Mekong giant catfish [SEP] IUCN conservation status
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Mekong giant catfish


have been studied (inside the stomach linings) to feed on zooplankton and phytoplankton. Endemic to the lower half of the Mekong River, this catfish is in danger of extinction due to overfishing, as well as the decrease in water quality due to development and upstream damming. A 2018 study suggests that the Mekong stocks could fall up to 40% as the result of dam projects. The current IUCN Red List for fishes classes the species as Critically Endangered; the number living in the wild is unknown, but catch data indicate
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Mekong giant catfish


The Mekong giant catfish ("Pangasianodon gigas"; , , ; /"trəy riec"/; ), is a large, critically endangered species of catfish (order Siluriformes) in the shark catfish family (Pangasiidae), native to the Mekong basin in Southeast Asia and adjacent China. It is considered Critically Endangered due to accelerating habitat loss. Grey to white in colour and lacking stripes, the Mekong giant catfish is distinguished from other large catfish species in the river by the near-total lack of barbels and the absence of teeth.
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Mekong giant catfish


rather than the Mekong River itself. The Mekong giant catfish is described as a contemporary example of overharvest. Millions of tons of fish are harvested in Cambodia every year, with spawning fish being over-harvested. Fragmentation caused by dams increasingly poses threats to larval fish. Trends in water use, energy production, consumption and associated environmental degradation are projected to continue rising in southeast Asia. The Mekong giant catfish are highly migratory requiring large stretches of river for seasonal journeys and specific environmental conditions in their spawning and breeding areas. The
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Shark catfish


The shark catfishes form the family Pangasiidae. They are found in fresh and brackish waters across southern Asia, from Pakistan to Borneo. Among the 30-odd members of this family is the plant-eating, endangered Mekong giant catfish "Pangasianodon gigas", one of the largest known freshwater fish. Several species are the basis of productive aquaculture industries in Vietnam's Mekong Delta. Although Pangasiidae forms a monophyletic group, several studies indicate this group may actually be a subtaxon nested within the family Schilbeidae. Thus, Pangasiidae's familial status may
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Mekong giant catfish


The Mekong giant catfish once held the "Guinness World Records"' position for the world's largest freshwater fish in 2005. Attaining an unconfirmed length of , the Mekong giant catfish grows extremely quickly, reaching a mass of in six years. It can reportedly weigh up to . The largest catch recorded in Thailand since record-keeping began in 1981 was a female measuring in length and weighing . This specimen, caught in 2005, is widely recognized as the largest freshwater fish ever caught (although the largest sturgeon species can far
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Pangasianodon


Pangasianodon is a genus of large to very large shark catfishes native to the Mekong and Chao Phraya Rivers in Southeast Asia and adjacent China. There are currently two recognized species in this genus: Despite local protection and quite widespread awareness of the giant catfish and its critically endangered status, the species is gravely threatened by the build-out of hydroelectric dams on the Mekong River and its tributaries, and by fishing. Though the species is being propagated in Thailand, Thai stock is reported to be contaminated by hybridization with "P. hypophthalmus
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Mekong giant catfish


or twenty, and perhaps in 1976 even fewer. This is sad, as it is a noble fish and a mysterious one, revered by the Lao." In 2000, fishers hauled out 11 giant catfish. In 2001 they caught seven. In 2002 they caught just five. Fishing for the Mekong giant catfish is illegal in the wild in Thailand, Laos, and Cambodia, but the bans appear to be ineffective and the fish continue to be caught in all three countries. However, in recognition of the threat to
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Giant catfish


The giant catfish ("Netuma thalassina"), also known as the giant sea catfish, giant salmon catfish, giant marine-catfish, or the khagga, is a species of catfish in the family Ariidae. It was described by Eduard Rüppell in 1837, originally under the genus "Bagrus". It inhabits estuaries and occasionally freshwater bodies, in Japan, Australia, Polynesia, southern Vietnam in the Mekong Delta, the Red Sea and the northwestern Indian Ocean. It dwells at a depth range of . It reaches a
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Mekong giant catfish


species in the Mekong, and conservationists have focused on it as a flagship species to promote conservation on the river. Although research projects are currently ongoing, relatively little is known about this species. Historically, the fish's natural range reached from the lower Mekong in Vietnam (above the tidally influenced brackish water of the river's delta) all the way to the northern reaches of the river in the Yunnan Province of China, spanning almost the entire length of the river. Due to threats, this species no longer inhabits the
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Catfish


