RGB color space [SEP] based on
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RGB color space


An RGB color space is any additive color space based on the RGB color model. A particular RGB color space is defined by the three chromaticities of the red, green, and blue additive primaries, and can produce any chromaticity that is the triangle defined by those primary colors. The complete specification of an RGB color space also requires a white point chromaticity and a gamma correction curve. As of 2007, sRGB is by far the most commonly used RGB color space. RGB is an abbreviation for red–green–blue.
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Color space


color spaces. The CIERGB color space is a linearly-related companion of CIE XYZ. Additional derivatives of CIE XYZ include the CIELUV, CIEUVW, and CIELAB. RGB uses additive color mixing, because it describes what kind of "light" needs to be "emitted" to produce a given color. RGB stores individual values for red, green and blue. RGBA is RGB with an additional channel, alpha, to indicate transparency. Common color spaces based on the RGB model include sRGB, Adobe RGB, ProPhoto RGB,
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Wide-gamut RGB color space


The wide-gamut RGB color space (or Adobe Wide Gamut RGB) is an RGB color space developed by Adobe Systems, that offers a large gamut by using pure spectral primary colors. It is able to store a wider range of color values than sRGB or Adobe RGB color spaces. As a comparison, the wide-gamut RGB color space encompasses 77.6% of the visible colors specified by the CIELAB color space, while the standard Adobe RGB color space covers just 52.1% and sRGB covers only 35.9%. When working
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ProPhoto RGB color space


The ProPhoto RGB color space, also known as ROMM RGB (Reference Output Medium Metric), is an output referred RGB color space developed by Kodak. It offers an especially large gamut designed for use with photographic output in mind. The ProPhoto RGB color space encompasses over 90% of possible surface colors in the CIE L*a*b* color space, and 100% of likely occurring real-world surface colors documented by Pointer in 1980, making ProPhoto even larger than the Wide-gamut RGB color space. The ProPhoto RGB primaries were
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Adobe RGB color space


The Adobe RGB (1998) color space is an RGB color space developed by Adobe Systems, Inc. in 1998. It was designed to encompass most of the colors achievable on CMYK color printers, but by using RGB primary colors on a device such as a computer display. The Adobe RGB (1998) color space encompasses roughly 50% of the visible colors specified by the CIELAB color space – improving upon the gamut of the sRGB color space, primarily in cyan-green hues. Beginning in 1997, Adobe Systems was looking
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List of color spaces and their uses


the visible colors specified by the Lab color space, improving upon the gamut of the sRGB color space primarily in cyan-greens. The Adobe Wide Gamut RGB color space is an RGB color space developed by Adobe Systems as an alternative to the standard sRGB color space. It is able to store a wider range of color values than sRGB. The Wide Gamut color space is an expanded version of the Adobe RGB color space, developed in 1998. As a comparison, the Adobe Wide Gamut RGB color space encompasses 77.6% of
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RGB color space


saturated, "pure" light colors, and thus be able to display very saturated, deep colors. RGB is a convenient color model for computer graphics because the human visual system works in a way that is similar – though not quite identical – to an RGB color space. The most commonly used RGB color spaces are sRGB and Adobe RGB (which has a significantly larger gamut). Adobe has recently developed another color space called Adobe Wide Gamut RGB, which is even larger, in detriment to gamut density. As of
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List of color spaces and their uses


for the creation of images for viewing on the Internet and World Wide Web (WWW), the resultant color space chosen using a gamma of 2.2, the average response to linear voltage levels of CRT displays at that time. The Adobe RGB color space is an RGB color space developed by Adobe Systems in 1998. It was designed to encompass most of the colors achievable on CMYK color printers, but by using RGB primary colors on a device such as the computer display. The Adobe RGB color space encompasses roughly 50% of
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YCbCr


transformation from an associated RGB color space. If the underlying RGB color space is absolute, the Y′CbCr color space is an absolute color space as well; conversely, if the RGB space is ill-defined, so is Y′CbCr. Cathode ray tube displays are driven by red, green, and blue voltage signals, but these RGB signals are not efficient as a representation for storage and transmission, since they have a lot of redundancy. YCbCr and Y′CbCr are a practical approximation to color processing and perceptual uniformity, where the primary
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List of color spaces and their uses


field of view than the "CIE 1931 XYZ" color space which produces slightly different results. RGB (Red, Green, Blue) describes what kind of "light" needs to be "emitted" to produce a given color. Light is added together to create form from darkness. RGB stores individual values for red, green and blue. RGB is not a color space, it is a color model. There are many different RGB color spaces derived from this color model, some of which appear below. RGBA is
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Rg chromaticity


