TWA Flight Center [SEP] architect
[{"answer": "Eero Saarinen"}]
TWA Flight Center


to the replacement terminal. In 2016, the PANYNJ started converting the original head house into the TWA Hotel, which opened in 2019. Both the interior and the exterior were declared a New York City Landmark in 1994. In 2005, the terminal was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Noted architect Robert A. M. Stern has called the TWA Flight Center the "Grand Central of the jet age". The pragmatic new encircling terminal has been called "hyper-efficient" and a "monument to human throughput"
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TWA Flight Center


now contains 20 security lanes, one of the largest checkpoints in a US airline terminal. The entry hall of the Gensler terminal wraps around the Saarinen head house in a crescent shape and retains the original, iconic departure-arrival passenger tubes from the head house ("Tube #1" from the 1962 Saarinen design and "Tube #2" from the 1969 Roche-Dinkeloo-designed Flight Wing One). While noted architect Robert A. M. Stern had called the evocative Saarinen-designed TWA Flight Center "Grand Central of
16722481
TWA Flight Center


Pelli, Norman Pettula, and Edward Saad were key collaborators. Warren Platner was largely responsible for the interiors. Aline Saarinen, the architect's wife, worked with TWA to coordinate marketing activities centered on the terminal starting with the building's first public presentation on November 12, 1957 through its opening on May 28, 1962. When Saarinen died unexpectedly of a brain tumor in 1961, Kevin Roche and John Dinkeloo led the realization of New York's TWA Terminal. The completed terminal was dedicated May 28, 1962. The same
16722472
TWA Hotel


TWA Hotel is a hotel at John F. Kennedy International Airport in Queens, New York, United States, that opened on May 15, 2019. It utilizes the headhouse of the TWA Flight Center airline terminal, designed in 1962 by the architect Eero Saarinen. The TWA Hotel project added two buildings on either side of the existing headhouse. In 1994, the terminal was declared a city landmark by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission, which prevented its demolition. In 2005, the National Park Service listed it on the National
16418652
Trans World Airlines


aircraft in the American Airlines fleet. An original lighted TWA sign still exists (as of 2019) on the east side of Saarinen's TWA Flight Center terminal facing JetBlue's Terminal 5. The TWA Hotel will keep the lit TWA sign on the TWA Flight Center. See List of TWA destinations for mainline destinations. For commuter destinations, see Trans World Express and Trans World Connection. TWA had codeshare agreements with the following airlines: Since 1942, TWA was involved in 84 incidents. One of the first to gain wide press
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TWA Flight Center


of the Eero Saarinen-designed terminal a historic landmark in 1994. Following TWA's continued financial deterioration during the 1990s and the eventual sale of its assets to American Airlines, the terminal ended operations in October 2001. The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (PANYNJ) first proposed converting the head house into a restaurant or conference center, while encircling the existing building with one or possibly two new terminals. The concept received opposition from the Municipal Art Society (MAS) of New York, as well as the architects
16722475
Eero Saarinen


Eero Saarinen (, ; August 20, 1910 – September 1, 1961) was a Finnish-American architect and industrial designer noted for his neo-futuristic style. Saarinen is known for designing the Washington Dulles International Airport outside Washington, D.C., the TWA Flight Center in New York City, and the Gateway Arch in St. Louis, Missouri. He was the son of noted Finnish architect Eliel Saarinen. Eero Saarinen was born on August 20, 1910, to Finnish architect Eliel Saarinen and his second wife, Louise, on
8677850
TWA Flight Center


"Transcontinental and Western Airlines" changed its name to "Trans World Airways." By 1955, TWA, being among New York's major airlines, undertook to build its own terminal at what was then commonly called "Idlewild Airport". Eero Saarinen and his Detroit-based firm were commissioned in 1955 to design the TWA Flight Center. Forecasting heavy patronage for the terminal, Saarinen designed it to speed up processes. It also served to define and convey TWA's brand identity with its bird-shaped, emblematic structure and
16722469
Culture of Finland


history were Finns; Eliel Saarinen was a major influence in Art Nouveau architecture, with such buildings as the Helsinki Central railway station and, following his emigration to the USA, the Cranbrook Academy of Art in Michigan. His son, Eero Saarinen, though born in Finland is also regarded as an American architect, and created significant pieces of architecture throughout the USA, including the TWA Flight Center at New York's Kennedy Airport and the Gateway Arch in St. Louis. The works of Finland's most noted modernist architect, Alvar Aalto
19078887
Kansas City International Airport


and Tampa International Airport, because those two airports had people movers, which it deemed too expensive. TWA insisted on "Drive to Your Gate" with flight gates from the roadway (signs along the roadway showed the flights leaving each gate). The single-level terminals had no stairs, similar to a plan that would be built at Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport. TWA's vision for the future of flight that had been pioneered by the TWA Flight Center at JFK Airport in New York City (which also featured
4389038
TWA Flight Center


The TWA Flight Center, also known as the Trans World Flight Center, is an airport terminal at New York City's John F. Kennedy International Airport. The terminal, which opened in 1962, was designed for Trans World Airlines by Eero Saarinen. The original design featured a prominent wing-shaped thin shell roof over the head house, or main terminal; unusual tube-shaped red-carpeted departure-arrival corridors; and tall windows enabling expansive views of departing and arriving jets. The design straddles the Futurist, Neo-
16722465
Sundrome