, "Pylodictis olivaris", ever caught was in Independence, Kansas, weighing . These records pale in comparison to a giant Mekong catfish caught in northern Thailand on 1 May 2005 and reported to the press almost 2 months later that weighed . This is the largest giant Mekong catfish caught since Thai officials started keeping records in 1981. This species is not well studied since it lives in developing countries and it is quite possible it can grow even larger. Also in Asia, Jeremy Wade caught a Goonch following three fatal attacks on
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Mekong giant catfish


the species, nearly 60 Thai fishermen agreed to stop catching the endangered catfish in June 2006, to mark the 60th anniversary of Bhumibol Adulyadej's ascension to the throne of Thailand. Thailand is the only country to allow fishing for private stocks of Mekong giant catfish. This helps save the species, as lakes purchase the small fry from the government breeding programme, generating extra income that allows the breeding program to function. Fishing lakes, such as Bueng Samran (บึงสำราญ) in Bangkok, have the species up to . The most
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Beluga (sturgeon)


for the title of largest actively predatory fish, with only the great white easily exceeding the beluga's maximum size. The giant belugas are much larger than the Mekong giant catfish, the arapaima or other sizable rivals for the title of largest freshwater fish. Nevertheless, some scientists still consider the Mekong giant catfish to be the largest true freshwater fish, owing to sturgeons' ability to survive in seawater and that it spends much of its life in brackish environments. Beluga of such great sizes are very old (continuing to grow throughout
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Mekong giant catfish


exceed this size, they are anadromous). Thai fisheries officials stripped the fish of its eggs as part of a breeding programme, intending then to release it, but the fish died in captivity and was sold as food to local villagers. Juvenile fish wear barbels that shrink as they age.. Numbers of young fish are declining. Spawning fish in upper Cambodia are being over harvested. Larval fish are posed by threats of habitat fragmentation due to construction of dams which are becoming increasingly common. The Mekong giant catfish is a threatened
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Giant pangasius


The giant pangasius, paroon shark, pangasid-catfish or Chao Phraya giant catfish ("Pangasius sanitwongsei") is a species of freshwater fish in the shark catfish family (Pangasiidae) of order Siluriformes, found in the Chao Phraya and Mekong basins in Indochina. Its populations have declined drastically, mainly due to overfishing, and it is now considered Critically Endangered. The specific name "sanitwongsei" was chosen to honor M. R. Suwaphan Sanitwong () for his support of fisheries in Thailand. The giant pangasius is pigmented with dusky
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Mekong giant catfish


and breeding grounds and siltation have taken a toll on the species' habitat. As fry, this species feeds on zooplankton in the river and is known to be cannibalistic. After approximately one year, the fish becomes herbivorous, feeding on filamentous algae, probably ingesting larvae and periphyton accidentally. The fish likely obtains its food from algae growing on submerged rocky surfaces, as it does not have any sort of dentition. The Mekong giant catfish are toothless herbivores who lives off of the plants and algae in the river. The fish
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Mekong


river is home to so many species of very large fish. The biggest include three species of "Probarbus" barbs, which can grow up to and weigh , the giant freshwater stingray ("Himantura polylepis", syn. "H. chaophraya"), which can reach at least in length and in width, the giant pangasius ("Pangasius sanitwongsei"), giant barb ("Catlocarpio siamensis") and the endemic Mekong giant catfish ("Pangasianodon gigas"). The last three can grow up to about in
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Catfish


Catfish (or catfishes; order Siluriformes or Nematognathi) are a diverse group of ray-finned fish. Named for their prominent barbels, which resemble a cat's whiskers, catfish range in size and behavior from the three largest species alive, the Mekong giant catfish from Southeast Asia, the wels catfish of Eurasia, and the piraíba of South America, to detritivores (species that eat dead material on the bottom), and even to a tiny parasitic species commonly called the candiru, "Vandellia cirrhosa". Neither the armour
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Rice production in Vietnam


and made navigable. The Mekong Delta is least prone to catastrophic storms as compared to similar rice growing delta regions such as the Irrawaddy River in Myanmar. Apart from rice, the delta is also used for commercial fishing (giant catfish is the most popular, known as ‘Mekong catfish’ could grow up to ). Irrawaddy dolphins are found in the higher reaches of the river in Cambodia and Laos. Other aqua fauna found in the river delta are many species of: turtles, water snakes, and insects. The delta
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Tembeassu marauna


that they are not involved in reproductive behaviors as in other knifefishes with accessory teeth (e.g. "Sternarchogiton nattereri"). An alternate possibility is that they are used in feeding; similar structures in the stegophiline catfishes are used to gather mucus and scales. In common with other South American knifefishes, "T. marauna" is likely capable of generating a weak electric field for navigation and communication. The conservation status of "T. marauna" has not been evaluated by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). No new
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Xayaburi Dam


the biodiversity of the river ecosystem, and the fisheries within the larger Mekong River basin. According to a World Wildlife Fund (WWF) report, the Xayaburi Dam would drive the already critically endangered Mekong giant catfish ("Pangasianodon gigas") to extinction. Because the Mekong is a complex ecosystem that hosts the most productive inland fisheries in the world, the stakes are high for the construction of such a dam. According to a study conducted by WWF and the UN Food and Agriculture Organization, and coordinated by the WorldFish Center
7116826
River Safari


setting along with as river theme with various animal attractions, theme park rides and other major exhibits. The park consists of a total of 10 different ecosystems around the world, including the River Nile, Yangtze River, Mississippi, Amazon as well as the Tundra. It features 5000 animals of 300 species, including numerous that are endangered. Among these are anacondas, electric eels, Mekong freshwater stingrays, West Indian manatees, Mekong giant catfish, giant pandas, gharials, red pandas, golden pheasants, paddlefish, jaguars, squirrel
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Mekong giant catfish


