DragonFly BSD [SEP] based on
[{"answer": "FreeBSD"}]
DragonFly BSD


initial implementation of Common Address Redundancy Protocol (commonly referred to as "CARP") was finished in March 2007. As of 2011, CARP support is integrated into DragonFly BSD. Alongside the Unix File System, which is typically the default file system on BSDs, DragonFly BSD supports the HAMMER and HAMMER2 file systems. HAMMER2 is the default file system as of version 5.2.0. HAMMER was developed specifically for DragonFly BSD to provide a feature-rich yet better designed analogue of the increasingly popular ZFS. HAMMER supports configurable file system history
5729503
Comparison of BSD operating systems


, and OpenBSD has released at least one original song with every release since 3.0. The DragonFly BSD logo, designed by Joe Angrisano, is a dragonfly named Fred. A number of unofficial logos by various authors also show the dragonfly or stylized versions of it. DragonFly BSD considers itself to be "the logical continuation of the FreeBSD 4.x series." FireflyBSD has a similar logo, a firefly, showing its close relationship to DragonFly BSD. In fact, the FireflyBSD website states that proceeds from sales will go to the development
3305998
Systat (BSD)


systat is a BSD UNIX console application for displaying system statistics in fullscreen mode using ncurses/curses. It is available on, and by default ships in the base systems of, FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD and DragonFly BSD. It was first released as part of 4.3BSD in . Both internally and in the interface of the user the utility consists of several distinct modules and tabs, referred to as "displays" in FreeBSD, NetBSD and DragonFly, and "views" in OpenBSD, which are automatically refreshed every specified number of
8215815
Berkeley Software Distribution


The Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) was an operating system based on Research Unix, developed and distributed by the Computer Systems Research Group (CSRG) at the University of California, Berkeley. Today, "BSD" often refers to its descendants, such as FreeBSD, OpenBSD, NetBSD, or DragonFly BSD. BSD was initially called Berkeley Unix because it was based on the source code of the original Unix developed at Bell Labs. In the 1980s, BSD was widely adopted by workstation vendors in the form of proprietary Unix variants
21111889
History of the Berkeley Software Distribution


4.4BSD-Lite code base. OpenBSD was forked in 1995 from NetBSD. A number of commercial operating systems are also partly or wholly based on BSD or its descendants, including Sun's SunOS and Apple Inc.'s macOS. Most of the current BSD operating systems are open source and available for download, free of charge, under the BSD License, the most notable exception being macOS. They also generally use a monolithic kernel architecture, apart from macOS and DragonFly BSD which feature hybrid kernels. The various open source BSD projects generally
8330033
DragonFly BSD


DragonFly BSD is a free and open-source Unix-like operating system forked from FreeBSD 4.8. Matthew Dillon, an Amiga developer in the late 1980s and early 1990s and FreeBSD developer between 1994 and 2003, began working on DragonFly BSD in June 2003 and announced it on the FreeBSD mailing lists on 16 July 2003. Dillon started DragonFly in the belief that the techniques adopted for threading and symmetric multiprocessing in FreeBSD 5 would lead to poor performance and maintenance problems. He sought to correct these anticipated problems within the FreeBSD project.
5729489
DragonFly BSD


Collection has an enhancement called the Stack-Smashing Protector (ProPolice) enabled by default, providing some additional protection against buffer overflow based attacks. , the kernel is no longer built with this protection by default. Being a derivative of FreeBSD, DragonFly has inherited an easy-to-use integrated build system that can rebuild the entire base system from source with only a few commands. The DragonFly developers use the Git version control system to manage changes to the DragonFly source code. Unlike its parent FreeBSD, DragonFly has both stable
5729507
Processor affinity


On SGI systems, dplace binds a process to a set of CPUs. On DragonFly BSD 1.9 (2007) and later versions, usched_set system call can be used to control the affinity of a process. On NetBSD 5.0, FreeBSD 7.2, DragonFly BSD 4.7 and later versions can use pthread_setaffinity_np and pthread_getaffinity_np. In NetBSD, the psrset utility to set a thread's affinity to a certain CPU set. In FreeBSD, cpuset utility is used to create CPU sets and to assign processes to these sets. In DragonFly BSD 3.1 (
3093609
DragonFly BSD


and unstable releases in a single source tree, due to a smaller developer base. Like the other BSD kernels (and those of most modern operating systems), DragonFly employs a built-in kernel debugger to help the developers find kernel bugs. Furthermore, , a debug kernel, which makes bug reports more useful for tracking down kernel-related problems, is installed by default, at the expense of a relatively small quantity of disk space. When a new kernel is installed, the backup copy of the previous kernel and
5729508
History of the Berkeley Software Distribution


Berkeley ceased. Since then, several variants based directly or indirectly on 4.4BSD-Lite (such as FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD and DragonFly BSD) have been maintained. In addition, the permissive nature of the BSD license has allowed many other operating systems, both free and proprietary, to incorporate BSD code. For example, Microsoft Windows has used BSD-derived code in its implementation of TCP/IP and bundles recompiled versions of BSD's command-line networking tools since Windows 2000. Also Darwin, the system on which
8330031
Berkeley Software Distribution


IEEE, ANSI, ISO, and POSIX standards, while retaining most of the traditional BSD behavior. Like AT&T Unix, the BSD kernel is monolithic, meaning that device drivers in the kernel run in privileged mode, as part of the core of the operating system. Several operating systems are based on BSD, including FreeBSD, OpenBSD, NetBSD, MidnightBSD and DragonFly BSD. Both NetBSD and FreeBSD were created in 1993. They were initially derived from 386BSD (also known as "Jolix"), and merged the 4.4BSD-
21111908
DragonFly BSD


new default file system. In 2007 DragonFly BSD received a new device file system (devfs), which dynamically adds and removes device nodes, allows accessing devices by connection paths, recognises drives by serial numbers and removes the need for pre-populated codice_3 file system hierarchy. It was implemented as a Google Summer of Code 2009 project. DragonFly BSD supports Amiga-style "resident applications" feature: it takes a snapshot of a large, dynamically linked program's virtual memory space after loading, allowing future instances of the program
5729505
Comparison of BSD operating systems


which was forked from FreeBSD 4.8, and Apple Inc.'s iOS and macOS, with its Darwin base including a large amount of code derived from FreeBSD. Most of the current BSD operating systems are open source and available for download, free of charge, under the BSD License, the most notable exceptions being macOS and iOS. They also generally use a monolithic kernel architecture, apart from macOS, iOS, and DragonFly BSD which feature hybrid kernels. The various open source BSD projects generally develop the kernel and userland programs and libraries
3305979
Comparison of BSD operating systems