The rg chromaticity space, two dimensions of the "normalized RGB", or rgb, space, is a chromaticity space, a two-dimensional color space in which there is no intensity information. In the RGB color space a pixel is identified by the intensity of red, green, and blue primary colors. Therefore, a bright red can be represented as (R,G,B) (255,0,0), while a dark red may be (40,0,0). In the normalized rgb space or rg space, a
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Color space


although several specific color spaces are based on the RGB color model, there is no such thing as the singular RGB color space. In 1802, Thomas Young postulated the existence of three types of photoreceptors (now known as cone cells) in the eye, each of which was sensitive to a particular range of visible light. Hermann von Helmholtz developed the Young–Helmholtz theory further in 1850: that the three types of cone photoreceptors could be classified as short-preferring (blue), middle-preferring (green),
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CIE 1931 color space


human color perception. This linearity is expressed in Grassmann's law. The CIE RGB space can be used to define chromaticity in the usual way: The chromaticity coordinates are "r", "g" and "b" where: Having developed an RGB model of human vision using the CIE RGB matching functions, the members of the special commission wished to develop another color space that would relate to the CIE RGB color space. It was assumed that Grassmann's law held, and the new space would be related to the
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RGB color space


can be produced by printers or in film, and thus is not ideal for some high quality applications. The wider gamut Adobe RGB is being built into more medium-grade digital cameras, and is favored by many professional graphic artists for its larger gamut. RGB spaces are generally specified by defining three primary colors and a white point. In the table below the three primary colors and white points for various RGB spaces are given. The primary colors are specified in terms of their CIE 1931 color space chromaticity coordinates (x,
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HSL and HSV


have different gamuts. Because HSL and HSV are defined purely with reference to some RGB space, they are not absolute color spaces: to specify a color precisely requires reporting not only HSL or HSV values, but also the characteristics of the RGB space they are based on, including the gamma correction in use. If we take an image and extract the hue, saturation, and lightness or value components, and then compare these to the components of the same name as defined by color scientists, we can quickly see the difference
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Color balance


, most camera RGB spaces performed better than either monitor RGB or XYZ. If the camera's raw RGB values are known, one may use the 3x3 diagonal matrix: and then convert to a working RGB space such as sRGB or Adobe RGB after balancing. Comparisons of images balanced by diagonal transforms in a number of different RGB spaces have identified several such spaces that work better than others, and better than camera or monitor spaces, for chromatic adaptation, as measured by several color appearance models; the systems that performed statistically as
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Color space


HSV spaces are defined as mappings of RGB. Both are non-absolute, but the conversion between them should maintain the same color. However, in general, converting between two non-absolute color spaces (for example, RGB to CMYK) or between absolute and non-absolute color spaces (for example, RGB to L*a*b*) is almost a meaningless concept. A different method of defining absolute color spaces is familiar to many consumers as the swatch card, used to select paint, fabrics, and the like.
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Adobe RGB color space


space, the following matrix can be implemented: sRGB is an RGB color space proposed by HP and Microsoft in 1996 to approximate the color gamut of the most common computer display devices. Since sRGB serves as a "best guess" metric for how another person's monitor produces color, it has become the standard color space for displaying images on the Internet. sRGB's color gamut encompasses just 35% of the visible colors specified by CIE, whereas Adobe RGB (1998) encompasses slightly more than 50% of all visible colors
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CIELAB color space


space (with three components: "L*", "a*", "b*") and taking the Euclidean distance between them. There are no simple formulas for conversion between RGB or CMYK values and "L*a*b*", because the RGB and CMYK color models are device-dependent. The RGB or CMYK values first must be transformed to a specific absolute color space, such as sRGB or Adobe RGB. This adjustment will be device-dependent, but the resulting data from the transform will be device
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Adobe RGB color space


to match sRGB's more widely used gamut. Although the Adobe RGB (1998) working space clearly provides more colors to utilize, another factor to consider when choosing between color spaces is how each space influences the distribution of the image's bit depth. Color spaces with larger gamuts "stretch" the bits over a broader region of colors, whereas smaller gamuts concentrate these bits within a narrow region. A similar, yet not as dramatic concentration of bit depth occurs with Adobe RGB (1998) versus sRGB, except in three
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Relative luminance


therefore absolute reproduction cannot be assured. For color spaces such as XYZ, xyY, etc. the letter Y refers to relative luminance. No computation is required to find relative luminance when it is explicit in a color representation in such spaces. For RGB color spaces that use the ITU-R BT.709 primaries (or sRGB, which defines the same primaries), relative luminance can be calculated from linear RGB components: first convert the gamma-compressed RGB values to linear RGB, and then The formula reflects the luminosity function
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Gamut


that can reproduce the entire visible color space is an unrealized goal within the engineering of color displays and printing processes. Modern techniques allow increasingly good approximations, but the complexity of these systems often makes them impractical. While processing a digital image, the most convenient color model used is the RGB model. Printing the image requires transforming the image from the original RGB color space to the printer's CMYK color space. During this process, the colors from the RGB which are out of gamut must be somehow converted to approximate values within
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Color space


spaces, both based on the RGB color model. When defining a color space, the usual reference standard is the CIELAB or CIEXYZ color spaces, which were specifically designed to encompass all colors the average human can see. Since "color space" identifies a particular combination of the color model and the mapping function, the word is often used informally to identify a color model. However, even though identifying a color space automatically identifies the associated color model, such a usage is incorrect in a strict sense. For example,
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Color space


e.g. triples in RGB or quadruples in CMYK); however, a color model with no associated mapping function to an absolute color space is a more or less arbitrary color system with no connection to any globally understood system of color interpretation. Adding a specific mapping function between a color model and a reference color space establishes within the reference color space a definite "footprint", known as a gamut, and for a given color model this defines a color space. For example, Adobe RGB and sRGB are two different absolute color
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List of color spaces and their uses