majority of its original habitat. It is now believed to only exist in small, isolated populations in the middle Mekong region. Fish congregate during the beginning of the rainy season and migrate upstream to spawn. They live primarily in the main channel of the river, where the water depth is over , while researchers, fishermen and officials have found this species in the Tonle Sap River and Lake in Cambodia, a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve. In the past, fishers have reported the fish in a number of the Mekong's tributaries.
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Geography of Laos


the flow of water further downstream—are officially opposed to the project. The Mekong River Commission, a regional intergovernmental body designed to promote the "sustainable management" of the river, famed for its giant catfish, carried out a study that warned if Xayaburi and subsequent schemes went ahead, it would "fundamentally undermine the abundance, productivity and diversity of the Mekong fish resources". Neighbouring Vietnam warned that the dam would harm the Mekong Delta, which is the home to nearly 20 million people and supplies around 50 percent of
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Mekong giant catfish


Today, however, essentially no sightings are reported outside of the main Mekong river channel and the Tonle Sap region. Understanding of the species’ migration pattern is incomplete. The fish are thought to rear primarily in the Mekong and Cambodia’s Tonle Sap lake and migrate hundreds of miles north to spawning grounds in Thailand. Spawning fish in the upper Cambodia are being over harvested. Fragmentation caused by infrastructure development of dams are becoming increasingly common posing threats to larval fish and reducing breeding abilities. Overfishing, damming, destruction of spawning,
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Tonlé Sap


world. The fish is long and can weigh anywhere between . The largest of these catfish ever caught weighed . Despite its massive physical characteristics, the Mekong catfish is especially vulnerable to chemical changes, which is beneficial in alerting authorities of trouble in the river ecosystem early on. The population of these fish has been steadily declining since the Khmer Rouge era, led by Pol Pot, and in 2005, fisherman reported that on average only one giant catfish was caught per day. Currently, it is illegal for fishermen to catch and
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Wildlife of Laos


some only recently being discovered, including many frogs and the Upper Laos caecilian ("Ichthyophis laosensis"), Laos warty newt ("Paramesotriton laoensis") and Laos knobby newt ("Tylototriton notialis"). The Mekong giant catfish ("Pangasianodon gigas") is a critically endangered species of fish found in the Mekong River. A number of loaches and guppies are endemic to the country, as are "Poropuntius bolovenensis", "Tor ater", "Acrossocheilus xamensis", "Speolabeo musaei" and "Troglocyclocheilus
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Mekong giant catfish


the population has fallen by 80 percent in the last 14 years. It is also listed in Appendix I of CITES, banning international trade involving wild-caught specimens. In "The Anthropologists' Cookbook" (1977), Jessica Kuper noted the importance of the "pa beuk" to the Lao people and remarked, "In times gone by, this huge fish, which is found only in the Mekong, was fairly plentiful, but in the last few years, the number taken annually has dwindled to forty, thirty
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Mekong freshwater stingray


It has been assessed as Endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), as it is threatened by overfishing and habitat degradation. The Mekong freshwater stingray was first recognized as a new species by Yasuhiko Taki, who included it as ""Dasyatis" sp." in his 1968 list of Mekong River fishes from Laos. Taki's specimens were subsequently lost, and this ray was not formally described until 1987, by Tyson Roberts and Jaranthada Karnasuta, in the scientific journal "Environmental Biology of Fishes".
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Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada


in Canada) and 15 wildlife species that are Extinct (X). The other category is not at risk (NAR). COSEWIC provides online updated status reports on designated species. COSEWIC bases its quantitative criteria for species' status assessment on the revised IUCN Red List, the world's most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of biological species. COSEWIC provides International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the world's main authority on the conservation status of species, with a Regional Red List. IUCN.
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Ameiurus platycephalus


summer, the fecundity of the females being between 200 and 1740 eggs each. While not caught for food, the flat bullhead is threatened by the predatory flathead catfish ("Pylodictis olivaris") and blue catfish ("Ictalurus furcatus"), both of which have been introduced into its range. Other threats include water pollution, sedimentation, impoundment and changes in water quality. It is generally an uncommon species, but has a wide range, and the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has assessed its conservation
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Greater Mekong Subregion


Wide Fund for Nature's (WWF) Global 200 ecoregions, and habitats for an estimated 20,000 plant species, 1,300 fish species, 1,200 bird species, 800 reptile and amphibian species, and 430 mammalian species. Notable species include the Javan rhino, Irrawaddy dolphins, and Mekong giant catfish, one of the largest extant freshwater fish. The WWF reported that in 2016, 115 new species were discovered in the region, including three mammals, two fish, 11 reptiles, 11 amphibians, and 88 plants. This brings the total
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Mekong giant catfish


common size landed is , although some companies specialise in landing the larger fish. Millions of tons of fish are harvested in Cambodia every year, with spawning fish being over-harvested. Fragmentation caused by dams increasingly poses threats to larval fish. The species needs to reach to breed, and it does not breed in lakes. The Thailand Fisheries Department has instituted a breeding programme to restock the Mekong River. From 2000 to 2003, about 10,000 captive-bred specimens were released by the Thai authorities. Specimens are released into reservoirs
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Cantor's giant softshell turtle


