Unité d'Habitation of Berlin [SEP] architect
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Unité d'Habitation of Berlin


Unité d'Habitation of Berlin is a 1958 apartment building located in Berlin, Germany, designed by Le Corbusier following his concept of Unité d'Habitation. Le Corbusier's Unité d'Habitation concept was materialised in four other buildings in France with a similar design. The building is constructed in béton brut (rough-cast concrete) and is part of the initial architecture style we know today as brutalism. The structure was built with on site prefab cast concrete panels and poured ceiling slabs. It is an early example of plattenbau and high-rise residential
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Le Corbusier


family." The Unité d'Habitation marked a turning point in the career of Le Corbusier; in 1952, he was made a Commander of the Légion d'Honneur in a ceremony held on the roof of his new building. He had progressed from being an outsider and critic of the architectural establishment to its centre, as the most prominent French architect. Le Corbusier made another almost identical Unité d'Habitation in Rezé-les-Nantes in the Loire-Atlantique Department between 1948 and 1952, and three more over the following years, in Berlin
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Unité d'habitation


The Unité d'habitation (, "Housing Unit") is a modernist residential housing design principle developed by Le Corbusier, with the collaboration of painter-architect Nadir Afonso. The concept formed the basis of several housing developments designed by him throughout Europe with this name. The most famous of these developments is located in south Marseille. Unité d'habitation buildings were designed by French architect Le Corbusier. In 1920, Corbusier started to develop the type apartment which became very influential in 20th century modernism and contemporary residential design in Europe. The first
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Unité d'Habitation of Berlin


IBA. A special housing law , the LEX IBA, was created especially for the international architects. This law was more open to ideas that were not compliant with the local building code of the time. Le Corbusier had just completed his Unité in Marseille in 1952 and it was arguably the most famous social housing project in the world and it was especially him who was invited to participate in the IBA. Walter Gropius said about the Unité: "Any architect who does not find this building beautiful, had better lay down his
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Unité d'Habitation of Berlin


buildings. The Modulor system is the base measure of the Unité and Corbusier used not more than 15 Moulor measures to construct the entire structure form. It is located near the Olympiapark Berlin. The original name of the building was "Unité d’Habitation, type Berlin" and is a variation of Le Corbusier's concept of a Radiant City or Housing Unit. It is now known as Corbusierhaus. This particular building was part of the planning efforts for an international residential housing exhibition in Berlin in 1957, the (Interbau) 57 or
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Unité d'Habitation of Berlin


business in some of the units today. All units extend over two floors and they are reached through a wide center hallway or here called Street, Strasse or french Intérieures. This hallway does have the Corbusier modular height of 226cm. André Wogenscky was the head of Corbusier's architecture office in Paris and he was in charge of oversight in Berlin. He had an office in the adjacent south hostel building which was part of the ensemble and which is today a Kindergarten. Several Architects in Berlin were the Berlin contact offices and
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Unité d'Habitation of Berlin


. It is located closely to the Heerstrasse which connects in a straight line to the Brandenburg Gate and the Berliner Schloss. Conception for the building started in 1956 and the original plans show a building very similar to the Unité at Nantes-Rez. The building site is a sandy ground and the pilots on the ground floor had to be doubled in order to create a stable structure. Most of the big ideas of the Unité in Marseille and Nantes were part of the Plan in Berlin. An accessible roof terrace, a kindergarten
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Unité d'Habitation of Berlin


IBA 57. Large number of the leading international architects of the modernist era were invited to design and build residential housing units in the Hansaviertel in West Berlin. Big stars of the time came to Berlin and created themes modern versions of social housing. Walter Gropius, Oscar Niemeyer, Max Taut, Frei Otto, Aalvar Aalto and many participated. The post war isolation of West Berlin had made it difficult to rebuild the city and by the 1950's there was still a huge demand for housing and many parts of the city were
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Unité d'Habitation of Berlin


still in ruins. At the same time the East German government with support from the soviets had built a whole new housing section in East Berlin called the Karl-Marx-Allee. Bauhaus architects who had stayed in eft Germany were leading these efforts, although the style of these buildings was Socialist realism or Neoclassicism and not modernist while the urbanism was modern. In an effort to compete with the East German accomplishment and also to supply affordable housing to West Berliners the Senate of West Berlin together with the West German Government created the
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Unité d'Habitation of Berlin


translated the french plans into German and made all the aforementioned alterations. The Berlin Architect Jürgen Sawade interned in the planning offices and on the construction site and later lived in the building. A good quality of the building is the location amidst the Grunewald and on a elevated level. This is granting ample views and sunlight fr all residents. According to Corbusier the view of the sky and nature is a vital part of modern architecture. Each unit has light and a late balcony and privacy.A small shop was installed in the
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Tom Sachs (artist)


in 2002 and Deutsche Guggenheim (Berlin) in 2003. The large-scale installation covered a whole floor, and invited viewers to interact by driving remote-controlled vehicles on asphalt tracks throughout the installation. Several of Sachs' most famous works debuted at this exhibition, including "Unité", "Nutsy's McDonald's", and "Barcelona Pavilion". "Unité", in particular, is one of Sachs' masterpieces—a 1:25 recreation of Le Corbusier's "Unité d'Habitation" made completely out of foamcore.
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Unité d'Habitation of Berlin


color scheme is Corbusier's own collection of pigment and chemical colors called the color keyboard of polychromy of 1931. In 1959 he created a new version of the keyboard. The only known source of the individual color design for the Berlin Unité facade is a painted wood model which is today archived at the Berlinische Gallery. Original plan drawings of the building can today be found in the archive of the Corbusierhaus, the Berlin Building apartment and the Foundation Le Corbusier, Paris. Corbusierhaus plans from the Foundation are also available among 400,000 other
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Unité d'Habitation of Berlin


pencil." Corbusier's idea was to "provide with silence and solitude before the sun, space and greenery, a dwelling which will be the perfect receptacle for the family", and to "set up, in God's good nature, under the sky and in the sun, a magisterial work of architecture, the product of rigour, grandeur, nobility, happiness and elegance". Another variation of the Unité had been almost finished in Nantes-Rez and it was clear that it was possible to create another copy
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Unité d'Habitation of Berlin


and media of the time was fought about the ceiling height and other issues of the building. The result was that Corbusier's 226cm height was changed to 250cm. This change resulted in a modification of the entire building structure and of the apartments. In an attempt to recreate the golden section between apartment height of 266cm and width of 399cm, the width of the apartments was widened which made the entire building wider and higher. The interior of the apartments and hallways are similar in plan to Corbusiers Unité in
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Golden Lane Estate


