Erec y Enide [SEP] based on
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Manuel Vázquez Montalbán


the National Narrative Award; "El estrangulador" (The strangler) (1994) and "Erec y Enide" (Erec and Enide) (2002). In 1992 he published "Autobiografía del general Franco", which was awarded the 1994 international prize "Premio Internacional de Literatura Ennio Flaiano". For many years, he contributed columns and articles to the Madrid-based daily newspaper "El País". He died in Bangkok, Thailand, while returning to his home country from a speaking tour of Australia. His
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Enide


Enide () is a character in Arthurian romance. She is the wife of Erec in Chrétien de Troyes' "Erec and Enide", and that of Geraint in the Welsh Romance of "Geraint and Enid" (analogous to Chrétien's version). Some scholars believe the French and Welsh tales derive from a lost common source, but it seems more likely "Geraint" derives directly or indirectly from "Erec", though Chrétien may have had a Welsh or Breton source. Enide and Geraint/Erec meet while the
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Erec and Enide


Erec and Enide () is the first of Chrétien de Troyes' five romance poems, completed around 1170. It is one of three completed works by the author. Consisting of about 7000 lines of Old French, the poem is one of the earliest known Arthurian romances in any language, predated only by the Welsh prose narrative "Culhwch and Olwen". Approximately the first quarter of "Erec and Enide" recounts the tale of Erec son of Lac, and his marriage to Enide, an impoverished daughter of a Vavasor from
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Erec and Enide


, referred to as the "Joy of the Court," in which Erec and Enide set free prisoners and meet relations, before in time they are crowned King and Queen of Nantes in a lavishly described ceremony. "Erec and Enide" displays the themes of love and chivalry that Chrétien de Troyes continues in his later work. Tests play an important part in character development and marital fidelity. Erec's testing of Enide is not condemned in the fictive context of the story, especially when his behaviour is contrasted with some of
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Knights of the Round Table


brother in the 2008 TV series "Merlin". Appearing as just Elyan, he was played there by black actor Adetomiwa Edun. Erec, the son of King Lac features in numerous Arthurian tales (notably the Post-Vulgate Cycle), but he is most famous as the protagonist in Chrétien de Troyes' first romance, "Erec and Enide". Because of "Erec and Enide"‘s relationship to the Welsh "Geraint and Enid", Erec and Geraint are often conflated or confused. In Chrétien's story, Erec meets
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Erec and Enide


Lalut. An unarmored Erec is keeping Guinevere company while other knights participate in a stag hunt near Cardigan when a strange knight and his dwarf approach the queen and treat her servant roughly. At the Queen's orders, Erec follows the knight, Yder, to a far off town where he meets and falls in love with Enide. Erec defeats Yder, in a contest to win a falcon for the most beautiful lady in the town. Erec defends Enide's beauty and she steps forward to take the bird. They return to
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Erec and Enide


Enide's father, who gives permission for the two to marry. Erec refuses to accept gifts of new clothes for Enide, and takes her to Arthur's court in her ragged chemise. In spite of her appearance, the courtiers recognise Enide's inherent nobility and Queen Guinevere dresses her in one of her own richly embroidered gowns. The central half of the poem begins some time later when rumors spread that Erec has come to neglect his knightly duties due to his overwhelming love for Enide and desire to be with her. He
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Erec and Enide


" in which Geraint (unlike Erec) suspects Enid of infidelity. "Erec and Enide" has come down to the present day in seven manuscripts and various fragments. The poem comprises 6,878 octosyllables in rhymed couplets. A prose version was made in the 15th century. The first modern edition dates from 1856 by Immanuel Bekker, followed by an edition in 1890 by Wendelin Foerster. Wittig has compared aspects of the story to that of Dido, Queen of Carthage and Aeneas in Virgil's Aeneid. Enide does not lose her lover
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Erec and Enide


the more despicable characters, such as Oringle of Limors. Nevertheless, Enide's faithful disobedience of his command to silence saves his life. Another theme of the work is the Christianity, evidenced by the plot's orientation around the Christian Calendar. When Erec first sets off, it is Easter, at Pentecost he marries Enide, and his coronation occurs at Christmas. Furthermore, in the poem, Erec is killed and then resurrected on a Sunday, an allusion to the story of Jesus Christ. In the 12th century, conventional
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Erec and Enide


love stories tended to have an unmarried heroine, or else one married to a man other than the hero. This was a sort of unapproachable, chaste courtly love. However, in "Erec and Enide", Chrétien addressed the less conventionally romantic (for the time period) concept of love within marriage. Erec and Enide marry before even a quarter of the story is over, and their marriage and its consequences are actually the catalysts for the adventures that comprise the rest of the poem. Chrétien de Troyes played a primary
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Erec and Enide


role in the formation of Arthurian romance and is influential up until the latest romances. "Erec et Enide" features many of the common elements of Arthurian romance, such as Arthurian characters, the knightly quest, and women or love as a catalyst to action. While it is not the first story to use conventions of the Arthurian characters and setting, Chrétien de Troyes is credited with the invention of the Arthurian romance genre by establishing expectation with his contemporary audience based on its prior knowledge of the subjects. Popular in its own
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Erec (poem)


Chrétien de Troyes' "Erec et Enide", though Hartmann's poem is considerably longer and differs in many details. In some cases, "Erec" is closer to the Welsh "Geraint ac Enid", which suggests that Hartmann may also have drawn on an oral tradition independent of Chrétien. Chrétien himself mentions this tradition and distances himself from it: "This is the tale of Erec, son of Lac, which those who try to live by storytelling customarily mangle and corrupt before kings and counts." (ll
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Three Welsh Romances