Idlewild Airport, as it was then known. National Airlines commissioned the construction of the Sundrome, which it used until its acquisition by Pan American World Airways in 1980. TWA then expanded into the terminal, referring to it as the TWA Terminal Annex, later called TWA Domestic Terminal, then Terminal 6. It was eventually connected to the TWA Flight Center (later called TWA International Terminal and subsequently called Terminal 5 which now partially preserved as the TWA Hotel). The connection was by a landslide plywood walkway that way interrupted by
14774218
Metaphoric architecture


the Lotus Temple in New Delhi, by Fariborz Sahba, based on a lotus flower, the TWA Flight Center building in New York City, by Eero Saarinen, inspired by the form of a bird's wing, or the Sydney Opera House, in Australia, by Jørn Utzon that is derived from the sails of ships in the harbour. Certain architects have also been known to utilise metaphors as a theme throughout their work such as Le Corbusier and the open hand motif. This to him was a sign of "peace and
13896656
TWA Flight 800


explosions, and the conditions in the CWT at the time of the accident; and analysis of witness information," the NTSB concluded that "the TWA flight 800 in-flight breakup was initiated by a fuel/air explosion in the CWT." Recovery locations of the wreckage from the ocean (the red, yellow, and green zones) clearly indicated that: (1) the red area pieces (from the forward portion of the wing center section and a ring of fuselage directly in front) were the earliest pieces
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TWA Flight 1


his mistake, ice buildup on the plane's wings prevented it from gaining enough altitude to avoid the mountain. TWA disagreed with the report's conclusions but did not offer an alternative explanation. In 1935, the Bureau of Air Commerce encouraged a group of airlines to establish the first three centers for providing air traffic control along the airways. Following the crash, the Bureau itself took over the centers and began to expand the network, leading to the development of the modern air traffic control system. For her efforts, flight attendant
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TWA Flight Center


. While New York International Airport at Idlewild had been operating since 1939, the need and site for a Trans World Airlines (TWA) terminal was laid out in a 1955 plan in which each major airline would build its own terminal, while smaller airlines would be served from an International Arrivals Building. TWA had begun flying internationally in 1946 from New York's LaGuardia Airport with flights to Paris, London, Rome, Athens, Cairo, Lisbon and Madrid. In 1950, as both a domestic and international carrier, the former
16722468
Jean-Georges Vongerichten


a two-month renovation. The restaurant made its second debut in July 2017. In addition to an updated ambiance - table side charcuterie service and new craft cocktails are now featured at Jean-Georges Steakhouse. The Paris Cafe' opened on May 15, 2019 along with the opening of TWA Hotel at John F. Kennedy International Airport serving retro type meals similar to meals served on TWA flights when Trans World Airlines was using TWA Flight Center. Jean-Georges first vegan restaurant is ABCV in Manhattan.A Peek at ABCV,
21885559
TWA Flight Center


TWA Flight Center on the National Register of Historic Places. In December 2005, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (PANYNJ) began construction of a new terminal facility for JetBlue Airways, which occupied the adjacent Terminal 6 and was the airport's fastest-growing carrier—behind and partially encircling Saarinen's original gull-winged building (also known as the head house). Peripheral portions of the original facility were demolished to make space for a mostly new facility designed by Gensler, including 26 gates to accommodate 250
16722478
University of Pennsylvania College Houses


Walnut Street, is one of the largest college houses at the University of Pennsylvania. Hill was designed in 1958 by Finnish-American architect Eero Saarinen, who also designed the St. Louis Arch, the former TWA Flight Center at New York City's Kennedy Airport, and Dulles Airport. The building was unusual for its time, incorporating an interior atrium. Originally the women's dormitory, Hill is now co-ed and houses only freshmen. There is a dining hall in the lower level of the building. In common with
18648627
TWA Flight Center


futurist, Googie and Fantastic architectural styles. Although portions of the original complex have been demolished, the Saarinen-designed head house has been renovated and is partially encircled by a replacement terminal building, which was completed in 2008. Together, the old and new buildings make up JetBlue Airways' JFK operations and have been known collectively since 2008 as Terminal 5 or simply T5. The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (PANYNJ), which operates JFK Airport, had once intended the TWA Flight Center as a ceremonial entrance
16722466
TWA Flight 800


baggage in question was confirmed to be on board, the flight crew prepared for departure and the aircraft pushed back from Gate 27 at the TWA Flight Center. Taxi and takeoff proceeded uneventfully. Thirty-eight seconds later, the captain of an Eastwind Airlines Boeing 737 reported to Boston ARTCC that he "just saw an explosion out here", adding, "we just saw an explosion up ahead of us here ... about or something like that, it just went down into the water." Subsequently, many air traffic control
12052099
Conversation pit


pit was popular from the 1950s to the 1970s, seen across Europe as well as North America. Modernist architects Eero Saarinen and Alexander Girard used a conversation pit as the centerpiece of the influential Miller House (1958) in Columbus, Indiana, one of the earliest widely publicized applications of the concept. A brilliant red conversation pit (since covered, but recently restored) was later incorporated by Saarinen into the 1962 TWA Flight Center at John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York. Other influential residential projects include the 1955 Cohen House
19414949
Trans World Airlines


of $0.5 billion of its $1.8 billion debt. By 1998, TWA had reorganized as a primarily domestic carrier, with routes centered on hubs at St. Louis and New York. Partly in response to TWA Flight 800 and the age of its fleet, TWA announced a major fleet renewal, ordering 125 new aircraft. TWA paid for naming rights for the new Trans World Dome, home of the then St. Louis Rams, in its corporate hometown. In June 1994, its headquarters moved to One City Centre in downtown St.
19187549
Trans World Airlines


. The National Transportation Safety Board concluded that the most likely cause of the disaster was a center-fuel-tank explosion sparked by exposed wiring. In their subsequent coverage, the media focused heavily on the fact that TWA's airline fleet was among the oldest in service (the 747 used for Flight 800 was manufactured in 1971, making it 25 years old at the time of the incident). The flight was under the command of Captain Steven Snyder, a veteran TWA pilot. When Trans World Airlines was acquired by American
19187563
TWA Flight 427


TWA Flight 427 was a regularly scheduled TWA passenger flight departing Lambert-St. Louis International Airport (STL) in Bridgeton, Missouri on November 22, 1994, operated using a McDonnell Douglas MD-82. On the takeoff roll it struck a Cessna 441 Conquest II, killing both of its occupants. It was the second of two flights numbered 427 that would be involved in an incident that year, the other being USAir Flight 427, which crashed in September near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania killing all 132 on board. TWA Flight 427 was
19223225
TWA Hotel


, and include brass lighting, walnut-accented furnishings, and rotary phones. The hallways contain red carpeting, evocative of the color of the furniture in the original TWA lounge. However, the rooms also contain modern amenities such as blackout curtains and multiple-pane soundproof windows. The large departure board, a split-flap display made in Italy by and which has been a feature of the building since the Flight Center's opening in 1962, was fully restored as part of the hotel project. The TWA Hotel also includes
16418657
TWA Flight Center


