Indian peacock softshell turtle [SEP] IUCN conservation status
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Ganges


Pangshura tecta"), Indian tent turtle ("Pangshura tentoria"), Indian flapshell turtle ("Lissemys punctata"), Indian narrow-headed softshell turtle ("Chitra indica"), Indian softshell turtle ("Nilssonia gangetica"), Indian peacock softshell turtle ("N. hurum") and Cantor's giant softshell turtle ("Pelochelys cantorii"; only in the lowermost section of Ganges basin). Most of these are seriously threatened. The river's most famed faunal member is the freshwater Ganges river dolphin
12080599
Black softshell turtle


The black softshell turtle or Bostami turtle ("Nilssonia nigricans", previously placed in genus "Aspideretes") is a species of freshwater turtle found in India (Assam) and Bangladesh (Chittagong and Sylhet). It was long believed to be inbred individuals of the Ganges softshell turtle ("A. gangeticus" or "N. gangeticus") or the Indian peacock softshell turtle ("A. hurum" or "N. hurum"), but while it is a close relative of the latter, it is a distinct species.
10773992
Nilssonia (turtle)


"N. formosa" and unfused in the others. Thus, it has been proposed to unite the two genera under the older name, "Nilssonia". As it seems, the closest living relatives of the Burmese peacock softshell are the Indian softshell turtle ("A./N. gangeticus") and the Leith's softshell turtle ("A./N. leithii"), making the merging of the genera well warranted. The generic name, "Nilssonia", is in honor of Swedish zoologist Sven Nilsson. If the genera are united, the
20329801
List of threatened reptiles and amphibians of the United States


According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), 93 reptile and amphibian species in the United States are threatened with extinction. The IUCN has classified each of these species into one of three conservation statuses: vulnerable , endangered , and critically endangered . Family Crocodylidae (crocodiles) Family Chelydridae (snapping turtles) Family Kinosternidae (mud turtles and musk turtles) Family Emydidae (pond turtles) Family Testudinidae (tortoises) Family Cheloniidae (sea turtles) Family Dermochelyidae (leatherback sea turtle) Family Trionychidae (softshells) Family
13260430
Nilssonia (turtle)


Nilssonia is a genus of softshell turtles (family Trionychidae) from rivers, streams, ponds, and lakes in South Asia and Burma. In many treatments, it is monotypic, with the single species Burmese peacock softshell ("N. formosa"). However, the supposed other genus of peacock softshells, "Aspideretes", is more closely related to "N. formosa" than had been believed. They differ only in the neural plates between the first pleural scale pair of the bony carapace, which are fused into one in
20329800
Indian softshell turtle


The Indian softshell turtle ("Nilssonia gangetica"), or Ganges softshell turtle is a species of softshell turtle found in South Asia in rivers such as the Ganges, Indus and Mahanadi. This vulnerable turtle reaches a carapace length of up to . It feeds mostly on fish, amphibians, carrion and other animal matter, but also takes aquatic plants. The species is identified on the basis of the structure of the carapace and plastron. There are eight pairs of costal plates, the last well developed and in contact throughout on
10774000
Chinese softshell turtle


carapace length is about and width is also about . Sex of the hatchlings is not determined by incubation temperature. Wild populations are listed as vulnerable on the IUCN Red List. The Chinese softshell turtle is the most commonly raised species in China's turtle farms. According to the data obtained from 684 Chinese turtle farms, they sold over 91 million turtles of this species every year; considering that these farms represented less than half of the 1,499 registered turtle farms in China, the nationwide total could be over twice as high. These
14383775
Cantor's giant softshell turtle


Mindanao), and Indonesia (Kalimantan, Java, and Sumatra). Cantor's giant softshell turtle is classified as Endangered by the IUCN and has disappeared from much of its range. Prior to 2007, it was last seen in Cambodia in 2003. A 2007 survey of one area of the Mekong River in Cambodia found the turtle in abundance along a stretch of the river. In the Philippines, a juvenile Cantor’s turtle known as “cagot" appeared and was captured by a fisherman along the Addalam River, Cabarroguis,
10773991
Asiatic softshell turtle


the United States. Later on, other countries began to do this as well. As the trade for this species grows, the number of turtles remaining drops. The Asiatic softshell turtle is now on the IUCN Red List as "Vulnerable", meaning it is not yet extinct, but is at the risk of becoming so. Laws have been put in place to help slow down the trading of these turtles or even stop it completely to protect this species from extinction. However, there aren't any against harvesting "Amyda
20329593
Indian narrow-headed softshell turtle


Indian narrow-headed softshell turtle ("Chitra indica") also known as small-headed softshell turtle is an endangered species of softshell turtle found in rivers of South Asia. It is very large and feeds on fish, frogs, crustaceans and molluscs, which it ambushes. In the past it was included in "Chitra chitra"; a species restricted to Southeast Asia using current taxonomy. This species is very large with a carapace up to . Type locality: "India, fl. Ganges, Penang"; restricted
10715925
Yangtze giant softshell turtle


individual in China in 2019, and it is listed as critically endangered in the IUCN Red List. It may be the largest living freshwater turtle in the world. The female of the last breeding pair died at Suzhou Zoo in China in April 2019, making the species functionally extinct unless a wild female is found. The Yangtze giant softshell turtle is noted for its deep head with a pig-like snout and dorsally placed eyes. This critically endangered species holds the title of being the largest freshwater turtle in the world. Although
8731422
Frederick Yeh


sea turtle conservation efforts in Hawaii. According to the global authority on nature conservation, International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the sea turtles of the Hawaiian Islands were also once under the threat of near extinction, but are now thriving and their conservation status reclassified as "Least Concern" according to the IUCN Red List. Thus, Yeh established Sea Turtles 911 under Hawaiian jurisdiction, and changed the course of his life by moving to China to save the sea turtles he had hopelessly witnessed being sold, earning
8188720
Smooth softshell turtle


