Lojban [SEP] based on
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Lojban grammar


The grammar of Lojban is based on predicate logic. The majority of the grammar is borrowed from the prior "logical language" Loglan, and some of its features come from Láadan. The characteristic regularity, unambiguity, and versatility of Lojban grammar owes much to modern linguistics and computer programming—resources that were unavailable to the designers of earlier languages. Lojbanist Bob LeChevalier summarized one advantage of Lojban grammar as follows: "Lojban moves beyond the restrictions of European grammar. It overtly incorporates linguistic universals, building in what is needed to
17686100
Comparison between Lojban and Loglan


grammars differ in the details, and in their formal foundations. The grammar of Lojban is defined mostly in the language definition formalism Parsing Expression Grammar and YACC, with a few formal "pre-processing" rules. Loglan also has a machine grammar, but it is not definitive; it is based on a relatively small corpus of sentences that has remained unchanged through the decades, which takes precedence in case of a discrepancy. The baselining of Lojban grammar may give it an advantage compared to Loglan in applying the language to practical
15874444
Comparison between Lojban and Loglan


uses. There are also many differences in the terminology used in English to talk about the two languages. In his writings, Brown used many terms based on English, Latin and Greek, some of which were already established with a slightly different meaning. On the other hand, the Lojban camp freely borrowed grammatical terms from Lojban itself. For example, what linguists call "roots" or "root words", Loglanists call "primitives" or "prims", and Lojbanists call '. The "lexeme" of Loglan
15874445
Lojban


control, a group of people decided to initiate a separate project, departing from the lexical basis of Loglan and reinventing the whole vocabulary, which led to the current lexicon of Lojban. In effect they established in 1987 The Logical Language Group, based in Washington, D.C. They also won a trial over whether they could call their version of the language "Loglan". The phonetic form of Lojban (root words) was created algorithmically by searching for sound patterns in words with similar meanings in world languages and by multiplying those sound
21177016
Lojban


Constructs in programming languages have been shown to be translated to Lojban. Like with some programming languages Lojban grammar can be parsed using parsing expression grammars. Lojban has been shown to be translated in some of its parts into predicate logic. There are also analogies between Lojban and combinatory logic. Lojban: Lojban has 6 vowels and 17 consonants. Some of them have, apart from the preferred/standard sounds, permitted variants intended to cover dissimilitude in pronunciation by speakers of different linguistic backgrounds. Stress normally falls on the penultimate syllable.
21177023
Lojban


may be whatever the attendees want to do: Lojban conversation, lessons, technical discussions, or socializing. The total number of Lojban speakers is unknown. According to mw.lojban.org, places known to have concentration of Lojbanists are: , Frappr.com shows that some people from the following countries are interested in or enthusiasts of the language: Below are some of the notable personalities who have contributed to the development of Lojban: The principal difference between Lojban and Loglan is one of lexicon. The words for Lojban were made by the same principles as
21177033
Comparison between Lojban and Loglan


called a "borrowing"; but in English discussions of Lojban, the Lojban word ' is used. This is probably because in Lojban, unlike Loglan, a certain set of CV templates is reserved for borrowed words. In the new phonology for Lojban, the consonant "q" and the vowel "w" were removed, and the consonant "h" was replaced by "x". The consonant ' (apostrophe) was added with the value of [h] in the International Phonetic Alphabet, but its distribution
15874447
Lojban


Lojban (pronounced ) is a constructed, syntactically unambiguous human language, succeeding the Loglan project. The Logical Language Group (LLG) began developing Lojban in 1987. The LLG sought to realize Loglan's purposes, and further improve the language by making it more usable and freely available (as indicated by its official full English title, "Lojban: A Realization of Loglan"). After a long initial period of debating and testing, the baseline was completed in 1997, and published as "The Complete Lojban Language".
21177013
Comparison between Lojban and Loglan


, the Loglan word "norma" is equivalent to the Lojban word "" (cf. Chinese 常, pinyin "cháng"), both meaning "normal". Grammatical particles were gradually added to Lojban as the grammatical description of the language was made. Loglan and Lojban still have essentially the same grammars, and most of what can be said in the short description of the Lojban grammar holds true for Loglan as well. Most simple, declarative sentences could be translated word by word between the two languages; but the
15874443
Lojban grammar


support the expressivity of the whole variety of natural languages, including non-European ones." Lojban texts can be parsed just as texts in programming languages are by using formal grammars such as PEG, YACC, Backus–Naur form. There are several parsers available. Lojban has 6 vowels and 21 consonants. The phonemes are commensurate with graphemes, which means Lojban has 27 letters ("lerfu") each corresponding to a unique phoneme. Lojbanic graphemes can vary in mode; this article employs the Latin alphabet version, which
17686101
Lojban


-speaking environment"). Also such collective or encyclopedic sources of knowledge like the , which may help expand the language's lexical horizon, are not very well developed. Presently accessible Lojbanic writings are principally concentrated on Lojban.org, though there exist independent Lojbanic blog/journal sites as well. The Lojban IRC (or its archive) has a gathering of Lojbanic expressions too, but its grammatical correctness is not always guaranteed. These available materials on the internet include both original works and translations of classic pieces in the field of natural
21177021
Lojban


languages, ranging from poetry, short story, novel, and academic writing. Examples of works that are already available include: Lojban has also been used in other media. For example, the videogame "Minecraft" has been partially translated into Lojban. Lojban is seen by some as an intellectual device for creative writing or as having many potential aspects yet to be discovered or explored. Dan Parmenter: John Cowan: Bob LeChevalier: There have been proposals to use Lojban as an intermediate language in machine translation and knowledge representation.
21177022
Lojban


not limited to: Lojban is practiced by its speakers in text and voice chats. Apart from the actual practice of the language, some members of the community and LLG have been endeavoring to create various aids for the learners. "The Complete Lojban Language" ("CLL", also known as "The Red Book" because of its color, and "The Codex Woldemar", after its author), the definitive word on all aspects of Lojban, is one of them, finalized in 1997. Some of the
21177019
Lojban grammar


capability to translate as many expressions of natural languages as possible, based on a unique positional case system. The meaning of the sentence "mi prami do" is determined by "prami" realizing, with its own predefined place structure, a specific semantic relation between "mi" and "do"; when the positional relation between "mi" and "do" changes, the meaning of the sentence changes too. As shown above, Lojban has particular devices to preserve such semantic structure of words while altering their order.
17686127
Lojban


