Bornean orangutan [SEP] IUCN conservation status
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Bornean orangutan


Sumatran, with about 54,500 individuals in the wild, whereas about 15,000 Sumatran orangutans are left in the wild. Orangutans are becoming increasingly endangered due to habitat destruction and the bushmeat trade, and young orangutans are captured to be sold as pets, usually entailing the killing of their mothers. The Bornean orangutan is critically endangered according to the IUCN Red List of mammals, and is listed on Appendix I of CITES. The total number of Bornean orangutans is estimated to be less than 14% of what it was in the recent past
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Ponginae


Ponginae is a subfamily in the family Hominidae. Once a diverse lineage of Eurasian apes, the subfamily has only one extant genus, "Pongo" (orangutans), which contains three extant species; the Sumatran orangutan ("Pongo abelii"), the Tapanuli orangutan ("Pongo tapanuliensis,") and the Bornean orangutan ("Pongo pygmaeus"). All three species are listed as critically endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The first pongine genera appear in the Miocene, "Sivapithecus
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Borneo Orangutan Survival


Tropenbos Kalimantan Program and schoolchildren of Balikpapan. As its sphere of activity broadened, it was renamed the Borneo Orangutan Survival Foundation in 1994. Since then it has received increasing recognition in Indonesia and globally, with sister organizations in 11 other countries. The Bornean orangutans are endangered according to the IUCN Red List of mammals, and is listed on Appendix I of CITES. The total number of Bornean orangutans is estimated to be less than 14 percent of what it was in the recent past (from around 10,000 years ago until the middle
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Bornean orangutan


for palm oil plantations, not only does the Bornean orangutan suffer from habitat loss, but several individuals have been burned and killed in fires. Palm oil accounts for over one tenth of Indonesia's export earnings. It is in high demand because it is used in several packaged foods, deodorants, shampoos, soaps, candies, and baked goods. Climate change is another threat to Bornean orangutan conservation. The affects that human activity have had on Indonesian rainfall have made food less abundant and so Bornean orangutans are less likely to receive
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Lamandau Nature Reserve


The Lamandau Nature Reserve is found in Borneo, Indonesia. This site has an area of . It is home to a number of Bornean orangutans ("Pongo pygmaeus"). It is this reserve that rehabilitates and orphan orangutans are released into by the Orangutan Foundation. (McConkey, 2005) McConkey, M. 2005. Bornean Orangutan, In Caldecotte, J. and Miles., eds, World Atlas of Great Apes and their conservation. Prepared at the UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre. University of California Press, Berkeley, USA
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IUCN Red List


category before extinct in the wild, due to Ebola virus and poaching, along with other factors. Russ Mittermeier, chief of Swiss-based IUCN's Primate Specialist Group, stated that 16,306 species are endangered with extinction, 188 more than in 2006 (total of 41,415 species on the Red List). The Red List includes the Sumatran orangutan ("Pongo abelii") in the Critically Endangered category and the Bornean orangutan ("Pongo pygmaeus") in the Endangered category. The 2008 Red List was released on 6 October
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Orangutan


Although animal rights groups interpreted the ruling as applicable to all species in captivity, legal specialists considered the ruling only applicable to hominid apes due to their genetic similarities to humans. The Sumatran and Bornean species are both critically endangered according to the IUCN Red List of mammals, and both are listed on Appendix I of CITES. The IUCN estimated in 2016 that around 100,000 orangutans survive in the wild (in 1973 there were 288,500), and their population is expected to further decrease to as few as 47,000 individuals by 2025. The
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Bornean orangutan


continued existence. The Bornean orangutan and the Sumatran orangutan diverged about 400,000 years ago, with a continued low level of gene flow between them since then. The two orangutan species were considered merely subspecies until 1996; they were elevated to species following sequencing of their mitochondrial DNA. The Bornean orangutan has three subspecies: There is some uncertainty about this, however. The population currently listed as "P. p. wurmbii" may be closer to the Sumatran orangutan ("P. abelii") than to the Bornean orangutan. If this is
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Borneo Orangutan Survival


The Borneo Orangutan Survival (BOS) Foundation is an Indonesian non-profit NGO founded by Dr Willie Smits in 1991 and dedicated to the conservation of the endangered Bornean orangutan and its habitat through the involvement of local people. It is audited by a multinational auditor company and operates under the formal agreement with the Indonesian Ministry of Forest to conserve and rehabilitate orangutans. BOS manages orangutan rescue, rehabilitation and re-introduction programmes in East and Central Kalimantan. With more than 500 orangutans (per December 2018) in its care and employing
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Bornean orangutan


The Bornean orangutan ("Pongo pygmaeus") is a species of orangutan native to the island of Borneo. Together with the Sumatran orangutan and Tapanuli orangutan, it belongs to the only genus of great apes native to Asia. Like the other great apes, orangutans are highly intelligent, displaying tool use and distinct cultural patterns in the wild. Orangutans share approximately 97% of their DNA with humans. The Bornean orangutan is a critically endangered species, with deforestation, palm oil plantations, and hunting posing a serious threat to its
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Bornean orangutan


Bornean ("Pongo pygmaeus") and 30 were hybrid orangutans. 113 zoo employees, who were highly familiar with the typical behavior of the orangutans, used a four-item questionnaire to assess their subjective well-being. The results indicated that orangutans in higher subjective well-being were less likely to die during the follow-up period. The study concluded that happiness was related to longer life in orangutans. Humans can protect Bornean orangutans by supporting political efforts against orangutan hunting, against climate change, and using products that
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Bornean orangutan


on the island of Java and in southern Sumatra. They primarily inhabit peat swamp forests, tropical heath forests, and mixed dipterocarp forests. Bornean orangutan are more solitary than their Sumatran relatives. Two or three orangutans with overlapping territories may interact, but only for short periods of time. Although orangutans are not territorial, adult males will display threatening behaviors upon meeting other males, and only socialize with females to mate. Males are considered the most solitary of the orangutans. The Bornean orangutan has a lifespan of 35–45 years in the
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Bornean orangutan


wild; in captivity it can live to be about 60. Despite being arboreal, the Bornean orangutan travels on the ground more than its Sumatran counterpart. This may be in part because no large terrestrial predators could threaten an orangutan in Borneo. In Sumatra, orangutans must face predation by the fierce Sumatran tiger. The Bornean orangutan diet is composed of over 400 types of food, including wild figs, durians ("Durio zibethinus" and "D. graveolens"), leaves, seeds, bird eggs, flowers, honey,
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Danum Valley Conservation Area