, an influence the architects were happy to acknowledge. Crescent House displays affinities with his Maisons Jaoul at Neuilly-sur-Seine while the maisonettes (with their open plan stairs and double-height stair spaces) are reminiscent of those at his Unité d'Habitation in Marseilles and elsewhere. The idea of an estate as urban microcosm is itself clearly traceable to the thinking of Le Corbusier, evidenced by the Unités and elsewhere. The detailing and finishes of the Golden Lane Estate do, however, differ substantially to those of Le Corbusier's
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Blanche Lemco van Ginkel


housing projects, including Harlow and Alton Estate in the UK, Unité d'habitation in France, Pendrecht in Holland, and Vallingby in Sweden, and contrast them with Canada's Don Mills. In the film, Lemco van Ginkel does not discuss her role in the Unité project, but offers her assessment of it: "It appeals to the spirit of man … a quality which is much too frequently overlooked in our buildings, particularly in housing." Lemco van Ginkel regularly contributed articles to publications like "The Canadian Architect",
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Unité d'habitation


walls with various cupboards with sliding doors, which were designed by Charlotte Perriand in collaboration with Atelier Le Corbusier. Additionally Perriand collaborated on the design of the apartment kitchens, 321 of the 337 units were equipped with the Cuisine Atelier Le Corbusier, type 1 kitchens, many of which are still in place due to their efficient use of space. The steel stairs and the aluminium kitchen counters were designed by Jean Prouvé. Unité d'habitation model apartments have been renovated in the individual historic Unité buildings as well as rebuilt in exhibitions around the
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Unité d'habitation


a balcony. Corbusier's design was criticised by US architect Peter Blake for having small children's rooms and some of those rooms lacked windows. Unlike many of the inferior system-built blocks it inspired, which lack the original's generous proportions, communal facilities and parkland setting, the Unité is popular with its residents and is now mainly occupied by upper middle-class professionals. The flat roof is designed as a communal terrace with sculptural ventilation stacks, a running track, and a shallow paddling pool for children. There is
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Unité d'Habitation of Berlin


were then cancelled. Another big change was that a majority of the split level units were cut in half and made into one bedroom units. Only on the two top floors were the Corbusier apartments built in full size. On 17 Floors there are 530 apartment units in total, compared to the 337 units in the original Marseille Unité of 1952. There are 173 one bedroom, 267 two bedroom, 85 three bedroom and 4 four bedroom units. One unit has five bedrooms. There are also a small number of offices and
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Berlin Olympiastadion station


the today's stadium. Like the nearby U-Bahn station it received the name "Stadion" in 1913, when the "Deutsches Stadion", projected for the 1916 Summer Olympics, was inaugurated. After Berlin was awarded the 1936 Summer Olympics the station was again renamed "Reichssportfeld" until it got its actual designation in 1960, spelled without a hyphen in contrast to the "Olympia-Stadion" U-Bahn station.Adjacent to the south is the Berlin Unité d'Habitation, erected in 1958 according to plans by Le
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Unité d'Habitation of Berlin


, stores and businesses on the 5th floor and a social service areas throughout the building. However the authorities in Berlin and the developer cancelled most of these amenities. Corbusier fought very hard to keep the buildings elements in the planning but he eventually failed due to insufficient contracts. He had left the planning of the interior of the building to the Berlin authorities and he was only in charge of the design of the exterior structure of the building. However even the structure of the building was altered. A lengthy fight in the press
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Unité d'Habitation of Berlin


in Berlin. However the building's mass was deemed much to large for the city center of Berlin and another location further outside the city was considered. Corbusier had the choice between a few empty lots the city had to offer and he finally chose the site between the Olympic Stadium of the 1936 German Olympics and the very big mountain of rubble of the ruins of the demolished city buildings of WWII. The site is called „Heilsberger Dreieck“, a triangle between Heilsberger Allee (today Flatowallee) and S-Bahn-Trasse
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Unité d'habitation


Paris. Unité d'habitation model apartments have been rebuilt in exhibitions or renovated in their historic style. The first and most famous of these buildings, also known as (Radiant City) and, informally, as "La Maison du Fada" (French – Provençal, "The Madman's House"), is located in Marseille, France, and was built between 1947 and 1952. One of Le Corbusier's most famous works, it proved enormously influential and is often cited as the initial inspiration of the Brutalist architectural style and
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Unité d'Habitation of Berlin


Lobby and is the only common service left in the building today. The building was later called Corbusierhaus. Is has been protected by the Berlin Denkmalschutz since 1996. The Reichssportfeldstraße was renamed Flatowallee in 1997. Todays address is Flatowallee 16. The apartments were initially social housing units for rent and applications with proof of income had to be filed in our to get a contract. In the 1979 the building was privatized and the units were for sale. Renters had the right of first refusal. many parts of the building had to
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Unité d'habitation


"Any architect who does not find this building beautiful, had better lay down his pencil." In the block's planning, the architect drew on his study of the Soviet communal housing project, the Narkomfin Building in Moscow, which had been designed by the architect Moisei Ginzburg and completed in 1932. Le Corbusier's utopian city living design was repeated in four more buildings with this name and a very similar design: All of them were oriented with the building's long axis running north–south, so the units face
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Shadrach Woods