Chinese. For instance, the Loglan word "norma" is equivalent to the Lojban word (cf. Chinese 常, pinyin "cháng"), both meaning "normal". Loglan and Lojban still have essentially the same grammars, and most of what is said in the Grammar section above holds true for Loglan as well. Most simple, declarative sentences could be translated word by word between the two languages. In the new phonology for Lojban, the consonant "q" and the vowel "w" were removed,
21177035
Comparison between Lojban and Loglan


the organization that he established, continues to call its language Loglan. The Logical Language Group called their project "Lojban: A Realization of Loglan" and considers Lojban a version of Loglan. Therefore, it is necessary to state that this page uses the term "Loglan" specifically to the TLI language, instead of the entire family of languages. The principal difference between Lojban and Loglan is one of lexicon. A Washington DC splinter group, which later formed The Logical Language Group, LLG, decided in 1986 to remake the
15874440
Lojban grammar


are Pierre Abbat and Jorge Llambías. Here are some comparisons of their methods drawn from the Lojban mailing list (as of July 2007): Lojban particles, "cmavo", are recognized by following morphological properties: And they display one of the following letter patterns: V, VV, V'V, CV, CVV, CV'V. The form generally does not indicate anything about its grammatical function. cmavo can be sequenced without spaces and without any change to its meaning: As far as the stress rules of Lojban are concerned, such
17686118
Lojban


, including for the purposes of stress determination. Lojban is written almost entirely with lower-case letters; upper-case letters are used to mark stress in words that do not fit the normal rules of stress assignment, or when whitespace is omitted. The letters in Lojban and their respective pronunciations are shown in the table below. The IPA symbols in parentheses indicate alternative pronunciations; preferred pronunciations have no parentheses. In principle, Lojban may be written in any orthographic system as long as it satisfies the required regularities and unambiguities.
21177025
Lojban


projects in varying stages of completeness are: Currently, Lojban's learning resources available on the internet are available mainly to speakers of English, French, Spanish, Russian, Hebrew, and Esperanto, to varying degrees. Like most languages with few speakers, Lojban lacks much of an associated body of literature and its creative extensions have not been fully realized (the true potential of its attitudinal system, for example, is considered unlikely to be drawn out "until and unless we have children raised entirely in a multi-cultural Lojban
21177020
Comparison between Lojban and Loglan


and ' of Lojban have nothing to do with the linguistic meaning of "lexeme". It is a kind of part of speech, a subdivision of the set of grammatical words, or particles, which loglanists call "little words" and lojbanists '. Loglan and Lojban have a grammatical construct called "metaphor" and "tanru", respectively; this is not really a metaphor, but a kind of modifier-modificand relationship, similar to that of a noun adjunct and noun. A borrowed word in Loglan is simply
15874446
Lojban


In an interview in 2010 with "The New York Times", Arika Okrent, the author of "In the Land of Invented Languages", stated: "The constructed language with the most complete grammar is probably Lojban—a language created to reflect the principles of logic." Lojban is proposed as a speakable language for communication between people of different language backgrounds, as a potential means of machine translation and to explore the intersection of human language and software. The name "" is a compound formed from and , which
21177014
Lojban grammar


Compare the followings: "se" converts the x1 and x2 sumti place. "fo" tags the x4 place, and "fi" the x3. Such conversion and tagging is often used to emphasize particular sumti by bringing it forward. Here are some collations of natural languages and Lojban: It is important to note that Lojban selbri is not a real equivalent of verb in natural languages. A selbri can be either a verb, a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. Its function is determined syntactically, not
17686128
Scrabble letter distributions


as one letter. The letters "H", "Q", and "W" are absent, because these letters are not used in Lojban. Lojban-language sets in the 1990s (which include lujvo) use these 100 tiles: Lojban-language sets in the 1990s (which do not include lujvo) use these 100 tiles: Y is absent because it is very rare outside lujvo. Malagasy-language sets use these 102 tiles: "C", "Q", "U", "W
15843746
Lojban grammar


but not , which is the rounded counterpart of and thus a valid realization of ). The resulting added syllables are completely ignored by the grammar, including for the purposes of stress determination. Lojban may be written in different orthography systems as long as it meets the required regularities and unambiguities. Some of the reasons for such elasticity would be as follows: Lojbanist Kena extends this principle to argue that even an original orthography of the language is to be sought. Lojban's Latin alphabet consists of 23 lerfu "a b c d
17686106
Lojban grammar


morphologically. An analogy to natural language word orders by using such terms as "subject", "verb", and "object" cannot accurately describe the nature of Lojban bridi. There are five kinds of simple sumti: Basic descriptions in Lojban consist of two units, LE/LA descriptors and a selbri: Although is quite close in meaning to English "the", it has particularly unique implications. In this example, creates an argument which might occur in the x1 place of the belonging selbri , namely a
17686129
Lojban grammar