smooth softshell turtle is considered a species of least conservation concern. However, the species is still facing some wide-ranged threats. These threats include habitat degradation, harvesting for food, and an increase in human disturbances at nesting sites. Additionally, due to their skin's high rate of gas exchange, they are very susceptible to polluted waters. As a result of all of these factors, the smooth softshell turtle has been listed as a species of special concern in Minnesota and Wisconsin. Two subspecies are recognized, including the
3718432
Madras Crocodile Bank Trust


zoo of the Central Zoo Authority of India for the breeding programmes for endangered species, including rock python, king cobra and Ganges softshell turtle, as per the National Zoo Policy adopted by the Government of India in 1988. The National Zoo Policy (1998) states several objectives that zoos should pursue including education, publications, and breeding rare and endangered species. In 2010, the bank also bred the rare Tomistoma crocodile, which is in the Red List of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN). In
16837603
Chinese softshell turtle


in Guangxi and Hunan (where the Chinese softshell turtle also is present), as well as Vietnam, are recognized as the lesser Chinese softshell turtle ("P. parviformis") and Hunan softshell turtle ("P. axenaria"). The Chinese softshell turtle is a vulnerable species, threatened by habitat loss and collection for food such as turtle soup. Millions are now farmed, especially in China, to support the food industry, and it is the world's economically most important turtle. Females of the Chinese softshell turtle can
14383765
Shoolpaneshwar Wildlife Sanctuary


The hilly tract of the sanctuary supports forests harboring floral and faunal elements, which bear similarities to those in the Himalayas and Western Ghats. It is also a major watershed feeding two major reservoirs thus conserving the soil and water. There are vast groves of bamboo, and the sanctuary has 575 species of flowering plants. The sanctuary was initially established for the protection of the sloth bear. A rusty-spotted cat was sighted for the time in 1991. The Shoolpaneshwar Wildlife Sanctuary's herpetofauna includes Indian softshell turtle, Indian flapshell turtle
21777753
Yangtze giant softshell turtle


The Yangtze giant softshell turtle ("Rafetus swinhoei"; ), also known as the Red River giant softshell turtle, the Shanghai softshell turtle, the speckled softshell turtle, and Swinhoe's softshell turtle, is an extremely rare species of turtle in the family Trionychidae. The species is endemic to eastern and southern China and northern Vietnam. Only three living individuals are known, one in China (captive) and two in Vietnam (wild), following the deaths of a wild individual in Vietnam in January 2016 and a captive
8731421
Black softshell turtle


Assam. As of 2002, the IUCN classified the species as Extinct in the Wild. In 2004, 408 turtles were found in the pond of the Bayazid Bastami shrine. According to the shrine committee staff, 90 more turtles were hatched in the pond in 2007, 74 in 2008, 96 in 2009, 28 in 2010, 45 in 2012 and 40 in 2014. In 2017, a singular wild turtle was found in the wetlands of Old Akuk Village in Wokha District, Nagaland. DNA from the specimen sent to Bangladesh
10773995
Chinese softshell turtle


China, Russia, Korea and Japan were formerly included in this species, but are now regarded as separate as the northern Chinese softshell turtle ("P. maackii"). Furthermore, localized populations in Guangxi and Hunan (where the Chinese softshell turtle also is present), as well as Vietnam, are recognized as the lesser Chinese softshell turtle ("P. parviformis") and Hunan softshell turtle ("P. axenaria"). It is difficult to determine its exact native range of the Chinese softshell turtle due to the long
14383769
Smooth softshell turtle


thicker tails than females, but females have longer hind claws than males. Smooth softshell turtles may be easily confused with the spiny softshell turtle ("Apalone spinifera"), as the differences between the two species are subtle. Spiny softshell turtles have a rough carapace with spines along the front edge while, as the name implies, smooth softshell turtles lack such spines. Additionally, the white chin and throat of the smooth softshell are unmarked, compared to the splotchy chin and throat of the spiny softshell. "A. mutica"
3718425
Florida softshell turtle


The Florida softshell turtle ("Apalone ferox") is a species of softshell turtle native to the Southeastern United States. The Florida softshell turtle is found primarily in the state of Florida, but it also ranges to southern sections of South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Tennessee, and Texas. It is the only species of softshell turtle whose range spans the entire Florida peninsula. The Florida softshell turtle is a widespread species and occupies almost every freshwater habitat, even tolerating some brackish environments; however, it is not often found
21626591
Aubry's flapshell turtle


Aubry's flapshell turtle ("Cycloderma aubryi") is a species of softshell turtle in the family Trionychidae. The species is endemic to Central Africa. The specific name, "aubryi", is in honor of Charles Eugène Aubry-Lecomte (1821–1879), who was a French civil servant and an amateur naturalist. "C. aubryi" is found in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, the Cabinda Province of Angola and likely in the Central African Republic. In 2017, the IUCN listed "C. aubryi" as
9498675
Yangtze giant softshell turtle


time. There are also several other modern accounts of surviving individuals of "R. swinhoei", although most of these are unverified or have not been followed up on. Following the creation of the Madushan Dam in China's Yunnan Province, local fishermen regularly reported sightings of one to two very large softshell turtles in the reservoir. However, extensive surveys in 2016 and 2017 were unsuccessful in finding any such turtles. At some point prior to 2015, a survey team from the conservation group Turtle Island apparently managed to locate an individual
8731441
Cantor's giant softshell turtle


Cantor's giant softshell turtle ("Pelochelys cantorii" ), also known commonly as the Asian giant softshell turtle and the frog-faced softshell turtle, is a species of freshwater turtle in the family Trionychidae. The species is native to Southeast Asia. It has been considered to be among the largest extant freshwater turtles. The species is endangered and in the 20th century has disappeared from much of its former range. Cantor's giant softshell turtle is not found in New Guinea, while the two other members of the genus "
10773986
African softshell turtle


The African softshell turtle or Nile softshell turtle ("Trionyx triunguis") is a large species of turtle from fresh-water and brackish habitats in Africa (larger parts of East, West and Middle Africa) and the Near East (Israel, Lebanon, Syria and Turkey). It is the only extant species from the genus "Trionyx", but in the past many other softshell turtles were placed in this genus; they have now been moved to various other genera. Despite the name "African softshell turtle",
18127812
Leith's softshell turtle