, "The Wall Street Journal" reported that JetBlue and its partner, a hotel developer, were negotiating for the rights to turn the head house into a hotel. In July 2015, New York State governor Andrew Cuomo confirmed that the Saarinen building would be converted into the TWA Hotel, a new on-site hotel for the airport's passengers. Construction on the TWA Hotel began in December 2016. The structures on either side of the actual headhouse were demolished, though the headhouse was retained and additional structures were built.
16722483
TWA Flight 800


indicated a sudden catastrophic in-flight breakup of TWA 800. Investigators considered several possible causes for the structural breakup: structural failure and decompression, detonation of a high-energy explosive device, such as a missile warhead exploding either upon impact with the airplane, or just before impact, a bomb exploding inside the airplane, or a fuel-air explosion in the center wing fuel tank. Close examination of the wreckage revealed no evidence of structural faults such as fatigue, corrosion or mechanical damage that could have caused the in-
12052115
Sundrome


a terminal driveway. Later, after TWA reduced flights at the airport, the terminal was used by United Airlines, ATA Airlines, a reincarnated Pan American Airways (from 1996-1998), Carnival Airlines, Vanguard Airlines, and America West Airlines. In 2001, United Airlines planned to redevelop this terminal and the TWA Flight Center as a new United terminal. On April 29, 2010, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey announced that Terminal 6 would be demolished to allow JetBlue to consolidate its operations at an
14774219
Louis Freeh


laboratory in Washington found traces of PETN, an explosive component of bombs and surface-to-air missiles. However, on November 18, 1997, the FBI closed its investigation by announcing that "no evidence has been found which would indicate that a criminal act was the cause of the tragedy of TWA flight 800." Almost three years later, in August 2000, the NTSB published its final report which stated that "the probable cause of the TWA flight 800 accident was an explosion of the center wing fuel tank (
19745077
TWA Flight 128


12th worst airline disaster in the U.S. This accident is currently the second worst involving a Convair 880, the 38th worst accident in the United States, and the worst in Kentucky state history. The aircraft was the third TWA plane lost in 1967, the first being TWA Flight 553 and the second, only fourteen days before Flight 128, TWA Flight 159, also at Cincinnati. Flight 128 departed Los Angeles at 17:37 Eastern Standard Time and operated to Cincinnati without incident. The flight was initially scheduled to make an Instrument Landing System
3505947
Night Fall (novel)


career with the ATTF. Much of the action in the novel centers on the search for the couple who inadvertently videotaped the in-air explosion that brought down TWA Flight 800 off the coast of Long Island. At the center of Corey's investigation are witness statements claiming that the fatal explosion was caused by a missile and not by mechanical failure. Corey is warned by his superiors not to look into the TWA crash, and he and his wife are temporarily assigned to anti-terrorist activities in Yemen and Tanzania to keep them
21011451
Trans World Airlines


flight attendants, ticket agents, and travel agents, as well as to provide flight simulators for its pilots. It became the definitive airline facility, training other airlines staff, as well as its own. The airline continued to expand European operations in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s. In 1987, TWA had a transatlantic system reaching from Los Angeles to Bombay, including virtually every major European population center, with 10 American gateways. TWA introduced the Boeing 747 to its fleet in 1970. After the merger with Hilton International
19187533
TWA Flight Center


a harmoniously coordinated interior featuring references to TWA's corporate identity. The thin concrete shell was built to span a space with a minimum of material. Unhappy with initial designs, Saarinen asked TWA for more time and took an additional year to resolve the design. Most other major U.S. airlines completed their Idlewild terminals sooner: after the opening of the International Arrivals Building in 1957, United Airlines and Eastern Air Lines opened their own terminals in 1959, followed by American Airlines and Pan American World Airways (Worldport) in 1960, Northwest
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Trans World Airlines


(via John F. Kennedy International Airport) to Europe and other world destinations. As part of this strategy, TWA's hub airports were to have gates close to the street. The TWA-style airport design proved impractical when hijackings to Cuba in the late 1960s caused a need for central security checkpoints. In 1962, TWA opened Trans World Flight Center, now Terminal 5 (or simply T5), at New York City's JFK Airport and designed by Eero Saarinen. The terminal was expanded in 1969 to accommodate jumbo jets
19187528
Trans World Airlines


a $745 million payment. The bankruptcy court approved the purchase over a rival bid by Jet Acquisition Group, an investment group fronted by Ralph Atkin, founder of SkyWest Airlines. The total value of TWA's assets and assumed liabilities was estimated to be $2 billion. American did not claim the naming rights for the Rams' home, which eventually became the Edward Jones Dome and now The Dome at America's Center. TWA booking ended on November 30, 2001. TWA Airlines LLC flew its last flight on December 1
19187554
JetBlue


by CEO Robin Hayes "Our investment in JetSuite makes sense as we continue to execute on our west coast plan and invest in innovative ideas that reflect the disruptive spirit of JetBlue." In JetBlue's 1st quarter 2018 investor call JetBlue's CFO Steven Priest Confirmed they currently hold about 10% of JetSuiteX. The TWA Hotel is the TWA Flight Center structure at JFK airport that was rebuilt into 505-room hotel. The hotel preserves the Eero Saarinen TWA head house while replacing the structures on either side of the head house. Situated in front
8387702
TWA Flight 260


TWA Flight 260 was the Trans World Airlines (TWA) designation for a flight from Albuquerque, New Mexico to Santa Fe, New Mexico. On February 19, 1955, the 40-passenger Martin 4-0-4 prop plane used by TWA for that route crashed into the Sandia Mountains. Its deviation from the normal flight path, initially believed to be the result of pilot error, was revised to "unknown" given that the contribution of other factors could not be definitively ruled out. On February 19, 1955 at 7:03
21635969
John F. Kennedy International Airport


is now connected to the new structure and is considered part of Terminal 5. The TWA Flight Center reopened as the TWA Hotel in May 2019. The active Terminal 5 building has 29 gates: 1 through 12 and 14 through 30, with gates 25 through 30 handling international flights that are not pre-cleared (gates 28–30 opened in November 2014). The terminal has a TSA Pre check point for expedited security checks and is open from 3am to 11pm. Airspace Lounge opened an airport lounge near Gate 24 in
11731140
McCarran International Airport