Danum Valley Conservation Area is a 438 square kilometres tract of relatively undisturbed lowland dipterocarp forest in Sabah, Malaysia. It has an extensive diversity of tropical flora and fauna, including such species as the rare East Sumatran rhinoceros, Bornean orangutans, gibbons, mousedeer, clouded leopards and over 270 bird species. Activities offered are jungle treks, river swimming, bird watching, night jungle tours and excursions to nearby logging sites and timber mills. The area holds unique status in the sense that before it became a conservation area there were no
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Bornean orangutan


projects operate in Borneo. The Borneo Orangutan Survival Foundation (BOS) founded by Dr Willie Smits has rescue and rehabilitation centres at Wanariset and Samboja Lestari in East Kalimantan and Nyaru Menteng, in Central Kalimantan founded and managed by Lone Drøscher Nielsen. BOS also works to conserve and recreate the fast-disappearing rainforest habitat of the orangutan, at Samboja Lestari and Mawas. Orangutan Foundation International, founded by Dr Birutė Galdikas, rescues and rehabilitates orangutans, preparing them for release back into protected areas of the Indonesian rain forest. In addition
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Sumatran orangutan


the forest'. Male Sumatran orangutans grow to about tall and . Females are smaller, averaging and . Compared to the Bornean species, Sumatran orangutans are thinner and have longer faces; their hair is longer with a paler red color. Compared with the Bornean orangutan, the Sumatran orangutan tends to be more frugivorous and especially insectivorous. Preferred fruits include figs and jackfruits. It will also eat bird eggs and small vertebrates. Sumatran orangutans spend far less time feeding on the inner bark of trees. Wild Sumatran orangutans in the Suaq
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Tapanuli orangutan


area where ancestral orangutans first entered what is now Indonesia from mainland Asia. Tapanuli orangutans resemble Sumatran orangutans more than Bornean orangutans in body build and fur color. However, they have frizzier hair, smaller heads, and flatter faces. Dominant male Tapanuli orangutans have prominent moustaches and large flat cheek pads, known as flanges, covered in downy hair. Both male and female Tapanuli orangutans have beards but with Bornean orangutans, only the males do. The loud, long-distance call or 'long call' of male Tapanuli orangutans
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Borneo lowland rain forest


large number of forest animals ranging from the world's smallest squirrel, the least pygmy squirrel, to the largest land mammal in Asia, the Asian elephant. It includes the critically endangered Sumatran rhinoceros, the endangered and iconic Bornean orangutan, twelve other species of primate, Bornean bearded pigs and Bornean yellow muntjac deer. The primates of Borneo are: three apes (Bornean orangutan, Müller's Bornean gibbon and Bornean white-bearded gibbon), five langurs, the southern pig-tailed macaque, the long-tailed macaque,
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Bornean orangutan


variable in size. By comparison, the Sumatran orangutan is similar in size but, on average, is marginally lighter in weight. A survey of wild orangutans found that males weigh on average , ranging from , and long; females average , ranging from , and long. While in captivity, orangutans can grow considerably overweight, up to more than . The heaviest known male orangutan in captivity was an obese male named "Andy", who weighed in 1959 when he was 13 years old. The Bornean orangutan has a distinctive
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Bornean orangutan


the Rajang River in central Sarawak and the Padas River in western Sabah. The first complete orangutan skeleton that was discovered was in the Hoa Binh province in Vietnam and thought to be from the late Pleistocene epoch. It differed from modern orangutans only in that its body was proportionately smaller compared to its head. This fossil and others confirm that orangutans once inhabited continental Southeast Asia even though currently, Bornean orangutans are only found in Malaysia and Indonesia. In history, orangutans ranged throughout Southeast Asia and into southern China, as well as
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Bornean rhinoceros


of their continued existence. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) classifies the subspecies as critically endangered. The Bornean specimen was given "Dicerorhinus sumatrensis harrissoni", named after the British polymath Tom Harrisson, who worked extensively with Bornean zoology and anthropology in the 1960s. The Bornean rhinoceros is markedly smaller than the other two subspecies, making it the smallest of the extant rhinos. The weight of an adult individual ranges from 600–950 kg, the height from 1-1.5 meters and the bodylength from 2–3 m. The Bornean
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Orangutan


, "P. abelii" was elevated back to full species status, and the three distinct populations on Borneo were elevated to subspecies. The population currently listed as "P. p. wurmbii" may be closer to the Sumatran orangutan than the other Bornean orangutan subspecies. If confirmed, "abelii" would be a subspecies of "P. wurmbii" (Tiedeman, 1808). Regardless, the type locality of "P. pygmaeus" has not been established beyond doubts, and may be from the population currently listed as "P. wurmbii"
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Tourism in Indonesia


are listed as endangered or critically endangered, and the remaining populations are found in national parks and other conservation areas. Sumatran orangutan can be visited in the Bukit Lawang conservation area, while the Bornean orangutan can be visited in Tanjung Puting national park, Central Kalimantan. The world's largest flower, rafflesia arnoldi, and the tallest flower, titan arum, can be found in Sumatra. The east side of the Wallacea line offers the most remarkable, rarest, and exotic animals on earth. Birds-of-paradise, locally
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Orangutan


genome was found to have evolved much more slowly than chimpanzee and human DNA. Previously, the species was estimated to have diverged 2.9 to 4.9 mya. The researchers hope these data may help conservationists save the endangered ape, and also prove useful in further understanding of human genetic diseases. Bornean orangutans have 48 diploid chromosomes. However, nuclear DNA sequence comparisons reported in 2017 suggest that Tapanuli orangutans diverged from Sumatran orangutans about 3.4 million years ago. Tapanuli orangutans diverged from Bornean orangutans, much later, about 670,000 years ago. Orangutans
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Bornean orangutan


will also actively seek other young orangutans to play with and travel with. On average, juveniles do not become completely independent until they are about seven years of age. The birth rate for orangutans has been decreasing largely due to a lack of sufficient nutrients as a result of habitat loss. A 2011 study on female orangutans in free-ranging rehabilitation programs found that individuals that were supplemented with food resources had shorter interbirth intervals, as well as a reduced age, at first birth. The Bornean orangutan is more common than the
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Orangutan


