Debian GNU/Hurd [SEP] based on
[{"answer": "GNU Hurd"}]
Debian GNU/Hurd


Debian GNU/Hurd is a flavor of the Debian operating system based on the Hurd microkernel, instead of more common Debian kernels such as Linux or FreeBSD. Debian GNU/Hurd has been in development since 1998, and made a formal release in May 2013, with 78% of the software packaged for Debian GNU/Linux ported to the GNU Hurd. The Debian GNU/Hurd developers were hoping to be able to release it with Debian "Wheezy" in 2013. However, Hurd is not yet an official Debian release
8831819
GNU variants


variety of systems ranging from embedded devices (for example, LibreCMC) and personal computers (for example, Debian GNU/Hurd) to powerful supercomputers (for example, Rocks Cluster Distribution). Hurd is the official kernel developed for the GNU system (before Linux-libre also became an official GNU package). Debian GNU/Hurd was discussed for a release as technology preview with Debian 7.0 Wheezy, however these plans were discarded due to the immature state of the system. However the maintainers of Debian GNU/Hurd decided
802892
Debian GNU/Hurd


, and is maintained and developed as an unofficial port. According to the GNU/Hurd compatibility guide, the current version is compatible with laptops but there is no PCMCIA support yet. As of 2019 Debian GNU/Hurd has several shortcomings. Among them are it is only offered for i386, it uses the ext2 filesystem, and DHCP does not work. The roadmap includes plans to migrate to ext4 filesystem. If using DHCP then the machine will hang during boot. Debian GNU/Hurd is distributed as an installer CD (
8831820
GNU variants


to publish an unofficial release on the release date of Debian 7.0. Debian GNU/Hurd is not considered yet to provide the performance and stability expected from a production system. Among the open issues are incomplete implementation of Java and X.org graphical user interfaces and limited hardware driver support. About two thirds of the Debian packages have been ported to Hurd. Arch Hurd was a derivative work of Arch Linux, porting it to the GNU Hurd system with packages optimised for the Intel P6 architecture. The goal was to provide an Arch-
802893
GNU


April 30, 2015 release of the Debian GNU/Hurd 2015 distro, GNU OS now provides the components to assemble an operating system that users can install and use on a computer. This includes the GNU Hurd kernel, that is currently in a pre-production state. The Hurd status page states that "it may not be ready for production use, as there are still some bugs and missing features. However, it should be a good base for further development and non-critical application usage." Due to Hurd
11577517
GNU Hurd


to be really superior it would require solving a lot of deep problems", but added that "finishing it is not crucial" for the GNU system because a free kernel already existed (Linux), and completing Hurd would not address the main remaining problem for a free operating system: device support. The Debian project, among others, have worked on the Hurd project to produce binary distributions of Hurd-based GNU operating systems for IBM PC compatible systems. After years of stagnation, development picked up again in 2015 and
12884864
Debian


the operating system component of a LAMP stack. Debian supports Linux officially, having offered kFreeBSD for version 7 but not 8, and GNU Hurd unofficially. GNU/kFreeBSD was released as a technology preview for IA-32 and x86-64 architectures, and lacked the amount of software available in Debian's Linux distribution. Official support for kFreeBSD was removed for version 8, which did not provide a kFreeBSD-based distribution. Dyson is an unofficial derivative of Debian that implements the illumos kernel and Service Management Facility init system. Several flavors
8319837
GNU/Linux naming controversy


GNU/Linux" is not an appropriate name for these systems. There are also systems that use a GNU userspace and/or C library on top of a non-Linux kernel, for example Debian GNU/Hurd (GNU userland on the GNU kernel) or Debian GNU/kFreeBSD (which uses the GNU coreutils and C library with the kernel from FreeBSD). The FSF justifies the name "GNU/Linux" primarily on the grounds that the GNU project was specifically developing a complete system, of which they argue that the
19370615
GNU


system built using the Linux kernel and GNU tools and utilities, should be considered a variant of GNU, and promotes the term "GNU/Linux" for such systems (leading to the GNU/Linux naming controversy). The GNU Project has endorsed Linux distributions, such as gNewSense, Trisquel and Parabola GNU/Linux-libre. Other GNU variants which do not use the Hurd as a kernel include Debian GNU/kFreeBSD and Debian GNU/NetBSD, bringing to fruition the early plan of GNU on a BSD kernel.
11577519
Debian


the first port to a non-Linux kernel, Debian GNU/Hurd, was started. On December 2, the first Debian Constitution was ratified. From 1999, the project leader was elected yearly. The Advanced Packaging Tool was deployed with Debian 2.1. The amount of applicants was overwhelming and the project established the new member process. The first Debian derivatives, namely Libranet, Corel Linux and Stormix's Storm Linux, were started in 1999. The 2.2 release in 2000 was dedicated to Joel Klecker, a developer who died
8319848
GNU variants


base of GNU packages and programs and also of Linux. The most notable official use of this term for a distribution is Debian GNU/Linux. As of 2018, the only GNU variants recommended by the GNU project for regular use are Linux distributions committed to the Free System Distribution Guidelines; most of which refer to themselves as "GNU/Linux" (like Debian), and actually use a deblobbed version of Linux (like Linux-libre) and not Linux per se. Debian GNU/kFreeBSD is an operating system
802895
WeeChat


, macOS, Debian GNU/Hurd, HP-UX, Solaris, QNX, Haiku, and Microsoft Windows (via the Cygwin library and API). Binary packages and builds of WeeChat are available for installation as well as the source code for self compilation. This includes most Linux distributions and BSD package management systems, such as Debian, Ubuntu, Mandriva Linux, Fedora, Gentoo Linux, Arch Linux, FreeBSD via the FreeBSD Ports system, OpenBSD via the Ports collection, as well on NetBSD via Pkgsrc. In his
9853094
Microkernel


is also used in iOS, tvOS, and watchOS. , the Mach-based GNU Hurd is also functional and included in testing versions of Arch Linux and Debian. Although major work on microkernels had largely ended, experimenters continued development. It has since been shown that many of the performance problems of earlier designs were not a fundamental limitation of the concept, but instead due to the designer's desire to use single-purpose systems to implement as many of these services as possible. Using a more pragmatic approach to the problem
20621166
Debian GNU/kFreeBSD


