Weald and Downland Gridshell [SEP] architect
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Weald and Downland Gridshell


The Weald and Downland Gridshell (2002) is a building designed by Buro Happold and Edward Cullinan Architects for the Weald and Downland Open Air Museum: it was shortlisted for the Stirling Prize in 2002. The building is a structural wooden gridshell, constructed of oak sourced from Normandy. Before constructing the gridshell, members of Buro Happold and the Cullinan practice-built a prototype during their own time on weekends. This was also a self-supporting gridshell, and was used as a temporary entrance canopy on the Pompidou Centre. The
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Weald and Downland Living Museum


measure. The Weald and Downland Gridshell was constructed in 2000–2002. An innovative design built primarily to create an accessible store for the Museum's rural life collection, it also houses the Museum's conservation workshops, and an exhibition area is in the foyer. The building has won eight awards, and was runner-up for the RIBA 2003 Stirling Prize. This medieval hall house was originally built at Boarhunt, Hampshire, in the 15th century. It is of cruck frame construction, with brick walls and a thatched roof. The
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BuroHappold Engineering


in the UK. This development of fabric structures expertise culminated in BuroHappold, with a team led by Ian Liddell, and with Paul Westbury, designing the Millennium Dome, the world's largest fabric roof and the first building of its type. The expertise in wooden gridshell structures has resulted in the design of structures such as the Weald and Downland Museum and the Savill Building in Windsor Great Park. BuroHappold has also completed the designs of a number of cardboard structures, notably the Japan Pavilion for Expo 2000 in Hanover with Shigeru Ban
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Edward Cullinan


include the Charles Cryer Theatre, Carshalton (completed in 1991), the Fountains Abbey Visitor Centre (completed 1992), the Centre for Mathematical Sciences (Cambridge) (completed 2003), the Weald and Downland Gridshell (2002, nominated for the Stirling Prize) and the new library at Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge (opened 2010). Cullinan is currently a visiting Professor at the University of Nottingham, and has been awarded four other professorships at The Bartlett (1978–9), Sheffield University (1985–87), Massachusetts Institute of Technology
16229954
Culture of Sussex


Modernist architecture. In the 21st century, the rebuilt Hastings Pier won the 2017 RIBA Stirling Prize, with both the Weald and Downland Gridshell and Jubilee Library, Brighton being finalists in earlier years. Described as the tallest structure in Sussex, the tall British Airways i360 in Brighton contains Britain's tallest moving observation tower with a platform that reaches . The first film show in Sussex was in March 1896 in Brighton, the first in the UK outside of London. This was closely followed by a screening in Worthing in August 1896.
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Weald and Downland Living Museum


The Weald and Downland Living Museum (formerly known as the Weald and Downland Open Air Museum until January 2017) is an open-air museum in Singleton, West Sussex. The museum is a registered charity. The museum covers , with over 50 historic buildings dating from 950AD to the 19th century, along with gardens, farm animals, walks and a mill pond. The principal aim at the foundation of the museum was to establish a centre that could rescue representative examples of vernacular buildings from South East England, and thereby to
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Weald and Downland Living Museum


the museum bring to life the homes, farmsteads and rural industries of the last 950 years. Along with the buildings, there are "hands-on" activities, like cooking, and weaving, and a number of yearly activities, including seasonal shows, historic gardens weekend and Tree Dressing. The Weald and Downland Open Air Museum was launched in 1967 by a small group of enthusiasts led by the Museum's founder, the late Dr. J.R. Armstrong MBE. and It first opened to the public on 5 September 1970. The
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Western Weald


Lower Cretaceous, including in a few places Paludina limestones, used as a building stone. To the west there are extensive hills and ridges formed of Lower Greensand, including Blackdown, the highest point in Sussex. There are patches of drift overlying the clay and some river terrace gravels and alluvium in the river valleys. Beyond the Weald Clay a generally narrow band of Gault Clay outcrops to form the boundary between the Weald and the chalk downlands. At Alice Holt Forest, north of Woolmer Forest, a wide outcrop of this blue
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BuroHappold Engineering


new building forms to become generally accepted by architects and clients. BuroHappold's early projects ranged from designing giant fabric umbrellas for Pink Floyd concerts to the Munich Aviary and the Mannheim Multihalle, both with Frei Otto, an architect who repeatedly worked with Buro Happold on projects which pioneered lightweight structures. The Mannheim Multihalle was a timber gridshell of 50 by 50 mm lathes of hemlock of irregular form, depending on the elasticity of spring washers at the joints for its flexible form. It was one of the first major uses of structural gridshells
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Hampshire Downs


The Hampshire Downs form a large area of downland in central, southern England, mainly in the county of Hampshire. They are part of a belt of chalk downland that extends from the South Downs in the southeast, north to the Berkshire and Marlborough Downs, and west to the Dorset Downs. The downs have been designated a National Character Area (NCA 130) by Natural England, the UK Government's advisor on the natural environment. To the north lie the Thames Basin Heaths, to the east the Low Weald (Western
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Worthing Downland Estate


on this ancient track. To the north the track extended to Cissbury Ring and from there continued northwards to Chanctonbury Ring and into the Weald. The track would have been used as a droveway for the seasonal movement of livestock or transhumance in the summer months into the forest of the Weald. One of the track's northern destinations would have been 'Little Broadwater', to the north of Broadwater and about north of Worthing seafront. This area, which includes the remains of Sedgwick Castle, remained an outlying part of the parish
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Weald and Downland Living Museum


a batten from the original thatched roof and probably records the date of construction of the building. This timber-framed barn dates from the 16th Century and originally stood at Cowfold, Sussex and is a typical late-medieval example from the Weald. The timbers have been analysed by dendrochronology (tree-ring dating) which revealed that they were felled in 1536, so the barn was probably built soon after this. In the museum, it is sited to form a farmstead with Bayleaf farmhouse. Bayleaf farmhouse is a timber-
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South Downs


