Regional Paraguaya [SEP] airline hub
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Roswell International Air Center


service with major airlines to provide nonstop regional jet flights to a major hub. American Eagle, the feeder carrier for American Airlines responded and began service on Sep. 5, 2007 with two daily flights to Dallas/Ft. Worth on 50-seat Embraer 145s. The service did so well that a third flight was added only seven months later. Mesa Airlines then ended all of their Roswell service on the last day of 2007 which left no flights to Albuquerque. At the request of Roswell city officials, American Eagle began a westbound flight
14791219
LATAM Paraguay


LATAM Airlines Paraguay, formerly known as TAM Paraguay or Transportes Aéreos del Mercosur S.A., and previously as LAP (Líneas Aéreas Paraguayas), is the flag carrier and the national airline of Paraguay with its headquarters in Asunción, Paraguay. Its flights operate from Silvio Pettirossi International Airport in Asunción. Its parent company is LATAM Airlines Group. The airline was established in 1962 and started operations in 1963 as Líneas Aéreas Paraguayas. After a brief period (1994–1996) as a subsidiary of the Ecuadorian airline SAETA when its name was LAPSA,
8464020
Regional airline


. Over time these regional aircraft grew in size as airline hubs expanded and competition dwindled among the major carriers. Below is a list of many of the regional brands that evolved when regional airlines were advertised to look like the major airlines. The following is a list of former regional marketing brands operated by lesser known airlines, serving airline hub regional routes on behalf of mainline, legacy, major, or large discount carriers in the United States: The following is a list of former marketing brands operated by smaller airlines, but using
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LATAM Brasil


. As of May 5, 2016 TAM adopted the name LATAM. In 1994 TAM Airlines established a small subsidiary airline in Paraguay called ARPA - Aerolíneas Paraguayas with a fleet consisting mostly of Cessna 208 Caravan aircraft, formerly operated by TAM. On September 1, 1996, TAM via ARPA, purchased 80% of the shares of the former state-owned LAP – Líneas Aéreas Paraguayas and merged it with ARPA. The new airline was named TAM – Transportes Aéreos del Mercosur and maintained the IATA code of LAP, PZ. Today
400995
Transport hub


airports function as intra-modular hubs for the airlines, or airline hubs. This is a common strategy among network airlines who fly only from limited number of airports and usually will make their customers change planes at one of their hubs if they want to get between two cities the airline doesn't fly directly between. Airlines have extended the hub-and-spoke model in various ways. One method is to create additional hubs on a regional basis, and to create major routes between the hubs. This reduces the need to
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America West Express


Mesa Airlines to operate America West Airlines' regional and commuter services as America West Express. In the mid-1990s, with the opening of the America West Airlines hub at Port Columbus International Airport in Columbus, Ohio, America West Airlines used Chautauqua Airlines to provide Embraer ERJ-145 regional jet service to feed the hub. When the Columbus hub was shut down, the Chautauqua Airlines code share was discontinued, leaving Mesa as the sole operator of AW Express services. In 2003, America West greatly increased the size of their express operation by starting
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AmericanConnection


AmericanConnection was an American flight connection service brand name for the spoke-hub of U.S. mainline carrier American Airlines, under which regional airline operator Chautauqua Airlines operated feeder flights for American Airlines at its Chicago hub. American Airlines also uses affiliated companies (corporations under common ownership) operating under the American Eagle brand to provide regional service to its other hubs in addition to the AmericanConnection service that was operated by Chautauqua Airlines. On April 6, 2010, American moved all existing AmericanConnection operations to Chicago-O'Hare as part of its restructuring plan
3687656
Long Island MacArthur Airport


Continental Express was operating ATR-42 turboprop service nonstop between the airport and the Continental Airlines hub located at Newark Airport. By 1999 Atlantic Southeast Airlines (ASA) flying as Delta Connection was operating Canadair CRJ-200 regional jet service nonstop to the Delta Air Lines hub in Atlanta while Comair, also flying as Delta Connection, was operating Canadair CRJ-200 regional jet service nonstop to the Delta Air Lines hub in Cincinnati. Also in 1999, Continental Express was flying Embraer ERJ-145 regional jets nonstop to the Continental Airlines hub in Cleveland. In later years,
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Aerolíneas Paraguayas


ARPA – Aerolíneas Paraguayas was an airline with its headquarters on the grounds of Silvio Pettirossi International Airport in Luque, Paraguay, near Asunción. It operated scheduled domestic services. Its main base was Silvio Pettirossi International Airport. Aerolíneas Paraguayas (also known as ARPA) was founded in 1994. The inauguration ceremony took place at Silvio Pettirossi International Airport on May 14, 1994. The first regular flights took place on May 16, 1994. The original fleet was composed of three Cessna A208 Caravan 1. ARPA was the first investment of
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America West Express


America West Express was the name for America West Airlines commuter and regional flights operated by Mesa Air Group's Mesa Airlines under a code share agreement. Today Mesa Airlines operates for American Eagle. Mesa Airlines operated America West Express from hubs at Sky Harbor International Airport in Phoenix, Arizona, McCarran International Airport in Las Vegas, Nevada, and Los Angeles International Airport in Los Angeles, California to regional destinations. Chautauqua Airlines also operated America West Express regional jet service via a code sharing agreement in support of the America West hub in
484197
Regional airline


confusing, while many other airline passengers are content to think they are on a mainline or flagship airline's aircraft, while in actuality they are far from it. Sub-branding is pretty consistent throughout the airline industry of the United States, with all the regional airlines, mainline airlines, and the regional airline holding companies, as well as the mainline airlines holding companies participating. Post airline deregulation, airlines sought added market share and to do this they sought partnerships with regional and small airlines to feed traffic into the airline hub
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Regional airline


national, and regional airline. The only corollary is the Regional Airline Association, an industry trade group, defines "regional airlines" generally as "...operat(ing) short and medium haul scheduled airline service connecting smaller communities with larger cities and connecting hubs. The airlines' fleet primarily consists of 19 to 68 seat turboprops and 30 to 100 seat regional jets." To be clear there is no distinction in the Department of Transportation definition of major, national and regional airlines by aircraft size. The definition is based on revenue.
5003571
Transport in Italy