Shadrach Woods (June 30, 1923 – July 31, 1973) was an American architect, urban planner and theorist. Schooled in engineering at New York University and in literature and philosophy at Trinity College, Dublin, Woods joined the Paris office of Le Corbusier in 1948. Assigned to the project for the "Unité d'Habitation", then under construction in Marseille, France, Woods met the Azerbaijan-born Greek architect George Candilis, with whom he would later form a lasting partnership. With Candilis and the engineer Vladimir Bodiansky,
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Bernhard Hoesli


to La Plata, Argentina to supervise the construction of the Curutchet House. A year later, he was appointed to take charge of the Unité d'Habitation project in Marseille. Hoesli moved to the United States in 1951. He first joined the School of Architecture at the University of Texas at Austin as a professor of architecture. It was there where he was joined by architects Colin Rowe, John Hejduk and Werner Seligmann among others to form the Texas Rangers group of architects. He then returned to teach at ETH Zurich. In 1959
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Unité d'Habitation of Berlin


Marseille and Nantes but the open plan was not realized. The Berlin Building Department deemed it not legal to combine living areas such as kitchen and living room and definitely permitted can open connection of living areas and bedrooms. The result was that the two level gallery was closed and each area was walled in and doors were installed throughout the apartment layout. The steel and wood staircase designs by Jean Prouvé and the kitchen designs by Charlotte Perriand were not realized in this building. Plans for the stair and kitchen did exist in 1956 bt
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Takamasa Yoshizaka


the office he worked on a number of projects including: site supervision at the Marseilles Unité d'Habitation, a Law School in Chandigarh and Nantes-Rezé Unité d'Habitation. In 1951 another group of Japanese students came to France to study. Amongst them was Ura Taro, a mathematician. He and Yoshizaka became good friends and Ura asked Yoshizaka to design his home upon his return to Japan. Yoshizaka was a keen mountaineer. He joined the mountaineering club at high school in 1935 and in 1960 led an expedition to Mt. McKinley in Alaska
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Blanche Lemco van Ginkel


, she attended Mcgill University, graduating with a degree in architecture in 1945. In 1948, she briefly joined Le Corbusier's studio (Atelier Le Corbusier), allowing her to work on the Unité d'Habitation project in Marseille, France. This experience exposed her to Modernist design concepts which she later introduced to other architects once back in Canada. Lemco van Ginkel continued her studies, graduating with a degree in city planning from Harvard University in 1950. In 1952, she registered as an architect, being only the fourth woman to
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Le Corbusier


centre and stadium for the town of Firminy, where he had built his first housing project (1955–1958); and a stadium in Baghdad, Iraq (much altered since its construction). He also constructed three new "Unités d'Habitation", apartment blocks on the model of the original in Marseille, the first in Berlin (1956–1958), the second in Briey-en-Forêt in the Meurthe-et-Moselle Department; and the third (1959–1967) in Firminy. In 1960–1963, he built his only building in
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Unité d'Habitation of Berlin


be renovated and various areas had not been finished by the original developers. Over the years the condominium board invested in renovations and projects such as building a parking lot and an entrance lobby. The original power station was removed, a laundry room on the top floor was removed and turned into storage. In recent years the south faced has been entirely renovated and the West facade is currently on the way of reconstruction. The colors of the exterior have been designed by Corbusier together with the painter Fernand Léger. The base of the
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Béton brut


Béton brut () is a french term that translates in English to “raw concrete”. The term is used to describe concrete that is left unfinished after being cast, displaying the patterns and seams imprinted on it by the formwork. Béton brut is not a material itself, but rather an architectural expression of concrete. The use of béton brut was pioneered by modernist architects such as Auguste Perret and Le Corbusier. Le Corbusier coined the term "béton brut" during the construction of Unité d'Habitation in Marseille, France built in
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Unité d'habitation


arranged over twelve stories, all suspended on large "piloti". The building also incorporates shops with an architectural bookshop, a rooftop gallery, educational facilities, a hotel which is open to the public, and a gastronomic restaurant, "Le Ventre de l'architecte" ("The Belly of the Architect"). Inside, corridors run through the centre of the long axis of every third floor of the building, with each apartment lying on two levels, and stretching from one side of the building to the other, with
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Phalanstère


a place of exile and oppression of women. He believed gender roles could progress by shaping them within community, more than by pursuits of sexual freedom or other Simonian concepts. In the 20th century, the architect Le Corbusier adapted the concept of the "phalanstère" when he designed the "Unité d'Habitation", a self-contained commune, at Marseilles. In the Hungarian play "The Tragedy of Man" by Imre Madách, one of the later scenes takes place in a phalanstery, in a utopian future, where the
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Architecture of Provence


wealthier farmer, and usually was in the shape of a square, with an interior courtyard. In the 19th and 20th centuries many bastides were occupied by wealthy city residents from Marseille. The Unité d'Habitation in Marseille, also known as the Cité Radieuse, designed by the architect Corbusier in 1946-1952, became one of the most influential buildings of the 20th century. Built of unfinished concrete (steel was not available because of the war), it had nineteen stories with 330 apartments of twenty different designs, along with shops
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Modern architecture


to go with the building, all purely functional; the only decoration was a choice of interior colors that Le Corbusier gave to residents. Unité d'Habitation became a prototype for similar buildings in other cities, both in France and Germany. Combined with his equally radical organic design for the Chapel of Notre-Dame du-Haut at Ronchamp, this work propelled Corbusier in the first rank of postwar modern architects. The international Style of architecture had appeared in Europe, particularly in the Bauhaus movement, in the late 1920s. In 1932
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Bank of Georgia headquarters


on the same principle. This is meant to create an experience of well-being and comfort. The concept that the landscape or nature "flows" through under the building was used by other architects, too. Le Corbusier worked theoretically on the "house on pilotis" and realized this idea for example from 1947 on in the Unité d'Habitation. Frank Lloyd Wright used a similar idea at Fallingwater in 1935. Glenn Murcutt used the proverb "touch this earth lightly" literally in some of his designs. A current example is
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Vladimir Bodiansky


