Tolkien fandom [SEP] based on
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Tolkien fandom


Boffin, The Yale, and Tom Bombadil. There is no clear line dividing Tolkien fandom and scholarly Tolkien studies. Authors of academically published studies on Tolkien may still be motivated by private enthusiasm for his works, and various Tolkien societies combine scholarly study with fandom activities. Thus, the "Oxonmoot" organised by The Tolkien Society includes talks, slide shows and an evening party with a costume masquerade. Similarly, the Deutsche Tolkien Gesellschaft caters to Tolkien fandom in German-speaking Europe, and also co-organized seminars on Tolkien
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Tolkien fandom


Tolkien fandom is an international, informal community of fans of the works of J. R. R. Tolkien, especially of the Middle-earth legendarium which includes "The Hobbit", "The Lord of the Rings", and "The Silmarillion". The concept of Tolkien fandom as a specific type of fan subculture sprang up in the United States in the 1960s, in the context of the hippie movement, to the dismay of the author (Tolkien died in 1973), who talked of "my deplorable cultus". A
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Tolkien fandom


Terry Brooks. Although there were active Tolkien enthusiasts within science fiction fandom from the mid-1950s, true organized Tolkien fandom only took off with the publication of the second hardcover edition and the paperbacks in the 1960s. Although there are numerous Tolkien societies in different countries today, they are not endorsed or even authorized by the Tolkien Estate. The first recorded organized Tolkien fan group was "The Fellowship of the Ring", founded by Ted Johnstone. Their first annual meeting was held at Pittcon, the 1960 Worldcon. They published four issues
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Tolkien fandom


as well as discussion of Gilbert & Sullivan, science fiction conventions and other topics. Pete Mansfield’s Sword & Sorcery fanzine, "Eldritch Dream Quest", included many Tolkien items. Science fiction fandom produced many high quality examples of Tolkien writing in their fanzines during these years. Foster (2006) attributes the surge of Tolkien fandom in the United States of the mid-1960s to a combination of the hippie subculture and anti-war movement pursuing "mellow freedom like that of the Shire" and "America's cultural Anglophilia" of
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Tolkien fandom


studies hosted at Jena University in 2005 and 2007. Generic Tolkien fandom is separated from "serious" Tolkien studies by a sliding scale of awareness of Tolkien's lesser and posthumously published works. Many Tolkien fans will be aware of "The Lord of the Rings", "The Hobbit", and perhaps the "Silmarillion". Awareness of Tolkien's short stories, his non-fiction publication, and the detailed editions of his unpublished notes since the 1980s is reserved for the more literary-minded demographic section of Tolkien fans
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Tolkien fandom


a single issue of her own Tolkien fanzine, "Andúril". During this time, science fiction fandom produced many fanzines with little or no Tolkien content but Tolkien-inspired names: "Ancalagon", "Glamdring", "Lefnui", "Mathom", "Perian", "Ringwraith", "Shadowfax", "Silmé", and undoubtedly others. Others had more meaningful Tolkien content. Ed Meskys’ apazine "Niekas" turned into a full-fledged fanzine during this era, with heavy Tolkien content
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Åke Ohlmarks


Sagan om ringen", "The Saga of the Ring". As a result of the severe criticism directed against his translation of "The Lord of the Rings", both by Tolkien himself and by Swedish Tolkien fandom, Ohlmarks in the late 1970s began to display hostility towards the "Tolkien phenomenon", and in 1982 published a book titled "Tolkien and Black Magic," expounding a conspiracy theory connecting Tolkien and Tolkien fandom with Nazi occultism. Despite the criticism and controversy, Ohlmarks's translations remained the only Swedish-
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Tolkien fandom


. The studies of Tolkien's artistic languages (notably Quenya and Sindarin) is a field where "fandom" and scholarly Tolkien studies overlap. The resulting friction between scholarly students of the languages focussing on their conceptual evolution and fandom-oriented students taking an "in-universe" view became visible notably in the "Elfconners" controversy of the late 1990s. There is a "reconstructionist" camp, which pursues the reconstruction of unattested Elvish forms, and a "philological" or "purist" camp which focusses entirely on the
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Tolkien fandom


published in 1954 through 1955, would give rise to the fandom as a cultural phenomenon from the early to mid-1960s. Serious admirers and fans of Tolkien came into existence within science fiction fandom soon after the publication of "The Fellowship of the Ring." Tolkien was soon being discussed in various science fiction fanzines and apazines, both as continuing threads of comment (Robert Lichtman’s "Psi Phi" carried on a debate about possible film adaptation for five issues) and as single pieces such as "No Monroe In Lothlorien!"
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Tolkien fandom


were and remain organized into "Special Interest Groups", focusing on one area such as languages, and into local or regional groups who continue to meet on a regular basis. The journal "Parma Eldalamberon", founded in 1971, is a publication of one such special interest group of the Mythopoeic Society. Beyond Bree is the monthly newsletter of The American Mensa Tolkien Special Interest Group. There is also a long tradition of organized Tolkien fandoms in Scandinavia. The Tolkien Society of Sweden was founded in Gothenburg in 1968 ("
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Reception of J. R. R. Tolkien


"Shannara" books by Terry Brooks. There were active Tolkien enthusiasts within science fiction fandom from the mid-1950s. The first organized Tolkien fan group was "The Fellowship of the Ring", founded by fans including Ted Johnstone and Bruce Pelz at Pittcon, the 18th World Science Fiction Convention (Worldcon) in 1960. Articles on "The Lord of the Rings" had appeared regularly since 1962 in the science fiction fanzine "Niekas", edited by Ed Meskys. Widespread organized Tolkien fandom only took off with the publication of the
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Tolkien fandom


in Eric Bentcliffe’s "Triode". Tolkien-inspired costumes were worn at Worldcons as early as 1958. Some enthusiastic Los Angeles fans had been discussing creating a Tolkien-specific society as early as 1959. An organized Tolkien fandom organization called "The Fellowship of the Ring" came together at a 49-minute meeting during Pittcon, the 18th World Science Fiction Convention in Pittsburgh on September 4, 1960. Those people who provided accepted research papers to the group’s fanzine, "I Palantir", would become "members."
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Tolkien fandom