. Italy's largest airline is Alitalia, which was privatised in 2008. Its main hub is Rome Fiumicino Airport. Alitalia also operates a regional subsidiary under the Alitalia CityLiner brand. Italy's second largest airline is Air Italy, which operates a network of domestic, European and long-haul destinations from its main hub at Milan Malpensa Airport. An important regional airline is Air Dolomiti, owned by the German Lufthansa Group. Low-cost carriers include Ernest Airlines, while Charter and leisure carriers include Neos, Blue Panorama Airlines and
14832855
Atlantic Southeast Airlines


a true regional airline, the company was named 'Regional Airline of the Year' by "Air Transport World" in January 1987. ASA initiated jet service with introduction of British Aerospace BAe 146-200 aircraft in 1995. Two years later, the company began using Canadair CRJ200 regional jets for service from its Atlanta hub. CRJ service from the Dallas/Fort Worth hub began in 2000. On September 8, 1998 the company was honored as one of the global aviation and aerospace industry's best managed companies by Aviation Week
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Dayton, Ohio


and from Dayton. The hub is in the Greater Dayton Regional Transit Authority North-West hub in Trotwood. Air transportation is available north of Dayton proper, via Dayton International Airport in Vandalia, Ohio. The airport offers service to 21 markets through 10 airlines. In 2008, it served 2.9 million passengers. The Dayton International Airport is also a significant regional air freight hub hosting FedEx Express, UPS Airlines, United States Postal Service, and major commercial freight carriers. The Dayton area also has several regional airports. The Dayton
8320083
Regional airliner


A regional airliner or a feederliner is a small airliner that is designed to fly up to 100 passengers on short-haul flights, usually feeding larger carriers' airline hubs from small markets. This class of airliners is typically flown by the regional airlines that are either contracted by or subsidiaries of the larger airlines. Regional airliners are used for short trips between smaller towns or from a larger city to a smaller city. Feederliner, commuter, and local service are all alternative terms for the same class of flight operations. To keep
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Líneas Aéreas Paraguayas


Paraguayan Consortium, which restarted operations in February 1995 with two Boeing 737-200 for regional routes, three Airbus A.320-200 for medium range routes in South America and an Airbus A.310-300 for the route to Miami. Flights to Europe were not initiated. This company was resold to the Brazilian TAM Group in 1996, which used only Fokker 100 jets to cover all regional destinations. The airline was renamed TAM-Mercosur (Transportes Aéreos del Mercosur). Routes to Miami and Europe were never restarted. In 2008,
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Airliner


airline hubs and major cities. A smaller, more common class of airliners is the narrow-body or single-aisle. These are generally used for short to medium-distance flights with fewer passengers than their wide-body counterparts. Regional airliners typically seat fewer than 100 passengers and may be powered by turbofans or turboprops. These airliners are the non-mainline counterparts to the larger aircraft operated by the major carriers, legacy carriers, and flag carriers, and are used to feed traffic into the large airline hubs. These
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Philadelphia International Airport


region, generating $15.4 billion to the economy and accounting for 96,300 full-time jobs. Philadelphia International Airport (PHL) is located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and is the largest airport in the state. It is the main Northeast hub for American Airlines and a regional cargo hub for UPS Airlines. Philadelphia International Airport is also a focus city for ultra low-cost airline Frontier. The airport has service to cities in the United States, Canada, the Caribbean, Latin America, Europe, and the Middle East.
18213652
Regional airline


larger traditionally non-regional-type equipment such as the Boeing 727, Douglas DC9, Fokker F28, Embraer 190 E-jets, or BAE 146, serving airline hub regional routes on behalf of mainline, legacy, major, or large discount carriers, in the United States: In North America many of the largest regional airlines have joined the lobbying group Regional Airline Association. This association lobbies purely for the financial interest of the corporate bodies it constitutes, not the employees of those airlines. Many large airlines, especially in
5003580
Spoke–hub distribution paradigm


deregulated in 1978, several other airlines adopted Delta's hub and spoke paradigm. Airlines have extended the hub-and-spoke model in various ways. One method is to create additional hubs on a regional basis and to create major routes between them. That reduces the need to travel long distances between nodes near one another. Another method is to use focus cities to implement point-to-point service for high-traffic routes and to bypass the hub entirely. The spoke-hub model is applicable to other forms of
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Regional airline


Eagle. For all practical purposes, regional airlines in the United States today, are nothing more than co-branded feeder airlines to U.S. airline alliance largest airports and major jet airlines chief focus cities / airline hubs; possessing very few independent routes truly operated independently and apart from those described. In Canada, there are a number of regional airlines. Some of them focus on Canadian Arctic and First Nations communities, while others operate regional flights on behalf of a larger carrier, similar to their American counterparts. Some of these airlines
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Mainline (aeronautics)


A mainline flight is a flight operated by an airline's main operating unit, rather than by regional alliances, regional code-shares, regional subsidiaries, or wholly owned subsidiaries offering low-cost operations. Mainline carriers typically operate between hub airports within their network and on international or long-haul services, using narrow-body and wide-body aircraft. This is in contrast to regional airlines, providing feeder services to hub airports operating smaller turboprop or regional jet aircraft, or low-cost carrier subsidiaries serving leisure markets.
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Lufthansa Regional


Lufthansa's hubs at Frankfurt Airport and Munich Airport and carry 10.5 million passengers a year mostly to minor domestic and European destinations. As part of Lufthansa's new corporate design introduced in early 2018, Lufthansa Regional aircraft operated by Lufthansa CityLine are also receiving the new livery, with the "Lufthansa Regional" titles being removed from the fuselage and replaced by "Lufthansa". "Lufthansa Regional" flights are operated by two partner airlines based at Lufthansa's hub airports: As of January 2018, the combined fleet of both airlines operating
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Conquest Airlines


. In the late 1980s the airline shifted its hub and operations to Austin. Rafael Rivas, who became the executive vice president of Conquest, said that the airline chose Austin as its hub since Dallas and Houston were not centrally located in Texas. Rivas added that by being located in Austin, the airline would avoid competition from regional airline carriers operating in Houston and the Dallas-Fort Worth areas. In addition the airline catered to passengers traveling within Texas instead of passengers planning to do inter-state travel. Rivas added that
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Queen Beatrix International Airport


