society U.K. in 1900: "it
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Spix's macaw


also be a possibility. Captive bred Spix's macaws reach sexual maturity at seven years of age. A paired female born at the Loro Parque Fundación laid eggs at the age of five years, but these were infertile. It is suspected that late maturity in captivity may be due to inbreeding or other artificial environmental factors, as other parrots of similar size reach sexual maturity in two to four years. In the wild, mating involves elaborate courtship rituals, like feeding each other and flying together. This process is known to possibly
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Spix's macaw


embrace the northeastern part of the state of Goias and the southern part of the state of Maranhao. Other ornithologists reporting the bird in various parts of the state of Piaui further extended the range to a vast area of the dry interior of northeast Brazil. Study of the lone bird discovered at Melância creek in 1990 revealed substantive information about its habitat. It had been previously assumed that the Spix's macaw had a vast range in the interior of Brazil embracing several different habitat types, including buriti palm swamps, cerrado, and dry
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Spix's macaw


Caatinga. But the evidence collected in Melância Creek indicated that the Spix's macaw was a specially adapted inhabitant of the disappearing woodland galleries. Ornithologist Tony Silva mentions that "where Caraibeiras have been felled, as in the Pernambuco side of the São Francisco River, the species has disappeared". Much remains uncertain about the extent of the bird's original range, because most of its woodland habitat was cleared before naturalists observed either the birds or the Caraiba nesting sites. The historical range is now believed to have encompassed portions of the
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Spix's macaw


states of Bahia and Pernambuco in a wide corridor along a stretch of the Rio São Francisco between Juazeiro (or possibly Remanso) and Abaré. Previous observations of the birds from further west are very difficult to explain but conceivably stem from either escaped captive birds or more likely the misidentification of another species such as red-bellied macaw ("Orthopsittaca manilatus"). The Caatinga vegetation of northeastern Bahia (which hosts the Spix habitat) is stunted trees, thorny shrubs and cacti, dominated by plants of the family Euphorbiaceae. This
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Spix's macaw


mates independently, so best genetic pairings are not guaranteed. Artificially created "pairs" may groom and associate with each other as if they were a pair, but in fact are not mates, and it may take several seasons to determine this. Another complication is that infected birds cannot be paired with uninfected birds, due to risk of spreading viral diseases. Newest developments in captive breeding programs of this species involved assisted reproduction techniques in the Spix's macaw: In the 2009–2010 breeding season, a research collaboration between Loro Parque
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Spix's macaw


, but they eventually make up and fall in love. In the opener of the Gorgo episode of "Mystery Science Theater 3000", Crow finds that his head crown has become a nesting spot for two Spix's macaw eggs. Later in the episode he reveals that the eggs have been taken away by Egg Protective Services after he accidentally made an omelet in front of them. In the 2011 animated movie "Rio", the main characters Blu (Jesse Eisenberg) and Jewel (Anne Hathaway) are the supposed last pair
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Johann Baptist von Spix


. Furthermore, several species are named after him. Among Spix's most renowned discoveries is the species Spix's macaw, named after the explorer by the German naturalist Georg Marcgrave. He died on 13 May 1826 in Munich, possibly from a tropical disease such as Yaws or Chagas disease. Spix is commemorated in the scientific names of three species of South American reptiles: "Acanthochelys spixii", a turtle; "Chironius spixii", a snake; and "Micrurus spixii", a venomous coral snake. The University of
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Spix's macaw


least twice as many. All or nearly all hatched chicks in the breeding program are hand raised by experienced staff, to reduce the risk of losing a scarce live chick (only about one out of ten viable eggs laid hatch). No chick has been lost through weaning. Non-invasive DNA testing of plucked feathers has been introduced to determine the gender of the chicks. The sex of chicks is not determined until they undergo feather development when they reach one to two months of age. Spix's macaws choose their own
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Spix's macaw


before, that "C. spixii" is notably different from the larger macaws). The morphology-based taxonomy of "C. spixii", intermediate between the macaws and the smaller Arini, has been confirmed by recent molecular phylogenetic studies. In a 2008 molecular phylogenetic study of 69 parrot genera, the clade diagrams indicate that "C. spixii" split from the ancestral parakeets before the differentiation of the modern macaws. However, not all of the macaw genera were represented in the study. The study also states that diversification of the
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Macaw