Non-members could purchase the magazine, of which Ted Johnstone was elected editor and Bruce Pelz publisher. Ken Cheslin, British agent of The Fellowship, wrote, "I would say that the Tolkien [sic] society [meaning The Fellowship] wasn’t an offshoot… it consisted of fans who regarded JRR as, I think, a little something extra, a little area of interest in addition to the then fandom, not an alternative or a replacement, substitute, etc." England’s first Tolkien fanzine was "
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Ringers: Lord of the Fans


Ringers: Lord of the Fans is a 2005 documentary film investigating the growth of the Tolkien fandom all the way from the release of "The Hobbit" book by J. R. R. Tolkien in 1937 to Peter Jackson's "The Lord of the Rings" trilogy (2001-2003). The film tells about the early days of the Tolkien fandom when it was part of the hippie culture and influenced many people in the pop world, some of whom became famous and are interviewed, including David Carradine, and Lemmy of Motörhead
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Tolkien fandom


chemical composition of hithlain rope, or the make-up of the morgul-blade was all open to some scientific explanation. Attempts to add a flavor of lofty writing style in many pieces resulted in stilted phrasing. Major articles on Tolkien’s literary sources appeared through multiple issues of "Xero". Lin Carter later used this as a basis for his 1969 book, "Tolkien: A Look Behind The Lord of the Rings". The "Lord of the Rings" had its detractors in fandom, including both those who
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Science fiction fandom


"true" or "core" fandom. Fandom also welcomes and shares interest with other groups including LGBT communities, libertarians, neo-pagans, and space activist groups like the L5 Society, among many others. Some groups exist almost entirely within fandom but are distinct and cohesive subcultures in their own rights, such as filkers, costumers, and convention runners (sometimes called "SMOFs"). Fandom encompasses subsets of fans that are principally interested in a single writer or subgenre, such as Tolkien fandom, and ("
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Tolkien fandom


of Sweden" was added in 1969 to avoid confusion with the UK society) and The Tolkien Society Forodrim was founded in Sweden in 1972. Denmark has two Tolkien societies, Bri, the Danish Tolkien Society and Imladris, which is a virtual community only. Some fans, known as Tolkien tourists, travel for the purpose of visiting "Lord of the Rings" and Tolkien-related sites. Isaac Asimov, who had read "The Lord of the Rings" three times by Tolkien's death in September 1973, wrote a
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Tolkien fandom


Nazgul’s Bane", produced by Cheslin. It was a "newszine" for those British members of The Fellowship. As Worldcon art shows started (due to the efforts of Bjo Trimble), The Fellowship Ring provided prizes for Tolkien-inspired artwork. Since most of the contributors to fanzines at the time came out of science fiction fandom, speculative articles and articles of fiction often took off in the direction of science fact. The drowning of Beleriand, the creation of the orcs, the evolution of the elves, the
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Tolkien fandom


of Middle-earth" series. A series of minor texts by Tolkien were edited in journals such as "Parma Eldalamberon" and "Vinyar Tengwar", published by the Elvish Linguistic Fellowship since the early 1990s. In the 2000s, several encyclopedic projects have documented Tolkien's life and work in great detail, such as the "J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia" (2006) and the twin volumes "" and "The J. R. R. Tolkien Companion and Guide" (2005, 2006). The dedicated journal "Tolkien Studies"
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Tolkien fandom


Thain. By 1967, Meskys had become Thain and the society boasted over 1,000 members, organized into local groups or "smials", a pattern that would be followed by other Tolkien fan organizations. The society published a newsletter, "Green Dragon", and "The Tolkien Journal" (edited by Plotz). In 1969, the society sponsored the first Tolkien Conference at Belknap College. The Tolkien Conference was not a science fiction convention but rather a scholarly event. The University of Wisconsin Tolkien and Fantasy Society was founded
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Tolkien fandom


Black Widowers short story as tribute to the fellow author. "Nothing Like Murder" (1974) mentions college students forming Tolkien societies at Columbia and elsewhere. Tolkien's son Christopher began the publication of posthumous material, beginning with the "Silmarillion" (1977) which was being prepared for publication by Tolkien but left unfinished at his death, followed by "The History of Middle-earth" series (1983 to 1996). "" (1977) and "The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien" (1981)
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Tolkien fandom


Tolkien treating Middle-earth as a real ancient history, conducting research from an "in-universe" perspective. This differs from Tolkien studies in that it ignores the real-world history of composition by the author, and necessarily needs to assume an underlying internally consistent canon. "Tolkienology" may include: Tolkiennymy is a term coined by Tolkien scholar Mark T. Hooker to describe the study of Tolkien’s use of names from existing languages. This branch of study examines the etymologies (origins) of names such as Bilbo,
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Tolkien fandom


has been appearing from 2004. Tolkien discussion took place in many newsgroups from the earliest days of Usenet. The Tolklang mailing list was started in 1990. The alt.fan.tolkien and rec.arts.books.tolkien newsgroups have been active since 1992 and 1993, respectively. Notable points of contention in online discussions surround the origin of orcs, whether elves have pointy ears, whether balrogs have wings, and the nature of Tom Bombadil. Following the announcement of Jackson's movies (from 2001), online fandom became divided between "Revisionists" and "Purists" over
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Tolkien fandom


Tolkienist is someone who studies the work of J. R. R. Tolkien: this usually involves the study of the Elvish languages and "Tolkienology". A Ringer is a fan of "The Lord of the Rings" in general, and of Peter Jackson's live-action film trilogy in particular. Other terms for Tolkien fans include Tolkienite or Tolkiendil. Tolkien's "The Hobbit", a children's book, was first published in 1937, and it proved popular. However, "The Lord of the Rings", first
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Reception of J. R. R. Tolkien