There are a number of Unix-like operating systems based on or descended from the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) series of Unix variant options. The three most notable descendants in current use are FreeBSD, OpenBSD, and NetBSD, which are all derived from 386BSD and 4.4BSD-Lite, by various routes. Both NetBSD and FreeBSD started life in 1993, initially derived from 386BSD, but in 1994 migrating to a 4.4BSD-Lite code base. OpenBSD was forked from NetBSD in 1995. Other notable derivatives include DragonFly BSD,
3305978
DragonFly BSD


encapsulated into messages. This will help reduce the size and complexity of the kernel by moving variants of standard system calls into a userland compatibility layer, and help maintain forwards and backwards compatibility between DragonFly versions. Linux and other Unix-like OS compatibility code is being migrated out similarly. As support for multiple instruction set architectures complicates symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) support, DragonFly BSD now limits its support to the x86-64 platform. DragonFly originally ran on the x86 architecture, however as of version 4.0 it is no longer supported
5729493
Computer Systems Research Group


and companies who used BSD, and the CSRG decided to replace all the source code that originated from AT&T. They succeeded in 1994, but AT&T didn't agree and took Berkeley to court. After the settlement in 1994, CSRG distributed its last versions, called 4.4BSD-Lite (BSD-licensed) and 4.4BSD-Encumbered (UNIX-licensed). The group was disbanded in 1995, leaving a significant legacy: FreeBSD, OpenBSD, NetBSD, and DragonFly BSD are based on the 4.4BSD-Lite distribution and continue to play
6664521
List of BSD operating systems


active since 2014, and their websites. FreeBSD is a free Unix-like operating system descended from AT&T UNIX via the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD). FreeBSD currently has more than 200 active developers and thousands of contributors. Other notable derivatives include DragonFly BSD, which was forked from FreeBSD 4.8, and Apple Inc.'s Mac OS X, with its Darwin base including a large amount of code derived from FreeBSD. NetBSD is a freely redistributable, open source version of the Unix-derivative Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) computer
9164979
DragonFly BSD


to start much more quickly than it otherwise would have. This replaces the prelinking capability that was being worked on earlier in the project's history, as the resident support is much more efficient. Large programs like those found in KDE Software Compilation with many shared libraries will benefit the most from this support. As with FreeBSD and OpenBSD, the developers of DragonFly BSD are slowly replacing pre-function prototype-style C code with more modern, ANSI equivalents. Similar to other operating systems, DragonFly's version of the GNU Compiler
5729506
ALTQ


ALTQ (ALTernate Queueing) is the network scheduler for Berkeley Software Distribution. ALTQ provides queueing disciplines and other quality of service (QoS) related components required to realize resource sharing. It is most commonly implemented on BSD-based routers. ALTQ is included in the base distribution of FreeBSD, NetBSD, and DragonFly BSD, and was integrated into the pf packet filter of OpenBSD but later replaced by a new queueing subsystem (it was deprecated with OpenBSD 5.5 release, and completely removed with 5.6 in 2014). With ALTQ,
8824471
DragonFly BSD


Due to conflicts with other FreeBSD developers over the implementation of his ideas, his ability to directly change the codebase was eventually revoked. Despite this, the DragonFly BSD and FreeBSD projects still work together, sharing bug fixes, driver updates, and other improvements. Intended as the logical continuation of the FreeBSD 4.x series, DragonFly has diverged significantly from FreeBSD, implementing lightweight kernel threads (LWKT), an in-kernel message passing system, and the HAMMER file system. Many design concepts were influenced by AmigaOS. The kernel messaging
5729490
Ports collection


. NetBSD's "pkgsrc" ports collection is distinctive in that it aims to be portable and is usable on a number of operating systems aside from NetBSD itself, including the other BSDs, SmartOS/illumos, macOS, MINIX 3, Linux and other Unix-likes. "pkgsrc" was created in August 1997 based on the existing FreeBSD ports system. It follows a quarterly release schedule and as of October 2018 contains over 22'000 packages. With their 1.4 release, DragonFly BSD announced that they would be adopting "pkgsrc"
3418809
ScummVM


power and memory, allowing use on more limited processing environments like mobile devices. Portability is a design goal of the project. Ports of ScummVM are available for Microsoft Windows, macOS and a variety of Unix-like systems including Linux (based on RPM, Debian, or source), members of the BSD family (FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, DragonFly BSD) and Solaris. It has also been ported to console systems. Less mainstream personal computer ports include those to Amiga, Atari-FreeMiNT, Haiku-BeOS-
379300
BSD disklabel


as "slices" and the subdivisions of a primary MBR partition (for the nested BSD partitioning scheme) that are described by its disklabel are called "partitions". The BSD disklabel is contained within the volume boot record of its primary MBR partition. The MBR partition IDs for primary partitions that are subdivided using BSD disklabels are A5h (386BSD and FreeBSD), A6h (OpenBSD), A9h (NetBSD), and 6Ch (DragonFly BSD). This format has a similar goal as the extended partitions and logical partition system
10704347
DragonFly BSD


its modules are stripped of their debugging symbols to further minimize disk space usage. The operating system is distributed as a Live CD and Live USB ("full X11" flavour available) that boots into a complete DragonFly system. It includes the base system and a complete set of manual pages, and may include source code and useful packages in future versions. The advantage of this is that with a single CD you can install the software onto a computer, use a full set of tools to repair a damaged installation, or
5729509
File attribute


Explorer include: In 4.4BSD and 4.4BSD-Lite, files and directories (folders) accepted four attributes that could be set by the owner of the file or the superuser (the "User" attributes) and two attributes that could only be set by the superuser (the "System" attributes): FreeBSD added some additional attributes, also supported by DragonFly BSD: FreeBSD also supports: whereas DragonFly BSD supports: NetBSD added another attribute, also supported by OpenBSD: macOS added three attributes: In DOS, OS/2 and Windows
4191586
DragonFly BSD