Las Vegas casino industry grew during the 1950s, and the airport handled 959,603 passengers in 1959. The May 1959 OAG shows 47 weekday departures: 13 Western, 11 United, 11 TWA, 9 Bonanza and 3 Pacific. The first jet flights were United 720s in September 1960. Airport officials began planning a new passenger terminal; the original terminal was on Las Vegas Boulevard, and the new one was built on Paradise Road. The terminal, whose design was inspired by the TWA Flight Center in New York City, opened on
18213403
TWA Flight 800 conspiracy theories


TWA Flight 800 conspiracy theories suggest that the crash of Trans World Airlines Flight 800 (TWA 800) was due to causes other than those determined by the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB). The NTSB found that the probable cause of the crash of TWA Flight 800 was an explosion of flammable fuel/air vapors in a fuel tank, most likely from a short-circuit. Conspiracy theories say the crash was due to a U.S. Navy missile test gone awry, a terrorist missile strike, or an on-board bomb
4385359
TWA Flight 514


its aftermath, and its repercussions are the subject of the 1977 book "Sound of Impact: The Legacy of TWA Flight 514" by Adam Shaw. TWA Flight 514 is also mentioned in the closing of the second chapter of Mark Oliver Everett's book "Things the Grandchildren Should Know" and in F. Lee Bailey's book "". In 2015, a documentary entitled "Diverted: TWA 514" was released. This was one of two Boeing 727s to crash in the U.S. that day; the other was Northwest Airlines
17776888
TWA Flight 1


Nellie Granger from nearby Dravosburg, Pennsylvania was acclaimed as a hero. She was profiled by "The New York Times" and "Time Magazine", and TWA promoted her to the top position among its flight attendants. She continued flying on the Sky Chief, another TWA New York-Los Angeles flight, albeit after a seagoing cruise paid for by TWA. Country music singer Joe Barker was inspired by her story to write the song "The Crash of The Sun Racer," which tells the story in verse: "
4825429
TWA Flight 1


On May 18, 1934, the DC-2, the production version of the DC-1, entered commercial service on TWA's Columbus–Pittsburgh–Newark route. The aircraft's success quickly led to its introduction on most TWA routes, and the growth of others. The most prominent of these was the Sun Racer, also known as TWA Flight 1, which promised to deliver passengers from coast to coast in a single day. On March 11, 1936, W.L. Smith, a pilot for TWA, was descending to land at Pittsburgh
4825414
TWA Flight 128


TWA Flight 128 was a regularly scheduled Trans World Airlines passenger flight from Los Angeles to Boston, with intermediate stops in Cincinnati and Pittsburgh. On November 20, 1967, Flight 128 crashed on final approach to Greater Cincinnati Airport; 70 of the 82 people aboard the Convair 880 were killed. On November 20, 1967, TWA Flight 128 was operated using a Convair 880 (registration number "N821TW"). It was the sixth loss of a Convair 880 and at the time the worst accident involving a Convair 880, and
3505946
TWA Flight 891


TWA Flight 891 was a Lockheed L-1649A Starliner that crashed not long after taking off from Milan Malpensa Airport on 26 June 1959. All 68 passengers and crew on board were killed. On 26 June 1959, TWA Flight 891 departed Malpensa Airport in Milan, Italy with a crew of nine and 59 passengers on board. The flight had originated in Athens and had stopped in Rome before flying on to Milan. The destination of the flight from Milan was Paris' Orly Airport. When Flight 891 departed Milan, the weather conditions consisted
13365167
TWA Flight 3


this trip since it had no runway lighting. To test their hypothesis, the CAB asked to review some other completed TWA flight plan forms for flights between Albuquerque and Las Vegas. Surprisingly, they discovered another form, of an actual flight, which also specified the same incorrect 218° outbound course from Las Vegas as the accident flight. TWA's chief pilot testified that the course filled out on that form was "obviously a mistake." The CAB issued a final report with the following probable cause statement: Upon the basis
672291
TWA Flight 1


Transcontinental and Western Airways Flight 1 (TWA 1), a Douglas DC-2, crashed into Cheat Mountain, near Uniontown, Pennsylvania, approximately 10:20 a.m. Eastern Standard Time on April 7, 1936, killing 12 of the 14 passengers and crew aboard. Flight 1 was a regularly scheduled TWA Sun Racer flight from Newark, New Jersey to Los Angeles, California with almost a dozen intermediate stops between. Approaching the flight's second stop, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania's Allegheny County Airport, pilot Otto Ferguson lost contact with the airport's radio
4825410
TWA Flight 800


Michel Breistroff, established the AirCraft Casualty Emotional Support Services (ACCESS) nonprofit group together with families of victims of Pan Am Flight 103. The TWA Flight 800 International Memorial was dedicated in a parcel immediately adjoining the main pavilion at Smith Point County Park in Shirley, New York, on July 14, 2004. The memorial is located at . Funds for the memorial were raised by the Families of TWA Flight 800 Association. David Busch of Busch Associates in Bay Shore, New York designed the memorial. The memorial includes landscaped grounds
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TWA Flight 841 (1974)


a bomb hidden in the cargo hold, which caused structural failure resulting in uncontrollable flight. The USS Independence CV-62 was tasked with picking up the debris and bodies. Suspicion fell on Abu Nidal and his terror organization. In January 2009, the Associated Press published an investigation saying that Khalid Duhham Al-Jawary, responsible for the 1973 New York City bomb plot, was linked to the bombing of TWA Flight 841. The UK TV series "Utopia" refers to the bombing of TWA Flight 841 and several other real-life
12648366
Trans World Airlines