(2003) is a monograph on the history of reception in Russia in particular), Romance (French, Italian, Spanish), Greek, Finnish, Turkish and Hungarian translation, besides reception in Japan. A separate entry is dedicated to the reception of Tolkien in technological subcultures. A number of dedicated Tolkien Societies provide platforms for a combination of fandom and academic literary study in various countries. The most notable societies in the English-speaking world are The Tolkien Society (UK) and the Mythopoeic Society (USA).
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Niekas


changed its name to "Niekas" and started the numbering over again with the June 1962 issue... Since there was no Tolkien fanzine being published I decided to devote "Niekas" to Tolkien and try to run at least one Tolkien related piece in each issue." The fanzine played a prominent role in the early development of Tolkien fandom in the United States. Issue #7 included a letter from C. S. Lewis to Meskys that mentions "The Lord of the Rings". In coming years, contributors included Piers Anthony,
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J. R. R. Tolkien


in style to his own drawings. However, Tolkien was not fond of all the artistic representation of his works that were produced in his lifetime, and was sometimes harshly disapproving. In 1946, he rejected suggestions for illustrations by Horus Engels for the German edition of "The Hobbit" as "too Disnified ... Bilbo with a dribbling nose, and Gandalf as a figure of vulgar fun rather than the Odinic wanderer that I think of". Tolkien was sceptical of the emerging Tolkien fandom in the United States, and in 1954
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Tolkien fandom


published several joint issues in the later 1970s and eventually merged. The Tolkien Society (UK) was founded in the United Kingdom in 1969, and remains active as a registered charity. The society has two regular publications, a bi-monthly bulletin of news and information, "Amon Hen", and an annual journal, "Mallorn", featuring critical articles and essays on Tolkien's work. They host several annual events, including a conference held at Oxford, Oxonmoot. Both the UK Tolkien Society and the Mythopoeic Society
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Richard E. Blackwelder


"ten linear feet of documents in 140 ... three ring binders, ... over 1,200 volumes ... and over 70 theses and dissertations." He spent four years compiling a concordance to the names of characters, animals, and plants in Tolkien's work, which was published in 1990 by Garland Press as "A Tolkien Thesaurus". A fifteen-page companion booklet, "Tolkien Phraseology", was published by Marquette in 1990. During these years, Blackwelder was actively involved in Tolkien fandom, contributing frequently to Beyond Bree.
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Middle-earth canon


The term Middle-earth canon, also called Tolkien's canon, is used to loosely define the published writings of J. R. R. Tolkien regarding Middle-earth as a whole. The term is also used in Tolkien fandom to promote, discuss and debate the idea of a consistent fictional canon within a given subset of Tolkien's writings. The terms have been used by reviewers, publishers, scholars, authors and critics such as John Garth, Tom Shippey, Jane Chance and others to describe the published writings of J. R. R.
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Tolkien fandom


found the books unreadable or the character development inferior to the worldbuilding, and those who simply argued that Tolkien fans were taking things too far, with attempts to complete glossaries of Middle-earth already underway. A major defender and advocate of Tolkien in this era was Marion Zimmer Bradley, with such articles as her 1962 “Men, Halflings, and Hero Worship” in "Astra’s Tower". She wrote two Tolkien pastiches and one crossover story with Aragorn entering her own created world of Darkover. She published what would be
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Reception of J. R. R. Tolkien


R. Tolkien, especially of the Middle-earth legendarium which includes "The Hobbit", "The Lord of the Rings", and "The Silmarillion". Tolkien's "The Hobbit", a children's book, was first published in 1937, and it proved popular. However, "The Lord of the Rings", first published in 1954 through 1955, would give rise to the fandom as a cultural phenomenon. Bootleg paperbacks published by Ace Books eventually found their way into colleges in the US in the 1960s
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Tolkien fandom


day. The society's three current periodicals are "Mythprint", a monthly bulletin; "Mythlore", originally a fanzine and now a peer-reviewed journal that publishes scholarly articles on mythic and fantastic literature; and "The Mythic Circle", a literary annual of original poetry and short stories (which replaced the Society's earlier publications "Mythril" and "Mythellany"). "Orcrist" and "The Tolkien Journal" published three joint issues (1969–1971). "The Tolkien Journal" and "Mythlore"
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Reception of J. R. R. Tolkien


individualist West and the totalitarian, Communist East.'" (Markova 2006), while, ironically, Marxist readings in the west conversely identified Tolkien's anti-industrial ideas as presented in the Shire with primitive communism, in a struggle with the evil forces of technocratic capitalism. Russian translations of "The Lord of the Rings" were published only after the collapse of the Soviet Union, but then in great numbers, no less than ten official Russian translations appeared between 1990 and 2005 (Markova 2006). Tolkien fandom in
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Tolkien fandom


'm not" but who nevertheless admitted that Fan attention became so intense that Tolkien had to take his phone number out of the public directory and eventually moved to Bournemouth on the south coast of England. This embracing of the work by American 1960s counter-culture made it an easy target for mockery, and resulted in "The Lord of the Rings" acquiring a reputation of a dubious work of popular culture rather than "real literature", postponing the emergence of academic Tolkien studies by some twenty years, to the late 1980s
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Reception of J. R. R. Tolkien


or mythopoeia. His 1930 lecture "A Secret Vice" addressed artistic languages at a time when the topic was of very limited visibility compared to the utilitarian projects of auxiliary languages. His 1955 valedictory lecture "English and Welsh" expounds upon his philosophy of language, his notion of native language and his views on linguistic aesthetics (c.f. "cellar door"). Smith (2007) is a monograph on Tolkien's philosophy of language. Tolkien fandom is an international, informal community of fans of the works of J. R.
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Tolkien tourism


have been preserved and altered to encourage the tourism that makes up a significant portion of the country’s economy. Tourists sometimes travel dressed as characters from the books or films, indulging in what is known throughout fandom as cosplay. Avid fans traveling to both well-known and obscure locations related to "The Lord of the Rings" are referred to as "Tolkien tourists". New Zealand is in a unique position to capitalize on its scenery. Tolkien tourist attention is less geared towards visiting New Zealand's national parks and more
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Tolkienmoot


approaches to the guest speaker segments have been used. The opening speaking session is typically presented by the convention founder, with a "state of the union" discussion about the current state of Tolkien fandom, role-playing gaming community & industry, and the RPG Research project updates. Other sessions have sometimes been in a format called "Raw Hobbit", hosted by Tolkien essayist and author Michael Martinez as an homage to William Shatner's Raw Nerve talk show. Other sessions have included the interactive "Tolkien Youth Panel",
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Reception of J. R. R. Tolkien