toes pointing backward. There are 19 species of macaws, including extinct and critically endangered species. In addition, there are several hypothetical extinct species that have been proposed based on very little evidence. Several hypothetical extinct species of macaws have been postulated based on little evidence, and they may have been subspecies, or familiar parrots that were imported onto an island and later wrongly presumed to have a separate identity. The majority of macaws are now endangered in the wild and a few are extinct. The Spix's macaw is now probably
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Blue-throated macaw


main causes of their demise is capture for the pet trade. It is currently considered critically endangered and the parrot is protected by trading prohibitions. The name "Wagler's macaw" is in honor of German herpetologist Johann Georg Wagler, who processed many of Johan Baptist von Spix's Brazilian collections at the Ludwig Maximillian University of Munich, and first described the blue macaws for a European readership in "Monographia Psittacorum" (1832). "Ara" is from a Tupi Indian word for macaw; "glauco" (glacous Latin
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Spix's macaw


take several seasons in other large parrots, and it may also be the case for the Spix's. They make their nests in the hollows of large mature Caraibeira trees, and reuse the nest year after year. The breeding season is November to March, with most eggs hatching in January to coincide with the start of the Caatinga January to April rainy season. In the wild, Spix's were believed to lay three eggs per clutch; in captivity, the average number is four eggs, and can range from one to
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Spix's macaw


Neotropical parrot lineages occurred starting 33 mya, a period roughly coinciding with the separation of South America from West Antarctica. The author notes that the study challenges the classification of British ornithologist Nigel Collar in the encyclopedic "Handbook of the Birds of the World", volume 4 (1997). A 2011 study by the same authors which includes key genera of macaws further elucidates the macaw taxonomy: the clade diagram of that study places "C. spixii" in a clade including the macaw genera which is sister to a clade containing the
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List of threatened birds of Brazil


União, on December 17, 2014. Even though some species have been removed from the list, (for instance, the Hyacinth macaw), the number of threatened species has increased in comparison with the former list (which had had 160 taxa). Furthermore, the number of known species of birds has been increasing considerably since the last half of the 20th century, and this fact has influenced the number of enlisted species. In spite of using the same criteria, ICMBio list often shows a different conservation status than IUCN
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Red-bellied macaw


In common with other parrots, they have zygodactyl feet, two toes pointing forward and two backward. Males and females have identical plumage, but males are usually larger and have larger heads. Juveniles are duller in colour than adults and have a grey beak with a conspicuous white mid-line stripe running along the length of the culmen (top of the upper beak). The Spix's macaw is the only other macaw in which juveniles have a similar white culmen. Red-bellied macaws make reedy, high-pitched screams
14998422
Guanacaste Conservation Area


spoonbill, great green macaw, and the military macaw. Both the military macaw and the great curassow have a conservation status of vulnerable. The mangrove hummingbird and the great green macaw are considered endangered. Some interesting reptile species that inhabit this area include the American crocodile, spectacled caiman, the critically endangered Leatherback sea turtle, and the vulnerable Olive Ridley sea turtle. Alongside the diverse fauna, a highly diverse flora is also present in the conservation area. It is estimated that there are over 7,000 species of plants in this area
22156762
Alto Purús National Park


in the park including: the blue-headed macaw, Spix's guan, the bat falcon, the red-bellied macaw, the sunbittern, the spangled cotinga, the king vulture, the white-necked jacobin, Chapman's swift, the ocellated poorwill, the pygmy antwren, the white-throated toucan, the jabiru, the golden-tailed sapphire, the Amazon kingfisher, the harpy eagle, the red-necked woodpecker, the scarlet macaw, the Amazonian royal flycatcher, etc. Nature watching is the main activity
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Blue-winged macaw


its reproduction in the wild, but the breeding season in north-eastern Brazil is apparently from December to February. However, in 1990, a female blue-winged macaw was discovered with a male Spix's macaw in a site. These birds are affected mostly by deforestation. They were also captured for the cagebird trade - from 1977 to 1979, 183 birds arrived at the United States from Paraguay. It has declined in the southern part of its range, and there are no recent records from Misiones Province in Argentina where
14751405
Rio (2011 film)


