British Mediterranean Airways [SEP] airline hub
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British Mediterranean Airways


British Mediterranean Airways Limited, trading as B|MED, was an airline with operations from London Heathrow Airport in England. It operated scheduled services as a British Airways franchise to 17 destinations in 16 countries throughout Africa, the Middle East, and Central Asia from London Heathrow. In February 2007, the airline was purchased by BMI, and continued as a British Airways franchise until the night of 27 October 2007, when it was absorbed into, and rebranded as, bmi. Before the takeover it was headquartered at the Hetherington House in London
22008804
Dan-Air Engineering


of the airline's takeover by British Airways in 1992 led to the decommissioning and mothballing of the hangars it had acquired from Dan-Air Engineering at Gatwick and Lasham. The Gatwick hangar was subsequently brought back into service in the late-1990s following British Airways's decision to make the airport a major hub. It was decommissioned once more as a consequence of British Airways's subsequent decision to de-hub Gatwick, following the adoption of a new corporate strategy aimed at restructuring the airline's loss-making operation at the airport in the
18325233
British Midland International


which used a dedicated A320 aircraft (G-MIDO) with special seating for the service, including leather seats and a 40" seat pitch. In 2007 the airline launched non-stop services from its Heathrow hub to Cairo and Amman, raising the airline's profile in the Middle East significantly. BMI announced on 5 November 2008 that it would end all longhaul operations from Manchester Airport. The two Airbus A330 aircraft based there were moved to Heathrow. In February 2007, BMI bought British Mediterranean Airways (BMED), a
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Airline hub


airline. However, as an airline expands operations at its primary hub to the point that it experiences capacity limitations, it may elect to open secondary hubs. Examples of such hubs are Turkish Airlines' Istanbul–Sabiha Gökçen hub, British Airways' hub at London-Gatwick, Air India's hub at Mumbai and Lufthansa's hub at Munich. By operating multiple hubs, airlines can expand their geographic reach. They can also better serve spoke–spoke markets, providing more itineraries with connections at different hubs. A given hub
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British Mediterranean Airways


1994 by a group of private investors led by Lord Hesketh. It began operations on 28 October that year. The airline operated the Airbus A320 from London Heathrow to Beirut, Lebanon. Damascus in Syria and Amman in Jordan were added to the network the following year, and the airline began flying a fortnightly charter service to Bishkek, capital of Kyrgyzstan. In March 1997 the airline reached an agreement with British Airways, with BA withdrawing its competing services to Beirut, Damascus and Amman, leaving British Mediterranean as the sole operator on
22008806
Boeing 747-400


pacific market. Remaining operators in 2014 included EVA Air, Qantas, Virgin Atlantic, British Airways and United. United's deployment of them also reflected a change in emphasis from Asian hubs to domestic hubs. On January 11, 2017 United announced it would begin phasing out its 747-400s and made its last 747 flight on November 7 that year. Delta Airlines was the last US airline to operate the Boeing 747, retiring the last of the 747-400 fleet it inherited from Northwest Airlines in December 2017. British Airways
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History of British Airways


Eddington implemented further cost cuts, the retirement of Concorde, and the removal of ethnic liveries. Under Willie Walsh, who became CEO in 2005, British Airways faced a price-fixing scandal, moved its primary hub to Heathrow Terminal 5, and experienced threats of industrial action, leading to a strike in March 2010. On 8 April 2010, it was confirmed that British Airways and Iberia Airlines had agreed to a merger, forming the International Airlines Group, although BA continues to operate under its own brand. The combined airline
16525472
AirTran Airways


Airways headquarters in Orlando on January 28, 1998, while the ValuJet Atlanta hub remained the hub for the combined AirTran Airways/Airlines operation. In April 1998, AirTran Holdings transferred all of AirTran Airlines fleet and operations to AirTran Airways and the FAA certificate for AirTran Airlines was canceled, AirTran Airways now became the only airline operator for AirTran Holdings and AirTran Airlines became an inactive subsidiary of AirTran Holdings. In August 1999, AirTran Airlines was merged into AirTran Airways. AirTran Airways became the surviving airline and AirTran Airlines became the non
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Beirut–Rafic Hariri International Airport


destroyed 14 civilian aircraft operated by the Lebanese carriers, Middle East Airlines (Air Liban had merged with MEA by this time), Trans Mediterranean Airways, and Lebanese International Airways. This caused serious devastation to the Lebanese aviation industry. Middle East Airlines managed to rebound quickly, but Lebanese International Airways went bankrupt and its employees were transferred to MEA. The airport lost its status as one of the premier hubs of the Middle East with the start of the 15-year-long Lebanese Civil War in April 1975 and lost virtually all of
21679871
Hulhulé Island


this island along with some official premises, e.g. Maldivian Bureau of Meteorology. The airport is served internationally by a variety of holiday charter flights (mostly from Europe) and several scheduled carriers including Emirates, Qatar Airways, Etihad Airways, British Airways, Turkish Airlines, Singapore Airlines, Malaysia Airlines and Sri Lankan Airlines. In addition to serving as an international and domestic airport, Hulhule is also home to the seaplane terminal operated by Trans Maldivian Airways. The island also serves as a hub for travellers wishing to connect to a domestic
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British Airways


British Airways (BA) is the flag carrier airline of the United Kingdom, headquartered at Waterside, Harmondsworth. It is the second largest airline in the United Kingdom, based on fleet size and passengers carried, behind easyJet. The airline is based in Waterside near its main hub at London Heathrow Airport. In January 2011 BA merged with Iberia, creating the International Airlines Group (IAG), a holding company registered in Madrid, Spain. IAG is the world's third-largest airline group in terms of annual revenue and
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British Mediterranean Airways


a BA franchise basis. Under this agreement the airline traded as British Airways, with all flights operated under BA flight codes (the range BA6500-6669 were allocated to BMED flights). All BMED aircraft were presented in full British Airways livery, appointed with the same interior and class product as the BA main fleet, and staff wore the BA uniform. BMED flights were booked through British Airways and the airline participated in BA's Executive Club and BA Miles programme. BMED was an affiliate member of Oneworld. With the franchise
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IAG Cargo