. Following humans and chimpanzees, the Sumatran orangutan became the third species of hominid to have its genome sequenced. Subsequently, the Bornean species had its genome sequenced. Genetic diversity was found to be lower in Bornean orangutans ("P. pygmaeus") than in Sumatran ones ("P. abelii"), despite the fact that Borneo is home to six or seven times as many orangutans as Sumatra. The comparison has shown these two species diverged around 400,000 years ago, more recently than was previously thought. Also, the orangutan
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Orangutan


rainforest habitat, which is rapidly being devastated by loggers, palm oil plantations, gold miners, and unnatural forest fires. Galdikas's conservation efforts have extended well beyond advocacy, largely focusing on rehabilitation of the many orphaned orangutans turned over to her for care. Galdikas is considered to be one of Leakey's Angels, along with Jane Goodall and Dian Fossey. According to the World Wildlife Fund, half of the habitat of the Bornean orangutan has been lost since 1994. A persistent folktale on Sumatra and Borneo and in popular culture
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Bornean orangutan


body shape with very long arms that may reach up to 1.5 metres in length. It has grey skin, a coarse, shaggy, reddish coat and prehensile, grasping hands and feet. Its coat does not cover its face unlike most mammals, although Bornean orangutans do have some hair on their faces including a beard and mustache. It also has large, fatty cheek pads known as flanges as well as a pendulous throat sac. Bornean orangutans are highly sexually dimorphic and have several features that differ between males and females. Males
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Sumatran orangutan


exhibit bimaturism, whereby fully flanged adult males and the smaller unflanged males are both capable of reproducing, but employ differing mating strategies to do so. The average interbirth rates for the Sumatran orangutan is 9.3 years, the longest reported among the great apes, including the Bornean orangutan. Infant orangutans will stay close to their mothers for up to three years. Even after that, the young will still associate with their mothers. Both the Sumatran and Bornean orangutans are likely to live several decades; estimated longevity is more than 50 years
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Bornean orangutan


Bradon-Jones "et al." considered "P. morio" to be a synonym of "P. pygmaeus", and the population found in East Kalimantan and Sabah to be a potentially unnamed separate taxon. In early October 2014, researchers from domestic and foreign countries found about 50 orangutans in several groups in South Kalimantan Province, although previously there is no record that the province has orangutans. As a member of the family "Hominidae", Bornean orangutans are one of the closest extant relatives to "Homo sapiens".
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Tapanuli orangutan


the species is found in an area of about at elevations from . Tapanuli orangutans are separated from the island's other species of orangutan, the Sumatran orangutan, by just . With fewer than 800 individuals restricted to an area of about , the Tapanuli orangutan is the rarest great ape. It is listed as critically endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) because of hunting, conflict with humans, the illegal wildlife trade, rampant habitat destruction for small-scale agriculture, mining and a proposed hydroelectric dam,
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Deforestation in Borneo


. These areas represent habitat for many endangered species; for example, orangutans, elephants and rare endemics such as the elusive Hose's civet. The Bornean orangutan has been a critically endangered species since 2016. As well as Borneo's importance in biodiversity conservation and as a carbon sink, the forests have significance for water security and food sovereignty for local communities of indigenous peoples. The Malaysian states of Sarawak and Sabah (East Malaysia), in the north, occupy about 26% of the island. The forested area here shrank
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Bornean orangutan


insects, and, to a lesser extent than the Sumatran orangutan, bark. They have also been known to consume the inner shoots of plants and vines. They get the necessary quantities of water from both fruit and from tree holes. Bornean orangutans have been sighted using spears to attempt (unsuccessfully) to catch fish. The species has been observed using tools such as leaves to wipe off faeces, a pad of leaves for holding spiny durian fruit, a leafy branch for a bee swatter, a bunch of leafy branches held
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Danum Valley Conservation Area


"Dipterocarpus" trees by the 100,000s. There is one lodge, the Borneo Rainforest Lodge, for tourists. From here visitors can do guided walks through lowland rainforest trails, and many people go there mainly for bird watching. Other activities include night walks and drives. The valley is bowl-shaped, with a maximum land height of 1093m. The lowland tropical rainforest is home to many birds and mammals. It is the only place where the enigmatic spectacled flowerpecker has been recorded. Bornean orangutans, Müller's Bornean gibbons
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Sepilok Orangutan Rehabilitation Centre


the Bornean Sun Bear Conservation Centre and shares veterinary facilities, personnel, parking, access roads and ticket gates. Entry Costs (Malaysian/ Non-Malaysian nationals): Adult- RM5/ RM30 Child- RM2/ RM15 Ticket is valid for the day of purchase, so you can attend both feeding times on the same ticket. Camera Cost: RM10 Opening hours: Saturday to Thursday- 9am to 12pm and 2pm to 4pm. Fridays 9am-11am and 2pm to 4pm. Orangutan feeding times: 10am and 3pm. It
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Tapanuli orangutan


The Tapanuli orangutan – Pongo tapanuliensis – is a species of orangutan restricted to South Tapanuli in the island of Sumatra in Indonesia. It is one of three known species of orangutan, alongside the Sumatran orangutan ("Pongo abelii"), found farther northwest on the island, and Bornean orangutan ("Pongo pygmaeus"). The population of around 800 individuals was described in 2017, the first new great ape species to be identified in a century. An isolated population of orangutans in the Batang Toru area of South Tapanuli was
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Hybrid orangutan


A hybrid orangutan or cocktail orangutan is a usually captive-born orangutan derived from interbreeding between Bornean ("Pongo pygmaeus") and Sumatran ("Pongo abelii") orangutans. The topic of orangutan speciation was poorly understood until the 1980s, when genetics revealed that orangutans actually comprise these two genetically distinct species. Before this was known, orangutans from differing species were paired in captivity, and in some cases produced hybrid offspring. Subsequently, the government of Indonesia and the organization that oversees zoo programs in the United States suggested to
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Orangutan