(also called St. Kentigern), where the saint's father Owain tries to woo his mother, Lot of Lothian's daughter, which exhibit parallels to the narrative of "Yvain". Geraint and Enid, also known by the title Geraint, son of Erbin, is analogous to Chrétien de Troyes' 12th-century poem "Erec and Enide"; some scholars think the two derive from a common lost source, while others believe "Geraint" is based directly or indirectly on "Erec" (though Chrétien may have
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Geraint son of Erbin


mab Erbin, was a popular figure in Welsh tradition and is known through a variety of subsequent sources. Later genealogies associate him with southwestern Britain and South Wales in the late 6th century. The early poem "Y Gododdin" mentions a "Geraint before the South", conceivably a reference to Geraint mab Erbin. However, Geraint achieved his greatest fame as the hero of the prose romance "Geraint and Enid", a fictional tale that follows the narrative of Chrétien de Troyes' French work "Erec and Enide".
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Erec and Enide


day, the poem was translated into several other languages, notably German in Hartmann von Aue's "Erec" and Welsh in "Geraint and Enid", one of the Three Welsh Romances included in the "Mabinogion". Many authors explicitly acknowledge their debt to Chrétien, while others, such as the author of "Hunbaut", betray their influence by suspiciously emphatic assurance that they are not plagiarizing. However, these tales are not always precisely true to Chrétien's original poem, such as in "Geraint and Enid,
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Three Welsh Romances


hold that the Erec from Chrétien's poem is based on Geraint, but others think the Welsh author simply replaced an unfamiliar French name with one his audience would recognize and associate with heroism. Alfred, Lord Tennyson based two of his "Idylls of the King" on "Geraint and Enid". They were originally published as a single poem called "Enid" in 1859; he later split it into two poems, "The Marriage of Geraint" and "Geraint and Enid". Peredur son of Efrawg is associated with
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Geraint


. Its story closely parallels the French writer Chrétien de Troyes's "Erec and Enide". Some scholars feel both works derived from a common lost source, but most believe the Welsh version derives directly or indirectly from Chrétien. In this case, the renowned figure of Geraint would have been added to the story to suit Welsh audiences unfamiliar with Chrétien's protagonist, Erec. "Geraint and Enid" was reworked by Alfred Tennyson into the poems "The Marriage of Geraint" and "Geraint and Enid", part of his
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Erec and Enide


overhears Enide crying over this and orders her to prepare for a journey to parts unknown. He commands her to be silent throughout, but she disobeys several times to warn him of danger. Erec defeats a string of knights and captures a string of horses, overcomes two counts who in turn attempt to kill him and have Enide, and, after defeating him in a joust, makes a friend of Guivret the Small, an Irish lord with family connections to Pembroke and Scotland. The last quarter of the poem adds another episode
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Knights of the Round Table


his future wife Enide while on a quest to defeat a knight who had mistreated one of Guinevere's servants. The two fall in love and marry, but rumours spread that Erec no longer cares for knighthood or anything else besides his domestic life. Enide cries about these rumours, causing Erec to prove his abilities, both to himself and to his wife, through a test of Enide's love for him. He has her go on a long, tortuous trip with him where she is forbidden to speak to him. She
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Hartmann von Aue


produced four narrative poems which are of importance for the evolution of the Middle High German court epic. The first of these, "Erec", which may have been written as early as 1191 or 1192, and the last, "Iwein", belong to the Arthurian cycle and are based on epics by Chrétien de Troyes ("Erec and Enide" and "Yvain, the Knight of the Lion", respectively). While the story of Chretien's "Yvain" refers to events in Chretien's "Lancelot"
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Erec (poem)


Erec (also Erek, Ereck) is a Middle High German poem written in rhyming couplets by Hartmann von Aue. It is thought to be the earliest of Hartmann's narrative works and dates from around 1185. An adaptation of Chrétien de Troyes' "Erec et Enide", it is the first Arthurian Romance in German. "Erec" tells the story of how Erec, a knight at King Arthur's court, wins the hand of the beautiful Enite, but then through excessive devotion to his wife, neglects his duties
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Lanzelet


with his achievements that he makes no effort to improve until a moral dilemma arises, as it happened to Erec in "Erec and Enide". Erec stops caring about his knightly duties, and focuses all his attention on his romantic life. A rumour about him being a mediocre knight spreads. It is here that we see the plot's second path: the hero regains his status and is able to balance his private life with his responsibilities as a knight. The Doppelwegstruktur does not exist in Lanzelet. There is linearity in
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Enide


the hero makes her accompany him on a long and dangerous trip, and forbids her to talk to him. Enide ignores this command several times to warn her husband of impending danger. Over the course of the trip, Erec/Geraint proves his abilities as a knight have not faded and accepts that Enide's love and loyalty are genuine, and the couple is reconciled. This tale was not retold in many variants, but was included in Alfred, Lord Tennyson's "Idylls of the King"; the hero is named
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Enide


hero is on a mission to defeat a cruel knight, and her family provides him with armor and food. They fall in love and marry, but the hero begins to forsake his social and chivalric duties for domestic bliss. Rumors spread, and Enide blames herself. One night, her husband overhears her crying about damaging his reputation. In Chrétien's version, Erec begins to question Enide's love, but in "Geraint" the protagonist misunderstands her sobs and thinks she has been unfaithful to him. In both romances,
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Guiomar (Arthurian legend)


"Erec and Enide" (c. 1170). Guigomar, the lord of the Isle of Avalon, arrived with his "friend" Morgan the fairy (for the first time established as Arthur's sister later in the same text) and his brother Graislemier ("Greslemuef"). He appears as Gimoers, the ruler of Avalon, in Hartmann von Aue's "Erec" (c. 1185), wherein his fairy lover is Marguel and his brother is Gresmurs. In the anonymous First Continuation (Pseudo-Wachier)
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Gringolet