Leith's softshell turtle ("Nilssonia leithii" ) is a species of turtle in the family Trionychidae. The species is found in peninsular Indian rivers including the Bhavani, Godavari, and Moyar Rivers. The type locality is Pune in India. The specific name, "leithii", is in honor of Andrew H. Leith, a physician with the Bombay Sanitary Commission. "Nilssonia leithii" is intermediate between "Nilssonia gangetica" and "Nilssonia hurum". It is like the former in the width of the interorbital apace,
10773998
Spiny softshell turtle


The spiny softshell turtle ("Apalone spinifera") is a species of softshell turtle, one of the largest freshwater turtle species in North America. Both the common name, spiny softshell, and the specific name, "spinifera" (spine-bearing), refer to the spiny, cone-like projections on the leading edge of the carapace, which are not scutes (scales). The spiny softshell turtle’s scientific name is very descriptive of the animal. “Apalone” comes from the Greek word “apalos”
21626130
Asiatic softshell turtle


The Asiatic softshell turtle or black-rayed softshell turtle ("Amyda cartilaginea") is a species of softshell turtle in the Trionychidae family. It is not the only softshell turtle in Asia (most trionychines are Asian). "Amyda Cartilaginea" is found in Bangladesh (Bandarban region), Brunei, Cambodia, northeastern India, Indonesia (Java, Kalimantan), Laos, Malaysia(Sabah, Sarawak), Myanmar, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. Amyda cartilaginea has a shell that grows from 70 to 80 cm (27.6
20329571
Euphrates softshell turtle


The Euphrates softshell turtle ("Rafetus euphraticus"), also known as the Mesopotamian softshell turtle, is a species of softshell turtle in the family Trionychidae. It is found throughout much of the Euphrates–Tigris river basin in Iraq, Syria, Turkey and Khūzestān Province of Iran. Historically it has also been reported from Israel, but this likely involves confusion with the very similar "Trionyx triunguis" (the two typically require in-hand examination to be separated). The Euphrates softshell turtle is an endangered species that primarily
17823469
Madras Crocodile Bank Trust


2003, a 10-year program for the conservation of freshwater turtles and tortoises was initiated by the bank in collaboration with government forest departments from concerned states across India. In May 2004, the bank successfully bred one of the world's most critically endangered turtles, the Indian painted roof turtle, "Batagur kachuga", for the first time ever in captivity. The species is protected under Schedule I of the Indian Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 and is listed under the Action Plan Rating I of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle
16837604
Smooth softshell turtle


without rocky areas or dense vegetation. Sandbanks must also be present. The smooth softshell turtle has an anapsid skull. This kind of skull is present among the earliest reptiles and is retained by turtles today. The anapsid skull lacks openings behind the orbits. The smooth softshell turtle has a smooth, flexible and leather like carapace that is covered by skin instead of the hard scutes commonly observed in other turtle species. The plastron is light (white or gray) with no markings, and the underlying bones are visible. Smooth softshell
3718423
Sea turtle


the sand in the dunes and help protect the beach from erosion. Sea turtles also maintain a symbiotic relationship with yellow tang, in which the fish will eat algae growing on the shell of a sea turtle. The IUCN Red List classifies three species of sea turtle as either "Endangered" or "Critically Endangered". An additional three species are classified as "Vulnerable". The flatback sea turtle is considered as "Data Deficient", meaning that its conservation status is unclear due to lack of data. All species of
13492596
Flatback sea turtle


weigh from 70 to 90 kg (154 to 198 lb). The hatchlings, when emerging from nests, are larger than other sea turtle hatchlings when they hatch. The flatback turtle is listed by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species as Data Deficient, meaning there is insufficient scientific information to determine its conservation status at this time. It was previously listed as Vulnerable in 1994. It is not as threatened as other sea turtles due to its small dispersal range. The flatback sea turtle was originally described as "Chelonia depressa
15865351
Chinese softshell turtle


The Chinese softshell turtle ("Pelodiscus sinensis") is a species of softshell turtle that is endemic to China (Inner Mongolia to Hainan), with records of escapees—some of which have established introduced populations—in a wide range of other Asian countries, as well as Spain, Brazil and Hawaii. Populations native to Northeast China, Russia, Korea and Japan were formerly included in this species, but are now regarded as separate as the northern Chinese softshell turtle ("P. maackii"). Furthermore, localized populations
14383764
Smooth softshell turtle


The smooth softshell turtle ("Apalone mutica") is a species of softshell turtle of the family Trionychidae. The species is endemic to North America. "A. mutica" is native to North America. It is distributed throughout the central and southcentral United States as its geographic range extends from western Pennsylvania to New Mexico and south to the Florida panhandle. Smooth softshells turtles inhabit the Mississippi River drainage from Louisiana up to North Dakota and Pennsylvania, as well as the Colorado, Brazos, Sabine, and Pearl, Alabama and Escambia
3718421
Mary River turtle


Conservation Act 1992, and under the federal Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. The international conservation body IUCN lists it as endangered on the IUCN Red List. It is also listed on the Zoological Society of London's Evolutionarily Distinct and Globally Endangered list, part of the EDGE of Existence programme. It is Australia's second-most endangered freshwater turtle species, after the western swamp turtle ("Pseudemydura umbrina") of Western Australia. Mary River turtles were listed amongst the world's top 25 most endangered turtle species by
1704472
National Chambal Sanctuary


Officer with headquarters at Morena, Madhya Pradesh. The critically endangered gharial and the red-crowned roof turtle live here, and together with the endangered Ganges river dolphin are the keystone species of the sanctuary. Other large threatened inhabitants of the sanctuary include muggar crocodile, smooth-coated otter, striped hyena and Indian wolf. Chambal supports 8 of the 26 rare turtle species found in India, including Indian narrow-headed softshell turtle, three-striped roof turtle and crowned river turtle. Other reptiles who live here are: Indian
13188513
Smooth softshell turtle


is the only species of North American softshell with round nostrils; all other species have ridges on the nasal septum which make the nostrils C-shaped. Smooth softshell turtles are mostly carnivorous, eating aquatic insects, crayfish, fish and amphibians. Although primarily carnivorous, they sometimes resort to eating vegetation such as algae, vegetables fruits, and nuts. Breeding of the smooth softshell turtle occurs from April to June. The mating system utilized by these turtles is polygyny, meaning that males will mate with more than one female. Males
3718426
Wattle-necked softshell turtle