, including the Unité d'habitation in Marseille and the Headquarters of the United Nations in New York. In the late 1940s, Bodiansky oversaw the construction of houses in Morocco, an area that had been plagued with too much internal migration from nearby rural areas, leading to a shortage of houses. Bodiansky, acting on behalf of Le Corbusier, teamed up with young architects such as Georges Candilis, Shadrach Woods, and Henri Pilot, and created ATBAT-Afrique, a firm designed to fix the housing problems throughout Northern Africa. The
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Unité d'habitation


also a children's art school in the atelier. The roof, where a number of theatrical performances have taken place, underwent renovation in 2010 and since 2013 it hosts an exhibition center called the MaMo. The roof has unobstructed views of the Mediterranean and Marseille. According to Peter Blake, members of CIAM held a "great celebration" for the building's opening on the roof on a summer evening in 1953. "Architects from every part of the world attended", including Walter Gropius, who said at the event:
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Unité d'habitation


1972), all in London. Another valuable complex strongly inspired with the idea was in Warsaw, Poland. The Reserve Square Complex in Cleveland, Ohio which was built 1969–1973 was also influenced by Le Corbusier's project. The Riverside Plaza in Minneapolis, Minnesota, which opened in 1973, also used multi-colored panels and brutalist design, as influenced by the project. A building in in Zagreb by architect was inspired by Le Corbusier's principles. The apartments were equipped with built-in furniture, and specially designed storage
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Athens Charter


the project he proposed eight Unité d'Habitation flanked by a civic centre. Although these proposals were unbuilt, he had more success in Marseilles where an initial study for three Unités resulted in one being built. In line with the "Charter", the Unité was a north-south orientated block eighteen storeys high set in parkland. There is a public 'street' on levels 7 and 8 that provides various shops, offices and a hotel. On the roof there is a nursery school, a running track and a pool.
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Architecture of Provence


The Architecture of Provence includes a rich collection of monuments from the Roman Empire; Cistercian monasteries from the Romanesque Period, medieval palaces and churches; fortifications from the time of Louis XIV, as well as numerous hilltop villages and fine churches. Provence was a very poor region after the 18th century, but in the 20th century it had an economic revival and became the site of one of the most influential buildings of the 20th century, the Unité d'Habitation of the architect Le Corbusier in Marseille. Provence in the southeast corner of France
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Modern architecture


. He restored historic monuments when possible, and built a new church, St. Joseph, with a lighthouse-like tower in the center to inspire hope. His rebuilt city was declared a UNESCO World Heritage site in 2005. Shortly after the War, the French architect Le Corbusier, who was nearly sixty years old and had not constructed a building in ten years, was commissioned by the French government to construct a new apartment block in Marseille. He called it Unité d'Habitation in Marseille, but it more popularly took the name
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Robin Hood Gardens


Robin Hood Gardens is a residential estate in Poplar, London designed in the late 1960s by architects Alison and Peter Smithson and completed in 1972. It was built as a council housing estate with homes spread across 'streets in the sky': social housing characterised by broad aerial walkways in long concrete blocks, much like the Park Hill estate in Sheffield; it was informed by, and a reaction against, Le Corbusier's Unité d'Habitation. The estate was built by the Greater London Council, but subsequently Tower Hamlets Council became the
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Le Corbusier


1960, Le Corbusier began a third religious building, the Church of Saint Pierre in the new town of Firminy-Vert, where he had built a Unité d'Habitation and a cultural and sports centre. While he made the original design, construction did not begin until five years after his death, and work continued under different architects until it was completed in 2006. The most spectacular feature of the church is the sloping concrete tower that covers the entire interior. similar to that in the Assembly Building in his complex at Chandigarh.
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Firminy Vert


Firminy Vert (lit. "Green Firminy") is group of modern buildings designed by architect Le Corbusier located in Firminy, France in 1964–1969. It includes the Saint-Pierre Church, a stadium, a cultural center, and an "Unité d'Habitation". It was designed based on Modernism principles of architecture. It is praised as one of Europe's most accomplished postwar planning exercises. Luca Sampò, « l’église Saint-Pierre de Firminy, de Le Corbusier : quarante ans d’histoire entre idée et réalisation », Livraisons de
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Charlotte Perriand


Charlotte Perriand work was in high demand and she worked on many projects from ski resorts to student housing. She often refused to furnish buildings designed by other architects. However, she was eager to work with Jean Prouvé who collaborated with her on and produced several of her designs from 1951 to 1953. She designed the interiors and kitchens for the famous Unité d'habitation. Some of her work includes: The ski resorts at Les Arcs in Savoie, combined Perriand's interests in prefabrication, standardization, industrialization, and mountain architecture, and
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Narkomfin building


planner who had developed plans for a linear city. Le Corbusier, who studied the building during his visits to the Soviet Union, was vocal about the debt he owed to the pioneering ideas of the Narkomfin building, and he used a variant of its duplex flat plans in his Unité d'Habitation. Other architects to have reused its ideas include Moshe Safdie, in his Expo 67 flats Habitat 67 and Denys Lasdun, in his luxury flats in St James', London. The idea of the 'social condenser' was also acknowledged
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Teodoro González de León


Teodoro González de León (May 29, 1926 – September 16, 2016) was a Mexican architect. González de León studied at the Escuela Nacional de Arquitectura of the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) from 1942 to 1947. Thanks to a scholarship from the French government, he worked in France for 18 months with Le Corbusier, from 1948 to 1949. During this time, he was involved mainly on the Unité d'Habitation project by Le Corbusier in Marseille and on the St Dié factory project. Still as student,
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Architecture of London


