Smolny Institute [SEP] architect
[{"answer": "Giacomo Quarenghi", "provenance": [{"wikipedia_id": "666675", "title": "Smolny Institute", "start_paragraph_id": 3, "start_character": 0, "end_paragraph_id": 3, "end_character": 337, "bleu_score": 0.8820568251238248, "meta": {}, "section": "Section::::History.\n"}]}]
Smolny Institute


Vladimir Lenin as Bolshevik headquarters during the October Revolution. It was Lenin's residence for several months, until the national government was moved to the Moscow Kremlin in March 1918. After that, the Smolny became the headquarters of the local Communist Party apparat, effectively the city hall. In 1927, a monument to Lenin was erected in front of the building, designed by the sculptor Vasily Kozlov and the architects Vladimir Shchuko and Vladimir Gelfreikh. This was the site of Sergei Kirov's assassination in 1934. After 1991, the Smolny
8877676
Smolny


" has been revived by several different educational establishments. Before 2011, Saint Petersburg State University's semi-independent Smolny Institute of Liberal Arts and Sciences (Smolny College, Rus. "Смольный институт свободных искусств и наук") offered joint study programs with Bard College in the United States. In 2011, this institute was converted into the School (or Faculty, Rus. факультет) of Liberal Arts and Sciences. It is now located in another part of downtown Saint Petersburg. The name "Smolny Institute" is used by
9754215
Smolny Institute


The Smolny Institute (, "Smol'niy institut") is a Palladian edifice in St Petersburg that has played a major part in the history of Russia. The building was commissioned from Giacomo Quarenghi by the Society for Education of Noble Maidens and constructed in 1806–08 to house the , established at the urging of Ivan Betskoy and in accordance with a decree of Catherine II (the Great) in 1764, borrowing its name from the nearby Smolny Convent. The establishment of the institute was a significant step in making education available for females in
8877674
Smolny Institute


Russia: "The provision of formal education for women began only in 1764 and 1765, when Catherine II established first the Smolny Institute for girls of the nobility in St. Petersburg and then the Novodevichii Institute for the daughters of commoners." The Smolny was Russia's first educational establishment for women and continued to function under the personal patronage of the Russian Empress until just before the 1917 revolution. A nice garden and iron-work grille around the institute date from the early 19th century. In 1917, the building was chosen by
8877675
Smolny


century, Empress Elizabeth of Russia ordered the construction of a Russian Orthodox nunnery, Smolny Convent, where she supposedly wanted to retire in old age. It became a local historical landmark due to its Baroque cathedral, designed by Francesco Rastrelli. The convent had a number of gardens and a hospice. In the 19th century, the compound received an addition in the form of a Neoclassical building that became the home of the original Smolny Institute— the first and best known royal educational institution for young ladies of noble birth. Prior to
9754211
Smolny Convent


. It was looted and allowed to decay until 1982, when it became a concert hall. The faculties of sociology, political science and international relations of the Saint Petersburg State University are located in some of the buildings surrounding the cathedral. In April 2015 Smolny Cathedral was returned to the Russian Orthodox Church, and will be converted back to its original purpose as a church. The nearby Smolny Institute is named after the convent. The name "Smolny" derives from the location. In the early days of St. Petersburg the place
19091767
History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union


editorial offices. Towards 11 am Rabochy Put came out with a call for the overthrow of the Provisional Government. Simultaneously, on the instructions of the Party Centre of the uprising, detachments of revolutionary soldiers and Red Guards were rushed to the Bolshevik headquarters in the Smolny Institute. Thus the uprising had begun. On the night of October 24 Lenin arrived at the Smolny Institute and assumed personal direction of the uprising. During that night revolutionary units of the army and detachments of the Red Guard kept arriving at the Smolny. The Bolsheviks
10878509
Olga Tomilova


Olga Tomilova (1822-1894), was a Russian pedagogue. She was the principal of the Smolny Institute in Saint Petersburg in 1875–1886. She graduated from the Smolny Institute with the highest honors in 1839 and was a lady in waiting prior to her marriage to the estate owner Roman Tomilov (1812-1864). As a widow, she became a lady in waiting and in 1872 deputy principal of the institute. She was an innovator who reformed the institute with ideas she had observed in Western Europe, were formal education
446355
Ivan Betskoy


citizens." Boarding schools were to be preferred to other institutions of education in accordance with Rousseau's notion that "isolating the pupils enabled their tutors to protect them from the vices of society." The Empress endorsed his proposal and established the Society for the Training of Well-Born Girls, with Betskoy as a trustee. This so-called Smolny Institute was the first female educational institution in Russia and one of the first in Europe. The Smolny was to become a training ground for Rousseau's ideas on education: the
19353088
Smolny


) and, more importantly, the officers for the Leningrad Oblast. Since that time, the building has been used by the city's executive branch of power (the mayor, and later governor, of the city). Lenin's memorial apartment in the building has been preserved as a historical museum. Buildings of the convent have been used as the offices of various organisations. One of the Smolny compound buildings houses the Schools of Sociology and International Relationships of Saint Petersburg State University. Since 1991, the name "Smolny Institute
9754214
Catherine the Great


began to admit girls of the petit-bourgeoisie, as well. The girls who attended the Smolny Institute, Smolyanki, were often accused of being ignorant of anything that went on in the world outside the walls of the Smolny buildings. Within the walls of the Institute, they were taught impeccable French, musicianship, dancing, and complete awe of the Monarch. At the Institute, enforcement of strict discipline was central to its philosophy. Running and games were forbidden, and the building was kept particularly cold because too much warmth
355333
Leonid Nikolaev


he was arrested by the NKVD, allegedly for loitering around the Smolny Institute, where Kirov had his offices. The Smolny guards had discovered a loaded 7.62 mm Nagant M1895 revolver in Nikolaev's briefcase. Some Soviet sources later argued that Nikolaev did have a permit to carry a loaded handgun. After Nikolaev's visit, the NKVD failed to augment Kirov's security; instead, it withdrew all police protection for Kirov with the exception of a police escort to Smolny and a manned security post at the entrance to his offices. On
8877607
Smolny