IAG Cargo is the cargo handling division of International Airlines Group (IAG). IAG Cargo uses the freight capacity of its sister airlines' passenger flights, such as British Airways, and maintains three hubs located at Dublin Airport, London Heathrow Airport and Adolfo Suárez Madrid–Barajas Airport. IAG Cargo provides freight transportation to more than 350 destinations in over 80 countries through its affiliated passenger airlines. The freight services of British Airways World Cargo were provided using the main British Airways fleet. BA World Cargo also operated freighter aircraft under a
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British Mediterranean Airways


on its 6 aircraft, to 18 destinations in 17 countries. At that time BMED had flights to Tashkent, Uzbekistan. British Mediterranean Airways rebranded as BMED in November 2004, stating that the shorter name and revamped logo would help strengthen the airline's image. On 12 March 2007, it was revealed that the airline was flying a "ghost flight" between London Heathrow and Cardiff International Airport six times a week. No seats were sold for the flight, and it was not announced in arrivals or departures, or on airport
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Airline hub


at the main international airport of their countries and some still do. Examples include Lufthansa at Frankfurt Airport, Air Canada at Toronto Pearson Airport, Alitalia at Rome Fiumicino Airport, KLM at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol, Cathay Pacific Airways at Hong Kong International Airport, Garuda Indonesia at Soekarno-Hatta International Airport, British Airways at London Heathrow, Air China at Beijing Capital Airport, Iberia (airline) at Madrid-Barajas Airport and Air France at Paris Orly and Charles de Gaulle Airports. A primary hub is the main hub for an
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Heathrow Terminal 3


undergo changes with dedicated A380 belts and an improved design and layout. The main presences in Terminal 3 are American Airlines, British Airways and Virgin Atlantic, which have their UK hubs located here. Emirates, Cathay Pacific and Qantas are the other major users of the terminal. Terminal 3 is used by the majority of the members of the Oneworld airline alliance: American Airlines, Cathay Pacific, Finnair, Japan Airlines, Qantas, Royal Jordanian, SriLankan Airlines, LATAM and British Airways (which also uses Terminal 5). However
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British Mediterranean Airways


agreement, British Mediterranean's operations moved from Heathrow's Terminal 3 to Terminal 4, allowing greater integration with the BA network. The airline greatly benefited from the franchise arrangement, taking over unprofitable BA mainline services better suited to BMED's lower cost base, to destinations such as Baku, Tehran, Addis Ababa and Almaty. British Mediterranean also launched a number of routes on its own, backed by the global sales and marketing of British Airways, as well as feeder traffic to and from Heathrow. In 2004 BMED carried 277,000 passengers
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Airline hub


and Oman Air were both founded in 1993, with hubs at Doha and Muscat respectively. As the new airlines grew, their home nations relied less on Gulf Air to provide air service. Qatar withdrew its share in Gulf Air in 2002. In 2003, the UAE formed another national airline, Etihad Airways, which is based in Abu Dhabi. The country exited Gulf Air in 2006, and Oman followed in 2007. Emirates, Qatar Airways and Etihad Airways have since established large hubs at their respective home airports. The hubs
15530820
InterCaribbean Airways


interCaribbean Airways, Ltd. (formerly known as Air Turks & Caicos) is a passenger airline based in the Turks and Caicos Islands. The airline offers scheduled domestic and regional services from its hub at Providenciales, Turks & Caicos and Tortola, British Virgin Islands, to multiple destinations in Antigua, The Bahamas, British Virgin Islands, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, St. Lucia and St. Maarten. interCaribbean Airways also operates domestic flights in Jamaica between Kingston and Montego Bay, the first non Jamaican
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British Mediterranean Airways


in late 2008. BMED served the following on behalf of British Airways, from their hub at London Heathrow Airport: On 31 March 2003 a British Mediterranean Airbus A320 was involved in a serious incident while approaching Addis Ababa Airport, Ethiopia. The pilots were unaware of a significant discrepancy in the aircraft flight management system position caused by the sole navigational beacon transmitting erroneous data. This same beacon was also being used to navigate the approach. The crew executed a go-around, the Enhanced Ground Proximity Warning System (EGPWS) "
22008812
Transport in Penang


-based Tiger Airways, Jetstar Asia Airways, Lion Air, Sriwijaya Air, Wings Air, Thai Airways International, Hong Kong-based Cathay Dragon, Taiwan-based China Airlines, and China Southern Airlines and Citilink Indonesia. In addition, the airport serves as one of the main hubs of the Malaysian low-cost airline, Firefly, and one of the secondary hubs of its domestic rival, AirAsia. The airport also serves as an important cargo hub due to the presence of several multinational factories in the Bayan Lepas Free
2113257
Mesa Airlines


on October 17, 2015 when the merger between American and US Airways was completed. As the merger process between American Airlines and US Airways was progressing, Mesa Airlines began operating as American Eagle on November 6, 2014 with routes out of the American Airlines hubs at Dallas/Fort Worth and Los Angeles using CRJ-900 aircraft. US Airways Express routes from Charlotte and Phoenix were gradually shifted to American Eagle until the transition and merger was completed on October 17, 2015. In 1990, Mesa acquired Aspen Airways Denver hub and routes,
6195327
Laker Airways


acquired another relatively new aircraft that was originally delivered to the failed British Eagle airline from Bahamas Airways in 1971. These were the mainstay of the fleet for its short- and medium-haul charter operations to holiday resorts in the Mediterranean and the Canary Islands for many years. The introduction of several new, short-haul jetliners into a small airline's fleet over a short time necessitated more efficient marketing. Laker Airways came up with a 30% discount offer to encourage tour operators to charter the airline's aircraft during the winter trough
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US Airways


to antitrust and FAA regulations that required the airport operator to extend the same financial terms to all carriers if it accepted US Airways' demands. US Airways threatened to move traffic to rival hubs in Philadelphia and Charlotte, and the airline made good on its threat in November 2004, reducing its flights at Pittsburgh International Airport from primary-hub to secondary-hub status. This action also resulted in the closing of the commuter terminal, also known as concourse E. The airline, led by former ExpressJet Airlines CEO David N. Siegel,
4649945
History of British Airways


became the world's third-largest carrier (after Delta Air Lines and American Airlines) in terms of annual revenue. Since its creation, BA has become the largest airline in the UK based on fleet size, international flights and international destinations. The company has been centred at its main hub at London Heathrow Airport, with a second major hub at London Gatwick Airport. On 31 March 1924, Britain's four pioneer airlines that started up in the immediate post war period—Handley Page Transport, British Marine Air Navigation Co
16525473
History of Iberia (airline)


third-largest airline in terms of revenue. On April 25, 2010, it was confirmed that British Airways and Iberia had agreed to a merger, forming the International Airlines Group, although each airline would continue to operate under its current brand. International Airlines Group, established its head office in London and its registered office in Madrid, operating mainly from its two main hubs of London Heathrow Airport and Madrid Barajas Airport with secondary hubs at London Gatwick Airport and Barcelona El Prat Airport. As of January 2016, a total of
10659745
BWIA West Indies Airways