The wattle-necked softshell turtle ("Palea steindachneri" ), also commonly known as Steindachner's soft-shelled turtle, is an endangered Asian species of softshell turtle and the only member of the genus Palea. The shell of females of this freshwater turtle reaches up to in length, while it reaches up to in males, which however have a longer tail than the females. The specific name, "steindachneri", is in honor of Austrian herpetologist Franz Steindachner. "P. steindachneri" is native to southeastern China (
14383424
Asian narrow-headed softshell turtle


The Asian narrow-headed softshell turtle ("Chitra chitra") is a large species of softshell turtle in the family Trionychidae. The species is endemic to Southeast Asia. "Chitra chitra", is also known commonly as Nutaphand's narrowhead softshell. "C. chitra" can reach a straight carapace length of 4.9 ft (1.5 m). "C. chitra" is found in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand. "C. chitra" inhabits freshwater rivers and their tributaries. "C. chitra" is oviparous. Nutaphand (
20329597
Peacock bass


gold. Very young fish exhibit dark horizontal stripes down half ("C. orinocensis, C. ocellaris, et al.") or the whole ("C. temensis, C. pinima, et al.") body. The IUCN has not investigated the conservation status of any peacock bass species. Therefore, they do not appear on its red list. Some of the species have relatively small distributions, and "C. melaniae" is restricted to the lower Xingu River in an area that will be heavily affected by the Belo Monte
12072544
Yellow River


development of fish ponds started in Xingyang's riverside Wangcun Town in 1986, the pond systems in Wangcun have grown to the total size of 15,000 "mu" (10 km), making the town the largest aquaculture center in North China. Two turtle species are native to the Yellow River basin: the Chinese pond turtle and Chinese softshell turtle. Both species—but especially the softshell—are widely farmed for food. A variety of the Chinese softshell turtle popular in Chinese gourmets is called the Yellow River Turtle ().
5683059
Romulus Whitaker


80 million (USD 1 million to 1.7 million) each year for five years. This project has long been advocated by Rom Whitaker. Rom is Honorary Consultant, International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources/Species Survival Commission (IUCN/SSC), Vice Chairman (Western Asia), IUCN/SSC Crocodile Specialist Group, Member, IUCN/SSC Indian Subcontinent Reptile and Amphibian Group and Member, IUCN/SSC Sea Turtle Specialist Group.200 billion dollar dry venome per month production of dry venome by reptile park chennai
18898196
Florida softshell turtle


softshell has a cartilaginous carapace covered in leathery skin. Ranging from olive green to dark brown, it has the darkest coloration of all the softshell species that inhabit Florida (other species include "Apalone mutica calvata" and "Apalone spinifera aspera)." It is also characterized by a white or cream-colored underside. This color pattern is known as countershading and is a form of camouflage to conceal turtles from potential Predators. It is also the largest species of softshell turtle found in Florida and all of North America, ranging
21626593
Lesser Chinese softshell turtle


The lesser Chinese softshell turtle ("Pelodiscus parviformis") is a species of turtle in the family Trionychidae. It is endemic to China, largely in the Guangxi and Hunan provinces, but with isolated populations in Zhejiang and Hainan Island. Populations of this species in Vietnam, as well as certain populations in Hainan, are now considered to belong to a separate species, the spotted softshell turtle ("P. variegatus"). There is some controversy within researchers over whether or not "P. parviformis" is a valid species,
2930270
New Guinea giant softshell turtle


of South and Southeast Asia is Cantor's giant softshell turtle ("P. cantorii" ) and that the species in northern New Guinea is the northern New Guinea giant softshell turtle ("P. signifera"). The ranges of the species do not overlap anywhere. "P. bibroni" is the among the largest species of freshwater turtle, surpassed or matched only by other species of "Pelochelys", as well as certain "Chitra", "Rafetus", and "Macrochelys" species. "P. bibroni " can reach
20329805
Spotted softshell turtle


The spotted softshell turtle ("Pelodiscus variegatus") is a species of turtle in the family Trionychidae. It is found in Indochina, where it is largely restricted to most of Vietnam; however, an isolated population is also known from Hainan Island, where it is sympatric with the related lesser Chinese softshell turtle ("P. parviformis"). Aside from genetic differences, this species can be most readily distinguished from other "Pelodiscus" by the large blotches on its plastron, which also gave it its name. Due to
3152220
Turtle Conservancy


half of the currently recognized 356 species of turtles and tortoises are threatened with extinction. Among all animals, only the nonhuman primates, with approximately 60% of species threatened with extinction, are in a more precarious state. The report updates earlier assessments, and adds two new species to the most endangered list. *The Turtle Conservation Coalition is an informal coalition of leading turtle conservation organizations, including Turtle Conservancy, IUCN Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group, Turtle Survival Alliance, Global Wildlife Conservation, Wildlife Conservation Society, Chelonian Research
14863958
Gulf Coast spiny softshell turtle


Like most turtles, they are able to breathe underwater for extended periods of time. They will spend the colder months underwater, buried in the mud or sand in a state of dormancy. When bothered, spiny softshell turtles will extend their long necks and snap viciously at their attacker, inflicting a painful bite. Spiny softshell turtles are carnivores preying mostly on invertebrates, such as, crayfish and aquatic insects. When they are large enough they will occasionally prey upon small fish. They find their food underneath rocks, logs, branches
21626197
Malayan softshell turtle


The Malayan softshell turtle ("Dogania subplana") is a species of softshell turtle in the family Trionychidae. It is monotypic in its genus. It is found in Brunei, Indonesia, Java, Kalimantan, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Sabah, Sarawak, Singapore, and Sumatra. Adults may attain a carapace length of 35 cm (13.7 in). The head is large and muscular. The carapace is flat, and has straight sides. Juveniles are reddish on the sides of the neck, and have a
20329798
Gulf Coast spiny softshell turtle