Rio de Janeiro because Blu, who is the last known male of his species, needs to mate with the last known female macaw. Linda initially refuses, but later accepts and they fly to Rio. At Túlio's aviary, Blu meets Jewel, a fiercely independent Spix's macaw female longing to flee back to the wilderness. The macaws are captured by Fernando, an orphaned boy, and a sulphur-crested cockatoo named Nigel, both of whom work for a group of smugglers led by Marcel, who wants to leave
18912028
Neotropical parrot


of extinction with fewer than 500 individuals in the wild or in captivity: glaucous macaw, Spix's macaw, blue-throated macaw, Puerto Rican parrot, and indigo-winged parrot. The chief reasons for decline in parrot populations are habitat loss through deforestation by clear-cutting, burning, and flooding by construction of dams, capture for the pet trade, and introduction of non-native predators. The New World parrots are monophyletic, and have been geographically isolated for at least 30–55 million years by molecular dating methods.
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Hyacinth macaw


conservation. Parrots as a whole, being of the family Psittacidae, are some of the most threatened birds in the world. This family has the most endangered species of all bird families, especially in the neotropics, the natural home of the hyacinth macaw, where 46 of 145 species are at a serious risk of global extinction. This species qualifies as 'Vulnerable' on the IUCN Red List because the population has suffered rapid reductions with the remaining threats of illegal trapping for the cage bird trade and habitat loss A few serious
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Saud bin Muhammed Al Thani


(AWWP), a private conservation and endangered species breeding center in Qatar, which focuses on breeding and preservation of rare bird species, particularly the Spix's macaw. Al Wabra is also an important centre for endangered Arabian species such as the sand gazelle and Arabian oryx The Sheikh also founded the Al-Thani Awards in 2000. It claims to be the biggest photography competition in the Middle-East with roughly 54,000 entrants in 2010. He was married to Sheikha Amna bint Ahmad bin Hassan bin Abdualla bin Jassim Althani. In
4621635
Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada


in Canada) and 15 wildlife species that are Extinct (X). The other category is not at risk (NAR). COSEWIC provides online updated status reports on designated species. COSEWIC bases its quantitative criteria for species' status assessment on the revised IUCN Red List, the world's most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of biological species. COSEWIC provides International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the world's main authority on the conservation status of species, with a Regional Red List. IUCN.
2828846
Spix's macaw


, and a white stripe along the top-center of their beaks (along the culmen). In the wild, the most common seeds and nuts consumed by Spix's were from Pinhão ("Jatropha pohliana" var. "mollissima") and Favela ("Cnidoscolus phyllacanthus"). However these trees are colonizers, not native to the bird's habitat, so they could not have been historical staples of the diet. Its diet also included seeds and nuts from Joazeiro ("Ziziphus Joazeiro"), Baraúna (
6713242
Spix's macaw


1819 near the São Francisco River in the vicinity of Juazeiro Recent authorities cite the type locality as Curaca, but others say the locality can't be known with certainty.. Spix wrote: "habitat gregarius, rarissimus licet, propre Joazeiro in campis riparüs fluminis St. Francisci, voce tenui insignis" ("it lives in flocks, although very rare, near Joazeiro in the region bordering the rio São Francisco, [and is] notable for its thin voice"). The next reported sighting of the bird wasn't for 84
6713255
Spix's macaw


ornithologist) stated that "there is no available evidence indicating a recent decline in numbers." Beginning around 1980, at the very height of the illegal bird trade, traders and trappers removed dozens of Spix's from the wild, and by the early 80s, it was generally believed to be extinct in the wild. Naturalist Dr. Paul Roth conducted field surveys of the bird in the Curacá region from 1985 to 1988. Roth found only 5 birds in 1985, three in 1986, and only two after May 1987. Two
6713258
Spix's macaw


the export of its wildlife, and in 1975 became a party to the CITES treaty. These actions barely affected the illicit bird trade, but Spix owners were forced underground (consequently complicating the later effort to initiate a captive recovery program). The bird had not been studied in the wild until the 1970s. In 1974, Brazilian ornithologist Helmut Sick observed groups of three and four of the birds near Formosa do Rio Preta in northwest Bahia flying over buriti Palms (Mauritia flexuosa). As recently as 1980, Robert Ridgely (
6713257
Spix's macaw