BWIA West Indies Airways Limited, known locally as "Bee-Wee" and also as British West Indian Airways, was the national airline based in Trinidad and Tobago. At the end of operations, BWIA was the largest airline operating out of the Caribbean, with direct service to the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom. Its main base was Piarco International Airport (POS), Piarco, with major hubs at Grantley Adams International Airport (BGI) and Cheddi Jagan International Airport (GEO) during 2006. It
21653448
Glasgow Airport


Airports. It was previously owned and operated by Heathrow Airport Holdings (formerly known as BAA). The airport's largest tenants are British Airways, easyJet and Loganair, the latter using it as a hub. Other major airlines using GLA as a base include Flybe, Jet2, Thomas Cook Airlines and TUI Airways (formerly known as Thomson Airways). Glasgow Airport was opened in 1966 and originally flights only operated to other places in the United Kingdom and Europe. Glasgow Airport began to offer flights to other places around the world
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Thames Hub integrated infrastructure vision


traffic growth to 2050 would be accommodated at regional airports. These new projections have been strongly criticised by airlines because they seem to ignore the strong preferences by airlines to operate hub and spoke networks rather than offering point to point services. Recent studies published by the British Chamber of Commerce and Frontier Economics for Heathrow's owner BAA estimate that the economic cost of not expanding capacity at Heathrow ranges between £900 million and £1.2 billion per year. Willie Walsh, Chief Executive of International Airlines Group, which owns British Airways (BA
3237769
Denver International Airport


to be solely used by Continental Airlines for its Denver hub. However, due to its emergence from bankruptcy, as well as fierce competition from United Airlines, Continental chose to dismantle its hub immediately after the opening, and only operated a handful of gates on A, before eventually moving to Concourse B prior to its merger with United. Two airline lounges are located on the top floor of the central section of Concourse A: the shared American Airlines Admirals Club/British Airways Executive Club Lounge, and a Delta Air Lines Sky
18629798
US Airways Express


Airways' major hubs and focus cities. Upon the completion of US Airways' merger process with American Airlines, US Airways Express was rebranded as American Eagle on October 17, 2015. US Airways Express traced its beginnings to 1967, when Henson Airlines began operating as Allegheny Commuter for Allegheny Airlines, predecessor to US Airways. The initial route was Baltimore-Hagerstown. This is generally credited as the industry's first code-share agreement and the first major airline to use another airline as its commuter partner. Henson Airlines was the
4650262
Beirut–Rafic Hariri International Airport


The airport grew to become a premier hub in the Middle East, thanks to limited competition from neighbours, with fast and steady growth by the country's four carriers at the time, Middle East Airlines (MEA), Air Liban, Trans Mediterranean Airways (TMA), and Lebanese International Airways (LIA), and numerous other foreign carriers. In response to an attack on El Al Flight 253 two days earlier in Athens, on the night of 28 December 1968, Israeli commandos mounted a surprise attack on the airport and
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CityFlyer Express


slots on an hourly basis and up to 65% of these slots within a two-hour time span. These limits were designed to enable other airlines to offer competitive schedules on short haul routes where British Airways or CityFlyer was the sole or dominant carrier, without resorting to compulsory slot transfers that would have impeded British Airways' ability to run an effective hub-and-spoke operation at Gatwick. The main reason for British Airways' acquisition of CityFlyer Express was the fact that CityFlyer held about 13% of Gatwick slots at
8764806
Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport


Boston, Cedar Rapids, Columbus (OH), Green Bay, Greensboro, Greenville, Hartford, Memphis, Milwaukee, New York–JFK, and Wilmington (NC). The airline also became the first international feed carrier by feeding the British Airways Concorde at JFK. In 1991, the airline ceased operations because of high fuel prices and the suspension of the British Airways contract after the first Gulf War. In the mid-1980s, Delta created a hub in Cincinnati and constructed Terminal C and D with 22 gates. Delta followed
19021829
Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport


as a hub for Pan Am, Trans Caribbean Airways, Eastern Air Lines, and for a short period a focus city for TWA. It was also the center for Puerto Rico's international airline, Prinair, from 1966 to 1984, when Prinair went bankrupt. In 1986, American Airlines together with American Eagle established a center in Puerto Rico to compete with Eastern Air Lines. In the past, the airport has been served by Mexicana de Aviación, Lufthansa, Air France, KLM, Martinair, British Airways, British Caledonian
4113954
Paramount Airways Limited


Paramount Airways Limited was a 1980s British inclusive-tour charter airline based at Bristol Airport. It operated flights from Bristol, Belfast and Birmingham to Mediterranean destinations. The airline entered receivership in November 1989. Paramount ordered two new McDonnell Douglas MD-83 airliners, the first was delivered on 24 April 1987 to allow operations to start on 1 May 1987. During the European winter the airline operated charter flights from Gatwick Airport to Goa. The airline acquired two more MD-83s for the 1988 charter season. In 1989 the company entered administration with debts
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Jazeera Airways


requested the airline to terminate its hub operations at Dubai. This step was seen as a support to Dubai's upcoming launch of its own low-cost airline, FlyDubai. Jazeera changed its operation model by concentrating on its Kuwait hub and trying to launch a second hub somewhere else. By Q2 2010, the new model proved unprofitable as the Kuwait hub suffered from overcapacity. The airline changed its plans by cancelling many stations and parking some aircraft which were later returned to lessor. In 2018, Jazeera Airways opened their own dedicated
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British Mediterranean Airways


by BMI for £30 million in February 2007. The acquisition marked a change in strategy for BMI by focusing on more medium to long-haul routes. BMED's route network complemented BMI's existing routes. The British Airways franchise ended on 27 October 2007, when the airline was fully absorbed into BMI branding. Aircraft were gradually repainted in the BMI livery, and flights received BMI's flight codes. As part of the acquisition, BMI sold BMED's Heathrow slots to British Airways for £30 million, to be transferred
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Transportation in Memphis, Tennessee


regional system. Memphis is served by Memphis International Airport, which handles more cargo than any other airport in the world . The airport is the international cargo hub for FedEx and became a passenger hub for Delta Air Lines after their merger with Northwest Airlines in 2008. Currently, only domestic flights are available for passengers. International flights are only available for cargo. Other passenger airlines providing service to the airport are Air Canada Jazz, AirTran Airways, American Airlines, Continental Airlines, SeaPort Airlines, United Airlines and US Airways. The
8792166
Charlotte Douglas International Airport