The orangutans (also spelled orang-utan, orangutang, or orang-utang) are three extant species of great apes native to Indonesia and Malaysia. Orangutans are currently only found in the rainforests of Borneo and Sumatra. Classified in the genus Pongo, orangutans were originally considered to be one species. From 1996, they were divided into two species: the Bornean orangutan ("P. pygmaeus", with three subspecies) and the Sumatran orangutan ("P. abelii"). In November 2017 it was reported that a third
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Orangutan


species had been identified, the Tapanuli orangutan ("P. tapanuliensis"). Genomic comparisons show that the Tapanuli orangutan separated from the Sumatran orangutan about 3.4 million years ago. The Tapanuli orangutan separated from the Bornean orangutan much later, about 670,000 years ago. The orangutans are the only surviving species of the subfamily Ponginae, which also included several other species, such as the three extinct species of the genus "Gigantopithecus", including the largest known primate, "Gigantopithecus blacki". The ancestors of the Ponginae split from the
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Colchester Zoo


Milan, Winnipeg, Paris and Sydney. The enclosure also features the largest straight underwater tunnel in Europe, holding 500,000 gallons of water and with glass that is 10 millimetres thick. Orangutan Forest is home to one male orangutan. Named Tiga, a pure-bred Bornean orang-utan. It was the home of a hybrid of a Bornean and Sumatran orang-utan named Rajang who died at the age of 50 in 2018 having lived at the zoo since 1980. Colchester Zoo is one of the few zoos in the UK
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Bornean orangutan


"Pongo" is derived from the Bantu word "mpongo" used to indicate a large primate. It was originally used to describe chimpanzees in Western African dialects. The species name "pygmaeus" is derived from the Greek word "pygmy" meaning dwarf. The Bornean orangutan is the third-heaviest living primate after the two species of gorilla, and the largest truly arboreal (or tree-dwelling) animal alive today. Body weights broadly overlap with the considerably taller "Homo sapiens", but the latter is considerably more
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Orangutan Diary


Orangutan Diary is a nature documentary series on the BBC, which follows the lives of Bornean orangutans in the care of Lone Drøscher Nielsen, a member of the Borneo Orangutan Survival (BOS) foundation. The program tries to detail the threat that the orangutans face in day-to-day life. The presenters Michaela Strachan and Steve Leonard follow the careers of the orangutans daily to see what the centre has to deal with. The centre was founded in 1994, a year after Lone Dröscher Nielsen permanently moved to Borneo. She
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Sumatran orangutan


The Sumatran orangutan ("Pongo abelii") is one of the three species of orangutans. Found only in the north of the Indonesian island of Sumatra, it is rarer than the Bornean orangutan but more common than the recently identified Tapanuli orangutan, also of Sumatra. Its common name is based on two separate local words, "orang" ("people" or "person") and "hutan" ("forest"), derived from the official language of Malaysia, Malay, and translates as 'person of
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Bornean orangutan


have much larger cheek pads, or flanges, that are composed of muscle and large amounts of fat. In females, the flanges are mostly composed of muscle. Males have relatively larger canines and premolars. Males have a more pronounced beard and mustache. The throat sac in males is also considerably larger. There are two body types for sexually mature males: smaller or larger. Larger males are more dominant but smaller males still breed successfully. There is little sexual dimorphism at birth. The Bornean orangutan lives in tropical and subtropical
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Orangutan


their time in the trees. Orangutans are opportunistic foragers, and their diets vary markedly from month to month. Fruit makes up 65–90% of the orangutan diet, and those with sugary or fatty pulp are favoured. Ficus fruits are commonly eaten and are easy to harvest and digest. Lowland dipterocarp forests are preferred by orangutans because of their plentiful fruit. Bornean orangutans consume at least 317 different food items that include young leaves, shoots, bark, insects, honey and bird eggs. Orangutans in Sumatra occasionally eat slow lorises.
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Wehea Forest


with a dry season from June to September and rainy season from November through February. The average temperature ranges from 24 to 35 degrees Celsius. The Wehea Forest is the watershed for the Wehea River in East Kutai Regency and the Long Gi River in the Berau Regency. Biodiversity studies in Wehea by Integrated Conservation and The Nature Conservancy found it is home to endangered species such as the Bornean orangutan, Sunda clouded leopard and sun bear. In 2011, a team of scientists re-discovered the endangered Miller's Grizzled Langur in Wehea
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Houston Zoo


partner in the AZA's Species Survival Plan (SSP) Program, a population management and conservation program for selected species housed in North American zoos. The zoo supports more than a dozen conservation projects in Texas and across the globe that assist in the survival of endangered wildlife and habitats. Projects include the Houston toad, sea turtle, Attwater's prairie chicken, Galapagos tortoise, Bornean orangutan, elephant, clouded leopard, African lion, frogs, Brazilian tapir, rhinoceros, African wild dog, chimpanzee, okapi, and cheetah.
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Orangutan


, and are instead fist-walkers. Orangutans live in primary and old secondary forests, particularly dipterocarp forests and peat swamp forests. Both species can be found in mountainous and lowland swampy areas. Sumatran orangutans live at elevations as high as 1500 m (4921 ft), while Bornean orangutans live no higher than 1000 m (3281 ft). Other habitats used by orangutans include grasslands, cultivated fields, gardens, young secondary forest, and shallow lakes. Orangutans are the most arboreal of the great apes, spending nearly all
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Hogle Zoo


two or three species of apes. At most, the building has housed three species, including western lowland gorillas, chimpanzees, and Bornean orangutans. The exhibit features four indoor exhibits and two large outdoor exhibits. Today the zoo is home to three western lowland gorillas and three Bornean orangutans. The leader of the gorilla troop is a male named Husani, who came to Hogle Zoo in 2010 from the Birmingham Zoo. He leads two females, JoRayk and Jabali, a mother and daughter pair, who came to the zoo in
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Bornean orangutan


The survey found that 73% of respondents knew orangutans were protected by Indonesian law. However, the Indonesian government rarely prosecutes or punishes perpetrators. In a rare prosecution in November 2011, two men were arrested for killing at least 20 orangutans and a number of long-nosed proboscis monkeys. They were ordered to conduct the killings by the supervisor of a palm oil plantantion, to protect the crop, with a payment of $100 for a dead orangutan and $22 for a monkey. A number of orangutan rescue and rehabilitation
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Tapanuli orangutan