Smolny is a place name in central Saint Petersburg, Russia. It is a compound of historically interrelated buildings erected in 18th and 19th centuries. As the most widely known of the buildings, the Smolny Institute, has been used as the seat of the City Governor's Office, its name is associated with city authorities. From late 1917 until 1991 it was mostly associated with the October Revolution of 1917 and Vladimir Lenin, who lived and worked there from late 1917 to early 1918. A pre-1917 educational facility for young ladies gave
9754209
Maria Leontieva


Maria Leontieva (1792–1872), was an Imperial Russian pedagogue. She was the principal of the Smolny Institute in Saint Petersburg in 1839–1874. She was the daughter of royal councillor Pavel Antonovitj Sjipov and Jelizaveta Sergejevna Sjulepnikova. She enrolled as a student at the Smolny Institute in 1800, graduated with the highest honors in 1809 and was the lady in waiting of Catherine Pavlovna of Russia prior to her marriage to Nikolaj Leontiev (d. 1827) in 1810. She was head lady in waiting of Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia (1819–1876
446309
Yelizaveta Palmenbach


Yelizaveta Palmenbach (1761–1832) was an Imperial Russian pedagogue, the principal of the Smolny Institute in Saint Petersburg from 1797–1802. She was the daughter of Baron Aleksandr Ivanovich Cherkasov and Hedvig Elizabeth von Biron (1727–1797), sister of Peter von Biron. She was educated at the Smolny Institute, where she graduated in 1779, and was a lady-in-waiting prior to her marriage to Yevstafi Palmenbach in 1793, with whom she had three daughters. In 1796, she became assistant director of Sophie Lafont, and replaced her
446317
William Robert Davidge


. He entered University College in 1896, and also studied at Kings College, graduating with a degree in architecture in 1900. He married Kathleen Mary Lane and had three children, Kathleen Enid Grace Davidge (24 Sep 1910), Margaret Mary Davidge (6 June 1912), and Helen Joyce "Jane" Davidge (15 May 1919). From 1902 to 1907 Davidge was an assistant to W.E. Riley in the architect's department of the London County Council. He became an associate member of the Royal Institute of British Architects
4314999
Robert Seppings


Sir Robert Seppings, FRS (11 December 176725 April 1840) was an English naval architect. Seppings was born to Robert and Lydia Seppings at Fakenham, Norfolk, on 11 December 1767 and baptised three days later. In 1782 he was apprenticed in HMNB Devonport, Plymouth. In 1800, when he had risen to be master shipwright assistant in the yard, he invented a device which greatly reduced the time required to repair the lower portions of ships in dry dock when compared with the laborious process of lifting then in vogue.
18514390
Smolny Institute


was used as the seat of the city mayor (governor after 1996) and city administration. Vladimir Putin worked there from 1991 to 1997 in the administration of Anatoly Sobchak. Today, this historic building is the official residence of the governor of St.Peterburg and also houses a museum dedicated to Lenin. Visitors to the museum can tour Lenin's office and living rooms and even see the famous assembly hall, where the victory of the October revolution was proclaimed in 1917. The name "Smolny" derives from the location,
8877677
Smolny


lived there with his wife, until they moved to safety in Moscow in 1918, effectively transferring the capital from St. Petersburg to Moscow. Smolny served as the headquarters of the Leningrad Front during the siege in the Second World War. The institute building was used as the seat of the city authorities until 1991. As primary power lay in the hands of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and its local branches, the building was occupied by the party's local officers for the city (which had been renamed "Leningrad"
9754213
Public Facilities Privacy & Security Act


, North Carolina for a conference. Metro Transit announced it would also cancel plans to send employees to the same conference. Central Ohio Transit Authority followed suit a few days later. On April 25, 2016, The American Institute of Architects announced that it will move its South Atlantic Region conference which was originally scheduled to be held Sep 29 through Oct 2 at the Wilmington Convention Center in Wilmington, NC. The four-day business conference accommodates between 1000 and 1200 people, including architects, exhibitors, and speakers from North Carolina
7386531
Landmarks of Saint Petersburg


grandest is the white-and-blue Smolny Convent (1748–1764), later the Smolny Institute, designed by Bartolomeo Rastrelli, but never completed. It is followed by the Naval Cathedral of St Nicholas (1753–1762), a lofty structure dedicated to the Russian Navy, the outside being covered with plaques to sailors lost at sea. The church of Sts. Simeon and Anna (1731–1734), St. Sampson Cathedral (1728–1740), St. Pantaleon Church (1735–1739), and St. Andrew's Cathedral (1764–1780) are also notable
1084810
Saint Petersburg


Michael's Castle, Summer Garden, Tauride Palace, Smolny Institute and Smolny Convent are located. Many notable landmarks are to the west and south of the Admiralty Building, including the Trinity Cathedral, Mariinsky Palace, Hotel Astoria, famous Mariinsky Theatre, New Holland Island, Saint Isaac's Cathedral, the largest in the city, and Senate Square, also known as Decembrist's Square with the Bronze Horseman, 18th century equestrian monument to Peter the Great, which is considered among the city's most recognisable symbols. Other symbols of
11112691
Leonid Nikolaev


the afternoon of 1 December 1934, Nikolaev paid a final visit to the Smolny Institute offices. With Stalin's alleged approval, the NKVD had previously withdrawn the remaining guards manning the security desk at Smolny. Unopposed, Nikolaev made his way to the third floor, where he shot Kirov in the back of the neck with his Nagant revolver. As former Soviet official and author Alexander Barmine noted, "the negligence of the NKVD in protecting such a high party official was without precedent in the Soviet Union". According to later
8877608
Sergey Kirov


a briefcase and entered the Smolny Institute where Kirov worked. Although he was initially passed by the main security desk at Smolny, he was arrested after an alert guard asked to examine his briefcase, which was found to contain the revolver. According to Alexander Barmine, a few hours later, Nikolayev's briefcase and loaded revolver were returned to him, and he was told to leave the building. The author thus claims that, though Nikolayev had clearly broken Soviet laws, the security police had inexplicably released him from custody and he
13012195
Vladimir Gelfreykh


1918, Gel'freykh was the permanent co-author of Vladimir Shchuko; their cooperation continued until the death of Shchuko in 1939. The first cooperation work of architects after the October Revolution was the design and construction in 1922—1923 of the pavilions of the Foreign Department of the Russian Agricultural and Handicraft Exhibition in Moscow. During the 1920s, architects were working on projects in Petrograd – Leningrad – Smolny Propylaea, the monuments of Vladimir Lenin (near the Trinity Bridge, the Revolution Bridge and the Finland Railway Station), the Moscow-Narva
4364287
Murat Soygeniş