The works of J. R. R. Tolkien, especially "The Hobbit" and "The Lord of the Rings", have exerted considerable influence since their publication. A culture of fandom sprang up in the 1960s, but reception by the establishment of literary criticism has been slower. Nevertheless, academic studies on Tolkien's works have been appearing at an increasing pace since the mid-1980s. "The Lord of the Rings" has received mixed reviews since its inception, ranging from terrible to excellent. Recent reviews in various media have been,
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History of live action role-playing games


"role-playing", since tabletop RPGs were unknown in Russia at the time LARP was invented or introduced there. Russian live role-playing is often practised under the banner of "Tolkienism" or Tolkien fandom, though it is definitely no longer confined to Tolkien or fantasy only. Regional traditions vary greatly in their history and practice, though the now defunct Soviet "Young Pioneers" organisation and the networks between former members seems to have played some role in spreading and coordinating the idea of live role-playing. Much
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Tolkien fandom


a more purist bent and appealed to those irritated by the film's changes to the original text. A fan edit of the theatrical cut of "" exists, called "The Two Towers: The Purist Edit". Most of the changes are incorporated into "The Lord of the Rings - The Purist Edition", another fan edit which turns the entire trilogy into an eight-hour film without most of the changes. Tolkienology is a term used by Tolkien fans to describe the study of the works of J. R. R.
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Nick Perumov


renamed "Кольцо Тьмы (The Ring of Darkness") was published by Severo-Zapad, which paid Perumov a small sum of $300. "The Ring of Darkness" was a surprising success. It sold at least 100,000 copies, and spurred Perumov's popularity. The book also provoked a controversy in Tolkien fandom; some fans considered it was not fair to set the book in Middle-Earth rather than Perumov's own setting, and to challenge Tolkien's philosophy of "Good against Evil" in it. "
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Tolkien fandom


of the fanzine "i-Palantír" before the organization disbanded; the first was published a month before the Pittcon meeting, dated August 1960. Articles on "The Lord of the Rings" appeared regularly in the 1960s science fiction fanzine "Niekas", edited by Ed Meskys. The Tolkien Society of America first met "in February, 1965, beside the statue of Alma Mater on the Columbia University campus," according to a 1967 "New York Times" interview with Richard Plotz, the Society's founder and first
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Tolkien fandom


in 1966, and is best known for its journal "Orcrist" (1966–1977), edited by Richard C. West. Across the continent, Glen GoodKnight founded the Mythopoeic Society in California in 1967 for the study, discussion, and enjoyment of fantastic and mythic literature, especially the works of Tolkien and fellow-Inklings C. S. Lewis, and Charles Williams. The society held its first Mythcon conference in 1970, which featured readings, a costume competition, an art show, and other events typical of science fiction conventions of the
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Tolkien fandom


provided biographical information. These publications provided the raw material for in-depth Tolkien research, pioneered by Tom Shippey's, "The Road to Middle-earth" (1982). Interest in "The Lord of the Rings" led to several attempts to adapt it for the film medium, most of which were largely unsuccessful. Filmmaker Ralph Bakshi succeeded in securing the rights to produce an animated feature film version, part one of what was originally planned as a two-part adaptation of the story. Bakshi produced the film
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Tolkien fandom


controversy surrounding changes to the novel made for the movies, such as those made to the character of Arwen and the absence of Tom Bombadil. "The Lord of the Rings" gained a much broader audience with the release of Peter Jackson's "The Lord of the Rings" film trilogy. These were released serially in three consecutive years, from December 2001 to December 2003. Since then, a large number of fans have also arisen who have not read any of the books, and have been only exposed to Tolkien through
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Tolkien fandom


the films and its merchandise. Tolkien-related games, especially computer and video games have also increased in number and in popularity. Popular culture references to Middle-earth have also increased, as well as satires and parodies of it. One of the most prominent fansites of Jackson's movies is TheOneRing.net, which was very popular even with the cast and crew of the film. TORn, as it is called, was originally a small movie-news site that gained in prestige as movie-rumors became reality. The filmmakers
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Tolkien fandom


put special effort into winning over the fans, not simply tolerating but actually actively "supporting" fansites. Of these, TheOneRing.net is arguably the most well-known and is probably responsible for popularizing the term "Ringers". Another prominent fansite is The One Ring - The Home of Tolkien Online, although, in contrast to TheOneRing.net, the site tends to focus more on the literary works rather than the movies. During the filming and release of Jackson's films the site was popular with many who might be considered to have
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Pointy ears


often drawn larger and more distinctly visible, as well as more angled, than in the Western works. Pointy ears have become associated with elves in Victorian literature of the 19th century. Popularization of the pointed ears as an attribute of elves has been attributed to the works of J. R. R. Tolkien and their more recent big screen interpretation, though the status of elvish ears as canon is not universally accepted by the Tolkien fandom. Pointy ears are also found in the science fiction genre; for example among the Vulcan and Romulan races
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Translations of The Lord of the Rings into Russian


west conversely identified Tolkien's anti-industrial ideas as presented in the Shire with primitive communism, in a struggle with the evil forces of technocratic capitalism. Russian translations of "The Lord of the Rings" circulated as samizdat and were published only after the collapse of the Soviet Union, but then in great numbers; no less than ten official Russian translations appeared between 1990 and 2005 (Markova 2006). Tolkien fandom in Russia grew especially rapidly during the early 1990s at Moscow State University. Many unofficial and partly fragmentary translations are
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Science fiction fandom