"market". also specifies that the speaker 1) has one or more specific markets in mind (whether or not the listener knows which ones they are) and 2) is merely describing the things he/she has in mind as markets, without being committed to the truth of that description. Whereas English-speakers must differentiate between "the market" and "the markets", Lojban-speakers are not required to make such a choice (this rule does not mean that Lojban has no way of specifying the
17686130
Epenthesis


in Lojban is added between two consonants to make the word easier to pronounce. Despite altering the phonetics of a word, the use of buffering is completely ignored by grammar. Also, the vowel sound used must not be confused with any existing Lojban vowel. An example of buffering in Lojban: if a speaker finds the cluster in the word ("cat") (pronounced ) hard or impossible to pronounce, the vowel can be pronounced between the two consonants, resulting in the form . Nothing changes grammatically, including the
8257155
Comparison between Lojban and Loglan


entire vocabulary of Loglan in order to evade Dr. Brown's claim of copyright to the language. After a lengthy battle in court, his claim to copyright was ruled invalid. But by then, the new vocabulary was already cemented as a part of the new language, which was called "Lojban: A realization of Loglan" by its supporters. The closed set of five-letter words was the first part of the vocabulary to be remade. The words for Lojban were made by the same principles as those for Loglan;
15874441
Lojban grammar


compound cmavo are still separate words, so penultimate stress (e.g. "paREci") is not obligatory. Some cmavo have rafsi, which may help converting tanru (sequence of brivla) into lujvo: cmevla are mostly used for names of things (including people) in descriptions or in direct address (cf. proper nouns). They can be in any form as long as they end in a consonant. The practice by which names in natural languages are modified to be used in Lojban is known as "lojbanization".
17686119
Lojban grammar


heard the word before". He further says: "The same principle allows you, when speaking or writing, to invent new brivla for new concepts 'on the fly'; yet it offers people that you are trying to communicate with a good chance to figure out your meaning. In this way, Lojban has a flexible vocabulary which can be expanded indefinitely." According to "What Is Lojban?", the language's grammatical structures are "defined by a set of rules that have been tested to be unambiguous
17686121
Comparison between Lojban and Loglan


There are several crucial differences between Lojban and Loglan, two constructed languages. The main one is of the sounding of the core words, which, however, have similar phonotactics in both languages. Most grammatical particles also sound differently. Lojban alphabet lacks the letters "q", "w", "h", but has the letter "x" and ' (apostrophe) (the last two absent in Loglan). James Cooke Brown called his language "Loglan", and The Loglan Institute (TLI),
15874439
Lojban grammar


) are always syllabic, indicating an open syllable (with the exception of the final "n" sound), requiring some special attention when representing the Lojbanic consonant clusters. Several example haiku compositions in the orthography have been created. Lojban has 3 word-classes: "brivla" (verbs or predicate words), "cmavo" (structure words), and "cmevla" (name words). Each of them has uniquely identifying morphological properties, so that one can unambiguously recognize which word is of which part of
17686110
Lojban grammar


lujvo". "fu'ivla" usually refers to things that are culture-specific (including Lojban culture) or to kinds of plants or animals, concepts which cannot be easily expressed as mere modifying-modified combinations of Lojban's internal root verbs ("gismu"). fu'ivla can be subdivided into four types according to the extent to which they are modified, namely Stage 1, 2, 3, and 4 fu'ivla. The longest form, quoting a foreign word/phrase while preserving its original spelling with particular structure
17686115
Lojban grammar


using computers", which is called the "machine grammar". Hence the characteristics of the standard syntactic (not semantic) constructs in Lojban: Such standards, however, are to be attained with certain carefulness: The computer-tested, unambiguous rules also include grammar for 'incomplete' sentences e.g. for narrative, quotational, or mathematical phrases. Lojbanic expressions are modular; smaller constructs of words are assembled into larger phrases so that all incorporating pieces manifest as a possible grammatical unity. This mechanism allows for simplistic yet infinitely powerful
17686122
Lojban grammar


phrasings; "a more complex phrase can be placed inside a simple structure, which in turn can be used in another instance of the complex phrase structure". Being derived from predicate logic, the basic unit of Lojban expression is predication, a claim that some objects stand in some relationship, or that some single object has some property. In Lojban they are expressed using clauses ("bridi"). Just as a predication is formed by a predicate and arguments in formal logic, bridi are formed by "selbri"
17686123
Lojban


patterns by the number of speakers of those languages. The list of source languages used for the algorithm was limited to the six most widely spoken languages as of 1987—Mandarin, English, Hindi, Spanish, Russian, and Arabic. This resulted in root words being in their phonetic form a relatively equal mixture of English and Mandarin, with lesser influences from the other four. Lojban has also taken the set of evidential indicators from the constructed language Láadan. Following the publication of "The Complete Lojban Language", it was expected that
21177017
Lojban


"the documented lexicon would be baselined, and the combination of lexicon and reference grammar would be frozen for a minimum of 5 years while language usage grew." As scheduled, this period, which has officially been called the "freeze", expired in 2002. The speakers of Lojban are now free to construct new words and idioms, and decide where the language is heading. While the initial aim of the Loglan project was to investigate linguistic relativity, the active Lojban community recognizes additional applications for the language, including but
21177018
Lojban


; when the positional relation between and changes, the meaning of the sentence changes too. As shown above, Lojban has particular devices to preserve such semantic structure of words while altering their order. As befits a logical language, there is a large assortment of logical connectives. Such conjunction words take different forms depending on what they connect, another reason why the (standard) Lojbanic expressions are typically precise and clear. Multiple predicate words may be linked up together so as to narrow the semantic scope of the phrase. In "
21177029
Lojban grammar


ъ" is assigned to the open-mid vowel. Diphthongs are written as vowel pairs, as in the Roman mode. Kena argues for writing Lojban using Tengwar, arguing that: Advocates of this mode include Eric S. Raymond. Another option for cultural neutrality (free from fictional cultures even) is the abugida "zbalermorna". A Japanese hiragana version of Lojban orthography has been proposed, in which case more than 80 lerfu may be used. This mode is not without certain technical issues since the hiragana (and katakana too
17686109
Lojban


to quickly dance", the modifying word narrows the sense of the modified word to form a more specific concept (in which case the modifier may resemble English adverbs or adjectives). One could go still further, adding a quite extreme example of its syntactic flexibility. Lojban can easily "imitate" even one-word sentences from polysynthetic languages, for example: which can be expressed in Lojban the same way: Compound words () and borrowed words () are continually increasing as the speakers find demands. The number of
21177030
Lojban grammar


capitalization, the ordinary rules of Lojban stress will cause the 'ze' syllable to be stressed instead). Punctuation marks are not mandatory; such notions as question or exclamation are expressed with words rather than unpronounced symbols. This mode was conceived when the introductory Lojban brochure was translated into Russian. 23 lerfu "а б в г д е ж з и к л м н о п р с т у ф х ш ъ" plus 3 semi-lerfu "', . " are used. The hard sign "
17686108
Signal Transfer Point