, snapshots, checksumming, data deduplication and other features typical for file systems of its kind. HAMMER2, the successor of the HAMMER file system, is now considered stable, used by default, and the focus of further development. Plans for its development were initially shared in 2012. In 2017, Dillon announced that the next DragonFly BSD version (5.0.0) would include a usable, though still experimental, version of HAMMER2, and described features of the design. With the release after 5.0.0, version 5.2.0, HAMMER2 became the
5729504
Pure-FTPd


Pure-FTPd is a free (BSD license) FTP Server with a strong focus on software security. It can be compiled and run on a variety of Unix-like computer operating systems including Linux, OpenBSD, NetBSD, FreeBSD, DragonFly BSD, Solaris, Tru64, Darwin, Irix and HP-UX. It has also been ported to Android. Pure-FTPd is based on "Troll-FTPd", written by Arnt Gulbrandsen while he was working at Trolltech from 1995 to 1999. When Gulbrandsen stopped maintaining Troll
10240709
Berkeley Software Distribution


distribution, only three had to be removed and 70 modified to show USL copyright notices. A further condition of the settlement was that USL would not file further lawsuits against users and distributors of the Berkeley-owned code in the upcoming 4.4BSD release. The final release from Berkeley was 1995's 4.4BSD-Lite Release 2, after which the CSRG was dissolved and development of BSD at Berkeley ceased. Since then, several variants based directly or indirectly on 4.4BSD-Lite (such as FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD and DragonFly BSD)
21111901
Opera Dragonfly


Opera Dragonfly automatically updates to the latest version available, when connected to the Internet. Opera Dragonfly is compatible with Presto 2.1 and later, specifically Opera Mobile 9.5 and above, Opera Desktop 9.5 and above, and Nintendo DS & Nintendo DSi Browser. The Scope transport protocol (STP) is used for communication between the Opera browser and Opera Dragonfly. Development of Opera Dragonfly started in May 2008. When the development started Opera Dragonfly was using the BSD license, but later on it was changed to the Apache License 2.0. On
8407785
HAMMER


CRC checksumming of data and metadata, online layout correction and data deduplication, and dynamic inodes allocation with effectively unlimited number of inodes. Currently, regular maintenance is required to keep the file system clean and regain space after file deletions. By default, a cron job performs the necessary actions on DragonFly BSD daily. HAMMER does not support multi-master configurations. The following performance-related improvements were introduced on : HAMMER was developed specifically for DragonFly BSD to provide a feature-rich yet better designed analogue of the then increasingly popular
3188272
Bluetooth stack


lack of maintainership and code rot. DragonFly BSD has had NetBSD's Bluetooth implementation since 1.11 (2008), first released with . A netgraph-based implementation from FreeBSD has also been available in the tree since 2008, dating to an import of Netgraph from the FreeBSD 7 timeframe into DragonFly, but was possibly disabled until 2014-11-15, and may still require more work. The Linux operating system currently has BlueZ included with the official Linux kernel distributions, initially developed by Qualcomm. "BlueZ" is a Bluetooth
6992114
Comparison of BSD operating systems


of DragonFly BSD, suggesting that the two may in fact be very closely related. PicoBSD's slogan is "For the little BSD in all of us," and its logo includes a version of FreeBSD's Beastie as a child, showing its close connection to FreeBSD, and the minimal amount of code needed to run as a Live CD. A number of BSD OSes use stylized version of their respective names for logos. This includes macOS, TrueOS, GhostBSD, DesktopBSD, ClosedBSD, and MicroBSD. TrueOS's slogan is
3305999
Unix


, 386BSD, was released in 1992 and led to the NetBSD and FreeBSD projects. With the 1994 settlement of a lawsuit brought against the University of California and Berkeley Software Design Inc. ("USL v. BSDi") by Unix Systems Laboratories, it was clarified that Berkeley had the right to distribute BSD Unix for free, if it so desired. Since then, BSD Unix has been developed in several different product branches, including OpenBSD and DragonFly BSD. Linux and BSD are increasingly filling the market needs traditionally served by proprietary Unix
8932372
Comparison of BSD operating systems


together, the source code being managed using a single central source repository. In the past, BSD was also used as a basis for several proprietary versions of UNIX, such as Sun's SunOS, Sequent's Dynix, NeXT's NeXTSTEP, DEC's Ultrix and OSF/1 AXP (which became the now discontinued Tru64 UNIX). Parts of NeXT's software became the foundation for macOS which, together with iOS, is among the most commercially successful BSD variants in the general market. DragonFly BSD aims to be inherently easy to understand
3305980
Unix wars


of IBM, SCO, Sequent and Intel which was followed by litigation (SCO v. IBM) between IBM and the new SCO, formerly Caldera. BSD purged copyrighted AT&T code from 1989 to 1994. During this time various open-source BSD x86 derivatives took shape, starting with 386BSD, which was soon succeeded by FreeBSD and NetBSD. OpenBSD emerged in 1995 as a fork of NetBSD, DragonFly BSD as a fork from FreeBSD in 2003. Mac OS X v10.5 is the first operating system with open source BSD code to be
19370201
DragonFly BSD


. Since version 1.10, DragonFly supports 1:1 userland threading (one kernel thread per userland thread), which is regarded as a relatively simple solution that is also easy to maintain. Inherited from FreeBSD, DragonFly also supports multi-threading. In DragonFly, each CPU has its own thread scheduler. Upon creation, threads are assigned to processors and are never preemptively switched from one processor to another; they are only migrated by the passing of an inter-processor interrupt (IPI) message between the CPUs involved. Inter-processor
5729494
BSD disklabel


In BSD-derived computer operating systems (including NetBSD, OpenBSD, FreeBSD and DragonFly BSD) and in related operating systems such as SunOS, a disklabel is a record stored on a data storage device such as a hard disk that contains information about the location of the partitions on the disk. Disklabels were introduced in the 4.3BSD-Tahoe release. Disklabels are usually edited using the disklabel utility. In later versions of FreeBSD, this was renamed as bsdlabel. Traditionally, the disklabel was the first sector of the disk. However
10704345
Irssi