Aruba, which was for many years an international airline. Before Aruba's separation from the Netherlands Antilles in 1986 it was also one of three hubs for Air ALM as well as a home base for Tiara Air until 2016. Since 2013 the airport is home to Aruba Airlines, a local airliner. The airline has 3 Airbus A320 family aircraft and 2 Bombardier CRJ200. The main focus of Aruba Airlines is connecting the region through its hub. The airport helps much by providing US Border Pre-clearance and in return the airline
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Transportation in Memphis, Tennessee


regional system. Memphis is served by Memphis International Airport, which handles more cargo than any other airport in the world . The airport is the international cargo hub for FedEx and became a passenger hub for Delta Air Lines after their merger with Northwest Airlines in 2008. Currently, only domestic flights are available for passengers. International flights are only available for cargo. Other passenger airlines providing service to the airport are Air Canada Jazz, AirTran Airways, American Airlines, Continental Airlines, SeaPort Airlines, United Airlines and US Airways. The
8792166
Vayudoot


Vayudoot ("messenger who rides on the wind") was a regional airline in India established on 20 January 1981 as a joint-venture between the two state-owned carriers, Indian Airlines and Air India. The airline was headquartered at New Delhi's Safdarjung Airport. The airline was originally conceived to serve the Northeastern region of India. The regional hub for the Northeast Region was Calcutta (Kolkata), and the airline built up operations to close to 30 destinations in this challenging area. Many of the airfields saw the
3708611
Transportation in Calgary


YYC) is the only international airport in the Calgary Region and one of only two in the province. The airport is WestJet Airlines's main base and largest hub, and acts as an Air Canada hub. In total, about 20 passenger airlines have regular scheduled flights to and from the airport. It is also a major hub for several cargo airlines including DHL, FedEx, Purolator, and United Parcel Service. The airport primarily connects Western Canada with non-stop flights to Eastern Canada, 18 major American cities, as
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Airline hub


Airport as a domestic hub in New York City, due to capacity and slot restrictions at its hub at John F. Kennedy International Airport. Many regional flights operate out of LaGuardia, while most international flights remain at JFK. A scissor hub occurs when an airline operates multiple flights to an airport that arrive at the same time, swap passengers, and then continue to their final destination. Air India operates a similar scissor hub at London's Heathrow Airport, where passengers from Delhi, Ahmedabad, and Mumbai can continue onto a flight
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America West Airlines


America West Airlines was a U.S. regional airline headquartered in Tempe, Arizona. Their main hub was at Sky Harbor Airport in Phoenix, Arizona, with a secondary hub at Las Vegas McCarran International Airport in Las Vegas, Nevada. The airline acquired U.S. Airways in 2005 but took on the name of U.S. Airways. America West served about 100 cities in the US, Canada, and Mexico; flights to Europe was on codeshare partners. In March 2005 the airline had 132 aircraft, with a single maintenance base at Phoenix Sky Harbor
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Ithaca, New York


Tompkins Regional Airport, located about three miles to the northeast of the city center. American Eagle offers flights to its hub at Philadelphia, operated by Piedmont Airlines using Embraer ERJ-145 airliners. Delta Connection provides service to its hub at Detroit Metro airport, operated by SkyWest Airlines using Bombardier CRJ-200 airliners. United Express offers two daily flights to Washington Dulles International Airport, operated by CommutAir using Embraer ERJ-145. Some residents choose to travel to Syracuse Hancock International Airport, Greater Binghamton Airport, Elmira-Corning Regional Airport or Greater Rochester International Airport
15052348
Airliner


contracted to provide ("feed") passengers from smaller cities to hub airports (and reverse) for a "major" or "flag" carrier, regional airliners may be painted in the liveries of the major airline for which they provide this "feeder" service, so the regional airlines may offer and market a seamless transition between the larger airline to smaller airline. Typical aircraft in this category include the Bombardier CRJ and Embraer ERJ regional jets along with the Bombardier "Q" (DASH-8) series, ATR 42/72 and
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Ethiopian Airlines


aimed at developing Lusaka as an aviation hub for Southern Africa and fits with the airline's multiple hub strategy outlined in its 15-year Vision 2025 strategic plan. In February 2018, Ethiopian and its Togo based regional airline partner ASKY Airlines formed a strategic partnership with the Guinean government to establish startup carrier Guinea Airlines by June. This partnership is in line with the airline's 15-year Vision 2025 strategic plan to establish strategic partnerships with many African countries, enabling them to regain market share for travel. It is also in line with the recently
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List of Vision Airlines destinations


, Vision Airlines was offering scheduled or charter flights to the following destinations. However, according to the airline’s website, Vision has now ceased all scheduled passenger services as an independent air carrier. All flights operating under the Vision Airlines brand were public charters for Travelspan. A number of these destinations were served on a scheduled basis from the former Vision Airlines hub located at the Northwest Florida Regional Airport (VPS) near Fort Walton Beach, FL and Destin, FL. This hub operation was shut down in 2012. The airline
19893562
Transport in the Netherlands


the third busiest airport in Europe in terms of passengers. Moreover, offering direct flights to 326 destination airports around the planet, Schiphol is the world's second best connected airport. Schiphol is the primary hub for Dutch flag carrier airline KLM and its regional affiliate KLM Cityhopper, as well as for other Dutch airlines Corendon Dutch Airlines, Martinair, Transavia and TUI Airlines Netherlands. The airport also serves as a European hub for Delta Air Lines, and as a base for EasyJet and Vueling airlines. According to Schiphol's preliminary data
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Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport


Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport is one of two international airports of Shanghai and an important airline hub of China. Hongqiao Airport mainly serves domestic and regional flights, with limited international flights. It is located near the town of Hongqiao in Changning District, west of downtown, and is closer to the city center than Shanghai Pudong International Airport, Shanghai's main international airport. Hongqiao Airport is a hub for China Eastern Airlines, Shanghai Airlines, Juneyao Airlines and Spring Airlines. In 2016, Hongqiao Airport handled 40,460,135 passengers, making it the
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Braathens Regional Aviation