Science fiction fandom or SF fandom is a community or fandom of people interested in science fiction in contact with one another based upon that interest. SF fandom has a life of its own, but not much in the way of formal organization (although clubs such as the Futurians (1937–1945) are a recognized example of organized fandom). Most often called simply "fandom" within the community, it can be viewed as a distinct subculture, with its own literature and jargon; marriages and other relationships among fans are common,
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Tolkien fandom


. "The Lord of the Rings" also from the mid-1960s acquired immense popularity in the emerging hacker culture, and the technological subcultures of scientists, engineers, and computer programmers, and flourishes there still. (Spangenberg 2006) It also figured as one of the major inspirations of the nascent video game industry and the evolution of fantasy role-playing games (Burdge 2006). Many fantasy series written in the period were created by fans of "The Lord of the Rings", such as the "Shannara" books by
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Gandalf


his performance as Gandalf on Tolkien himself:We listened to audio recordings of Tolkien reading excerpts from "Lord of the Rings". We watched some BBC interviews with him—there's a few interviews with Tolkien—and Ian based his performance on an impersonation of Tolkien. He's literally basing Gandalf on Tolkien. He sounds the same, he uses the speech patterns and his mannerisms are born out of the same roughness from the footage of Tolkien. So, Tolkien would recognize himself in Ian's performance. McKellen received widespread
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Tengwar


use an older, incompatible version of the proposal). Tengwar has been used in Tolkien fandom since the publication of "The Lord of the Rings" in the 1950s. Tengwar script appears in a bound volume in the Within Temptation music video for "Stand My Ground" (2004), though it appears to be a random selection of letters, with a tehta vowel appearing about every five words or so. Many tengwar are also repeated for no apparent reason. Another instance of this stylistic use of tengwar is the computer
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Tolkien fandom


the time, fuelled by a bootleg paperback version of "The Lord of the Rings" published by Ace Books followed up by an authorised edition by Ballantine Books. The "hippie" following latched onto the book, giving its own spin to the work's interpretation, such as the Dark Lord Sauron representing the United States military draft during the Vietnam War, to the chagrin of the author who talked of a "deplorable cultus" and stated that ""Many young Americans are involved in the stories in a way that I
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Harry Potter


, infantilising society and the popularity of Potter." There is ongoing discussion regarding the extent to which the series was inspired by Tolkien's "Lord of the Rings" books. Although "Time" magazine named Rowling as a runner-up for its 2007 Person of the Year award, noting the social, moral, and political inspiration she has given her fandom, cultural comments on the series have been mixed. "Washington Post" book critic Ron Charles opined in July 2007 that the large numbers of adults reading the "
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Translations of The Lord of the Rings


translations appeared between 1990 and 2005 (Markova 2006). Tolkien fandom grew especially rapidly during the early 1990s at Moscow State University. Many unofficial and incomplete translations are in circulation. The first translation appearing in print was that by Kistyakovski and Muravyov (volume 1, published 1982). The first translation of "The Lord of the Rings" into Hebrew (שר הטבעות) was done by Canaanite movement member Ruth Livnit, aided by Uriel Ofek as the translator of the verse. The 1977 version was considered a unique book for
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Tolkien fandom


using, among other animation techniques, rotoscoping, shooting a majority of the film in live-action first before transferring the live footage to animation. While the film had, and continues to have, a mixed critical reaction, it was a financial success, costing USD 8 million to produce, and grossing over USD 30 million at the box office. Despite this fact, United Artists, the film's original distributor, refused to fund a sequel, leaving the project incomplete. The 1990s saw the conclusion of "The History
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A Change of Hobbit


A Change of Hobbit (1972–1991) was one of the first science fiction, fantasy and horror bookstores established, and was a significant part of science fiction fandom generally and in Southern California particularly. The name references the hobbits from J.R.R. Tolkien's "Lord of the Rings" series. Owner Sherry Gottlieb offered the use of her name to colleagues in Berkeley, who then established The Other Change of Hobbit bookstore in 1974; that store continues to operate in the Bay Area. The Change of Hobbit bookstore hosted numerous events, including
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Alexei Kondratiev


's American Branch and book reviews for the organization's magazine, "Keltoi". On the "File 770" science fiction fandom blog, Ken Gale reported that Kondratiev "spoke over 60 languages and was fluent in 13 to 20 of them." In the Northeast Tolkien Society's tribute to Kondratiev, co-chairs Anthony S. Burdge and Jessica J. Burke reminisced about how he offered advice on the pronunciation of key Algonquian terms for a paper at Mythcon 37 in 2006, and his passion for the Polynesian culture and language at
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Mike Glyer


Lewis and J.R.R. Tolkien as Writers in Community" for Best Related Book. LASFS selected Mike Glyer as the 2011 recipient of their Forry Award for Lifetime Achievement in the Field of Science Fiction. The award, named for Forrest J Ackerman, long-time fan, literary agent, and well known in science fiction fandom as “Mr. LASFS,” has been presented annually since 1966. Previous winners include such eminent figures as Isaac Asimov, Leigh Brackett, Ray Bradbury, and Andre Norton. In 2016 Glyer was a Hugo finalist
16092970
Fantastyka


Parowski and Arkadiusz Nakoniecznik. In March 2006 Paweł Matuszek took over. Today "Fantastyka" is dedicated predominantly to short stories, but also to articles on modern science, film and book reviews and comic pages. In addition, it brings fandom and convention news. Apart from "Nowa Fantastyka", there have been several periodical variations of the title: "Fantastyka" featured stories by Philip K. Dick, J. R. R. Tolkien, Anthony Burgess, Orson Scott Card, Kir Bulychov, and many other acclaimed writers. It was
4552683
History of live action role-playing games


more involvement is usually attributed to SF fandom clubs, which flourished in Russia in that period. Earliest documented mentions of LARP-like activities in Russia relate to the yearly memorial reenactment of the Battle of Borodino, where military history clubs, not satisfied with reenacting this battle only, tried various other takes on the subject—the first recorded one, in 1988, being the people dressing up as soldiers of Red Army. According to witness reports, in 1989 Tolkien fans came to the Borodino reenactment in fantasy costumes, which jumpstarted
5239706
Fandom