The South Downs are a range of chalk hills that extends for about across the south-eastern coastal counties of England from the Itchen Valley of Hampshire in the west to Beachy Head, in the Eastbourne Downland Estate, East Sussex, in the east. The Downs are bounded on the northern side by a steep escarpment, from whose crest there are extensive views northwards across the Weald. The South Downs National Park forms a much larger area than the chalk range of the South Downs and includes large parts of the Weald. The
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South Downs National Park


on an older Wealden geology of resistant sandstones and softer clays. The highest point in the national park, Blackdown, at above sea level, is in fact situated in the Weald, on the Greensand Ridge, whereas the highest point on the chalk escarpment of the South Downs, Butser Hill, has an elevation of above sea level. Most of the national park consists of chalk downland, although a significant part includes the sandstones and clays of the western Weald, a strongly contrasting and distinctive landscape of densely wooded hills and vales
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Gridshell


A gridshell is a structure which derives its strength from its double curvature (in a similar way that a fabric structure derives strength from double curvature), but is constructed of a grid or lattice. The grid can be made of any material, but is most often wood (similar to garden trellis) or steel. Gridshells were pioneered in the 1896 by Russian engineer Vladimir Shukhov in constructions of exhibition pavilions of the All-Russia industrial and art exhibition 1896 in Nizhny Novgorod. Large span timber gridshells are commonly constructed by initially
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Shigeru Ban


, Germany in collaboration with the architect Frei Otto and structural engineers Buro Happold. The 72-metre-long gridshell structure was made with paper tubes. But due to stringent building laws in Germany, the roof had to be reinforced with a substructure. After the exhibition the structure was recycled and returned to paper pulp. Ban fits well into the category of "Ecological Architects" but he also can make solid claims for being modernist, a Japanese experimentalist, as well as a rationalist. Natias Neutert, German thinker, critic, and
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Weald and Downland Living Museum


at Lee-on-Solent, Hampshire. It had the normal arrangement of a central threshing floor between the storage bays and there is an owl loft above the entrance. The building houses an exhibition on the use of lead in buildings and plumbing, stonemasonry and stained glass work. The barn was dismantled in 1976 and re-erected at the Museum in 1980. The work was funded by the Worshipful Company of Plumbers. The BBC TV series "The Repair Shop" was largely filmed in the barn in 2017. The
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Weald and Downland Living Museum


slate roof. They were originally built at Ashtead, Surrey. One cottage is furnished in 19th-century style and the other is unfurnished to better show its construction. The windpump is a hollow post mill that was built in the mid-19th century. It was originally at Westham, Sussex () and was marked on an 1860 map. The windpump was re-erected at the Museum in 1975. This 16th-century building was originally part of a larger building at Sundridge, Kent. It is timber-framed with a
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Titchfield


in Titchfield Square by the 3rd Earl of Southampton in the early 17th century. This was moved behind the Queen’s Head Public House in 1810. In 1801 Titchfield had a population of almost 3,000. In 1865 a gas company provided gaslight to the village and in 1894 Titchfield was given a parish council. In 1970, with the market hall in a derelict state, it was bought by the Weald and Downland Open Air Museum. The entire hall was dismantled and moved to Singleton where it now stands restored in the centre of
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Tree House, Crawley


on the ground floor and a long room on the first floor. Threatened with demolition and replacement by an office block extension in the 1970s, it was instead dismantled, transported to the Weald and Downland Open Air Museum at Singleton and rebuilt there. At the museum, the building is now called the "Upper Hall". The building's name, which seems to have been used from early in its history, refers to one of Crawley's oldest and most longstanding landmarks. The "Crawley Elm" stood immediately opposite;
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Weald and Downland Living Museum


generate increased public awareness and interest in the built environment. The Museum principally promotes the retention of buildings on their original sites unless there is no alternative, and encourages an informed and sympathetic approach to their preservation and continuing use. The buildings that are located at the museum were all threatened with destruction and, as it was not possible to find a way to preserve them at their original sites, they were carefully dismantled, conserved and rebuilt in their historical form at the museum. These buildings, plus two archaeological reconstructions, help
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Weald and Downland Living Museum


principle of an open-air museum was well established in Scandinavia as a way to create a three-dimensional setting for explaining the way of living or working. Open-air museums allowed the buildings to give context to the techniques, equipment, furnishings, clothes and art of the period. The barn was originally built at Prior's Leaze Farm, Hambrook, Sussex, in 1771. It has a timber frame of oak and elm clad with weatherboards, and a roof thatched with reed. The most characteristic feature of the
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Weald and Downland Living Museum


built at Windlesham, Surrey, and dates from the late 19th or early 20th century. The building is constructed on a rough timber frame, with the main posts dug into the ground rather than being placed on a sole plate. The frame is boarded with vertical boards, the joints being closed by a cover strip, and the structure was protected by a coating of tar. When the workshop was given to the Museum it was still equipped with many of the tools and materials that had been used by the carpenter. The
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Weald and Downland Living Museum


crane was made by John Smith Ltd of Keighley, Yorkshire, in 1900 and was originally installed at a farm in Alton, Hampshire. It is rated at 5 tons capacity and is worked by hand. It forms part of a reconstructed timber yard. The granary was built in 1731 at West Ashling, Sussex. It has a timber frame filled with bricks, and a thatched roof. The building measures square, which makes it one of the larger granaries. It is built on sixteen staddle stones as an anti-vermin
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Weald and Downland Living Museum


century appearance, but it has a modern interior. The building is used as an education room for school and youth visits to the Museum. This house was originally built at Walderton, Sussex. It has a timber frame dating from the 15th century, with flint external walls added in the 17th century. It has a thatched roof. This building was the rear extension of a house in Reigate, Surrey, added in the 17th century. It has two carved fireplaces and there are the remains of wall paintings. This building
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Weald and Downland Living Museum


various extensions and alterations were made. The farmhouse was dismantled in 1992 by a team from the Museum and the Canterbury Archaeological Trust and reconstructed in 1995. During the reconstruction the museum tried to reconstruct faithfully the historic building as it came into the 20th century, with all its phases of alteration. However, the 17th-century chimney stack was not reconstructed, but was dismantled and recorded in such a way that it could be reconstructed in the future. In leaving it out the Museum created an open space in the building to
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Weald and Downland Living Museum


allow it to serve as the Museum's entrance and shop, and to better demonstrate the historic development of the farmhouse. The farmhouse also serves as offices for the Museum. The Market Hall dates from the 17th century and was originally built at Titchfield, Hampshire. It has a lock-up on the ground floor and the first-floor room served as the town council chamber. When the Market Hall was dismantled and re-erected at the Museum, it was the second time that had happened. The building had been
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Weald and Downland Living Museum