Mindanao), and Indonesia (Kalimantan, Java, and Sumatra). Cantor's giant softshell turtle is classified as Endangered by the IUCN and has disappeared from much of its range. Prior to 2007, it was last seen in Cambodia in 2003. A 2007 survey of one area of the Mekong River in Cambodia found the turtle in abundance along a stretch of the river. In the Philippines, a juvenile Cantor’s turtle known as “cagot" appeared and was captured by a fisherman along the Addalam River, Cabarroguis,
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International Union for Conservation of Nature


Unlike other environmental organisations, IUCN does not itself aim to directly mobilize the general public. Education has been part of IUCN's work program since the early days but the focus is on stakeholder involvement and strategic communication rather than mass-campaigns. IUCN runs field projects for habitat and species conservation around the world. It produces the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species and the IUCN Red List of Ecosystems which in a similar way measures risks to ecosystems. The IUCN Red List of Ecosystems is a global standard to assess the conservation status
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Achim Steiner


career in 1989 at the Rural Regional Development Department, GIZ, in Germany. From 1991 to 1997 he worked for the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in Southern Africa and Washington, D.C. He was Chief Technical Adviser of the Mekong River Commission (1997–1998) before becoming Secretary-General of the World Commission on Dams. In 2001 he returned to IUCN as Director-General. Acting on the nomination of Secretary-General Kofi Annan, the United Nations General Assembly in 2006 unanimously elected Steiner Executive Director of the
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Conservation biology


they sustain. Aldo Leopold was a classical thinker and writer on such conservation ethics whose philosophy, ethics and writings are still valued and revisited by modern conservation biologists. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has organized a global assortment of scientists and research stations across the planet to monitor the changing state of nature in an effort to tackle the extinction crisis. The IUCN provides annual updates on the status of species conservation through its Red List. The IUCN Red List serves as an international conservation tool to identify those
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Aage V. Jensen Charity Foundation


knowledge or improve access and the experience of the surrounding nature. Another preference is given to projects that provide tools for conservation efforts on a global basis. One example is the Foundation’s work with local conservation groups in setting up the Kinangop Grassland Reserve in Kenya. These local conservation groups are also part of a BirdLife International project. Another international project is with World Conservation Union (IUCN) on the legal framework for nature reserves. Through WWF we help the dolphin and fish populations in the Mekong River in Cambodia, Laos and
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Conservation status


use. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species is the best known worldwide conservation status listing and ranking system. Species are classified by the IUCN Red List into nine groups set through criteria such as rate of decline, population size, area of geographic distribution, and degree of population and distribution fragmentation. Also included are species that have gone extinct since 500 CE. When discussing the IUCN Red List, the official term "threatened" is a grouping of three categories: critically endangered, endangered, and vulnerable. The Convention on
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Andean catfish


The Andean catfish ("Astroblepus ubidiai") is a species of freshwater fish in the family Astroblepidae. The Spanish name for the Andean catfish is "preñadilla". It is endemic to the highlands of the Ecuadorian Andes where it lives in mountain streams in four different drainage basins in the Imbakucha watershed. It is a brownish-grey fish growing to about . The fish is threatened by human activities in the area with loss and fragmentation of its habitat, and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed its conservation status
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Chao Phraya River


oscitans"), and other birds such as the wintering black kite ("Milvus migrans"). Endemic mammals that remain are the limestone rat ("Niviventer hinpoon"), Neill's long-tailed giant rat ("Leopoldamys neilli"), and the near-endemic Thailand roundleaf bat ("Hipposideros halophyllus"). The Chao Phraya basin is home to about half a dozen endemic dragonflies and damselflies. The conservation status of most of these in unclear (they are rated as data deficient by the IUCN)
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Giant coua


its range. Similarly, global population trends are not available, and even though it is believed that the species are not approaching the population decline thresholds for the criterion of the IUCN Red List (i.e. declining more than 30% in ten years or three generations), there is evidence for population decline. This summarizes the reasons for evaluating giant coua as least concern by the official Red List Authority for birds for IUCN. Several studies support the need to conserve the giant coua. "C. gigas" are among locally vulnerable species
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Nepenthes bicalcarata


level. The conservation status of "N. bicalcarata" is listed as Vulnerable on the 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species based on an assessment carried out in 2000. In 1997, Charles Clarke informally classified the species as Near Threatened based on the IUCN criteria. This agrees with the conservation status assigned to "N. bicalcarata" by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre. The two thorns that give "N. bicalcarata" its name are unique to this species and bear some of the largest nectaries in the plant kingdom. The purpose of
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Atalaya (plant)


underground woody rootstocks. In South Africa three species grow naturally. The scarcity of "A. natalensis" trees and their restricted range has received the global conservation status (IUCN) of "vulnerable D2". "A. capensis" has a global conservation status (IUCN) listing also, of "Lower Risk / conservation dependent" . In Papua New Guinea "A. papuana" grows naturally in coast monsoon dune scrub (coastal rainforests on dune soils that become seasonally dry, with deciduous trees), tropical savanna forests and in regenerating
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World Commission on Protected Areas