or analytic music videos based on a source, in the late 1970s. By the mid-1970s, it was possible to meet fans at science fiction conventions who did not read science fiction, but only viewed it on film or TV. Anime and manga fandom began in the 1970s in Japan. In America, the fandom also began as an offshoot of science fiction fandom, with fans bringing imported copies of Japanese manga to conventions. Before anime began to be licensed in the U.S., fans who wanted to get a hold of anime
11264471
FanSided


prize winner is featured in "Sports Illustrated". On November 1, 2016, FanSided announced "Fandom 250", a subjective ranking of the best 250 fandoms in the world. The yearly ranking is assembled by a panel of experts who evaluate more than 500 fandoms across multiple categories, including sports, technology, entertainment, lifestyle and more. The fandoms are evaluated based on their size, longevity, economic and media impact, as well as the passion of its fans. FanSided launched a dedicated extension for Google Chrome web
13833691
Signal Transfer Point


A Signal Transfer Point (STP) is a router that relays SS7 messages between "signaling end-points" (SEPs) and other signaling transfer points (STPs). Typical SEPs include "service switching points" (SSPs) and "service control points" (SCPs). The STP is connected to adjacent SEPs and STPs via signaling links. Based on the address fields of the SS7 messages, the STP routes the messages to the appropriate outgoing signaling link. Edge STPs can also route based upon message body content using
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Works inspired by J. R. R. Tolkien


, "Ainulindalë", is based on the opening chapter of "The Silmarillion", and there is also a half-hour setting of "The Lay of Eärendil" based on Bilbo's song at Rivendell (in the expanded version published by Christopher Tolkien in The Treason of Isengard). All the texts were used with permission of the Tolkien Estate and Harper Collins Publishers. The Tolkien Ensemble published four CDs from 1997 to 2005 with the aim to create "the world's first complete musical interpretation of the poems and songs
12454339
Reception of J. R. R. Tolkien


the popularity of Tolkien had risen to a level that made viable translations of his minor works. Arthedain - The Tolkien Society of Norway was founded in 1981. The Finnish Tolkien Society Kontu ("Suomen Tolkien-seura Kontu ry" in Finnish) is a registered society based in Finland. The society was earlier two different Societys that unify in beginning of year 2012. The Finnish Tolkien Society (Suomen Tolkien seura) was founded on January 3, 1992 and Kontu Internet Community (Verkkoyhteisö Kontu ry) was founded on December 19
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Reception of J. R. R. Tolkien


2006); the first Swiss Tolkien Society (Eredain) was founded in 1986 and published the "Aglared" journal; it dissolved in 2006 and a second Swiss Tolkien Society (Seryn Ennor) was founded in 2014 and is based in Jenins; an Austrian Tolkien Society was founded in 2002). The DTG organized a seminar on Tolkien studies in Cologne in 2004, in Jena in 2005 and in Mainz in 2006. The conference proceedings are published in their "Hither Shore" yearbook. The Magyar Tolkien Társaság ("Hungarian
16394555
The Hobbit


Since then all "authorized" adaptations have been signed-off by Tolkien Enterprises. In 1997 Tolkien Enterprises licensed the film rights to Miramax, which assigned them in 1998 to New Line Cinema. The heirs of Tolkien, including his son Christopher Tolkien, filed suit against New Line Cinema in February 2008 seeking payment of profits and to be "entitled to cancel... all future rights of New Line... to produce, distribute, and/or exploit future films based upon the Trilogy and/or the Films... and/or... films based on "The
11509873
United States hydrogen policy


programs. Each states energy office gets SEP funding and manages all SEP funded projects. For more information about the SEP, including project descriptions, visit the SEP website. Clean Ports USA is an incentive-based program designed to help reduce emissions by encouraging port authorities to redesign and replace older diesel engines with new technologies and cleaner fuels. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's National Clean Diesel Campaign offers funding to port authorities to help them overcome the obstacles that prevent the adoption of cleaner diesel technologies. Clean Construction USA promotes the reduction
8426000
Fandom


have been known to influence the writers and producers of the show. The media fandom for the TV series "Firefly" was able to generate enough corporate interest to create a movie after the series was canceled. Some fans write fan fiction ("fanfic"), stories based on the universe and characters of their chosen fandom. This fiction can take the form of video-making as well as writing. Fan fiction may or may not tie in with the story's canon; sometimes the fans use the story's characters
11264475
World Qualification Series (2009)


18 - Aug 23" 30th Anniversary of the Lacanau Pro and good conditions this year. Surf, concerts, events scheduled. Check out the video for a summary of the event http://vimeo.com/6994555 "Aug 25 - Aug 30" "Sep 01 - Sep 06" "Sep 01 - Sep 06" "Sep 04 - Sep 06" "Sep 09 - Sep 12" "Sep 10 - Sep 13" "Sep 08 - Sep 13" "Sep 15 - Sep 20" "Sep 16 - Sep 22" "Sep
1986943
My Little Pony (IDW Publishing)


Internet, the fandom came to use the term (a portmanteau of "bro" and "pony") to describe themselves. The brony fandom is attributed to Faust and her creative team for including strong characters, cross-generational appeal, cultural references, the show's expressive Flash-based animation, and the ability for the showrunners to communicate and reciprocate with the fandom, such as including fan-derived elements within the show. Hasbro was also caught off-guard by this surprise demographic but have come to embrace it
13200093
Harry Potter fandom


"Harry Potter" fandom refers to the community of fans of the "Harry Potter" books and movies who participate in entertainment activities that revolve around the series, such as reading and writing fan fiction, creating and soliciting fan art, engaging in role-playing games, socializing on "Harry Potter"-based forums, and more. The fandom interacts online as well as offline through activities such as fan conventions, participating in cosplay, tours of iconic landmarks relevant to the books and production of the films, and parties held for the
99193
J. R. R. Tolkien


shopkeepers, and assorted collisions. The story was inspired by Tolkien's own vehicular mishaps with his first car, purchased in 1932. The bears were based on toy bears owned by Tolkien's sons. Tolkien was both author and illustrator of the book. He submitted it to his publishers as a balm to readers who were hungry for more from him after the success of "The Hobbit". The lavish ink and coloured-pencil illustrations would have made production costs prohibitively expensive. Tolkien agreed to redraw the pictures in a simpler
15879385
List of 1982–83 NBA season transactions