, 2001, with an MD-80 aircraft (N948TW). The ceremonial last flight was Flight 220 from Kansas City to St. Louis, with CEO Captain William Compton at the controls. The final flight before TWA was 'officially' absorbed by American Airlines was completed between St. Louis and Las Vegas, Nevada, also on December 1, 2001. At 10:00 pm CST on that date, employees began removing all TWA signs and placards from airports around the country, replacing them with American Airlines signs. At midnight, all TWA flights
19187555
TWA Hotel


buildings contain a total of 512 rooms between them, as well as conference space, six to eight restaurants, and an aviation history museum. There is a rooftop infinity swimming pool and an observation deck with of floor space. The developers have a 75-year lease with the state. Many of the TWA Flight Center's original details, such as the custom ceramic floor tiles and the 486 variously-shaped window panels, were replaced with replicas of the originals. These details were intended to give the hotel a 1960s-era vibe
16418656
TWA Flight 800 conspiracy theories


In 1997 Sanders' published the book "The Downing of TWA Flight 800", in which he proposed that TWA 800 had been downed by a missile, and that a government cover-up had taken place so as to not panic the public. Later, with the information provided by Sanders, the Riverside Press-Enterprise published a series of articles alleging that the substance was consistent with unexpended rocket fuel from a missile that struck TWA 800. The NTSB determined the locations and appearance of the substance found on the seatbacks was
4385367
TWA Flight 15A


TWA Flight 15A (TWA 15A), a Douglas DC-2 operated by Transcontinental and Western Airways, crashed into a gully in Clifton, Pennsylvania, now Upper Saint Clair, a suburb approximately 7 miles (11 km) south of Pittsburgh. The crash occurred at approximately 6:40 p.m. Eastern Standard Time on March 25, 1937, killing all 13 passengers and crew members. Flight 15A was a regularly scheduled flight from Newark, New Jersey to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania via Camden, New Jersey. This accident marked the third fatal crash of a
19138738
John F. Kennedy International Airport


to "declining aviation activity and a need for substantial renovation" and that it expected to save $1 million per month. The hotel closed on December 1, 2009. Almost 200 employees lost their jobs. As of 2009, the Port Authority hoped to build a new hotel on the airport property. On July 27, 2015, Governor Andrew Cuomo announced in a press conference that the TWA Flight Center building would be used by the TWA Hotel, a 505-room hotel with 40,000 square feet of conference, event, or meeting
11731166
TWA Flight 800


. This hotel became known as the "Heartbreak Hotel" for its role in handling families of victims of several airliner crashes. The New York "Daily News" wrote that for the families the hotel became "a makeshift grief counseling center". Grief turned to anger at TWA's delay in confirming the passenger list, conflicting information from agencies and officials, and mistrust of the recovery operation's priorities. Although NTSB vice chairman Robert Francis stated that all bodies were being retrieved as soon as they were spotted, and that wreckage
12052107
TWA Flight Center


Airlines and TWA in 1962. The National Airlines Sundrome would be last, in 1969. The terminal is a pioneering example of thin-shell construction, consisting of a reinforced concrete shell supported at the corners. To engineer the roof, Saarinen collaborated with Charles S. Whitney and Boyd G. Anderson of the firm Ammann & Whitney. Saarinen had worked with the same team in 1953 to 1955 in executing the Kresge Auditorium and would work with them on the main terminal at Dulles International Airport From the Saarinen office, Kevin Roche, Cesar
16722471
Terminal 5 (exhibition)


Terminal 5 was an art exhibition that took place in October 2004 at the then disused Eero Saarinen–designed TWA Flight Center at JFK Airport in Queens, New York. The City of New York had designated both the interiors and the exteriors of the Saarinen terminal a historic landmark in 1994 (the building ultimately to be listed on the National Register of Historic Places), but following TWA's continued financial deterioration during the 1990s and eventual purchase by American Airlines, the Saarinen-designed terminal had ended operations in October 2001 and entered
2683909
Eero Saarinen


the best-known thin-shell concrete structures in America is the Kresge Auditorium (MIT), which was designed by Saarinen. Another thin-shell structure that he created is Yale's Ingalls Rink, which has suspension cables connected to a single concrete backbone and is nicknamed "the whale". Undoubtedly, his most famous work is the TWA Flight Center, which represents the culmination of his previous designs and demonstrates his neofuturistic expressionism and the technical marvel in concrete shells. In 2019 the terminal was transformed into the TWA Hotel
8677862
MAVEN


sample the upper atmosphere. The University of Colorado Boulder, University of California, Berkeley, and Goddard Space Flight Center each built a suite of instruments for the spacecraft, and they include: Built by the University of California, Berkeley Space Sciences Laboratory: Built by the University of Colorado Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics: Built by Goddard Space Flight Center: SWEA, SWIA, STATIC, SEP, LPW, and MAG are part of the Particles and Fields instrument suite, IUVS is the Remote Sensing instrument suite, and NGIMS
9520663
TWA Flight 847


Wanted Terrorists list, under the name Mohammed Ali "Hamadei" (sic). He was among the second group of indicted fugitives to be named by the FBI to the list. Several news outlets reported the announcement by Hezbollah of the death of Imad Mugniyah in a car bomb explosion in Syria on February 13, 2008. The remaining three fugitives from TWA Flight 847 remain on the list, and at large. Hezbollah reportedly denies culpability in the TWA Flight 847 hijacking, among its denials of numerous other attacks that have been
12827
Trans World Airlines


the action "would raise American prestige abroad." Charles Sparks Thomas became president on 2 July 1958. The inaugural flight of TWA's Boeing 707 took place on 20 March 1959. In 1961, TWA introduced in-flight movies. In 1962, TWA started using Doppler radar on its international flights. In 1960, Hughes relinquished control of the airline, as the major stockholder, through the financial terms associated with the jet purchase. As a consequence of that deal, Charles C. Tillinghast, Jr. took over as president.
19187522
TWA Flight 843