Gringalet derived from either the Welsh "guin-calet" ("white and hardy"), or "keincaled" ("handsome and hardy") - linked to a wider Celtic tradition of heroic white horses with red ears. His earliest appearance is in Chrétien de Troyes' "Erec and Enide"; in that poem he is borrowed by Sir Kay to joust against Erec. Even Gringolet cannot prevent Kay from losing to the protagonist. In the Lancelot-Grail Cycle, Gawain wins Gringolet from a Saxon warrior
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Welsh mythology


the end, and Geraint inherits his father's kingdom. The narrative corresponds to Chrétien's "Erec and Enide", in which the hero is Erec. "The Spoils of Annwfn" is a cryptic early medieval poem of sixty lines found in the Book of Taliesin. The text recounts an expedition to the Otherworld, led by King Arthur, to retrieve a magical cauldron. The speaker relates how he journeyed with Arthur and three boatloads of men into Annwfn, but only seven returned. Annwfn is apparently referred to by several
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King Arthur


; "Geraint and Enid", to "Erec and Enide"; and "Peredur son of Efrawg", to "Perceval". Up to , continental Arthurian romance was expressed primarily through poetry; after this date the tales began to be told in prose. The most significant of these 13th-century prose romances was the Vulgate Cycle (also known as the Lancelot-Grail Cycle), a series of five Middle French prose works written in the first half of that century. These works were the "Estoire del
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Lancelot, the Knight of the Cart


not support the adulterous themes. Chrétien cites Marie de Champagne in his introduction for providing his source material, although no such texts exist today. No recorded mention of an Arthurian knight named Lancelot precedes Chrétien, but he is believed to be derived from a Celtic myth. Chrétien first mentions a character named "Lanceloz del Lac" in "Erec and Enide", who he lists third among Arthur's knights after Gawain and Erec. He next mentions him in "Cligès" where he is defeated by Cligès in a joust.
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Thomas Chestre


giant who was guarding her. The ultimate sources for this tale might be a lost 12th-century Old French romance upon which "Le Bel Inconnu" was based, and Chrétien de Troyes' "Erec and Enide". Geoffrey Chaucer's parody of tail-line romance in his Canterbury Tale of "Sir Thopas", has the hero Sir Thopas begin a fight with a giant in order to try to reach an elf-queen with whom he wishes to fall in love. It mentions "Libeaus Desconus" in its
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Camelot


Arthur's fabulous court. The Celliwig of "Culhwch and Olwen" appears in the Welsh Triads as well; this early Welsh material places Wales' greatest leader outside its national boundaries. Geoffrey's description of Caerleon is probably based on his personal familiarity with the town and its Roman ruins; it is less clear that Caerleon was associated with Arthur before Geoffrey. Several French romances ("Perlesvaus", the Didot "Perceval" attributed to Robert de Boron, and even the early romances of Chrétien such as "Erec and Enide
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Libeaus Desconus


in Chrétien de Troyes' twelfth century romance "Erec and Enide", retold in the Welsh Mabinogion tale "Gereint and Enid". He has the prize taken to Arthur, who is so satisfied with his knight that he decides to send him a hundred pounds. Libeaus uses the gold to hold a forty-days feast, and then moves on with his companions. In a forest, Libeaus catches a many-coloured hunting dog at Ellyne's request. A man called Sir Otis claims that it is his, but
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Libeaus Desconus


Chulainn went to the witch Skatha to learn how to fight. When Libeaus Desconus sends all the knights whom he defeats back to King Arthur's court, he is following the behaviour of Perceval in Chretien's adventure that leads him to the castle of the Fisher King. And in Chrétien de Troyes' earlier romance "Erec and Enide", retold in the Mabinogion tale of "Geirant and Enid", following the episode where the hero fights a knight in a kind of beauty competition whose prize is a sparrow-hawk,
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Morgan le Fay


the early 13th-century Breton lai "Tyolet". The Middle Welsh Arthurian tale "Geraint son of Erbin", either based on Chrétien's "Erec and Enide" or derived from a common source, mentions King Arthur's chief physician named Morgan Tud. It is believed that this character, though considered a male in "Gereint", may be derived from Morgan le Fay, though this has been a matter of debate among Arthurian scholars since the 19th century (the epithet Tud may be a Welsh or Breton cognate
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Constance Bartlett Hieatt


to scholars and students in the field". She also wrote re-tellings of several parts of the Arthurian Cycle for children, including "Sir Gawain and the Green Knight" in 1967, "The Knight of the Cart" (a re-telling of "Lancelot, the Knight of the Cart") in 1969, "The Joy of the Court" (a re-telling of "Erec and Enide") in 1971, and "The Sword and the Grail" (a re-telling of "
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Bagdemagus


the "Summer Country". This Melwas is generally understood to be the original of Maleagant, Bagdemagus' son in the French works. Some other texts testify to the early popularity of this story; a version of it is alluded to in the Welsh poem known as "The Dialogue of Melwas and Gwenhyfar", which survives in two variants, and a "Meloas", lord of the Isle of Glass, is mentioned in Chrétien de Troyes' French romance "Erec and Enide". Some writers have suggested that Bagdemagus
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Burton Raffel


and translated publications are "Poems and Prose from the Old English", and Chrétien de Troyes' "Cligès", "Lancelot, the Knight of the Cart", "Perceval, the Story of the Grail", "Erec and Enide", and "Yvain, the Knight of the Lion". Raffel worked with Yale University Press and Harold Bloom on a series of 14 annotated Shakespeare plays. In 2008 the Modern Library published his new translation of Geoffrey Chaucer's "The Canterbury Tales". Raffel's main
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King Arthur