Debian GNU/kFreeBSD is a discontinued operating system released by the Debian project. It used the FreeBSD kernel and GNU userland. The majority of software in Debian GNU/kFreeBSD was built from the same sources as Debian, with some kernel packages from FreeBSD. The "k" in "kFreeBSD" is an abbreviation for "kernel", which refers to the FreeBSD kernel. Before discontinuing the project, Debian maintained i386 and amd64 ports. The last version of Debian kFreeBSD was Debian 8 (Jessie) RC3. Debian GNU
3535202
Kernel-based Virtual Machine


S/390, PowerPC, IA-64, and ARM. KVM provides hardware-assisted virtualization for a wide variety of guest operating systems including Linux, BSD, Solaris, Windows, Haiku, ReactOS, Plan 9, AROS Research Operating System and macOS. In addition, Android 2.2, GNU/Hurd (Debian K16), Minix 3.1.2a, Solaris 10 U3 and Darwin 8.0.1, together with other operating systems and some newer versions of these listed, are known to work with certain limitations. Additionally, KVM provides paravirtualization support for Linux,
9982597
Afara Websystems


of dollars to  $50M. The project included many technology contributions among Linux, Solaris and SPARC. The Afara CPU used a SPARC port of Debian GNU/Linux initially. Debian GNU/Linux contributions to Afara Websystem's former CPU architecture continued to grow, including commercial support for Ubuntu, a Debian GNU/Linux-based operating system. Afara Websystems' former platform direction seemed further validated when Sun hired Ian Murdock, founder of the Debian distribution, to head operating system platform strategy, and cross-pollinate Solaris with a new
5001965
GNewSense


. Similar to Debian, gNewSense policies do not allow including documentation that are licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License with invariant sections. This includes many manuals and documentation released by the GNU Project themselves. While gNewSense was initially forked from Ubuntu (itself originally a fork of Debian) as a result of founding developer Paul O'Malley's prior work with Ubuntu, as of gNewSense 3.0 the distribution has tracked Debian as the base for its software distribution. In part this has been because the Debian Project does carefully disaggregate the free software in
22157426
GNU Hurd


GNU Hurd is the multiserver microkernel written as part of GNU. It has been under development since 1990 by the GNU Project of the Free Software Foundation, designed as a replacement for the Unix kernel, and released as free software under the GNU General Public License. While the Linux kernel soon proved to be a more viable solution, development of GNU Hurd continued, albeit at a slow pace. GNU Hurd consists of a set of protocols and server processes (or daemons, in Unix terminology) that run on the GNU Mach
12884858
Debian


the Internet by a team of volunteers guided by the Debian Project Leader and three foundational documents: the Debian Social Contract, the Debian Constitution, and the Debian Free Software Guidelines. New distributions are updated continually, and the next candidate is released after a time-based freeze. Debian has been developed openly and distributed freely according to the principles of the GNU Project. Because of this, the Free Software Foundation sponsored the project from November 1994 to November 1995. The popular Linux operating system Ubuntu was also released based on Debian
8319835
GNU Hurd


full name "GNU Hurd" is also a play on the words "herd of gnus", reflecting how the kernel works. The logo is called the "Hurd boxes" and it also reflects on architecture. The logo is a graph where nodes represent the Hurd kernel's servers and directed edges are IPC messages. Richard Stallman founded the GNU Project in September 1983 with an aim to create a free GNU operating system. Initially the components required for kernel development were written: editors, shell, compiler and all the others
12884860
GNU Hurd


Debian documentation, there are 24 servers (18 core servers and 6 file system servers) named as follows: The servers collectively implement the POSIX API, with each server implementing a part of the interface. For instance, the various filesystem servers each implement the filesystem calls. The storage server will work as a wrapping layer, similar to the block layer of Linux. The equivalent of VFS of Linux is achieved by libdiskfs and libpager libraries. "Computer bought the farm" is the message displayed when an error occurs using some
12884874
GNU Hurd


. By 1989, the GNU GPL came into being and the only major component missing was the kernel. Development on the Hurd began in 1990 after an abandoned kernel attempt in 1986, based on the research TRIX operating system developed by Professor Steve Ward and his group at MIT's Laboratory for Computer Science (LCS). According to Thomas Bushnell, the initial Hurd architect, their early plan was to adapt the 4.4BSD-Lite kernel and, in hindsight, "It is now perfectly obvious to me that this would have succeeded
12884861
Debian GNU/kFreeBSD


/kFreeBSD was created in 2002. It was included in Debian 6.0 (Squeeze) as a technology preview, and in Debian 7.0 (Wheezy) as an official port. Debian GNU/kFreeBSD was discontinued as an officially supported platform as of Debian 8.0, because it failed to attract enough users to justify the burden to the rest of the project. Debian developers cited OSS, pf, jails, NDIS, and ZFS as reasons for being interested in the FreeBSD kernel. It has not not been updated since Debian 8.
3535203
History of Linux


's bulletin, Linux was referred to as a "free UNIX clone", and the Debian project began calling its product "Debian GNU/Linux". In May 1996, Richard Stallman published the editor Emacs 19.31, in which the type of system was renamed from Linux to Lignux. This spelling was intended to refer specifically to the combination of GNU and Linux, but this was soon abandoned in favor of "GNU/Linux". This name garnered varying reactions. The GNU and Debian projects use the name, although
3752456
GNU variants