Club location in 2002. In 2003 the main ticketing hall was expanded to the east, providing 13 additional ticketing counters and a new security checkpoint; Concourse D was expanded by an additional nine gates. That year, US Airways began service to Costa Rica, Mexico City, and St. Kitts. Following the 2005 acquisition of US Airways by America West Airlines in a reverse takeover, Charlotte remained the primary domestic hub for the airline. The majority of US Airways' international routes remained at the airline's second-largest hub,
18737626
SkyWest Airlines


with PenAir for Alaskan flights and Horizon Air for flights in the lower 48. On September 6, 2011, AirTran Airways ended its codesharing and partnership with SkyWest. Shortly after, SkyWest began a codesharing agreement with US Airways to operate CRJ200 aircraft from US Airways' hub in Phoenix, Arizona. On November 15, 2012, SkyWest began a capacity purchase agreement with American Airlines for 12 CRJ200 aircraft from American's hub in Los Angeles, California. On September 6, 2017, SkyWest Airlines reported that it has entered into aircraft
20079780
America West Airlines


America West Airlines was a U.S. regional airline headquartered in Tempe, Arizona. Their main hub was at Sky Harbor Airport in Phoenix, Arizona, with a secondary hub at Las Vegas McCarran International Airport in Las Vegas, Nevada. The airline acquired U.S. Airways in 2005 but took on the name of U.S. Airways. America West served about 100 cities in the US, Canada, and Mexico; flights to Europe was on codeshare partners. In March 2005 the airline had 132 aircraft, with a single maintenance base at Phoenix Sky Harbor
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United Airways


United Airways (BD) Ltd. (, ), operated as United Airways (), was a Bangladeshi airline headquartered in Uttara, Dhaka. It operated flights from its main hub at Shahjalal International Airport in Dhaka and secondary hub at Shah Amanat International Airport in Chittagong. It was founded in 2005 and began flights on 10 July 2007 with a Bombardier Dash 8–100, purchased from Island Air. United Airways was the first listed company in the aviation sector of Bangladesh; it became listed in July 2010. The airline was often criticised
4293967
Manx Airlines


expand and fly routes within the United Kingdom. In 1994, Manx Airlines Europe became a franchise carrier for British Airways, its fleet flying in the colours of British Airways. In September 1996, Manx Airlines Europe changed its name to British Regional Airlines. In March 2001, British Airways purchased the British Regional Airlines Group (holding company of British Regional Airlines and Manx Airlines) for £78 million. The airline merged with Brymon Airways to create British Airways CitiExpress. Manx Airlines ceased operations on 31 August 2002. Between March 1999
7093751
Adria Airways


provides charter and ad hoc flights. As of July 2017, Adria operated to 24 scheduled and 22 charter destinations throughout Europe. Most of the flights are operated out of Ljubljana Jože Pučnik Airport, the airline's primary hub, but it also operates both scheduled and charter flights out of Pristina Airport and Tirana Airport. It has been a Star Alliance member since 2004 and a Lufthansa partner since 1996. The airline's scheduled charter flights are for the most part seasonal, and most frequently to holiday destinations in the Mediterranean region.
11685128
Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport


have scheduled Concorde service; Braniff commenced scheduled Concorde service from Dallas to Washington from 1979 to 1980, using British Airways and Air France aircraft temporarily re-registered to Braniff while flying within the United States. British Airways later briefly flew Concordes to Dallas in 1988 as a substitute for its ordinarily scheduled DC-10 service. Following airline deregulation, American Airlines (which had already been one of the largest carriers serving the Dallas/Fort Worth area for many years) established its first hub at DFW on June 11, 1981. American finished
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Miami International Airport


domestic hub for its regional affiliate American Eagle in the U.S.A. It also serves as a focus city for Avianca, Frontier Airlines, and LATAM, both for passengers and cargo operations. In the past, it has been a hub for Braniff International Airways, Eastern Air Lines, Air Florida, the original National Airlines, the original Pan American World Airways ("Pan Am"), United Airlines, Iberia Airlines and Fine Air. The first airport on the site of MIA opened in the 1920s and was known as Miami City
6357127
CHC Airways


CHC Airways is an airline based in Hoofddorp, Netherlands. It operates a fleet of six aircraft and helicopters on behalf of leading airlines and international oil companies. Its main bases are Amsterdam Airport Schiphol and Den Helder Airport, with hubs at Brussels Airport and Rotterdam The Hague Airport. The airline was established in 1945 as Schreiner Airways. It was part of the Schreiner Aviation Group which was purchased by the CHC Helicopter Corporation in 2005 and Schreiner Airways became CHC Airways. The CHC Airways fleet includes the following aircraft (at June 2018
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Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport


, Virgin Atlantic, Norwegian Air Shuttle, Air Europa, Monarch Airlines, Thomsonfly, PAWA Dominicana, ACES Colombia, BWIA West Indies Airways, ALM Antillean Airlines, Air Jamaica, Viasa, Aeropostal, Volaris, LACSA, Aerolíneas Argentinas, Dominicana De Aviación, Wardair, ATA Airlines, Northwest Airlines, Continental Airlines, National Airlines (N8), AirTran Airways, and US Airways. With the expansion of Eastern Airlines and American Airlines facilities, turning Puerto Rico into their Caribbean hub, the historic figure of eight million passengers at
4113955
Kansas City International Airport


-highest number of passengers at the airport, currently serving 10 destinations nonstop. This airport was a hub for the now defunct Braniff Airways, Eastern Air Lines, TWA and Vanguard Airlines. It was also a hub for US Airways, Frontier Airlines and Midwest Airlines. TWA (through its successor American Airlines) continued to use the overhaul base until September 24, 2010 when they closed all operations at the overhaul facility, moved 900 employees to Tulsa, Oklahoma, and laid off the rest. Smith Electric Vehicles leased the facility
4389064
BVI Airways