The Gulf Coast spiny softshell turtle "(Apalone spinifera aspera)", a subspecies in the Trionychidae family of softshell turtles, is endemic to the southeastern United States. Gulf coast spiny soft shell turtles are found along the Gulf of Mexico from North Carolina to Mississippi. They live in temperate climates in freshwater biomes. "Apalone spinifera aspera" differs from other subspecies of "Apalone spinifera" in having two or more black lines running along the posterior border of the carapace. It also has scattered ocelli or ring-shaped spots
21626193
Eastern box turtle


relatively few offspring per year. These characteristics, along with a propensity to get hit by cars and agricultural machinery, make all box turtle species particularly susceptible to anthropogenic, or human-induced, mortality. In 2011, citing "a widespread persistent and ongoing gradual decline of "Terrapene carolina" that probably exceeds 32% over three generations", the IUCN downgraded its conservation status from Near Threatened to Vulnerable. Eastern box turtles have a high, dome-like carapace and a hinged plastron that allows total shell closure. The
8600964
Fauna of the United States


, painted turtle, spotted turtle, diamondback terrapin, spiny softshell turtle, eastern mud turtle, northern red-bellied cooter, common musk turtle, eastern box turtle, and the yellow- and red-eared slider. While common species in the northeast include Blanding's turtle, wood turtle, and bog turtle, common species in the southeastern U.S. include gopher tortoise, pond slider, Escambia map turtle, Barbour's map turtle, eastern river cooter, striped mud turtle, loggerhead musk turtle, and the Florida softshell turtle. The
1608750
Yangtze


, but most of these are not directly associated with the river. Three exceptions are the semi-aquatic Eurasian otter, water deer and Père David's deer. In addition to the very large and exceptionally rare Yangtze giant softshell turtle, several smaller turtle species are found in the Yangtze basin, its delta and valleys. These include the Chinese box turtle, yellow-headed box turtle, Pan's box turtle, Yunnan box turtle, yellow pond turtle, Chinese pond turtle, Chinese stripe-necked turtle and Chinese softshell turtle
6659732
Eric Goode


) and run by the Turtle Conservancy, a not-for-profit NGO. Its primary goal is to ensure the survival of turtle and tortoise species worldwide, and to promote the conservation of chelonian habitat in the wild. In 2008 Goode created the Turtle Conservancy, which works on conservation initiatives around the world. Goode sits on the board of the Chelonian Research Institute, the Turtle Conservation Fund, and is an active member of the IUCN Turtle and Tortoise Specialist Group. He has authored and coauthored both popular and scientific publications
19278578
New Guinea giant softshell turtle


The New Guinea giant softshell turtle ("Pelochelys bibroni" ) is a species of softshell turtle in the family Trionychidae. The species is endemic to New Guinea. "P. bibroni" is referred to by the Suki people as "kiya eise", a reference to its flexible shell. In the Arammba language, it is called "sokrere", meaning "earthquake". It is sometimes hunted by local villages for its meat and/or eggs, leading to some cases of chelonitoxism. "P. bibroni" prefers lowland rivers and
20329802
Spiny softshell turtle


meaning soft or tender, and “spinifera” is of Latin descent; “spina-“ referring to thorn or spine and “-ifer” meaning bearing. This species is a member of the family Trionychidae, and one of the most distinguishing features of members in this family is the presence of a leathery, moderately flexible carapace. This is caused by loss of keratinized scutes and some bony tissue loss. Spiny softshell turtles have webbed feet, and their feet have three claws. Another distinguishing feature of softshell turtles is the presence of
21626131
Fitzroy River turtle


Anecdotal records since indicate up to 5 clutches may occur. Their habitat comprises a total area of less than 10,000 km², including the Fitzroy, Mackenzie and Dawson rivers. Its limited distribution and status as sole survivor of a once more widespread genus give it a high priority for conservation. The species has been listed as vulnerable on the IUCN checklist since 1994. The Fitzroy River turtle is commonly known as the "bum breathing turtle". This nickname is derived from their unusual ability to absorb oxygen whilst submerged through highly vascularized bursae
10791684
Gulf Coast spiny softshell turtle


, along the floor of lakes, rivers, and streams, and in vegetation. They will sometimes hide in the floor substrate and ambush prey as it swims by. Spiny softshell turtles have few natural predators including, large predatory fish, raccoons, herons, skunks, red foxes, and occasionally humans. Their nests are often destroyed by raccoons, skunks, and foxes. Young softshell turtles are eaten by raccoons, herons, and large fish; adults, on the other hand, are killed and eaten only by humans.
21626198
Smooth softshell turtle


of lipids also offer an advantage at birth as it acts as a food source until they hatchlings become mature enough to commence feeding. This type of care is also known as parental investment in embryogenesis. However, after hatching no physical parental care is given. Smooth softshell turtles are the most aquatic of the softshell turtles as they are often referred to as "swimmers". They are able to stay underwater for extended periods of time due to their long neck and their snout. They often bury themselves in the sand substrate at
3718429
Yangtze giant softshell turtle


of lower Vietnam. Conservation efforts are concentrated on breeding captive turtles in China and searching for live specimens in the wild. An agreement was made to transfer the only known remaining female specimen located at the Changsha Zoo to the Suzhou Zoo to breed with the male specimen there. Also, efforts are being made to improve conditions for breeding at both the Suzhou Zoo and Western Temple in Suzhou. A workshop on the "Rafetus" Conservation at Yunnan was held by CI-Shanshui. Local Chinese scientists are searching for the last existent
8731434
John L. Behler