. It was re-erected at the Museum in 1975, but the discovery of a postcard of the building at its original site showed that the chimney had not been reconstructed correctly. The chimney was rebuilt in January 2001 to a more accurate profile. The house is furnished in period style. Poplar cottage is a small timber-framed, thatched building dating from the 17th century. It was originally built at Washington, Sussex. The building dates from between 1550 and 1630. It was donated to the Museum in 1982 and
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Weald and Downland Living Museum


the original. The ends are modern reconstructions replicating contemporary practice. The building is used as the Museum's library and meeting place and is not normally open to the public. The Worshipful Company of Drapers donated £5,000, which was used to part-fund the dismantling and re-erection of the building at the Museum. The wagon shed dates from the 18th century. It was originally built at Wiston, Sussex. The watermill dates from the early 17th century, and was working until 1935. It is in working order
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Weald and Downland Living Museum


crown-post roof. The building dates from between 1492 and 1537. It was the first building acquired by the Museum. Dismantled in 1968, it was re-erected at the Museum at a site that later proved to be unsuitable. Therefore, it was decided that the building should again be dismantled and re-erected at another site within the Museum, with modern extensions designed to allow the building to be better interpreted by visitors. The building was dismantled in December 2001 and reconstructed for the second time between February and
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Singleton, West Sussex


a Saxon doorway leading into thin air high up in the nave, showing that there was once an upper room above the nave. It is likely that the priests for the churches in the hundred would have lived in this room. The Saxon tower arch was rebuilt in the twelfth or thirteenth century with a pointed arch. The pews are from the Tudor period. Goodwood Country Park lies in the south of the parish, part of the Goodwood House estate. The Weald and Downland Living Museum of Historic Buildings is situated on the
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Midhurst


dynamic Cowdray House. The bailiff and burgesses petitioned Sir Anthony Fitzwilliam to give them a plot of land on which to build a market house near the church, as a focus for commerce in the Old Town. This was built in the market square in 1551, and although much altered since, it probably looked similar to the market house currently at the Weald and Downland Museum, with open bays on the ground floor, and an upstairs room for official use. In 1605 the owner of Cowdray House, Anthony-Maria Browne
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Hassocks


municipal tennis courts in Adastra Park and the 'Weald Tennis and Squash Club' on South Bank is a significant club in the village. Hassocks Golf Club is an 18-hole, par 70 golf course (5754 yards, 5260 metres) on the western edge of the village that was opened in 1995 and is the only golf course in the area that is a 'pay and play' club. Hassocks Sports Centre is situated within the grounds of Downlands Community School and is operated by Freedom Leisure. Facilities include an indoor sports gall
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Chalk Group


of the Mesozoic rocks of this region during the Alpine orogeny has produced the London Basin and the Weald–Artois Anticline, the Hampshire Basin and the less gentle Purbeck-Wight monocline. The broadly western margin of the Chalk outcrop is marked, from northeast to southwest, to south by the Chalk downlands of the Yorkshire Wolds, the Lincolnshire Wolds, a subdued feature through western Norfolk, including Breckland, the Chiltern Hills, the Berkshire Downs, Marlborough Downs and the western margins of Salisbury Plain and Cranborne Chase and the North and
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Cocking, West Sussex


the waterwheels now at the Weald and Downland Open Air Museum and at the Coultershaw Beam Pump. There still remain in the village some houses of 17th century origin. In 1931 the population of the village was 431. There was a "Richard Cobden" pub in Cocking which closed and became a private residence in the 20th century. Richard Cobden lived in nearby Heyshott. A railway once used to serve the area at Cocking Station, on the Chichester to Midhurst line opened in 1880, but was completely closed from 1953. The
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Gideon Mantell


of a fossilised animal resembling a huge crocodile (later identified as an ichthyosaur) at Lyme Regis in Dorset, Mantell became passionately interested in the study of the fossilised animals and plants found in his area. The fossils he had collected from the region, near The Weald in Sussex, were from the chalk downlands covering the county. The chalk is part of the Upper Cretaceous System and the fossils it contains are marine in origin. But by 1819, Mantell had begun acquiring fossils from a quarry, at Whitemans Green, near
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Weald and Downland Living Museum


framed Wealden hall house with a peg tile roof, dating from the early 15th century. The building has four rooms on the ground floor and two on the first floor. The house has vertical shutters to some of the windows, and a garderobe on the first floor. It was originally built at Ide Hill, Kent, and was donated to the Museum in 1968 by the East Surrey Water Company as it was threatened with destruction by the creation of Bough Beech Reservoir. The building was dismantled in the winter of 1968–69.
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Weald and Downland Living Museum


the surviving original timbers are well distributed, and because of its unique cruck frame construction. The horse whim is housed in an open-fronted thatched shed that was originally at Charlwood, Surrey. It was used to raise water from a well. The horse whim was originally built at West Kingsdown, Kent. It was rescued by the Museum in 1980 and re-erected in 2000. This house dates from the 17th century. It originally stood at Lavant, West Sussex. Externally it has been restored to its 17th-
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Weald and Downland Living Museum