BVI Airways is a possibly defunct airline of the British Virgin Islands. Its headquarters are located at its hub at Terrance B. Lettsome International Airport serving the territory's main island of Tortola with the capital, Road Town. It suspended inter-island operations in late 2014, shortly after a change of ownership to concentrate on a non stop schedule directly to the United States. In July 2017 the airline made most of its staff redundant, and in March 2018 it was alleged that at least one of its aircraft had been sold off
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History of British Airways


British Airways (BA), the United Kingdom's national airline, was formed in 1974 with the merger of the two largest UK airlines, British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) and British European Airways (BEA), and including also two smaller regional airlines, Cambrian Airways and Northeast Airlines. The merger was the completion of a consolidation process started in 1971 with the establishment of the British Airways Board, a body created by the British government to control the operations and finances of BOAC and BEA, which initially continued to exist
16525469
Airline hub


the airline. Other airlines that use this system include UPS Airlines, TNT Airways, Cargolux and DHL Aviation, which operate their primary hubs at Louisville, Liège, Luxembourg and Leipzig respectively. Although the term "focus city" is used to mainly refer to an airport from which an airline operates limited point-to-point routes, its usage has loosely expanded to refer to a small-scale hub as well. For example, JetBlue's New York–JFK focus city runs like a hub, although in reality it
15530811
Changi


is the hub for FedEx Express, Jetstar Asia Airways, Qantas, Scoot, SilkAir, Singapore Airlines, Singapore Airlines Cargo, Tiger Airways and Valuair. These airlines head offices are located as follows: SilkAir and Singapore Airlines in Airline House, Singapore Airlines Cargo in the SATS Airfreight Cargo Terminal 5, Jetstar Asia, Scoot and Valuair in Terminal 1 of the airport and Tiger Airways in the Honeywell Building in Changi Business Park Central 1. The Changi Airfreight Centre (formerly known as Airport Cargo Complex) and the Airport Logistics Park
17372214
Piedmont Airlines (1948–89)


formerly Allegheny Airlines); the combination became one of the East Coast's largest airlines. USAir later changed its name to US Airways, which merged with America West Airlines on November 4, 2007. US Airways merged with American Airlines on October 17, 2015 with the American name being retained. The Charlotte hub established by Piedmont and maintained by US Airways continues under American. Piedmont Airlines (formerly Henson Airlines) still exists as a brand within American Airlines, doing business as American Eagle. On October 30, 1959 Piedmont suffered
20289410
History of British Airways


to the management of British Airways, with the aim of saving by 2008, the cost of the airline's move to its new hub at Heathrow's Terminal 5. Walsh presided over the sale of BA Connect to Flybe, stating "Despite the best efforts of the entire team at BA Connect, we do not see any prospect of profitability in its current form." BA retained a 15% stake in Flybe following the sale. In June 2006, the Office of Fair Trading (OFT) and the United States Department
16525512
Research Triangle


, Paris and London. In 1996, American Airlines ceased its hub operations at RDU due to Pan Am and Eastern Airlines. Pan Am and Eastern were Miami's main tenants until 1991, when both carriers went bankrupt. Their hubs at MIA were taken over by United Airlines and American Airlines. This created a difficulty in competing with US Airways' hub in Charlotte and Delta Air Lines' hub in Atlanta, Georgia for passengers traveling between smaller cities in the North and South. Midway Airlines entered the market, starting service in
19271873
Meridian Airways


Meridian Airways was a Ghanaian registered cargo airline (with an Air Operator Certificate Number of AOC 023) with its head office in Kotoka International Airport, Accra, and served as its main hub at Ostend-Brugge International Airport in Belgium. The company started operations as Air Charter Express in 2007 with a Douglas DC-8-63/AF. Operating two DC-8s on cargo charter flights from Ostend Airport to the Middle East. The airline also operated charter flights for the British Ministry of Defence from RAF Lyneham. Two additional DC-8-63F
2663811
North West England


-third by Manchester Council, and one-third by the other nine Greater Manchester councils. In 2007 Manchester had a recorded 222,703 aircraft movements, the airport is also a hub for major holiday airlines such as Thomas Cook Airlines, Monarch Airlines, First Choice Airways and Thomson Airways. The region's second largest, but oldest and fastest growing airport is Liverpool John Lennon Airport, which served over 5 million passengers. The airport serves destinations primarily in the UK and Europe and is a major hub for EasyJet and Ryanair. The
8569031
Okay Airways


Okay Airways () is an airline headquartered in Shunyi District, Beijing, People's Republic of China. It operates passenger flight services and dedicated cargo services. Its main hubs are Tianjin Binhai International Airport and Xi'an Xianyang International Airport, with a secondary hub is Changsha Huanghua International Airport. Okay Airways was established in June 2004 and in February 2005 received an aviation carrier business license from the Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC). It is China's first private sector airline. The carrier's maiden flight from its base in
21136508
Mesa Air Group


a Los Angeles hub operating as United Express. Both Superior and CalPac were short-lived operations, with both airlines being folded back into Mesa Airlines United Express operations. In 1994, Mesa acquired Pittsburgh-based Crown Airways. Using the assets from Crown Airways, Mesa set up Liberty Express Airlines with a Pittsburgh hub operating as USAir Express. In March 1995, Mesa took delivery of its first two regional jets, the Fokker 70, a smaller version of the Fokker 100 jetliner. Mesa created Desert Sun Airlines and operated the
9262119
Freddie Laker


required that charter-based low-price air travel be sold to the public only as a component of an air-hotel package. Other big British charter airlines were also owned by tour operators, mainly selling low-priced packages to Mediterranean beach destinations. For many years Laker had been the most profitable as well as the best-run charter airline in Britain. Laker Airways pioneered many new, cost-saving as well as profit-enhancing, commercial concepts and operational techniques. In 1969, Laker Airways announced its intention
21793852
Philadelphia International Airport


in 1967 with flights to cities such as Rochester, New York, Hartford, Connecticut and to Florida until it ceased operations in November 1982. In the mid-1980s Eastern Air Lines opened a hub in Concourse C. The airline declined in the late 1980s and sold aircraft and gate leases to Chicago-based Midway Airlines. Midway operated its Philadelphia hub until it ceased operation in 1991. During the 1980s US Airways (then called USAir) built a hub at PHL. US Airways became the dominant carrier at PHL in the 1980s and 1990s
18213661
Fly Jamaica Airways