This is a list of color spaces and their uses. There are five major color models: CIE, RGB, YUV, HSL/HSV, and CMYK. These models and their variants form the beses for the color spaces listed below. CIE 1931 XYZ was the first attempt to produce a color space based on measurements of human color perception and the basis for almost all other color spaces. A modification of "CIE 1931 XYZ" to display color differences more conveniently. The CIELUV space is especially useful for additive mixtures of
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List of color spaces and their uses


the visible colors specified by the Lab color space, whilst the standard Adobe RGB color space covers just 50.6%. One of the downsides to this color space is that approximately 8% of the colors representable are imaginary colors that do not exist and are not representable in any medium. This means that potential color accuracy is wasted by reserving these unnecessary colors. Other notable RGB spaces include: YIQ was formerly used in NTSC (North America, Japan and others) television broadcasts for historical reasons. This system stores a luma value
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Color gradient


are calculated using linear interpolation, then extended perpendicular to that line. In digital imaging systems, colors are typically interpolated in an RGB color space, often using gamma compressed RGB color values, as opposed to linear. CSS and SVG both support linear gradients. A radial gradient is specified as a circle that has one color at the edge and another at the center. Colors are calculated by linear interpolation based on distance from the center. This can be used to approximate the diffuse reflection of light from a point source by a
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RGB color model


mixing them are not specified as absolute, but relative to the primary colors. When the exact chromaticities of the red, green, and blue primaries are defined, the color model then becomes an absolute color space, such as sRGB or Adobe RGB; see RGB color spaces for more details. The choice of primary colors is related to the physiology of the human eye; good primaries are stimuli that maximize the difference between the responses of the cone cells of the human retina to light of different wavelengths, and that thereby make
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Color space


red, green, and blue colors in a monitor are measured exactly, together with other properties of the monitor, then RGB values on that monitor can be considered as absolute. The L*a*b* is sometimes referred to as absolute, though it also needs a white point specification to make it so. A popular way to make a color space like RGB into an absolute color is to define an ICC profile, which contains the attributes of the RGB. This is not the only way to express an absolute color, but it
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Ekta Space


The Ekta Space is a common name for two color spaces developed by Joseph Holmes - Ekta Space PS 5 and Ektachrome Space to safely contain fine image scans of film originals generally of 24-bit color depth. RGB working spaces are ICC profiles, which encompass a particular region of the CIE XYZ color space (and therefore also the CIE L*a*b* color space). The function of ICC profiles is to establish an equivalence between device color values, such as RGB or CMYK, and actual colors, as represented by points in one of
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Color histogram


tell whether it is over exposure or not, but there are times when you might think the image is over exposed by viewing the histogram; however, in reality it is not. The formation of a color histogram is rather simple. From the definition above, we can simply count the number of pixels for each 256 scales in each of the 3 RGB channel, and plot them on 3 individual bar graphs. In general, a color histogram is based on a certain color space, such as RGB or HSV. When
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Spectral color


space. Theoretically, only RGB-implemented colors which might be really spectral are its primaries: red, green, and blue, whereas any other (mixed) color is inherently non-spectral. But due to different chromaticity properties of different spectral segments, and also due to practical limitations of light sources, the actual distance between RGB pure color wheel colors and spectral colors shows a complicated dependence on the hue. Due to location of R and G primaries near the almost "flat" spectral segment, RGB color space is
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RGB color model


RGB input devices are color TV and video cameras, image scanners, and digital cameras. Typical RGB output devices are TV sets of various technologies (CRT, LCD, plasma, OLED, quantum dots, etc.), computer and mobile phone displays, video projectors, multicolor LED displays and large screens such as Jumbotron. Color printers, on the other hand are not RGB devices, but subtractive color devices (typically CMYK color model). This article discusses concepts common to all the different color spaces that use the RGB
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Grayscale


) which is determined by the linear luminance itself (as in the CIE 1931 "XYZ" color space) which we will refer to here as to avoid any ambiguity. To convert a color from a colorspace based on a typical gamma-compressed (nonlinear) RGB color model to a grayscale representation of its luminance, the gamma compression function must first be removed via gamma expansion (linearization) to transform the image to a linear RGB colorspace, so that the appropriate weighted sum can be applied to the linear color components (
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Color space


is the standard in many industries. RGB colors defined by widely accepted profiles include sRGB and Adobe RGB. The process of adding an ICC profile to a graphic or document is sometimes called "tagging" or "embedding"; tagging therefore marks the absolute meaning of colors in that graphic or document. A color in one absolute color space can be converted into another absolute color space, and back again, in general; however, some color spaces may have gamut limitations, and converting colors that lie outside that gamut will not
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CIE 1931 color space


normal trichromatic additive color space, e. g. the RGB color spaces, imply negative values for at least one of the three primaries because the chromaticity would be outside the color triangle defined by the primary colors. To avoid these negative RGB values, and to have one component that describes the perceived brightness, "imaginary" primary colors and corresponding color-matching functions were formulated. The CIE 1931 color space defines the resulting tristimulus values, in which they are denoted by "X", "Y", and "Z"
8681605
HCL color space


attributes of color appearance: The HSL and HSV color spaces are more intuitive translations of the RGB color space, because they provide a single hue number. However, their luminance variation does not match the way humans perceive color. Perceptually uniform color spaces outperform RGB in cases such as high noise environments. Sarifuddin, noting the lack of blue hue consistency of CIELab—a common compliant among its users—decided to make their own color space by mashing up some of the features. The result, being a simpler transformation from (
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Color space


-dimensional representation of a given color space, we can assign the amount of magenta color to the representation's X axis, the amount of cyan to its Y axis, and the amount of yellow to its Z axis. The resulting 3-D space provides a unique position for every possible color that can be created by combining those three pigments. Colors can be created on computer monitors with color spaces based on the RGB color model, using the additive primary colors (red, green, and blue). A three-dimensional
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CIE 1931 color space