Braathens Regional Aviation is a Norwegian-owned Swedish airline headquartered in Malmö operating aircraft wet-leasing services together with its sister airline Braathens Regional Airways for BRA Braathens Regional Airlines. Previously it was known under the name "Malmö Aviation" and operated domestic routes in Sweden from its hub at Stockholm-Bromma Airport until February 2016, when its operations merged with Sverigeflyg to form BRA Braathens Regional Airlines. In the process the airline changed its name to the current Braathens Regional Aviation and ceased its own network-operations. The company was
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Southeast Alaska


region. Alaska Airlines is by far the largest air carrier in the region, with Juneau's Juneau International Airport serving as the aerial hub for all of Southeast and Ketchikan's Ketchikan International Airport serving as a secondary hub for southern Southeast Alaska. Alaska's bush airlines and air taxis serve many of the smaller and more isolated communities and villages in the regions. Many communities are accessible by air only by floatplane, as proper runways are often difficult to construct on the steep island slopes. Southeast Alaska is primarily served by the state
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Continental Airlines


than 2,400 daily departures throughout the Americas, Europe and the Asia-Pacific region. The summer 2008 schedule saw Continental serving 130 domestic and 132 international destinations. Continental Airlines operated primarily a hub-and-spoke route network with North American hubs in Cleveland, Houston, and Newark, and a west Pacific hub in Guam. The majority of Continental flights were operated from its hubs, with a few exceptions (Seattle-Anchorage, Los Angeles-Honolulu, and Los Angeles-Havana, LaGuardia – Aruba). Some affiliated
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LATAM Paraguay


in 1996 the majority of the stakes of LAP were sold to the Brazilian airline TAM Airlines and the current acronym was adopted. This is not to be confused with a Bolivia military-run passenger service, Transporte Aéreo Militar, TAM, operating mainly DC-3 and CASA 212 aircraft to domestic underserved destinations and not related to the civilian airline. In 1994 TAM Airlines established a small subsidiary airline in Paraguay, called ARPA - Aerolíneas Paraguayas, with a fleet consisting mostly of Cessna 208 Caravan aircraft, formerly operated by TAM. On 1
8464021
Nepal Airlines


reorganization. In mid-march, NAC retired its only left Boeing 757-200M after 3 decades of service in order to focus on airbus only fleet. The company is likely to sell the aircraft soon. Nepal Airlines flies to 8 international and several domestic destinations from its main hub in Tribhuvan International Airport. The airline also operates a few domestic flights from its regional hubs at Biratnagar, Nepalgunj and Pokhara. The Nepal Airlines fleet includes the following aircraft as of 1 June 2019. Shangri-La Class is Nepal Airlines
21320396
Regional airline


slightly different category ExpressJet Airlines another regional carrier, but one which is independently owned and managed, although its 205 aircraft fleet operates in the marketing brand of Continental Airlines, Inc., Continental Express. In these roles, all of the preceding airlines are operated primarily to bring passengers to the major hubs, where they will connect for longer distance flights on the national airlines also known as flagship carriers's, larger aircraft. The smallest regional carriers have become known as feeder airlines. The separate corporate structure allows the company to operate under
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America West Airlines


A320s and began gradually retiring their older Boeing 737-200s. In the 1990s America West opened a hub at Port Columbus International Airport in Columbus, Ohio, using Chautauqua Airlines and Mesa Airlines to provide commuter and regional flights via code sharing agreements in addition to mainline jets. An "America West Club" was at the hub in an area previously used for a TWA Ambassadors' Club. In late 2001 America West was the first airline to apply for and receive a loan from the Air Transportation Stabilization Board. As of April
2674247
Miami International Airport


domestic hub for its regional affiliate American Eagle in the U.S.A. It also serves as a focus city for Avianca, Frontier Airlines, and LATAM, both for passengers and cargo operations. In the past, it has been a hub for Braniff International Airways, Eastern Air Lines, Air Florida, the original National Airlines, the original Pan American World Airways ("Pan Am"), United Airlines, Iberia Airlines and Fine Air. The first airport on the site of MIA opened in the 1920s and was known as Miami City
6357127
Mobile Regional Airport


; those flights ended after the merger. After its merger with Continental Airlines in 2012 United Airlines (via its United Express regional affiliate operated by Express Jet) resumed flights to its hub in Houston (IAH), seven weekday flights. United Express resumed service to the hub in Chicago (ORD) on April 9, 2013. It was at the Mobile Regional Airport that President George W. Bush, in the immediate aftermath of Hurricane Katrina on September 2, 2005, praised Michael D. Brown, director of the Federal Emergency Management
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Líneas Aéreas Paraguayas


Líneas Aéreas Paraguayas - Air Paraguay was founded in 1963 to be the flag carrier airline of Paraguay. Its main base was Silvio Pettirossi International Airport, in Asunción. LAP was a creation of the Paraguayan Military Aviation in 1962. It was officially founded by the government through the Decree Nr.337 of March 18, 1963. Executives: President, Lt-Col Adrian Jara. It began services on August 20 of that year, using three Convair CV-240 aircraft. Services included flights to Rio de Janeiro, Buenos Aires, Montevideo, Sao
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Transwestern Airlines


Transwestern Airlines was a regional airline based in Logan, Utah, its hub was at the Logan-Cache Airport. Founded in 1976, it was later acquired by Horizon Air in 1983. From its hub at Salt Lake City, the carrier served the following destinations at various times during its existence: A non-fatality accident in Idaho occurred on its route on February 15, 1983, on a late morning flight from Boise to Sun Valley. On approach, the sub-contracted Sierra Pacific Airlines de Havilland Twin Otter pitched
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Mandarin Airlines


Mandarin Airlines () is a Taiwanese regional airline based in Taipei, Taiwan, whose parent company is China Airlines. The airline operates domestic and regional international flights, while its parent company focuses on international operations. Some charter services are also operated by the company. Its main hub is Taipei Songshan Airport with others at Taichung International Airport and Kaohsiung International Airport. Mandarin Airlines was established on 1 June 1991, and was initially a joint venture by China Airlines (67%) and Koos Group (33%); the Chinese
2836978
Airline hub


airline. However, as an airline expands operations at its primary hub to the point that it experiences capacity limitations, it may elect to open secondary hubs. Examples of such hubs are Turkish Airlines' Istanbul–Sabiha Gökçen hub, British Airways' hub at London-Gatwick, Air India's hub at Mumbai and Lufthansa's hub at Munich. By operating multiple hubs, airlines can expand their geographic reach. They can also better serve spoke–spoke markets, providing more itineraries with connections at different hubs. A given hub
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LATAM Paraguay


September 1996, ARPA purchased 80% of the shares of the former state-owned LAP - Líneas Aéreas Paraguayas and both airlines were merged under the name TAM - Transportes Aéreos del Mercosur. Today LATAM owns 94.98% and the Paraguayan government 5.02% of the shares. In 2008, following a branding strategy, the name "TAM Mercosur" was dropped and the airline adopted a corporate identity identical to its Brazilian owner, becoming "TAM Airlines". However, its corporate structure remained the same. The airline was rebranded as
8464022
Regional jet


