Jupiter-Avia [SEP] airline hub
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Avia BH-25


The Avia BH-25 was a biplane airliner built in Czechoslovakia in 1926. Typical of airliners of its time, it seated five passengers within its fuselage, whilst the pilots sat in an open cockpit above. Of conventional configuration, it was a single-bay bi-plane of equal span and unstaggered wings, with fixed tailskid landing gear. Originally designed for a Lorraine-Dietrich engine, this was changed to a Bristol Jupiter in service. After their withdrawal from airline use in 1936, some were used by the military for a
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KD Avia


Russian cities to destinations in Turkey, Egypt and Europe. The airline was investing into building a new modern passenger terminal in Khrabrovo airport which would be the main transit hub in a hub-and-spoke system of routes, which the airline was planning to introduce on 15 June 2007. In the first stage, up to 13 cities of the Russian Federation would be connected with 13–15 cities of Europe by transit flights via Kaliningrad. The concept of the airline is to connect Russia and other CIS countries with Europe. On 4
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Yakutia Airlines


Yakutia Airlines ( – "Aviakompanija «Jakutija»" "Air Company "Yakutia"") is an airline based in Yakutsk, Sakha Republic, Russia. It operates domestic passenger services in Russia and within the Commonwealth of Independent States, as well as destinations in Europe, Asia, and North America from its hubs at Yakutsk Airport and Moscow's Vnukovo Airport. The airline is founded in 2002, and is owned by government of the Republic of Sakha. The airline was founded as Sakha Avia, the former Aeroflot Yakutsk Division
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Skyways (airline)


Skyways Express AB was a Swedish airline that operated regional and domestic scheduled services. With its corporate head office on the property of Stockholm-Arlanda Airport in Sigtuna Municipality, Sweden, its main hub was at Stockholm-Arlanda Airport. The airline was placed into administration on 22 May 2012. Previously its head office was at Eurostop köpcenter, Cederströms slinga, Arlandastad. The airline was established in 1987 and was previously known as Avia. It acquired Salair on 15 July 1991 and Highland Air in March 1997. A partnership was forged
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Shirak Province


is considered an alternative hub for the Zvartnots International Airport in Yerevan. At the beginning of 2017, the government of Armenia focused on revitalizing the airport. Multiple new airlines began operating flights to the airport, including Taron Avia - a new Armenian airline based in Gyumri -, and Pobeda which is a Russian low-cost airline and a wholly owned subsidiary of Aeroflot. In order to attract more customers, the Ministry of Nature Protection made meteorological services free for all airlines flying to Gyumri, lowering ticket costs. The Gyumri Technology
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TezJet Airlines


TezJet Airlines is a domestic Airline from Kyrgyzstan. The airline was founded in 23 April 2013 and commenced operations in August 2014 after receiving its first aircraft (BAe 146 bearing registration EX-27002 from Avia Traffic Company). The airline has its main hub at Manas International Airport and its fleet comprises two BAe 146 aircraft. As of July 2013, TezJet Airlines operates scheduled passenger flights to the following destinations: At 14:52 local time on 1 March 2018, flight from Bishkek to Batken had to perform an emergency landing at Bishkek airport after the
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Asia Avia Airlines


Asia Avia Airlines (Asia Avia Megatama P.T.) was an airline based in Jakarta, Indonesia. It operated scheduled domestic passenger services from Malacca to Pekan Baru and Jambi, using a fleet of two Fokker F27 Friendship aircraft. Its main base was Polonia International Airport, Medan. Asia Avia Airlines was established and started operations in 2003. It was wholly owned by PT Asia Avia Megamata. In 2006, all flight operations were suspended and the licence was withdrawn. In February 2007, the Transportation Ministry delayed the license revocation of 11
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KD Avia


"For the Canadian airline company, see KD Air." KD Avia, sometimes called Kaliningrad Avia, was an airline based in Kaliningrad, Russia. It operated scheduled services within Russia, CIS and Europe. Its main base was Khrabrovo Airport, Kaliningrad. The airline was established on 8 October 1945 and started operations in 1946. It launched international services in 2004 and announced on 27 May 2005 that it was to change its name from Kaliningrad Avia to KD Avia, to differentiate itself from the state-owned company of the
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Yerevan-Avia


Yerevan-Avia (Yer-Avia) was a privately owned airline operating international cargo flights based from Zvartnots International Airport in Yerevan, Armenia. As of February 2010, the Yerevan-Avia website is down. Therefore, it is not clear whether the airline is still active. Yerevan-Avia was established in 1992 under the initiative and direct participation of the Mayor of Yerevan, Mr. Hambartsum Galstyan. It became the first cargo airline in Armenia with privately owned aircraft. Starting practically from zero, the company managed to prepare highly
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RAF-Avia


RAF-Avia is a Latvian airline headquartered in Riga and based at Riga International Airport. The airline was established in 1990 as the first private airline in Latvia. It started operations in 1991 flying spare parts and supply for the RAF Minibus production plant in Latvia. In 1994 RAF-Avia began to switch to the commercial charter flight business. In 1996 it became a privately owned joint stock company. It is wholly owned by the RAF-Avia Group. In August 2016, the airline stationed two aircraft at Frankfurt Hahn Airport
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Vladivostok Air


JSC Vladivostok Air (also Vladivostok Avia; ) was an independent airline with its head office at the airport in Artyom, Primorski Krai, Russia. In 2011, it was reacquired by Aeroflot. As the largest carrier in the Russian Far East and Siberia, Vladivostok Air operated scheduled domestic flights within Russia and international flights to Africa, Asia, and Europe, as well as charter flights and a well established helicopter service. The main hub of operations was Vladivostok International Airport, with secondary hubs at Moscow Sheremetyevo International Airport and Khabarovsk
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Avia Solutions Group


Avia Solutions Group is an international, aviation holding company with 42 subsidiaries worldwide.  Avia Solutions Group HQ is based in Cyprus  with most of employees working  in the offices in Vilnius, Lithuania and representative offices in Stansted, UK, Tallinn, Estonia, Warsaw, Poland, Jakarta, Indonesia, Moscow, Russian Federation, Bangkok, Thailand. The history of Avia Solutions Group began in 2005 when Lithuanian Airlines, the national airlines of Lithuania, was privatized. LAL investicijų valdymas acquired 100% of the airline shares for 7.53 million Euro
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Avia Express