Genetic comparisons show that Tapanuli orangutans diverged from Sumatran orangutans about 3.4 million years ago, and became more isolated after the Lake Toba eruption that occurred about 75,000 years ago. They had continued sporadic contact that stopped at least 10,000 to 20,000 years ago. Tapanuli orangutans diverged from Bornean orangutans about 674,000 years ago. Orangutans travelled from Sumatra to Borneo as the islands were connected by land bridges as parts of Sundaland during recent glacial periods when sea levels were much lower. The present range of Tapanuli orangutans is thought to be close to the
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Tapanuli orangutan


has a higher maximum frequency than that of Sumatran orangutans, and lasts much longer and has more pulses than that of Bornean orangutans. Their diet is also unique, containing unusual items like caterpillars and conifer cones. Tapanuli orangutans are thought to be exclusively arboreal as scientists have not seen them descend to the ground in over 3,000 hours of observation. This is probably due to the presence of Sumatran tigers in the area. Tapanuli orangutans live in tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests located south of Lake Toba in Sumatra. The entirety of
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Sumatran Orangutan Conservation Programme


SOCP also manages several other field conservation projects across the entire species’ range, with much of its work focused on the naturally remaining wild populations in the 2.6 million ha Leuser Ecosystem, and the largest natural orangutan population outside of the Leuser Ecosystem, the Tapanuli orangutans of the upland forests of the Batang Toru area in the Tapanuli region of North Sumatra. The SOCP is the number one source of data, knowledge and information regarding the conservation status of the species, reflected by its leading role in the 2012 island-wide orangutan
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Sumatran orangutan


sequenced. The researchers also published less complete copies from ten wild orangutans, five from Borneo and five from Sumatra. The genetic diversity was found to be lower in Bornean orangutans ("Pongo pygmaeus") than in Sumatran ones ("Pongo abelii"), despite the fact that Borneo is home to six or seven times as many orangutans as Sumatra. The comparison has shown these two species diverged around 400,000 years ago, more recently than was previously thought. The orangutan genome also has fewer rearrangements than the chimpanzee/human
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Bornean orangutan


, it promotes the preservation of the rain forest for them. The Sepilok Orang Utan Rehabilitation Centre near Sandakan in the state of Sabah in Malaysian Borneo opened in 1964 as the first official orangutan rehabilitation project. A seven-year longitudinal study published in 2011 looked at whether the lifespan of zoo-housed orangutans was related to a subjective assessment of well-being, with the intent of applying such measures to assess the welfare of orangutans in captivity. Of the subjects, 100 were Sumatran ("Pongo abelii"), 54
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The Disenchanted Forest


The Disenchanted Forest is a 1999 documentary film that follows endangered orphan orangutans on the island of Borneo as they are rehabilitated and returned to their rainforest home. It centres on the three main Borneo Orangutan Survival Foundation (BOS) projects - Wanariset, Nyaru Menteng and Mawas. It is narrated by Brooke Shields. In the Bornean rainforest Dr. Anne Russon, primate psychologist, broaches new territory in the attempt to understand orangutan intelligence and psychology. Orangutans, like humans, have "culture." They do not rely solely on animal instinct
21574749
Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada


in Canada) and 15 wildlife species that are Extinct (X). The other category is not at risk (NAR). COSEWIC provides online updated status reports on designated species. COSEWIC bases its quantitative criteria for species' status assessment on the revised IUCN Red List, the world's most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of biological species. COSEWIC provides International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the world's main authority on the conservation status of species, with a Regional Red List. IUCN.
2828846
Kumai


such as weddings, circumcisions, etc. - are usually held in Kumai. The Tanjung Puting National Park is a conservation area that protects a large variety of plants, animals and their associated ecosystems. It is the largest protected area of swamp forest in South-East Asia. Tanjung Puting first received a level of protection in 1935, and was officially designated a wildlife reserve in 1939. In 1982, it was declared a national park. The park was established primarily for the protection of the Bornean orangutan ("Pongo pygmaeus
18638377
Zoo Atlanta


giant pandas, tanukis, and red pandas, as well as Bornean orangutans and Sumatran orangutans. The "Orangutan Learning Tree Project", launched at Zoo Atlanta in 2007, utilizes in-habitat touch screen technology to allow orangutans to engage in computer puzzles, games and problem-solving exercises while guests observe their activities on a linked monitor. The Zoo Atlanta herpetology department manages more than 450 reptiles and amphibians representing over 100 species, though because of the size of the "World of Reptiles" exhibit building, not all of
2240243
Orangutan


. In late March 2012, a once-significant population in northern Sumatra were reported to be threatened with approaching forest fires and might be wiped out entirely within a matter of weeks. Estimates between 2000 and 2003 found 7,300 Sumatran orangutans and between 45,000 and 69,000 Bornean orangutans remain in the wild. A 2007 study by the Government of Indonesia noted a total wild population of 61,234 orangutans, 54,567 of which were found on the island of Borneo in 2004. The table below shows a breakdown of the species and subspecies and their estimated
2527244
Lone Drøscher Nielsen


2010, Drøscher Nielsen lived in Borneo to help save the Bornean orangutan from extinction due to loss of its natural habitat due to logging and oil palm plantations. Drøscher Nielsen sought the advice of Dr Willie Smits of the Borneo Orangutan Survival (BOS) Foundation about the possibility of creating a new project in Central Kalimantan to deal with the swelling numbers of orphaned orangutans. Dr Smits agreed to help, and with the financial backing of the Gibbon Foundation and BOS Indonesia, Lone founded the Nyaru Menteng Orangutan Reintroduction Project in 1998. She
14063766
Hybrid orangutan


stop interbreeding of Sumatran and Bornean orangutans and called for disallowing hybrids to reproduce. From 1971 to 1985, 90 orphaned or displaced orangutans rescued from illegal animal trade were released into Tanjung Puting National Park in Central Kalimantan. A subsequent genetic survey determined that at least two orangutans, captured in a different region and therefore not native to the park, had prolifically interbred with the local native apes, and produced at least 22 hybridized descendants. Their offspring contributes to fears that interbreeding of subspecies leads to "hybrid vigor", in which
4862630
Human evolutionary genetics