Since 2012, American Airlines, Delta Air Lines and United Airlines cap their regional airlines' jets at 76 seats and maximum take-off weight at 86,000 lb (39 t). These aircraft are widely used by commuter airlines such as SkyWest and American Eagle. The low rate of fuel consumption, which translates to low cost of operation, makes regional jets ideal for use as commuter aircraft or to connect lower traffic airports to large or medium hub airports. Regional jets are heavily used in the US Essential Air Service program.
20505601
Regional airline


The clash of definitions has led to confusion in the media and the public. Beginning around 1985, a number of trends have become apparent. Regional aircraft are getting larger, faster, and are flying longer ranges. Additionally, the vast majority of regionals within the United States with more than ten aircraft within their fleet, have lost their individual identities and now serve only as feeders, to Alaska Airlines, American Airlines, Delta Air Lines, or United Airlines major hubs. Regional aircraft in the US have been getting slightly more
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Regional Express Américas


Regional Express Américas is the working title of the Colombian regional airline founded in December 2018. It is owned by Avianca Holdings and is being phased out as of spring 2019 as part of the adjustment plan for its operating model and in search of more profitability and efficiency. Julián Laverde becomes the CEO of the new regional airline The peculiarity of Avianca Holdings' new strategy is that flights are not routed through an airline hub, but from point-to-point. In return, Avianca is gradually withdrawing from the regional centers and
11769410
Trans World Airlines


a result, American initially replaced TWA's St. Louis mainline hub with regional jet service (going from over 800 operations a day to just over 200) and downsized TWA's maintenance base in Kansas City. In September 2009, American Airlines announced its intent to shut down the St. Louis hub it inherited from TWA and, in October 2009, American Airlines announced its intent to close the Kansas City maintenance base by September 2010. On December 16, 2013, Doug Parker, CEO of American Airlines Group, announced that TWA heritage
19187557
American Airlines


third largest airline alliance in the world. Regional service is operated by independent and subsidiary carriers under the brand name American Eagle. American and American Eagle operates out of ten hubs, with Dallas/Fort Worth being its largest; handling more than 200 million passengers annually with an average of more than 500,000 passengers daily. American operates its primary maintenance base in Tulsa in addition to the maintenance locations located at its hubs. As of 2019, the company employs nearly 130,000 people. Through the airline's parent company, American Airlines Group
2088554
Transportation in Northern Virginia


region, Dulles is the busiest international airport in the Mid-Atlantic outside of the New York metropolitan area. On a typical day, more than 60,000 passengers pass through Washington Dulles to and from more than 125 destinations around the world. Dulles is a major hub for United Airlines, serving as one of the airline's two primary transatlantic gateways. Reagan National is a hub for American Airlines, Reagan National's largest carrier. American Airlines Shuttle has near-hourly air shuttle flights to New York LaGuardia Airport and Logan International Airport
6116579
McAllen Miller International Airport


Raleigh/Durham. American and regional affiliate American Eagle continue to serve the airport. Trans World Airlines (TWA) also served McAllen. In 2001 TWA McDonnell Douglas MD-80s flew nonstop to Austin and one-stop to its St. Louis hub. By the end of 2001 Trans World Airlines had merged into American Airlines. Delta Connection (Atlantic Southeast Airlines) (ASA, now ExpressJet) flew to Delta's Atlanta hub. In 2007 Delta Connection had two nonstops a day to ATL with Canadair CRJ-200s for Delta Air Lines in a
7702717
Transportation in Philadelphia


the largest airport in the Philadelphia region and the 11th busiest airport in the world in 2008 in terms of traffic movements. Most of PHL is located in Philadelphia proper, while the international terminal and the western end of the airfield are located in Tinicum Township. Philadelphia International Airport is a domestic hub and the primary international hub of American Airlines. American Airlines uses Terminal A West, the international terminal, for flights to Europe and the Caribbean. Terminals B and C are used exclusively for domestic American Airlines flights, and American Eagle
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Trondheim Airport, Værnes


. This is scheduled for completion in 2013. Widerøe is a regional airline and uses Dash 8 aircraft to operate routes from south to north in Norway. Northwards, Widerøe uses Trondheim Airport as a hub to serve six airports in Nord-Trøndelag and Helgeand on public service obligation contracts with the Norwegian Ministry of Transport and Communications. Scandinavian Airlines is the airline with the most domestic services to Trondheim. The main route is to its hub at Oslo; additional services are operated to Bergen, Bodø, Stavanger, Tromsø and Ålesund,
8870240
Executive Airlines


Executive Airlines, Inc. was a regional airline headquartered in Carolina, Puerto Rico. Effective April 1, 2013 Executive Airlines continued to do business in the Caribbean and Bahamas as an aircraft ground handling company, providing services to various airlines in the region, after it had ceased operating scheduled passenger flights with ATR turboprop aircraft as an American Eagle air carrier on behalf of American Airlines via a code sharing agreement providing passenger feed at the former American Airlines hub located at the Luis Munoz Marin International Airport (SJU) located in San Juan,
6142639
Mobile Regional Airport


New Orleans, LA. American also flew to its hub in Nashville from the mid-1980s to the early 1990s before the airline closed that hub. USAir (later US Airways and now merged into American Airlines) flew nonstop to Charlotte, NC in the mid 1990s with McDonnell Douglas DC-9-30s and Fokker 100s. Texas International arrived in 1979; successor Continental Airlines flew Boeing 737-200s and McDonnell Douglas DC-9-30s nonstop to Houston Intercontinental Airport in the late 1990s. Continental has since merged into United Airlines. The MC Farmer
6004006
Mesa Air Group


a Los Angeles hub operating as United Express. Both Superior and CalPac were short-lived operations, with both airlines being folded back into Mesa Airlines United Express operations. In 1994, Mesa acquired Pittsburgh-based Crown Airways. Using the assets from Crown Airways, Mesa set up Liberty Express Airlines with a Pittsburgh hub operating as USAir Express. In March 1995, Mesa took delivery of its first two regional jets, the Fokker 70, a smaller version of the Fokker 100 jetliner. Mesa created Desert Sun Airlines and operated the
9262119
Midway International Airport