Avia Express was a charter airline based in Stockholm, Sweden. Its main base was Stockholm-Arlanda Airport. The airline was founded in 1940 by Mr. and Mrs. Thuring in Fårösund, Sweden. It did primary work for the Swedish Airforce. In 1945 Avia started with agricultural flights and training of pilots. In 1984, Gotlandsbolaget buys Avia, which it owned until one year after the merger with AMA-Flyg/Salair in 1992. In 1993 Salénia became the sole owner of Avia, which they re-branded into Skyways
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Region Avia


Region Avia (), also styled Region-Avia or Region Avia Airlines, was a regional airline based in Moscow, Russia, operating scheduled passenger flights out of Domodedovo International Airport, and chartered services out of Bykovo Airport. Region Avia was registered in Moscow in 2005, as a company which was to 52% owned by (unnamed) Russian citizens and had an initial funding of $50 million. It received its Air Operator's Certificate on 19 August 2006. The last scheduled flight (from Tambov to Moscow) took
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Avia Solutions Group


airline. In July 2010, it underwent a major re-branding and became Small Planet Airlines. In March, 2013 Avia Solutions Group sold 99.5 per cent of Small Planet Airlines UAB (Lithuania) and Small Planet Airlines Sp. z.o.o. (Poland) to an investment group led by the carrier's management team. In 2010 Avia Solutions Group established an IT company, which developed its own platform to trade aircraft inventory and maintenance services. In 2014 Locatory.com launched Amber A.I., artificial intelligence tool that converts e-mail parts
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Roswell International Air Center


service with major airlines to provide nonstop regional jet flights to a major hub. American Eagle, the feeder carrier for American Airlines responded and began service on Sep. 5, 2007 with two daily flights to Dallas/Ft. Worth on 50-seat Embraer 145s. The service did so well that a third flight was added only seven months later. Mesa Airlines then ended all of their Roswell service on the last day of 2007 which left no flights to Albuquerque. At the request of Roswell city officials, American Eagle began a westbound flight
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Centre-Avia


Centre-Avia Airlines (Авиакомпания "ЦЕНТР-АВИА") was an airline based in Moscow, Russia, operating domestic and international services. Its main base was Bykovo Airport, Moscow, from where it operated charter flights, plus, on working days, a scheduled flight from Moscow Domodedovo Airport to Nizhny Novgorod International Airport. In March 2007, the aircraft fleet of Centre-Avia consisted of four Yakovlev Yak-40. Centre-Avia was founded in 2000 and was owned by Bykovo Aircraft Repair Plant (29.4%), Bykovo
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Grozny Avia


JSC "Aircompany Grozny Avia" (ОАО "Авиакомпания Грозный Авиа"), operating as Grozny Avia (), is a Russian airline with its head office at Grozny Airport in Grozny, Russia. Its main base is Grozny Airport. The airline was formed on 17 August 2007 by Ramzan Kadyrov regional public fund on the order of the President of Chechnya. In 2014 a deal to acquire two Sukhoi Superjet 100 aircraft fell through due to cost and the airline is considering acquiring Airbus A319 aircraft. The Groznyyavia fleet includes the following
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Tomsk Avia


Tomsk Avia, LLC () was an airline based at Bogashevo Airport in Tomsk, Russia. It operated domestic passenger and cargo services and charters until 2015. The airline was established in 1992 from the Aeroflot Tomsk division (established in 1932) and merged with Kolpashevo Air Enterprise in 1999. Formerly called Tomsk Production Aviation Amalgamation and Tomsk State Aviation Enterprise. In April 2015, the airline's Air operator's certificate was suspended by Rosaviatsia as a result of the carrier's financial difficulties. Tomsk Avia's AOC was officially canceled in
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Kbely Aviation Museum


represent Avia S-199 and double seats Avia CS-199 (Messerschmitt Bf-109G with Jumo engine), Aero C3A (Siebel Si-204). In addition to the many military aircraft and helicopters on display, there are several Soviet-designed airliners, some of which were built under licence in Czechoslovakia. Airliners displayed include the Avia 14M (Ilyushin Il-14), an Avia 14T, an ex-CSA Ilyushin Il-18 and a CSA Tupolev Tu-104. Light aircraft exhibited include the Czech-built Praga E-114 Air Baby of 1936, a Mraz
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Riga International Airport


Riga International Airport (; ) is the international airport of Riga, the capital of Latvia, and the largest airport in the Baltic states with direct flights to 106 destinations in 30 countries. It serves as a hub for airBaltic, SmartLynx Airlines, RAF-Avia and as one of the base airports for Wizz Air. The Latvian national carrier airBaltic is the biggest in the airport, followed by Ryanair. The airport is located in the Mārupe Municipality west of Riga and is a state-owned joint-stock company, with the
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Royal Flight (airline)


Joint stock company Royal Flight airlines (), formerly Abakan-Avia (), is a charter airline based in Abakan, Russia. It operates charter services between Russian cities and holiday destinations in Sri Lanka, Egypt, Thailand, Turkey, Tunisia, India, Indonesia, United Arab Emirates, Bulgaria, Macau, Taiwan, Vietnam, China, the Dominican Republic, and Cuba. Its main bases are Abakan Airport (ABA) and El Obeid Airport, Sudan. The airline was established in 1992 as Abakan-Avia and
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Avia 51


The Avia 51 was a 1930s Czechoslovakian six-passenger commercial transport, designed by Robert Nebesář and built by Avia. The type was uneconomical in use and only three were built. The Avia 51 was a three-engined high-wing cantilever monoplane designed for the Czech national airlines CLS. It was built with a duraluminium monocoque fuselage and a fixed tailwheel landing gear. Powered by three Avia Rk.12 radial engines, two were fitted into the leading edges of the wing and one was nose-mounted. It had a two-
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Avia BH-33


The Avia BH-33 was a biplane fighter aircraft built in Czechoslovakia in 1927. It was based on the BH-21J which demonstrated promising results by combining the original BH-21 airframe with a licence-built Bristol Jupiter radial engine. Other than the peculiar Avia hallmark of having an upper wing with a shorter span than the lower, it was utterly conventional, even featuring a tail fin for the first time in a Pavel Beneš and Miroslav Hajn design (previous aircraft had a rudder but no fin). Initial tests of the first prototype were disappointing
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Avia Solutions Group


inquiries into searches. In 2011 Avia Solutions Group launched AviationCV.com, a global provider of aviation jobs specialists resourcing solutions for airlines, MRO providers and other industry companies. In 2011 Avia Solutions Group was listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange (WSE). In 2011 Groups’ MRO company FL Technics acquired 100% of UK based Line maintenance provider Storm Aviation. In 2013 Avia Solutions Group acquired Helisota, an international provider of MRO services for rotorcraft aviation that provides services for Mi and Robinson aircraft. In 2013 Avia Solutions Group launched its
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Illich-Avia