A Signal Transfer Point (STP) is a router that relays SS7 messages between "signaling end-points" (SEPs) and other signaling transfer points (STPs). Typical SEPs include "service switching points" (SSPs) and "service control points" (SCPs). The STP is connected to adjacent SEPs and STPs via signaling links. Based on the address fields of the SS7 messages, the STP routes the messages to the appropriate outgoing signaling link. Edge STPs can also route based upon message body content using
21819466
United States hydrogen policy


programs. Each states energy office gets SEP funding and manages all SEP funded projects. For more information about the SEP, including project descriptions, visit the SEP website. Clean Ports USA is an incentive-based program designed to help reduce emissions by encouraging port authorities to redesign and replace older diesel engines with new technologies and cleaner fuels. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's National Clean Diesel Campaign offers funding to port authorities to help them overcome the obstacles that prevent the adoption of cleaner diesel technologies. Clean Construction USA promotes the reduction
8426000
Scrabble letter distributions


zo'a", "zo'e", "zo'i", "zo'o", and "zo'u"). The combination &apos;Y is absent as it is only used in 1 word (".y'y"). The letter . occurs in Lojban, but it is so infrequent that it has no tile. Blanks can be used to represent any of the above letters (including .) and digrams(including XO, ZO, and &apos;Y). The letter &apos; occurs in Lojban, but only in digrams and never
15843745
Lojban grammar


the ability to negate either sentence (with "na" or "nai"), and the ability to exchange the sentences, as if their order had been reversed (with "se"), Lojban can create all of the 16 possible truth functions except TTTT and FFFF (which are fairly useless anyway). ".onai" is preferred over "na.o". Note that in "se.unai", the negation occurs before "swapping" the positions of A and B. While "se" can be used for the
17686139
Lojban grammar


can be either rounded or unrounded. The consonants can be either aspirated or unaspirated, although the voiceless stops , and are usually aspirated to some degree. In general, consonants are not palatalized. The affricates /d͡ʒ/, /t͡ʃ/, /d͡z/, and /t͡s/ occur in Lojban (like in English jar", chair", "fads, and "cats.), but they are not distinct phonemes, contrary to English /d͡ʒ/ and /t͡ʃ/. Each is considered to be a combination of an appropriate stop and fricative phoneme: the sequences dj
17686104
Lojban grammar


. Attitudinals are a set of cmavo which allow the speakers to express their "emotional state" or "source of knowledge", or the "present stage of discourse". In natural languages, attitudes are expressed using interjections, but also by the tone of voice when speaking, and (very imperfectly) by punctuation when writing; in Lojban, such information are extensively expressible in words. And the meanings are to be understood separately from the main predicate. They may be "scaled" by suffixes: Combination is possible
17686142
World Qualification Series (2009)


18 - Aug 23" 30th Anniversary of the Lacanau Pro and good conditions this year. Surf, concerts, events scheduled. Check out the video for a summary of the event http://vimeo.com/6994555 "Aug 25 - Aug 30" "Sep 01 - Sep 06" "Sep 01 - Sep 06" "Sep 04 - Sep 06" "Sep 09 - Sep 12" "Sep 10 - Sep 13" "Sep 08 - Sep 13" "Sep 15 - Sep 20" "Sep 16 - Sep 22" "Sep
1986943
Lojban grammar


words. This stage involves lojbanizing the sound and spelling of the word. At this stage a borrowed word is fully turned into a single brivla, having its own place structure. Since no brivla may have more than one meaning, it is often the case that they are attached by a rafsi (with a hyphen like "-r-", "-n-", or "-l-") categorizing or limiting the semantic scope of the word (such are called "rafsi classifier"). Again they always start with a consonant
17686116
Lojban grammar


except the vague one "do'e") are formed from a brivla and mark their object semantically as being in a place of that brivla. Thus the following are equivalent: Prepositions (including tense markers) can also be placed in ".i ... bo" to make sentence conjunctions. With most prepositions this makes no sense, but "ki'u", "ja'e", "mu'i" and "ni'i" are often used this way to express various kinds of "because" and "therefore": Lojban has 63 unique
17686144
Lojban


are short forms of (logic) and (language). Lojban's predecessor, Loglan, a language invented by James Cooke Brown in 1955 and later developed by The Loglan Institute, Loglan was originally conceived as a means to examine the influence of language on the speaker's thought (an assumption known as the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis). As Brown started to claim his copyright on the language's components, bans were put on the community's activity to stop them changing aspects of the language. In order to circumvent such
21177015
List of 1982–83 NBA season transactions


1982 Oct 2, 1982 Oct 1, 1982 Sep 30, 1982 Sep 29, 1982 Sep 28, 1982 Sep 27, 1982 Sep 24, 1982 Sep 22, 1982 Sep 20, 1982 Sep 19, 1982 Sep 18, 1982 Sep 17, 1982 Sep 15, 1982 Sep 14, 1982 Sep 13, 1982 Sep 10, 1982 Sep 9, 1982 Sep 7, 1982 Sep 2, 1982 Sep 1, 1982 Aug 31, 1982 Aug 27, 1982 Aug 26, 1982 Aug 16, 1982 Aug 8,
557049
Lojban grammar


may resemble English adverbs or adjectives). Without "skami", "lo pilno" will just mean "user". Other examples: Arguments of selbri representing tanru units may be filled as well, in which case they are attached using the particle "be" (starting from x2 place of the tanru unit): The "cmavo" consist of various particles and structure words. These include descriptors, connectives, attitudinals, prepositions, and tense words. There are five descriptors ("gadri" in Lojban):
17686136
Lojban grammar