. The CIE XYZ color matching functions are nonnegative, and lead to nonnegative XYZ coordinates for all real colors (that is, for nonnegative light spectra). Other observers, such as for the CIE RGB space or other RGB color spaces, are defined by other sets of three color-matching functions, not generally nonnegative, and lead to tristimulus values in those other spaces, which may include negative coordinates for some real colors. The tristimulus values for a color with a spectral radiance "L" are given in terms of
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YUV


format needed. Y′UV is not an absolute color space. It is a way of encoding RGB information, and the actual color displayed depends on the actual RGB colorants used to display the signal. Therefore, a value expressed as Y′UV is only predictable if standard RGB colorants are used (i.e. a fixed set of primary chromaticities, or particular set of red, green, and blue). Furthermore, the range of colors and brightnesses (known as the color gamut) of RGB (whether it be BT.601 or Rec.709) is
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RGB color model


5, 8 and 16 bits per color are commonly found; the total number of bits used for an RGB color is typically called the color depth. Since colors are usually defined by three components, not only in the RGB model, but also in other color models such as CIELAB and Y'UV, among others, then a three-dimensional volume is described by treating the component values as ordinary Cartesian coordinates in a Euclidean space. For the RGB model, this is represented by a cube using non-negative values within a
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ProPhoto RGB color space


also chosen in order to minimize hue rotations associated with non-linear tone scale operations. One of the downsides to this color space is that approximately 13% of the representable colors are imaginary colors that do not exist and are not visible colors. When working in color spaces with such a large gamut, it is recommended to work in 16-bit color depth to avoid posterization effects. This will occur more frequently in 8-bit modes as the gradient steps are much larger. There are two corresponding scene space color encodings known as RIMM RGB
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Lightness


corners are equidistant from the neutral axis, and equally spaced around it. If we plot the RGB gamut in a more perceptually uniform space, such as CIELAB, it becomes immediately clear that the red, green, and blue primaries do not have the same lightness or chroma, or evenly spaced hues. Furthermore, different RGB displays use different primaries, and so have different gamuts. Because HSL and HSV are defined purely with reference to some RGB space, they are not absolute color spaces: to specify a color precisely requires
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Adobe RGB color space


from absolute luminance "XYZ" tristimulus values as follows: where "XYZ" and "XYZ" are reference display black and white points in the table above. The conversion between normalized XYZ to and from Adobe RGB tristimulus values can be done as follows: An image in the ICC Profile Connection Space (PCS) is encoded in 24-bit Adobe RGB (1998) color image encoding. Through the application of the 3x3 matrix below (derived from the inversion of the color space chromaticity coordinates and a chromatic adaptation to CIE Standard Illuminant
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Wide-gamut RGB color space


in color spaces with such a large gamut, it is recommended to work in 16-bit per channel color depth to avoid posterization effects. This will occur more frequently in 8-bit per channel modes as the gradient steps are much larger. As with sRGB, the color component values in wide-gamut RGB are not proportional to the luminances. Similar to Adobe RGB, a gamma of 2.2 is assumed, without the linear segment near zero that is present in sRGB. The precise gamma value is 563/256, or 2.19921875. The white point
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RGB color space


2007, sRGB is by far the most commonly used RGB color space, particularly in consumer grade digital cameras, HD video cameras, and computer monitors. HDTVs use a similar space, commonly called Rec. 709, sharing the sRGB primaries. The sRGB space is considered adequate for most consumer applications. Having all devices use the same color space is convenient in that an image does not need to be converted from one color space to another before being displayed. However, sRGB's limited gamut leaves out many highly saturated colors that
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CIELAB color space


"* to "C"* and "h"° is done using the following formulas: Conversely, given the polar coordinates, conversion to Cartesian coordinates is achieved with: The LCh color space is not the same as the HSV, HSL or HSB color models, although their values can also be interpreted as a base color, saturation and lightness of a color. The HSL values are a polar coordinate transformation of what is technically defined RGB cube color space. LCh is still perceptually uniform. Further, "H"
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CIE 1931 color space


of other photometric quantities than luminance. The CIE RGB color space is one of many RGB color spaces, distinguished by a particular set of monochromatic (single-wavelength) primary colors. In the 1920s, two independent experiments on human color perception were conducted by W. David Wright with ten observers, and John Guild with seven observers. Their results laid the foundation for the trichromatic CIE XYZ color space specification. The experiments were conducted by using a circular split screen (a bipartite field) 2 degrees in diameter, which is the
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Shades of blue


in the RGB color model, X11 blue, is shown at right. This color is the brightest possible blue that can be reproduced on a computer screen, and is the color named blue in X11. It is one of the three primary colors used in the RGB color space, along with red and green. The three additive primaries in the RGB color system are the three colors of light chosen such as to provide the maximum gamut of colors that are capable of being represented on a computer or television set. This color
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Rg chromaticity


r,g,b normalized equations are substituted into the equation above the equations below are derived, which define the invariant properties of the rgb color system. formula_11 formula_12 formula_13 Where formula_14 and formula_15. The formula_16 coefficient which denotes the relationship between the white light source and the surface reflectance. This coefficient is cancelled out, assuming a lambertian reflection and white illumination the rgb color space only depends on formula_17. The normalized image is free from shadow and shading effects. The rgb color space is dependent on the color of the light
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Shades of yellow