the Philippines, Dr. Hammerli in Switzerland, and Wolfgang Keissling (Loro Parque), and a male from the São Paulo Zoo. In the years since 1987 when naturalists, conservationists and later IBAMA/ICMBio started tracking the Spix, only two sets of birds unknown in 1987 have ever been discovered: Dr. Hammerli's in 1991, and a single male bird found in Colorado, U.S. in 2002. There is no evidence that any others not known in 1987 still exist (though see a cryptic reference to black market dealing in
6713271
Caatinga


constitute a floristic province. Most authors divide the Caatinga into two different subtypes: dry ("sertão") and humid ("agreste"), but categorizations vary to as many as eight different vegetative regimes. The Caatinga is home to nearly 50 endemic species of birds, including Lear's macaw "(Anodorhynchus leari)", Spix's macaw "(Cyanopsitta spixii)", moustached woodcreeper "(Xiphocolaptes falcirostris)", Caatinga parakeet, Caatinga antwren, Sao Francisco black tyrant and Caatinga cacholote. Endemic mammal species
21814956
Spix's macaw


really more a Conure than a Macaw, will not look at sop of any sort, except sponge cake given from one's fingers, only drinks plain water, and lives mainly on sunflower seed. It has hemp, millet, and canary, and peanuts, but I do not think it eats much of any of them. It barks the branches of the tree in which it is loose, and may eat the bark. It would very likely be all the better if it would eat bread and milk, as it
6713284
Birds International


Low yield of breeding since 1999 and the threat posed by avian influenza in its environment were behind the decision of Birds International to transfer the ownership of the birds. The transfer of birds to AWWP has been a source of controversy leading to the dissolution of CPRAA. Tony Juniper who has been involved in the efforts to save the Spix's macaw has harshly criticized the private holders of the birds including Birds International; because he believes that reintroduction of the Spix's to its natural habitat is more important than captive breeding. According to
10203889
Johann Georg Wagler


Johann Georg Wagler (28 March 1800 – 23 August 1832) was a German herpetologist and ornithologist. Wagler was assistant to Johann Baptist von Spix, and gave lectures in Zoology at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich after that was moved to Munich. He worked on the extensive collections brought back from Brazil by Spix, published partly together with him books on reptiles from Brazil. Wagler wrote "Monographia Psittacorum" (1832), which included the correct naming of the blue macaws. In 1832, Wagler died of an accidental self
4505296
Tony Silva


wildlife smuggling, as well as charges of tax evasion and perjury. Silva was charged with smuggling at least 186 hyacinth macaws into the United States; this comprised 5–10% of the global population. Silva was also charged with illegally trafficking, transporting, or possessing a number of other birds such as crimson-bellied conures, Queen of Bavaria conures, vinaceous amazons, cockatoos, flamingos, and toco toucans. He was suspected of having smuggled Spix's macaws, but this could not be proven. On 30 January 1996, Silva
12033006
Pacaya-Samiria National Reserve


," etc. Birds found in the reserve include: the Spix's guan, the black-bellied whistling duck, the king vulture, the crimson-crested woodpecker, the harpy eagle, the blue-and-yellow macaw, the scarlet macaw, the black-throated mango, the horned screamer, the cobalt-winged parakeet, the swallow-tailed hummingbird, etc. Native peoples still inhabit the reserve, as well as more recent settlers. The reserve has 15 authorized campsites distributed in 8 areas open for tourism
12713885
Spix's macaw


São Francisco in northeast Bahia in Brazil. The bird is a medium-size parrot weighing about , smaller than most of the large macaws. Its plumage is various shades of blue, with a grey-blue head, light blue underparts, and vivid blue upperparts. Males and females are almost identical in appearance, however the females are slightly smaller on average. Currently there are no known survivors of the species outside of captivity. The species inhabited riparian Caraibeira ("Tabebuia aurea") woodland galleries in the drainage basin of
6713230
Birds International


species are marked either by open/closed leg-band or by microchip implant. Microchips are used for specimens with body weights over . Even though the company is breeding many endangered species "it has had exceptional success with the production of the Spix's macaw" ("Cyanopsitta spixii", also known as the little blue macaw), a species that has become extinct in the wild in 2000 after the last known male disappeared according to "Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis" (IBAMA, Brazilian
10203884
Arini (tribe)