GNU variants (also called GNU distributions or "distros" for short) are operating systems based upon the GNU operating system (the Hurd kernel, the GNU C library, system libraries and application software like GNU coreutils, bash, GNOME, the Guix package manager etc.). According to the GNU project and others, these also include most operating systems using the Linux kernel and a few others using BSD-based kernels. GNU users usually obtain their operating system by downloading GNU distributions, which are available for a wide
802891
GNU Hurd


splendidly and the world would be a very different place today". In 1987 Richard Stallman proposed using the Mach microkernel developed at Carnegie Mellon University. Work on this was delayed for three years due to uncertainty over whether CMU would release the Mach code under a suitable license. With the release of the Linux kernel in 1991, the primary user of GNU's userland components soon became operating systems based on the Linux kernel (Linux distributions), prompting the coining of the term "GNU/Linux". Development of the Hurd
12884862
Whonix


Whonix (formerly TorBOX) is a Debian GNU/Linux–based security-focused Linux distribution. It aims to provide privacy, security and anonymity on the internet. The operating system consists of two virtual machines, a "Workstation" and a Tor "Gateway", running Debian GNU/Linux. All communications are forced through the Tor network to accomplish this. Whonix is distributed as two virtual machine images: a "Gateway" and a "Workstation". These images are installed on a user-provided host operating
15415244
GNU Project


, it was developed using GCC and other GNU programming tools and was released as free software under the GNU General Public License. As of present, the GNU project has not released a version of GNU/Hurd that is suitable for production environments since the commencement of the GNU/Hurd project over . Today a stable version (or variant) of GNU can be run by combining the GNU packages with the Linux kernel, making a functional Unix-like system. The GNU project calls this GNU/Linux, and the defining
1262192
GNU variants


for IA-32 and x86-64 computer architectures. It is a distribution of GNU with Debian package management and the kernel of FreeBSD. The "k" in "kFreeBSD" is an abbreviation for "kernel of", and reflects the fact that only the kernel of the complete FreeBSD operating system is used. The operating system was officially released with Debian Squeeze (6.0) on February 6, 2011. One Debian GNU/kFreeBSD live CD is Ging, which is no longer maintained. Nexenta OS is the first distribution that
802896
GNU Mach


GNU Mach is an implementation of the Mach microkernel. It is the default microkernel in the GNU Hurd. GNU Mach runs on IA-32 machines. GNU Mach is maintained by developers on the GNU project. It is distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL). Early versions of the Hurd were developed on top of CMU's Mach 3.0. In 1994, CMU stopped working on Mach, and the GNU Project switched to the University of Utah's Mach 4. The kernel known as "GNU Mach"
16888761
GNU Hurd


C to run. Since 2005 Brinkmann and Walfield started researching Coyotos as a new kernel for HURD. In 2006, Brinkmann met with Jonathan Shapiro (a primary architect of the Coyotos Operating System) to aid in and discuss the use of the Coyotos kernel for GNU/Hurd. In further discussion HURD developers realised that Coyotos (as well as other similar kernels) are not suitable for HURD. In 2007, Hurd developers Neal Walfield and Marcus Brinkmann gave a critique of the Hurd architecture, known as "the critique",
12884869
Debian


view for the new operating system. In it he called for the creation of a distribution to be maintained openly, in the spirit of Linux and GNU. The Debian project released the 0.9x versions in 1994 and 1995. During this time it was sponsored by the Free Software Foundation for one year. Ian Murdock delegated the base system, the core packages of Debian, to Bruce Perens and Murdock focused on the management of the growing project. The first ports to non-IA-32 architectures began in 1995, and Debian 1.1 was
8319845
GNU Hurd


has proceeded slowly. Despite an optimistic announcement by Stallman in 2002 predicting a release of GNU/Hurd later that year, the Hurd is still not considered suitable for production environments. Development in general has not met expectations, and there are still a significant number of bugs and missing features. This has resulted in a poorer product than many (including Stallman) had expected. In 2010, after twenty years under development, Stallman said that he was "not very optimistic about the GNU Hurd. It makes some progress, but
12884863
PureOS


PureOS is a Linux distribution focusing on privacy and security, using the GNOME desktop environment.. It is maintained by Purism for use in the company's Librem laptop computers and smartphones. PureOS is meant to include only free/libre open source software, and is included in the list of Free GNU/Linux distributions published by the Free Software Foundation PureOS is a Debian-based GNU/Linux distribution, merging open-source software packages from the Debian “testing” main archive . The default web browser in PureOS is called PureBrowser
19622679
Parsix


Parsix GNU/Linux is a live and installation DVD based on Debian. The Parsix project's goal is to provide a ready to use, easy to install, desktop and laptop optimized operating system based on Debian's testing branch and the latest stable release of GNOME desktop environment. It is possible to install extra software packages from the projects's own APT repositories. In 2017, the official website announce the shutdown of the project in the year, and suggest users to go to Debian stretch. The Parsix logo is inspired by
10309273
Debian


releases, and to reduce overall freeze time. The Squeeze cycle was going to be especially short; however, this initial schedule was abandoned. In September 2010, the backports service became official, providing more recent versions of some software for the stable release. Debian 6.0 (Squeeze) was released in February 2011, introduced Debian GNU/kFreeBSD as a technology preview, featured a dependency-based boot system, and moved problematic firmware to the non-free area. Debian 7.0 (Wheezy) was released in May 2013,
8319855
History of free and open-source software


system. Among Linux distributions, Debian GNU/Linux, begun by Ian Murdock in 1993, is noteworthy for being explicitly committed to the GNU and FSF principles of free software. The Debian developers' principles are expressed in the Debian Social Contract. Since its inception, the Debian project has been closely linked with the FSF, and in fact was sponsored by the FSF for a year in 1994–1995. In 1997, former Debian project leader Bruce Perens also helped found Software in the Public Interest, a non-profit funding and
16187713
GNU/Linux naming controversy