Nokta (Turkey), 17 November 1991, p. 52-53. 1991 -----. “Sapanca Bildirisi” (Sapanca Declaration), Arkitekt (Turkey), No. 10, 1991, p. 55-82. 1991 -----. “Sapanca Bildirisi” (Sapanca Declaration), Arkitekt (Turkey), No. 19, 1991, p. 4. 1990 -----. “Studio Soygenis”, Broadsheet, Baltimore Chapter / The American Institute of Architects, Baltimore MD, Sep-October 1990. 1988 Shibley, R. Buffalo
2775198
Sep Ruf


Sep Ruf (full name Franz Joseph Ruf; 9 March 1908, in Munich – 29 July 1982, in Munich) was a German architect and designer, belonging to the Bauhaus group. He was one of the representatives of modern architecture in Germany after World War II. His elegant buildings received high credits in Germany and Europe and his German pavilion of the Expo 58 in Brussels, built together with Egon Eiermann, achieved worldwide recognition. He attended the Interbau 1957 in Berlin-Hansaviertel and was one of the three architects who
20990472
Elizabethan Baroque


particular style. The festive character of Rastrelli’s work left its mark on all the Russian architecture of the middle of the eighteenth century. His most spectacular work is the Smolny Convent in St. Petersburg, the model he had made demonstrates the ambition of the original project that was not completed: the immense pyramidal steeple was never built. Rastrelli was influenced by the French architects Germain Boffrand and Robert de Cotte; the great architects of Central Europe, from Balthasar Neumann (Würzburg) to François de Cuvilliés (Munich), from Matthäus
2154127
Pelican (Fabergé egg)


1797–1897, and the inscription "Visit our vineyards, O Lord, and we shall dwell in thee." The egg is supported on a varicolored gold, four-legged stand and retains its original red velvet case, the only time this color was used for a Tsar Imperial Easter Egg-case. The egg contains eight oval miniature paintings of charitable institutions patronized by the Dowager Empress: the Xenia Institute, the Nikolai Orphanage, the Patriotic Institute, the Smolny Institute, the Ekaterina Institute, the Pavel Institute, the St.
20254461
Education in the Age of Enlightenment


adviser, the Empress created separate boarding schools for both boys and girls. Her establishment of the Smolny Institute for Noble Girls in 1764 became the first higher learning institute for women in Europe; the following year Catherine would also establish the Novodevichii Institute, an all-female institute for the daughters of Russian commoners. Just as Frederick the Great would oversee the establishment of compulsory education in Prussia, Catherine would contribute to the evolution of women's education on the continent and allow for the further modernization of the Russian state during the Enlightenment
7516648
Fine Art of Leningrad


faculty of the Academy of Arts) was set up in the southern Russian city of Taganrog. In 1927 a monument to Lenin by the same sculptor was unveiled in front of the Smolny Institute, which had been the HQ of the October Revolution. These works established a sort of canon for subsequent depictions of Lenin in Soviet art. The year 1925 was marked by a series of important events for the fine arts in Leningrad. The Institute of Artistic Culture (INKhUK) was converted into the State Institute of Artistic Culture (GINKhUK
19209678
Calvert 22 Foundation


with Smolny College (the Faculty of Liberal Arts and Sciences at St Petersburg State University) to enable student and lecturer exchange programmes, visits and conferences, involving educational institutions such as the Royal College of Art, the University of Edinburgh and the Courtauld Institute. The foundation has partnered and collaborated with other cultural and educational institutions – Tate Modern, The Photographers' Gallery, the Science Museum, the Victoria and Albert Museum, the British Council, the State Hermitage Museum, UCL, King's College London, the European University at
20371033
Stern


called for "fashioning" the after part of the ship. This frame is designed to support the various beams that make up the stern. In 1817 the British naval architect Sir Robert Seppings first introduced the concept of the round or "circular" stern. The square stern had been an easy target for enemy cannon, and could not support the weight of heavy stern chase guns. But Seppings' design left the rudder head exposed, and was regarded by many as simply ugly—no American warships were designed with such sterns
8660971
Smolny Convent


Smolny Convent or Smolny Convent of the Resurrection ("Voskresensky"), located on Ploschad Rastrelli, on the bank of the River Neva in Saint Petersburg, Russia, consists of a cathedral ("sobor") and a complex of buildings surrounding it, originally intended for a convent. This Russian Orthodox convent was built to house Elizabeth, the daughter of Peter the Great. After she was disallowed succession to the throne, she opted to become a nun. However, her Imperial predecessor, Ivan VI, was overthrown during
19091763
Smolny


rise after 1991 to a number of similarly named places of learning in the city because of the high prestige of the original one in popular culture. "Smolny" was short for the Russian "Smolny dvor" ("The Tarring Yard"), referring to its original function as a yard for covering the hulls of wooden ships with tar to make them waterproof and protected from rot and vermin. In the 18th century, this place was located outside of St. Petersburg, but close to the city limits. In the mid-18th
9754210
Bircham International University


jurisdictions. In 2003, South Florida's "CityLink" magazine reported that Oregon education officials said that Bircham was "totally bogus". In July 2007, the Secretariat of Public Education (SEP) of Mexico issued a notice stating that degrees lacking RVOE (Official Recognition from the Mexican Government) will not be validated by the SEP. Degrees via online or distance learning issued by foreign institutions like Bircham University will not be recognized by the SEP. In April 2008 the "Nairobi Business Daily" reported that Bircham International University was
18826962
Smolny Convent


a coup d'état (carried out by the royal guards in 1741). Elizabeth decided against entering monastic life and accepted the offer of the Russian throne. Work on the convent continued with her royal patronage. The convent's main church ("catholicon" or "sobor"), a blue-and-white building, is considered to be one of the architectural masterpieces of the Italian architect Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli, who also redesigned the Winter Palace, and created the Grand Catherine Palace ("Yekaterininsky") in Tsarskoye Selo
19091764
Smolny College


Faculty of Liberal Arts and Sciences (Smolny College) of Saint Petersburg State University () is the first Department in Russia (St. Petersburg) to be founded upon the principles of liberal education. Faculty of Liberal Arts and Sciences emerged from Smolny College (officially the Program in "Arts and Humanities"), which was created in 1994 by St.Petersburg State University in close collaboration with Bard College (USA). Bard College’s interest in curricular innovation and the reform of international education coincided with the interests of a group
19135749
Smolny College


of creatively-minded scholars from St.Petersburg State University. In the fall of 1997 the Smolny Center announced a program of open courses to be attended by students from SPSU and other St.Petersburg universities. In view of the considerable number of students and professors who responded, showing great interest in liberal education, the Center was transformed into the Program "Arts and Humanities" (Smolny College of Liberal Arts and Sciences) in 1999. The Program accepted its first students in the 1999/2000 academic year. On February 28,
19135750
Theophilus P. Chandler Jr.