The World Commission on Protected Areas (WCPA) is one of six commissions of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN). In 1948, the IUCN established a Committee on National Parks. Two decades later the IUCN had been asked by the international community to take responsibility for preparing a world list of national parks in keeping with its role as a network to share the world’s knowledge on nature conservation, and in 1960, the IUCN raised the status of the Committee to that of a permanent Commission, with
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IUCN Red List of Ecosystems


The IUCN Red List of Ecosystems (RLE) is a global framework for monitoring and documenting the status of ecosystems. It was developed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as part of the growing toolkit for biodiversity risk assessment. Its main objective is to support conservation, resource use, and management decisions by evaluating all the world's ecosystems by 2025. The Red List of Ecosystem was developed by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the world's leading authority on the subject and the same entity
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Camas pocket gopher


lupines. Citing concerns of urbanization, habitat loss and active attempts at eradication, NatureServe assesses the camas pocket gophers' conservation status as vulnerable. The conservation status of the camas pocket gopher is classified as "least concern" by the IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Species Programme, with a stable population trend. The IUCN notes that the gopher is common in its range; studies indicate that populations can recover rapidly after traps are removed from an area, and the species may adapt well to environmental changes. The
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IUCN Red List


The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (also known as the IUCN Red List or Red Data List), founded in 1964, is the world's most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of biological species. It uses a set of criteria to evaluate the extinction risk of thousands of species and subspecies. These criteria are relevant to all species and all regions of the world. With its strong scientific base, the IUCN Red List is recognized as the most authoritative guide to the status of biological diversity. A series of
19930289
International Union for Conservation of Nature


its focus beyond conservation ecology and now incorporates issues related to sustainable development in its projects. Unlike many other international environmental organisations, IUCN does not itself aim to mobilize the public in support of nature conservation. It tries to influence the actions of governments, business and other stakeholders by providing information and advice, and through building partnerships. The organization is best known to the wider public for compiling and publishing the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, which assesses the conservation status of species worldwide. IUCN has a membership of over 1400
13568847
International Union for Conservation of Nature


governmental and non-governmental organizations. Some 16,000 scientists and experts participate in the work of IUCN commissions on a voluntary basis. It employs approximately 1000 full-time staff in more than 50 countries. Its headquarters are in Gland, Switzerland. IUCN has observer and consultative status at the United Nations, and plays a role in the implementation of several international conventions on nature conservation and biodiversity. It was involved in establishing the World Wide Fund for Nature and the World Conservation Monitoring Centre. In the past, IUCN has been criticized
13568848
International Union for Conservation of Nature


Council of Europe. In 1961, at the request of United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), the United Nations Economic and Social Council, IUCN published the first global list of national parks and protected areas which it has updated ever since. IUCN's best known publication, the Red Data Book on the conservation status of species, was first published in 1964. IUCN began to play a part in the development of international treaties and conventions, starting with the African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.
13568854
Great hammerhead


. Assessment of its conservation status is difficult as few fisheries separate the great hammerhead from other hammerheads in their reported catches. This species is listed as globally Endangered on the IUCN Red List. It is Endangered in the northwestern Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico, where though it is a non-targeted species, populations have dropped 50% since the 1990s due to bycatch. It is also Endangered in the southwestern Indian Ocean, where large numbers of longline vessels operate illegally along the coasts for hammerheads and the giant guitarfish ("
14357936
Nepenthes robcantleyi


N. truncata". The plants found by Andy Smith and Wally Suarez, which may be conspecific with "N. robcantleyi", also grew epiphytically. The plants observed in 1997 were sympatric with an "unusual and giant form" of "N. alata" "sensu lato". In the type description Martin Cheek informally assessed the conservation status of "N. robcantleyi" as Critically Endangered based on the IUCN criteria, while noting that the species may already be extinct in the wild. On account of its vegetative and floral features—
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Pareuchiloglanis


Pareuchiloglanis is a genus of sisorid catfishes native to Asia. These species are rheophilic catfish chiefly found in the headwaters of major rivers in South and East Asia. They originate from the Brahmaputra drainage in India, east and south to the Yangtze drainage in China and the Annamese Cordillera drainages in southern Vietnam. Two species are known from the Mekong River: "P. myzostoma" and "P. gracilicaudata". Four species are known from the (upper Mekong River) drainage of China: "P. abbreviatus", "P. gracilicaudata"
7617293
Ostariophysi


123 marine species (Chanidae, Gonorynchidae, most Ariidae, about half of Plotosidae). They are present on all continents and major land masses except Antarctica, Greenland, and New Zealand. This group includes a wide variety of different fishes. It contains one of the largest freshwater fish ever caught, the Mekong giant catfish, which can weigh up to about 300 kg. It also contains the smallest species of freshwater fish, "Danionella translucida" at only 12 mm in length. Some of these fish are able to breathe
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Nepenthes spathulata