". In Usenet and mailing-list discussions, one can find usages of "GNU/Linux" as early as 1992 and of "GNU+Linux" as early as 1993. The Debian project, which was at one time sponsored by the Free Software Foundation, switched to calling its product "Debian GNU/Linux" in early 1994; This change followed a request by Richard Stallman (who initially proposed "LiGNUx," but suggested "GNU/Linux" instead after hearing complaints about the awkwardness of the former term)
19370609
GNU Hurd


/O scheduling) for sound, graphics, mass storage, etc. In theory the microkernel design would allow for all device drivers to be built as servers working in user space, but today most drivers of this kind are still contained in the GNU Mach kernel space. According to Hurd developers, the main advantage of microkernel-based design is the ability to extend the system: developing a new module would not require in depth knowledge of the rest of the kernel, and a bug in one module would not crash the
12884866
Debian


can retrieve software not contained in the first disc image from online repositories. Debian offers different network installation methods. A minimal install of Debian is available via the "netinst" CD, whereby Debian is installed with just a base and later added software can be downloaded from the Internet. Another option is to boot the installer from the network. Installation images are hybrid on some architectures and can be used to create a bootable USB drive (Live USB). The default bootstrap loader is GNU GRUB version 2, though the package
8319841
GNU IceCat


because the artwork in Firefox had a proprietary copyright license at the time, which was not compatible with the Debian Free Software Guidelines, the substituted logo had to remain. In 2006, Mozilla withdrew their permission for Debian to use the Firefox name due to significant changes to the browser that Mozilla deemed outside the boundaries of its policy, changes which Debian felt were important enough to keep, and Debian revived the Iceweasel name in its place. Subsequently, on 23 September 2007, one of the developers of the GNU IceWeasel package announced
10066241
Mozilla software rebranded by Debian


in the frozen stable releases needs to be patched for any newly discovered security issue. Under the revised guidelines, in order to use the Firefox name, approval from the Mozilla Corporation would have been required for all security patches, but the Debian project felt it could not put its security in the hands of an external corporation in that manner. The "Iceweasel" name was revived in the Debian community as a possible name to give the rebranded version of Firefox. The Iceweasel found in Debian is not GNU IceWeasel (now GNU
5920205
GNU Hurd


2016, with four releases during these two years. On August 20, 2015, amid the Google Summer of Code, it was announced that GNU Guix had been ported to GNU Hurd. Unlike most Unix-like kernels, the Hurd uses a server–client architecture, built on a microkernel that is responsible for providing the most basic kernel services – coordinating access to the hardware: the CPU (through process management and scheduling), RAM (via memory management), and other various input/output devices (via I
12884865
Arch Hurd


Arch Hurd is an operating system based on Arch Linux, but uses the GNU Hurd kernel instead of the Linux kernel. The Arch Hurd project was founded on an Arch Linux forum thread in January 2010 and, after a few weeks with many contributions, progressed to the point where it could boot in a virtual machine. It aims to provide an Arch-like user environment (BSD-style init scripts, i686-optimised packages, use of the pacman package manager, rolling-release, and a KISS set up) on the
2755194
Hyperbola GNU/Linux-libre


Hyperbola GNU/Linux-libre is an operating system for the i686 and x86-64 architectures. It is based on Arch snapshots and Debian development. It includes the GNU operating system components and the Linux-libre kernel instead of the generic Linux kernel. Hyperbola GNU/Linux-libre is listed by the Free Software Foundation as a completely free operating system, true to their Free System Distribution Guidelines. Hyperbola was born at the 17th annual "Fórum Internacional Software Livre" (Porto Alegre, Brazil). On 5 August
16984177
GNU variants


combines the GNU userland (with the exception of libc; OpenSolaris' libc is used) and Debian's packaging and organisation with the OpenSolaris kernel. Nexenta OS is available for IA-32 and x86-64 based systems. Nexenta Systems, Inc initiated the project and sponsors its continued development. Nexenta OS is not considered a GNU variant, due to the use of OpenSolaris libc. Multiple Illumos distributions use GNU userland by default. The Cygwin project is an actively-developed compatibility layer in the form of a C library providing a substantial
802897
GNU Hurd


microkernel. The Hurd aims to surpass the Unix kernel in functionality, security, and stability, while remaining largely compatible with it. The GNU Project chose the multiserver microkernel for the operating system, due to perceived advantages over the traditional Unix monolithic kernel architecture, a view that had been advocated by some developers in the 1980s. In December 1991 the primary architect of the Hurd described the name as a mutually recursive acronym: As both "hurd" and "hird" are homophones of the English word "herd", the
12884859
Software remastering


as a base platform that acts as a distribution "template" that ensures interoperability between packages, and upon which one is encouraged to remaster any "all new" GNU/Linux OS distributions. Linux Mint has its own remastering tool called "mintConstructor" for creating distributions based on Linux Mint, and for creating ISO files. Also, the package manager uses .mint files. Linux Mint is based on the Ubuntu Linux distribution, but Ubuntu is based on the Debian distribution. Because Linux Mint also offers a Debian Edition, they
11773886
GNU Guix


wait a few minutes, when trying to update via "guix pull". The GNU Project announced in November 2012 the first release of GNU Guix, a functional package manager based on Nix that provides, among other things, Guile Scheme APIs. The project was started on June 2012 by Ludovic Courtès, one of the GNU Guile hackers. On August 20, 2015, it was announced that Guix had been ported to GNU Hurd. The project has no fixed release schedule and has until now released approximately every 6 months.
11969140
GNU Hurd


based on Mach. From 2004 onward, various efforts were launched to port the Hurd to more modern microkernels. The L4 microkernel was the original choice in 2004, but progress slowed to a halt. Nevertheless, during 2005, Hurd developer Neal Walfield finished the initial memory management framework for the L4/Hurd port, and Marcus Brinkmann ported essential parts of glibc; namely, getting the process startup code working, allowing programs to run, thus allowing the first user programs (trivial ones such as the hello world program) in
12884868
SalineOS