and legend. Chrétien wrote five Arthurian romances between and 1190. "Erec and Enide" and "Cligès" are tales of courtly love with Arthur's court as their backdrop, demonstrating the shift away from the heroic world of the Welsh and Galfridian Arthur, while "Yvain, the Knight of the Lion", features Yvain and Gawain in a supernatural adventure, with Arthur very much on the sidelines and weakened. However, the most significant for the development of the Arthurian legend are "Lancelot, the Knight of the Cart
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Medieval dance


was to the left (clockwise) and that the steps probably were very simple consisting of a step to the left with the left foot followed by a step on the right foot closing to the left foot. Some of the earliest mentions of the carol occur in the works of the French poet Chretien de Troyes in his series of Arthurian romances. In the wedding scene in Erec and Enide (about 1170) In The Knight of the Cart, (probably late 1170s) at a meadow where there are knights and ladies,
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Chrétien de Troyes


complete: "Erec and Enide" (c. 1170); "Cligès" (c. 1176); "Yvain, the Knight of the Lion"; and "Lancelot, the Knight of the Cart", the latter two written simultaneously between 1177 and 1181. "Yvain" is generally considered Chrétien's most masterful work. Chrétien's final romance was "Perceval, the Story of the Grail", written between 1181 and 1190, but left unfinished, though some scholars have disputed this. It is dedicated to Philip
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Chivalric romance


which appear to be Celtic in origin, but which are chiefly drawn from Christian ritual and story. The new courtly love was not one of the original elements of the genre, but quickly became very important when introduced. It was introduced to the romance by Chretien de Troyes, combining it with the Matter of Britain, new to French poets. In "Lancelot, the Knight of the Cart" (unlike his earlier "Erec and Enide"), the behavior of Lancelot conforms to the courtly love ideal; it also
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Chrétien de Troyes


Chrétien de Troyes () (1135?–1185?, 1160–1191) was a French poet and trouvère known for his writing on Arthurian subjects, and for possibly originating the character of Lancelot. Chrétien's works, including "Erec and Enide", "Lancelot", "Perceval", and "Yvain", represent some of the best-regarded of medieval literature. His use of structure, particularly in "Yvain", has been seen as a step towards the modern novel. Little is known of his life, but he
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Le Morte d'Arthur


together with at least one tale from Middle English sources (the Alliterative "Morte Arthure" and the Stanzaic "Morte Arthur") to create this text." Malory's minor French and English sources include "Erec et Enide", "L'âtre périlleux", "Perlesvaus", "The Weddynge of Syr Gawen" (or possibly this poem might be Malory's own work), "Yvain ou le Chevalier au Lion" (or its English translation "Ywain and Gawain"), and John Hardyng's "Chronicle
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Der arme Heinrich


. The girl berates him for not letting her die, and taunts him as a coward. As they return to Ouwe, Heinrich is miraculously cured by God's providence. Despite the differences in their social standing, the two are married. Heinrich returns to his social position, his estate's caretaker becomes a yeoman farmer, and Heinrich and the girl achieve eternal salvation. The date of origin of "Poor Heinrich" can only be approximated. Chrétien de Troyes' "Erec and Enide", the model for Hartmann's
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Gilfaethwy


the twelfth century Champénois master Chrétien de Troyes and appears later as the eponymous hero of the romance Jaufre, the only surviving romance written in the Occitan language. As Loomis points out, Dôn, goddess mother of Gilfaethwy, has been misconstrued to be a male character by at least as early as the time of composition of Chretien's "Erec et Enide" : The Arthurian "Do" or "Don", father of "Giflet" and "Lore", has undergone a strange metamorphosis, from an ancient Brythonic goddess
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Percival


Percival ()—or Peredur (), Parzival, Parsifal, etc.—is one of King Arthur's legendary Knights of the Round Table. First made famous by the French author Chretien de Troyes in the tale "Perceval, the Story of the Grail", he is most well known for being the original hero in the quest for the Grail, before being replaced in later English and French literature by Galahad. The earliest reference to Perceval is in Chrétien de Troyes's first Arthurian romance "Erec et Enide", where,
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King Arthur's family


brothers and a father, while Arthur gains a sister or half-sister, Morgan le Fay, first named as his sister by Chrétien de Troyes in "Yvain, the Knight of the Lion." A new son of Arthur, named Loholt, first appears in Chrétien's "Erec and Enide". Another significant new family-member is Arthur's other sister or half-sister initially known as Orcades (Morgause), the daughter of Gorlois and Igerna (Igraine) and mother of Gawain and Mordred in the French
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Draco Normannicus


grant immortality to Arthur with the aid of the herbs found on the isle. In previous epics Morgan had not been named as sister to Arthur. Only in Chrétien de Troyes poem "Erec and Enide" was Morgan transformed from sorceress to sister, and this innovation was followed by Stephen in the "Draco". According to Martin Aurell, Stephen is the only author of the Arthurian legends known to have had a direct relationship with Henry II. Aurell believes that Stephen, growing up at a time when the Normans were committed
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Perceval, the Story of the Grail