is not currently open to the public. The joinery shop was originally built at Witley, Surrey, and dates from the late 19th or early 20th century. It houses an exhibition on building construction. The Longport Farmhouse is a typical Kent farmhouse and was formerly located at Folkestone, Kent, but was threatened by the construction of the Channel Tunnel. The earliest part of the building dates from 1554 and was originally attached to a medieval hall, which no longer exists. From the late 16th century through to the early 20th century
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Weald and Downland Living Museum


built at Horsham, Sussex. The three-storey building has jettied upper floors. It is timber-framed with a peg tile roof and peg tiles to the upper floors on at least one side. The upper floors serve as the Museum's library and are not normally open to the public. The open shed dates from the 18th century. It was originally built at Charlwood, Surrey. It served as a cart shed and also a saw shed. The shed was dismantled in 1999, the work being partly funded by
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Weald and Downland Living Museum


the British Airports Authority. When it was reconstructed at the Museum in 2000, the horse whim from West Kingsdown, Kent, was installed. This hall house was originally built at West Lavington, West Sussex, in 1609. Instead of an open hall there is a central chimney with fireplaces on both ground and first floors. It retains some features from 16th-century practice, such as unglazed windows. The building has a timber frame, with brick infill to the ground floor and wattle and daub infill to the first floor
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Weald and Downland Living Museum


carefully dismantled in that year. It was re-erected in 1999, the work being funded by a grant from the Heritage Lottery Fund. Work on re-erecting the building began on 10 April 1999, the timbers having been prepared over the previous winter. The outside wall of the smoke bay was infilled with sandstone, whilst the rest of the building was infilled with wattle and daub. The roof was thatched. The plumber's workshop dates from the late 19th century and was originally built at Newick, Sussex. The
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Weald and Downland Living Museum


upper floor served as a glazier's workshop. This brick- and stone-built building originally stood at Redford, Sussex. It housed a horse-powered pug mill, which was used to prepare clay for brickmaking. This 19th-century shed was originally built at Sheffield Park, Sussex. It houses a range of tools used in the conversion of trees to finished timber. This building dates from the 19th century, and was used as a school for educating poor children in the early part of that century. It was originally
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Weald and Downland Living Museum


It was probably not worked by a horse due to its size. The treadwheel is housed in a small timber-framed building with a thatched roof and was originally built at Catherington, Hampshire. The toll cottage is typical of those of the 18th and 19th centuries. It originally stood on a road built in 1807 at Upper Beeding, Sussex. It has been set up with a recreated tollgate and milestone. This building dates from the 15th century and has a long, open room on the first floor, which probably served
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Weald and Downland Living Museum


, and flour from the mill is sold in the Museum shop. The mill was originally built at Lurgashall, Sussex, to serve Petworth House and Park. At one time it may have been used in the grinding of bark for use in the tanning process. In 1968, the derelict mill was damaged by floods, causing the millstones to fall through the rotting floors. The mill was originally powered by a tributary of the River Rother. At one time the mill had two waterwheels, each working two pairs of millstones.
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Weald and Downland Living Museum


The diameter overshot waterwheel, which was originally cast at Cocking Foundry for Coster's Mill, West Lavington, drives the two pairs of millstone, a sack hoist and flour dresser. The machinery in the mill was installed in 1911. The mill was donated to the Museum in 1973 and carefully dismantled, at which time evidence was found of a previous use of the site as a Hammer mill. Re-erection and restoration of the machinery took seven years. Whittaker's cottages are a pair of timber-built cottages under a
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Wealden hall house


buildings would have a brick infilling between timbers, sometimes leading to a complete replacement of the outer walls of the basement with solid stone walls. Examples are the "Bayleaf farmhouse" from Chiddingstone, relocated in 1968–69 to the Weald and Downland Open Air Museum. the Yeoman's House in Bignor, the Anne of Cleves House in Lewes, the Alfriston Clergy House, the Plough at Stalisfield Green, the Old Punch Bowl and the Ancient Priors at Crawley, the Pattyndenne Manor in Kent and the Monks' Barn in Newport, Essex
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Gin gang


. There is an extant gin gang at Ystum Colwyn Farm, Meifod, in Wales. The Beamish Museum in County Durham contains a restored gin gang. Another has been preserved at Weald and Downland Open Air Museum but is now labelled as a horse whim for raising water, as is the one at Brewers' House Museum in Antwerp. In Chopwell in Tyne and Wear a gin gang is part of a barn conversion. Another one was renovated to become holiday cottages in the face of local controversy at Lanchester, County Durham.
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Southdown and Eridge Hunt


west at the border of Steyning and including Henfield. At Uckfield, the country extends north, to include Crowborough and Royal Tunbridge Wells and East to the A21. The hunt's best centres are Albourne, Chailey, Hadlow Down, Lewes and Mark Cross. Its terrain consists of wooded weald, well-fenced vale, and the open downland of the South Downs. The hunt is linked to three separate branches of The Pony Club, with the Southdown hunt founding a pony club in 1936, but which split in 1976 to
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Most Haunted


at 22:00 BST. The series ended on Wednesday 21 July 2010. The series was made up of 10 episodes concluding with a two-parter at Weald & Downland Museum, Singleton, West Sussex. A new episode of "Most Haunted" was released exclusively to DVD on 12 December 2011. This investigation was based at The Rifles Museum in Salisbury, England "Most Haunted" ended in 2010, with the showing of repeats by LivingTV ending in 2011. In 2010, Freeview channel "Sky 3" (later "Pick
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Fitznells Manor


the “Bayleaf” farmhouse at the Weald and Downland Open Air Museum. In the early 17th century with the rest of the original house either demolished or otherwise destroyed the remaining solar wing was extended to the west by the addition of a structure with the three distinctive gables. In the late 18th century a large single-storey kitchen area was added to the north elevation including the large chimney. During the 19th century further single-storey extensions were added to the north and a large two-storey extension to the south with
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Sussex