, and highly productive as well as creative: "Evidentials", derived from those of American Indian languages and the constructed language Láadan, show how the speaker came to say the utterance, i.e. the source of the information or the idea: There are two kinds of prepositions ("sumtcita", which refers to adpositions in general) in Lojban: tense markers and proper prepositions. The syntactic difference is that a proper preposition can be converted with "se", whereas a tense marker cannot. All proper prepositions (
17686143
Spatial tense


Spatial tense is a grammatical category that refers to the indication of the place of an event, analogue to the use of the more common category of grammatical tense to indicate the time of an event. The term "spatial tense" is mostly employed in the grammar of Lojban (an artificial language). In Lojban, temporal and spatial tense are treated alike. When present, they are marked by particles that may appear in different parts of the sentence according to the emphasis the speaker wants to convey. The spatial tense morphemes
18771565
Lojban


-classes. There also exists a special fragmental form assigned to some predicate words and structure words, from which compound words () may be created. The language's grammatical structures are "defined by a set of rules that have been tested to be unambiguous using computers", which is in effect called the "machine grammar". Hence the characteristics of the standard syntactic (not semantic) constructs in Lojban: Such standards, however, are to be attained with certain carefulness: The computer-tested, unambiguous rules also
21177027
Lojban grammar


two-vowel graphemes. Lojban has 16 diphthongs, vowels that change quality during their emission but always being single syllable nuclei like pure vowels. Unlike English and similarly to languages such as Spanish, diphthongs are not distinct phonemes by themselves but are analyzed as a combination of "semi-vowel + vowel" (or the inverse order). The combinations , ,  and , for instance, are all realized as the corresponding falling diphthongs. Triphthongs exist as combinations of a rising and a falling diphthong, e.g. iau. The vowels
17686103
Lojban grammar


and "sumti" in Lojban. In linguistic terms "selbri" is the predicate of a clause, and "sumti" are its arguments. A construct of selbri and sumti produces a claim that something stands in a specified relationship to something else or has a specified property. Multiple bridi can be either sequenced across multiple sentences or compounded in one sentence: A compound bridi can include multiple tenses and sumti: The implicit grammatical divisions can be made explicit by separator words such as "cu" and "vau", which
17686124
Lojban


Some of the reasons for such elasticity would be as follows: Some Lojbanists extend this principle to claim that even an original orthography of the language is to be sought. This article uses the common Latin alphabet mode. Lojban has three word-classes: predicate words (), structure words (), and name words (). Each of them has uniquely identifying properties, so that one can unambiguously recognize which word is of which part of speech in a string of the language. They may be further divided in sub
21177026
Lojban


root words () and structure words () are basically unchanging, but new inventions are to be accepted as experimental components. In fact, it has been noticed that particular inclination or disproportion exists in the available vocabulary. Cortesi has pointed out the lack of certain terms for mathematics and geometry (although this demand may now be disputed as the current set of Lojban vocabulary does actually allow speakers to express such notions as steradian (), trigonometric tangent (), multiplicative inverse (), matrix transpose () among a number
21177031
Lojban


those for Loglan; that is, candidate forms were chosen according to how many sounds they had in common with their equivalent in some of the most commonly spoken languages on Earth, which was then multiplied by the number of speakers of the languages with which the words had letters in common. The difference with the Lojban remake of the root words was that the weighting was updated to reflect the actual numbers of speakers for the languages. This resulted in word forms that had fewer sounds taken from English, and more sounds taken from
21177034
Comparison between Lojban and Loglan


that is, candidate forms were chosen according to how many sounds they had in common with their equivalent in some of the most commonly spoken languages on Earth, which was then multiplied by the number of speakers of the languages with which the words had letters in common. The difference with the Lojban remake of the root words was that the weighting was updated to reflect the actual numbers of speakers for the languages. This resulted in word forms that had fewer sounds taken from English, and more sounds taken from Chinese. For instance
15874442
Lojban grammar


. Here is further explanation of the nature of gismu by Cowan: According to Robin Turner, the creation was algorithmically done by computer. Approximately 1350 gismu exist, which is a relatively small number when compared to that of English words ranging from 450,000 up to 1,000,000. Theoretically, by learning only these root words, as well as their fragmental forms and some major structure words (cmavo), one will be able to communicate effectively in Lojban. The form of brivla made of affixes ("rafsi") is called "
17686114
Lojban grammar


A special building block, from which a new lujvo may be created, is called "rafsi". Rafsi are bound to certain gismu, cmavo or fu'ivla. This also means that lujvo have no rafsi form of their own. Rafsi cannot by themselves function as an individual words; they only form lujvo when at least two are joined together. The unambiguity of Lojban morphology, according to John Woldemar Cowan, gives rise to "significant clues to the meaning and the origin of the word, even if you have never
17686120
Lojban grammar


many places. This contrasts with the accusative alignment or ergative alignment that most languages have, in which there is a small number of named places (subject, direct object, indirect object) and all others are expressed by prepositions. The typology of Lojban is basically subject–verb–object, with subject–object–verb also common. However, it can practically be anything. All the following sentences mean "I love you", differing only in word order: Such flexibility has to do with the language's intended
17686126
Lojban grammar


number and mathematical expression articles are used when talking about numbers and numerals or letters as themselves. Note that "gadri" are sometimes called "articles", which doesn't correspond to the usual notion of articles in linguistics. As befits a logical language, there is a large assortment of conjunctions. There exist 16 possible different truth functions, the four fundamental ones of which are assigned four vowels in Lojban. These vowels are a component sound from which actual logical-connective cmavo are built up. With the four vowels,
17686138
Lojban grammar