. It is somewhat reminiscent of the highland heath forests around Bareo in Sarawak, Borneo. Due to the patchy distribution of "N. spathulata", its conservation status is listed as Vulnerable on the 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. However, Charles Clarke suggests a revised status of Conservation Dependent based on the IUCN criteria. The closest relative of "N. spathulata" appears to be "N. singalana". It differs from this species in having a peristome that is contracted towards the front and very wide at the sides.
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Regional Red List


A Regional Red List (RRL) is a report of the threatened status of species within a certain country or region. It is based on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, an inventory of the conservation status of species on a global scale. Regional Red Lists assess the risk of extinction to species within a political management unit and therefore may feed directly into national and regional planning. This project is coordinated by the Zoological Society of London (ZSL), the World Conservation Union (IUCN) and partners in national governments
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Tonlé Sap


, grey-headed fish eagle, and the Manchurian reed warbler. Specifically, the large colonies of unique birds constitute the Preak Toal Bird sanctuary. In addition, the Tonlé sap also supports significant reptile populations including nearly extinct Siamese crocodiles and a large number of freshwater snakes. Although the area around the lake has been modified for settlement and farming, about 200 species of plants have been recorded. One of the most legendary species living in the Tonlé sap is the Mekong giant catfish, one of the largest freshwater fish in the
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Regional Red List


, universities and organizations throughout the world. Regional Red Lists may assist countries or regions in: The IUCN Categories and Criteria were initially designed to assess the conservation status of species globally, however there was a demand for guidelines to apply the system at the regional level. In 2003, IUCN developed a set of transparent, quantitative criteria to assess the conservation status of species at the regional and national level. This approach is now being applied in many countries throughout the world. Recently, Regional Red Lists have been completed for Mongolian
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Endangered species


An endangered species is a species which has been categorized as very likely to become extinct in the near future. Endangered (EN), as categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List, is the second most severe conservation status for wild populations in the IUCN's schema after  (CR). In 2012, the IUCN Red List featured 3,079 animal and 2,655 plant species as endangered (EN) worldwide. The figures for 1998 were, respectively, 1,102 and 1,197. Many nations have laws that
3812127
List of critically endangered mammals


a full assessment of conservation status. As these species typically have small distributions and/or populations, they are intrinsically likely to be threatened, according to the IUCN. While the category of "data deficient" indicates that no assessment of extinction risk has been made for the taxa, the IUCN notes that it may be appropriate to give them "the same degree of attention as threatened taxa, at least until their status can be assessed." This is a complete list of critically endangered mammalian species and subspecies evaluated by the IUCN.
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Mystus bocourti


Mystus bocourti is a species of catfish endemic to Cambodia, Laos, Thailand and Vietnam, known only from Chao Phraya River and Mekong River. It was formerly listed as "Heterobagrus bocourti" until the genus "Heterobagrus" became "Mystus". It is demersal and potamodromus and occurs in medium to large rivers. The fish considered rare and declining throughout its range and is threatened by pollution, present and future dams and water extraction for agriculture and human settlements. Considering this and no present conservation measures, the fish is listed
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List of critically endangered arthropods


As of July 2016, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) lists 394 critically endangered arthropod species, including 86 which are tagged as "possibly extinct". 4.1% of all evaluated arthropod species are listed as critically endangered. The IUCN also lists three arthropod subspecies as critically endangered. No subpopulations of arthropods have been evaluated by the IUCN. Additionally 2875 arthropod species (30% of those evaluated) are listed as "data deficient", meaning there is insufficient information for a full assessment of conservation status.
18760593
List of critically endangered molluscs


As of September 2016, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) lists 581 critically endangered mollusc species, including 117 which are tagged as "possibly extinct". 8.0% of all evaluated mollusc species are listed as critically endangered. The IUCN also lists 11 mollusc subspecies as critically endangered. No subpopulations of molluscs have been evaluated by the IUCN. Additionally 1988 mollusc species (27% of those evaluated) are listed as "data deficient", meaning there is insufficient information for a full assessment of conservation status.
2441326
List of critically endangered insects


As of July 2016, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) lists 195 critically endangered insect species, including 46 which are tagged as "possibly extinct". 3.2% of all evaluated insect species are listed as critically endangered. The IUCN also lists two insect subspecies as critically endangered. No subpopulations of insects have been evaluated by the IUCN. Additionally 1702 insect species (28% of those evaluated) are listed as "data deficient", meaning there is insufficient information for a full assessment of conservation status.
2441517
List of critically endangered invertebrates


As of July 2016, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) lists 987 critically endangered invertebrate species, including 206 which are tagged as "possibly extinct". 5.5% of all evaluated invertebrate species are listed as critically endangered. The IUCN also lists 14 invertebrate subspecies as critically endangered. No subpopulations of invertebrates have been evaluated by the IUCN. Additionally 5278 invertebrate species (29% of those evaluated) are listed as "data deficient", meaning there is insufficient information for a full assessment of conservation status.
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International Union for Conservation of Nature