, traveler information, and a short walking distance to gates. A food court opened with Chicago-style food and retail options. The expansion project culminated with a short lived period of great airline diversity at Midway as Vanguard Airlines, National Airlines and AirTran Airways all expanded their services to the airport. ATA Airlines (ATA) took over Chicago Express Airlines, also known as ATA Connection, whose primary hub was at Midway. Chicago Express served as a regional airline connecting to airports around the great lakes regions. Following the September
13561354
Envoy Air


passenger service. Until 1987 these third-party carriers flew under contract with American Airlines to provide regional feed to its hubs. During 1987 and 1988 AMR Corp. acquired its regional carriers, starting with Simmons Airlines. AMR's final airline d/b/a American Eagle acquisition was Executive Airlines in 1989. By mid-1991 AMR had consolidated the number of carriers to four. The May 15, 1998, merger of Wings West and Flagship into Simmons (and the name change of Simmons Airlines to American Eagle Airlines) reduced the number
20079977
Air Namibia


Air Namibia (Pty) Limited, which trades as Air Namibia, is the national airline of Namibia, headquartered in Windhoek. It operates scheduled domestic, regional, and international passenger and cargo services, having its international hub in Windhoek Hosea Kutako International Airport and a domestic hub at the smaller Windhoek Eros Airport. , the carrier is wholly owned by the Namibian government. Air Namibia is a member of both the International Air Transport Association and the African Airlines Association. The origins of the airline trace back to , when "South
15707206
Indianapolis International Airport


affiliates), with 49% of all seats. USAir ended the hub in the late 1990s. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, Indianapolis was a hub for then locally based ATA Airlines and its regional affiliate, Chicago Express/ATA Connection. After that airline entered Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in late 2004, operations at IND were cut, then eliminated in 2006. ATA's demise gave Northwest Airlines an opportunity to expand operations, making Indianapolis a focus city with mainline flights to the West Coast, East Coast, and
23215
North West England


-third by Manchester Council, and one-third by the other nine Greater Manchester councils. In 2007 Manchester had a recorded 222,703 aircraft movements, the airport is also a hub for major holiday airlines such as Thomas Cook Airlines, Monarch Airlines, First Choice Airways and Thomson Airways. The region's second largest, but oldest and fastest growing airport is Liverpool John Lennon Airport, which served over 5 million passengers. The airport serves destinations primarily in the UK and Europe and is a major hub for EasyJet and Ryanair. The
8569031
Alliance Air (India)


Airlines, providing connections to the latter's hubs from various smaller cities across the country. In 2002 the airline was offering flights to 44 destinations in India utilizing a fleet of 11 Boeing 737-200s. In 2007, when Indian Airlines was merged with Air India, it became the regional arm of Air India operating under a new identity as Air India Regional. In March 2017, the airline was again renamed Alliance Air. Alliance Air operates to 55 destinations in India as of May 2019. It operates regional services in India
7714750
Airline hub


Airline hubs or hub airports are used by one or more airlines to concentrate passenger traffic and flight operations at a given airport. They serve as transfer (or stop-over) points to get passengers to their final destination. It is part of the hub-and-spoke system. An airline operates flights from several non-hub (spoke) cities to the hub airport, and passengers traveling between spoke cities need to connect through the hub. This paradigm creates economies of scale that allow an airline to serve (via
15530804
Salisbury–Ocean City–Wicomico Regional Airport


the merger, the airline was renamed Piedmont and it deemed Salisbury as its primary operating base and quickly grew into a large regional carrier. After opening the base, the airline operated flights to Philadelphia and Washington. A few years later, Piedmont opened a new hub in Charlotte, North Carolina which rapidly grew to become larger than its hub in Washington D.C. The service to Washington was later cancelled and was replaced with service to Charlotte. On April 21, 2016, Donald Trump's private Boeing 757 landed for his rally at Stephen
18005297
Airline hub


Qatar and the UAE to its Bahrain hub, from which it offered flights to destinations throughout Europe and Asia. In the UAE, Gulf Air focused on Abu Dhabi rather than Dubai, contrary to the aspirations of UAE Prime Minister Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum to transform the latter into a world-class metropolis. Sheikh Mohammed proceeded to establish a new airline based in Dubai, Emirates, which launched operations in 1985. Elsewhere in the Middle East region, Qatar and Oman decided to create their own airlines as well. Qatar Airways
15530819
Chicago bid for the 2016 Summer Olympics


International Airport, along with several smaller airports. The city is served by all major worldwide airlines, and O'Hare is an international hub for both American and United Airlines, while Midway is a hub for domestic carrier Southwest Airlines. There is also a considerable network of rail lines and interstate highways in the region. Chicago has over 30,000 hotel rooms in the immediate downtown area alone, and it has the largest skilled-labor workforce in the US catering to conventions and other large-scale media events. Chicago is in the Central
18504230
Endeavor Air


, Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport, Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport, and New York's LaGuardia Airport and John F. Kennedy International Airport. Until the restructuring, Endeavor also operated a hub at Memphis International Airport. In March 2017, Endeavor announced it would be re-opening an Atlanta crew and maintenance base, operating CRJ-200 aircraft at this hub. By July 2017, Endeavor had five crew and ten maintenance bases. In February 1985, the airline was established as Express Airlines I, offering regional airline service to major
20079941
Business Express Airlines


Express became the first Delta Connection regional carrier to operate jet aircraft, predating deliveries of Canadair and Embraer Regional Jets to Atlantic Southeast Airlines, Comair, and SkyWest Airlines. In 1992, the airline obtained five British Aerospace BAe 146-200 69-passenger regional jets from Discovery Airways and placed an order for twenty new Avro RJ-70s in the same year which then began to be added to the fleet in 1993. The Avro RJ-70 was an improved version of the BAe 146. Jet routes included international feeder service to Delta's transatlantic hub at
17038604
Yanda Airlines


Yanda Airlines was a small regional airline that served the Hunter Region and north west New South Wales from 1988 until 2001. Following the company's demise, most of the communities Yanda served have been left without scheduled air services. The family owned business was established by Paul Rees who purchased Singleton Air Services and the small Singleton Airport in 1985, intending to franchise routes that would use Singleton as a regional hub and connect onward to Sydney. Services branded as Yanda Airlines commenced in 1988 as a milk run between Scone and Sydney with
21594367
MacAir Airlines