Illich-Avia () is part of the Open Joint Stock Company (JSC) of Illich Iron and Steel Works of Mariupol and was founded in 2002. The airline is based on Mariupol, Ukraine, and operates domestic and international flights, most of them on behalf of its parent Illich Steel & Iron Works. Illich-Avia Avia was launced in 2002. It has operator certificate No. 198 issued by the State Aviation Administration of Ukraine on June 1, 2005, Air Carrier License No. 118481 of March 4,
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Aeroflot Flight 2


passenger who survived with injuries. Construction of the Avia 14 involved, serial number 806109, was completed at the Avia aircraft factory on 28 June 1958 as a 14-32, the 32-seat variant of the Avia 14. Two days later it was purchased by Czech Airlines and registered OK-MCP. On 28 October 1975 the Ilyushin was acquired by the Soviet Union and re-registered as CCCP-52096 to Aeroflot and converted to an Avia 14M. At the time of the accident the aircraft had sustained a total of 20,464 flight hours and
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Avia BH-33


, displaying performance only marginally better than the BH-21, even when fitted with a more powerful version of the Jupiter. Two further prototypes followed, both designated BH-33-1, each with an increasingly powerful Jupiter variant – one a Jupiter VI, the other a Jupiter VII. The performance of the latter example was finally acceptable for the Czechoslovakian defence ministry to order a small production run of only five aircraft. Three examples were sold to Belgium, where there were plans to build the type under licence, but this did not occur
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Komsomolsk-on-Amur Airport


periodically) flying to Moscow JSC "Krasnoyarsk airlines" airplanes Tu-154 with a stopover in Krasnoyarsk (once a week). In summer 2009, after a decade flights began to perform again in Moscow - the carriage is performed airline "Vladivostok Avia" in the aircraft Tu-204-300. In late 2011, "Vladivostok Avia" was purchased by Aeroflot, whose leadership has recognized the flights to and from Komsomolsk-on-Amur are unprofitable, and a major industrial center of the Far East was again left without a direct air
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Skybus (Aqua Avia)


a suitable aircraft and eventually chartered two Vickers Viscount aircraft for their airline, which was given the name Skybus. By using the legal loophole, Aqua Avia created their business plan of forming a club with annual membership rather than charging passengers fares per flight, thus avoiding the charge that they would be in direct competition with the State-owned airlines (and thus not needing to apply for licenses for their air routes).  As Aero Clubs were exempt from the licensing act due to the charter license loophole, they could operate as
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Pavel Vrublevsky


the project E-Avia. ChronoPay E-Avia, processing payments for most major airlines (the largest of the clients is Transaero), with the exception of Aeroflot. In 2010, Vrublevsky proposed to create a national air ticket reservation system (GDS) based on E-Avia. He is ready to transfer a controlling stake in this structure to Aeroflot. The proposal did not find any response. As a result, a single Russian GDS was never created. After the entry into force of the law on the storage
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Avia BH-29


The Avia BH-29 was a trainer aircraft built in Czechoslovakia in 1927, in the hope of marketing it to both the Czechoslovakian Army, and to Czechoslovakian Airlines as a primary trainer. It was a conventional design, an unequal-span biplane of wooden construction and with tailskid undercarriage. The pilot and instructor sat in tandem open cockpits. A more powerful version was built, powered by a Walter NZ-120 radial engine. When no interest was shown in the aircraft domestically, Avia undertook a promotional tour where the aircraft was demonstrated in eighteen
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Khrabrovo Airport


international flights began. The air enterprise was renamed "Kaliningrad Avia" in 1997, but fell into receivership in 2001. The airport changed ownership the following year and became a joint stock company. In 2004 the runway, apron, and navigation facilities were rebuilt. The new air enterprise was renamed KD Avia in 2005, with the new terminal opened in 2007. In 2009 KD Avia airlines ceased operation. In July 2016, Novaport bought the Khrabrovo Airport from Aeroinvest. As part of Russia's preparations to host the 2018 FIFA
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Airline hub


airline. However, as an airline expands operations at its primary hub to the point that it experiences capacity limitations, it may elect to open secondary hubs. Examples of such hubs are Turkish Airlines' Istanbul–Sabiha Gökçen hub, British Airways' hub at London-Gatwick, Air India's hub at Mumbai and Lufthansa's hub at Munich. By operating multiple hubs, airlines can expand their geographic reach. They can also better serve spoke–spoke markets, providing more itineraries with connections at different hubs. A given hub
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Airline hub


Airline hubs or hub airports are used by one or more airlines to concentrate passenger traffic and flight operations at a given airport. They serve as transfer (or stop-over) points to get passengers to their final destination. It is part of the hub-and-spoke system. An airline operates flights from several non-hub (spoke) cities to the hub airport, and passengers traveling between spoke cities need to connect through the hub. This paradigm creates economies of scale that allow an airline to serve (via
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Stavropolskaya Aktsionernaya Avia Flight 1023


Stavropolskaya Aktsionernaya Avia Flight 1023 was a charter flight between Stavropol in southern Russia and Trabzon in Turkey operated by the Russian airline Stavropolskaya Aktsionernaya Avia. On 18 March 1997 the Antonov An-24 operating the flight suffered a structural failure and crashed into a forest, killing all 50 passengers and crew on board. The flight, which was a frequently operated charter between Stavropol and Trabzon on the Black Sea coast of Turkey, took off from Stavropol Shpakovskoye Airport, carrying 8 crew members, 41 passengers, mainly traders who planned to purchase cheap consumer
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Transport hub


airports function as intra-modular hubs for the airlines, or airline hubs. This is a common strategy among network airlines who fly only from limited number of airports and usually will make their customers change planes at one of their hubs if they want to get between two cities the airline doesn't fly directly between. Airlines have extended the hub-and-spoke model in various ways. One method is to create additional hubs on a regional basis, and to create major routes between the hubs. This reduces the need to
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Air Force of the Independent State of Croatia