SalineOS was a computer operating system composed of software packages released as free and open source software, primarily under the GNU General Public License. It was intended to be a fast, lightweight, and well-documented operating system based on Debian Linux. The SalineOS Project was started in late 2010 by Anthony Nordquist. Version 1.0, based on Debian v6.0 a.k.a. Squeeze, was released on 17 January 2011. Version 1.6, the most current stable version, was released on 1 February 2012. Version 2 was to be based on
10405669
Maemo


Maemo is a software platform developed by Nokia for smartphones and Internet tablets. The platform comprises both the Maemo operating system and SDK. Maemo is mostly based on open-source code and has been developed by Maemo Devices within Nokia in collaboration with many open-source projects such as the Linux kernel, Debian, and GNOME. Maemo is based on Debian GNU/Linux and draws much of its GUI, frameworks, and libraries from the GNOME project. It uses the Matchbox window manager and the GTK-based Hildon framework as
16799239
Musix GNU+Linux


Musix GNU+Linux is a live CD and DVD Linux distribution for the IA-32 processor family based on Debian. It contains a collection of software for audio production, graphic design, video editing and general purpose applications. The initiator and co-director of the project is Marcos Germán Guglielmetti. Musix GNU+Linux is one of the few GNU/Linux distributions recognized by the Free Software Foundation as being primarily available on sites distributing free software and excluding any non-free information for practical use. Musix is developed by a team from Argentina, Spain
14070885
Debian Free Software Guidelines


Debian began to comply with the DFSG more strictly in Debian 4.0 (released in April 2007) and subsequent releases. Much documentation written by the GNU Project, the Linux Documentation Project and others licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License contain invariant sections, which do not comply with the DFSG. This assertion is the end result of a long discussion and the General Resolution 2006-001. Due to the GFDL invariant sections, content under this license must be separately contained in an additional "non-free" repository which is not
18011232
Sam460ex


Sam460ex is a line of modular motherboards produced by the Italian company ACube Systems Srl. The machine was released in October 2010 and can run AmigaOS 4, MorphOS, or Debian GNU/Linux (indeed only CRUX PPC GNU/Linux is available because there is neither a Debian official support nor a Debian install ISO). The Sam460ex made its debut at the Vintage Computer Festival at Bletchley Park in the UK on 19 June 2010, where it was demonstrated to the public running AmigaOS 4.1 along with the Timberwolf web browser, a
21574760
GNU Parted


GNU/Hurd. nparted is the newt-based frontend to GNU Parted. Projects have started for an ncurses frontend, that also could be used in Windows (with GNUWin32 Ncurses). fatresize offers a command-line interface for FAT16/FAT32 non-destructive resize and uses the GNU Parted library. GParted and KDE Partition Manager are graphical programs using the parted libraries. They are adapted for GNOME and KDE respectively; two major desktop environments for Unix-like installations. They are often included as utilities on many live CD
21206717
Filesystem in Userspace


Public License and the GNU Lesser General Public License. The FUSE system was originally part of "AVFS" ("A Virtual Filesystem"), a filesystem implementation heavily influenced by the translator concept of the GNU Hurd. FUSE was originally released under the terms of the GNU General Public License and the GNU Lesser General Public License, later also reimplemented as part of the FreeBSD base system and released under the terms of Simplified BSD license. An ISC-licensed re-implementation by Sylvestre Gallon was released in March 2013, and
712142
Huayra GNU/Linux


Huayra GNU/Linux is a Linux distribution developed by the Argentine government from the ANSES and "Conectar Igualdad". It's based on the Debian architecture. Having been released in the GNU GPL license, Huayra is free software. The Huayra team develops educational applications designed for students and teachers. There are also other applications that, while not educational, are designed for young kids. “Share files easily between Netbooks without the need of an internet connection". “Use stopmotion to create your own animated shorts". “
20889845
List of Debian project leaders


This is a chronological list of Debian project leaders. Debian is a computer operating system composed of software packages released as free and open-source software primarily under the GNU General Public License, developed by a group of individuals known as the Debian project. The Project Leader is a role defined in the "Debian Constitution", and is elected once per year by the Debian developers. Ian Murdock, the first Debian project leader and the "ian" in "Debian", was an American software engineer. He founded the
5186009
Waf


from including Waf as a system-wide software package. While Debian initially simply refrained from including documentation, a direct request from Nagy made Debian remove Waf and discourage its use as a build system. Debian developer Ian Jackson opined that using Waf as distributed in a build system for software under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GNU GPL) would be in breach of the terms of that license, as the unpacking script produces an obfuscated copy of its original source code rather than the "preferred form for modification"
5826452
GNU/Linux naming controversy


outlining his vision of free software. Software development work began in January 1984. By 1991, the GNU mid-level portions of the operating system were almost complete, and the upper level could be supplied by the X Window System, but the lower level (kernel, device drivers, system-level utilities and daemons) was still mostly lacking. The GNU kernel was called GNU Hurd. The Hurd followed an ambitious design which proved unexpectedly difficult to implement and has only been marginally usable. Independently, in 1991, Linus
19370607
GNU C Library


versions that run on the kernels of FreeBSD and NetBSD (from which Debian GNU/kFreeBSD and Debian GNU/NetBSD systems are built, respectively), as well as a forked-version of OpenSolaris. It is also used (in an edited form) and named libroot.so in BeOS and Haiku. glibc has been criticized as being "bloated" and slower than other libraries in the past, e.g. by Linus Torvalds and embedded Linux programmers. For this reason, several alternative C standard libraries have been created which emphasize a smaller
16137555
IT@School Project


and open source software such as KToon, Gimp, OpenShot Video Editor and Audacity. IT@School GNU/Linux is a Debian based GNU/Linux distribution that was created for the IT@School project to impart ICT education in public schools in the state. The distribution was originally developed by SPACE and is currently being maintained by the internal team at IT@School project. IT@School Project has rolled out several programmes which included the development of its own Operating System - IT@School GNU/Linux- which is now being used in all the schools in the state.
20421500
Thomas Bushnell