, "Pan troglodytes"), two species of gorilla (the western gorilla, "Gorilla gorilla", and the eastern gorilla, "Gorilla graueri"), and two species of orangutan (the Bornean orangutan, "Pongo pygmaeus", and the Sumatran orangutan, "Pongo abelii"). The great apes with the family Hylobatidae of gibbons form the superfamily Hominoidea of apes. Apes, in turn, belong to the primate order (400 species), along with the Old World monkeys, the New World monkeys
17869930
Chester Zoo


themed exhibit, featuring threatened Sumatran and Bornean orangutan, opened in May 2007. In January 2009, Chester Zoo unveiled "Natural Vision", a £225 million plan to transform itself into the largest conservation attraction in Europe. The first phase of the plan was to be a £90 million, enclosed African-rainforest-themed sanctuary containing a band of gorillas and a troop of chimpanzees, as well as okapi and a variety of tropical birds, amphibians, reptiles, fishes, and invertebrates, moving freely among lush vegetation
14604177
Kansas City Zoo


a temporary home, work eventually began on August 17, 2014, on a $6 million new orangutan exhibit called Orangutan Canopy. The Zoological District along with many donors helped make Orangutan Canopy possible. The 3,400 square foot exhibit, which houses six Bornean orangutans in a more naturalistic outdoor environment than their previous two enclosures offered, opened to the public in May 2015. The KidZone area features a large cage for rainbow lorikeets, with three daily feedings that guests may participate in. There is a large sea lion pool, which
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Bornean orangutan


at risk. According to an anthropologist at Harvard University, in 10 to 20 years, orangutans are expected to be extinct in the wild if no serious effort is made to overcome the threats they are facing. This view is also supported by the United Nations Environment Programme, which stated in its 2007 report that, due to illegal logging, fire and the extensive development of palm oil plantations, orangutans are critically endangered, and if the current trend continues, they will become extinct. When forests are burned down to clear room
20686860
Bonnie (orangutan)


Bonnie (born 1976, Rio Grande Zoo) is a hybrid female Sumatran/Bornean orangutan living at the National Zoo in Washington, D.C., since 1980. She began spontaneously whistling, mimicking an animal caretaker making the sound. This is significant as whistling is a sound that is in a human’s—but not an orangutan’s—repertoire. While some "lower primates" have been shown to make non-standard sounds for their species, it has always been the result of intense training, whereas Bonnie picked up the new sound
15952949
Anne E. Russon


Anne E. Russon is a Canadian psychologist and primatologist. She is a researcher and Professor of Psychology at Glendon College, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada whose research focuses on learning and intelligence in ex-captive Bornean orangutans. Russon is widely published in the fields of primate behavior and ecology, is executive director of the Borneo Orangutan Society of Canada, and is the author of several popular press books dealing with Great Apes including "Orangutans: Wizards of the Rainforest", "Reaching into Thought: The Minds of the
20651133
Bornean orangutan


This species was originally discovered by native Malaysians. There are several mentions of orangutans in Malaysian folklore. However, this species was originally named and described by the notable zoologist Carl Linneus in 1799. Its original name was "Simia satyrus", meaning "satyr monkey", but was changed when scientists discovered that not all orangutans are one species. The holotype of this organism is located in the British Museum in London. The current species name "P. pygmaeus" is not Latin unlike most other Linnean classifications. The genus name
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Bornean orangutan


together as an "umbrella" while traveling in the rain, a single stick as backscratcher, and a branch or tree trunk as a missile. In some regions, orangutans occasionally eat soil to get minerals that may neutralize the toxins and acids they consume in their primarily vegetarian diets. On rare occasions, orangutans will prey upon other, smaller primates, such as slow lorises. Males and females generally come together only to mate. Subadult males (unflanged) will try to mate with any female and will be successful around half
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Sumatran orangutan


the hairs with it. Once the fruit is safe, the ape will eat the seeds using the stick or its fingers. Although similar swamps can be found in Borneo, wild Bornean orangutans have not been seen using these types of tools. NHNZ filmed the Sumatran orangutan for its show "Wild Asia: In the Realm of the Red Ape"; it showed one of them using a simple tool, a twig, to pry food from difficult places. There is also a sequence of an animal using a large leaf as
2342451
Hogle Zoo


2011 from the Denver Zoo. The zoo is also home to three Bornean orangutans, including a female orangutan named Acara and her brother Tuah. Acara and Tuah were both born at the zoo; however, both of their parents died in 2014, leaving them orphans. In the fall of 2016, a male orangutan named Mia came to Hogle Zoo from the Greenville Zoo in order to be a companion to Acara. The Small Animal Building was built in the 1970s. The building itself features four different ecosystems, including a Tropics
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Sumatran orangutan


and they possess unique strategies of locomotion, moving slowly and using multiple supports to limit oscillations in compliant branches, particularly at their tips. The Sumatran orangutan is also more arboreal than its Bornean cousin; this could be because of the presence of large predators, like the Sumatran tiger. It moves through the trees by quadrumanous locomotion and semibrachiation. As of 2015, the Sumatran orangutans species only has approximately 7,000 remaining members in its population. The World Wide Fund for Nature is thus carrying out attempts to protect the species by allowing
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Sumatran orangutan


years. Females are able to give birth up to 53 years of age, based on studies of menopausal cycles. Both males and females are usually considered healthy even at the end of their lifespans and can be identified as such by the regular abundance of hair growth and robust cheek pads. The Sumatran orangutan is more social than its Bornean counterpart; groups gather to feed on the mass amounts of fruit on fig trees. The Sumatran orangutan community is best described as loose, not showing social or spatial exclusivity. Groups generally consist
2342461
Orangutan