Erec and Enide" and Calogrenant's death as told in the "Queste del Saint Graal" section of the Lancelot-Grail cycle. The tale ends with the Fisher King's death and Perceval's ascension to his throne. After seven peaceful years, Perceval goes off to live as a hermit in the woods, where he dies shortly after. Manessier supposes he took the Grail, the Lance, and the silver plate with him to Heaven. The "Elucidation" is an anonymous Old French poem of the early 13th century
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Pasty


the world during the 19th century. As tin mining in Cornwall began to decline, miners took their expertise and traditions to new mining regions around the world. As a result, pasties can be found in many regions, including: Pasties have been mentioned in multiple literary works since the 12th century Arthurian romance "Erec and Enide", written by Chrétien de Troyes, in which they are eaten by characters from the area now known as Cornwall. There is a mention in Havelok the Dane, another romance written at the end
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Lancelot


rescue of a queen or princess from an Otherworld prison are all features of a well-known and widespread tale, variants of which are found in numerous examples collected by Theodore Hersart de la Villemarqué in his "Barzaz Breiz", by Emmanuel Cosquin in his "Contes Lorrains", and by John Francis Campbell in his "Tales of the West Highlands". Lancelot's name appears as third on a list of knights at King Arthur's court in the earliest known work by Chrétien de Troyes, "Erec and Enide"
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Gawain


all women, and through this reputation, he has avoided the name pairing seen in tales of Erec and Lancelot (the former being inextricably linked with Enide, the latter with Guinevere). He has, however, been connected to more than one woman in the course of Arthurian literature. In "The Wedding of Sir Gawain and Dame Ragnelle", he marries the cursed Ragnelle, and in giving her "sovereignty" in the relationship, lifts the spell laid upon her that had given her a hag-like appearance.
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Morgan le Fay


Argante or Argane; it is possible her name had been originally "Margan(te)" before it was changed in manuscript transmission. The 12th-century French poet Chrétien de Troyes already mentions her in his first romance, "Erec and Enide", completed around 1170. In it, a love of Morgan (Morgue) is Guigomar (Guingomar, Guinguemar), the Lord of the Isle of Avalon and a nephew of King Arthur, a character derivative of Guigemar from the Breton lai "Guigemar". Guingamor's own lai
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Cligès


Cligès is a poem by the medieval French poet Chrétien de Troyes, dating from around 1176. It is the second of his five Arthurian romances; "Erec and Enide", "Cligès", "Yvain", "Lancelot" and "Perceval". The poem tells the story of the knight Cligès and his love for his uncle's wife, Fenice. "Cligès" has come down to us through seven manuscripts and various fragments. The poem comprises 6,664 octosyllables in rhymed couplets. Prose versions also exist since at
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Lanzelet


is mentioned for the first time by Chrétien de Troyes in his first romance "Erec and Enide", was originally the hero of a story independent of the adulterous love triangle and perhaps very similar to Ulrich's version. If this is true, then the adultury facet would have been added either by Chrétien in "Knight of the Cart" or the source provided him by his patron, Marie de Champagne. Though "Lanzelet" has never received the attention garnered by the romances of Hartmann von Aue, Gottfried von Strassburg,
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Edern ap Nudd


plays a more important role in "Geraint son of Erbin" (a Welsh adaptation of Chrétien de Troyes' romance "Erec et Enide"), in which he and two companions, a beautiful lady and a whip-brandishing dwarf, come across Gwenhwyfar, one of her handmaidens and the knight Geraint ab Erbin in a forest. The handmaiden is sent to discover Edern's identity, but is rebuked and struck by the dwarf. Geraint also goes and suffers the same fate, but chooses to spare the dwarf's life
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Avalon


her sister Marsion (Marrion) bring the hero Renoart to Avalon, where Arthur now prepares his return alongside Morgan, Gawain, Ywain, Percival and Guinevere. Such stories take place centuries after the times of King Arthur. In "Erec and Enide" by Chrétien de Troyes, the consort of Morgan is the Lord of the Isle of Avalon, Arthur's nephew named Guinguemar (also appearing in the same or similar role under similar names in other works). In Layamon's "Brut", Arthur is taken to Avalon
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Sir Kay


more to Chrétien's version of the character than to the indigenous Welsh representation. Kay and Bedivere appear in Geoffrey of Monmouth's "Historia Regum Britanniae", and aid Arthur in defeating the Giant of Mont Saint-Michel Geoffrey makes Kay the count of Anjou and Arthur's steward, an office he holds in most later literature. In "Erec and Enide", Chrétien de Troyes mentions he had a son called Gronosis, who was versed in evil, while the Welsh give him a son and daughter named Garanwyn and Celemon
17373316
Gilfaethwy


he makes them wolves. After the third year he relieves them of their punishment and makes them human again. Gilfaethwy is a minor character in Welsh legend, and may have been used in the Fourth Branch simply to advance the story of his more illustrious brother Gwydion. Like many another character in the Mabinogion, Gilfaethwy has given rise to a character or characters in Arthurian romance - in this instance Sir Griflet, who first appears as "Girflet ( or Giflet ) fils Do" in the romance "Erec et Enide " by
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Geneviève Hasenohr


l'Université catholique de Louvain, 1984. "De l'écriture à la lecture: réflexion sur les manuscrits d"'Erec et Enide." In "Les Manuscrits de Chrétien de Troyes" ed. Françoise Gasparri and Christine Ruby (1993) Pt. 1, p. 97-148. "Deux chansons franciscaines françaises du XIIIe siècle." "Revista portuguesa de história do livro" 10 (2007) p. 35-69. "Dictionnaire des lettres françaises" volume 1, "Le moyen âge", by Georges François-Xavier Marie Grente
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Erec Rex


escape Tartarus into the real world, but whether or not Erec makes it out too is undisclosed unless you read the book. Erec Rex has had many difficult tasks in the past but none like the task he has to face right now. Erec has lost most of his soul and has to retrieve it from the three furries. If Erec doesn't get his soul back soon, he will turn evil. Meanwhile, his brother, Trevor, is in trouble and Erec needs to save him as well. Erec has also
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Erec (poem)


together, and Erec and Enite console the widows and offer to take them to Arthur's court, where they are received with acclaim. From Arthur's court Erec and Enite return to Karnant, where they are greeted with joyous celebration. Erec gives thanks to God for his lasting fame. Both live with honour to a great age and are rewarded with eternal life. The only more or less complete manuscript of "Erec" is: There are four sets of fragments: Hartmann's "Erec" is a free adaptation of
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Erec (poem)