Thomas Bushnell, BSG, formerly known as Michael Bushnell (born December 13, 1967), is a software developer and Gregorian friar. He was the founder and principal architect of GNU's official kernel project, GNU Hurd. Bushnell was also Hurd's official maintainer from its instigation until November 2003, when he posted to the GNU project's discussion mailing list saying that he had been dismissed by Richard Stallman for criticizing the GNU Free Documentation License. Stallman said the dismissal was because Bushnell had been inactive since 2001 and wasn't
6564286
Kanotix


for download. After the Release of Debian GNU/Linux 8.0 (2015-04-26) a reset of the "nightly builds" with the official Debian kernel-version 3.16.7 started "Kanotix-Spitfire" as a "rolling release" of the current stable "Kanotix". The Images are maintained by developer Kano and offered for download "Kanotix Downloads" and on kanotix.acritox.com The latest Kanotix modification of "Kanotix-Spitfire" has been presented at OpenRheinRuhr 2015 in Oberhausen. "Kanotix Steelfire" is based on current
3901040
Mozilla software rebranded by Debian


IceCat) but a rebranded Firefox created by the Debian project. The Debian maintainer has stated that he will "get in touch with [the GNU IceCat/IceWeasel team] to see what we can do together". Similarly, Debian renamed Mozilla Thunderbird and SeaMonkey to Icedove and Iceape, respectively. According to the "Debian Package Tracking System", Iceweasel, Icedove and Iceape were first accepted into the Debian project's "unstable" repository on November 20, 2006, on October 14, 2006, and on December 1
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GNU Hurd


entire system. Hurd provides a concept of "translators", a framework of modules used to extend a file system functionality. From early on, the Hurd was developed to use GNU Mach as the microkernel. This was a technical decision made by Richard Stallman, who thought it would speed up the work by saving a large part of it. He has admitted that he was wrong about that. Other Unix-like systems working on the Mach microkernel include OSF/1, Lites, and MkLinux. macOS and NeXTSTEP use hybrid kernels
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Kanotix


stable Debian 9 ("Stretch"). Two months after the Release of Debian GNU/Linux 9.0 (2017-06-17) the first iso-images of Kanotix-steelfire-nightly-LXDE were released. The KDE-modification of "Kanotix-Spitfire" was releast and presented later at OpenRheinRuhr 2017 in Oberhausen. (2017-11-4/5) All Images of "Kanotix-Steelfire" are available as KDE and LXDE versions in 32 and 64 bit. "Kanotix-Silverfire" is based on
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Debian Free Software Guidelines


The Debian Free Software Guidelines (DFSG) is a set of guidelines that the Debian Project uses to determine whether a software license is a free software license, which in turn is used to determine whether a piece of software can be included in Debian. The DFSG is part of the Debian Social Contract. The GNU GPL, BSD, and Artistic licenses are examples of licenses considered free. The DFSG was first published together with the first version of the Debian Social Contract in July 1997. The primary author was Bruce Perens,
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GNU GRUB


GNU GRUB is free and open-source software, so several variants have been created. Some notable ones, which have not been merged into GRUB mainline: The setup tools in use by various distributions often include modules to set up GRUB. For example, YaST2 on SUSE Linux and openSUSE distributions and Anaconda on Fedora/RHEL distributions. StartUp-Manager and GRUB Customizer are graphical configuration editors for Debian-based distributions. Grub Customizer is also available for Arch-based distributions. For GRUB 2 there are KDE Control Modules.
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Whonix


system. Each VM image contains a customized GNU/Linux instance based on Debian. Updates are distributed via Tor using Debian's apt-get package manager. The supported virtualization engines are VirtualBox, Qubes OS and Linux KVM. On startup, each VM runs a check to ensure that the software is up to date, and that the date and time are set correctly. The Gateway VM is responsible for running Tor, and has two virtual network interfaces. One of these is connected to the outside Internet via NAT on the
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ZFS


as FreeBSD, ZFS storage pool version 5000. This project is a continuation of FreeNAS 7 series project. Being based on the FreeBSD kernel, Debian GNU/kFreeBSD has ZFS support from the kernel. However, additional userland tools are required, while it is possible to have ZFS as root or /boot file system in which case required GRUB configuration is performed by the Debian installer since the "Wheezy" release. As of 31 January 2013, the ZPool version available is 14 for the "Squeeze" release, and 28 for
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Arch Linux


the Arch Linux ideas and tools to other kernels, including PacBSD (formerly ArchBSD) and Arch Hurd, which are based on the FreeBSD and GNU Hurd kernels respectively. There is also the Arch Linux ARM project, which aims to port Arch Linux to ARM-based devices, including the Raspberry Pi, as well as the Arch Linux 32 project, which continues support for systems with 32-bit only CPUs after the mainline Arch Linux project dropped support for the architecture in November 2017. OSNews reviewed Arch Linux in 2002: OSNews also
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XFree86


2 of the GNU General Public License, though compatible with version 3. The XFree86 Project states that the license is "as GPL compatible as any and all previous versions were", but does not mention which version or versions of the GPL this is valid for. Some projects made releases (notably OpenBSD 3.5 and 3.6, and Debian 3.1 "Sarge") based on XFree86 version 4.4 RC2, the last version under the old license. Most operating systems incorporating XFree86 (including later versions of OpenBSD and Debian) migrated to
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DisplayLink


for Android 5.0 Lollipop, and later. Current generation of USB3 chips is supported by binary-only driver on Ubuntu GNU/Linux distribution. The Linux kernel 3.4 also contains a basic DisplayLink driver. DisplayLink driver installer for Debian and Ubuntu based Linux distribution (Elementary OS, Mint, Kali, Deeping and et cetera) is available as part of displaylink-debian project. There was a DisplayLink-supported open source project called libdlo with the goal of bringing support to Linux and other platforms. There are also unofficial reverse-
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DragonBox Pyra