Fly Jamaica Airways was a Guyanese airline headquartered in Kingston, Jamaica. The airline had its main hub in Norman Manley International Airport in Kingston, Jamaica. The airline mainly offered routes to North America. On March 30, 2019, Fly Jamaica Airways suspended operations and made all employee positions redundant due to lack of aircraft. The airline had been trying to recover after one of its aircraft crash landed at Guyana's Cheddi Jagan International Airport in November 2018. Fly Jamaica Airways was formed by the Chief Executive Officer (CEO),
1775061
US Airways livery


the title Star Alliance painted prominently on the airplane. With US Airways' departure from Star Alliance, all of these aircraft were repainted into the new American Airlines livery. After the 2005 merger of US Airways and America West Airlines, a light grey livery was chosen to better meet operational needs due to the summer heat at the Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport and Las Vegas McCarran International Airport hubs inherited from America West. The livery incorporates colors from the four airlines that became US Airways: The logos of these four airlines are painted
2909244
Provincetown-Boston Airlines


). Continental then began the process of consolidating its four commuter carriers (PBA, Bar Harbor, Britt, Rocky Mountain) into one consolidated Continental Express carrier, serving its main hubs at Newark, Houston, and Denver. The combined carrier operated using the Britt Airways operating certificate. In the consolidation, PBA's Florida routes were spun off to Eastern Airlines, and continued to operate using Bar Harbor Airways aircraft and operating certificate as Eastern Express until the demise of Eastern Airlines. The PBA hubs at Boston and LaGuardia continued to
13735040
Mesa Airlines


30, 2008. On September 16, 2005, America West Airlines and US Airways completed their merger. Although the corporate side and operationally, those companies merged, as of May 2008, the two flight operations have not been merged and Mesa continues to code share with the new US Airways Group as US Airways Express under its America West Express code share agreement. It operated CRJ200 and CRJ900 aircraft from hubs in Charlotte and Phoenix, and Dash 8 aircraft from its Phoenix hub until late 2011, when during Mesa's restructuring in
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US Airways


" with United Airlines. The report stated that a deal would not be reached for several weeks, but indicated that a deal was close. Several weeks later, however, on April 22, 2010, the airline ended discussions with United regarding the merger. Shortly thereafter, United announced that it would merge with Continental Airlines instead. In April 2011, US Airways earned the top spot in the 2011 Airline Quality Rating (AQR) report among "Big-Five" hub-and-spoke carriers. US Airways President Scott
4649975
Cyprus Airways Flight 284


Cyprus Airways Flight 284 was a de Havilland Comet that broke up during a flight to Nicosia International Airport on 12 October 1967, after an explosive device detonated in the cabin. The airliner crashed in the Mediterranean Sea and all 66 passengers and crew members on board died. The aircraft was a de Havilland DH.106 Comet 4B, registration G-ARCO, the 49th Comet 4 built. It had been owned and operated by British European Airways (BEA) since it was built in 1961. BEA was a shareholder in Cyprus Airways,
3406928
Heathrow Terminal 5


Heathrow Terminal 5 is an airport terminal at Heathrow Airport, the main airport serving London. Opened in 2008, the main building in the complex is the largest free-standing structure in the United Kingdom. Terminal 5 is currently used exclusively as one of the three global hubs of International Airlines Group, served by British Airways and Iberia, with the others being London Gatwick South and Madrid Barajas Terminal 4. Prior to 2012, the terminal was used solely by British Airways. The terminal was designed to handle 35 million passengers a
20461796
ASL Airlines Belgium


ASL Airlines Belgium, formerly "TNT Airways", is a Belgian cargo airline operating chartered flights mainly to European destinations. It has its head office and hub on the grounds of Liège Airport. The airline used to be a subsidiary of TNT Express but was sold to ASL Airlines Ireland in 2016 and subsequently rebranded. 1999 TNT Airways is founded and incorporated in Belgium. AOC and Air Transport License application with the Belgian authorities. 2000 First BAe 146-300 QT Type Certification in Belgium. TNT Airways resumes air operations immediately between
10962018
Best Airlines


air carriers after encountering financial challenges including Air21, Air Atlanta, Air Florida, AirTran Airways, Eastwind Airlines, Jet America, Kiwi International Air Lines, MarkAir, Midway Airlines, Midwest Airlines, Muse Air, New York Air, Northeastern International Airways, People Express, Pride Air, Reno Air and Sunworld International Airways. Best Airlines appears to have been one of the more quixotic of the new entrants. It had no identifiable hub or traffic flow, and it only operated for a few years. But it is an example
2587268
Sverdlovsk Oblast


, UralVagonZavod, Enel Russia, Nizhniy Tagil Iron and Steel Works, Federal Freight. Yekaterinburg is a prominent road, rail and air hub in the Ural region. As the economic slump subsided, several European airlines started or resumed flights to the city. These include Lufthansa, British Airways, CSA, Turkish Airlines, Austrian Airlines and Finnair. Malév Hungarian Airlines used to be among those carriers but they had to drop their flights to SVX (IATA airport code for Sverdlovsk) after a few months. The Alapaevsk narrow-gauge
14692322
Japan Airlines


) and Shanghai; and it ceased operations on four international routes, including between Tokyo (Narita) and Xi'an, and between Osaka (Kansai) and Qingdao. Domestically, JAL suspended 14 routes, including between Sapporo and Okinawa. Additionally, the airline expanded codesharing alliance with fellow Oneworld partners like American Airlines, British Airways, Cathay Pacific and Finnair, and other airlines, including Air France, China Eastern and Jetstar. In the early years, Tokyo Narita Airport had been the main hub of international and freight flights. Nowadays
19679895
Uzbekistan Airways