TWA Flight 843 (TW843, TWA843) was a Trans World Airlines passenger flight that crashed after an aborted takeoff from John F. Kennedy International Airport (New York) to San Francisco International Airport (California) in July 1992. Despite an intense fire after the crash, the crew was able to evacuate all 280 passengers from the aircraft. There was no loss of life, though the aircraft was destroyed by the fire. The NTSB attributed the crash to pilot error and TWA training and maintenance issues. According to the report,
46322
TWA Flight 800 conspiracy theories


by a bomb or missile strike". Meanwhile, TWA chief 747 pilot Robert Terrell Stacey, who was participating in the official investigation as a TWA representative, became convinced that a reddish-brown substance observed on the backs of recovered passenger seats was suspicious, and possibly indicative of explosive residue or rocket fuel. Working with journalist James Sanders, and Sanders' wife Elizabeth, a TWA flight attendant, he removed items from the wreckage reconstruction site, specifically the samples of seat fabric as well as documents related to the investigation.
4385366
1938 Yosemite TWA crash


The 1938 Yosemite TWA crash was the crash and disappearance of a Transcontinental & Western Air Douglas DC-2 on March 1, 1938. During a scheduled passenger flight from San Francisco to Winslow, Arizona, TWA's interstate hub, the flight encountered severe weather and radioed their intention to land in nearby Fresno. The aircraft never arrived, and was found three months later having crashed into a mountain in Yosemite National Park. The aircraft was TWA plane #327 AC-III, NC13789, a twin-engined Douglas Aircraft Corporation DC-2-
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TWA Flight 800


green zone contained wreckage from front, center, and rear sections of the airplane, respectively. The green zone with the aft portion of the aircraft was located the furthest along the flight path. Pieces of wreckage were transported by boat to shore and then by truck to leased hangar space at the former Grumman Aircraft facility in Calverton, New York, for storage, examination, and reconstruction. This facility became the command center and headquarters for the investigation. NTSB and FBI personnel were present to observe all transfers to preserve the evidentiary
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TWA Flight Center


the jet age", the pragmatic new encircling terminal has been called "hyper-efficient" and a "monument to human throughput". At the time of the T5 opening, JetBlue and PANYNJ had yet to complete renovation of the original Saarinen head house, and the building has stood empty while they decided what its future role should be. Early proposals included a conference center, an aviation museum, and a restaurant, or a place to check in for flights departing from the newer JetBlue T5 building. In April 2015
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TWA Flight 800


with TWA), as well as 25-year-old flight engineer trainee Oliver Krick, who was starting the sixth leg of his initial operating experience training. The ground-maintenance crew locked out the thrust reverser for engine #3 (treated as a minimum equipment list item) because of technical problems with the thrust reverser sensors during the landing of TWA 881 at JFK, prior to Flight 800's departure. Additionally, severed cables for the engine #3 thrust reverser were replaced. During refueling of the aircraft, the volumetric shutoff
12052097
TWA Flight 800 (film)


TWA Flight 800 is a 2013 documentary about the 1996 TWA Flight 800 crash, directed and written by Kristina Borjesson, and co-produced by Tom Stalcup. It aired on Epix. It presents the arguments of Stalcup, who stated that a missile strike had actually downed the airliner, contradicting the official National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) investigation. Stalcup himself is the main narrator. The film is about 1:30 long, and was first scheduled to air on July 17, 2013. Stephen Pope of "Flying" expressed his
4851921
TWA Flight 541


TWA Flight 541 was a domestic passenger flight hijacked in the United States by Robin Oswald in an attempt to free Garrett Brock Trapnell, who was a prisoner at the United States Penitentiary, Marion (USP Marion). The hijacking was successfully resolved when a Federal Bureau of Investigation (F.B.I.) negotiating team had her release the passengers and then surrender. On January 29, 1972 Garrett B. Trapnell hijacked a TWA plane flying from Los Angeles to New York. He demanded $306,800 (), the release of the imprisoned Angela Davis
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John F. Kennedy International Airport


for passengers from the terminal to a docked aircraft. Jetways replaced the need to have to board the plane outside via airstairs, which descend from an aircraft, via truck-mounted mobile stairs or via wheeled stairs. The Worldport was demolished in 2013. Trans World Airlines opened the TWA Flight Center in 1962, designed by Eero Saarinen with a distinctive winged-bird shape. With the demise of TWA in 2001, the terminal remained vacant until 2005 when JetBlue Airways and the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (PANYNJ
11731111
John F. Kennedy International Airport


of the Worldport (later Terminal 3), it was later used by Tower Air and TWA shuttle until the airline was acquired by American Airlines in 2001. Building 213 has not been used since 2000. It is located next to the Delta Air Lines employees' parking lot number 7, which was once the Tower Air terminal parking lot. TWA Flight Center opened in 1962. It was designed for Trans World Airlines by Eero Saarinen. The terminal was one of the first with many of the features airport terminals have today.
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Trans World Airlines


City, Missouri, and planned to make Kansas City International Airport its main domestic and international hub, but abandoned this plan in the 1970s. The airline later developed its largest hub at Lambert-St. Louis International Airport. Its main transatlantic hub was the TWA Flight Center at John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York City, an architectural icon designed by Eero Saarinen, and completed in 1962. TWA's corporate history dates from the July 16, 1930, and the forced merger of Transcontinental Air Transport (TAT),
19187501
Kirtland Air Force Base


; the difficulty was in housing the students because base quarters were not finished. Consequently, they doubled up in the barracks. The first contingent of B-24 trainees arrived in Albuquerque on 19 June 1941. The facility was officially titled the Air Corps Ferrying Command Four-Engine Transition School but was unofficially referred to as the “Four-Engine School” or “Jack Frye School”—for the president of TWA. Its location on the base was called the Eagle Nest Flight Center. Using Link Trainers and B-24 training aircraft, the TWA instructors
20498465
Roswell International Air Center


service with major airlines to provide nonstop regional jet flights to a major hub. American Eagle, the feeder carrier for American Airlines responded and began service on Sep. 5, 2007 with two daily flights to Dallas/Ft. Worth on 50-seat Embraer 145s. The service did so well that a third flight was added only seven months later. Mesa Airlines then ended all of their Roswell service on the last day of 2007 which left no flights to Albuquerque. At the request of Roswell city officials, American Eagle began a westbound flight
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Smith Point County Park