John L. Behler (1946 – January 31, 2006) was an American naturalist, herpetologist, author, and activist known for his work in conserving endangered species of turtles, snakes, and other reptiles. He served as curator of herpetology at the Bronx Zoo, part of the Wildlife Conservation Society from 1976 to 2006. He co-chaired the IUCN Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group, and was a founding member of the Turtle Survival Alliance, which co-present the Behler Turtle Conservation Award with the Turtle Conservancy and Turtle
15019327
Xe Pian National Protected Area


giant softshell turtle, both endangered. A part of the Xe Khampho–Xe Pian Important Bird Area (IBA) overlaps the park. of the IBA's approximate area of lies in Xe Pian. Bird species of important conservation status in the common IBA and park area include white-winged duck, masked finfoot and white-rumped vulture. Elsewhere in the park important species include giant ibis, sarus crane, red-headed vulture, woolly-necked stork and green peafowl. Xe Pian faces a number of environmental threats.
18422001
Uttarakhand


reptiles are also found in the region. Local crocodiles were saved from extinction by captive breeding programs and subsequently re-released into the Ramganga river. Several freshwater terrapins and turtles like the Indian sawback turtle ("Kachuga tecta"), brahminy river turtle ("Hardella thurgii"), and Ganges softshell turtle ("Trionyx gangeticus") are found in the rivers. Butterflies and birds of the region include red helen ("Papilio helenus"), the great eggfly ("Hypolimnos bolina"), common tiger (
2705231
Amphibians and reptiles of Wyoming


turtle are both widely referred to as snapping turtles or snappers (though the common snapping turtle, as its name implies, is much more widespread overall). In Wyoming, this turtle is found in permanent lakes, ponds, and large streams, below . The spiny softshell turtle (Apalone spinifera, formerly "Trionyx spiniferus") is a species of softshelled turtle, one of the largest freshwater turtle species in North America. They get their name from the spiny, cone-like projections on the leading edge of their carapace
15756836
Florida softshell turtle


have been known to prey on the adults of the Florida softshell turtle, and raptors may take juveniles. Nest predators include the fish crow, Foxes, Raccoons, Skunks, and river otters. At various lakes across the state of Florida (Okeechobee, Apopka, Griffin, and Jesup) scientists have observed Florida softshell females, as well as other turtle species "(Pseudemys nelsoni, Kinosternon sp," and "Sternotherus odoratus") laying their eggs in American alligator ("Alligator mississippiensis") nests during the summer months
21626600
Green sea turtle


, claiming some green turtle populations were large, stable and in some cases, increasing. At the time, the species was listed under the strict EN A1abd criteria. The IUCN Standards and Petitions Subcommittee ruled that visual counts of nesting females could not be considered "direct observation" and thus downgraded the species' status to EN A1bd—retaining the turtle's endangered status. In 2004, the IUCN reclassified "C. mydas" as endangered under the EN A2bd criteria, which essentially states the wild populations face a high risk of
11645548
Pollution of the Ganges


and down river is the main reason for their reducing population. The Ganges softshell turtle ("Nilssonia gangetica") is found in the Ganges, Indus, and Mahanadi river systems of Pakistan, northern India, Bangladesh, and southern Nepal. This turtle inhabits deep rivers, streams, large canals, lakes and ponds, with a bed of mud or sand. According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature, freshwater turtle species are vulnerable. Due to their long lifespan and high trophic level in the aquatic food web,
403051
Capture of painted turtles


hoop traps for "meat" turtles (snapping turtles and softshell turtles). Minnesota harvest records also show a clear pattern of most painted turtles coming from basking traps and most softshell and snapping turtles from hoop traps. Three quantitative studies of basking traps also show they are more efficient than baited hoop traps for trapping painted turtles. Despite the many hours of night and cloudiness when the basking traps do not lure turtles, the painted turtle's drive to bask is so powerful, that on a per-day basis, these traps
18289352
Spiny softshell turtle


individual turtle’s environment. Spiny softshell turtles are cryptically colored, meaning that their coloration helps them blend in with their surrounding environment. Spiny softshells also have pale lines bordered by black lines running from its head down the side of its neck. The carapace length ranges from 18-54 centimeters, with females growing larger than males. Its namesake spines are found along the anterior border of the carapace and are more commonly found in males. The variation in coloration, size, and spine presence indicates that this species exhibits sexual dimorphism
21626133
Florida softshell turtle


produce an average of 4 – 5 egg clutches in a single breeding season, potentially producing a new clutch every three weeks. Florida softshell turtles have one of the highest annual egg production rates of any reptile. The study previously mentioned showed an average of over 20 eggs per clutch, with the largest clutch containing 38 eggs. With a primarily carnivorous diet, adult Florida softshell turtles function as major predators in their aquatic ecosystems. Sitting high on the trophic scale, they generally function as secondary or tertiary consumers. However, alligators
21626599
Florida softshell turtle


. While the turtles may utilize vacant nests more often, they have also been known to lay eggs in occupied alligator nests. They use these nests more often in areas with limited nesting habitats and/or during years with heavier precipitation when high water levels and flooding further reduce the number of suitable nesting sites. Despite the Florida softshell's use of alligator nests, studies have shown the highest abundance of Florida softshell turtles to persist in lakes with little to no alligators as well as high primary productivity, suggesting a combination of top-down
21626601
St Croix East End Marine Park


. These two species were listed as Threatened under the Endangered Species Act in 2006. A wide variety of other stony corals and soft corals also constitute the reef structures within STXEEMP. Selected coral species in STXEEMP and their national/international status as of 2016: Turtles St. Croix is a significant nesting ground for Leatherback ("Dermochelys coriacea" IUCN Vulnerable), green ("Chelonia mydas" IUCN Endangered) and hawksbill ("Eretmochelys imbricata" IUCN Critically Endangered) sea turtles; Green and Hawksbill turtles also forage in the island
16349535
Chelonian Conservation and Biology