's Unité d'habitation (aka "Cité Radieuse"('Radiant City')of 1947–52. The architecture of post war modernism was informed by ideals of technological progress and social progress through egalitarianism – this was expressed by humanistic repetition of forms and use of the modernist material "par excellence" – Béton brut or 'raw concrete'. Significant Council Housing works in London include the Brunswick Centre 1967–72 by Patrick Hodgkinson the Alexandra Road Estate 1972–78 by Neave Brown of the Camden Council architects department. The British exponent of the internationalist movement was headed by Alison and Peter Smithson
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Ville Radieuse


equipped with living and working units. This would have cleared the way for more parkland, thus conforming to the ideals of the "Ville Radieuse". Even as late as the 1940s he was trying to court both Mussolini and the Vichy government to adopt his ideal city plans. Corbusier's best opportunity for the realisation of his plans were the designs for Chandigarh, India, which he developed in 1949. From 1945 to 1952 he undertook the design and construction of the Unité d'Habitation in Marseilles. The Unité embodied the ideas of
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Unité d'habitation


philosophy. The building is constructed in béton brut (rough-cast concrete), as the hoped-for steel frame proved too expensive in light of post-War shortages. In July 2016, the Unité in Marseille and several other works by Le Corbusier were inscribed as UNESCO World Heritage Sites. It is also designated a historic monument by the French Ministry of Culture. It was damaged by fire on February 9, 2012. The Marseille building, developed with Corbusier's designers Shadrach Woods and George Candilis, comprises 337 apartments
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Unité d'habitation


east-and-west. The replacement material (béton brut) influenced the Brutalist movement, and the building inspired several housing complexes including the Alton West estate in Roehampton, London, and Park Hill in Sheffield. These buildings have attracted a great deal of criticism. Other, more successful, manifestations of the Unité include Chamberlin, Powell and Bon's Barbican Estate (completed 1982), Gordon Tait's Samuda Estate, Isle of Dogs (1965), Ernő Goldfinger's Balfron Tower (1967), and Trellick Tower (
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Unité d'habitation


Tropeano. The same model was then on display at Centre Pompidou. A full scale original Kitchen, stairs and other parts of the apartments are stored and displayed several museum collections around the world. The Cuisine Atelier Le Corbusier, type 1, designed by Charlotte Perriand in cooperation with the Atelier Le Corbusier. A total of 321 apartments of the Unité were furnished with this kitchen. The Museum of Modern Art acquired a complete kitchen in 2013. In 2007 students built a structurally correct full-scale model inside the Museum Cité in
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Araldo Cossutta


Church of Christ, Scientist in Washington, D.C. (1971), and the Christian Science Center in Boston, Massachusetts (1973). Architecture critics include Cossuta's buildings from the 1960s and 1970s as examples of the Brutalist architecture that flowered in that period. The name itself refers to the typical use of raw concrete ("" in French). One of the seminal buildings for the New Brutalism was Le Corbusier's "Unité d'Habitation" (1952) in Marseille, France. Benjamin Flowers writes that, "In appearance
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Le Corbusier


, with a courtyard in the center. The Convent has a flat roof, and is placed on sculpted concrete pillars. Each of the residential cells has small loggia with a concrete sunscreen looking out at the countryside. The centerpiece of the convent is the chapel, a plain box of concrete, which he called his "Box of miracles." Unlike the highly finished façade of the Unité d'Habitation, the façade of the chapel is raw, unfinished concrete. He described the building in a letter to Albert Camus in 1957:
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Sep Ruf


Sep Ruf (full name Franz Joseph Ruf; 9 March 1908, in Munich – 29 July 1982, in Munich) was a German architect and designer, belonging to the Bauhaus group. He was one of the representatives of modern architecture in Germany after World War II. His elegant buildings received high credits in Germany and Europe and his German pavilion of the Expo 58 in Brussels, built together with Egon Eiermann, achieved worldwide recognition. He attended the Interbau 1957 in Berlin-Hansaviertel and was one of the three architects who
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Le Corbusier


to the Erna Charterhouse in Florence. This project involved not only a chapel, but a library, refectory, rooms for meetings and reflection, and dormitories for the nuns. For the living space he used the same Modulor concept for measuring the ideal living space that he had used in the Unité d'Habitation in Marseille; height under the ceiling of ; and width . Le Corbusier used raw concrete to construct the convent, which is placed on the side of a hill. The three blocks of dormitories U, closed by the chapel
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Modulor


in the original version, 2.26 m in the revised), segmented similarly. A spiral, graphically developed between the red and blue segments, seems to mimic the volume of the human figure. The Modulor 2 was drawn by André Maissonier and Justino Serralta. Le Corbusier used his Modulor scale in the design of many buildings, including: In his first book on the subject "The Modulor", Le Corbusier has a chapter on the use of the modular in the Unité d'Habitation. The modular governs: the plan, section
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Brutalist architecture


Le Corbusier, in particular his 1952 Unité d'habitation in France, the 1953 Secretariat Building (Palace of Assembly) in Chandigarh, India and the 1955 church of Notre Dame du Haut in Ronchamp, France. Banham opined that Le Corbusier's concrete work was a source of inspiration suggesting "...if there is one single verbal formula that has made the concept of Brutalism admissible in most of the world's Western languages, it is that Le Corbusier himself described that concrete work as 'beton brut". Brutalism began to be favoured
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Peabody Terrace


housed on the complex grounds. In the words of architecture critic Robert Campbell, the exterior reflects the desire of its designer, Harvard Graduate School of Design Dean Josep Lluís Sert, to "bring the color and life of the Mediterranean to the white cubist architecture of northern Europe". It has also been called "an extension of Le Corbusier's communal prototype, the Unité d'Habitation". Originally designated as housing for married students, the partially completed project appeared in a "Harvard Crimson" photo over the caption, "University
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People's Park Complex


scored several firsts in Singapore. Its name as well as the block of flats was the closest to Le Corbusier's ideal of high-rise living, as expressed in his Marseilles Unité d'Habitation, both in concept and in form. The building's main tower accommodates a variety of apartment sizes, and access to them is independent of the shopping centre at the podium. Its 25 levels have been nicknamed "streets in the air", a development of the Corbusian ideal, and offer convenient spots for social interaction and intermingling.
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Le Corbusier