Bornean orangutan population declined by 60% in the past 60 years and is projected to decline by 82% over 75 years. Its range has become patchy throughout Borneo, being largely extirpated from various parts of the island, including the southeast. The largest remaining population is found in the forest around the Sabangau River, but this environment is at risk. Sumatran orangutan populations declined by 80% in 75 years. This species is now found only in the northern part of Sumatra, with most of the population inhabiting the Leuser Ecosystem
2527243
Auckland Zoo


the zoo until 2004. In January 1987 the new orangutan exhibit opened (currently part of the zoo's Orangutan Trail), which now holds one of the zoo's two present Bornean orangutan groups, and zoo visitors began to rise again. At the time, it was the zoo's most impressive and costly ever exhibit designed to be moated and barless. However, a much more spectacular short term exhibit was being investigated. In 1981, three giraffe arrived from Honolulu Zoo, males Tsavo and Lo Cecil and female Kinshasa.
39611
Bornean Sun Bear Conservation Centre


captive breeding programme which stopped in 2006 after the death of the last male rhino there. The BSBCC started in 2008 with taking over the responsibility of seven captive bears under the care of Sepilok Orangutan Rehabilitation Centre. In March 2010, the first phase of the structural development of the centre culminated in the opening of a new 20-bear house and outdoor enclosures in the Sepilok Forest Reserve. In April 2010, the existing captive bears were moved into their new living spaces, integrated into 'bear groups' and given access to outdoor enclosures
5313992
Lamandau River


lives of the Dayaks. Buddhist influence has also been traced in the Lamandau River valley in the Kotawaringin town. Buddhist statues with god's name of Dewata or Mahatara have been found here. Much of the land between the Jelai-Bila River and the Lamandau River is developed by agriculture. The river flows through the 76,000-hectare Lamandau River Wildlife Reserve, in the unique primary forest in Borneo, which has many endangered species, including Bornean orangutans. Human exploitation in the area has led to the pollution of the Lamandau River from gold
6116313
Bornean peacock-pheasant


but the two species are well-isolated geographically. The highly specialised anterior breast and upper neck plumage of male Bornean peacock-pheasant males are quite distinctive. Females of the two species are more difficult to distinguish. The rectrices of the Bornean species are morphologically and patterned intermediate between Palawan and Malayan peacock-pheasants. Because of ongoing habitat loss, small population size, and limited range, the Bornean peacock-pheasant is evaluated as Endangered on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. It is listed on Appendix II of CITES
12462983
Samboja Lestari


drew on his background in microbiology and his doctoral dissertation on mycorrhiza, making enormous quantities of compost for tree seedlings. Along with organic waste, he mixed in sawdust, fruit remnants from the orangutan cages, manure from cattle and chickens scavenged from his other projects in Kalimantan and a microbiological agent made from sugar and cow urine. The drive to secure the future of the Bornean orangutan was the central concern of the project. Smits' Orangutan Rehabilitation Project at Wanariset was moved to Samboja. "Forest Schools" were established, areas
12439518
Anne E. Russon


Great Apes", and "The Evolution of Thought: Evolution of Great Ape Intelligence". Russon received her doctorate at the University of Montreal, and her Masters and York University in Toronto, where she currently teaches. Before she began to study orangutans, Russon had experience working with chimpanzees in laboratory settings. It was there that she developed an interest in great ape intelligence, especially studying them outside of captivity. Since 1989, Russon has been studying Bornean orangutan intelligence. Russon began to study orangutans because she felt that they
20651134
Bornean orangutan


full nutrients so that they can be sufficiently healthy to breed. A November 2011 survey, based on interviews with 6,983 respondents in 687 villages across Kalimantan in 2008 to 2009, gave estimated orangutan killing rates of between 750 and 1800 in the year leading up to April 2008. These killing rates were higher than previously thought and confirm that the continued existence of the orangutan in Kalimantan is under serious threat. The survey did not quantify the additional threat to the species due to habitat loss from deforestation and expanding palm-oil plantations.
20686862
National Zoological Park (United States)


. Kyle, Batang and Redd are Bornean orangutans and Kiko, Lucy, Iris and Bonnie are all hybrid orangutans. The Think Tank is an area designed to educate visitors about how animals think and learn about their surroundings. The Think Tank features several interactive displays that teach visitors how zoologists conduct their studies. The zoo's orangutans (which are sometimes used in keeper demonstrations) are allowed to move from the Great Ape House to the Think Tank, and the building includes suitable enclosures for the apes should they choose to stay there
5109636
Bornean Sun Bear Conservation Centre


Forestry Department (SFD). The BSBCC is neighboured to the Sepilok Orangutan Rehabilitation Centre in Sepilok and shares veterinary facilities, personnel, parking, access roads and ticket gates. Seeing sun bears kept in dreadful conditions during his study drove the wildlife biologist Wong Siew Te on a quest to open a facility to improve their welfare. The search for a suitable place unlocked a 2.5 ha site within the 42 km Sepilok-Kabili Forest Reserve. The area is adjacent to the Sepilok Orang Utan Rehabilitation Centre and once housed a Sumatran rhinoceros
5313991
International Union for Conservation of Nature


Unlike other environmental organisations, IUCN does not itself aim to directly mobilize the general public. Education has been part of IUCN's work program since the early days but the focus is on stakeholder involvement and strategic communication rather than mass-campaigns. IUCN runs field projects for habitat and species conservation around the world. It produces the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species and the IUCN Red List of Ecosystems which in a similar way measures risks to ecosystems. The IUCN Red List of Ecosystems is a global standard to assess the conservation status
13568881
Conservation biology


they sustain. Aldo Leopold was a classical thinker and writer on such conservation ethics whose philosophy, ethics and writings are still valued and revisited by modern conservation biologists. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has organized a global assortment of scientists and research stations across the planet to monitor the changing state of nature in an effort to tackle the extinction crisis. The IUCN provides annual updates on the status of species conservation through its Red List. The IUCN Red List serves as an international conservation tool to identify those
2964152
Betung Kerihun National Park


altitude with oaks ("Quercus" and "Lithocarpus" ssp.) and chestnut trees ("Castanopsis" ssp.). At least 97 species of orchid and 49 species of palm have been identified in the Park. The fauna of the park is rich, with 300 species of bird (25 endemic to Borneo), at least 162 fish species and at least 54 mammals. The park is home to endangered Bornean orangutan and seven other primate species: Müller's Bornean gibbon, white-fronted surili, maroon leaf
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Bornean orangutan


moist broadleaf forests in the Bornean lowlands, as well as mountainous areas up to above sea level. This species lives throughout the canopy of primary and secondary forests, and moves large distances to find trees bearing fruit. It can be found in the two Malaysian states of Sabah and Sarawak, and three of the four Indonesian Provinces of Kalimantan. Due to habitat destruction, the species distribution is now highly patchy throughout the island; the species has become rare in the southeast of the island, as well as in the forests between
20686849
Orangutan