Pike Fire Island High Dune Wilderness, the only federally designated wilderness area in New York State. On July 17, 1996, TWA Flight 800, a Boeing 747-131 en route from New York City to Paris, France and Rome, Italy, crashed at sea away from the park; all passengers and crew were killed. The TWA Flight 800 International Memorial was dedicated in a parcel immediately adjoining the main pavilion at the park on July 14, 2004. Funds for the memorial were raised by the Families of TWA Flight
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TWA Flight 800


flight breakup. It was also suggested that the breakup could have been initiated by an in-flight separation of the forward cargo door like the disasters on board Turkish Airlines Flight 981 or United Airlines Flight 811, but all evidence indicated that the door was closed and locked at impact. The NTSB concluded that "the in-flight breakup of TWA flight 800 was not initiated by a preexisting condition resulting in a structural failure and decompression." A review of recorded data from long-range and airport surveillance radars revealed multiple contacts
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TWA Flight Center


flights per day and 20 million passengers annually. Originally, there were also tentative plans to renovate another portion of the original facility, a salvaged portion of the departure lounges known as "The Trumpet", dating from the Roche-Dinkeloo "Flight Wing One" addition in 1969. During the construction of the new, Gensler-designed terminal, "The Trumpet" was lifted and moved at a cost of $895,000, only to be later demolished when the project's budget prioritized renovating the head house. T5 reopened on
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Trans World Airlines


of TWA and took the company private in a leveraged buyout in 1988. TWA became saddled with debt, sold its London routes, underwent Chapter 11 restructuring in 1992 and 1995, and was further stressed by the explosion of TWA Flight 800 in 1996. In 2001, TWA filed for a third and final bankruptcy and was acquired by American Airlines. American laid off many former TWA employees in the wake of the September 11, 2001 attacks and closed its St. Louis hub in 2003. TWA was headquartered at one time in Kansas
19187500
TWA Flight 400


On April 1, 1956, a Martin 4-0-4, registration #N40403, operating as TWA Flight 400, crashed on takeoff from Greater Pittsburgh International Airport (PIT). Twenty-two of the 36 people aboard the aircraft, including one crewmember, perished in the crash. Flight 400 was to be an IFR flight to Newark International Airport (EWR) in Newark, NJ. On this particular flight, the first officer was in the left seat, as he was being line-checked by the captain
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TWA Flight 800 conspiracy theories


to the extremely low probability of a bolide's intersecting the aircraft's flight path at precisely the required moment. On April 9, 1998, Elaine Scarry's article in "The New York Review of Books", titled "The Fall of TWA 800: The Possibility of Electromagnetic Interference", was published. Scarry, a professor of English and American Literature and Language at Harvard, proposed that electromagnetic interference, also referred to as "High Intensity Radiated Fields" (HIRF), could have been the cause of the TWA
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TWA Flight 800 conspiracy theories


"Interim Report on the Crash of TWA Flight 800 and the Actions of the NTSB and the FBI" (the "Donaldson Report"), which was released on July 17, 1998, two years before the NTSB's Final Report. In it, Donaldson stated that TWA 800 was struck by two missiles, fired from the water, most likely as a terrorist attack, and subsequently the FBI and NTSB conspired to cover up this fact due to political pressure. Donaldson disputed the CWT fuel-air vapor explosion scenario,
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TWA Flight 1


on the flight's path to Los Angeles. A full list of the casualties follows: Even before the survivors had been rushed to the hospital, investigators had begun to determine the reason for the crash. The Bureau of Air Commerce, predecessor to the modern Federal Aviation Administration, was put in charge of the investigation, but TWA sent independent investigators as well. Bad weather was pointed to as an early suspect, and TWA backed the idea that a faulty radio beacon was to blame, resuming an argument that had begun in
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TWA Flight 800


of airplanes or objects in TWA 800's vicinity at the time of the accident. None of these contacts intersected TWA 800's position at any time. Attention was drawn to data from the Islip, New York, ARTCC facility that showed three tracks in the vicinity of TWA 800 that did not appear in any of the other radar data. None of these sequences intersected TWA 800's position at any time either. All the reviewed radar data showed no radar returns consistent with a missile or other projectile traveling toward TWA 800.
12052117
Breech Academy


Breech Academy (also called Breech Training Academy) was a school operated by Trans World Airlines between 1969 and 1988 to train flight attendants, ticket agents, and even pilots. It was named for TWA executive Ernest R. Breech. TWA opened the academy on December 3, 1969, on a , three-building campus in Overland Park, Kansas at 6300 Lamar Ave. to train women to be stewardesses and air hostesses. The academy was so popular that other airlines sent their own flight attendants to the school. Previously TWA had
9185734
TWA Flight 840 bombing


727-231 involved in the incident was delivered to TWA in 1974, with the registration N54340. It was fitted with 3 P&W WJT8D-5 turbofan engines. The flight originated in Los Angeles on a Boeing 747 and transferred to a Boeing 727 in Rome for the remainder of the flight. After taking off from Rome, Italy, the flight remained uneventful until around 20 minutes before landing at Athens, when the aircraft was at around 11,000 ft. A bomb hidden underneath seat 10F during an earlier leg of the flight detonated, blowing
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TWA Flight 800


(VSO) control was believed to have been triggered before the tanks were full. To continue the pressure fueling, a TWA mechanic overrode the automatic VSO by pulling the volumetric fuse and an overflow circuit breaker. Maintenance records indicate that the airplane had numerous VSO-related maintenance writeups in the weeks before the accident. TWA 800 was scheduled to depart JFK for Paris around 7:00 p.m., but the flight was delayed until 8:02 p.m. by a disabled piece of ground equipment and a passenger/baggage mismatch. After the owner of the
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Trans World Airlines


first Stratoliner was delivered on 6 May 1940, and TWA initiated coast-to-coast flights on 8 July 1940. The planes could carry 16 night passengers in berths, or 33 day passengers. The cabin was pressurized at 12,000 feet, enabling it to fly at an altitude of 20,000 feet, above much of the weather. TWA contracted its five Stratoliners to the Army Air Force's Air Transport Command after Pearl Harbor. Designated as C-75s, they flew 3000 transatlantic flights to Africa and Europe. TWA also contracted to fly
19187510
TWA Flight 903