SUSE (openSUSE), Frugalware, Fedora, FreeBSD, OpenBSD, NetBSD, DragonFly BSD, Solaris, Arch Linux, Ubuntu and others. Irssi builds and runs on Microsoft Windows under Cygwin, and in 2006, an official Windows standalone build became available. For the Unix-based macOS, text mode ports are available from the Homebrew, MacPorts, and Fink package managers, and two graphical clients have been written based on Irssi, IrssiX, and MacIrssi. The Cocoa client Colloquy was previously based on Irssi, but it
14894697
Vkernel


A virtual kernel architecture (vkernel) is an operating system virtualisation paradigm where kernel code can be compiled to run in the user space, for example, to ease debugging of various kernel-level components, in addition to general-purpose virtualisation and compartmentalisation of system resources. It is used by DragonFly BSD in its vkernel implementation since DragonFly 1.7, having been first revealed in , and first released in the stable branch with DragonFly 1.8 in . The long-term goal, in addition to easing kernel development, is to make
10136456
DragonFly BSD


systems, DragonFly does not. Until recently, DragonFly also employed spls, but these were replaced with critical sections. Much of the system's core, including the "LWKT" subsystem, the IPI messaging subsystem and the new kernel memory allocator, are lockless, meaning that they work without using mutexes, with each process operating on a single CPU. Critical sections are used to protect against local interrupts, individually for each CPU, guaranteeing that a thread currently being executed will not be preempted. Serializing tokens are used to prevent
5729497
Vinum volume manager


maintained in the FreeBSD and DragonFly source trees. Vinum supports RAID levels 0, 1, 5, and JBOD. Vinum was inspired by Veritas Volume Manager. Vinum is invoked as codice_1 (GEOM Vinum) on FreeBSD version 5.4 and up. In modern FreeBSD, it may be considered to be a legacy volume manager; modern alternatives being GEOM and ZFS. In NetBSD, it has been removed before NetBSD 4.0 due to lack of interest and maintenance; RAIDframe was cited as providing similar functionality. In DragonFly BSD, DragonFly's
2550142
DragonFly BSD


subsystem being developed is similar to those found in microkernels such as Mach, though it is less complex by design. However, DragonFly uses a monolithic kernel system. DragonFly's messaging subsystem has the ability to act in either a synchronous or asynchronous fashion, and attempts to use this capability to achieve the best performance possible in any given situation. According to developer Matthew Dillon, progress is being made to provide both device input/output (I/O) and virtual file system (VFS) messaging capabilities that will enable the
5729491
Address space layout randomization


7.0 release. DragonFly BSD has an implementation of ASLR based upon OpenBSD's model, added in 2010. It is off by default, and can be enabled by setting the sysctl vm.randomize_mmap to 1. Support for ASLR will appear in FreeBSD 13.0 (currently in development). It is disabled by default. Apple introduced ASLR in iOS 4.3 (released March 2011). KASLR was introduced in iOS 6. The randomized kernel base is 0x01000000 + ((1+0xRR) * 0x00200000), where 0xRR is a random byte
15236747
DragonFly BSD


. As both real and virtual kernel are compiled from the same code base, this effectively means that platform-dependent routines and re-implementations of libc functions are clearly separated in a source tree. The vkernel runs on top of hardware abstractions provided by the real kernel. These include the kqueue-based timer, the console (mapped to the virtual terminal where vkernel is executed), the disk image and virtual kernel Ethernet device ("VKE"), tunneling all packets to the host's tap interface. Third-
5729501
History of free and open-source software


. In 1995, OpenBSD forked from NetBSD. In 2004, Dragonfly BSD forked from FreeBSD. In the mid to late 90s, when many website-based companies were starting up, free software became a popular choice for web servers. The Apache HTTP Server became the most-used web-server software, a title that still holds as of 2015. Systems based on a common "stack" of software with the Linux kernel at the base, Apache providing web services, the MySQL database engine for data storage, and
16187716
DragonFly BSD


shared among multiple threads. The serializing token code is evolving into something quite similar to the "Read-copy-update" feature now available in Linux. Unlike Linux's current RCU implementation, DragonFly's is being implemented such that only processors competing for the same token are affected rather than all processors in the computer. DragonFly switched to multiprocessor safe slab allocator, which requires neither mutexes nor blocking operations for memory assignment tasks. It was eventually ported into standard C library in the userland, where it replaced FreeBSD's malloc implementation
5729499
DragonFly BSD


party software is available on DragonFly as binary packages via codice_1 or from a native ports collection – DPorts. DragonFly originally used the FreeBSD Ports collection as its official package management system, but starting with the 1.4 release switched to NetBSD's pkgsrc system, which was perceived as a way of lessening the amount of work needed for third-party software availability. Eventually, maintaining compatibility with codice_2 proved to require more effort than was initially anticipated, so the project created DPorts, an overlay on top of the FreeBSD Ports collection. The
5729502
Berkeley printing system


The Berkeley printing system is one of several standard architectures for printing on the Unix platform. It originated in 2.10BSD, and is used in BSD derivatives such as FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, and DragonFly BSD. A system running this print architecture could traditionally be identified by the use of the user command "lpr" as the primary interface to the print system, as opposed to the System V printing system "lp" command. Typical user commands available to the Berkeley print system are: The "lpd" program is the
12236918
Gzip


commonly known is the GNU Project's implementation using Lempel-Ziv coding (LZ77). OpenBSD's version of gzip is actually the compress program, to which support for the gzip format was added in OpenBSD 3.4. The 'g' in this specific version stands for "gratis". FreeBSD, DragonFly BSD and NetBSD use a BSD-licensed implementation instead of the GNU version; it is actually a command-line interface for zlib intended to be compatible with the GNU implementation's options. These implementations originally come from NetBSD
12536334
Fdisk