by trees and a small park. Le Corbusier wrote later that the Unité d'Habitation concept was inspired by the visit he had made to the Florence Charterhouse at Galluzzo in Italy, in 1907 and 1910 during his early travels. He wanted to recreate, he wrote, an ideal place "for meditation and contemplation." He also learned from the monastery, he wrote, that "standardization led to perfection," and that "all of his life a man labours under this impulse: to make the home the temple of the
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Park Hill, Sheffield


began work in 1953 designing the Park Hill Flats. Inspired by Le Corbusier's Unité d'Habitation and the Smithsons' unbuilt schemes, most notably for Golden Lane in London, the deck access scheme was viewed as revolutionary at the time. The style is known as brutalism. Construction began in 1957. Park Hill (Part One) was officially opened by Hugh Gaitskell, MP and Leader of the Opposition, on 16 June 1961. The City Council published a brochure on the scheme which was in several languages, including Russian. To
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Provence


and railroads destroyed during the war. As part of this effort, the first modern concrete apartment block, the Unité d'Habitation of Corbusier, was built in Marseille in 1947–52. In 1962, Provence absorbed a large number of French citizens who left Algeria after its independence. Since that time, large North African communities settled in and around the big cities, particularly Marseille and Toulon. In the 1940s, Provence underwent a cultural renewal, with the founding of the Avignon Festival of theatre (1947), the reopening of the Cannes
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Iannis Xenakis


collaborating with Le Corbusier on major projects. These included a kindergarten on the roof of an apartment block in Nantes (Rezé) (Also: Unité d'Habitation of Nantes-Rezé), parts of government buildings in Chandigarh, India, the "undulatory glass surfaces" of Sainte Marie de La Tourette, a Dominican priory in a valley near Lyon, and the Philips Pavilion at Expo 58—the latter project was completed by Xenakis alone, from a basic sketch by Le Corbusier. The experience Xenakis gained played a major role in his music
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Bjarke Ingels


pools, Islands Brygge Harbour Bath, on the Copenhagen Harbour front with special facilities for children in 2003. They also completed Maritime Youth House, a sailing club and a youth house at Sundby Harbour, Copenhagen. The first major achievement for PLOT was the award-winning VM Houses in Ørestad, Copenhagen, in 2005. Inspired by Le Corbusier's Unité d'Habitation concept, they designed two residential blocks, in the shape of the letters V and M (as seen from the sky); the M House with 95 units,
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Carriere Centrale


utopian modernist modular complexes for the site that additional educational, administrative, and religious facilities. Influenced by Le Corbusier's Unité d'habitation and the communal nature of slum life, the resulting mid-rise complexes featured highly collective multilevel living exemplified by myriad balconies. The site's buildings became known by the residents as "Semiramis" and "Nid D'Abeille" as references to their visual similarities to honeycombs and the Hanging Gardens of Babylon respectively. Since their construction, many of the complex' residents have modified the buildings significantly, most frequently
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History of Provence


Dragoon). The American forces moved north toward Manosque, Sisteron and Gap, while the French First Armored Division under General Jean Touzet_du Vigier liberated Brignoles, Salon, Arles, and Avignon. The Germans in Toulon resisted until August 27, and Marseille was not liberated until August 25. After the end of the war, Provence faced an enormous task of repair and reconstruction, particularly of the ports and railroads destroyed during the war. As part of this effort, the first modern concrete apartment block, the Unité d'Habitation of Corbusier
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Bümpliz-Oberbottigen


a car-free satellite town for 5,000 inhabitants, were among the country's first highrise housing developments. In 1965-68, they were complemented by the "Gäbelbach" development, Bern's most architecturally prominent work of large-scale housebuilding. It consists of three immense tower blocks inspired by Le Corbusier's Unités d'Habitation linked by an axis of community buildings. Just south of Gäbelbach, the long-empty Brünnen field is currently being developed into an upmarket residential area. The new quarter's commercial and architectural centerpiece – the
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Jonathan Meades


in around 2011, where they live in Le Corbusier's Unité d'habitation apartment block. During his time at RADA, he became friends with the painter Duggie Fields, whose flatmate was the former Pink Floyd singer, songwriter and guitarist Syd Barrett. He was also friendly with Aubrey "Po" Powell, co-founder of the graphic design company Hipgnosis, most famous for its Pink Floyd album covers. He has described himself as "a hanger-on to the hangers-on" around the band and has admitted to taking
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Le Corbusier


sixty years old, and he had not had a single project realized in ten years. He tried, without success, to obtain commissions for several of the first large reconstruction projects, but his proposals for the reconstruction of the town of Saint-Dié and for La Rochelle were rejected. Still, he persisted; Le Corbusier finally found a willing partner in Raoul Dautry, the new Minister of Reconstruction and Urbanism. Dautry agreed to fund one of his projects, a "Unité d'habitation de grandeur conforme", or housing units
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Le Corbusier


. Since there were no modern building cranes at the time of construction, the ramp was the only way to get materials to the top of the construction site. The Secretariat had two features which were borrowed from his design for the Unité d'Habitation in Marseille: concrete grill sunscreens over the windows and a roof terrace. The most important building of the capitol complex was the Palace of Assembly (1952–61), which faced the High Court at the other end of a five hundred meter esplanade with a large reflecting pool in the front
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Hyde Park, Sheffield


site of the earliest large scale slum clearance in Britain, the previous back-to-back housing having been known as "Little Chicago" in the 1930s, due to the violent crimes sometimes committed there. The area was partially razed before the Second World War. The nearby Park Hill housing estate was built between 1957 and 1961. Designed by Jack Lynn and Ivor Smith, under the auspices of J. L. Womersley, the deck access scheme, inspired by Le Corbusier's Unité d'Habitation and the Smithson's unbuilt schemes, most
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Reserve Square