. From Prague in Czechoslovakia (under German occupation), the ZNDH received seven Avia Fokker F.7 transports, one Avia Fokker F.9 and one Avia Fokker F.18. Of these, the F.7s and F.18 were pre-war Czech airliners. As the ZNDH suffered from a total lack of transport aircraft, these were immediately pressed into service, after only minor adjustments. Some were even used to provide scheduled air-line services. The nine Fiat G.50bis fighters took off from Turin-Fiat Aviazione on 12 June 1942, but before crossing
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Skyways (airline)


the Gothenburg-based airline City Airline, as Skyways. It also bought the Danish airline Cimber Sterling and developed the intention to become Scandinavia's biggest regional airline. As of December 1, 2010 the operation, sales and marketing of the airline functioned again as one unit under Avia Express continuing the use of the brand Skyways. On 22 May 2012, Skyways Express AB and City Airline AB filed for bankruptcy; Cimber Sterling had filed for bankruptcy earlier that month. In May 2012, Skyways operated to the following destinations: In
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Small Planet Airlines (Italy)


Small Planet Airlines s.r.l., also known as Small Planet Airlines Italia, was an Italian charter airline with its headquarters in Fiumicino, Rome and bases at Leonardo da Vinci-Fiumicino Airport (Rome) and Il Caravaggio International Airport. It began as a subsidiary of the also now defunct Small Planet Airlines from Lithuania. On January 17th, 2014, the airlines ceased all operations. The airline is no longer related with its founder, Small Planet Airlines from Lithuania anymore as it was sold to Aeroservizi and Avia Solutions Group in April
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Small Planet Airlines


Airlines had increased the number to nearly 0.7 million passengers. In April 2013, Small Planet Airlines announced a buyout of the 99.5 percent of Small Planet Airlines UAB (Lithuania) and Small Planet Airlines Sp. z o. o."(Poland) shares held by Avia Solutions Group. After the transaction, Small Planet Airlines was owned by Vytautas Kaikaris and Andrius Staniulis, the management of the company. In 2014, holding company Small Planet Group was established to take ownership of the Small Planet Airlines of Lithuania and Poland. Small Planet Group
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Red Wings Airlines


Red Wings Airlines is an airline based in Moscow Domodedovo Airport, in Russia. The airline provides both scheduled passenger and cargo charter services. Red Wings was founded in 1999 under the name VARZ-400, after the Russian acronym of the Vnukovo Avia Repair Factory. It was renamed Airlines 400 in 2001, before adopting its current name in 2007. The airline was owned by Russian tycoon Alexander Lebedev, who wanted to create a discount airline using modern Russian Tupolev Tu-204-100B 210-passenger twin-jet airliners, both newly-built and used
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Airline hub


passengers. However, with the term's expanded usage, a focus city may also function as a small-scale or total hub. Allegiant Air, JetBlue and Southwest Airlines are examples of US-based airlines that consider some of their focus cities run like a hub. The hub-and-spoke system allows an airline to serve fewer routes, so fewer aircraft are needed. The system also increases passenger loads; a flight from a hub to a spoke carries not just passengers originating at the hub, but also passengers
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CityFlyer Express


time. For all these reasons the grandiose BA-AA alliance ultimately turned out to be a very costly distraction for BA's management and was the main contributing factor that led to Robert Ayling's downfall who happened to be the BA chief executive during that period. Project "Jupiter" was BA's internal working title for the strategy it had devised to turn the struggling Gatwick operation into a fully fledged hub. The airline reckoned that this would enable it to turn around the poor overall financial performance of its operation at the airport
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AeroBratsk


JSC AeroBratsk () is a minor Russian charter airline headquartered in Bratsk and based at Bratsk Airport, which it also runs. AeroBratsk was established in 1967. It was formerly the Aeroflot Bratsk Division, and was renamed "Bratsk Avia" following the collapse of the Soviet Union. The airline is owned by Rosimushchestvo (51%) and its employees (49%). AeroBratsk was acquired by "Centre Capital", which also owned now defunct Russian leisure airline VIM Airlines, at the end of 2004. As of November
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Small Planet Airlines (Poland)


Small Planet Airlines Sp. z o. o. was a Polish leisure charter airline and a subsidiary of Small Planet Airlines from Lithuania. The airline was founded in December 2009 as flyLAL Charters PL Sp. z o. o., a branch of Lithuanian Airlines. In April 2009 Small Planet Airlines bought the firm from its parent company Avia Solutions Group. In October 2018, Small Planet Airlines Poland filed for restructuring measures due to a negative financial outlook shortly after its badly managed German sister carrier declared bankruptcy. On 9 November 2018, most probably
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Aeroflot


the major shareholder of Vladivostok Avia, Saravia and Rossiya Airlines, and the sole shareholder of both SAT Airlines and Orenair. It was reported in that Saravia was sold to private investors, as the recent-acquired regional airline was not in line with Aeroflot's business strategy. It was reported in that in the third quarter of the same year Aeroflot would combine its subsidiaries Vladivostok Air and SAT Airlines into a new subsidiary regional carrier based in the Russian Far East. The subsidiary was effectively created in and was originally named "Taiga
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Western Pacific Airlines


whereas Stapleton had once been a hub for airlines like the original Frontier Airlines (1950-1986) and Western Airlines. Effort was made to explore using a secondary airport as an airline's hub, taking Continental's place without incurring the high landing fees of Denver International Airport. Centennial Airport in Denver, Jeffco Airport in Broomfield and Colorado Springs Airport were considered, though Colorado Springs had been chosen as the hub for Western Pacific when the airline began. While Western Pacific's Colorado Springs hub had initially been successful and was beginning
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Airline hub


make connections en route to their final destination, which increases travel time. Additionally, airlines can come to monopolise their hubs (fortress hubs), allowing them to freely increase fares as passengers have no alternative. Airlines may operate banks of flights at their hubs, in which several flights arrive and depart within short periods of time. The banks may be known as "peaks" of activity at the hubs and the non-banks as "valleys". Banking allows for short connection times for passengers. However, an airline
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Northwest Air Base