used to mark tense words that have been moved in a sentence, comparable to and for sumti; marks a "sticky tense", as explained below. Marking tenses is always optional in Lojban: Where the tense information is not specified, the context resolves the interpretation. Tense words are usually put right before the selbri: They may be placed elsewhere with the additional terminator : The terminator is used so that the tense word do not directly run into the following sumti and modify it. Compare the next sentences: Tenses can
17686147
Lojban


of other kinds of operators or metric units). Other instances which require speakers to construct noncanonical words: A translation of "The North Wind and the Sun". The activities of Lojban speakers are mostly via the Internet: Gatherings of Lojbanists have been organized in the USA annually since as early as 1990, called Logfest. It is mostly informal, taking place on a weekend, with the only scheduled activity being the annual meeting of the LLG. Those who cannot be present may still be involved via IRC. Activities
21177032
Richard Mattern Montgomery


staff. Sep 1956-Aug 1959 In 1956 he was assigned as deputy commander of the 2d Air Force (SAC). Following this two-year tour, he became commander of the 3d Air Division at Guam, with responsibility for SAC Forces West of the 180th meridian. Sep 1952-Sep 1956 The assignment which did most to shape his subsequent career was that of chief of staff, Headquarters, Strategic Air Command, Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska, in September 1952, a post he held until September 1956. As a principal staff
10835420
Constructed language


Lojban, "ia" and "ina" for Interlingua, "tlh" for Klingon and "io" and "ido" for Ido). An "a priori" constructed language is one whose features (including vocabulary, grammar, etc.) are not based on an existing language, and an "a posteriori" language is the opposite. This categorization, however, is not absolute, as many constructed languages may be called "a priori" when considering some linguistic factors, and at the same time "
8514194
Engineered language


and some languages intended as international auxiliary languages have certain "engineered" aspects (in which they are more regular and systematic than their natural language sources). Logical languages are meant to allow (or enforce) unambiguous statements. They are typically based on predicate logic but can also be based on any system of formal logic. The two best-known logical languages are the predicate languages Loglan and its successor Lojban. They both aim to eliminate syntactical ambiguity and reduce semantic ambiguity to a minimum. In particular, the grammar of
8235970
Lojban grammar


is currently in the most common usage (see Orthography for more detail). The phonemes, on the other hand, are defined solely according to the International Phonetic Alphabet. The tables below show typical realizations of sounds and the Latin alphabets in Lojban. In all cases except the rhotic consonant the first phoneme represents the preferred pronunciation, while the rest are the permitted variants intended to cover dissimilitude in pronunciation by speakers of different linguistic backgrounds. Note that simple vowel graphemes never represent diphthongs like in English. Diphthongs are always written with
17686102
Loglan


Loglan Institute (TLI) to develop the language and other applications of it. He always considered the language an incomplete research project, and although he released many papers about its design, he continued to claim legal restrictions on its use. Because of this, a group of his followers later formed the Logical Language Group to create the language Lojban along the same principles, but with the intention to make it freely available and encourage its use as a real language. Supporters of Lojban use the term "Loglan" as a generic
18170122
September 1941 lunar eclipse


A partial lunar eclipse took place on Friday, September 5, 1941. It was a shallow partial lunar eclipse, with less than 10% of the Moon covered in Earth's shadow. Aug 31, 1941 = Sunday Sep 1, 1941 = Monday Sep 2, 1941 = Tuesday Sep 3, 1941 = Wednesday Sep 4, 1941 = Thursday Sep 5, 1941 = Friday Sep 6, 1941 = Saturday Sep 7, 1941 = Sunday Sep 8, 1941 = Monday Sep 9, 1941 = Tuesday Sep 10, 1941
5363349
19th Air Refueling Squadron


The 19th Air Refueling Squadron (19 ARS) is an inactive unit of the United States Air Force. At the time of its inactivation, it was based at Otis Air Force Base. On 19 Sep 1985 the 19th Air Refueling Squadron,(Medium), was consolidated with the 19th Ferrying Squadron, a unit that was last active 31 Mar 1944. This action was directed by Department of the Air Force Letter DAF/MPM 662q Attachment 2 (Inactive Units), 19 Sep 1985. The Consolidated Unit will retain the Designation of 19th
8077229
Interlinguistics


following table lists only "one" representative for each type explicitly. Among constructed languages, it is usual to distinguish between "a priori languages" and "a posteri languages". The latter are based on one or, more often, several source languages, while this is not evident for a priori languages, e.g., the philosophical languages of the 17th century, Solresol and the logical languages of the 20th century, such as Loglan and Lojban. Spontaneously arisen Interlanguages are necessarily a posteriori or iconic (using imaging or imitating
8375929
Lojban grammar


number of markets in such a case): Since the construct + "selbri" merely describes something or other which the speaker chooses to represent based on his/her observation, such an expression as follows is possible: While is specific, is not: All descriptions implicitly terminate with , which can almost always be omitted with no danger of ambiguity. The main exceptions are a) when relative clauses are involved and b) when a description immediately precedes the selbri (in which case using an explicit before the selbri makes the
17686131
Lojban


include grammar for 'incomplete' sentences e.g. for narrative, quotational, or mathematical phrases. Its typology can be said to be basically subject–verb–object and subject–object–verb. However, it can practically be anything: Such flexibility has to do with the language's intended capability to translate as many expressions of natural languages as possible, based on a unique positional case system. The meaning of the sentence is determined by realizing, with its own predefined "place structure", a specific semantic relation between and
21177028
The Beeps


Sapphire Stream S2/Ep45 Apr. 29 Wash Those Socks! S2/Ep46 Dec. 12 The Bumps SEASON 3: S3/Ep1 Aug. 30 Up Down Hill S3/Ep2 Aug. 31 Caravan S3/Ep3 Sep. 6 Secret Garden S3/Ep4 Sep. 7 Bounceflower Tea S3/Ep5 Sep. 13 The Whale S3/Ep6 Sep. 14 Soggy Sockroaches S3/Ep7 Sep. 20 Stinkroots S3/Ep8 Sep. 21 Sing-a-long-a-beeps S3/Ep9 Sep. 27 History Book S3/Ep10 Sep. 28 What Goes Splat? S3
14688027
Signal Transfer Point