Theophilus Parsons Chandler Jr. (Sep 7, 1845– August 16, 1928) was an American architect of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He spent his career at Philadelphia, and is best remembered for his churches and country houses. He founded the Department of Architecture at the University of Pennsylvania (1890), and served as its first head. Born in Boston on 7 Sep 1845, the son of Theophilus Parsons Chandler and his wife Elizabeth J Schlatter, Chandler was educated at Harvard University and in the atelier of
21803666
Stroganov Palace


the site in the 1740s. In 1752, Baron Sergei Stroganov commissioned the palace design from Italian architect Bartolomeo Rastrelli, then at work extending the Catherine Palace and building the Smolny Convent for Empress Elisabeth. Since the Stroganovs were the richest family in Russia and were related to the Empress by marriage, Rastrelli could not turn down the commission and hastily prepared a design for the townhouse. Like the Vorontsov Palace (also designed by Rastrelli for Stroganov's in-law Mikhail Vorontsov), the Stroganov Palace was not rapidly built. The
19524451
Alexei Ivanovich Belsky


murals, fresco panels and theatrical scenery for several Imperial Palaces, as well as icons for St Andrew's Church, Kiev. In 1762, together with Ivan, he provided some paintings for the "Triumphal Arch", celebrating the coronation of Catherine the Great. In 1764, he was elected to the Academy. In 1771, a series of didactic murals he executed for the Smolny Institute (one of the Institutes for Noble Maidens) resulted in an award of what was then the immense sum of 70 Rubles. The following
19718478
Russian architecture


Palace and the Smolny Cathedral. Other distinctive monuments of the Elizabethan Baroque are the bell tower of the Troitse-Sergiyeva Lavra and the Red Gate. Catherine the Great dismissed Rastrelli and patronized neoclassical architects invited from Scotland and Italy. Some representative buildings from her reign are the Alexander Palace (by Giacomo Quarenghi) and the Trinity Cathedral of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra (by Ivan Starov). During Catherine's reign, the Russian Gothic Revival style was developed by Vasily Bazhenov and Matvei Kazakov in Moscow. Alexander I of Russia favoured the
15906268
Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli


last and most ambitious project was the Smolny Convent in St. Petersburg where Empress Elizabeth was to spend the rest of her life. The projected bell-tower was to become the tallest building in St Petersburg and all of Russia. Elizabeth's death in 1762 prevented Rastrelli from completing this grand design. The new empress, Catherine II, dismissed baroque architecture as an old-fashioned "whipped cream", and the aged architect had to retire to Courland where he supervised the completion and decoration of the ducal palaces. His last years
7698557
Maria Novosiltseva


Maria Novosiltseva (1830-1910), was a Russian Empire pedagogue. She was the principal of the Smolny Institute in Saint Petersburg in 1886–1895. She was the daughter of noble Peter Kozhin and married the estate owner Ivan Novosiltsev (1823-1870) in 1847. She was appointed principal by Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark) after her effort as a nurse during the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878). She lacked education and changed nothing in the institute at the educational level, but she reformed the medical care at
446364
Peer-to-peer lending


Regulatory Sandbox and the Ontario Securities Commission Sandbox, branded as "OSC Launchpad". Since April 2018, Brazilian p2p lending companies may operate directly without the intermediation of a bank or other financial institution. By means of the Resolution 4656/2018, the Central Bank of Brazil created a new type of institution called SEP (personal lending society) that aims to provide a platform for direct negotiation of loans between individuals and companies. A SEP cannot lend using its own resources but only operate as an intermediary. The borrower must be Brazilian
21665162
Elizabeth of Russia


of Arts in Saint Petersburg. She also spent exorbitant sums of money on the grandiose baroque projects of her favourite architect, Bartolomeo Rastrelli, particularly in Peterhof and Tsarskoye Selo. The Winter Palace and the Smolny Cathedral in Saint Petersburg are among the chief monuments of her reign. She remains one of the most popular Russian monarchs due to her strong opposition to Prussian policies and her decision not to execute a single person during her reign. Elizabeth was born at Kolomenskoye, near Moscow, on 18 December 1709 (O.S.), the
545631
Landmarks of Saint Petersburg


State University is based on Vasilievsky Island and in Peterhof. The university's baroque edifice of Twelve Collegia (1722–1744) was designed by Domenico Trezzini. The Academy of Arts (1764–1788) overlooks a quayside adorned with genuine Egyptian sphinxes. The Smolny Institute (1806–1808), originally the first school for Russian women, was Lenin's headquarters during the Russian Revolution of 1917, is now the office of the Governor. The Catherine's Institute (1804–1807), also designed by Quarenghi, is now the Russian National Library. Another Neoclassical
1084821
Catherine the Great


unsuccessful, mainly due to extremely high mortality rates, which prevented many of the children from living long enough to develop into the enlightened subjects the state desired. Not long after the Moscow Foundling Home, at the instigation of her factotum, Ivan Betskoy, she wrote a manual for the education of young children, drawing from the ideas of John Locke, and founded the famous Smolny Institute in 1764, first of its kind in Russia. At first, the Institute only admitted young girls of the noble elite, but eventually it
355332
Women in Russia


because they were focused on learning about their duties as wife and mother rather than getting an education. “The provision of formal education for women began only in 1764 and 1765, when Catherine II established first the Smolny Institute for girls of the nobility in St. Petersburg and then the Novodevichii Institute for the daughters of commoners.” In the eighteenth-century Petrine reforms and enlightenment ideas brought both welcome and unwelcome changes required of the Russian nobility and aristocratic families. Daughters in well-to-do families were raised in the terem
6679885
World Qualification Series (2009)