NW Avia was an airline based at Peski (airport) in Petrozavodsk. It was the only air company in the Republic of Karelia. Its main purpose was aerial fire-fighting (for which it is licensed, it was part of Avialesookhrana) although it did perform other typical aerial services (including pipeline and forest patrols, medical flights and search-and-rescue), scheduled and charter passenger flights (commenced in 2009) and charter cargo services. NW Avia was undergoing reorganization with massive debts (~10 million rubles,
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Airline hub


the airline. Other airlines that use this system include UPS Airlines, TNT Airways, Cargolux and DHL Aviation, which operate their primary hubs at Louisville, Liège, Luxembourg and Leipzig respectively. Although the term "focus city" is used to mainly refer to an airport from which an airline operates limited point-to-point routes, its usage has loosely expanded to refer to a small-scale hub as well. For example, JetBlue's New York–JFK focus city runs like a hub, although in reality it
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Airline hub


is still deemed as a focus city. A fortress hub exists when an airline controls a significant majority of the market at one of its hubs. Competition is particularly difficult at fortress hubs. Examples include Delta hubs at Atlanta, Salt Lake City, Detroit, and Minneapolis–Saint Paul; American Airlines hubs at Charlotte, Dallas–Fort Worth, Washington-National, and Philadelphia; and United hubs at Denver, San Francisco, Houston–Intercontinental, Newark, and Washington–Dulles. Flag carriers have historically enjoyed similar dominance
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Aurora (airline)


Aurora () is a Russian Far East air carrier, subsidiary of Aeroflot. It is named after the Russian cruiser Aurora. , the carrier ranks among the top ten Russian biggest airlines in terms of carried passengers. Its head office is in Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, Sakhalin. Aurora was created by order of Russian Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev. Aurora was named "Taiga Airline" for a short period of time. Aeroflot formed the carrier by amalgamating SAT Airlines and Vladivostok Avia, which served 42 and 15 destinations respectively, and had
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VIM Airlines


VIM Airlines (legally "VIM Avia") was a Russian airline headquartered in Moscow based at Domodedovo International Airport. It offered international scheduled and charter operations for both passengers and cargo as well as wet lease services. Its licence was revoked by 4 November 2017 after its operations were suspended a few weeks earlier. VIM Airlines was established by Viktor Ivanovich Merkulov (hence the name of the company) and started operations in 2000, with an Ilyushin Il-62M. At the end of 2004, the company acquired Chitaavia and Aerobratsk, followed by
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Aeroflot


Airline" before later being renamed "Aurora Airline". The new company, 51%-owned by Aeroflot, was expected to link Moscow with the Russian Far East, whereas SAT Airlines and Vladivostok Avia were expected to cease operations in early 2014. In June 2013, during the World Airline Awards which took place at the Le Bourget air show, Aeroflot was awarded the international prize as the best air carrier in Eastern Europe. In , the company introduced an affiliated low-cost carrier (LCC), "Dobrolet". The LCC
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Air Bishkek


Air Bishkek () was an airline based in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan, with its operational base at Manas International Airport. It was founded as Eastok Avia(E4/EAA) in 2006 and renamed to Kyrgyz Airways. In 2011 the airline was again rebranded into Air Bishkek. Due to alleged poor safety standards in Kyrgyzstan, the airline has been included in the List of air carriers banned in the European Union since 12 October 2006. The airline stopped operating in February 2016 after experiencing financial difficulties. As of June 2016, Air Operator Certificate
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Research Triangle


, Paris and London. In 1996, American Airlines ceased its hub operations at RDU due to Pan Am and Eastern Airlines. Pan Am and Eastern were Miami's main tenants until 1991, when both carriers went bankrupt. Their hubs at MIA were taken over by United Airlines and American Airlines. This created a difficulty in competing with US Airways' hub in Charlotte and Delta Air Lines' hub in Atlanta, Georgia for passengers traveling between smaller cities in the North and South. Midway Airlines entered the market, starting service in
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Ural Airlines


main hubs of Ural Airlines are Moscow-Domodedovo and Yekaterinburg. In plans of Ural Airlines is to increase its number of hubs, by developing hubs at Moscow-Sheremetyevo and Moscow-Zhukovsky. A million passengers per year was first achieved in 2006. Since then, the airline and its passenger numbers have both grown. In 2013, the airline transported 4.419 million passengers, the sixth most in Russia that year. Passengers transported from 2007-2016: Ural Airlines has codeshare agreements with the following airlines: As of October 2018
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Avia Traffic Company Flight 768


in 1990; it was later sold to Garuda Indonesia, Citilink and Sama Airlines before being sold to Avia Traffic Company in 2011. The aircraft was 25 years old at the time of the accident. The aircraft was written off after the accident. The aircraft had originally departed Krasnoyarsk Airport Russia for Osh but diverted to Bishkek due to fog in Osh. After the weather improved, the crew departed for Osh. Ground observers reported that the visibility deteriorated to about . The aircraft was performing an ILS approach to Osh's runway 12
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Aeroflot Flight 663


Aeroflot Flight 663 was a Soviet passenger flight from Tbilisi International Airport to Krasnodar International Airport that crashed on 24 August 1963, in the Kutaisi region. The crash involved a Aeroflot Avia 14. All 27 passengers and 5 crew on board were killed. The aircraft had a serial number of 602107 and was released by Avia (Prague) on February 23, 1957. The passenger capacity of the cabin was 18 seats, although the aircraft was technically a cargo plane. The airliner was sold to the Soviet Union's Head Department of
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Airline hub


connection times are longer at a rolling hub. American Airlines was the first to depeak its hubs, trying to improve profitability following the September 11 attacks. It rebanked its hubs in 2015, however, feeling the gain in connecting passengers would outweigh the rise in costs. The hub-and-spoke system is also used by some cargo airlines. FedEx Express established its main hub in Memphis in 1973, prior to the deregulation of the air cargo industry in the United States. The system has created an efficient delivery system for
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Sichuan Airlines


Sichuan Airlines Co., Ltd. Group became the major shareholder (40%). The other shareholders are China Southern Airlines (39%), China Eastern Airlines (10%), Air China Group (10%) and Chengdu Gingko Restaurant Co. (1%). Sichuan Airlines' corporate headquarters is located in its hub Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport in Chengdu, Sichuan and its secondary hubs are at Chongqing Jiangbei International Airport and Kunming Changshui International Airport. Sichuan Airlines owns Chengdu Airlines as its subsidiary, which also has its hub
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KD Avia


same name which operates from Khrabrovo Airport. In 2005, the airline started a fleet renovation project and removed from operation its Tupolev Tu-134 and Tupolev Tu-154 aircraft replacing them with Boeing 737-300s, acquired from a wide variety of other airlines. The first Boeing 737-300 was delivered to the airline in February 2005 and by the end of the year 6 were in operation. During 2005, the airline operated scheduled flights from Kaliningrad to Moscow and St.Petersburg, as well as charter flights from Moscow, Kaliningrad and other
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China Southwest Airlines