, a pale tint of yellow. Displayed at right is the web color lemon chiffon. Lemon chiffon is a color that is reminiscent of the color of lemon chiffon cake. The color box at right shows the most intense yellow representable in 8-bit RGB color model; yellow is a "secondary" color in an additive RGB space. This color is also called color wheel yellow. It is at precisely 60 degrees on the HSV color wheel, also known as the RGB color wheel (). Its complementary color is blue.
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False color


differently, e.g. "GBR→RGB". For traditional false-color satellite images of Earth a "NRG→RGB" mapping is used, with "N" being the near-infrared spectral band (and the blue spectral band being unused) – this yields the typical "vegetation in red" false-color images. False color is used (among others) for satellite and space images: Examples are remote sensing satellites (e.g. Landsat, see example above), space telescopes (e.g. the Hubble Space Telescope) or space probes (
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List of color spaces and their uses


RGB with an additional channel, alpha, to indicate transparency. The sRGB color space (standard Red Green Blue) is an RGB color space created jointly by Hewlett-Packard and Microsoft for use on the Internet. It has been endorsed by the W3C, Exif, Intel, Pantone, Corel, and many other industry players. It is also well accepted by open-source software such as the GIMP, and is used in proprietary and open graphics file formats such as SVG. sRGB is intended as a common color space
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Shades of green


Sea green" is a color that resembles the sea floor as seen from the surface. The color defined as "green" in the RGB color model, displayed on the right, is the brightest possible green that can be reproduced on a computer screen, and is the color named "green" in X11. It is one of the three primary colors used in the RGB color space along with red and blue. The three additive primaries in the RGB color system are the three colors of light chosen such as to provide
17599007
Blue-green


of the RGB color wheel. In the terminology of color theory, RGB color space has a much larger color gamut than RYB color space. The first recorded use of "cyan" as a color name in English was in 1879. The color turquoise, a representation of the color of the semi-precious stone turquoise. The first recorded use of "turquoise" as a color name in English was in 1573. The color "turquoise" is a light tone of blue-green. Green-blue had been a
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RGB color model


# equals the proportion of red, green, and blue respectively. This syntax can be used after such selectors as "background-color:" or (for text) "color:". Proper reproduction of colors, especially in professional environments, requires color management of all the devices involved in the production process, many of them using RGB. Color management results in several transparent conversions between device-independent and device-dependent color spaces (RGB and others, as CMYK for color printing) during a typical production cycle
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RGB color model


translating between color spaces. All luminance–chrominance formats used in the different TV and video standards such as YIQ for NTSC, YUV for PAL, YDD for SECAM, and YPP for component video use color difference signals, by which RGB color images can be encoded for broadcasting/recording and later decoded into RGB again to display them. These intermediate formats were needed for compatibility with pre-existent black-and-white TV formats. Also, those color difference signals need lower data bandwidth compared to full RGB signals. Similarly
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Rg chromaticity


problems can still emerge. Computer vision algorithms tend to suffer from varying imaging conditions. To make more robust computer vision algorithms it is important to use a color invariant color space. Color invariant color spaces are desensitized to disturbances in the image. One common problem in computer vision is varying light source (color and intensity) between multiple images and within a single image. To properly perform image segmentation and object detection requires an increased need for images that are stable to variations in imaging conditions. Normalizing RGB color space to rgb color
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ICC profile


of the specification is 4.3. ICC has also published a preliminary specification for iccMAX, a next-generation color management architecture with significantly expanded functionality and a choice of colorimetric, spectral or material connection space. To see how this works in practice, suppose we have a particular RGB and CMYK color space, and want to convert from this RGB to that CMYK. The first step is to obtain the two ICC profiles concerned. To perform the conversion, each RGB triplet is first converted to the Profile connection space (PCS)
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RGBA color space


RGBA stands for red green blue alpha. While it is sometimes described as a color space, it is actually the three-channel RGB color model supplemented with a 4th "alpha channel". Alpha indicates how opaque each pixel is and allows an image to be combined over others using alpha compositing, with transparent areas and anti-aliasing of the edges of opaque regions. The term does "not" define what RGB color space is being used. It also does not state whether or not the colors are premultiplied by the
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Color space


different ways, depending on the capabilities of the system used. By far the most common general-used incarnation is the 24-bit implementation, with 8 bits, or 256 discrete levels of color per channel. Any color space based on such a 24-bit RGB model is thus limited to a range of 256×256×256 ≈ 16.7 million colors. Some implementations use 16 bits per component for 48 bits total, resulting in the same gamut with a larger number of distinct colors. This is especially important when working with wide-gamut color spaces (
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Rg chromaticity


equi-energy lights of 1.000 + 4.5907 + 0.0601 = 5.6508 lm can be matched by mixing together R, G and B. Guild and Wright used 17 subjects to determine RGB color matching functions. RGB color matching serve as the base for rg chromaticity. The RGB color matching functions are used to determine the tristimulus RGB values for a spectrum. Normalizing the RGB tristimulus values converts the tristimulus into rgb. Normalized RGB tristimulus value can be plotted on an rg chromaticity diagram. An example of color matching function below. formula_23 is any
13485067
Adobe RGB color space