has always been the pattern, with field boundaries often little changed since the medieval period. Sussex cattle are the descendants of the draught oxen, which continued to be used in the Weald longer than in other parts of England. The chalk downlands were traditionally grazed by large numbers of small Southdown sheep, suited to the low fertility of the pasture, until the coming of artificial fertiliser made cereal growing worthwhile. There are still fishing fleets, notably at Rye and Hastings, but the number of boats is much reduced. There are
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Kingdom of Sussex


the 9th century. By the 11th century the towns were mostly developments of the fortified towns ("burhs") founded in the reign of Alfred the Great. The ancient droveways of Sussex linked coastal and downland communities in the south with summer pasture land in the interior of the Weald. The droveways were used throughout the Saxon era by the South Saxons and probably originated before the Roman occupation of Britain. The droveways formed a road system that clearly suggests that the settlers in the oldest developed parts of Sussex were concerned not so
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Cocking Foundry


, at Cocking Foundry"; no other references to Moaze have been found. Two waterwheels manufactured at the foundry remain in use in local museums. The waterwheel on the mill at the Weald and Downland Open Air Museum at Singleton was made at the Cocking foundry for Costers Mill at West Lavington. After Costers Mill was closed, the wheel was moved to Lurgashall and installed by millwright James Lee, of Midhurst, to replace the original wooden wheel. The wheel is in diameter and when the mill is grinding it rotates at about
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South Downs


designated as a National Character Area (NCA 125) by Natural England. It is bordered by the Hampshire Downs, the Wealden Greensand, the Low Weald and the Pevensey Levels to the north and the South Hampshire Lowlands and South Coast Plain to the south. The downland is a highly popular recreational destination, particularly for walkers, horseriders and mountain bikers. A long distance footpath and bridleway, the South Downs Way, follows the entire length of the chalk ridge from Winchester to Eastbourne, complemented by many interconnecting public footpaths and bridleways
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The Cottage in Thorpe, Surrey


heart of the village. It had the village forge and blacksmiths in its garden, next door is The Red Lion Inn and opposite is the old post office. In 1490 the left hand side of the house was built using timber framing, brick panels and strong diagonal braces. A similar type of construction was used in one of the houses at the Weald and Downland Museum, Sussex. Because bricks were a relatively new way of building they were not yet trusted to take the whole weight of the house; this is why
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Oldland Mill, Keymer


Amenity Association, there was a talk was given on the work of Weald and Downland Open Air Museum. The question of how to preserve Oldland Mill was raised. The mill was then in the ownership of the Sussex Archaeological Society. The mill was surveyed in 1977 by millwrights Vincent Pargeter and Edwin Hole and found to be close to collapse. Following negotiations with the Sussex Archaeological Society in 1979 the Hassocks Amenity Association leased the mill in 1980 and began a period of volunteer-led restoration. Since then the mill has benefited from
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Tin tabernacle


in Derbyshire may be seen at the Midland Railway Centre's Swanwick Junction site. St Margaret's Church from South Wonston, near Winchester, Hampshire, is now located at the Weald and Downland Open Air Museum in West Sussex. Several firms, such as David Rowell & Co., Humphrey's and Frederick Braby in London, Isaac Dixon and Co and Francis Morton in Liverpool, E T Bellhouse in Manchester and A & J Main & Co of Glasgow manufactured a range of iron buildings that included houses, village halls, sports pavilions
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Broadbridge Heath


several Iron Age roundhouses. The land now occupied by Broadbridge Heath was originally a detached portion of the parish of Sullington, part of a mediaeval system of transhumance whereby villagers from downland villages would drive their livestock into the Low Weald to graze on acorns, grass and beech mast. A manor at Broadbridge was occupied by Roger Covert in the 1290s. The village began as a scattered group of houses around an unenclosed common before the 19th century, and by 1844 there were about twelve houses and an inn. Deposits of Horsham Stone
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Hall house


founders prevailed in the 14th to 16th centuries. In Crawley today the Ancient Priors, the Old Punch Bowl and the Tree House are well documented as is Alfriston Clergy House in Polegate, East Sussex, which was the first house to be acquired by the National Trust. The Weald and Downland Open Air Museum has a collection of rescued house which have been extensively researched prior to their reconstruction. Elsewhere such as in Cheshire and Suffolk historic timber framed house often contain the remnants of hall houses. Hole Cottage in Kent near Cowden (
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Weald and Downland Living Museum


Hambrook barn is the aisle, which continues round the ends as well as the sides of the building. The eaves thus form a continuous line except for the high barn doors, which were needed on one side to allow loaded wagons to enter. The barn houses an exhibition showing traditional building materials and building methods, including displays on bricklaying, glass work, lead work, iron work, tiling and thatching. During the repair of the barn the date 1771 was found scratched on an original rafter. The date was covered by
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Weald and Downland Living Museum


The brick-drying shed was originally located at the Causeway Brickworks, near Petersfield, Hampshire. It is 80 feet long, was built in 1733 and now houses an exhibition of traditional brickmaking. The Causeway Brickworks closed down early in the Second World War — in common with many others — because the glow from the open-top kiln was an obvious landmark for enemy aircraft. Another, more recent, drying shed from the same brickyard has been re-erected at the Amberley Working Museum. The carpenter's shop was originally
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Weald and Downland Living Museum


benches were in position and some of the tools were still on their racks or in their boxes. Five open-fronted cattle sheds have been re-erected at the Museum, which date from the 18th to 19th centuries. The small, three-bay shed is from Lurgashall and is located near the Bayleaf farm house. The seven-bay shed from Kirdford was originally joined at right angles to another of eight bays, together with a barn. It has been re-erected next to a shed from Goodwood, forming
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Weald and Downland Living Museum


two sides of a yard. The shed from Goodwood has a shepherd's room in one end, suggesting that the shed and the yard may have been used for sheep as well as cattle. This shed now contains a display of horse-drawn farm implements. A shed from Rusper forms part of the Museum's working-horse stables, and a shed from Coldwaltham is next to the charcoal burner's camp. The charcoal burner's camp was one of the original exhibits when the Museum first opened to the public in 1970
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Weald and Downland Living Museum