China Southwest Airlines (CSWA, ) was an airline with its head office on the property of Shuangliu Airport in Shuangliu County, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China. On 28 October 2002, China Southwest Airlines was merged into Air China. China Southwest Airlines' main hub was at Chengdu Shuangliu, Sichuan Province and its secondary hub was in Chongqing. It was the only airline flying to Lhasa until 2002. Although most routes from its hubs Chengdu and Chongqing were domestic, it also flew to Bangkok, Chiangmai,
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KAPO Avia


KAPO Avia was a large global cargo airline with its main base in Moscow (DME) and a secondary base in Kazan. It operated a fleet of ex-passenger (converted) Ilyushin Il-62M aircraft with a maintenance base capable of maintaining both the Il-62 and the Tupolev Tu-214. KAPO was one of the top ten largest freight carriers in Russia and was owned by the Kazan Aircraft Production Association who manufacture and/or maintain the Tupolev Tu-214, Tupolev Tu-334 and Ilyushin Il-62. Belarus: China: Egypt: Estonia: Hungary: India
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KrasAir


Krasair and AiRUnion fleets were grounded as the fuel suppliers denied further credit fuel to debt-ridden airlines. In June, Krasair and its principal supplier, Krasnoyarsk-based Sibir Avia Service, reached an agreement to resume fuel supply on condition that Krasair debt did not exceed 100 million roubles. By the middle of August the debt rose to 223 million roubles, and on August 19 Sibir Avia stopped refuelling, leaving thousands of passengers stranded in airports. Krasair blamed the crisis on rising oil prices. In first six months of 2008
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Socionics


dissertations and fundamental monographs in this field. To improve interaction among crew members, specialists of Saint Petersburg University examined 2330 people by socionics methods, including students of St. Petersburg State University of Civil Aviation, Russian State Pedagogical University of A.I. Herzen, St. Petersburg State University of Culture and Arts; aircrews of airlines: "Syberia", "Atlant-Soyuz Airlines", "Ural Airlines", "Lukoylavia", "Gazpromavia", "Tomsk Avia", "Enimex" (Estonia), "Air Kazakhstan",
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Virtual airline (hobby)


can see their accomplishments and an overall roster displays an individuals performance among others in the group. When a virtual airline grows to a point where managing their operations becomes difficult, the airline might subdivide into smaller groups, called a hub. The concept is similar to pilot bases in real-world airlines where pilots are grouped together at a major airport to start and end a series of flights, under the direction of a hub manager. Virtual airlines based on airlines that really exist commonly provide hubs associated with what would be expected
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TAT European Airlines


, the owner of rival French regional airline Rousseau Aviation, as well as the subsequent mergers with regional rivals Taxi Avia France and Air Paris. The resulting regional network served 30 provincial points in France and neighbouring European countries from Paris Orly, Lyons Satolas, Lille and St. Brieuc, respectively. Many of TAT's French domestic routes were operated in collaboration with Air Inter, at the time the dominant domestic scheduled airline in France as well as the largest domestic airline in Europe. Most international routes were operated in conjunction with Air France
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ALROSA (airline)


CJSC "Air Company ALROSA" (, "ZAO «Aviakompanija ALROSA»"; , "Alrosa aviaxampannya"), formerly "Alrosa Mirny Air Enterprise" (Alrosa Air Company Limited) is an airline from Mirny, Russia. Its bases are at Mirny Airport and Polyarny Airport, with a focus city at Lensk Airport. The airline operates scheduled and chartered domestic flights. Alrosa Mirny Air Enterprise was founded by the Russian mining company ALROSA (Almazy Rossii Sakha). A sister company Alrosa Avia, which was established in 1992
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Czech Airlines


Bratislava and on to Zagreb in Yugoslavia in 1930. After the dismemberment of Czechoslovakia in 1939 with the country splitting up into three parts, the airline was terminated. Following a coup in February 1948, the Communist Party suspended some western European and Middle Eastern routes, and also gradually replaced much of the fleet with Soviet-built airliners, due to the embargo imposed by the West on the western-built aircraft spares and other equipment. The Ilyushin Il-14 was updated and built under licence in Czechoslovakia as the Avia-14. In 1950
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Alaska Airlines


many flights linking small towns to major transportation hubs and carries more passengers between Alaska and the contiguous United States than any other airline. The airline operates its largest hub at Seattle–Tacoma International Airport, and it also operates hubs in Anchorage, Los Angeles, Portland, San Francisco and focus cities at San Diego and San Jose. As of 2018, the airline employs over 21,000 people and been ranked by J. D. Power and Associates as having the highest customer satisfaction of the traditional airlines for eleven consecutive years. Through the airline
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Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport


Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport is the major international airport serving Chengdu, the capital of Sichuan province, China. Located about southwest of downtown Chengdu to the north of Shuangliu District, Shuangliu airport is an important aviation hub for Western China. Shuangliu Airport is one of the two core hubs for Air China, together with Beijing, as well as the main hub and headquarters for Sichuan Airlines and Chengdu Airlines. China Eastern Airlines, China Southern Airlines, Shenzhen Airlines, Lucky Air and Tibet Airlines also have bases at Shuangliu Airport. Chengdu
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America West Express


Mesa Airlines to operate America West Airlines' regional and commuter services as America West Express. In the mid-1990s, with the opening of the America West Airlines hub at Port Columbus International Airport in Columbus, Ohio, America West Airlines used Chautauqua Airlines to provide Embraer ERJ-145 regional jet service to feed the hub. When the Columbus hub was shut down, the Chautauqua Airlines code share was discontinued, leaving Mesa as the sole operator of AW Express services. In 2003, America West greatly increased the size of their express operation by starting
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Mesa Air Group


two jets from a Phoenix hub to Des Moines and Spokane as America West Express. As Mesa acquired air carriers or expanded by creating new airlines, it grew in a seemingly haphazard manner. From 1989 through 1995, Mesa had grown from one airline with hubs in Albuquerque, Denver, and Phoenix to six separate airlines with hubs throughout the country, though it had as many as eight airlines prior to 1995. Rather than integrating each new acquisition and airline into one integrated company, Mesa continued operating each individual airline independently, with
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Avia Traffic Company Flight 768