1974) and its formal standing and influence increased. A grant from the Ford Foundation in 1969 enabled it to boost its secretariat and expand operations. During the 1960s, IUCN lobbied the UN General Assembly to create a new status for NGOs. Resolution 1296, adopted in 1968, granted 'consultative' status to NGOs. IUCN itself was eventually accredited with six UN organizations. IUCN was one of the few environmental organisations formally involved in the preparations of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm, 1972). The
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Livingstone National Park


species conservation Act 1995). Along with international recognition under the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN 2004). Identifying the habitat of, and monitoring its condition, is an important conservation action in the National recovery plan for the Swift Parrot. The protection status of Livingstone National Park means management is consistent with and intends to deliver the actions in recovery plans for conserving the Swift Parrots overwintering ground, when it leaves breeding grounds in Tasmania and disperses widely over the mainland, from
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Hemibagrus wyckioides


Hemibagrus wyckioides (Asian redtail catfish) is a species of catfish (order Siluriformes) of the family Bagridae. These catfish originate from the Mekong basin and are reported from Chao Phraya, Mae Klong and peninsular Thailand river systems. "H. wyckioides" reaches a length of TL. This species is the largest Bagrid catfish in Asia and may reach 80 kilograms. The caudal fin is white when the fish is small, but it becomes bright red when it reaches about . "H. wyckii" bears a resemblance to "H. wyckioides
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Thale Noi Non-Hunting Area


"); several catfish varieties; Grey Featherback ("Notopterus notopterus"), Swamp eel (Fluta alba), 2 freshwater prawn species ("Macrobrachium lanchesteri, Macrobrachium rosenbergii") and several crab species. There are 25 recorded species of reptiles in the Thale Noi Non-Hunting Area with 4 species listed on the IUCN Red List as Vulnerable: the Southeast Asian Box Turtle ("Cuora amboinensis"); the Giant Asian Pond Turtle ("Heosemys grandis"); the Black Marsh Turtle ("Siebenrockiella crassicollis
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Pethia cumingii


and Flora of Sri Lanka, IUCN Sri Lanka. IUCN, (2000); The 1999 list of threatened fauna and flora of Sri Lanka, IUCN Sri Lanka. IUCN, (2000); The Fauna of Sri Lanka Status of Taxonomy, Research and Conservation, IUCN Sri Lanka. Perera, N., (2002); Preliminary Survey of Upper Attanagalu River basin in South West Ichthyological Zone of Sri Lanka, SRI LANKA NATURALIST, JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY AND NATURE, Young Zoologist’s Association of Sri Lanka. Pethiyagoda, R.
14745984
Frederick Yeh


sea turtle conservation efforts in Hawaii. According to the global authority on nature conservation, International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the sea turtles of the Hawaiian Islands were also once under the threat of near extinction, but are now thriving and their conservation status reclassified as "Least Concern" according to the IUCN Red List. Thus, Yeh established Sea Turtles 911 under Hawaiian jurisdiction, and changed the course of his life by moving to China to save the sea turtles he had hopelessly witnessed being sold, earning
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Rodrigues flying fox


a few hundred in total in the wild, and the bat is classified as endangered by the IUCN. The Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust has undertaken a successful captive breeding program, and there are now colonies in several zoos. Due to its imperiled status, it is identified by the Alliance for Zero Extinction as a species in danger of imminent extinction. In 2013, Bat Conservation International listed this species as one of the 35 species of its worldwide priority list of conservation. In 2017, the IUCN determined that this species now has
11950036
Whale conservation


the North Atlantic Ocean around Greenland, Iceland, and Norway. There is no information about fin whales in areas outside of the Northern Atlantic, where they still hold the status of being endangered. A complete list of whale conservation statuses as listed by the IUCN is given below. Note that, in the case of the blue and gray whales, the IUCN distinguishes the statuses of various populations. These populations, while not regarded as separate species, are considered sufficiently important in terms of conservation. *Atlantic population of gray whale
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Giant sea catfish


The giant sea catfish (Arius gigas), also called the ewe or the marine catfish, is a species of sea catfish in the family Ariidae. It was described by George Albert Boulenger in 1911, originally under the genus "Tachysurus". It is known from brackish and freshwater in the Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Cameroon, Benin, Mali, Ghana and Nigeria. It reaches a maximum total length of , and a maximum weight of . Males incubate eggs in their mouths. The giant sea catfish is of commercial
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Steindachner's sea catfish


The Steindachner's sea catfish (Cathorops steindachneri) is a species of catfish in the family Ariidae. It was described by Charles Henry Gilbert and Edwin Chapin Starks in 1904. It is a tropical, marine and freshwater-dwelling catfish which occurs between Costa Rica and Peru. It dwells at a maximum depth of . It reaches a maximum total length of , more commonly reaching a TL of . Due to insufficient statistical information on the species, the IUCN redlist lists the Steindachner's sea catfish as Data Deficient. It notes that
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Plains rat