The certification is not only about bundled software, using proprietary software, or recommending it, such as non-free (including emulated) games, but also about naming, e.g. Linux vs. GNU/Linux. In November 2016 a pre-release version of the Pyra schematics was made available under a CC BY-NC-SA license. The operating system will be based on the common open source Linux distribution Debian which allows the use of already available desktop open-source applications from the Debian ARM repository, for instance Firefox
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SpareMiNT


of files, creating a TOS compatible operating system; there exists a Live-CD to test. Its key components all consist of Free Software: AFROS software is available to all Atari and/or TOS compatible platforms, but is optimized to be used with the "ARAnyM" (Atari Running on Any Machine) emulator. Amongst other efforts, there also was a basic build of a "Debian GNU/MiNT" distribution, with a FreeMiNT "kernel", GNU based "userland software" plus DEB "package management".
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GNU


GNU is an operating system and an extensive collection of computer software. GNU is composed wholly of free software, most of which is licensed under the GNU Project's own General Public License (GPL). "GNU" is a recursive acronym for "GNU's Not Unix!", chosen because GNU's design is Unix-like, but differs from Unix by being free software and containing no Unix code. The GNU project includes an operating system kernel, GNU Hurd, which was the original focus of the Free Software
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Embedded GLIBC


Embedded GLIBC (EGLIBC) is a discontinued variant of the GNU C Library (glibc), optimised for use in embedded devices, while still attempting to remain source- and binary-compatible with the standard glibc. The authors claim that EGLIBC was not intended to be a fork of glibc, but rather a variant, accepting patches that the core glibc developers may reject. On 6 May 2009, it was announced that Debian would move from the GNU C Library to EGLIBC, citing problems with the development process of glibc. Debian
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SliTaz


SliTaz GNU/Linux is a lightweight GNU/Linux distribution, community-based, suitable for use on older hardware and as a Live CD or Live USB. SliTaz stands for "Simple, Light, Incredible, Temporary Autonomous Zone" according to the boot screen. SliTaz uses the Openbox window manager. Additional packages are added using a program called "TazPanel". This is due to the specific package format that SliTaz uses (tazpkg). It can still use packages from the more popular distribution though, as Debian,
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Wikidot


each day. Wikidot.com roughly doubled in size during 2011. Wikidot Inc. released Wikidot.org in January 2008, the official FOSS version of the Wikidot.com software project with an Ajax-based interface. It is meant as a stable and free software for a single Wiki install or a Wiki farm on a GNU/Linux computer. The FOSS Wikidot.org software is licensed under the GNU Affero General Public License. There are Debian/Ubuntu (*.deb) packages for the free Wikidot.org software, which are considered experimental, as of October 2011,
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GNU


Foundation (FSF). However, given the Hurd kernel's status as not yet production-ready, non-GNU kernels, most popularly the Linux kernel, can also be used with GNU software. The combination of GNU and Linux has become ubiquitous to the point that the duo is often referred to as just ""Linux"" in short, or, less frequently, "GNU/Linux". (see the GNU/Linux naming controversy) Richard Stallman, the founder of the project, views GNU as
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Ben NanoNote


OpenEmbedded is also available through the Jlime distribution. The Pyneo software stack, a Debian-like distribution aimed for mobiles has been ported. The MIPS architecture port of Debian GNU/Linux can be run on the NanoNote. Additionally there is NanoNixOS, a cross-compiled distribution based on the Nix package manager. After the 2010 introduction of the Ben NanoNote, reviewers praised its small size and low cost (US$99), but also criticized the device for its initial lack of any networking capability and for its extremely modest data
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Open-source software


software development platform; the Debian Project, creators of the influential Debian GNU/Linux distribution; the Mozilla Foundation, home of the Firefox web browser; and OW2, European-born community developing open source middleware. New organizations tend to have a more sophisticated governance model and their membership is often formed by legal entity members. Open Source Software Institute is a membership-based, non-profit (501 (c)(6)) organization established in 2001 that promotes the development and implementation of open source software solutions within US Federal,
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Random number generator attack


MIFARE chips. The system is proprietary and originally the algorithm has not been published. Upon reverse engineering of the chip, researchers from the University of Virginia and the Chaos Computer Club found an attack on Crypto-1 exploiting a poorly initialized random number generator. In May 2008, security researcher Luciano Bello revealed his discovery that changes made in 2006 to the random number generator in the version of the OpenSSL package distributed with Debian GNU/Linux and other Debian-based distributions, such as Ubuntu, dramatically reduced the entropy of generated values and
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Smuxi


includes, in client-server operation, a visual marker showing the user's last activity in an open session, and ignore filtering. Smuxi can be found in many major free operating systems such as: Debian GNU/Linux (including Debian GNU/kFreeBSD), Ubuntu, Gentoo Linux, Arch Linux, openSUSE Community Repository, Frugalware Linux, Slackware, and FreeBSD. Smuxi is also available for Microsoft Windows XP, Vista, 7, 8.x and 10 (32-bit and 64-bit architectures). Smuxi is available for Mac OS
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List of Debian project leaders