the castle of Tulmein. Searching for accommodation, Erec comes across the impoverished nobleman Coralus, who offers him accommodation, and Erec is looked after by Coralus's beautiful daughter Enite. From Coralus Erec learns of the upcoming sparrowhawk challenge: the sparrowhawk is the prize for the most beautiful lady, whose claim must be defended by her knight. Erec then discovers from Coralus, that the knight he had been chasing was called Iders and had come to defend his lady's claim to the sparrowhawk. Erec decides to participate in the tournament
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Erec Rex


still, and more determined to kill Erec and take his dragon eye. In book 3 of the Erec Rex series, Erec is faced with even more daunting tasks, choices, and dangers. Baskania is somehow getting information out of his friend, Oscar Felix. He cannot trust his friend. When Erec goes to collect his quest, Baskania is there. He pulls the quest out of Al's Well, but it is torn. All it says is "get behind". Erec goes in search for the Well
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Erec Rex


deadly enemy. Ever since Erec Rex returned home, his siblings Danny and Sammy have been acting strange. They follow him, staring like lost puppies. The shock of Erec and their mother missing must have been too much for them. Erec returns to Alypium to tackle the twelve trials necessary to become king. When Danny and Sammy follow him there against his mother's wishes, Erec finds out they are impostors. The real Danny and Sammy have been kidnapped. Erec follows clues that lead him into the Green House, where
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Erec (poem)


if Coralus can lend him armour, promising to marry Enite in case of victory. In the tournament the next day, Erec defeats Iders. Erec returns to the Arthurian court with Enite — on the journey the couple fall in love. At court, the white stag having been killed in the hunt, Enite is declared the most beautiful maiden and receives the kiss from Arthur. Erec and Enite are married, and Arthur announces a tournament in Erec's honour, at which he defeats all opponents. The couple return to Karnant
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Erec Rex


son. If Erec removes the Bee-Hind, his new friends will be killed by a manticore. Erec eventually sets the Bee-Hind free, but instead of running away, he stays behind. He tells Bethany to go home, but she will not, even when he tries to trick her into leaving. Erec later saves the day by luring the manticore into a hole in the Substance, killing it. Erec's next task is to retrieve the five Awen from their mystical hiding places and unite them, a
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Erec Rex


. After being defeated, Erec tries to feed them, hurting his fingers in the process, and the dragon mother comes back. After communicating with each other using Erec's dragon eye, the dragon mother thanks them and gives Erec a scroll, the scroll of Alithea which holds all of the answers in the universe. Erec's next trial is to "defeat the monsters in otherness", but he is not sure how to begin. He hears that two children are being held prisoner of terrible monsters called vogum in "
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Erec Rex


herculean undertaking that has laid waste to all those who have attempted it. Erec collects the Awen with the help of his friends, but the Twyth Boar is a trickier matter. The man who owned it once upon a time was now dead. Erec goes back in time to retrieve it, and discovers something truly shocking - he is one of the royal triplets. Erec goes back to his time and confronts King Piter, his father. Piter reveals that if Erec found out, the castle would collapse, which it promptly
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Chrétien de Troyes


Empire and the arrival of Dante." Chrétien's writing was very popular, as evidenced by the high number of surviving copies of his romances and their many adaptations into other languages. Three of Middle High German literature's finest examples, Wolfram von Eschenbach's "Parzival" and Hartmann von Aue's "Erec" and "Iwein", were based on "Perceval", "Erec", and "Yvain"; the Three Welsh Romances associated with the "Mabinogion" ("Peredur, son of Efrawg",
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Erec (poem)


established text of "Erec": more accurate, sometimes word-for-word translation of the Old French, a much greater prevalence of French loanwords in the German text (some not found elsewhere in MHG), and a number of triplet rhymes. For these reasons, the fragments are taken to provide evidence of a distinct German version of Chrétien's poem, called, on the basis of their dialect, the "Central German "Erec"" (German: "Der mitteldeutsche "Erec""), or
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Erec (poem)


decade of the 12th century or later (i.e. "after" the composition of "Erec") appears to disqualify the German adaptation as an original part of Hartmann's work. Nonetheless one specific change made to the French tale by the author of the "Der Mantel" links it with "Erec": in the original the cloak is won by Briebriz, the wife of Caradoc, while the German author awards it to Enite, wife of Erec. Whether this change was undertaken specifically in order to make it a suitable
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Erec (poem)


genre of Arthurian Romance in German. As Jackson puts it, "The reception of Hartmann’s Arthurian romances shows a strong profiling precisely of the author." "Erec" also provided the inspiration for the "earliest known setting of any medieval romance in applied art" in the form of the gold processional cross now held in the treasury of the Wawel Cathedral in Kraków. The cross is constituted by two crowns, with that forming the horizontal arm depicting scenes from Hartmann's "Erec". The "Erec" crown was
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Erec (poem)


who, contrary to Erec's command, warns him of the approaching danger. Erec encounters the Arthurian court, which is engaged in a hunt. They pressure him to remain with them but he refuses, feeling still unworthy. The couple, accompanied by Guivrez, set off in search of Arthur's court but take a wrong turning and arrive at Castle Brandigan. There Erec will undertake a final adventure called "Joie de la Curt" ("Joy of the Court"): by the castle is an orchard, guarded
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Enid News & Eagle


The Enid News & Eagle is a daily newspaper published each morning in Enid, Oklahoma, United States. The publication covers several counties in northwest Oklahoma and is owned by Community Newspaper Holdings Inc. Counties within (or partially within) its circulation area include Alfalfa, Blaine, Garfield, Grant, Kingfisher, Logan, Major, Noble, Woods, and Woodward. The Enid area is also home to Vance Air Force Base; the "News & Eagle" also produces the base's weekly newspaper. The "Enid Eagle" began
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Erec (poem)