TWA Flight 903 was a regularly scheduled flight from Bombay International Airport, India to New York-Idlewild Airport, via Cairo-King Farouk Airport and Rome-Ciampino Airport. "The Star of Maryland", a Lockheed L-749A Constellation, flew the route on the night of 31 August 1950. It departed Cairo at 23:35 for Rome with 55 persons aboard, (48 passengers and seven crew members), in good weather. As Flight 903 was climbing at , the crew reported that its number three engine was on fire and
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TWA Flight 260


am, TWA flight 260 en route from Albuquerque, New Mexico to Santa Fe, New Mexico received an IFR clearance from the Albuquerque tower ("ATC clears TWA 260 for approach at the Santa Fe Airport via Victor 19 climb northbound on the back course of the ILS localizer"). There were no further communications after the aircraft took off at 7:05. It was last seen in a high-speed shallow climb toward the cloud-shrouded Sandia Crest at an estimated altitude of 3,000 feet above ground level. At 7:13 the
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Rick Husband Amarillo International Airport


1964. By 1966, TWA was serving the airport with Boeing 727-100 and Convair 880 jetliners with nonstop flights to Albuquerque and Wichita, and direct, no change of plane jet service to Kansas City, Los Angeles, New York LaGuardia Airport, Pittsburgh, St. Louis and San Francisco. In 1967, TWA was flying nonstop Boeing 727 service from Amarillo to LAX. By 1983, TWA had ceased all flights into the airport thus ending over 50 years of passenger service at Amarillo. By 1968, Braniff International had introduced
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St. Louis Lambert International Airport


of 2018, the runway is used for approximately 12% of all takeoffs and landings. As TWA entered the new millennium, its financial condition proved too precarious to continue alone and in January 2001, American Airlines announced it was buying TWA, which was completed in April of that year. The last day of operations for TWA was December 1, 2001, including a ceremonial last flight to TWA's original and historic hometown of Kansas City before returning to St. Louis one final time. The following day, TWA was officially absorbed
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TWA Flight 800


air disaster investigation in U.S. history to that time. The report's conclusion was that the probable cause of the accident was explosion of flammable fuel vapors in the center fuel tank. Although it could not be determined with certainty, the likely ignition source was a short circuit. Problems with the aircraft's wiring were found, including evidence of arcing in the Fuel Quantity Indication System (FQIS) wiring that enters the tank. The FQIS on Flight 800 is known to have been malfunctioning; the captain remarked on what he called "
12052094
St. Louis Lambert International Airport


, with total enplaned passengers jumping to 27.3 million by 1997 and 30.6 million in 2000, the highest level in its history. By the late 1990s, Lambert was TWA's dominant hub, with 515 daily flights to 104 cities as of September 1999. Of those 515 flights, 352 were on TWA mainline aircraft and 163 were Trans World Express flights operated by its commuter airline partners. During this period, Lambert Field was ranked as the eighth-busiest U.S. airport by flights (not by total passengers), largely due to
18736627
TWA Flight 6963


TWA Flight 6963, a scheduled Transcontinental & Western Air flight from Paris Orly Airport to New York City with scheduled stops at Shannon Airport and Gander, crashed on 28 December 1946 about west-northwest of Shannon Airport on the island of Inishmacnaughton. The flight was being operated by Lockheed L-049 Constellation NC86505, c/n 2026, named "Cairo Skychief". On approach to Shannon airport the aircraft struck the ground on Inishmacnaughton and was destroyed by fire, having broken up on impact. Of the 23 people on board, nine
2015046
TWA Flight 358


Trans World Airlines Flight 358 (TWA Flight 358) was a domestic flight traveling from Chicago's O'Hare International Airport to New York City's John F. Kennedy International Airport. On June 11, 1971, a ticketless man named Gregory White boarded the Boeing 727 aircraft using force and demanded a machine gun, $75,000, and to be flown to North Vietnam. After murdering a passenger, White was soon apprehended at the John F. Kennedy International Airport by FBI agents, wounded, and arrested. It was the first attempted hijacking in
8179680
Robert Seppings


Sir Robert Seppings, FRS (11 December 176725 April 1840) was an English naval architect. Seppings was born to Robert and Lydia Seppings at Fakenham, Norfolk, on 11 December 1767 and baptised three days later. In 1782 he was apprenticed in HMNB Devonport, Plymouth. In 1800, when he had risen to be master shipwright assistant in the yard, he invented a device which greatly reduced the time required to repair the lower portions of ships in dry dock when compared with the laborious process of lifting then in vogue.
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TWA Flight 800


the airplane, and various-sized three-dimensional reconstructions of portions of the airplane. In addition, the locations of pieces of wreckage at the time of recovery and differences in fire effects on pieces that are normally adjacent to each other were evaluated. The Sequencing Group concluded that the first event in the breakup sequence was a fracture in the wing center section of the aircraft, caused by an "overpressure event" in the center wing fuel tank (CWT). An overpressure event was defined as a rapid increase in pressure
12052126
TWA Flight 15A


commercial airliner in the Pittsburgh area within a single year's time. On April 7, 1936 TWA Flight 1, also a DC-2, crashed into Cheat Mountain south-east of Pittsburgh near Uniontown with 12 fatalities. On September 5, 1936 a Stinson tri-motor operating under the name Skyways crashed near the Allegheny County airport while on a sightseeing flight, killing 10. Because of weather concerns, Flight 15A was loaded with extra fuel prior to departure from Camden. This fuel would allow the plane to continue to Columbus,
19138739
TWA Flight 553


Trans World Airlines (TWA) Flight 553 was a McDonnell Douglas DC-9-15 jet airliner, registration N1063T, operated by Trans World Airlines in American airspace en route from Pittsburgh to Dayton. While descending toward Dayton about 29 miles from the airport, the flight collided in midair with a Beechcraft Baron (a small general-aviation airplane) near Urbana, Ohio, on March 9, 1967. All 25 people on board the DC-9 were killed, as was the pilot of the Beechcraft, its sole occupant. Flight 553
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