based "fdiskpm". The two have identical functionality, and can manipulate both FAT partitions and the more advanced HPFS partitions. OS/2 versions 4.5 and higher (including eComStation) can use the JFS filesystem as well as FAT and HPFS, and replace with the Logical Volume Manager (LVM). for Mach Operating System was written by Robert Baron. It was ported to 386BSD by Julian Elischer, and the implementation is being used by FreeBSD, NetBSD and DragonFly BSD, all as of 2019, as well as the early versions
15221350
Ports collection


as their official package management system. DragonFly BSD however built their own ports implementation called dports with the release 3.4 and switched over to it completely with 3.6. The development is done via their git. In contrast to FreeBSD Ports, on which it was originally based, the OpenBSD ports system is intended as a source used to create the end product, packages: installing a port first creates a package and then installs it. Ports are made up of a makefile, text files with descriptions and installation messages, any patches required
3418810
Pgrep


codice_1 is a command-line utility initially written for use with the Solaris 7 operating system by Mike Shapiro. It has since been available in illumos and reimplemented for the Linux and BSDs (DragonFly BSD, FreeBSD, NetBSD, and OpenBSD). It searches for all the named processes that can be specified as extended regular expression patterns, and—by default—returns their process ID. Alternatives include codice_2 (finds process ID given a program name) and codice_3. The default behaviour of codice_1 (returning the process identifier of
18956347
OpenPAM


OpenPAM is a BSD-licensed implementation of PAM used by FreeBSD, NetBSD, DragonFly BSD and macOS (starting with Snow Leopard), and offered as an alternative to Linux PAM in certain Linux distributions. OpenPAM was developed for the FreeBSD Project by Dag-Erling Smørgrav and NAI Labs, the Security Research Division of Network Associates, Inc. under DARPA/SPAWAR contract N66001-01-C-8035 ("CBOSS"), as part of the DARPA CHATS research program. On 1 January 2008, OpenPAM was one of eleven projects selected by
9322807
FreeBSD


software for specific use cases. This can be compared with Linux distributions, which are all binary compatible because they use the same kernel and also use the same basic tools, compilers and libraries, while coming with different applications, configurations and branding. Besides these distributions, there are some independent operating systems based on FreeBSD. DragonFly BSD is a fork from FreeBSD 4.8 aiming for a different multiprocessor synchronization strategy than the one chosen for FreeBSD 5 and development of some microkernel features. It does not aim to stay compatible with FreeBSD and
6290717
Fdisk


For computer file systems, fdisk is a command-line utility that provides disk partitioning functions. It is available in DOS, FlexOS, OS/2, and Microsoft Windows operating systems, and in certain ports of FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, DragonFly BSD and macOS for compatibility reasons. In versions of the Windows NT operating system line from Windows 2000 onwards, is replaced by a more advanced tool called diskpart. Similar utilities exist for Unix-like systems, for example, BSD disklabel. IBM introduced , Fixed Disk Setup Program version
15221344
TrueCrypt


, released in . VeraCrypt is a fork of TrueCrypt. Security improvements have been implemented and issues raised by the TrueCrypt code audit just before the TrueCrypt developers retired have been addressed. tc-play is an independently-developed open-source implementation of the TrueCrypt format. It is a free command-line implementation available for Linux and DragonFly BSD under BSD license. Its disk encryption method and container format are managed by Linux Kernel via dm-crypt module. ZuluCrypt, a graphical front end for tc-play, is available
19966
Comparison of BSD operating systems


the founder of DragonFly BSD, believes supporting fewer platforms makes it easier for a project to do a proper, ground-up SMP implementation. FreeBSD aims to make an operating system usable for any purpose. It is intended to run a wide variety of applications, be easy to use, contain cutting edge features, and be highly scalable on very high load network servers. FreeBSD is free software, and the project prefers the FreeBSD license. However, they sometimes accept non-disclosure agreements (NDAs) and include a limited
3305982
Comparison of BSD operating systems


. About 77% of respondents used FreeBSD, 33% used OpenBSD, 16% used NetBSD, 2.6% used Dragonfly, and 6.6% used other (potentially non-BSD) systems. Other languages offered were Brazilian and European Portuguese, German, Italian, and Polish. Note that there was no control group or pre-screening of the survey takers. Those who checked "Other" were asked to specify that operating system. Because survey takers were permitted to select more than one answer, the percentages shown in the
3305991
PostgreSQL


-UX, Solaris, and UnixWare; and not officially tested: DragonFly BSD, BSD/OS, IRIX, OpenIndiana, OpenSolaris, OpenServer, and Tru64 UNIX. Most other Unix-like systems could also work; most modern do support. PostgreSQL works on any of the following instruction set architectures: x86 and x86-64 on Windows and other operating systems; these are supported on other than Windows: IA-64 Itanium (external support for HP-UX), PowerPC, PowerPC 64, S/390, S/390x, SPARC,
4355355
Tcpdump


tcpdump is a common packet analyzer that runs under the command line. It allows the user to display TCP/IP and other packets being transmitted or received over a network to which the computer is attached. Distributed under the BSD license, tcpdump is free software. Tcpdump works on most Unix-like operating systems: Linux, Solaris, FreeBSD, DragonFly BSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, OpenWrt, macOS, HP-UX 11i, and AIX. In those systems, tcpdump uses the libpcap library to capture packets. The port
7089742
NetBSD


the package system, without need for manual intervention. pkgsrc supports not only NetBSD, but also several other BSD variants like FreeBSD and Darwin/Mac OS X, and other Unix-like operating systems such as Linux, Solaris, IRIX, and others, as well as Interix. pkgsrc was previously adopted as the official package management system for DragonFly BSD. NetBSD has supported SMP since the NetBSD 2.0 release in 2004, which was initially implemented using the giant lock approach. During the development cycle of the NetBSD 5 release,
20015228
Single user mode


in such circumstances is viewed as a security vulnerability. Unix-like operating systems provide single user mode functionality either through the System V-style runlevels, BSD-style boot-loader options, or other boot-time options. The run-level is usually changed using the codice_2 command, runlevel 1 or S will boot into single user mode. Boot-loader options can be changed during startup before the execution of the kernel. In FreeBSD and DragonFly BSD it can be changed before rebooting the system with the command codice_3
206070
Berkeley Software Distribution


such as DEC Ultrix and Sun Microsystems SunOS due to its permissive licensing and familiarity to many technology company founders and engineers. Although these proprietary BSD derivatives were largely superseded in the 1990s by UNIX SVR4 and OSF/1, later releases provided the basis for several open-source operating systems including FreeBSD, OpenBSD, NetBSD, DragonFly BSD, Darwin, and TrueOS. These, in turn, have been used by proprietary operating systems, including Apple's macOS and iOS, which derived from them, and Microsoft Windows, which used a part
21111890
Matthew Dillon