Avia Traffic Company Flight 768 was a scheduled passenger flight from Bishkek to Osh, Kyrgyzstan. On 22 November 2015, the Boeing 737-300 operating the flight was on final approach to Osh it touched down hard enough to shear off the left and right main landing gear. The aircraft skidded off the runway with the left engine being torn from its mount. There were no fatalities in the accident, but 14 people were injured. The aircraft involved was a Boeing 737-3YO, registration EX-37005, originally delivered to Philippine Airlines
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George Bush Intercontinental Airport


In 2017, the airport served 40,696,189 passengers, making it the 48th busiest airport in the world, and the 15th busiest airport in the United States. IAH covers 10,000 acres (40.5 km.) of land and has five runways. Houston Intercontinental is the second largest passenger hub for United Airlines. The airport also serves as a focus city for Spirit Airlines. Under operations as United Express, ExpressJet, Mesa Airlines, Republic Airline, and SkyWest Airlines operate hub operations from IAH. It served as a hub for Houston-
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Airline hub


's capacity may become exhausted or capacity shortages may occur during peak periods of the day, at which point airlines may be compelled to shift traffic to a reliever hub. A reliever hub has the potential to serve several functions for an airline: it can bypass the congested hub, it can absorb excess demand for flights that could otherwise not be scheduled at the congested hub, and it can schedule new O&D city pairs for connecting traffic. One of the most recognized examples of this model is Delta Air Lines's use of LaGuardia
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Shanghai Pudong International Airport


, as well as secondary hub of China Southern Airlines. It is also the hub for privately owned Juneyao Airlines and Spring Airlines, and an Asia-Pacific cargo hub for UPS and DHL. The DHL hub, opened in July 2012, is said to be the biggest express hub in Asia. Pudong Airport has two main passenger terminals, flanked on both sides by four operational parallel runways. A third passenger terminal has been planned since 2015, in addition to a satellite terminal and two additional runways, which will raise its
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AmericanConnection


AmericanConnection was an American flight connection service brand name for the spoke-hub of U.S. mainline carrier American Airlines, under which regional airline operator Chautauqua Airlines operated feeder flights for American Airlines at its Chicago hub. American Airlines also uses affiliated companies (corporations under common ownership) operating under the American Eagle brand to provide regional service to its other hubs in addition to the AmericanConnection service that was operated by Chautauqua Airlines. On April 6, 2010, American moved all existing AmericanConnection operations to Chicago-O'Hare as part of its restructuring plan
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KrasAvia


KrasAvia is a scheduled and charter passenger airline based in Krasnoyarsk, Russia. It was established in 1956 as Turin Airline before being renamed Evenkia Avia in 2002 and KrasAvia in 2007. It is Russia's largest regional carrier, with a fleet of 44 aircraft and helicopters. The airline is owned by the administration of the Krasnoyarsk region. Krasnoyarsk-Yemelyanovo Airport with Antonov AN-26B-100 to Tura, Krasnoyarsk Krai with Antonov AN-26B-100 to Baikit with Antonov AN-26B-100 to Vanavara with Antonov AN-26B-100 to Tunguska with Antonov AN-26B-100 to Khatanga with Antonov AN-26B-100 to Norilsk
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Equatorial Congo Airlines


Air over unpaid debts. PrivatAir, which operated several routes on behalf of ECAir, also ended all services for the airline. ECAir had its corporate headquarters at ECAir House, Maya Maya Airport, Brazzaville. Since its creation, ECAir had been 70% owned by the Government of the Republic of the Congo, 15% by the seaport of Pointe-Noire and 15% by Heli-Avia company. To launch the airline, the Government engaged Lufthansa Consulting, which managed the complete start-up process preparation, and developed
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Corporate Express (airline)


demand for these services. It was with the customer in mind that the SAAB 340 Airliner was acquired in the year 2000. This 30 passenger aircraft marked the millennium for Corporate Express and once again raised the standard for corporate shuttle services and charters within Western Canada. The airline merged with Avia Aviation, and acquired a fleet of Piaggio P180 Avanti aircraft in December 2005. In October 2006, an additional Saab 340 aircraft, that had been acquired earlier that year, enabled a number of new scheduled service routes to be added.
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Aero A.23


The Aero A.23 was a Czechoslovakian airliner of the 1920s. Aero Vodochody had produced the first Czech airliner, the A.10, four of which had served with ČSA, the national airline. The A.23, another biplane, was bigger, more powerful and could carry more passengers. The Avia A.23 was a single bay biplane with its wings mounted without stagger. Both wings were almost rectangular, though the tips were slightly angled; both carried light dihedral. The upper wing was a little larger in both span and chord and was in
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Alcazar (airline)


's hub at Amsterdam Schiphol Airport would become the main hub for flights to South America, while Austrian's hub at Vienna International Airport would become the main hub for flights to Eastern Europe. The airlines operated three different long-haul aircraft: SAS used Boeing 767s, Swissair McDonnell Douglas MD-11s, while KLM operated Boeing 747 aircraft. Other non-conformities between the airlines included SAS using Amadeus and KLM using Galileo as their computer reservations system. To resolve issues with the labour unions, the airlines decided to organize the company with
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Midway Airlines (1993–2003)


Ft. Worth and Denver. Due to competition and limited gate space, Midway moved to Durham, North Carolina, and set up a hub at Raleigh-Durham International Airport (RDU) in 1995. (Midway eventually moved its headquarters to Morrisville, North Carolina.) Midway's arrival at RDU coincided with the closure of an American Airlines hub, as they focused their assets in MIA after taking over the former Eastern Airlines hub. For several years Midway partnered with American Airlines and offered American Airlines AAdvantage miles in the RDU
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Western Airlines


Western's Salt Lake City hub became a major Delta hub, and Delta now uses Los Angeles as a major gateway and hub as well. This mainline destination list is taken from Western's March 1, 1987 timetable shortly before the merger with Delta Air Lines. The airline's main hub was Salt Lake City International Airport with a smaller hub at Los Angeles International Airport. Western had a flight between Washington Dulles International Airport in Washington, D.C., and Washington National Airport at one point in 1985. In 1987 the airline had
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Orient Avia