OJSC National Air Company Uzbekistan Airways, operating as "Uzbekistan Airways" (, ; ), is the flag carrier airline of Uzbekistan, headquartered in Tashkent. From its hub at Tashkent International Airport, the airline serves a number of domestic destinations; the company also flies international services to Asia, Europe and North America Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Uzbek President Islam Karimov in 1992 authorised the creation of Uzbekistan Airways. The airline was established on 28 January 1992, and took over the operations of the Uzbekistan division of
14161118
Airline teletype system


of the world's airlines including; American Airlines, Continental Airlines, British Airways, Air France, and SAS although it is now owned by Collins Aerospace. In 1949, the Société Internationale de Télécommunication Aeronautique (SITA) was formed as a cooperative by 11 airlines: Air France, KLM, Sabena, Swissair, TWA, British European Airways, British Overseas Airways Corporation, British South American Airways, Swedish AB Aerotransport, Danish Det Danske Luftfartselskab A/S, and Norwegian Det Norske Luftfartselskap. Their aim was to enable airlines
4122885
Northeast Airlines (UK)


international scheduled services to Bilbao, Biarritz, and Bordeaux. The first jet aircraft in the BKS fleet were two Hawker Siddeley Tridents, which were acquired in April 1969. These served the Newcastle-Heathrow route, as well as on inclusive tour charters from Newcastle and London to Mediterranean destinations. Two further Tridents were acquired later. BKS and Cambrian Airways formed the "British Air Services" group in 1967. British Air Services was a holding company 70% owned by British European Airways and 30% by the former shareholders of BKS
10865655
Berlin Tegel Airport


conduct commercial airline operations in West Berlin. The following airlines operated regular services to/from Tegel Airport during the Cold War era as well: In addition to the aforementioned airlines, a host of others – mainly British independents and US supplementals – were frequent visitors to Berlin Tegel, especially during the early 1970s. These included Britannia Airways, British Airtours, British United, Caledonian, Caledonian/BUA / British Caledonian, Capitol International Airways, Overseas National Airways, Saturn Airways, Trans International Airlines, Transamerica Airlines, and World Airways
384206
GB Airways


airlines. The airline's main operational base was at London Gatwick. Some of its aircraft were also based at London Heathrow and there was a small base at Manchester. Flights from the latter operated as 'BA Connect' services, which operated a no-frills airline style "buy on board" service. The airline mainly served destinations in the Mediterranean region and the Spanish and Portuguese islands, as well as a small number of destinations in inland continental Europe. Thus its main market was British people looking for a holiday in
3324957
Iberia (airline)


. On April 8, 2010, it was confirmed that British Airways and Iberia had agreed to a merger, forming the International Airlines Group, although each airline would continue to operate under its current brand. In November 2012 Iberia announced plans to reduce the number of employees by 4,500 and its fleet by five long-haul and 20 short-haul aircraft. In 2012 Iberia established its own low-cost airline Iberia Express, which operates short- and medium-haul routes from its parent airline's Madrid hub, providing feeder flights
12191614
Paya Lebar Air Base


. Its primary hub became Paya Lebar, and services began to reach out further into North Asia. From 1979 to 1980, British Airways, in conjunction with Singapore Airlines, began supersonic Concorde services from London's Heathrow Airport, to Paya Lebar Singapore. Malaysia-Singapore Airlines was dissolved in 1972; Malaysia Airlines and Singapore Airlines were formed – the latter keeping all the 707s; and Singapore Airlines remained at Paya Lebar. But passenger numbers rose from 1.7 million to 4 million between 1970 and 1975. The airport was constrained by
18322097
British Airways


, Rab Butler. However, opposition from the Treasury blocked the proposal. Consequently, it was only following the recommendations of the 1969 Edwards Report that a new British Airways Board, managing both BEA and BOAC, and the two regional British airlines Cambrian Airways based at Cardiff, and Northeast Airlines based at Newcastle upon Tyne, was constituted on 1 April 1972. Although each airline's individual branding was maintained initially, two years later the British Airways Board unified its branding, effectively establishing British Airways as an airline on 31 March 1974
3495696
Swiss International Air Lines


, and Lufthansa. However, Swiss was tied up with debt and an uncertain future and seemed to be an unattractive investment. After merging with KLM, Air France said they were too busy to deal with Swiss joining them. British Airways was open, and Oneworld partners thought Zurich Airport would be a viable alternative hub for London Heathrow. After almost a year of disputes, Swiss was finally accepted into the Oneworld airline alliance, after having been blocked by British Airways, which competes with Swiss on many long-haul routes.
2590225
Finnair


several partnerships with following companies and airlines including Alaska Airlines, American Airlines, British Airways, Deutsche Bahn (DB), Chinese JD.com, Japan Airlines and Marimekko. Finnair had a Weibo account for Chinese customers. Sheng Wei, author of the 2015 thesis "Brand Image of Finnair Among Young Wealthy Chinese People in Chinese Social Media," stated that it was not often updated. In 2017 it began allowing customers to pay with Alipay, another Chinese service. Finnair flies from its Helsinki hub to over 130 destinations in over 40
14340004
European Aviation Air Charter


airline was operating. European Air Charter operated from Bournemouth Airport from its inception, making the airport a hub for the airline. The airline was profitable, so the company expanded its operation into other areas such as flight crew training, maintenance for other operators and leasing and selling aircraft. In 1993, the company directors took the decision of changing European Aviation's name to "European Aviation Air Charter", or EAC for short. That same year, twenty other BAC-111s were bought from British Airways. This meant the airline could
19556121
Caribbean Airlines


. The airline also continued to serve the United States and Canada, in Miami, Fort Lauderdale, New York City and Toronto, having also established a codeshare agreement with British Airways, for services to London and beyond. As of 2009, the airline operated a fleet of eight Boeing 737-800 aircraft and five Bombardier Dash-8 Q300 aircraft, out of its main hub at Piarco International Airport, Trinidad. The Dash 8 aircraft have since been replaced with new ATR 72-600 propjets. Caribbean Airlines Limited, through the government
8513192
History of British Airways


airlines combined frequent-flyer program benefits and streamlined inter-airline connections. Waterside, the current British Airways head office, officially opened in 1998. In late 1999 British Airways agreed to another franchise agreement with the small Dutch regional airline Base Regional Airlines. The airline operated out of Eindhoven Airport to six destinations across Europe including Hamburg, Zurich and London Heathrow. The franchise agreement was the third to be made with an international airline since Comair Limited and Sun Air of Scandinavia. In 1999, British Airways reported a 50% drop
16525505
Kenya Airways