Erieview Plaza and Reserve Square this was only partially achieved. The West Tower was built in 1969 and the East Tower in 1973. It was designed by the Cleveland architectural firm Dalton-Dalton-Newport-Little, which at one time was one of the most prominent firms in the world, so much so that in 1984, Dalton was acquired by URS Corp of San Francisco. Its design was influenced by Le Corbusier's modernist residential housing development Unité d'Habitation. This style almost approaches Brutalism in its simplicity and showing of building
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Ville Radieuse


the Athens Charter published in 1933. His utopian ideal formed the basis of a number of urban plans during the 1930s and 1940s culminating in the design and construction of the first Unité d'habitation in Marseille in 1952. In the late 1920s Le Corbusier lost confidence in big business to realise his dreams of utopia represented in the Ville Contemporaine and Plan Voisin (1925). Influenced by the linear city ideas of Arturo Soria y Mata (which Milyutin also employed) and the theories of the syndicalist movement (that he had recently joined)
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Oscar Niemeyer


supports the Governador Juscelino Kubitschek housing complex (1951), two large buildings containing around 1,000 apartments. Its design was based on Niemeyer's scheme for the Quitandinha apartment hotel in Petrópolis designed one year earlier, but never realised. At 33 stories and over 400 meters long, it was to contain 5,700 living unites together with communal services such as shops, schools etc., his version of Corbusier's Unité d'Habitation. A similar program was realized in the centre of São Paulo, the Copan apartment building (1953–66). This
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Unité d'habitation


full-scale models were built in Paris and Marseille during the planning of the first high rise concrete structure in the 1940s. During completion of the Marseille building a few model apartments were completed and furnished for visitors as an exhibition. In the 1980s a team form ETH Zurich surveyed several apartments in Marseille and a several full-scale models were constructed for exhibitions in Paris, Karlsuhe, Tokyo and New York. In 1986 a full-scale model was constructed at the Badischer Kunstverein by Gernot Bayne based on the survey of Ruggero
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Marta Pan


married André Wogenscky, who was a studio assistant to Le Corbusier. Her early sculptures were highly influenced by the architecture of Le Corbusier. In 1956, Pan created "Le Teck", which consisted of two moveable parts. The choreographer Maurice Béjart later created a ballet, also entitled "Le Teck", inspired directly by Pan's sculpture. Béjart's ballet was premiered on the roof of Le Corbusier's Unité d'Habitation building in Marseille, France. Until 1960, all of Pan's sculptures consisted of this two-part
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VM Houses


Mountain Dwellings. Inspired by Le Corbusier's Unité d'Habitation concept, two residential blocks, with footprints in the shape of the letters V and M, have been designed with an emphasis on daylight, privacy and views. Rather than looking over the neighbouring building, all the apartments have diagonal views of the surrounding landscape. Corridors are short, rather like bullet holes through the building. There are some 80 different types of apartment in the complex, adaptable to individual needs. VM Houses was the first major project to be designed by
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Riverside Plaza


be part of a utopian design that would have seen 12,500 units spread across four neighborhoods housing a total of 30,000 people. Cedar Square West was the first project in the country to receive Title VIII funds from the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), and it is the larger of only two New Towns-In Town that ultimately qualified for that program. The imposing concrete structures use multi-colored panels (attempting to emulate Le Corbusier's Unité d'Habitation design), which strongly dates the period of construction.
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Moisei Ginzburg


by Le Corbusier as an influence on his Unité d'Habitation, while the layout of its duplex apartments have been copied by Moshe Safdie in his Expo 67 flats, as well as by Denys Lasdun in his luxury flats at St James', London. In 1928, Ginzburg also designed the Government Building in Alma-Ata (now, University of Alma-Ata), completed in 1931. In the early 1930s, he concentrated more on urban planning projects, from utilitarian (Ufa city plan) to utopian ("Green City
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Scissor section flat


and down to the corridor two storeys below. The result of this layout is that all flats have a dual aspect design, where each apartment faces out on both sides of the block. This maximises light, external views and ventilation for the occupants within a very compact layout. This design builds upon - but subtly differs from - the dual aspect arrangement of interlocking flats pioneered by Le Corbusier in the "Unité d'habitation" in Marseilles (and developed in London council housing designs such as Lakanal House) by arranging the rooms so
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Monte Amiata Housing


balconies, terraces and bridges connecting the buildings with each other and providing for a great variety of pedestrian walking paths. The complex was conceived as an utopian micro-city within the city, and based on Aymonino and Rossi's vision, emphasizing the interplay between housing blocks and their urban context. Aymonino and Rossi explicitly mentioned the Unité d'Habitation in Marseille as one of their main sources of inspiration, although their intent was to improve on Le Corbusier's model. Rossi also took inspiration from Giorgio de Chirico's paintings when designing one
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La Part-Dieu


such as radio and police stations. The winning architectural project abode by the Athens Charter, a rigorous modernist urban planning philosophy developed by Le Corbusier. It promoted the separation of human and car flow through the use of "above the street" concrete structures, in a La Défense fashion, allowing for car supremacy on the lower street level, while overhead orthogonal architecture standing on reinforced concrete stilts followed the Unité d'habitation principles. Consequently, several buildings were drawn by the hands of Jacques Perrin-Fayolle, Jean Sillan and Jean Zumbrunnen
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Renée Green


which French cities like Clisson and Nantes played in the Atlantic slave trade.She juxtaposes traditional scenes seen on toile and depictions of violence against Haitian slaves. Secret (1994). Green inhabited an apartment at Le Corbusier's Firminy Unité d'Habitation, and documented her stay via photographs and video. Partially Buried in Three Parts (1995–1997). Robert Smithson's land art work Partially Buried Woodshed (1970) functions as the starting point in Green's examination of student's protest movements in the United States, which focuses in the Kent
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Immeuble Clarté