is assumed, without the linear segment near zero that is present in sRGB. The precise gamma value is 563/256, or 2.19921875. In coverage of the CIE 1931 color space the Adobe RGB (1998) color space covers 52.1%. The chromaticities of the primary colors and the white point, both of which correspond to the CIE Standard Illuminant D65, are as follows: The corresponding absolute "XYZ" tristimulus values for the reference display white and black points are as follows: Normalized "XYZ" tristimulus values can be obtained
2326675
CIELAB color space


the same amount of numerical change in these values corresponds to roughly the same amount of visually perceived change. With respect to a given white point, the CIELAB model is device-independent—it defines colors independently of how they are created or displayed. The CIELAB color space is typically used when graphics for print have to be converted from RGB to CMYK, as the CIELAB gamut includes both the gamuts of the RGB and CMYK color models. Because three parameters are measured, the space itself is a three-dimensional real number
6228897
Color histogram


images in various color spaces, whether RGB, rg chromaticity or any other color space of any dimension. A histogram of an image is produced first by discretization of the colors in the image into a number of bins, and counting the number of image pixels in each bin. For example, a Red–Blue chromaticity histogram can be formed by first normalizing color pixel values by dividing RGB values by R+G+B, then quantizing the normalized R and B coordinates into N bins each. A two-dimensional histogram of Red-Blue
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RGB color model


color model already had a solid theory behind it, based in human perception of colors. RGB is a "device-dependent" color model: different devices detect or reproduce a given RGB value differently, since the color elements (such as phosphors or dyes) and their response to the individual R, G, and B levels vary from manufacturer to manufacturer, or even in the same device over time. Thus an RGB value does not define the same "color" across devices without some kind of color management. Typical
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PenTile matrix family


match of display technology to the biological mechanisms of human vision. The layout uses one third fewer subpixels for the same resolution as the RGB stripe (RGB-RGB) layout, in spite of having four color primaries instead of the conventional three, using subpixel rendering combined with metamer rendering. Metamer rendering optimizes the energy distribution between the white subpixel and the combined red, green, and blue subpixels: W  RGB, to improve image sharpness. The display driver chip has an RGB to RGBW color vector space converter and gamut mapping
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Color space


2-4). It is based on the ITU BT.601 and BT.709 standards but extends the gamut beyond the R/G/B primaries specified in those standards. HSV (hue, saturation, value), also known as HSB (hue, saturation, brightness) is often used by artists because it is often more natural to think about a color in terms of hue and saturation than in terms of additive or subtractive color components. HSV is a transformation of an RGB color space, and its components and colorimetry are
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Hue


on the circle formula), the maximal divergence between the two. The process of converting an RGB color into an HSL color space or HSV color space is usually based on a 6-piece piecewise mapping, treating the HSV cone as a hexacone, or the HSL double cone as a double hexacone. The formulae used are those in the table above. The hues exhibited by caramel colorings and beers are fairly limited in range. The Linner hue index is used to quantify the hue of such products. Manufacturers of pigments use the word
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DCI-P3


DCI-P3, or DCI/P3, is a common RGB color space for digital movie projection from the American film industry. In the CIE 1931 xy chromaticity diagram the DCI-P3 color space covers 45.5% of all chromaticities and 86.9% of Pointer’s gamut. In the CIE 1976 u’v’ chromaticity diagram the coverage is 41.7% and 85.5% respectively. The blue primary color is the same as sRGB and Adobe RGB; the red primary color is a monochromatic light source and has a wavelength of 615 nm.
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Safety orange


use safety orange to help ensure the safety of others. ANSI standard Z535.1-1998 states how safety orange is defined in the following notation systems: Note that this CIE color point is outside the gamut of common color spaces like sRGB or Adobe RGB. The closest CIE color point that is still in the sRGB gamut is "x" = 0.54091, "y" = 0.40869, Y% = 30.05, corresponding to the sRGB-255 coordinates (232, 118, 0). The Adobe RGB color space is larger than the sRGB
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Adobe RGB color space


diagram, if the coordinates were to be transformed to fit on the CIE "u′v′" chromaticity diagram, which illustrates the eye's perceived variance in hue more closely, the difference in the green region is far less exaggerated. Also, although Adobe RGB (1998) can "theoretically" represent a wider gamut of colors, the color space requires special software and a complex workflow in order to utilize its full range. Otherwise, the produced colors would be squeezed into a smaller range (making them appear duller) in order
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High-definition television


frame rate can also be specified without a resolution. For example, 24p means 24 progressive scan frames per second, and 50i means 25 interlaced frames per second. There is no single standard for HDTV color support. Colors are typically broadcast using a (10-bits per channel) YUV color space but, depending on the underlying image generating technologies of the receiver, are then subsequently converted to a RGB color space using standardized algorithms. When transmitted directly through the Internet, the colors are typically pre-converted to 8-bit RGB channels for
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Secondary color


A secondary color is a color made by mixing of two primary colors in a given color space. For the human eye, good primary colors of light are red, green, and blue. Combining lights of these colors produces a large range of visible colors. That is, the primary and secondary RGB colors (with secondary colors in boldface) are: Combining RGB colors means adding light (thus the term "additive color"), and the combinations are brighter. When all three primaries are combined in equal amounts,
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YCoCg


The YCoCg color model is the color space formed from a simple transformation of an associated RGB color space into a "luma" value (denoted as Y) and two "chroma" values called "chrominance green" (Cg) and "chrominance orange" (Co). It is supported in video and image compression designs such as H.264/MPEG-4 AVC, HEVC, JPEG XR, and Dirac. It is simple to compute, has good transform coding gain, and can be losslessly converted to and from RGB with fewer
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YIQ