Matthew Dillon (born 1966) is an American software engineer known for Amiga software, contributions to FreeBSD and for starting and leading the DragonFly BSD project since 2003. Dillon studied electronic engineering and computer science at the University of California, Berkeley, where he first became involved with BSD in 1985. He also became known for his Amiga programming, his C compiler DICE and his work on the Linux kernel. He founded and worked at Best Internet from 1994 until 1997, contributing to FreeBSD in that time. His "Diablo"
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Netgraph


netgraph is the graph based kernel networking subsystem of FreeBSD since 3.4 and DragonFly BSD since the fork from FreeBSD. Netgraph provides support for L2TP, PPTP, ATM, bluetooth using a modular set of nodes that are the graph. Netgraph has also been ported on other Operating Systems: Netgraph was originally designed and implemented at Whistle Communications by Julian Elischer and Archie Cobbs for the Whistle InterJet small office router product. The purpose of the project was to create a flexible framework for implementing new networking protocols. Key requirements included the ability to
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KAME project


KAME Project's code is based on "WIDE Hydrangea" IPv6/IPsec stack by WIDE Project. The following organizations participated in the project: FreeBSD, NetBSD and DragonFly BSD integrated IPSec and IPv6 code from the KAME project; OpenBSD integrated just IPv6 code rather than both (having developed their own IPSec stack). Linux also integrated code from the project in its native IPsec implementation. The KAME project collaborated with the TAHI Project (which develops and provides verification-technology for IPv6), the USAGI Project and the WIDE Project
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Vinum volume manager


Vinum, is a logical volume manager, also called software RAID, allowing implementations of the RAID-0, RAID-1 and RAID-5 models, both individually and in combination. The original Vinum was part of the base distribution of the FreeBSD operating system since 3.0, and also NetBSD between 2003-10-10 and 2006-02-25, as well as descendants of FreeBSD, including DragonFly BSD; in more recent versions of FreeBSD, it has been replaced with gvinum, which was first introduced around FreeBSD 6. Vinum source code is
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Pkgsrc


to Debian's Advanced Packaging Tool. Several vendors, including Joyent, a subsidiary of Samsung, provide binary packages for popular operating systems, including macOS and Linux. On October 3, 1997, NetBSD developers Alistair Crooks and Hubert Feyrer created pkgsrc based on the FreeBSD ports system and intended to support the NetBSD packages collection. It was officially released as part of NetBSD 1.3 on January 4, 1998. DragonFly BSD used pkgsrc as its official package system from version 1.4 in 2006, to 3.4 in 2013. On 2017-09
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HAMMER


HAMMER is a high-availability 64-bit file system developed by Matthew Dillon for DragonFly BSD using B+ trees. Its major features include infinite NFS-exportable snapshots, master-multislave operation, configurable history retention, fsckless-mount, and checksums to deal with data corruption. HAMMER also supports data block deduplication, meaning that identical data blocks will be stored only once on a file system. A successor, HAMMER2, was announced in 2011 and became the default in Dragonfly 5.2 (April 2018). HAMMER file system provides configurable fine
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DragonFly BSD


. Since release 1.8 DragonFly has a virtualization mechanism similar to User-mode Linux, allowing a user to run another kernel in the userland. The virtual kernel ("vkernel") is run in completely isolated environment with emulated network and storage interfaces, thus simplifying testing kernel subsystems and clustering features. The vkernel has two important differences from the real kernel: it lacks many routines for dealing with the low-level hardware management and it uses C standard library (libc) functions in place of in-kernel implementations wherever possible
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Comparison of BSD operating systems


and develop for multi-processor infrastructures. The main goal of the project, forked from FreeBSD 4.8, is to radically change the kernel architecture, introducing microkernel-like message passing which will enhance scaling and reliability on symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) platforms while also being applicable to NUMA and clustered systems. The long-term goal is to provide a transparent single system image in clustered environments. DragonFly BSD originally supported both the IA-32 and x86-64 platforms, however support for IA-32 was dropped in version 4.0. Matthew Dillon,
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Buffer overflow protection


used for some packages in Debian, and only for the FreeBSD base system since 8.0. Stack protection is standard in certain operating systems, including OpenBSD, Hardened Gentoo and DragonFly BSD . StackGuard and ProPolice cannot protect against overflows in automatically allocated structures that overflow into function pointers. ProPolice at least will rearrange the allocation order to get such structures allocated before function pointers. A separate mechanism for pointer protection was proposed in PointGuard and is available on Microsoft Windows. The compiler suite from Microsoft implements buffer overflow protection since version 2003 through
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Bluetooth


not been updated since 2005. FreeBSD features Bluetooth since its v5.0 release, implemented through netgraph. NetBSD features Bluetooth since its v4.0 release. Its Bluetooth stack was ported to OpenBSD as well, however OpenBSD later removed it as unmaintained. DragonFly BSD has had NetBSD's Bluetooth implementation since 1.11 (2008). A netgraph-based implementation from FreeBSD has also been available in the tree, possibly disabled until 2014-11-15, and may require more work. The specifications were formalized by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG
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DragonFly BSD


by removing the need to share certain resources among various kernel tasks. In order to run safely on multiprocessor machines, access to shared resources (like files, data structures) must be serialized so that threads or processes do not attempt to modify the same resource at the same time. In order to prevent multiple threads from accessing or modifying a shared resource simultaneously, DragonFly employs critical sections, and serializing tokens to prevent concurrent access. While both Linux and FreeBSD 5 employ fine-grained mutex models to achieve higher performance on multiprocessor
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GhostBSD


the operating system will be based on TrueOS. Beginning from GhostBSD 18.10, the project has moved its base from FreeBSD to TrueOS. Following are TrueOS based GhostBSD releases. GhostBSD was originally licensed under the 3-clause BSD license ("Revised BSD License", "New BSD License", or "Modified BSD License") In 2014 Eric Turgeon re-licensed GhostBSD under 2-clause license ("Simplified BSD License" or "FreeBSD License"). GhostBSD contains some GPL-licensed software. The following are the minimum recommended requirements
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Sysctl


the file. The sysctl system call does exist on Linux, but it has been deprecated and does not have a wrapper function in glibc; it is usually unavailable due to many distributions configure the kernel without CONFIG_SYSCTL_SYSCALL; so it is not recommended for use. When IP forwarding is enabled, the operating system kernel will act as a router. In FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, DragonFly BSD, and Darwin/Mac OS X, the parameter net.inet.ip.forwarding can be set to 1 to enable this behavior. In Linux's emulation of
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File attribute