18 - Aug 23" 30th Anniversary of the Lacanau Pro and good conditions this year. Surf, concerts, events scheduled. Check out the video for a summary of the event http://vimeo.com/6994555 "Aug 25 - Aug 30" "Sep 01 - Sep 06" "Sep 01 - Sep 06" "Sep 04 - Sep 06" "Sep 09 - Sep 12" "Sep 10 - Sep 13" "Sep 08 - Sep 13" "Sep 15 - Sep 20" "Sep 16 - Sep 22" "Sep
1986943
List of 1982–83 NBA season transactions


1982 Oct 2, 1982 Oct 1, 1982 Sep 30, 1982 Sep 29, 1982 Sep 28, 1982 Sep 27, 1982 Sep 24, 1982 Sep 22, 1982 Sep 20, 1982 Sep 19, 1982 Sep 18, 1982 Sep 17, 1982 Sep 15, 1982 Sep 14, 1982 Sep 13, 1982 Sep 10, 1982 Sep 9, 1982 Sep 7, 1982 Sep 2, 1982 Sep 1, 1982 Aug 31, 1982 Aug 27, 1982 Aug 26, 1982 Aug 16, 1982 Aug 8,
557049
Sep Ruf


1593 to 1596. In the 17th century it was called the Herzog-Max-Burg. After it was destroyed in World War II., only the renaissance-tower was still standing. The city asked some architects to find ideas for the place and allowed to destroy the old tower. Only Ruf and Theo Papst were the two architects, who wanted to save it. So both got the order to build the New Maxburg. The steel skeleton building followed the structure of the tower and in the middle of the buildings
20990484
Medal "In Commemoration of the 250th Anniversary of Leningrad"


of the hammer and sickle with a laurel branch at its left and unfolded banners at its right. Above Lenin's outstretched arm, a five-pointed star with radiating beams. At the top, along the circumference of the medal, the inscription "In Commemoration of the 250th Anniversary of Leningrad" (. On the reverse, the Smolny Institute, just below the building, the number "250". At the top, within a wreath of oak and laurel branches, the Order of Lenin and the Order of the
12066692
Neva River


Neva Lowland and discharges into the Baltic Sea in the Gulf of Finland. It has a length of , and the shortest distance from the source to the mouth is . The river banks are low and steep, on average about and at the mouth. There are three sharp turns: the Ivanovskye rapids, at Nevsky Forest Park of the Ust-Slavyanka region (the so-called crooked knee) and near the Smolny Institute, below the mouth of the river Ohta. The river declines in elevation between source and mouth.
1438064
Expo 58


pavilion was designed by the architects Egon Eiermann and Sep Ruf. The world press called it the most polished and sophisticated pavilion of the exhibition. The pavilion of Yugoslavia was designed by the architect Vjenceslav Richter, who originally proposed to suspend the whole structure from a giant cable-stayed mast. When that proved too complicated, Richter devised a tension column consisting of six steel arches supported by a pre-stressed cable, which stood in front of the pavilion as a visual marker and symbolized Yugoslavia's six constituent republics. Filled with
18491950
Sep Ruf


1936-1938 he was ordered to build parts of the Werdenfels and the Kemmel barracks in Murnau, after the war they were used by the US army and German troops. As soon as possible he went back to the building of private houses. In 1939 Ruf had to go to war. From 1940 to 1942 he was allowed to stay at home because he worked as an independent architect with the family of Hugo Junkers. From 1934 to 1936, one year before his death, Junkers had allowed the 26-year-old architect
20990478
Édouard Ménétries


to the museum. It was not easy for Menetries to live and work. His salary was growing slower than the cost of living and it was hardly possible to maintain his family with that salary. Menetries earned additional money by teaching classes at the Smolny Institute (a college for girls of noble origin) and other colleges. In 1855 he was elected Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences, but at that time it provided no advantage in terms of material well-being, and he didn't even have an assistant at
21907869
Radio Educación


to the Secretaría de Gobernación. Radio Educación was consolidated with Radio México, which was labeled "the radio agency of the Government of the Republic", and the SEP sent its programs to be aired on that station and over all other stations during the time that all broadcasters were required to cede to the SEP. On April 29, 1964, Radio Educación's future shortwave station was authorized as XEICM-OC, operated by the (Federal Teacher Training Institute). The callsign changed on September 21, 1973, to XEPPM
7566909
September 1941 lunar eclipse


A partial lunar eclipse took place on Friday, September 5, 1941. It was a shallow partial lunar eclipse, with less than 10% of the Moon covered in Earth's shadow. Aug 31, 1941 = Sunday Sep 1, 1941 = Monday Sep 2, 1941 = Tuesday Sep 3, 1941 = Wednesday Sep 4, 1941 = Thursday Sep 5, 1941 = Friday Sep 6, 1941 = Saturday Sep 7, 1941 = Sunday Sep 8, 1941 = Monday Sep 9, 1941 = Tuesday Sep 10, 1941
5363349
Vladimir Lenin


topple the Provisional Government. This time the argument won with ten votes against two. Critics of the plan, Zinoviev and Kamenev, argued that Russian workers would not support a violent coup against the regime and that there was no clear evidence for Lenin's assertion that all of Europe was on the verge of proletarian revolution. The party began plans to organise the offensive, holding a final meeting at the Smolny Institute on 24 October. This was the base of the Military Revolutionary Committee (MRC), an armed militia largely loyal
13412241
Benjamin of Petrograd


Yury Novitsky, and John Kovsharov, were executed in the eastern outskirts of Petrograd, at the Porokhov Station of the Irinovskaya Railroad (a narrow-gauge railroad built to bring peat into the city for heating that starts in the Bolshaya Okhta district of St. Petersburg, across the Neva River from the Smolny Institute and ending at Vsevolozhsk east of the city.) Benjamin's cenotaph is in the Nikolskoe Cemetery of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra; the Decree of Canonization directs for Benjamin and others "That their precious remains, should they have
13444301
Mikhail Matinsky