(in which case "P. wurmbii" would be a junior synonym of "P. pygmaeus", while one of the names currently considered a junior synonym of "P. pygmaeus" would take precedence for the northwest Bornean taxon). To further confuse, the name "P. morio", as well as some suggested junior synonyms, may be junior synonyms of the "P. pygmaeus" subspecies, thus leaving the east Bornean populations unnamed. The description in 2017 of a third species, "P. tapanuliensis", from Sumatra south
2527205
Borneo


plants and animals, and the rainforest is one of the few remaining natural habitats for the endangered Bornean orangutan. It is an important refuge for many endemic forest species, including the Borneo elephant, the eastern Sumatran rhinoceros, the Bornean clouded leopard, the hose's palm civet and the dayak fruit bat. Peat swamp forests occupy the entire coastline of Borneo. The soil of the peat swamp are comparatively infertile, while it is known to be the home of various bird species such as the hook-billed bulbul, helmeted hornbill
4194258
Red-breasted partridge


The red-breasted partridge ("Arborophila hyperythra"), also known as the Bornean hill-partridge, is a species of bird in the family Phasianidae. It is endemic to hill and montane forest in Borneo, preferring bamboos and thickets. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has assessed it as a least-concern species. Richard Bowdler Sharpe described this species as "Bambusicola hyperythra" in 1879, from specimens collected in northwestern Borneo by William Hood Treacher, who was Acting Governor of Labuan at that
304754
Conservation status


use. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species is the best known worldwide conservation status listing and ranking system. Species are classified by the IUCN Red List into nine groups set through criteria such as rate of decline, population size, area of geographic distribution, and degree of population and distribution fragmentation. Also included are species that have gone extinct since 500 CE. When discussing the IUCN Red List, the official term "threatened" is a grouping of three categories: critically endangered, endangered, and vulnerable. The Convention on
12047334
Wildlife of Malaysia


Bornean bearded pigs. Gaurs and Asian elephants can also be found. Lowland animals such as these also can be found at higher altitudes, along with animals specialised for mountain living, such as siamang gibbons, red squirrels, and lesser moon rats. East Malaysia lacks the tigers of the Peninsula, leaving clouded leopards, sunbears and Sunda otter civets as the primary predators. Rhinoceroses and elephants are also found there, along with Bornean orangutans, Mueller's gibbons, macaques, proboscis monkeys, silvered leaf monkeys, langurs and slow lorises
11141405
Balikpapan


. In addition to sun bears, other Balikpapan animals that are declared endangered are proboscis monkeys, borneo gibbon, bornean orangutans, pangolin and otter civet. Whereas extinct animals in Balikpapan are Bornean Banteng ("Bos javanicus lowi"). Based on Indonesian Most Liveable City Index which measured 27 indicators in every 2 years, Balikpapan is the best city for living in 2013 and toppled Yogyakarta as the best in 2011 and 2009. Balikpapan mainly maintained city management aspects and environment wellbeing. As part of the Earth Hour City Challenge,
2614567
Anne E. Russon


. Russon’s work has focused on conservation efforts. She is executive director of the Borneo Orangutan Society of Canada, a charitable organization which supports orangutan conservation efforts in Indonesia and Malaysia. She is also a part of the advisory boards for other orangutan support organizations, including Alchemy Films, Borneo Orangutan Survival Foundation–Indonesia, the Orangutan Conservancy, and Orangutan Network. She also runs “Orangutan Sanctuary”, a webpage meant to provide resources for professionals interested in orangutan conservation. During her Tenure at York, Russon has been recognized
20651136
King Louie


physically active, spending a great deal of his time in trees and eating bananas. Prince Louie (as he is referred to in the show) wants to become king of the jungle one day, and when any man-made objects turn up he immediately shows great interest. A slightly different version of the character appeared in Disney's 1994 live-action film. Once again, he is an orangutan (portrayed by a trained Bornean orangutan named Lowell), and is the 'leader' of a group of monkeys that
10690616
San Diego Zoo


the eponymous species. The exhibit has waterfalls, a meadow, and tropical plants such as allspice, coral trees, and African tulip trees, as well as several species of bamboo. Guests can view the seven western gorillas from a viewing window, across a waterfall, and across a creek. This exhibit opened in 2003, as a major renovation of the former "Whittier Southeast Asian Exhibits", which had opened in 1982. It houses four Sumatran orangutans (a Bornean orangutan was also kept here) and siamangs in an
13467194
Blackpool Zoo


was opened in May 2010 along with the addition of a male sealion from Spain. 2011 saw the opening of a new Children's Farm and the expansion and refurbishment of the main restaurant. In 2018, the zoo opened a new elephant exhibit - Project Elephant Base Camp. Reopened in 2014, following a £1 million transformation, Orangutan Outlook is home to five Bornean orangutans - a male named Ramon and four females; Vicky, Cherie (Vicky's daughter), Summer (Vicky's daughter) and Jingga (arrived in
1402499
Chester Zoo


of the Jaguar is also home to a colony of leaf-cutter ants, sloths, and an aquarium featuring numerous rainforest fish such as Discus fish and shoals of tetra. The exhibit went through another makeover in late 2011, and now has a theme focusing on human/wildlife conflict. An outdoor enclosure for two-toed sloths is located just outside which also houses Azara's agouti. Realm of the Red Ape is a £3.5 million extension to the existing orangutan house, home to Bornean orangutans, and was the most
14604197
Orangutan


of Lake Toba, came with a surprising twist: it is more closely related to the Bornean species, "P. pygmaeus" than to its fellow Sumatran species, "P. abelii". Some fossils described under the name "P. hooijeri" have been found in Vietnam, and multiple fossil subspecies have been described from several parts of southeastern Asia. It is unclear if these belong to "P. pygmaeus" or "P. abelii" or, in fact, represent distinct species. The Sumatran orangutan genome was sequenced in January 2011
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