the Arini are some of the rarest birds in the world, such as Spix's macaw which is extinct in the wild - fewer than 100 specimens survive in captivity. It also contains the largest flighted parrot in the world, the hyacinth macaw. Molecular studies have dated the divergence of the Arini tribe from the ancestral neotropical parrots to late in the Paleogene period about 30-35 million years ago. The Arini are one of three recognized clades in subfamily Arinae of neotropical parrots in the family Psittacidae of Afrotropical and neotropical parrots,
13186214
List of threatened birds of Brazil


list, immediately before the Parrots. The Brazilian Northeast, notably in Atlantic forest and Caatinga, has the most number of endemic and threatened birds, and two of them, the Alagoas curassow and the Spix's macaw, has been considered extinct in the wild. The "Pernambuco Center" of endemism presents many critically endangered species due the intense destruction of the Atlantic forest. Some species might be extinct in Brazil, like the Glaucous macaw and the Eskimo curlew. The actual list of threatened species was published in Diário Oficial da
20847182
Spix's macaw


macaw lived in the hottest and driest part of the "Caatinga" within Caraiba, or Caribbean trumpet tree ("Tabebuia caraiba") woodland galleries. The Caraibeira constitutes a microclimate within the Caatinga. The existing galleries are fringes of unique woodland extending a maximum of to either side along a series of seasonal waterways at least 8 m wide in the Rio São Francisco drainage basin. All T. caraiba woodland was recorded in the middle and lower levels of the creek system where fine alluvial deposits were present. The character of the galleries
6713251
Rio 2


the new Carnival show after landing in an audition hosted by Rafael, Nico, Pedro, and Carla. When Blu tries to pick a Brazilian nut for Jewel, he accidentally tries to get it in the territory of the Spix macaw's enemies, the scarlet macaws, led by the hostile Felipe. Blu inadvertently causes war between the two tribes for food when he accidentally hits Felipe with a twig. The war turns out to be just like football (soccer), and Blu accidentally costs the flock the food when he scores
9853824
Spix's disk-winged bat


Venezuela, Tobago, Trinidad, Suriname, Peru, Panama, Mexico, Guyana, Guatemala, Honduras, French Guiana, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil, Belize, and Bolivia. It has a patchy distribution but a very wide range, and it is considered to be a least-concern species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Species abundance of the bat in its native Neotropical land may be limited by the availability of roosting sites. Whereas other species of bats are capable of aggregating
3685094
Blue-throated macaw


and-yellow macaw, green-winged macaw, scarlet macaw, large woodpeckers, toco toucans, barn owls, bats, and bees. The number of suitable nest trees has been reduced by land clearing in its range. The blue-throated macaw has a very small population and is on the verge of extinction in the wild. It is listed on the IUCN Red List as critically endangered. It is also listed in Appendix I by CITES. Trapping is illegal as blue-throated macaws have been protected by the national
17228344
Birds International


Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources in English). Birds International participated in the Permanent Committee for the Recovery of the Spix's Macaw, called CPRAA, established by IBAMA in 1990 and its Ararinha Azul Project (Little Blue Macaw Project). Other participants included BirdLife International, WWF-Brazil and the American Federation of Aviculture and most of the funding came from IBAMA and the Fundación Loro Parque (Loro Parque Foundation ) of Spain. Birds International became a party to CPRAA only when the government of Fernando Collor de Mello granted
10203885
Red-shouldered macaw


locally due to habitat loss, they are listed as Least Concern by IUCN. They are listed on Appendix II of CITES, trade restricted. The red-shouldered macaw ("Diopsittaca nobilis", Linnaeus, 1758) is a member of the monotypic genus "Diopsittaca" (Ridgway 1912), one of 6 genera of Central and South American macaws. There are two distinct subspecies, "D. n. nobilis" (Hahn's macaw) and "D. n. cumanensis" (noble macaw), and some with longer wings
4193901
International Union for Conservation of Nature