MacAir Airlines Pty Ltd was a regional airline based in Townsville, Queensland, Australia. It operated scheduled passenger services throughout Queensland from major regional locations, as well as regular and ad hoc charters for the minerals industry in Queensland. Its main operations base was Townsville International Airport, with hubs at Cairns International Airport, Brisbane Airport and Mount Isa Airport. In January 2009, the airline was placed in receivership. MacAir Airlines was established and started charter operations in 1992 as McKinlay Air Charters, adding scheduled services in 1998. In May
20291750
Freedoms of the air


carriers such as Thai Airways and Singapore Airlines carried traffic on the Kangaroo Route between Europe and Australia, and Japanese carriers carried traffic between Southeast Asia and the Americas. More recently, carriers in the Persian Gulf region have developed intercontinental sixth-freedom hubs, and Copa Airlines has developed a sixth-freedom hub in Panama to connect many cities in North and South America. Another example is Air Canada, which has pursued a strategy of carrying passengers between the US and points in Europe and Asia through its Canadian hubs. While sixth
15162333
Shanghai Pudong International Airport


Shanghai Pudong International Airport is one of two international airports of Shanghai and a major aviation hub of China. Pudong Airport mainly serves international flights, while the city's other major airport Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport mainly serves domestic and regional flights. Located about east of the city center, Pudong Airport occupies a site adjacent to the coastline in eastern Pudong. The airport is operated by Shanghai Airport Authority (, ). The airport is the main hub for China Eastern Airlines and Shanghai Airlines, and a major international hub for Air China
3118830
American Eagle (airline brand)


With hub operations at Luis Munoz Marin International Airport in San Juan, Puerto Rico, the addition of Executive Airways to the American Eagle family opened up an extensive inter-island network throughout the Caribbean. Between 1987 and 1989 AMR Corp. (parent corporation of American Airlines) gradually acquired most of its regional carriers, starting with Simmons Airlines. By 1991, AMR had consolidated its wholly owned regional carriers into four separate entities: Executive Airlines, Flagship Airlines, Simmons Airlines, and Wings West. AMR would later purchase the assets of
2661790
Skyway Airlines


Skyway Airlines was an American ramp and aircraft ground handling services and catering company based in Oak Creek, Wisconsin. Until April 5, 2008, it operated as a regional airline and banner carrier exclusively for Midwest Express Airlines (which subsequently changed its name to Midwest Airlines) under the business name Midwest Connect (previously Midwest Express Connection), feeding Midwest's hub at General Mitchell International Airport with twelve 32-seat Fairchild-Dornier 328JET regional jet aircraft, and four 19-seat Beechcraft 1900 commuter turboprops. Skyway Airlines, along with its parent corporation
7241728
Barkley Regional Airport


Barkley Regional Airport is 14 miles west of Paducah, in McCracken County, Kentucky. It is used for general aviation and sees one airline, subsidized by the Essential Air Service program. 100 people are employed at the airport. The only airline is United Express operated by SkyWest Airlines, with 19 weekly Canadair Regional Jets to Chicago. Barkley Regional Airport is the 5th busiest airport in Kentucky. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2017–2021 categorized it as a non-hub primary commercial service facility
5958489
Regional jet


lavatories or flight attendants of larger jet aircraft. As feeder routes grew, regional airlines replaced these small aircraft with larger turboprop airliners to feed larger airline hubs. These medium airliners were then supplanted by faster, longer range, regional jets like the first Bombardier CRJ100/200. Early small jets had higher operating costs than turboprops on short routes. The gap narrowed with better turbofans, and closed with the higher utilization due to higher speeds. In 1983 British Aerospace introduced its BAe 146 short-range jet, produced in three sizes between 70
20505604
Midwest Airlines


1989, Midwest Express added two McDonnell Douglas MD-80 aircraft to its fleet, eventually acquiring eleven additional aircraft between 1998 and 2001. These enabled the airline to expand services to the West Coast and Florida. The airline experienced steady growth and continued profitability, opening an additional hub in Omaha, Nebraska in early 1995. Midwest Express also started its own regional subsidiary, Skyway Airlines, The Midwest Express Connection, to provide commuter airline service to small communities in Wisconsin and the surrounding region. Kimberly-Clark relinquished its ownership in two initial
13668519
Narita International Airport


Airlines moved its main international hub from Haneda to Narita, and Northwest and Pan American also moved their Asian regional hubs from Haneda to Narita. Pan American transferred its Pacific Division, including its Narita hub, to United Airlines in February 1986. Japanese domestic carrier All Nippon Airways began scheduled international flights from Narita to Guam in 1986. From 1978 to 2015, Narita Airport was the only airport in Japan where visitors were required to show ID upon entry, due to the tumultuous history of the airport's construction and the violent protests
5943083
ATA Airlines


on ATA as a "business airline." After 2001 the 737-800 with their ETOPS capabilities became the fleet's mainstay of ATA's medium haul operations from the west coast to and from Hawaii and Mexico. In 2000, ATA and Chicago Express Airlines launched ATA Connection, a regional affiliate of ATA Airlines that would link regional mid-western cities with ATA's Chicago hub and Indianapolis focus city. Chicago Express was purchased for $1.9 million on June 1, 1999, and operated as a separate subsidiary. After ATA
17581554
Kullaflyg


Kullaflyg was an airline based in Ängelholm/Helsingborg, Sweden. They lease aircraft and pilots from the sister company Braathens Regional. Their own staff works partly as ground personnel and as cabin crew on the aircraft. As all subsidiaries of Sverigeflyg, Kullaflyg uses the callsign and codes of Braathens Regional. In 2016, the Kullaflyg brand was, together with several other domestic airline brands, merged into the new BRA Braathens Regional Airlines. Kullaflyg operated the following destinations from its hub at Ängelholm-Helsingborg Airport (as of summer 2015)
20302201
Clermont-Ferrand Auvergne Airport


first hard runway was built on this site (now runway 08/26), the first terminal would open at the airport a few years later in 1937. The terminal had a size 200m². In 1975 the runway was extended to its current 3,015 m. A year later in 1976 the airport had a category 3 ILS system installed. The current terminal was built in 1992. The airport used to be the hub of Regional Airlines, an important regional airline in France. Regional Airlines was bought by Air France in 2000 and Air
9116381
Thames Hub integrated infrastructure vision


traffic growth to 2050 would be accommodated at regional airports. These new projections have been strongly criticised by airlines because they seem to ignore the strong preferences by airlines to operate hub and spoke networks rather than offering point to point services. Recent studies published by the British Chamber of Commerce and Frontier Economics for Heathrow's owner BAA estimate that the economic cost of not expanding capacity at Heathrow ranges between £900 million and £1.2 billion per year. Willie Walsh, Chief Executive of International Airlines Group, which owns British Airways (BA
3237769
Mobile Regional Airport