1982 Oct 2, 1982 Oct 1, 1982 Sep 30, 1982 Sep 29, 1982 Sep 28, 1982 Sep 27, 1982 Sep 24, 1982 Sep 22, 1982 Sep 20, 1982 Sep 19, 1982 Sep 18, 1982 Sep 17, 1982 Sep 15, 1982 Sep 14, 1982 Sep 13, 1982 Sep 10, 1982 Sep 9, 1982 Sep 7, 1982 Sep 2, 1982 Sep 1, 1982 Aug 31, 1982 Aug 27, 1982 Aug 26, 1982 Aug 16, 1982 Aug 8,
557049
Shrek fandom


DreamWorks Animation's "Shrek" film series, based on William Steig's book of the same name, has a large underground Internet fandom that started around 2009. With the fanbase described by some people as an ironic liking towards the series, there have been several sexually explicit memes based on the title character. The most notable example is a 2013 metameme centered on a video called ""Shrek Is Love, Shrek Is Life,"" which is based on a post originating on 4chan's /b/ board. Fans of Shrek
17936002
Tolkien (crater)


Tolkien is one of the northernmost craters on Mercury, located in the Borealis quadrangle (north pole region) at 88.82 N, 211.08 W. It is 50 km in diameter. It was named after the South African born British writer J. R. R. Tolkien. The name was approved by IAU's Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature on August 6, 2012. Since Tolkien is very close to the north pole, and Mercury has almost no axial tilt, Tolkien receives very little sunlight. Evidence from MESSENGER and Earth-based observations indicate
6323814
Fandom


significant fandoms include comics, sports, music, pulp magazines, soap operas, celebrities and videogames. Members of a fandom associate with one another, often attending fan conventions and publishing and exchanging fanzines and newsletters. Amateur press associations are another form of fan publication and networking. Originally using print-based media, these sub-cultures have migrated much of their communications and interaction onto the Internet, which they also use for the purpose of archiving detailed information pertinent to their given fanbase. Often, fans congregate on forums and discussion
11264473
My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic fandom


and influence of the show's propagation as an Internet meme. The fandom adopted the name brony (plural bronies), a portmanteau of "bro" and "pony". Though initially considered to propagate the humorous and ironic concept of people enjoying a show intended for young girls, the fandom has shown deeper appreciation for the show far beyond this concept and is considered part of a New Sincerity trend. Its technology-savvy members have created numerous works in writing, music, art and video based on the show, have
21778606
My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic fandom


2" and "", or crossover artwork between the animated show and video game settings. Flash-based applications allow fans to create their own pony characters in the artistic style of the show. The fandom has been noted for the quantity and diversity of music produced by its members, including cover versions of songs from the show and original songs inspired by the show and its fandom. In January 2014, BronyTunes (an iOS and web app) was released that collected over 7,000 songs and remixes inspired by the show.
21778644
Science fiction fandom


is based partially on local literature and media, with cons and other elements resembling those of English-speaking fandom, but with distinguishing local features. For example, Finland's national gathering Finncon is funded by the government, while all conventions and fan activities in Japan are heavily influenced by anime and manga. Science fiction and fantasy fandom has its own slang or jargon, sometimes called "fanspeak" (the term has been in use since at least 1962). Fanspeak is made up of acronyms, blended words, obscure in
9316151
Works inspired by J. R. R. Tolkien


has written a large number of works based on Tolkien, the most significant of which is the four-evening cycle on "The Silmarillion" but also including three operas based on "The Lord of the Rings": "Tom Bombadil" (one act), "The Black Gate is closed" (three acts) and "The Grey Havens". He has also published several sets of songs including "Seven Tolkien Songs", "Songs of the Mark" and "Shadow-Bride". His third symphony
12454338
Journeys of Frodo


"Journeys of Frodo: An Atlas of J. R. R. Tolkien's" The Lord of the Rings by Barbara Strachey is an atlas based on the fictional realm of Middle-earth, which traces the journeys undertaken by the characters in Tolkien's epic. The book comprises 51 two-colour maps (a general map of Middle-earth and 50 numbered maps) at various scales, all based on the original "The Lord of the Rings" maps drawn by Christopher Tolkien from his father's sketches. Each map is on
3515486
Harry Potter fandom


and Brad Neely. "We Are Wizards" had its World Premiere at the SXSW film festival in 2008, then traveled to 20 film festivals worldwide. The film opened theatrically in 5 cities on 14 November 2008. The film can be seen on Hulu.com, and DVD. The Fandom Fan Diaries: Wizard's Gone W!ld is a documentary web series that is based on fandom submissions. The producers Miranda Marshall and Amy Henderson starting accepting video submissions in early March 2009 and plan to accept them through 2013. "WiZarDs Gone W!LD
99255
J. R. R. Tolkien


Tolkien's "legendarium". Language and grammar for Tolkien was a matter of esthetics and euphony, and Quenya in particular was designed from "phonaesthetic" considerations; it was intended as an "Elvenlatin", and was phonologically based on Latin, with ingredients from Finnish, Welsh, English, and Greek. A notable addition came in late 1945 with Adûnaic or Númenórean, a language of a "faintly Semitic flavour", connected with Tolkien's Atlantis legend, which by "The Notion Club Papers" ties directly into his
15879399
J. R. R. Tolkien