Unlike other environmental organisations, IUCN does not itself aim to directly mobilize the general public. Education has been part of IUCN's work program since the early days but the focus is on stakeholder involvement and strategic communication rather than mass-campaigns. IUCN runs field projects for habitat and species conservation around the world. It produces the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species and the IUCN Red List of Ecosystems which in a similar way measures risks to ecosystems. The IUCN Red List of Ecosystems is a global standard to assess the conservation status
13568881
Conservation biology


they sustain. Aldo Leopold was a classical thinker and writer on such conservation ethics whose philosophy, ethics and writings are still valued and revisited by modern conservation biologists. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has organized a global assortment of scientists and research stations across the planet to monitor the changing state of nature in an effort to tackle the extinction crisis. The IUCN provides annual updates on the status of species conservation through its Red List. The IUCN Red List serves as an international conservation tool to identify those
2964152
Conservation status


use. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species is the best known worldwide conservation status listing and ranking system. Species are classified by the IUCN Red List into nine groups set through criteria such as rate of decline, population size, area of geographic distribution, and degree of population and distribution fragmentation. Also included are species that have gone extinct since 500 CE. When discussing the IUCN Red List, the official term "threatened" is a grouping of three categories: critically endangered, endangered, and vulnerable. The Convention on
12047334
Nepenthes bicalcarata


level. The conservation status of "N. bicalcarata" is listed as Vulnerable on the 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species based on an assessment carried out in 2000. In 1997, Charles Clarke informally classified the species as Near Threatened based on the IUCN criteria. This agrees with the conservation status assigned to "N. bicalcarata" by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre. The two thorns that give "N. bicalcarata" its name are unique to this species and bear some of the largest nectaries in the plant kingdom. The purpose of
21530642
Atalaya (plant)


underground woody rootstocks. In South Africa three species grow naturally. The scarcity of "A. natalensis" trees and their restricted range has received the global conservation status (IUCN) of "vulnerable D2". "A. capensis" has a global conservation status (IUCN) listing also, of "Lower Risk / conservation dependent" . In Papua New Guinea "A. papuana" grows naturally in coast monsoon dune scrub (coastal rainforests on dune soils that become seasonally dry, with deciduous trees), tropical savanna forests and in regenerating
21745346
World Commission on Protected Areas


The World Commission on Protected Areas (WCPA) is one of six commissions of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN). In 1948, the IUCN established a Committee on National Parks. Two decades later the IUCN had been asked by the international community to take responsibility for preparing a world list of national parks in keeping with its role as a network to share the world’s knowledge on nature conservation, and in 1960, the IUCN raised the status of the Committee to that of a permanent Commission, with
9410113
IUCN Red List of Ecosystems


The IUCN Red List of Ecosystems (RLE) is a global framework for monitoring and documenting the status of ecosystems. It was developed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as part of the growing toolkit for biodiversity risk assessment. Its main objective is to support conservation, resource use, and management decisions by evaluating all the world's ecosystems by 2025. The Red List of Ecosystem was developed by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the world's leading authority on the subject and the same entity
4416626
Camas pocket gopher


lupines. Citing concerns of urbanization, habitat loss and active attempts at eradication, NatureServe assesses the camas pocket gophers' conservation status as vulnerable. The conservation status of the camas pocket gopher is classified as "least concern" by the IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Species Programme, with a stable population trend. The IUCN notes that the gopher is common in its range; studies indicate that populations can recover rapidly after traps are removed from an area, and the species may adapt well to environmental changes. The
11628281
IUCN Red List


The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (also known as the IUCN Red List or Red Data List), founded in 1964, is the world's most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of biological species. It uses a set of criteria to evaluate the extinction risk of thousands of species and subspecies. These criteria are relevant to all species and all regions of the world. With its strong scientific base, the IUCN Red List is recognized as the most authoritative guide to the status of biological diversity. A series of
19930289
International Union for Conservation of Nature


its focus beyond conservation ecology and now incorporates issues related to sustainable development in its projects. Unlike many other international environmental organisations, IUCN does not itself aim to mobilize the public in support of nature conservation. It tries to influence the actions of governments, business and other stakeholders by providing information and advice, and through building partnerships. The organization is best known to the wider public for compiling and publishing the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, which assesses the conservation status of species worldwide. IUCN has a membership of over 1400
13568847