"Chelonian Conservation and Biology: International Journal of Turtle and Tortoise Research" is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research on freshwater turtles, marine turtles, and tortoises (Order Testudines). It was established in 1993 by the Chelonian Research Foundation as the new scientific journal of the IUCN Species Survival Commission's Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group and the "International Bulletin of Chelonian Research". The journal was first published with support from Conservation International, the Chelonian Institute, the Wildlife Conservation Society, the Florida Audubon Society,
20922596
Turtle


to the local restaurants, while most of it is exported to Asia. The Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission estimated in 2008 that around 3,000 pounds of softshell turtles were exported each week via Tampa International Airport. Nonetheless, the great majority of turtles exported from the USA are farm raised. According to one estimate by the World Chelonian Trust, about 97% of 31.8 million animals harvested in the U.S. over a three-year period (November 4, 2002 – November 26, 2005) were exported. It has been estimated
17055699
Cyclemys


recognized, "Cyclemys" was given the Action Plan Rating of 3 - in need of some conservation action. In the last assessment in 2000 by the Asian Turtle Trade Working Group of IUCN, the different species currently recognized under the genus "Cyclemys" were treated as all belonging to the species "C. dentata". This resulted in the current incorrect classification of all of the species as Lower Risk/Near Threatened. Until now, the true conservation status, the actual effects of wildlife trade, deforestation, and habitat loss
17717468
Trionychidae


the daily limit of 20 turtles for licensed harvesters—a level which the turtle advocates consider unsustainable, as there may be between 100 and 500 hunters statewide. While some catch was consumed locally, most was exported; the Commission estimated (2008) around 3,000 pounds of softshell turtles were exported each week via Tampa International Airport. New rules, in effect as of July 20, 2009, restrict collecting any wild turtles to one turtle per person per day, completely prohibit collection of softshells ("Apalone") in May through
15339841
Yangtze giant softshell turtle


hard to compare due to the extremely small number of remaining specimens, its average and maximum sizes seem to exceed other large freshwater turtles such as alligator snapping turtles and related giant softshells such as other "Rafetus" and "Pelochelys" species. It measures over in overall length and to in width, and can easily weigh up to . The average size of large turtle specimens (i.e. turtles weighing over ) that could be collected in the Yangtze River per one study was , although not all specimens were definitively identified as "Rafetus
8731423
Trionychidae


The Trionychidae are a taxonomic family of a number of turtle genera. Softshells include some of the world's largest freshwater turtles, though many can adapt to living in highly brackish areas. Members of this family occur in Africa, Asia, and North America. Most species have traditionally been included in the genus "Trionyx", but the vast majority have since been moved to other genera. Among these are the North American "Apalone" softshells that were placed in "Trionyx" until 1987. They are called "softshell"
15339832
Trionychidae


southeastern Asia, is the largest softshell turtle on earth. Most are strict carnivores, with diets consisting mainly of fish, aquatic crustaceans, snails, amphibians, and sometimes birds and small mammals. Softshells are able to "breathe" underwater with rhythmic movements of their mouth cavity that contains numerous processes that are copiously supplied with blood, acting similarly as gill filaments in fish. This enables them to stay underwater for prolonged periods. Moreover, the Chinese softshell turtle has been shown to excrete urea while "breathing" underwater; this
15339836
Florida softshell turtle


/muddy substrate. Like all softshells, it is very fast-moving in water and on land. While this species is omnivorous, its diet consists largely of meat, consuming mainly fish, Insects, Crustaceans, Frogs and mollusks. It may also scavenge. The reproductive cycle of male Florida softshell turtles follows a postnuptial pattern, with a cycle of spring mating followed by spermatogenesis in the fall. The male will produce sperm during the fall and store that sperm in the epididymides through the winter. This stored sperm can then
21626596
Chinese softshell turtle


Kalimantan, Sumatra and West Timor in Indonesia; East Timor; and Iran. Outside Asia, locations include Pará in Brazil; Spain; and Guam, Northern Mariana Islands and Oahu (Hawaii) in the United States. Chinese softshell turtles live in fresh and brackish water. In China these turtles are found in rivers, lakes, ponds, canals and creeks with slow currents, and in Hawaii they can be found in marshes and drainage ditches. These turtles are predominantly carnivorous and the remains of fish, crustaceans, mollusks,
14383771
Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada


in Canada) and 15 wildlife species that are Extinct (X). The other category is not at risk (NAR). COSEWIC provides online updated status reports on designated species. COSEWIC bases its quantitative criteria for species' status assessment on the revised IUCN Red List, the world's most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of biological species. COSEWIC provides International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the world's main authority on the conservation status of species, with a Regional Red List. IUCN.
2828846
Spiny softshell turtle


anoxic waters; this becomes especially important when during times of hibernation when these turtles must choose hibernacula that are unlikely to become hypoxic. The spiny softshell has a wide range, extending throughout much of the United States, as well as north into the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Quebec, and south into the Mexican states of Tamaulipas, Nuevo León, Coahuila and Chihuahua. The spiny softshell can be found in bodies of freshwater including ponds, lakes, rivers, tributaries, and streams. They inhabit shallow water (less than 1
21626135
Spiny softshell turtle


. A. spinifera turtles are bimodal breathers, meaning that they have the ability (to some degree) to perform oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange by breathing air or while breathing underwater. A variety of factors allow for these turtles to perform respiration underwater. They have an increase of cutaneous surface area and blood flow, reduction in lung size, and increase of respiratory epithelium in the cloaca and buccopharynx. Spiny softshell turtles are more dependent on underwater respiration than other freshwater species. This has led to a low tolerance of spiny shoftshells for
21626134
Florida softshell turtle


in water with strong currents, preferring habitats with slow-moving or still water. These different habitats include swamps, lakes, marshes, wet prairies, small rivers, creeks, and even ponds formed in man-made ditches or sinkholes. The Florida softshell turtle is a large turtle with a flattened, pancake-like body, a long neck, an elongated head with a long snorkel-like nose, and large webbed feet, each with three claws. While most turtles have hard shells composed of Scutes, the Florida
21626592
Yangtze giant softshell turtle


due to refuse and pollution in the lake, injuries from fishing hooks or other turtles) that needed to be treated. It was reported dead in January 2016. On April 13, 2019, the only female turtle in Suzhou Zoo was reported dead shortly after the latest fertilization process. "R. swinhoei" eats fish, crabs, snails, water hyacinth, frogs, and leaves. The Yangtze giant softshell turtle may lay from 20 to more than 80 eggs. It nests at night and during the morning. A fertile female
8731427
Asiatic softshell turtle