-Lite, such as FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, DragonFly BSD, and macOS, have sets of "system" and "user" attributes; newer versions of the Linux kernel also support a set of file attributes. Traditionally, in DOS and Microsoft Windows, files and folders accepted four attributes: As new versions of Windows came out, Microsoft has added to the inventory of available attributes on the NTFS file system, including but not limited to: Other attributes that are displayed in the "Attributes" column of Windows
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DragonFly BSD


remainder of the project goals to be met. The new infrastructure will allow many parts of the kernel to be migrated out into userspace; here they will be more easily debugged as they will be smaller, isolated programs, instead of being small parts entwined in a larger chunk of code. Additionally, the migration of select kernel code into userspace has the benefit of making the system more robust; if a userspace driver crashes, it will not crash the kernel. System calls are being split into userland and kernel versions and being
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Dynamic linker


FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, and DragonFly BSD, the path of the dynamic linker that should be used is embedded at link time into the codice_9 section of the executable's codice_10 segment. In those systems, dynamically loaded shared libraries can be identified by the filename suffix codice_11 (shared object). The dynamic linker can be influenced into modifying its behavior during either the program's execution or the program's linking, and the examples of this can be seen in the run-time linker manual pages for various Unix-like
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OpenSMTPD


under the ISC license. Its portable version, like that of OpenSSH, is developed as a child project which adds the portability code to the OpenBSD version and releases it separately. The portable version was initiated by Charles Longeau and adds support for multiple operating systems including NetBSD, FreeBSD, DragonFly BSD, and several Linux distributions. The development of OpenSMTPD was motivated by a combination of issues with current SMTP daemons: difficult configuration, complicated and difficult to audit code, and unsuitable licensing. OpenSMTPD was designed to solve these problems and
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Traceroute


DragonFly BSD, and macOS include an option to use ICMP Echo Request packets ("-I"), or any arbitrary protocol ("-P") such as UDP, TCP using TCP SYN packets, or ICMP. On Windows, tracert sends ICMP Echo Request packets, rather than the UDP packets traceroute sends by default. The time-to-live (TTL) value, also known as "hop limit", is used in determining the intermediate routers being traversed towards the destination. Traceroute sends packets with TTL values
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Sysctl


threads the operating system will use as an NFS client, or the maximum number of processes on the system; or describe, enable or disable behaviors such as IP forwarding, security restrictions on the superuser (the "securelevel"), or debugging output. In OpenBSD and DragonFly BSD, sysctl is also used as the transport layer for the hw.sensors framework for hardware monitoring, whereas NetBSD uses the ioctl system call for its sysmon_envsys counterpart. Both sysctl and ioctl are the two system calls which can be used to add extra functionality
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PUFFS (NetBSD)


Pass-to-Userspace Framework File System (puffs) is a NetBSD kernel subsystem developed for running filesystems in userspace. It was added to NetBSD in the 5.0 release, and was ported to DragonFly BSD in the 3.2 release. In NetBSD 5.0, puffs includes "refuse", a reimplementation of the libfuse high-level interface. Some filesystems use the low-level libfuse interface or the kernel FUSE interface and they cannot be supported through refuse. NetBSD 6.0 addresses that limitation through "perfuse", a new compatibility
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Giant lock


grained locking. It is claimed by Matthew Dillon that out of the open-source software general-purpose operating systems, only GNU/Linux, DragonFly BSD and FreeBSD have modern SMP support, with OpenBSD and NetBSD falling behind. The NetBSD Foundation views modern SMP support as vital to the direction of The NetBSD Project, and has offered grants to developers willing to work on SMP improvements; NPF (firewall) was one of the projects that arose as a result of these financial incentives, but further improvements to the core networking
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Hw.sensors


into a more stable multi-layer addressing. In 2007, the framework was ported to FreeBSD as part of a Google Summer of Code grant; it has been adopted by DragonFly BSD later that year. The usability of the , the sensors monitoring daemon, has been vastly improved in 2007, partly due to same GSoC grant. , the total number of drivers stood at 68 in OpenBSD 4.4; growing by 7 drivers in a 6-month release cycle. This level of growth, of one new driver per month on average,
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Almquist shell


of that shell, plus some additions". The following is extracted from the ash package information from Slackware v14: Fast, small, and virtually compatible with the POSIX standard's specification of the Unix shell, ash did not provide line editing or command history mechanisms, because Almquist felt that such functionality should be moved into the terminal driver. However, current variants support it. Derivative versions of ash are installed as the default shell (codice_1) on FreeBSD, NetBSD, DragonFly BSD, MINIX, and in some Linux distributions
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Pluggable authentication module


3.0.4 in August 1996 in the Linux PAM project. PAM is currently supported in the AIX operating system, DragonFly BSD, FreeBSD, HP-UX, Linux, macOS, NetBSD and Solaris. Since no central standard of PAM behavior exists, there was a later attempt to standardize PAM as part of the X/Open UNIX standardization process, resulting in the X/Open Single Sign-on (XSSO) standard. This standard was not ratified, but the standard draft has served as a reference point for later PAM implementations
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Tinc (protocol)