Erec's wife Enite puts on the cloak and it fits her except for a few missing inches on the lower hem, which shows that Enite is almost perfectly virtuous." (Here the episode breaks off, incomplete.) Riding with the two ladies, the young, untried knight Erec, son of King Lac, is dishonoured by the dwarf of a wandering knight (Iders) before the eyes of Queen Guinevere. Being without armour, Erec cannot immediately challenge the knight, but he chases the group and arrives at
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Erec Rex


Erec Rex is a series of five books for children by American author Kaza Kingsley, the first published by Firelight Press in 2006. The first book in the Erec Rex series was chosen as a Border's Original Voices pick. The fifth book, "The Secret of Ashona", was published on February 7, 2012. The sixth book was confirmed by the author on March 12, 2014, published by Simon & Schuster. Life is not easy for twelve-year-old Erec Rex. His single mother works constantly
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Erec Rex


", planning to kill the hydra and valkyries for his dark purposes. Erec stands before Tina and her people, arms outstretched, pleading with the mob that the hydras are good, but Baskania twists his words. In a last attempt, Erec holds up the Scroll of Alithea. Shots ring out, and Erec waits for the sting of arrow and bullets, but then there is silence.He didn't get hit because Aosqueth, the dragon, blocks a death spell from Baskania. He then takes Aosqueths eye, giving
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Erec Rex


of Alympium's greatest seer, which happened to be Bethany. Erec saves Bethany in the end, but she was shot with an old spell. She is put in a deep sleep. After a day or so, a thought strikes Erec. He kisses her and she wakes up. In the Three Furies, Erec Rex is faced with more challenges than before. His best friend, and secret crush, Bethany, has been captured by Baskania, and he could not get to her in time to save her. She
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Erec Rex


be the culprit. Just looking at him makes Erec tremble. What's more, Erec discovers someone is planning to take over Alypium, as well as the other magical lands—Aorth and Ashona. Could this be Ugry as well? When the blasting formula is ready, Erec crosses King Pluto's deadly dungeons to save his mother, but he makes a mistake. He doubts her advice, and almost loses his life to the deadly destroyers and shadow demons. Amazed he survived, he puts on the glasses to find he
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Erec Rex


and Damon Stain, through a loophole in the magical law, are competing against him. Balor, Damon, and Rock Rayson are also working with Erec's enemy, Baskania, and if Erec doesn't win his quests, the future of the Kingdom of the Keepers won't look good. While Erec opens the dragon eggs, Damon Stain keeps interfering with him so Bethany and Jack try to fight him off resulting in one of the baby dragons getting hurt. After all the eggs hatch, it seems as if Balor won
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Erec Rex


him two eyes. The mob has dropped its arms, but Baskania vanishes. All seems lost, but Erec, using his dragon eye, finds Baskania just as he brought back one of his ancestors from the dead. With the help of this ancestor, and now the dragon eye he will take from Erec, Baskania will rule the world. With the help of an ancestor of his own, and using what he has learned, Erec saves the day, though in the process discovers two dangerous secrets. Baskania is madder
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European Renewable Energy Council


The European Renewable Energy Council (EREC) was founded in 2000 by the European renewable energy industry, trade and research associations. EREC is located in the Renewable Energy House in Brussels, a monument protected building with 100% renewable energy supply for heating and cooling. EREC acts as a representative in Brussels of the European Renewable industry and research community and acts as a forum for exchange of information and discussion on issues related to renewables. EREC provides information and consultancy on renewable energies for the political decision makers on local, regional,
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Erec Rex


, which pull out her memories and play them on a screen so Baskania can sort through them to try to find the secret to the Final Magic. Bethany tries to persuade Erec not to rescue her, since she is being held in Baskania's most protected fortress, knowing he very well might not come out alive. Erec begins to worry, but continues to plan on helping her escape. After plenty of ordeals and challenges along the way, Erec finally makes his way into the fortress to help Bethany, but not without
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Erec Rex


being caught by Baskania first. Baskania in turn multiplies Bethany so that there are a hundred Bethanys in the room, and he continues to kill them with magic until he hits the right one. Using his own magic, Erec manages to multiply himself and Baskania into different copies. Using his dragon eyes, and a comment to the real Bethany about how he told her he loved her, Erec manages to get Bethany and his friends out of the fortress. But that is not all. After completing his fifth quest, Erec
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Constantine (Briton)


the time, to repent his sins lest he be damned. Scholars generally identify Gildas' Constantine with the figure "Custennin Gorneu" or "Custennin Corneu" (Constantine of Cornwall) who appears in the genealogies of the kings of Dumnonia. Custennin is mentioned as the father of Erbin and the grandfather of the hero Geraint in the "Bonedd y Saint", the prose romance "Geraint and Enid", and after emendation, the genealogies in Jesus College MS 20. Based on Custennin's placement in the genealogies, Thomas
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William Robert Davidge


. He entered University College in 1896, and also studied at Kings College, graduating with a degree in architecture in 1900. He married Kathleen Mary Lane and had three children, Kathleen Enid Grace Davidge (24 Sep 1910), Margaret Mary Davidge (6 June 1912), and Helen Joyce "Jane" Davidge (15 May 1919). From 1902 to 1907 Davidge was an assistant to W.E. Riley in the architect's department of the London County Council. He became an associate member of the Royal Institute of British Architects
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SS Enid Victory


of fallen servicemen home to the United States. In 1955 the ship was used to determine best shipping routes based on marine weather forecasts. The "Enid Victory" followed a path that was based on these forecasts while control ships went more conventional routes. For the first of these, the Enid Victory departed La Pallice, France and a control ship, the SS "Monroe Victory", departed from Liverpool, England, on January 7, 1955, bound for New York City. The "Enid Victory" arrived at New
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Enid, Oklahoma


to Irving Woodring, one of the Army's Three Musketeers of Aviation. Cessna's pioneering flights earned him the nickname the "Birdman of Enid". One of Enid's main streets is named after Astronaut Owen K. Garriott, and Enid's air force base is named for Medal of Honor recipient Leon Vance. Mark Kelly, bass player of the Christian rock band Petra calls Enid home. Former White House photojournalist David Scott Holloway, recipient of the Getty Grant and photographer for "" on CNN was born in Enid, attending
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Ludovico Ridolfi