, exhibits a "Saddle-blotched colouration"; the turtles that belong(ed) to this clade all exhibited "a very similar dark carapacial mark" (Fritz, Gemel, Kehlmaier, Vamberger, & Praschag, 2014). The Asiatic softshell turtle is found in wetlands and rivers, mostly in different parts of Asia. In this region, they are exploited for trade and harvested for food. With business developing that rely on the exploitation of "Amyda cartilaginea", the population of this species has declined. There is more
20329590
Black softshell turtle


was tested and ultimately confirmed that it was a member of the black softshell species. Since 2013, TSA India has worked diligently to improve conditions at selected temple ponds in Assam where these turtles were discovered. Many of the ponds were eutrophic and overcrowded and often, turtles were fed human food as religious offerings. The turtles showed signs of poor nutrition and a lack of suitable nesting space resulted in eggs being deposited in areas where there was little chance of hatching. The goal of the project is to eventually rear and release juveniles
10773996
Turtle farming


the wholesale prices) around US$750 million. They note that a large number of unregistered farms also exist. According to more recent Chinese statistics, annual production just of Chinese softshelled turtle amounted to 204,000 tons in 2008. The most common species raised by Chinese turtle farmers is the Chinese softshell turtle ("Pelodiscus sinensis"), accounting for over 97% of all reported sales, both in terms of head count (124.8 million in the 684-farm sample) and weight. Large-scale production of this species appears to have
18242732
Spiny softshell turtle


meter deep) but can also be found as far as 10 meters deep. They can be found in areas with varying levels of vegetation, and although they are generally found in more slowly-moving waters, this species can be found in faster moving waters than other, less-aquatic species of turtle. Spiny softshells prefer waters with sandy bottoms as well as clean, sandy banks. Sandy environments are important for nesting sites, proper juvenile growth and development, and camouflage. Spiny softshells migrate between warm and cold seasons.
21626136
Green sea turtle


commonly traded species along Java's south coast and are sold in the form of whole, stuffed animals or turtle oil, locally known as "minyak bulus" The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has repeatedly listed green sea turtles in its Red List under differing criteria. In 1982, they officially classified it as an endangered species. The 1986, 1988, 1990, 1994, and the landmark 1996 edition of the IUCN Red List, retained the listing. In 2001, Nicholas Mrosovsky filed a delisting petition
11645547
Spiny softshell turtle


lay between 9 and 38 round, calcareous-shelled eggs. The eggs are laid around July and September, and they hatch in the spring. Unlike in other turtles, in the spiny softshell turtle, the sex of the hatchlings is not determined by temperature variations; it is determined by genetics. The nesting sites are at risk of predation from animals such as coyotes, foxes, and raccoons. Six subspecies of "Apalone spinifera" are recognized, including the nominate subspecies: A previously recognized subspecies, "Apalone spinifera hartwegi
21626140
Florida softshell turtle


female of the same size). Hatchlings have a lighter carapace with yellow and orange markings and a carapacial rim. Stripes in the same color are also found on the face and neck. Their plastron is generally dark in color. As the turtle ages, these colors fade and are lost, resulting in the dark-brown coloration characteristic of adults. The Florida softshell turtle is almost entirely aquatic, only emerging from the water to bask or to lay eggs. In the water, it prefers to bury itself in the sandy
21626595
Chinese softshell turtle


insects, and seeds of marsh plants have been found in their stomachs. With their long snout and tubelike nostrils, these turtles can "snorkel" in shallow water. When resting, they lie at the bottom, buried in sand or mud, lifting their head to breathe or snatch at prey. Their basking habit is not well developed. Chinese softshell turtles often submerge their heads in water. This is because they carry a gene which produces a protein that allows them to secrete urea from their mouths. This adaptation helps them
14383772
Asiatic softshell turtle


many Asiatic soft-shells are caught as a food source, the larger (and thus older) turtles being more desirable since they produce more meat. The Asian softshell turtle, otherwise known as "Amyda cartilaginea", is made up of three main types of species, two of which branch into further subspecies. The three main types of discovered species are as follows: "Amyda cartilaginea", "Amyda ornata", and "Amyda" (unnamed due to a relative lack of information on this species). Both
20329585
Smooth softshell turtle


turtles have a tubular snout with round nostrils. There is sexual dimorphism between females and males of "A. mutica" as females are larger than males. A female has a carapace length of compared to a carapace length of for males. Additionally, the female smooth softshell turtle is usually brown or olive-colored with irregular dark brown blotches, while the carapace of males and juveniles is a brown or grayish color with dark dots or dashes. Sexual dimorphism is also apparent in the size of the tails and claws. Males have
3718424
Olive ridley sea turtle


as vulnerable according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), and is listed in Appendix I of CITES. These listings were largely responsible for halting the large-scale commercial exploitation and trade of olive ridley skins. The Convention on Migratory Species and the Inter-American Convention for the Protection and Conservation of Sea Turtles have also provided olive ridleys with protection, leading to increased conservation and management for this marine turtle. National listings for this species range from endangered to threatened, yet enforcing these sanctions
1329334
Vithal V. Kamat


. His Churchgate residence has 10,800 Ganesha status and 11,000 turtle artifacts. He also owns India's first museum hotel - Fort Jadhavgadh. Kamat received more than 110 national and international awards that includes Best CEO of Industry Award by The Indian Express, Golden Peacock Award received from the Dalai Lama, Lifetime Achievement Award 2012 in Germany, Green Hotelier Award 2010, Rajiv Gandhi Environment Award 2010, Golden Peacock Environment Management Award 2010 by Ola Ullsten. He currently serves as President of the Maharashtra Economic Development Council (MEDC), Vice President
20347073
Cantor's giant softshell turtle


. The carapace is smooth and olive-colored. Juveniles may have dark-spotted carapaces and heads, with yellow around the carapace. Despite reports that it can grow up to in length and is the world's largest extant freshwater turtle, this maximum size and title is murky at best. Apparently the largest specimen carapace length, , known is considered suspect and the heaviest specimen known (weighing approximately was actually a misidentified Yangtze giant softshell turtle. A more realistic range of carapace length for this species is reportedly and it is
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