, and charcoal burning was the first rural trade to be demonstrated. The camp exhibit shows the process of making charcoal. The kiln had to be watched whilst the charcoal was being produced, so the burner lived on-site in a hut. The camp was recently refurbished and this was done with the advice of retired charcoal burners who had made charcoal using traditional earth covered clamps until 1948 and advised the museum on the camp's reconstruction. Court barn dates from the late 17th or early 18th century. It was originally built
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Weald and Downland Living Museum


building was rescued in 1971. Photographs show that the house was extended to about double its original size but only the medieval section of the house was dismantled and re-erected at the Museum. The hall is about square in plan, with a service room at one end. The other end of the original building was lost due to various extensions and alterations over the centuries. The reconstructed building contains about 30% of the original timbers, which would normally prevent its reconstruction. An exception has been made in this case as
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Weald and Downland Living Museum


moved from its original location in the centre of Titchfield to another site in the mid-19th century. This medieval hall house was originally built at North Cray, Kent. It is timber-framed with a peg tile roof. The external timbers are painted red. This medieval hall house was originally built at Sole Street, Kent. It has a timber frame and peg tile roof. The building is used as a restaurant and tea room. This building dates from the 15th century and houses a pair of shops. It was originally
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Weald and Downland Living Museum


built at West Wittering and is of brick and flint construction with a tiled roof. The stable dates from the mid-18th century and was originally built at Watersfield, Sussex. It is timber-framed, clad in weatherboarding and has a peg tile roof. The building can house up to five horses or oxen. The open-fronted shelter shed was originally built at Coldwaltham, West Sussex. The smithy was built in the mid-19th century. It was originally at Southwater, Sussex. The treadwheel dates from the early 17th century.
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Weald and Downland Living Museum


as a communal meeting place. It was originally built at Crawley, Sussex, behind Tree House—the old manor house of Crawley. The building was threatened with demolition due to an extension to an office building. Of the original four bays, two complete bays remained, plus a third of another. The original building would have been some long. The original roof covering would have been Horsham Slab, which was replaced when the building was re-erected at the Museum. Only the centre part of the present building is
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Staddle stones


The base varied from cylindrical to tapered rectangular to near triangular. Flat topped cone shaped staddle stones are to be found in parts of the Isle of Wight. The tops are flat to support the beams, however some variation exists, such as square tops, fluted designs, slate tops, etc. A fine example is the English Granary built 1731, supported on staddle stones, which can be seen in the Weald and Downland Open Air Museum in West Sussex, UK. Such structures were common in Southern England in the 18th
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Sussex Day


Lewes Castle, from St Nicholas’ Church in Pevensey, and from Hastings Castle; each representing their respective historic division of Sussex. Several other towns and villages across the county raise the Sussex Flag on 16 June, including Seaford, Newhaven, Shoreham and Worthing. The West Sussex village of Slindon also flies the flag. At Newhaven and Petworth, the Sussex Charter is read out and "Sussex by the Sea", Sussex's unofficial county anthem, is sung. In 2013, at the Weald and Downland Open Air Museum
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A286 road


ruins of Cowdray House as it crosses the River Rother. It splits with the A272 to the west in the town centre. Three miles south of Midhurst the road crosses Cocking Causeway and passes through the village of Cocking. South of Cocking, the road rises steeply and crosses the South Downs Way trail, dropping down again to the village of Singleton, passing the Weald and Downland Open Air Museum. The route becomes less hilly as it reaches the coastal plain, passing through West Dean with West Dean College and Binderton, a
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South Downs


Downs are a long chalk escarpment that stretches for over , rising from the valley of the River Itchen near Winchester, Hampshire, in the west to Beachy Head near Eastbourne, East Sussex, in the east. Behind the steep north-facing scarp slope, the gently inclined dip slope of undulating chalk downland extends for a distance of up to southwards. Viewed from high points further north in the High Weald and on the North Downs, the scarp of the South Downs presents itself as a steep wall that bounds the horizon,
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Avoncroft Museum of Historic Buildings


buildings at various open-air museums in England, for example the Bayleaf house and Market Guildhall at the Weald and Downland Open Air Museum near Chichester. Gunolt always kept to the original style of the buildings and when the original format was unknown he would put a simple plain unembelished section. An example of this is a plain oak block stairway (demonstrated in the town house). The buildings include industrial buildings (for example the chain shop), residential / domestic buildings (for example the prefab and toll house),
7058617
Tudor Monastery Farm


The filming location is the farm at the Weald and Downland Open Air Museum, Sussex. On 25 November 2013, the BBC announced that "Tudor Monastery Farm" would have a Christmas special which explored the festive season as part of BBC Two's Christmas scheduling. The episode was broadcast on 31 December 2013 and overnight figures showed that it attracted 1.57 million viewers (8.06% of the viewing audience). Official figures raised the number of viewers to 1.76 million. "Time Out" Danielle Goldstein gave it three out of five
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Bill (2015 film)