. These formulas approximate the conversion between the RGB color space and YIQ for a non-FCC version of NTSC. The following formulas assume: Note that the top row is identical to that of the YUV color space The NTSC standard contained in the FCC rules for over-the-air analog color TV broadcasting uses a slightly different matrix: in matrix notation, that equation system is written as: Where: To convert from FCC YIQ to RGB: For broadcasting in the United States, it is currently in use only for
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Academy Color Encoding System


being “clipped” or “crushed” as a result of post-production manipulation. "AP1" is instead contained well within the CIE standard observer's chromaticity diagram, yet still being considered “wide gamut”. It is conceived with primaries “bent” to be closer to those of display-referred color spaces (like sRGB) for mainly two reasons: This is the standard ACES color space; the only one based on "AP0" RGB primaries and the only one intended, by design, for mid- and
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Tertiary color


A tertiary color or intermediate color is a color made by mixing full saturation of one primary color with half saturation of another primary color and none of a third primary color, in a color space such as RGB, CMYK (more modern) or RYB (traditional). Tertiary colors have general names, one set of names for the RGB color wheel and a different set for the RYB color wheel. These names are shown below. Another definition of tertiary color is provided by color theorists such as Moses Harrisand Josef Albers,
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Lightness


reporting not only HSL or HSV values, but also the characteristics of the RGB space they are based on, including the gamma correction in use. If we take an image and extract the hue, saturation, and lightness or value components, and then compare these to the components of the same name as defined by color scientists, we can quickly see the difference, perceptually. For example, examine the following images of a fire breather (). The original is in the sRGB color space. CIELAB "L"*
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Gamma correction


The gamma correction, or contrast selection, is part of the photographic repertoire used to adjust the reproduced image. Analogously, digital cameras record light using electronic sensors that usually respond linearly. In the process of rendering linear raw data to conventional RGB data (e.g. for storage into JPEG image format), color space transformations and rendering transformations will be performed. In particular, almost all standard RGB color spaces and file formats use a non-linear encoding (a gamma compression) of the intended intensities of the primary colors of the
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YCbCr


YCbCr, Y′CbCr, or Y Pb/Cb Pr/Cr, also written as YCC or Y'CC, is a family of color spaces used as a part of the color image pipeline in video and digital photography systems. Y′ is the luma component and C and C are the blue-difference and red-difference chroma components. Y′ (with prime) is distinguished from Y, which is luminance, meaning that light intensity is nonlinearly encoded based on gamma corrected RGB primaries. Y′CbCr color spaces are defined by a mathematical coordinate
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Rec. 2020


locus. The wavelength of the Rec. 2020 primary colors is 630 nm for the red primary color, 532 nm for the green primary color, and 467 nm for the blue primary color. In coverage of the CIE 1931 color space the Rec. 2020 color space covers 75.8%, the DCI-P3 digital cinema color space covers 53.6%, the Adobe RGB color space covers 52.1%, and the Rec. 709 color space covers 35.9%. During the development of the Rec. 2020 color space it was decided
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RGB color model


correction to correct the inherent nonlinearity of some devices, such that the intended intensities are reproduced on the display. The Quattron released by Sharp uses RGB color and adds yellow as a sub-pixel, supposedly allowing an increase in the number of available colors. RGB is also the term referring to a type of component video signal used in the video electronics industry. It consists of three signals—red, green, and blue—carried on three separate cables/pins. RGB signal formats are often based on modified versions of
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Logluv TIFF


Logluv TIFF's design solves two specific problems: storing high dynamic image data and doing so within a reasonable amount of space. Traditional image format generally stores pixel data in RGB-space occupying 24 bits, with 8 bits for each color component. This limits the representable colors to a subset of all visible and distinguishable colors, introducing quantization and clamping artifacts clearly visible to human observers. Using a triplet of floats to represent RGB would be a viable solution, but it would quadruple the size of the file (occupying 32 bits
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Adobe RGB color space


in an even more inaccurate representation of the SMPTE standard. Adobe tried numerous tactics to correct the profile, such as correcting the red primary and changing the white point to match that of the CIE Standard Illuminant D50, yet all of the adjustments made CMYK conversion worse than before. In the end, Adobe decided to keep the "incorrect" profile, but changed the name to "Adobe RGB (1998)" in order to avoid a trademark search or infringement. In Adobe RGB (1998), colors are specified as
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RGB color model


sensor has a grid of red, green, and blue detectors arranged so that the first row is RGRGRGRG, the next is GBGBGBGB, and that sequence is repeated in subsequent rows. For every channel, missing pixels are obtained by interpolation in the demosaicing process to build up the complete image. Also, other processes used to be applied in order to map the camera RGB measurements into a standard RGB color space as sRGB. In computing, an image scanner is a device that optically scans images (printed text, handwriting,
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HSL and HSV


all major digital broadcast systems and is the basis for composite video. Most televisions, computer displays, and projectors produce colors by combining red, green, and blue light in varying intensities—the so-called RGB additive primary colors. The resulting mixtures in RGB color space can reproduce a wide variety of colors (called a gamut); however, the relationship between the constituent amounts of red, green, and blue light and the resulting color is unintuitive, especially for inexperienced users, and for users familiar with subtractive color
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SilverFast