Immeuble Clarté is an apartment building in Geneva designed by Le Corbusier and Pierre Jeanneret starting from 1928 and built in 1931–32. It has eight stories comprised of 45 free plan units of diverse configurations and sizes. It is one of Le Corbusier's key early projects in which he explored the principles of modernist architecture in apartment buildings, which later led to the Unité d'Habitation design principle. After it escaped demolition in the 1960s, the building was first renovated in the 1970s. After being again threatened with demolition in the early 1980s,
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Kenzō Tange


later joined. Tange presented various designs to Team X in their meetings. At a 1959 meeting in Otterlo, Holland, one of his presentations included an unrealised project by Kiyonori Kikutake; this project became the basis of the Metabolist Movement. When Tange travelled back to Japan from the 1951 CIAM meeting, he visited Le Corbusier's nearly complete Unité d'Habitation in Marseilles, France. He also looked at the sketches for the new capital of Punjab at Chandigarh, India. Tange had left the Team X Otterlo conference early to take up
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High-rise building


the tallest high-rise apartment building in the world is Chicago's John Hancock Center, constructed under the supervision of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill and completed in 1969. The building has 100 stories and stands 344 meters tall. The residential tower block with its typical concrete construction are a familiar feature of Modernist architecture. Influential examples include Le Corbusier's "housing unit" his "Unité d'Habitation", repeated in various European cities starting with his "Cité radieuse" in Marseille (1947–52), constructed of "béton brut"
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Flat roof


potential usefulness of flat areas, the more so with the excellent performance of modern membranes, many of which come with long warranties and provide an excellent roof covering. Modernist architecture often viewed the flat roof as a living area. Le Corbusier's theoretical works, particularly Vers une Architecture, and the influential Villa Savoye and Unité d'Habitation prominently feature rooftop terraces. That said, Villa Savoye's roof began leaking almost immediately after the Savoye family moved in. Le Corbusier only narrowly avoided a lawsuit from the family because they had to flee
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Takamasa Yoshizaka


live again in Shinjuku but built himself a house as the previous one had been burnt down in American bombing on 25 May 1945. In 1950 he accepted a French Government grant to work and study architecture in France where he enjoyed two years working at Le Corbusier's atelier in Paris. Yoshizaka arrived in Marseilles in late September, 1950. On 24 September 1950 he was shown around Le Corbusier's Unité d'Habitation which was under construction at that time. Two weeks later he was in Paris at Le Corbusier's office. Whilst in
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ODDO BHF


. The bank was formed on 1 January 1970 as the Berliner Handels- und Frankfurter Bank from the merger of the Frankfurter Bank (founded in 1854) and the Berliner Handels-Gesellschaft (founded in 1856). In 1970, when the BHF-Bank tower was built by the German architect Sep Ruf, it was the highest building in Frankfurt. The banks changed its name to BHF-Bank in 1975. Through the 1970s and 1980s it was in the top three to five investment banks in West Germany and had a top
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Hansaviertel


The Hansaviertel is the smallest "Ortsteil" (district) of Berlin and is between Großer Tiergarten and the Spree River, within the central Mitte borough of Berlin. The district was almost completely destroyed during World War II but was rebuilt from 1957 to 1961 as a social housing project by international master architects such as Alvar Aalto, Egon Eiermann, Walter Gropius, Oscar Niemeyer, Sep Ruf. Called "Interbau", the whole ensemble has two churches (St. Ansgar and Kaiser-Friedrich-Gedächtniskirche). It is now protected
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Sep Ruf


building. 1956–1957 he built the royal picture palace am Goetheplatz in Munich, in those days one of the two picture palaces in Europe, playing Todd-AO, and Michael Todd came to the opening and they showed the German first broadcast of the musical Oklahoma!. In Berlin he was part of the historic International Building Exhibition, the Interbau 1957 in Berlin. On the area of the Hansaviertel 53 architects from 13 countries made 35 drafts, that were realized by Alvar Aalto, Paul Baumgarten, Egon Eiermann, Walter Gropius,
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Sep Ruf


of Germany), the Allied High Commission at the palace Deichmannsaue in Bad-Godesberg/Bonn together with the architects Otto Apel, Rudolf Letocha, Rohrer and Herdt. The tower-building of the HICOG went to be the Embassy of the United States in Bonn from 1955 until 1999. After the Embassy moved to Berlin the two parts became two ministries. They also built the residential estates of Plittersdorf, Tannenbusch and Muffendorf, where the German and American staff lived. Every estate had about 400 houses, wide streets and an
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Walter-Gropius-Haus (Berlin)


actress Marlene Dietrich was instrumental in funding the Interbau project. The Walter Gropius House is one of the 35 completed projects of the International Building Exhibition (Interbau) in 1957. The architects involved in the Interbau were exclusively world-famous modernists, including Alvar Aalto, Egon Eiermann, Walter Gropius, Arne Jacobsen, Vasily Luckhardt, Oscar Niemeyer, Sep Ruf, Max Taut and Le Corbusier. Interbau featured two high-profile contributions by US architectural firms: The Walter Gropius House by TAC and the Kongresshalle (Convention Centre – today
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Consulate General of the United States, Munich


the third largest U.S. diplomatic post in Germany after Berlin and Frankfort. The consulate is located in a custom-built office building, the last of the signature modernist U.S. Consulates built in Germany in the 1950s still in service. The work of renowned Bavarian architect Sep Ruf, the building is considered a historic monument. As the main building from 1958 is raised on concrete stilts, the original look was airy and light. Security measures, added several times since the 1970s and fortifications build around the site after 9/11 inhibit this effect
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Robert Seppings


Sir Robert Seppings, FRS (11 December 176725 April 1840) was an English naval architect. Seppings was born to Robert and Lydia Seppings at Fakenham, Norfolk, on 11 December 1767 and baptised three days later. In 1782 he was apprenticed in HMNB Devonport, Plymouth. In 1800, when he had risen to be master shipwright assistant in the yard, he invented a device which greatly reduced the time required to repair the lower portions of ships in dry dock when compared with the laborious process of lifting then in vogue.
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Jean-Louis Cohen


Jean-Louis Cohen (born 20 July 1949) is a French architect and architectural historian specializing in modern architecture and city planning. Since 1994 he has been the Sheldon H. Solow Professor in the History of Architecture at New York University Institute of Fine Arts. Cohen was born in Paris and trained as an architect at the École Spéciale d'Architecture and at the Unité Pédagogique n° 6 in Paris, graduating in 1973 and then receiving his post-graduate diploma Architecte DPLG ("") in 1979. He received his Ph.D. in
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