, Marske-by-the-Sea, Bolton Castle and Selby Abbey. Other filming locations included Stowe School, Caroline Gardens Chapel in Peckham, London, and Weald and Downland Open Air Museum in West Sussex. The closing scenes were filmed at Shakespeare's Globe, a modern recreation of the theatre where many of Shakespeare's plays were first performed. Former "Horrible Histories" co-stars Rickard and Willbond are credited with the "Bill" screenplay, and are also the top-billed performers along with the four other
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The Cottage in Thorpe, Surrey


just simple squares created from timber. This is likely to be have been built much earlier before it was brought to the Cottage. The original layout of this smaller house can be guessed from marks on the timbers - a two bay farmer's cottage with an internal jetty (overhanging first floor). In the corner would have been a ladder to get to the first floor, which had a single bedroom with a crown post roof. Another timber framed house from the Weald and Downland museum has a similar construction with little or
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Cafe Fantasy


were employed by renowned architects throughout the world. The buildings created according to those methods include Shukhov Tower (hyperbolic steel gridshell), the famous Philips Pavilion (1958) designed by Iannis Xenakis and Le Corbusier, the beautiful buildings constructed by Félix Candela using hyperbolic paraboloid structure, John F. Kennedy (JFK) Airport designed by architect Eero Saarinen, Geodesic Domes by R. Buckminster Fuller, Sydney Opera House by Jorn Utzon, striking constructions by the famous Swiss engineer Heinz Isler, the bus terminal by Eladio Dieste, seaside pavilions by the
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Chichester District


of Speed at Goodwood House, and the Goodwood Revival at Goodwood Motor Racing Circuit. Cowdray House is a ruined Tudor mansion near Midhurst. Fishbourne Roman Palace lies west of Chichester city centre. To the north of the city are Weald and Downland Open Air Museum and Halnaker Windmill. There are gardens open to the public at Woolbeding and Pound Commons and West Dean College. West Sussex County Council and Chichester District Council are major employers in Chichester, along with Rolls-Royce Motor Cars assembly plant at nearby Westhampnett. Boatbuilding is an
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Marshall, Sons & Co.


model a 1928 brown one parked in the museum backyard that is awaiting repairs by the museum owner Sam Pallot with his team of engineers and mechanics. The Weald and Downland Museum in Singleton, West Sussex, England has a Marshall Threshing Drum which dates from 1862. The oldest existing Marshall Traction Engine supplied to the British Market is number 14242, Victoria Empress of India, built in September 1886 and supplied new to Walter Seward of Petersfield, Hampshire, England. Marshall engine 46583 stands derelict outside at the Gorreana tea plantation on the
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Weald and Downland Living Museum


May 2002. The interior of the building has been re-created as a working Tudor kitchen. Since its inception, the Museum has won a host of awards and accolades for its work and Designated Collection. 2018- Public and Community Award, Sussex Heritage Trust. For the Museum's Gateway Project (visitor centre) This award celebrates restoration or new projects, which provide or improves facilities for the community. 2017- Sandford Award for Education, Heritage Education Trust 2016- Queen's Award for Voluntary Service. For the Museum's volunteers who
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Sussex dialect


Hastings) and east Sussex (from Hastings eastwards). There were also differences between downland and Wealden communities. In particular, the people of the Weald were thought to have the most impenetrable accents. The Sussex dialect shows remarkable continuity: the three main dialect areas reflect the historic county's history. The west and mid dialect areas reflect the ancient division of Sussex between East and West, which until the creation of the rape of Bramber in the 11th century lay along the river Adur. The eastern dialect area reflects the unique
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Tudor Monastery Farm


Tudor Monastery Farm is a British factual television series, first broadcast on BBC Two on 13 November 2013. The series, the fifth in the historic farm series, stars archaeologists Peter Ginn and Tom Pinfold, and historian Ruth Goodman. The team discover what farming was like during the Tudor period at the Weald and Downland Open Air Museum. The program also recurringly features other historians, such as Colin Richards (an expert on rural crafts), and Professor Ronald Hutton (who specializes in folklore and religious beliefs). On 8
7494431
Findon Valley


Findon Valley is a neighbourhood of the Borough of Worthing in West Sussex, England. It lies on the A24 road 2.9 miles (4.7 km) north of the town centre. The settlement of Findon Valley is named after the dry valley through the South Downs on which it lies. Like other dry downland valleys, Findon Valley was created during the last ice age when chalk that was being frozen prevented water from seaping downwards through the chalk. In summer, streams of melting ice would flow down off the Weald across the Downs
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South Downs National Park


from a number of boundary revisions, the park incorporates two areas previously designated as Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty, the East Hampshire AONB and Sussex Downs AONB. The park also includes the Queen Elizabeth Country Park near Petersfield. The South Downs National Park's chalk downland is a feature that sets it apart from other national parks in Britain. However, almost a quarter (23%) of the national park consists of a quite different and strongly contrasting physiographic region, the western Weald, whose densely wooded hills and vales are based
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Weald and Downland Living Museum


work in the community to stimulate public interest in historical crafts and rural buildings. The highest award a voluntary group can receive in the UK. 2015- Balfour of Burleigh Tercentenary Prize. For Roger Champion, Museum Master Carpenter for exceptional achievement in crafts. 2015- Sussex Visitor Attraction of the Year 2015- Sussex Heritage Person of the Year, Sussex Heritage Trust. Awarded to Richard Pailthorpe, Museum Director 2012- Sussex Heritage Person of the Year, Sussex Heritage Trust. Awarded to Roger Champion, Museum Master Carpenter 2011- Europa Nostra Award. The Museum
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Weald and Downland Living Museum


received a European Union Prize for Cultural Heritage/Europa Nostra Award for Historic Building Conservation Training Programme, plus Grand Prix Laureate in recognition of outstanding heritage achievements. 2001- Sandford Award for Education, Heritage Education Trust 1998- Designated Outstanding Collection. Government designation was awarded to the Museum's entire collection. This is awarded to pre-eminent collections of national (and sometimes international) importance. 1997- Sandford Award for Education, Heritage Education Trust 1989- Times/Shell Community Museum Award. Voted for by the public and presented by the Duchess of
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River Lod, West Sussex


Another artificial lake between Lurgashall and Lodsworth supplied water to power Lurgashall Mill, producing flour. The mill is now operated at the Weald and Downland Open Air Museum. Formerly named Lodge Farm the old barns on the east bank of the river by Lords Wood were converted into offices for Sofa Workshop Company in 1996, saving the older barn from imminent collapse. The east pier of the bridge had sunk several centimetres before the bridge was underpinned and repaired at that time to carry the newly built road through the wood from the Lodsworth to
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River Lod, West Sussex