Kenya Airways Ltd., more commonly known as Kenya Airways, is the flag carrier airline of Kenya. The company was founded in 1977, after the dissolution of East African Airways. Their head office is located in Embakasi, Nairobi, with its hub at Jomo Kenyatta International Airport. The airline was owned by the Government of Kenya until , and it was privatised in 1996, becoming the first African flag carrier to successfully do so. Kenya Airways is currently a public-private partnership. The largest shareholder is the Government of Kenya
15175181
Tyrolean Airways


Tyrolean Airways, officially "Tyrolean Airways Tiroler Luftfahrt GmbH", was an Austrian airline based in Innsbruck with its hub at Vienna International Airport and its homebase at Innsbruck Airport. It was owned by the Lufthansa Group and was an affiliate of the Star Alliance together with its parent Austrian Airlines. Tyrolean operated regional flights under the "Austrian Arrows" brand on behalf of Austrian Airlines from 2003 until July 2012, when nearly all employees and the fleet of Austrian Airlines was transferred to it following a labour dispute. Following a new labour
10902008
Paramount Airways


Paramount Airways was an airline based in Chennai, India. It operated scheduled services, mainly targeting business travellers until it ceased operations in 2010. Its hub was Chennai International Airport and was the first airline in India to launch the New Generation Embraer 170/190 Family series aircraft. The airline started operations in October 2005 with the company headquartered in Madurai. It operated to regional destinations in south and eastern India until early 2010. The airline ceased operations when legal issues arose between Paramount Airways and the lessors of their Embraer aircraft. These events
711094
America West Airlines


and ICAO code "AWE" in September 2008. Former America West aircraft were distinguished apart from US Airways pre-merger aircraft by their use of registrations ending in "-AW", while pre-merger US Airways aircraft used registrations ending in "-US". US Airways would later merge with American Airlines in 2013, with the former America West callsign and ICAO code retired in 2015 (alongside with the US Airways brand). America West's Phoenix hub has remained intact with American Airlines. All outstanding America West aircraft orders
2674251
British Airways


and Paralympics. British Airways was also the official airline of England's bid to host the 2018 Football World Cup. "High Life", founded in 1973, is the official in-flight magazine of the airline. The aeroplanes that British Airways inherited from the four-way merger between BOAC, BEA, Cambrian, and Northeast were temporarily given the text logo "British airways" but retained the original airline's livery. With its formation in 1974, British Airways' aeroplanes were given a new white, blue, and
3495740
Empire Airlines (1976–1985)


Empire Airlines was a regional airline serving the Northeastern United States beginning in 1976. In 1985, the airline was purchased by Piedmont Airlines, which itself was later purchased by USAir and whose name then lived on in the US Airways Express network before US Airways was merged into American Airlines in 2015. Founded by Paul Quackenbush, Empire Airlines began with its hub at the Oneida County Airport serving Utica and Rome, New York. Much of its early growth came by picking up routes abandoned by Allegheny Airlines as they concentrated on service to
7208567
Business Express Airlines


Express became the first Delta Connection regional carrier to operate jet aircraft, predating deliveries of Canadair and Embraer Regional Jets to Atlantic Southeast Airlines, Comair, and SkyWest Airlines. In 1992, the airline obtained five British Aerospace BAe 146-200 69-passenger regional jets from Discovery Airways and placed an order for twenty new Avro RJ-70s in the same year which then began to be added to the fleet in 1993. The Avro RJ-70 was an improved version of the BAe 146. Jet routes included international feeder service to Delta's transatlantic hub at
17038604
Swazi Airways


. However, in September the airline said that it would begin operations in November using regional, 50-seater aircraft. Short-haul flights to South Africa and Zimbabwe were to be operated initially. Swazi Airways was a subsidiary of the Royal Swazi National Airways Corporation, which is fully owned by the Swaziland Government. The acting CEO of the airline was Guillermo Barrios, a Venezuelan-Canadian. Swazi Airways planned to operate flights from its Manzini hub to Durban, Cape Town, and Harare. Swazi Airways obtained a single Boeing 737-
17935918
Caledonian Airways (1988)


Caledonian Airways was a United Kingdom charter airline created in 1988 by rebranding British Airtours when that company's parent British Airways (BA) took over British Caledonian airline. It operated for twelve years between 1988 and 2000. Caledonian Airways was formed in 1988 when British Airways acquired British Caledonian. The British Airways air charter subsidiary British Airtours was rebranded as Caledonian Airways. In 1995 British Airways sold Caledonian Airways to UK tour operator Inspirations, part of the Carlson Group. Between 1997 and 1998 Caledonian Airways operated four aircraft under the name Peach
9498970
BB Airways


BB Airways is a Nepalese airline based in Kathmandu, Nepal. It was established and started operations in September 2012. The airline's hub is Tribhuvan International Airport, from where it flies to three international destinations. The airline made its first flight on 13 October 2012 to Kuala Lumpur. The Japanese investment company TBI Group supports the airline, which is managed and promoted by the Non Resident Nepali Association. BB Airways received its Air Operator Certificate on 12 April 2012 allowing operations to seven international destinations from Nepal: Kuala Lumpur, Bangkok
20755726
Airline hub


In past history, carriers have maintained niche, time-of-day operations at hubs. The most notable is America West's use of McCarran International Airport in Las Vegas as a primary night-flight hub to increase aircraft utilization rates far beyond those of competing carriers. In 1974, the governments of Bahrain, Oman, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates took control of Gulf Air from the British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC). Gulf Air became the flag carrier of the four Middle Eastern nations. It linked Oman,
15530818
Advance Booking Charter


, non-IATA subsidiaries (such as BEA Airtours or BOAC Charters for instance), came to the attention of a determined group of mainly non-IATA airlines, which sought to exploit these legal loopholes for themselves. This group of airlines included many former leading independent British airlines, such as Britannia Airways, British United Airways, Caledonian Airways, Dan-Air and Laker Airways. Some of these wholly privately owned, independent airlines, notably British United Airways, were IATA members themselves. However, at the time IATA was
14842164
Stapleton International Airport


Stapleton International Airport was a major airport in the western United States, the primary airport of Denver, Colorado, from 1929 to 1995. It was a hub for Continental Airlines, the original Frontier Airlines, People Express, United Airlines, and Western Airlines. Other airlines with smaller operations at Stapleton included Aspen Airways, the current version of Frontier Airlines, and Rocky Mountain Airways, all three being based in Denver at the time. Stapleton was replaced by Denver International Airport in 1995; it has been closed and the property redeveloped
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