Mikhail Alexeyevich Matinsky (, 1750 – c. 1820) was a Russian scientist, dramatist, librettist and opera composer. Matinsky originated from the serfs of Count S. P. Yaguzhinsky and was born in Pavlovskoe. He studied in the gymnasium for the "raznochintsy" (people not belonging to the gentry) at Moscow University and also in Italy. Later he taught mathematics at the Smolny Institute in St Petersburg. He published the following books: "The Description of Measures and Weights of Different Countries" (St Petersburg 1779), "
18561997
Secretariat of Public Education Main Headquarters


continued to operate as such until 1917. The property became state property and the complex has housed a number of institutions such as the Jurisprudence School, the National Girls’ School and others until after the Mexican Revolution. From 1911 and 1922, the new Secretariat of Public Education (SEP), took over the building at the corner of San Ildefonso and Rep. de Argentina and extensively remodeled it, hiring engineer Federico Méndez Rivas. Since that time, the SEP has taken over a number of other buildings in the city to house
11987279
Education in Mexico


In 1992, Carlos Salinas de Gortari, who became president in the disputed 1988 elections, instituted changes in the organization of Mexico's educational system. Adopting neoliberal economic policies to promote development, Salinas saw education as a key factor. In an accord with the SNTE, education was decentralized from its control by the Ministry of Public Education (SEP) and came under the control of Mexican state government. Curriculum reform was also undertaken by the SEP, which included the creation of new textbooks. Protests resulted in the government's withdrawing
16780489
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy


The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (SEP) combines an online encyclopedia of philosophy with peer-reviewed publication of original papers in philosophy, freely accessible to Internet users. It is maintained by Stanford University. Each entry is written and maintained by an expert in the field, including professors from many academic institutions worldwide. Authors contributing to the encyclopedia give Stanford University the permission to publish the articles, but retain the copyright to those articles. , the "SEP" has nearly 1,600 published entries. Apart from its online status, the
3875988
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy


topic to reflect reasoned disagreements among scholars. Initially, the "SEP" was developed with U.S. public funding from the National Endowment for the Humanities and the National Science Foundation. A long-term fundraising plan to preserve open access to the encyclopedia is supported by many university libraries and library consortia. These institutions contribute under a plan devised by the "SEP" in collaboration with the Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition, the International Coalition of Library Consortia, and the Southeastern Library Network, with matching funding from the National Endowment for
3875990
Effect of siege on Leningrad


of the war. The use of power was forbidden everywhere except at the General Staff headquarters, Smolny, district committees, air defense bases, and in some other institutions. By the end of September, oil and coal supplies had run out. The only energy option left was to fell trees. On October 8 the executive committee of Leningrad (Ленгорисполком) and regional executive committee (облисполком) decided to start cutting timber in Pargolovsky and Vsevolozhsky Districts in the north of the city. By October 24 only 1% of the
11320947
Dmitry Levitzky


of , Director and First Rector of the Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg (1769) he was elected an academician and appointed the Professor of the portrait painting class at the Academy of Arts. He remained on this position until 1788. In 1772–1776 Levitzky worked on a series of portraits of the pupils of the privileged women establishment Smolny Institute for Young Ladies in St. Petersburg commissioned by Catherine II. The girls are depicted performing dances, music, plays. Though Levitzky had many commissions, they were, in most cases, poorly
12175013
Sergey Kirov


Sergei Mironovich Kirov (born Kostrikov; – 1 December 1934) was a close, personal friend to Joseph Stalin, and a prominent early Bolshevik leader in the Soviet Union. Kirov rose through the Communist Party ranks to become head of the party organisation in Leningrad. On 1 December 1934, Kirov was shot and killed by a gunman at his offices in the Smolny Institute. There is a widespread belief that Joseph Stalin and elements of the NKVD were behind Kirov's assassination, but evidence for this claim remains lacking. Kirov's
13012180
Sergey Kirov


, only a single friend, Commissar Borisov, an unarmed bodyguard of Kirov's remained. Other sources state that there may have been as many as nine NKVD guards in the building. Whatever the case, given the circumstances of Kirov's death, as former Soviet official and author Alexander Gregory Barmine noted, "the negligence of the NKVD in protecting such a high party official was without precedent in the Soviet Union." On the afternoon of Saturday, 1 December 1934, Nikolayev arrived at the Smolny Institute offices. Unopposed,
13012197
Vladimir Lenin


hand man, Yakov Sverdlov, who died in March 1919 during a flu pandemic. In November 1917, Lenin and his wife took a two-room flat within the Smolny Institute; the following month they left for a brief holiday in Halia, Finland. In January 1918, he survived an assassination attempt in Petrograd; Fritz Platten, who was with Lenin at the time, shielded him and was injured by a bullet. Concerned that the German Army posed a threat to Petrograd, in March 1918 Sovnarkom relocated to Moscow,
13412250
Mariya Svistunova


, his second wife and a lady-in-waiting. She was the eldest child and only daughter, her name being in honour of the Grand Duchess Mariya Feodorovna. Later four sons were born to the family. The children grew up in a loving and caring environment. Their mother, one of the best graduates of the Smolny Institute, was a high society lady and notable musician. The Rzhevsky fortune was not large, and their financial position entirely depended on the service career of her father, that was developing quite
13803210
Russian Enlightenment


reform of education which would result in the development of a "new breed of citizens". His proposals have been implemented in part, e.g., the Smolny Institute was inaugurated for noble maidens, in keeping with Fenelon's doctrine that girls' education was key to the moral regeneration of the corrupt modern society. Catherine II could be considered the founder of the Russian state university on land use planning, it was announced on May 25, 1779 (on May 14, Julian calendar) that the Surveying School should be opened.
14316695
Third All-Russia Congress of Soviets of Peasants’ Deputies


The Third All-Russia Congress of Soviets of Peasants’ Deputies was held at the Smolny Institute, Petrograd on . The Socialist Revolutionary Party (SRs) wanted to keep the Congress Peasants' Deputies separate from that of the Congress of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies which was being run concurrently at the Tauride Palace, also in Petrograd. However, during the first session, the Bolshevik, Yakov Sverdlov, the Chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee proposed a motion for the Congress to merge with that of the Third
14945300
Yekaterina Nelidova