Warner Bros. and New Line Cinema released "The Hobbit", a series of three films based on "The Hobbit", with Peter Jackson serving as executive producer, director, and co-writer. The first instalment, "", was released in December 2012; the second, "", in December 2013; and the last instalment, "", in December 2014. A biographical film "Tolkien" was released on 10 May 2019. It focused on Tolkien's early life and war experiences. The Tolkien
15879411
Richard Mattern Montgomery


staff. Sep 1956-Aug 1959 In 1956 he was assigned as deputy commander of the 2d Air Force (SAC). Following this two-year tour, he became commander of the 3d Air Division at Guam, with responsibility for SAC Forces West of the 180th meridian. Sep 1952-Sep 1956 The assignment which did most to shape his subsequent career was that of chief of staff, Headquarters, Strategic Air Command, Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska, in September 1952, a post he held until September 1956. As a principal staff
10835420
J. R. R. Tolkien's influences


and the description of Saruman's industrialization of Isengard and The Shire is explicitly stated by Tolkien to have been based on the industrialization of England. It has also been suggested that The Shire and its surroundings were influenced by the Iron Age and Roman mineral workings and remains which Tolkien saw in 1929 when working with archaeologists Tessa and Mortimer Wheeler at Lydney Park in the Forest of Dean; or alternatively were based on the countryside around Stonyhurst College in Lancashire where he frequently stayed during the 1940s. "The Lord of the Rings" was
3482924
Tolkienmoot


known as Ea RPG d20, and Harnmaster adapted for use in Middle-earth. Game Campaign authors included: Campaign Game Masters included the above authors plus: Tolkienmoot VI (2010) was held in Spokane, Washington, United States with a more expanded Tolkien-related venue. The theme that year was "Elves". Besides Tolkien-based role playing games using systems such as ICE MERP, Harnmaster, Ea d20 RPG, GURPS, BRP, and others, there were other Tolkien-based activities including: "Hobbit
9684119
Reception of J. R. R. Tolkien


"The Lord of the Rings" in 1972 (translated by Margaret Carroux and Ebba-Margareta von Freymann). The Deutsche Tolkien Gesellschaft (DTG) is a German association dedicated to the study of the life and works of J. R. R. Tolkien. Founded in 1997, it is based in Cologne. The DTG has more than 500 members (as of 2005) and is organized in a widespread network of local chapters. It is the main driving force of Tolkien reception in the German speaking countries (c.f. Honegger (
16394554
Merpcon


finished transitioning to the title of Tolkienmoot in 2010. This is due to MERP being over 10 years out of print and to use a more descriptive name. The format for Tolkienmoot 2010 is still Tolkien-centric with Tolkien-based role playing gaming at the core, but with a broader venue to include other forms of Tolkien gaming from wargaming to computer gaming, as well as other literary and creative topics related to the works of J.R.R. Tolkien. Updates are posted at the Tolkienmoot website. All of the content on the MerpCon
11526475
Works inspired by J. R. R. Tolkien


which is a third person game based on Aragon's role in the book. The creators of the "Dungeons and Dragons" role-playing game were also strongly influenced by Tolkien. The game has (clearly Tolkien-influenced) dwarves and elves as playable characters, and formerly had hobbits as well. After being threatened with a lawsuit by the Saul Zaentz company, Tolkien Enterprises, they replaced hobbits with the similar "halflings" — a term also used in "The Lord of the Rings", balrogs with 'balor
12454312
Tolkien (film)


experience life together. Meanwhile, Tolkien meets Edith Bratt, with whom he falls in love. But when World War I breaks out, Tolkien's relationships with his friends are tested, an act which threatens to tear their "fellowship" apart. On November 21, 2013, it was announced that Fox Searchlight Pictures and Chernin Entertainment were developing a biographical film about the English writer, and author of "The Hobbit" and "The Lord of the Rings", J. R. R. Tolkien, based on a screenplay by David
15372141
Khuzdul


Khuzdul is a fictional language created by J. R. R. Tolkien, and is one of the languages which feature in Middle-earth, and is the secret and private language of the Dwarves. Although not known, Tolkien had begun developing Khuzdul within the 1930's before the publication of "The Hobbit", with some names appearing in the early versions of "The Silmarillion". Tolkien based Khuzdul on Semitic languages, primarily Hebrew, featuring triconsonantal roots and similarities to Hebrew's phonology and morphology. Tolkien noted some similarities between Dwarves
20180842
J. R. R. Tolkien's influences


starting with Edwin Muir have found resemblances between Haggard's romances and Tolkien's. Tolkien scholar Mark T. Hooker has catalogued a series of parallels between "The Hobbit" and Jules Verne's "Journey to the Center of the Earth". These include, among other things, a hidden runic message and a celestial alignment that direct the adventurers to the goals of their quests. Tolkien wrote of being impressed as a boy by Samuel Rutherford Crockett's historical novel "The Black Douglas" and of basing the battle with the wargs in
3482917
Eagle (Middle-earth)


story. Tolkien's painting of an eagle on a crag appears in some editions of "The Hobbit". According to Christopher Tolkien, the author based this picture on a painting by Archibald Thorburn of an immature golden eagle, which Christopher found for him in "The Birds of the British Isles" by Thomas Coward. However, Tolkien's use of this model does not necessarily mean that his birds were ordinary golden eagles. The question of the Great Eagles' nature was faced by Tolkien with apparent hesitation. In early writings
4289587
One Ring


, and there the resemblance ceases." According to Humphrey Carpenter's biography of Tolkien, the author held Wagner's interpretation of the relevant Germanic myths in contempt. In the contrary sense, some critics hold that Tolkien's work borrows so liberally from Wagner that Tolkien's work exists in the shadow of Wagner's. Others, such as Tom Shippey and Gloriana St. Clair, attribute the resemblances to the fact that Tolkien and Wagner have created homologue works based in the same sources. However, Shippey and other researchers have written on
5086500
The Road Goes Ever On


With Tolkien's approval, Donald Swann wrote the music for this song cycle, and much of the music resembles English traditional music or folk music. The sole exception is the Quenya song "Namárië", which was based on a tune by Tolkien himself and which has some affinities to Gregorian chant. This book has been valued even by those uninterested in the music, since it helps Tolkien's readers to better understand the cultures of the various mythological beings presented in Middle-earth, and helps linguists analyse Tolkien's poetry.
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