. SEPs send signaling messages to other SEPs, but the messages are normally routed via the SEP's adjacent STPs. An STP's main function is to identify the best path for two SEPs to communicate. A typical application would be for two SEPs to agree on the use of a shared data path (e.g., using ISUP to initiate a voice call between a user on one SEP and a user on the second SEP). In this way, STPs route signaling messages (for starting, maintaining or finishing any kind of
21819468
Signal Transfer Point


calls originated by the SEPs' attached users) while avoiding disabled intermediary STPs. A signaling message typically never goes directly from a given SEP to the destination SEP: the message would normally have to pass through the initiating SEP's adjacent STP so that it can be routed to the destination SEP. In some applications, however, SEPs might be directly connected with signaling links; this would typically be done to enhance robustness or performance between two critical SEPs. Such mesh network configurations are also common in Europe, where STPs have not
21819469
The Beeps


/Ep20 Sep. 19 Bouncy Bouncy Beep Beep S2/Ep21 Sep. 19 Big Beepday Bash S2/Ep22 Sep. 20 Yuk Says No S2/Ep23 Sep. 24 Wheely Helpful S2/Ep24 Sep. 25 Teeny Beep Takes Off S2/Ep25 Sep. 26 Carnival S2/Ep26 Sep. 27 Peas and Beeps S2/Ep27 Apr. 25 Stuck on You! S2/Ep28 Dec. 9 Hole Lot of Trouble S2/Ep29 Dec. 15 A Little Adventure S2/Ep30 Dec. 16 The Lost Houses S2/Ep31 May 1 Bounceberry Pie S2/Ep32 Dec. 23
14688025
Special Operations Volunteer Force


, although a military one, was controlled by the Special Branch. It was formed from surrendered communist insurgents. The goal was to put the guerrilla's experience to work for the British. SEP/CEP volunteers to the SOVF committed to serving for 18 months. They were paid at the same rate as the junior police officers and were based in the same police compounds from which other government forces operated. SEP/CEP volunteers were formed into platoons and placed under the command of a British police officer. At the start of
17929996
Sufficiency economy


Sufficiency economy is the name of a Thai development approach attributed to the late King Bhumibol Adulyadej's "sufficiency economy philosophy" (SEP). It has been elaborated upon by Thai academics and agencies, promoted by the Government of Thailand, and applied by over 23,000 villages in Thailand that have SEP-based projects in operation. Soon after ascending to the throne in 1946, King Bhumibol toured the country and became aware of the hardships facing Thai farmers. At that time, the per capita GDP was about US$200. He
3370763
Karl P. Cohen


Ortho‐ and Paradeuterium" "A Re-Examination of the McMahon Act," Karl Cohen, Pages 7–10 | Published online: 15 Sep 2015 "Atomic Power as a Risk Venture," Karl Cohen, Pages 305-308 | Published online: 15 Sep 2015 Astrophysicist Gregory Benford’s 2017 alternative history novel, "The Berlin Project", is based on Urey and Cohen's centrifuge method for uranium separation, promoting their view that it was a more effective method than the gaseous diffusion method adopted by the government, and offered
4764618
Rita (2009 Italian film)


- Artistic Direction 9th Concorto Film Festival | 2010 22 Aug – 29 Aug | Italy Special Jury Mention 8th Imaginaria Film Festival | 2010 24 Aug – 29 Aug | Italy Jury Mention 16th Aye Aye Film Festival Nancy-Lorraine | 2010 3 Sep – 11 Sep | France Best Sound 3rd Festival Internacional Curtametraxes Bueu | 2010 Bueu International Shortfilm Festival 6 Sep – 11 Sep | Spain Best Short Fiction Film 17th Altin Koza Film Festival | 2010 Golden Boll Film Festival 20 Sep – 26 Sep | Turkey Special Jury Mention 7th Filmfest Eberswalde |
3077820
135th Airlift Group


The 135th Airlift Group (135 AG) is an inactive unit of the United States Air Force, allotted to the Maryland Air National Guard. At the time of its inactivation, it was assigned to the 175th Wing, stationed at Warfield Air National Guard Base, Middle River, Maryland. The unit cased its colors 27 Sep 2013 and was inactivated 30 Sep 2013. The 135th Airlift Group mission was to maintain combat-ready aircrew and aircraft to mobilize, deploy and provide intra-theater airlift in support of U.S. interests worldwide
13122896
Harindarpal Banga


. They have always had a close partnership and Mrs. Banga (Indra) is a woman of considerable intellect. Harindarpal Banga, has been Vice-Chairman Emeritus of Noble Group Limited since Sep 2010 & served as Vice-Chairman of the Board until Sep 2010. A Master Mariner by trade, Harindarpal Banga has experience both in the maritime and the logistics industry. In 1979 he joined the Gulf Group in Hong Kong as operations manager. The Gulf Group was a Geneva based international shipping and commodities empire. Banga quit from the
6731610
T in the Park 2015


announcement, concerns have been raised about the new location. A couple tried to take legal action against the move. A group of residents set up the Strathallan T Action Group (STAG) to highlights its concern. Full planning permission became required for the switch from Balado. Two public consultations were held as a result. One of the biggest concerns was the traffic management; Yorkshire-based traffic management experts SEP Ltd. were brought in to help resolve the issues. An SEP spokesman said: There is a scientific calculation of network
7715326
Somatosensory evoked potential