Ludovico Ridolfi (1587–1649) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Patti (1649). Ludovico Ridolfi was born on 5 Sep 1587 in Rome, Italy. On 3 Mar 1649, he was selected as Bishop of Patti and confirmed by Pope Innocent X on 19 Jul 1649. On 12 Sep 1649, he was consecrated bishop by Alfonso de la Cueva-Benavides y Mendoza-Carrillo, Cardinal-Bishop of Palestrina, with Luca Torreggiani, Archbishop of Ravenna, and Francesco Tontori, Bishop of Ischia, serving
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Erec (poem)


simply the "Second "Erec"" With the "old" Wolfenbüttel fragments matching Hartmann's text and the "new" representing a different version, it is unclear why the scribe of this manuscript switched source in the middle of the text, and the relation between this version of "Erec" and Hartmann's remains a matter of debate. "After a prologue, the narrative opens with a Pentecost celebration at the court of King Arthur, where a large number of noble guests have gathered. On the third day of
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Erec (poem)


preface to "Erec", or whether it was made independently and is the reason for two texts becoming associated, is impossible to determine, as is the likely date of their combination into the single work that Hans Ried used as a source. The "new" Wolfenbüttel fragments and the Zwettl fragments adhere much more closely to Chrétien's original than the text of "Erec" represented in the other manuscripts (including the "old" Wolfenbüttel fragments). A number of characteristics set these most recently discovered fragments apart from the
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José Chávez Morado


He established his art career in the 1930s, starting by teaching drawing classes in primary and secondary schools in 1933. He was named chief of the Fine Arts Section of the Department of Fine Arts of the Secretaría de Educación Pública (SEP) in 1935, and later gave classes in drawing at the Escuela de Pintura y Escultura of the SEP in the 1940s. He also was a professor of lithography at the Escuela de Artes del Libro. His students included Felipe Ehrenberg, Luis Nishizawa and Greta Dale . He also did illustration
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Juan Queipo de Llano y Valdés (archbishop)


Juan Queipo de Llano y Valdés (1635–1713) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Archbishop of La Plata o Charcas (1680–1694) and Bishop of La Paz (1694–1713). Juan Queipo de Llano y Valdés was born in Oviedo, Spain in 1635. On 23 Sep 1680, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Innocent XI as Bishop of La Paz. On 21 Dec 1681, he was consecrated bishop by Melchor de Liñán y Cisneros, Archbishop of Lima. On 19 Apr 1694, he was appointed during
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Erec Rex


though brought him to the realization that Bethany was in danger. And he was correct. She has been taken by Baskania. Erec must return to the Kingdom of the Keepers to rescue Bethany, but he won't be going alone. His family will endure this adventure with him. Erec must visit with the Fates to see if they can help him figure out a way to save Bethany. Of course, like any adventure to save a damsel in distress, the task ahead will not be an easy one. There will
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Enid Terminal Grain Elevators Historic District


main rail hub, five of the elevators are on the St. Louis and San Francisco Railroad tracks or connecting lines in the north part of town, and U.S. Highway 64 runs in an east-west direction just to the south of Elevators Y and Z. Enid hit its peak with a total grain storage capacity of 80,000,000 bushels in 1987. The 1980 grain embargo instated by President Jimmy Carter, a poor economy, and drought lead to the closure of several of the elevators. In 1989, the Union Equity Co-Operative Exchange
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Erec (poem)


, the castle of Erec's father, who renounces rule in favour of his son. Erec now devotes himself to a life of ease, spending the days in bed with Enite, and neglects his duties as ruler. However, he overhears Enite lamenting the fact that he has become the laughingstock of the court, and decides to leave in secret in order to seek adventure. He takes Enite with him, forbidding her to speak on pain of death. He has a series of encounters and in each case it is Enite
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Erec (poem)


. 19–22) The use of another written source is discounted. Hartmann's "Erec" was highly influential. All the early German Arthurian romances drew on it — Wirnt von Grafenberg's "Wigalois", Heinrich von dem Türlin's "Diu Crône", and Ulrich von Zatzikhoven's "Lanzelet". The anonymous "Friedrich von Schwaben" took five passages directly from "Erec" with minor changes. Not only were Hartmann's works influential, he had a personal reputation, recognized as the founder and first master of the
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Erec Rex


Otherness", the wild magical worlds outside of Alypium, and he realizes they might be Danny and Sammy. A "snail mail" love letter, written on a real snail shell from a secret admirer, turns into a correspondence that helps Erec wind his way through the perils of Otherness to find the twins. Erec discovers the "monsters" are actually quite nice. In fact, Tina, his secret admirer, is a hydra herself. Baskania has massed an angry horde to "kill the hydras and save the children
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Erec Rex


latest contest for Erec is to "get bee-hind and set it free". A Bee Hind is a mystical hind (deer) that attracts bees, not to mention the Substance. Erec must take this bee-hind from its home and let it roam free to spread the Substance all over the world. But the Bee-Hind is protecting a man, who had been a lackey of Baskania until he outsmarted him (he apparently did "something bad" to Ugry under Baskania's orders), and his
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