Orient Avia () was an airline based in Moscow, Russia. It operated domestic scheduled passenger services and international charters from its base, Sheremetyevo International Airport in Moscow. Its name came from the Russian Far East, where most of its scheduled destinations were. The company was founded in 1994 and started operations with four Ilyushin Il-62Ms and a single Ilyushin Il-86. A pair of Tupolev Tu-134B-3s were bought in 1996 to expand its route network. However, the company suffered from financial difficulties. After merger negotiations with cargo carrier East Line
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Gyumri


12,421 and a mere 54 aircraft movements took place. However, in the beginning of 2017, as part of new efforts to develop Gyumri and its tourism industry, the government focused on revitalizing the airport. Multiple new airlines began operating flights to the airport, including Taron Avia, a new Armenian airline based in Gyumri. In order attract more customers, the Ministry of Nature Protection made meteorological services free for all airlines flying to Gyumri, lowering ticket costs. The Gyumri Technology Center also participated in helping revitalize the airport by adding
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SkyEurope


additional aircraft were returned to the lessor on 5 January 2009. The airline operated four Boeing 737-700s aircraft, two ex-FlyLal Boeing 737-500 aircraft (on dry-lease from Avia Asset Management), two ex-United Boeing 737-300 and two Air Slovakia Boeing 737-300 (both on dry-lease). SkyEurope also used other airlines for its flights, mainly Air Slovakia, and Travel Service Airlines. SkyEurope had a buy on board programme, SkyEurope Delights; in the programme food was
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Mesa Airlines


hub for America West Express. The FloridaGulf Airlines division was formed in 1991 after Mesa's acquisition of Air Midwest. Air Midwest's CEO, Robert Priddy, was chosen to start up the operation. It operated under a code share agreement with USAir and was a USAir Express carrier. It started with a Tampa hub, providing service to Florida and the southeast United States using Beechcraft 1900 aircraft. Additional hubs in Orlando and New Orleans were established. In 1993, the airline expanded into the Northeast, with a hub in Boston
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UPS Airlines


changed the aircraft from Pratt & Whitney JT8D to Rolls-Royce Tay turbofans. In 1991, to gain the ability to fly domestic cargo flights within Europe, UPS entered into a partnership with Danish airline Star Air (part of the Maersk conglomerate), leasing several 727 freighters to the airline (later replaced by 757 freighters). In the early 1990s, to add capacity to its network, UPS Airlines opened additional hubs, with primary hubs in Rockford, Illinois (Chicago) and Philadelphia; secondary hubs were opened in Dallas
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Air Midwest


Omaha, and Manhattan, KS. By the end of 1985 the airline was operating five Saab 340's and 24 Metroliners. Although Air Midwest was unsuccessful in gaining a codeshare with Republic through the Scheduled Skyways merger, it was able to acquire codeshare agreements in 1985 with Eastern Airlines as Eastern Air Midwest Express at the Kansas City and Wichita hubs and later with Ozark Air Lines as Ozark Midwest at that carriers' St. Louis hub, and American Airlines as part of the American Eagle (airline brand) at their Nashville hub.
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Denver International Airport


Frontier Airlines and United Airlines, and is a main operating base for Southwest Airlines. These three airlines' combined operations made up about 85% of the total passenger traffic at DIA . Denver has traditionally been home to one of the busier airports in the nation because of its location. Many airlines including United Airlines, Western Airlines, former Frontier Airlines and People Express were hubbed at the old Stapleton International Airport. At times, Stapleton was a hub for three or four airlines. The main reasons that justified the construction of the
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Airline hub


and Oman Air were both founded in 1993, with hubs at Doha and Muscat respectively. As the new airlines grew, their home nations relied less on Gulf Air to provide air service. Qatar withdrew its share in Gulf Air in 2002. In 2003, the UAE formed another national airline, Etihad Airways, which is based in Abu Dhabi. The country exited Gulf Air in 2006, and Oman followed in 2007. Emirates, Qatar Airways and Etihad Airways have since established large hubs at their respective home airports. The hubs
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Cleveland Hopkins International Airport


added that overall profitability would be the determining factor in whether the new United kept or closed the Cleveland hub. United continued to reduce its capacity in Cleveland following the merger, which already had been substantially reduced in the wake of the 2008 financial crisis. On February 1, 2014, United announced that the airline would shut down its Cleveland hub, stating as justification that the airline's hub at Cleveland "hasn't been profitable for over a decade." By June 5, 2014, United Airlines effectively terminated its hub operation
18213147
Piedmont Airlines (1948–89)


; nonstop between San Francisco and Charlotte, Dayton and Kansas City; nonstop between Phoenix and Baltimore and Charlotte; and nonstop between Seattle and Charlotte Shortly before the merger with USAir in 1989, Piedmont had hubs at Baltimore, Charlotte, Dayton and Syracuse. Syracuse was the smallest hub; it had been an Empire hub. After deregulation in the late 1970s the airline grew rapidly and developed a hub at Charlotte/Douglas International Airport in Charlotte, North Carolina. Piedmont bought Empire Airlines, based in Utica, New York, in
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San Diego International Airport


, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. San Diego is the largest metropolitan area in the United States that is not an airline hub or secondary hub; however, San Diego is a focus city for Alaska Airlines and Southwest Airlines. The top five carriers in San Diego during 2017 were Southwest Airlines (34.7%), American Airlines (12.6%), United Airlines (11.9%), Delta Air Lines (10.3%), and Alaska Airlines (8.7%). San Diego International is the busiest single runway airport
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Hawaiian Airlines


Hawaiian Airlines () is the flag carrier and the largest airline in the U.S. state of Hawaii. It is the tenth-largest commercial airline in the US, and is based in Honolulu, Hawaii. The airline operates its main hub at Daniel K. Inouye International Airport on the island of Oʻahu and a secondary hub out of Kahului Airport on the island of Maui. Hawaiian Airlines operates flights to Asia, American Samoa, Australia, French Polynesia, Hawaii, New Zealand, and the United States mainland. Hawaiian Airlines is owned
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Vilnius Airport


Airlines and a base for Wizz Air. It used to be a main hub for Star1 Airlines until their end of operations in September 2010 and Aurela until Aurela had lost its flight license. It was the hub for Small Planet Airlines and Aviavilsa until both airlines folded. The airport was a secondary hub for airBaltic, Estonian Air and Skyways Express until they closed the bases in Vilnius. On 30 June 2013 Air Lituanica also began its flights from the Vilnius Airport and established its base there serving several European cities. However, by
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