Somatosensory evoked potential (SEP or SSEP) is the electrical activity of the brain that results from the stimulation of touch. SEP tests measure that activity and are a useful, noninvasive means of assessing somatosensory system functioning. By combining SEP recordings at different levels of the somatosensory pathways, it is possible to assess the transmission of the afferent volley from the periphery up to the cortex. SEP components include a series of positive and negative deflections that can be elicited by virtually any sensory stimuli. For example, SEPs can be obtained in
10173551
SEP-IRA


deducted from the net profit. The result is then multiplied by 20% to arrive at the maximum SEP deduction, $9,293. SEP contributions and earnings are held in SEP-IRAs and can be withdrawn at any time, subject to the general limitations imposed on Traditional IRA. A withdrawal is taxable in the year received. If a participant makes a withdrawal before age 59½, generally a 10% additional tax applies. SEP contributions and earnings may be rolled over tax-free to other Individual retirement account and retirement plans.
13754349
List of Jeeves characters


In the same novel, Bertie mentions that Seppings is fond of dances, and Bertie later has trouble getting his attention while Seppings is engrossed in dancing. Seppings makes a brief appearance in "The Code of the Woosters", working at the Travers family's town house. In "Jeeves and the Feudal Spirit", Seppings discovers a missing pearl necklace in Jeeves's room, and draws this to Jeeves's attention before reporting it to anyone else. After he does report this, both Seppings and Aunt Dahlia are offended when
19756882
Paraguay national rugby union team


- 13 Paraguay 19 AGO 1991 Chile 25 - 18 Paraguay 07 SEP 1991 Brasil 6 - 33 Paraguay 28 SEP 1991 Paraguay 10 - 37 Argentina 4th place Sudamericano 1993 5 Naciones 28 SEP 1993 Chile 24 - 25 Paraguay 02 OCT 1993 Paraguay 3 - 67 Uruguay 10 OCT 1993 Paraguay 49 - 21 Brasil 16 OCT 1993 Argentina 51 - 3 Paraguay 3rd place Sudamericano 1995 4 Naciones 22 SEP 1995 Paraguay 14 - 24 Chile 24 SEP 1995 Paraguay 9 - 103 Argentina 30 SEP 1995 Uruguay 48 - 12 Paraguay 4th place Sudamericano 1997 4
13011259
SEP-IRA


A Simplified Employee Pension Individual Retirement Arrangement (SEP IRA) is a variation of the Individual Retirement Account used in the United States. SEP IRAs are adopted by business owners to provide retirement benefits for themselves and their employees. There are no significant administration costs for a self-employed person with no employees. If the self-employed person does have employees, all employees must receive the same benefits under a SEP plan. Since SEP IRAs are a type of IRA, funds can be invested the same way as most other IRAs
13754341
Hussainiwala


,Sep Baban Falke, Sep Vasu Naik, Sep Raghunath Chalke, Sep Shankar Bhosale and Sep Mahadeo Paste. The battalion lives true to its motto, Kartavya Maan Sahas meaning 'Duty, Honour and Courage'. It defended the Hussainiwala headworks against an attack by a full infantry brigade supported by armoured columns of the Pakistan Army. The tower on the other side of the river was captured and razed to ground. Lt KM. Palande, Lt. Feroz Doctor, Lt. S Deshpande showed great courage and ingenuity by targeting
21039686
List of Jeeves characters


the weather and Seppings's lumbago. On one occasion, Bertie calls him "Pop Seppings" in a familiar manner. He is employed alongside the supreme chef Anatole. Like many others, Seppings highly esteems Anatole's cooking. In "Right Ho, Jeeves", Bertie describes Seppings when recalling Tuppy pushing away Anatole's cooking at dinner, stating that "Seppings, Aunt Dahlia's butler, a cold, unemotional man, had gasped and practically reeled when Tuppy waved aside those "nonnettes de poulet Agnès Sorel"".
19756881
Humming Heads


Humming Heads Inc. is an EIP (Enterprise Information Protection) software developer based in Japan. Humming Heads Inc. was founded in 1999 to focus on the computer security. It shipped its first product, Security Platform (SeP) in 2001, as an anti-virus software. Taking SOX seriously, Humming Heads introduced functionality preventing unauthorized access and confidential information theft from the electronic systems. Further Humming Heads came with its own implementation of the desktop file manager. In 2017 the firm entered the US market. SeP prevents unauthorized information access
11750748
Hominy, Oklahoma


class A division. The teams most recent state title was the culmination of an undefeated season. Sep 1 vs. Cleveland W, 25-7 Sep 9 at Pawnee W, 35-0 Sep 16 at Pawhuska W, 47-9 Sep 23 at Mounds* W, 56-7 Sep 30 vs. Woodland* W, 61-0 Oct 7 at Porter* W, 70-12 Oct 14 vs. Summit Christian* W, 55-0 Oct 20 at Liberty* W, 67-8 Oct 28 vs. Kiefer
7247929
2011 Scottish Conservative Party leadership election


to the UK Conservative Party. This prompts mixed reactions from senior party figures. 4 Sep – Ruth Davidson formally announces that she will stand in the contest. 5 Sep – Murdo Fraser launches his campaign in Edinburgh. 8 Sep – Ruth Davidson launches her campaign in Edinburgh. 11 Sep – Lord Forsyth, at one point a suggested leadership candidate, declares his backing for Ruth Davidson. 23 Sep – Nominations for leadership close. Margaret Mitchell confirms she will stand in the election. 2 Oct – David Mundell MP declares his backing
10722174
Air Force Network Integration Center


1994 – 30 Jun 1996; 1 Apr 1997 – 30 Apr 1998; 1 Oct 2000 – 31 Mar 2002; 30 Apr 2002 – 30 Sep 2003; 1 Oct 2003 – 30 Sep 2004; 10 May 2005 – 30 Sep 2006; 1 Oct 2006 – 30 Sep 2008; 1 Jul 2011 – 30 Jun 2013; 1 Oct 2013 – 30 Sep 2015; 1 Jan 2016 – 31 Dec 2017. https://www.afhra.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/432147/air-force-network-integration-
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