The River Lod is a short river draining about of north west Sussex. The source is on Marley Heights near Haslemere, about 140 metres above sea level. From here it flows west past Linchmere, then south to Furnace Pond, where iron cannon were cast during the English Civil War. It then turns south east, flowing south of Fernhurst to Lickfold and Lurgashall where it formerly powered Lurgashall Mill, now moved to the Weald and Downland Open Air Museum. From Mill Farm it heads south between high banks, which it only
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Robert Seppings


Sir Robert Seppings, FRS (11 December 176725 April 1840) was an English naval architect. Seppings was born to Robert and Lydia Seppings at Fakenham, Norfolk, on 11 December 1767 and baptised three days later. In 1782 he was apprenticed in HMNB Devonport, Plymouth. In 1800, when he had risen to be master shipwright assistant in the yard, he invented a device which greatly reduced the time required to repair the lower portions of ships in dry dock when compared with the laborious process of lifting then in vogue.
18514390
Structural engineering


artistic. The architect is usually the lead designer on buildings, with a structural engineer employed as a sub-consultant. The degree to which each discipline actually leads the design depends heavily on the type of structure. Many structures are structurally simple and led by architecture, such as multi-storey office buildings and housing, while other structures, such as tensile structures, shells and gridshells are heavily dependent on their form for their strength, and the engineer may have a more significant influence on the form, and hence much of
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Vladimir Shukhov


Vladimir Grigoryevich Shukhov (; – 2 February 1939) was a Russian engineer-polymath, scientist and architect renowned for his pioneering works on new methods of analysis for structural engineering that led to breakthroughs in industrial design of the world's first hyperboloid structures, diagrid shell structures, tensile structures, gridshell structures, oil reservoirs, pipelines, boilers, ships and barges. He is also the inventor of the first cracking method. Besides the innovations he brought to the oil industry and the construction of numerous bridges and buildings, Shukhov was the
4379054
Sep Ruf


Sep Ruf (full name Franz Joseph Ruf; 9 March 1908, in Munich – 29 July 1982, in Munich) was a German architect and designer, belonging to the Bauhaus group. He was one of the representatives of modern architecture in Germany after World War II. His elegant buildings received high credits in Germany and Europe and his German pavilion of the Expo 58 in Brussels, built together with Egon Eiermann, achieved worldwide recognition. He attended the Interbau 1957 in Berlin-Hansaviertel and was one of the three architects who
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Hyperboloid structure


gridshells of the exhibition pavilions of the 1896 All-Russian Industrial and Handicrafts Exposition in Nizhny Novgorod were the first publicly prominent examples of Shukhov's new system. Two pavilions of this type were built for the Nizhni Novgorod exposition, one oval in plan and one circular. The roofs of these pavilions were doubly curved gridshells formed entirely of a lattice of straight angle-iron and flat iron bars. Shukhov himself called them "azhurnaia bashnia" ("lace tower", i.e., lattice tower). The patent of this system
18281370
Chris J. K. Williams


Dr Christopher John Kenneth Williams is a British structural engineer and researcher who has specialised in the relationship between geometry and structural action. He works on a range of building types including thin-shell structures, gridshells and tension structures, as well as bridges and towers. Williams worked for Ove Arup in the 1970s. While at Arup, he was involved with the Mannheim Multihalle , a pioneering timber gridshell designed by Frei Otto (1975). He has since devoted most of his career to academia, conducting research and teaching at the
3910451
Sevenoaks Weald


parish church of Sevenoaks. Land and funds were given for the chapel and churchyards by the Lambarde family. Architect Thomas Graham Jackson added a chancel in 1871; the funds were provided by the Hodgson family. Weald Methodist Church on the village green opened in 1843; and also in the village is a former Brethren Gospel Hall dating from 1875 and the former St Edward the Confessor's Roman Catholic Church. Long Barn is a property with a historic garden, begun in 1915 by Harold Nicolson and Vita Sackville-West and further developed
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Stern


called for "fashioning" the after part of the ship. This frame is designed to support the various beams that make up the stern. In 1817 the British naval architect Sir Robert Seppings first introduced the concept of the round or "circular" stern. The square stern had been an easy target for enemy cannon, and could not support the weight of heavy stern chase guns. But Seppings' design left the rudder head exposed, and was regarded by many as simply ugly—no American warships were designed with such sterns
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Downland


animals. Chalk downland is often unsuitable for intensive agriculture, horticulture, or development because of the nutrient-poor, shallow soil and difficult slopes. For this reason downland often survived uncultivated when other, more easily worked land was ploughed or reseeded. This shallow soil structure makes downland ecosystems extremely fragile and easy to destroy. With modern machinery and fertilizing techniques, it has become possible to use some previously uncultivated downland for farming, and the decline of extensive grazing has meant that many areas of downland, neither cultivated nor grazed,
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Clarion Housing Group


Council's homes. In 1996, Downland Housing Society and Mid Sussex Housing Association came together to form the Downland Housing Group. In 2000, Community Building Services was set up to deliver repairs and maintenance services to Ridgehill residents. In 2001, Aashyana, the South West's first Asian led housing association, joined William Sutton Trust. In 2004, Downland Retirement Management and Downland Property Management merged to form Grange Management Group. Downland Housing Group and The Affinity Homes Group then merged to become Downland Affinity and create one of the sector
12728318
Theophilus P. Chandler Jr.


Theophilus Parsons Chandler Jr. (Sep 7, 1845– August 16, 1928) was an American architect of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He spent his career at Philadelphia, and is best remembered for his churches and country houses. He founded the Department of Architecture at the University of Pennsylvania (1890), and served as its first head. Born in Boston on 7 Sep 1845, the son of Theophilus Parsons Chandler and his wife Elizabeth J Schlatter, Chandler was educated at Harvard University and in the atelier of
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