Air Lines dropped several flights from Mobile and Continental Airlines added flights. In December 2006 Delta had six weekday flights to Atlanta and one to its Cincinnati hub. Delta ended service to Cincinnati on December 12, 2006. American Airlines restored flights to Chicago (ORD) in April 2007 but ended them in September 2008. Flights to Charlotte and Dallas/Ft. Worth continue on its American Eagle affiliate with Embraer ERJs. In 2010 Northwest Airlines merged into Delta Air Lines. Northwest had operated nonstops from Mobile to its hub in Memphis
6004008
Casper–Natrona County International Airport


Prior to becoming a Continental Express air carrier, Rocky Mountain Airways was serving Casper in 1983 as an independent airline with de Havilland Canada DHC-7 Dash 7 turboprops while commuter air carrier Air US was also serving the airport at this same time with the regional airliner version of Grumman Gulfstream I business propjet. Delta eventually turned its mainline service over to its code sharing regional airline partner, SkyWest Airlines, which in 1995 was operating as the Delta Connection with nonstop Canadair CRJ regional jet flights to Delta's Salt Lake City hub. SkyWest continues
6758792
Fly540


destinations to Rwanda, Mozambique and Burundi in 2009. The company's ambition was to become a pan-African carrier, through an expansion to an additional two regional hubs: ""...we will open up Kigali and then head to West Africa. Ghana will be the hub for West African region. In Southern Africa, we shall use Angola as our hub, so it will become a pan African low cost airline"". Fly540 received authorisation to start operations in Angola in April 2009. The initial plans include domestic
18019529
Transportation in Philadelphia


regional flights use Terminal F. Southwest Airlines, a major domestic low-cost airline, began flights to PHL in 2004 despite its business model of utilizing secondary airports. Southwest Airlines operates its flights from Terminal E along with several other airlines. UPS Airlines operates a regional freight hub at the airport. PHL is connected to Center City by the SEPTA Airport Line, which has four stations throughout the airport and travels to 30th Street Station, Suburban Station, and Jefferson Station in downtown Philadelphia. The Airport Line costs $5.50 one wayTaxis
4242561
China Xinjiang Airlines


China Xinjiang Airlines () was a Chinese airline owned by CAAC. It had its headquarters on the property of Diwopu International Airport in Urumqi. It was based in Ürümqi and had a secondary hub in Changzhou in Jiangsu province. The airline was absorbed by China Southern Airlines in 2003. The airline was established as a detachment of the CAAC Xinjiang Regional Authority; it started operations on . In late 1993 the airline took ownership of the first of five 72-seater ATR 72s that had been ordered in May the same year. This event
20884383
Southeastern Airlines


Southeastern Airlines was a regional airline that was acquired by Atlantic Southeast Airlines, a Delta Connection carrier, on April 1, 1983. It was formed in 1982 by Atlanta entrepreneur Michael J. Brady, who had formerly been head of Eastern Metro Express, a feeder for Eastern Airlines. The airline was originally known as Southeastern Commuter Airlines, but the "Commuter" part was dropped at some point before the merge with ASA. Southeastern served many cities in the southeast, mostly in the state of Georgia, using Atlanta as a hub
7387263
Ethiopian Airlines


spend miles on both airlines' networks. In , the carrier entered a strategic partnership with Lomé-based start-up airline "ASKY Airlines", in which Ethiopian holds a 40% stake. Ethiopian Airlines is responsible for aircraft maintenance and operational management. The plan is to turn Lomé into Ethiopian Airline's regional hub for the West African market. ASKY started operations in January 2010 and became profitable after a few months. Ethiopian officially joined Star Alliance in . Ethiopian Airlines has codeshare agreements with the following airlines: In ,
13840950
J-Air


, is a regional commuter airline with its headquarters in the Terminal Building in Nagoya Airfield and in Toyoyama, Nishikasugai District, Aichi, Japan and its main hub at Nagoya Airfield. J-Air previously had its headquarters in Ōmura, Nagasaki Prefecture. Its operations include scheduled passenger services to 17 destinations across regional Japan, under Japan Airlines' flight numbers. The airline has a fleet of 28 aircraft, consisting of Bombardier CRJ-200s and Embraer 170s. J-Air is a wholly owned subsidiary of Japan's flag carrier, Japan Airlines
11801186
Tampa International Airport


air carrier airlines, four regional airlines, and three air cargo carriers. Three of the regional airlines operate under the banner of mainline air carriers, while a fourth, Silver Airways, is independent and utilizes Tampa International Airport as a hub for its operations. Southwest Airlines operates a focus city in TPA and carries the airport's largest share of passengers, operating up to 121 daily flights. The airport presently serves 93 non-stop destinations throughout North America, Central America, the Caribbean, and Europe. Tampa International is also
18213689
Singapore Airlines


continents from its primary hub in Singapore. It has a strong presence in the Southeast Asian region, which together with its subsidiary SilkAir, connects Singapore with more international destinations in the region than any other Southeast Asian airline. After the Asian financial crisis in 1997, Singapore Airlines discontinued its routes to Kagoshima, Berlin, Darwin, Cairns, Hangzhou, and Sendai. Toronto was discontinued in 1994. During the SARS outbreak in 2003–04, Singapore Airlines ceased flights to Brussels, Las Vegas, Chicago, Hiroshima, Kaohsiung, Mauritius,
1969649
Continental Express


Continental Express was the operating brand name used by a number of independently owned regional airlines providing commuter airliner and regional jet feeder service under agreement with Continental Airlines. In 2012 at the time of the merger between Continental and United Airlines, two carriers were operating using the Continental Express brand name: Continental Express, operated by ExpressJet and Chautauqua, offered service to approximately 150 destinations in the United States, Canada, Mexico and the Caribbean, from Continental's hubs in Houston, Newark and Cleveland. ExpressJet operates as a Continental Express and
20080166