Yekaterina Ivanovna Nelidova (; 1756–1839) was a Russian noblewoman and lady-in-waiting. She was the royal mistress of Tsar Paul I of Russia. Nelidova graduated from the Smolny Institute in 1776 and became a lady-in-waiting, first to Grand Duchess Natalya and then to Grand Duchess Maria. She had a relationship with Grand Duke Paul, the future monarch, and acted as a successful mediator between him and people he was in conflict with. Her position also led to her relatives' acquiring positions at court.
1521508
Arkadii Dragomoshchenko


in Russian Translation, as well as for "The Anthology of Contemporary New Zealand Poetry". Dragomoshchenko lectured in the Department of Philosophy at the St Petersburg State University, and provided seminars as a Visiting Professor at various institutes in the United States and Canada, including the University of California, San Diego, New York University, and the University at Buffalo. During the last years of his life he taught in the Smolny College of Liberal Arts and Science, an affiliate of Bard College. Dragomoshchenko fused elements of poetry, essay
15303909
August Georg Wilhelm Pezold


1830, he was a drawing teacher at the Smolny Institute in Saint Petersburg. He later travelled throughout central Europe and Finland but had to return home in 1837, due to the accidental deaths of two of his sons and his wife's subsequent illness. He was named a "free-artist" by the University of Saint Petersburg in 1839. In 1842, he became one of the founders of the "Estonian Literary Society" and began teaching at the University in Saint Petersburg. In 1854, he was appointed a member
1580228
Eastern Front (World War I)


of the Bolsheviks, who greatly increased their organization in factory groups and in many barracks throughout Petrograd. They concentrated on devising a plan for overturning the Provisional Government, with a coup d'état. On October 24, Lenin emerged from hiding in a suburb, entered the city, set up his headquarters at the Smolny Institute and worked to complete his three-phase plan. With the main bridges and the main railways secured, only the Winter Palace, and with it the Provisional Government, remained to be taken. On the evening
15853299
Natalia Brasova


in the Smolny Institute. Natalia visited Michael the next two days, 8 and 9 March 1918, with their friend Princess Putyatina. On 9 March, she barged her way into Lenin's office, which was in the same building, to remonstrate with him. In the evening, the Council of the People's Commissars decided to send Michael and Johnson into internal exile. On 11 March, they were sent a thousand miles eastwards to the remote city of Perm. Concerned for her entire family's safety, Natalia made plans
21576541
History of education


Russians of both sexes in state boarding schools, aimed at creating "a new race of men". Betskoy set forth a number of arguments for general education of children rather than specialized one: "in regenerating our subjects by an education founded on these principles, we will create... new citizens." Some of his ideas were implemented in the Smolny Institute that he established for noble girls in Saint Petersburg. Poland established in 1773 of a Commission of National Education (Polish: "Komisja Edukacji Narodowej", Lithuanian: "
3286110
Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia


Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire. On 7 March 1918, Michael and his secretary Johnson were re-arrested on the orders of Moisei Uritsky, the Head of the Petrograd secret police, and imprisoned at the Bolshevik headquarters in the Smolny Institute. On 11 March 1918, Uritsky sent Michael and Johnson to Perm, a thousand miles to the east, on the order of the Council of the People's Commissars, which included both Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin. The journey, by freight train in a coach without windows
3598278
Vlas Doroshevich


Vlas Mikhailovich Doroshevich (), born April 17, 1864 – died February 22, 1922, was one of Russia's most popular and widely read journalists, and a novelist, essayist, drama critic, and short story writer. Doroshevich was born in Moscow, where his mother Alexandra Sokolova was a member of the wealthy upper class. She was educated at the prestigious Smolny Institute in St. Petersburg, but was disinherited by her family for marrying Vlas's father, who was an unsuccessful writer, and far beneath her in social
4569788
Elizaveta Vodovozova


Elizaveta Nikolayevna Vodovozova (, née Tsevlovskaya, , 17 August 1844, Demidov, Smolensk Governorate, Imperial Russia, — 23 March 1923, Petrograd, USSR) was a Russian children's writer, educational theorist and memoirist, the wife of Vasily Vodovozov. An 1862 Smolny Institute graduate, she started writing in 1863 on issues of women's emancipation and pedagogy for the magazines like "Detskoye Chteniye" and "Narodnaya Shkola". Her debut publication, "What Stops a Woman from Becoming Independent?" (published by "Biblioteka
6016042
Saint Petersburg State University


occupy historical buildings of Smolny Convent. The new suburban campus consists of the Faculty of Applied Mathematics and Control Processes, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Mechanics, and Faculty of Physics, which are in modern buildings in Peterhof. Nearby the Peterhof campus there is a beautiful park area called Sergievka. In the Sergievka park there are buildings of the Faculty of Biology. One of the Sergievka's park sights is a carved from a boulder head of a hero. SPbSU is made up of 24 specialized faculties, which are
6029027
Vladimir Shchuko


. In 1925-1927 Shchuko also designed a series of "Der Ring des Nibelungen" opera shows and a ballet at Mariinsky Theatre. After relocation to Moscow in the end of the 1920s, Shchuko collaborated with Bolshoi Theatre and Maly Theatre, producing the 1937 "Boris Godunov". Vladimir Gelfreikh, Shchuko's junior partner in the Soviet period, graduated from the same Academy class of Leon Benois in 1914. Their first extant practical work, the reconstruction of the square in front of the Smolny Institute, was executed in 1923–1924
6815917
Cheka


decided that a special commission was needed to implement the "most energetically revolutionary" measures. Felix Dzerzhinsky (the Iron Felix) was appointed as Director and invited the participation of the following individuals: V. K. Averin, V. N. Vasilevsky, D. G. Yevseyev, N. A. Zhydelev, I. K. Ksenofontov, G. K. Ordjonikidze, Ya. Kh. Peters, K. A. Peterson, V. A. Trifonov. On December 7, 1917, all invited except Zhydelev and Vasilevsky gathered in the Smolny Institute to discuss the competence and structure of the
6869882
Glafira Alymova


Glafira Ivanovna Alymova (1758–1826) was a Russian lady in waiting and harpist. Glafira Alymova was the daughter of Colonel Ivan Akinfievich Alymov. She studied at the Smolny Institute from 1764 to 1776, as one of its first students, and excelled in music. On her graduation in 1776, she was decorated as one of its five best students, and was made lady in waiting to the Empress Catherine the Great. The Empress was fond of her because of her good humor and temperament. She was married successively to the writer
7091837
Larissa Reissner