United Nations World Summit on the Information Society, at the invitation of the United Nations Development Programme in 2005. He was the Debian project leader from April 1996 to December 1997, replacing Ian Murdock. Ian Jackson is a long-time free software author and Debian developer. He wrote dpkg, SAUCE (Software Against Unsolicited Commercial Email), userv and debbugs. He used to maintain the Linux FAQ. He was the Debian project leader between 1998 and 1999. Debian GNU/Linux 2.0 (hamm) was released during his
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Embedded GLIBC


and several of its derivatives shipped EGLIBC instead of glibc in Debian 6 (Squeeze) and Debian 7 (Wheezy). EGLIBC is free software licensed under the GNU LGPL. The EmbToolkit build system can provide an EGLIBC toolchain for embedded Linux, but is not part of the EGLIBC project. Since the beginning of 2014, the official homepage states that EGLIBC is no longer being developed, since its ""goals are now being addressed directly in GLIBC"", and Debian has switched back to glibc for the Debian 8.0 (
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Free software license


were accepted by the Open Source Initiative but not by the Free Software Foundation or Debian and the RealNetworks Public Source License, which was accepted by Open Source Initiative and Free Software Foundation but not by Debian. Also, the FSF recommended GNU Free Documentation License, which is incompatible with the GPL, was considered "non-free" by the Debian project around 2006, Nathanael Nerode, and Bruce Perens. The FSF argues that documentation is qualitatively different from software and is subject to different requirements. Debian accepted, in a later
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Debian


, and a "Best of the Net" award for October 1998. On December 2, 2015, Microsoft announced that they would offer Debian GNU/Linux as an endorsed distribution on the Azure cloud platform. Package management operations can be performed with different tools available on Debian, from the lowest level command dpkg to graphical front-ends like Synaptic. The recommended standard for administering packages on a Debian system is the apt toolset. dpkg provides the low-level infrastructure for package management. The dpkg database contains the list of
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GNU/Linux naming controversy


. GNU's June 1994 "Bulletin" describes "Linux" as a "free Unix system for 386 machines" (with "many of the utilities and libraries" from GNU), but the January 1995 "Bulletin" switched to the term "GNU/Linux" instead. Stallman's and the FSF's efforts to include "GNU" in the name started around 1994, but were reportedly mostly via private communications (such as the above-mentioned request to Debian) until 1996. In May 1996, Stallman released
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GNU nano


Free Software Foundation's copyright assignment policy, and their belief that decentralized copyright ownership does not impede the ability to enforce the GNU General Public License. The step was acknowledged by Debian and Arch Linux, while the GNU project resisted the move and called it a "fork". On 19 August 2016, Chris Allegretta announced the return of the project to the GNU family, following concessions from GNU on copyright assignment for Nano specifically, which happened when version 2.7.0 was released in September 2016. GNU nano, like Pico, is
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GNU


proprietary platforms such as Microsoft Windows and macOS. GNU programs have been shown to be more reliable than their proprietary Unix counterparts. As of November 2015, there are a total of 466 GNU packages (including decommissioned, 383 excluding) hosted on the official GNU development site. The official kernel of GNU Project was the GNU Hurd microkernel; however, as of 2012, the Linux kernel became officially part of the GNU Project in the form of Linux-libre, a variant of Linux with all proprietary components removed. With the
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Hyperbola GNU/Linux-libre


stability, development and maintenance of Debian. Under the covenant are included the GNU Free System Distribution Guidelines. Hyperbola has established packaging guidelines. The "Hyperbola Packaging Guidelines" contain a collection of common issues and the severity that should be placed on them for its development, such as backporting, package releases and Debian patches. Hyperbola aliases its stable releases using galaxy names as codenames chosen from the list of nearest known galaxies of the Milky Way, in ascending order of distance. A stable version of Hyperbola gets released approximately every three
16984179
GNU Hurd


commands. According to the GNU Hurd FAQ: This is the error message for EIEIO. This error code is used for a variety of "hopeless" error conditions. Most probably you will encounter it when a translator crashes while you were trying to use a file that it serves.brbr You can thus think of it as an equivalent of the "blue screen of the death" or "Oops"... except that it's just an error! It doesn't take your whole system away with it, only the particular operations that
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Debian Pure Blend


Pure Blends are The Debian 8 "Jessie" release consists of approximately 43,000 software packages. Therefore, without knowing the specific name of a given application, it can be difficult for a user to find packages matching their needs. This is particularly an issue when the name of the software doesn't make its function clear. GNU/Linux distribution that is configured to support a particular target group out-of-the-box. All changes and improvements are integrated to the official Debian repositories. A Debian Pure Blend can contain
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Benjamin Mako Hill


for the GNU Project, and serves on the board of Software Freedom International (the organization that organizes Software Freedom Day). In 2006, he married Mika Matsuzaki and used mathematically constrained wedding vows at the marriage ceremony. Since 1999, Hill has been an active member of Debian. He has served as a delegate of the Debian Project Leader, and is a founder and coordinator of Debian Non-Profit, a Debian custom distribution designed to fill the needs of small non-profit organizations. In addition he served on the
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Debian Free Software Guidelines


considered to affect the parts of the distribution covered by the DFSG. The Debian General Resolution 2004-003, titled "Editorial amendments to the social contract", modified the Social Contract. The proposer Andrew Suffield stated: However, the change of the sentence "We promise to keep the Debian GNU/Linux Distribution entirely free software" into "We promise that the Debian system and all its components will be free" resulted in the release manager, Anthony Towns, making a practical change: This prompted another General Resolution,
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The Debian System


The Debian System is a 2005 non-fiction book written by Martin Krafft which deals exclusively with Debian GNU/Linux, detailing its internal workings. The book is mostly for the experienced users seeking in-depth technical knowledge, rather than for beginners. The author's native language is German but he decided to write it in Debian's "de facto" language which is English. The book was written for publication by Open Source Press and later licensed for co-publication by No Starch Press. The English version is thus
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History of free and open-source software


the GNU General Public License was published. A slightly updated version 2 was published in 1991. In 1989, some GNU developers formed the company Cygnus Solutions. The GNU project's kernel, later called "GNU Hurd", was continually delayed, but most other components were completed by 1991. Some of these, especially the GNU Compiler Collection, had become market leaders in their own right. The GNU Debugger and GNU Emacs were also notable successes. The Linux kernel, started by Linus Torvalds, was released as freely modifiable
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