Tinc is an open-source, self-routing, mesh networking protocol and software implementation used for compressed and encrypted virtual private networks. It was started in 1998 by Guus Sliepen, Ivo Timmermans, and Wessel Dankers, and released as a GPL-licensed project. Tinc is available on Linux, FreeBSD, OpenBSD, NetBSD, DragonFly BSD, Mac OS X, Microsoft Windows, Solaris, iOS, Android with full support for IPv6. The authors of Tinc have goals of providing a platform that is secure, stable,
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MirOS BSD


also be a more tolerant software inclusion policy, and "the end result is, hopefully, a more refined BSD experience". Another goal of MirOS BSD was to create a more "modular" base BSD system, similar to Debian. While "MirOS Linux" (linux kernel + BSD userland) was discussed by the developers sometime in 2004, it has not materialised. The most important differences to OpenBSD were: Aside from cooperating with other BSDs, submitting patches to upstream software authors, and synergy effects with FreeWRT,
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BSD/OS


of USL v. BSDi, BSDI substituted code that had been written for the University's 4.4 BSD-Lite release for disputed code in their OS, effective with release 2.0. By the time of this release, the "386" designation had become dated, and BSD/386 was renamed "BSD/OS". Later releases of BSD/OS also supported Sun SPARC-based systems. The marketing of BSD/OS became increasingly focused on Internet server applications. However, the increasingly tight market for Unix-compatible software in the
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Spamd


spamd is a ISC-licensed lightweight spam-deferral daemon written under the umbrella of the OpenBSD project. spamd works directly with smtp connections, and supports features such as greylisting, minimising false positives compared to a system that does full-body analysis. spamd is designed to work in conjunction with pf(4), and should be fully functional on any POSIX system where pf is available, i.e. OpenBSD, NetBSD, FreeBSD and DragonFly BSD. Spamd is most useful in preventing inbound spam from reaching mail servers. It can also be
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Salsa20


on OpenSSL, via a compile-time option. ChaCha20 is also used for the arc4random random number generator in FreeBSD, OpenBSD, and NetBSD operating systems, instead of the broken RC4, and in DragonFly BSD for the CSPRNG subroutine of the kernel. Starting from version 4.8, the Linux kernel uses the ChaCha20 algorithm to generate data for the nonblocking /dev/urandom device. An implementation reference for ChaCha20 has been published in . The IETF's implementation modified Bernstein's published algorithm by changing 64-bit nonce and 64-bit block counter to 96-bit
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SMPlayer


is likely possible to run the application through binary compatibility with another Unix or Linux. In addition to the Windows packages, official binary packages are provided for Ubuntu. Many distributions provide packages in their repositories. For FreeBSD, SMPlayer is available for installation from source via the ports tree and also available as binary packages for most major FreeBSD releases. OpenBSD also provides binary packages and is available in its ports collection as well. SMPlayer is not available yet on NetBSD or DragonFly BSD, either in binary format or in pkgsrc. NetBSD
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Amiga


this level. For this reason, when the new AGA chipset was released, Commodore declined to release low-level documentation in an attempt to force developers into using the approved software routines. AmigaOS directly or indirectly inspired the development of various operating systems. MorphOS and AROS clearly inherit heavily from the structure of AmigaOS as explained directly in articles regarding these two operating systems. AmigaOS also influenced BeOS, which featured a centralized system of Datatypes, similar to that present in AmigaOS. Likewise, DragonFly BSD was also inspired by AmigaOS as
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Lisp (programming language)


macros and other language elements, and an object system (Common Lisp Object System). Common Lisp also borrowed certain features from Scheme such as lexical scoping and lexical closures. Common Lisp implementations are available for targeting different platforms such as the LLVM, the Java virtual machine, x86-64, PowerPC, Alpha, ARM, Motorola 68000, and MIPS, and operating systems such as Windows, macOS, Linux, Solaris, FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, Dragonfly BSD, and Heroku. Scheme is a statically scoped and properly
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FreeBSD jail


production use by a hosting provider, and was first released with FreeBSD 4.0, thus being supported on a number of FreeBSD descendants, including DragonFly BSD, to this day. The need for the FreeBSD jails came from a small shared-environment hosting provider's (R&D Associates, Inc.'s owner, Derrick T. Woolworth) desire to establish a clean, clear-cut separation between their own services and those of their customers, mainly for security and ease of administration (jail(8)). Instead of adding a new layer of
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HAMMER2


HAMMER2 is a successor to the HAMMER filesystem, redesigned from the ground up to support enhanced clustering. HAMMER2 supports online and batched deduplication, snapshots, directory entry indexing, multiple mountable filesystem roots, mountable snapshots, a low memory footprint, compression, encryption, zero-detection, data and metadata checksumming, and synchronization to other filesystems or nodes. HAMMER2 had a long incubation and development period before it officially entered production in April 2018, as the recommended root filesystem in the Dragonfly BSD 5.2 release. The HAMMER2 file system was
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OS-level virtualisation


OS-level virtualization refers to an operating system paradigm in which the kernel allows the existence of multiple isolated user-space instances. Such instances, called containers (Solaris, Docker), Zones (Solaris), virtual private servers (OpenVZ), partitions, virtual environments (VEs), virtual kernel (DragonFly BSD) or jails (FreeBSD jail or chroot jail), may look like real computers from the point of view of programs running in them. A computer program running on an ordinary operating system can see all
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Tmpfs


the existing FFS disk filesystem to a virtual memory region. tmpfs, a memory filesystem implemented using conventional in-memory data structures in order to improve on the performance of MFS, was merged into the official NetBSD source tree on September 10, 2005; it is available in 4.0 and later versions. FreeBSD has ported NetBSD's implementation, where it is available in 7.0 and later versions. DragonFly BSD has also ported NetBSD's implementation, where it is available in 2.5.1 and later versions. OpenBSD ported NetBSD's tmpfs implementation as
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MidnightBSD


GCC, OpenSSH, and Sendmail, as well as a Live CD creation system. Currently, the project is focusing on finishing the Magus build cluster software, creating a new installer, finishing the new package installation and management tools called mport, and beginning work on the 0.3 release. The next release will feature some enhancements found in FreeBSD 7.0 and DragonFly BSD. MidnightBSD is named after Lucas and Caryn Holt's cat, Midnight. Midnight was a ten-pound black Turkish Angora. MidnightBSD is released under several licenses. The
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