. PhotoProof is a tool for color-true and binding processing of images from digital cameras. The image optimization is done in the RGB color space. When activating PhotoProof, the user immediately sees a CMYK simulation of the image by means of RGB softproofing on the calibrated monitor. Thereafter a color-true contact proof can be created on any suitable, calibrated output device. The embedded media wedge is used as a reference for a true-to-color proof. ColorServer executes the processes of color conversion, scaling, sharpening
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Natural Color System


out the difficulty within a four color theory that the primaries would not be equally spaced in the color circle; and the problem that Hering does not account for the fact that cyan and magenta are brighter than green, blue and red, whereas this is, in his view, elegantly explained within the CMYK-model. He concluded that Hering's scheme fitted common language better than color experience. Overview of the six base colors in Natural Color System with their equivalent in hex triplet, RGB and HSV coordinates systems. However,
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RGB color model


, but the system still used a moving part: the transparent RGB color wheel rotating at above 1,200 rpm in synchronism with the vertical scan. The camera and the cathode-ray tube (CRT) were both monochromatic. Color was provided by color wheels in the camera and the receiver. More recently, color wheels have been used in field-sequential projection TV receivers based on the Texas Instruments monochrome DLP imager. The modern RGB shadow mask technology for color CRT displays was patented by Werner Flechsig in Germany in 1938. Early
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Rg chromaticity


If R, G, B, is normalized to r, g, G color space the conversion can be computed by the following: formula_7 formula_8 formula_9 The conversion from rgG to RGB, is the same as the conversion from xyY to XYZ. The conversion requires at least some information relative to the intensity of the scene. For this reason if the G is preserved then the inverse is possible. Although rg chromaticity contains less information than RGB or HSV color spaces, it has a number of useful properties for computer vision applications
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RGB color model


: In many environments, the component values within the ranges are not managed as linear (that is, the numbers are nonlinearly related to the intensities that they represent), as in digital cameras and TV broadcasting and receiving due to gamma correction, for example. Linear and nonlinear transformations are often dealt with via digital image processing. Representations with only 8 bits per component are considered sufficient if gamma encoding is used. Following is the mathematical relationship between RGB space to HSI space (hue, saturation, and intensity: HSI color
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List of color palettes


levels for the YPbPr values employed (most noticeable with NTSC TV color system). For current RGB display systems for PC's (Super VGA, etc.), see the 16-bit RGB and 24-bit RGB for HighColor ("thousands") and TrueColor ("millions of colors") modes. For video game consoles, see the List of videogame consoles section. For every model, their main different graphical color modes are listed based exclusively in the way they handle colors on screen, not all their different screen modes.
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Hold-And-Modify


widely reported to be 262,144 colors (18-bit RGB color space). In fact, the maximum number of unique on-screen colors can be greater than 262,144, depending on the two least significant bits of each color component in the 64 color palette. In theory, all 16.7 million colors could be displayed with a large enough screen and an appropriate base palette, but in practice the limitations in achieving full precision mean that the two least significant bits are typically ignored. In general, the perceived HAM8 color depth is roughly equivalent
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Color space


blue light because the added complexity of a 3-component process provided only a marginal increase in fidelity when compared to the jump from monochrome to 2-component color. In color science, there are two meanings of the term absolute color space: In this article, we concentrate on the second definition. CIEXYZ, sRGB, and ICtCp are examples of absolute color spaces, as opposed to a generic RGB color space. A non-absolute color space can be made absolute by defining its relationship to absolute colorimetric quantities. For instance, if the
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Color space


represented as three-dimensional values in this manner, but some have more, or fewer dimensions, and some, such as Pantone, cannot be represented in this way at all. Color space conversion is the translation of the representation of a color from one basis to another. This typically occurs in the context of converting an image that is represented in one color space to another color space, the goal being to make the translated image look as similar as possible to the original. The RGB color model is implemented in
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RGB color space


An RGB color can be understood by thinking of it as all possible colors that can be made from three colored lights for red, green, and blue. Imagine, for example, shining three lights together onto a white wall in a dark room: one red light, one green light, and one blue light, each with dimmers. If only the red light is on, the wall will be red. If only the green light is on, the wall will look green. If the red and green lights are
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CIE 1931 color space


The CIE 1931 color spaces were the first defined quantitative links between distributions of wavelengths in the electromagnetic visible spectrum, and physiologically perceived colors in human color vision. The mathematical relationships that define these color spaces are essential tools for color management, important when dealing with color inks, illuminated displays, and recording devices such as digital cameras. The CIE 1931 RGB color space and CIE 1931 XYZ color space were created by the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) in 1931. They resulted from a series of experiments done in the late
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ICtCp


and "C" and "C" are blue-yellow (named from tritanopia) and red-green (named from protanopia) chroma components. The "ICC" color representation scheme is conceptually related to the "LMS" color space, as the color transformation from "RGB" to "ICC" is defined by first converting "RGB" to "LMS" with a 3×3 matrix transformation, then applying the nonlinearity function, and then converting the nonlinear signals to "ICC" using another 3×3 matrix transformation. "
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Color histogram


In image processing and photography, a color histogram is a representation of the distribution of colors in an image. For digital images, a color histogram represents the number of pixels that have colors in each of a fixed list of color ranges, that span the image's color space, the set of all possible colors. The color histogram can be built for any kind of color space, although the term is more often used for three-dimensional spaces like RGB or HSV. For monochromatic images, the term intensity histogram may
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