' and sailors' clubs in Petrograd. A week after the Bolshevik Revolution, Reisner helped the newly appointed People's Commissar Anatoly Lunacharsky to issue an appeal to anyone Petrograd's artists and cultural workers to assemble at an evening meeting in the Smolny Institute, where the Bolshevisk had their headquarters, to show support for the regime. The turn out was so poor that "there was enough room to sit on one sofa" - but it included three major figures in Russian culture, the poets Alexander Blok and Vladimir Mayakovsky and the
7897890
Konstantin Ushinsky


his inspectorship: he discovered two sealed-off bookcases untouched for more than twenty years, which held the library of Pestalozzi's pupil Hugel. This discovery strongly influenced Ushinsky's interest in theoretical pedagogy. In 1859-1862 Ushinsky was the Inspector of the Smolny Institute for Noble Maidens in Saint-Petersburg, In 1860-1862 he also worked as the Chief Editor of the "Journal of the Department of Education" ("Zhurnal Ministerstva Narodnago Obrazovaniya"). Following a conflict with the Department of Education, Ushinsky was forced
9751888
Smolny


the revolutionary events of 1917, the building was vacated by the institute and was taken over by Soviets. It was here on November 7, 1917 (this date corresponds to October 25 on the Julian calendar, which was still in use in Russia), that Vladimir Lenin declared that his Bolshevik faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party had usurped power from the Provisional Government (which had assumed power following the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II earlier that year). Lenin and his government worked in the building, and he also
9754212
Smolny National Park


Smolny National Park () is in the northeastern corner of Mordovia in the east of the East European Plain of Russia. The park has a representative lowland river environment, with a slow current. The lakes and swamps are mainly concentrated in the floodplain of the Alatyr River. Marshes are mainly lowland. A few bogs are located in the southern and central parts of the park, and there are many springs. The park was created to protect the deciduous forest and representative wetlands of Mordovia. The habitat also creates a refuge for
17872998
Revolutionary activity of Vladimir Lenin


offensive, holding a final meeting at the Smolny Institute on 24 October. This was the base of the Military Revolutionary Committee (MRC), an armed militia that had been established by the Petrograd Soviet with the Provisional Government's support during the Kornilov Affair; the MRC consisted largely of those loyal to the Bolsheviks. In October, the MRC were given the order to seize control of Petrograd's key transport, communication, printing and utilities hubs, doing so without bloodshed. While the insurrection was taking place, Lenin gave a
1014892
Landmarks of Saint Petersburg


) on the Nevsky Prospekt, formerly a residence of the Grand Duke Sergey Aleksandrovich. St Michael's (or Engineers') Castle, a Neoclassical palace, was constructed for Emperor Paul in 1797–1801 to replace the earlier Summer Palace. The Tauride Palace of Prince Potemkin (1783–1789), situated near the Smolny Institute, used to be a seat of the first Russian parliament, and now the Assembly of Independent States. Just two blocks from the Hermitage buildings is the Marble Palace, commissioned by Count Orlov and built in 1768–1785 from
1084805
Vicente Martín y Soler


L'isola del piacere" and "Le nozze de' contadini spagnuoli". He returned to St. Petersburg and was appointed maestro di capella at the Smolny Institute (then called the Educational Society of Noble Maidens) in 1796. After returning to St Petersburg, he wrote his last opera, "La festa del villaggio" (1798). He also wrote a number of tragic ballets during his residence as Court Composer there, including "Didon abandonée" (1792), "Amour et Psyché" (1793, based on "
11372615
Finnish Civil War


placed his Headquarters of the White Army in the Vaasa–Seinäjoki area. The White Order to engage was issued on 25 January. The Whites gained weaponry by disarming Russian garrisons during 21–28 January, in particular in southern Ostrobothnia. The Red Guards, led by Ali Aaltonen, refused to recognise the Whites' hegemony and established a military authority of their own. Aaltonen installed his headquarters in Helsinki and nicknamed it Smolna echoing the Smolny Institute, the Bolsheviks' headquarters in Petrograd. The Red Order of Revolution was issued on 26 January
11523671
Aleksey Malchevskiy


who was a graduate of the Smolny Institute. Alexey studied biology at Leningrad University working towards a Ph.D. on the vertebrate fauna of the Transvolga region. He defended his thesis in June 26, 1941, the fourth day after the war broke out. His studies were interrupted by the war and he was drafted to the Leningrad Front and later in Belarus where he served as commander of an infantry platoon. He was wounded by machine gun fire at Königsberg on February 20, 1945 and left for dead. Badly injured and bleeding,
12415842
Sergey Kirov


was even permitted to retain his loaded pistol. According to Barmine's account, with Stalin's approval, the NKVD had previously withdrawn all but four police bodyguards assigned to Kirov. These four guards accompanied Kirov each day to his offices at the Smolny Institute, and then left. On 1 December 1934, the usual guard post at the entrance to Kirov's offices was supposedly left unmanned, even though the building housed the chief offices of the Leningrad party apparatus and was the seat of the local government. According to some reports
13012196
Louise Bryant


, and working from their room at the Angleterre Hotel, Bryant and Reed attended gatherings at the Smolny Institute and elsewhere in Petrograd and interviewed many leading political figures, including Lenin, Trotsky, and Kerensky, and both eventually compiled books—"Six Red Months in Russia" by Bryant and Reed's "Ten Days That Shook the World"—from their articles. Bryant circulated widely, covering Duma meetings, dining in public mess halls with soldiers and workers, and interviewing women revolutionaries. Among those were Katherine Breshkovsky, known as the "grandmother of the
14357100
Third All-Russian Congress of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants Deputies' Soviets


The Third All-Russian Congress of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies' Soviets took place on in Tauride Palace, Petrograd. It was the successor to the Second All-Russian Congress of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies' Soviets. The Congress started out bringing together only Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies. However Third All-Russia Congress of Soviets of "Peasants"’ Deputies took place on at the Smolny Institute, also in Petrograd. The Socialist Revolutionary Party (SRs) wanted to keep the Peasants' Congress separate
14945077