' by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the IUCN conservation status for the species is 'vulnerable'. The name "Pseudomys" comes from the combined form of the Greek word "pseudes" (meaning "false") and the Latin word "mys" (meaning "mouse"), presumably because of the plains rat's puzzling similarities and differences to "true mice" in the genus "mus". The name "australis" comes from the Latin word "australis" (
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Nursehound


, from March to October, securing them to bunches of seaweed. The eggs take 7–12 months to hatch. Nursehounds are marketed as food in several European countries under various names, including "flake", "catfish", "rock eel", and "rock salmon". It was once also valued for its rough skin (called "rubskin"), which was used as an abrasive. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has assessed the nursehound as Near Threatened, as its population in the
19882587
Giant gourami


gourami and elephant ear gourami have been reported from the middle Mekong, and both the giant gourami and "Osphronemus septemfasciatus" have been reported from Borneo in the Kapuas River and river basins in Sarawak. However, middle Mekong records of the giant gourami are likely misidentifications of elephant ear gouramis (the only place in the Mekong basin where the giant gourami likely occurs naturally are in the southernmost part, like tributaries originating in the northern Cardamom Mountains). The presence of giant gouramis in Borneo is possibly the result of introductions. The
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Giant eland


Guinea, Mali, Senegal, and South Sudan. It is no longer present in The Gambia, Ghana, Ivory Coast, and Togo. Its presence is uncertain in Nigeria, Guinea-Bissau, and Uganda due to over hunting and a lack of professional wildlife management. The subspecies have been listed with different conservation statuses by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The scientific name of the giant eland is "Taurotragus derbianus", derived from three words: "tauros", "tragos", and
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Giant golden mole


. The Giant Golden mole is classified as Endangered (EN) in 2010 on IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. The population of the Giant Golden mole is decreasing due to habitat loss mainly from human activities effected to their habitat such as firewood collection, bark stripping, cutting for construction, overgrazing of livestock, and clearance of forest. Moreover, the Giant Golden mole is preyed to the domestic dogs in that area. Nowadays, the Giant Golden mole receives few protections, but they are not a main conservation target. The
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Stenogomphurus consanguis


Stenogomphurus consanguis, the Cherokee clubtail, is a species of clubtail dragonfly in the family Gomphidae. It is endemic to the southeastern United States, found in small rivers and streams. The IUCN conservation status of "Stenogomphurus consanguis" is "LC", least concern, with no immediate threat to the species' survival. The IUCN status was reviewed in 2018. The species had a Red List assessment of "rare" from 1986 to 1994, "vulnerable" in 1996, and "endangered" in 2007. There are
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Phanogomphus sandrius


Phanogomphus sandrius, the Tennessee clubtail, is a species of clubtail dragonflies in the family Gomphidae. It is found in the United States, in nine locations of central Tennessee. The IUCN conservation status of "Phanogomphus sandrius" is "VU", vulnerable. The species faces a high risk of endangerment in the medium term, with a decreasing population. The IUCN status was reviewed in 2018. "Phanogomphus sandrius" was assessed as "endangered" in 1996 and "vulnerable" in 2007. "Phanogomphus sandrius" was recently
16664709
Gomphurus septima


Gomphurus septima, or Septima's clubtail, is a species of clubtail dragonflies in the family Gomphidae. The IUCN conservation status of "Gomphurus septima" is "LC", least concern, with no immediate threat to the species' survival. The population is stable. The IUCN status was reviewed in 2018. "Gomphurus septima" was recently considered a member of the genus "Gomphus", but in 2017 it became a member of the genus "Gomphurus" when "Gomphurus" was elevated from subgenus to genus rank.
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Giant otter


giant otter. Other causes of death include accidents, gastroenteritis, infanticide, and epileptic seizures. The giant otter is an apex predator, and its population status reflects the overall health of riverine ecosystems. It feeds mainly on fish, including cichlids, characins (such as piranha), and catfish. One full-year study of giant otter scats in Amazonian Brazil found fish present in all fecal samples. Fish from the order Perciformes, particularly cichlids, were seen in 97% of scats, and Characiformes, such as characins
8464446
Regional Red List


this regional network there will be opportunities to learn from each other’s experiences in applying the IUCN Categories and Criteria and in using this information for conservation planning and priority setting. Two public bodies in Britain, Natural England and the Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC), have produced British Red Data Books and other reviews of different plants and animals assigning their conservation status according to IUCN Red Data Book criteria. In 2016 the JNCC produced a spreadsheet which incorporated these reviews and lists of threatened species based on other crieteria such as Biodiversity
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Box sea catfish


The Box sea catfish (Cathorops multiradiatus) is a species of catfish in the family Ariidae. It was described by Albert Günther in 1864. It is a tropical, marine catfish which occurs in Guatemala, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Colombia, Peru, Ecuador, Mexico, Nicaragua, Honduras, and Panama. It dwells at a maximum depth of . It reaches a . Due to its wide distribution and population density, as well as a lack of major threats or perceived decline in population, the IUCN redlist lists the
6062584
Endangered species


protect conservation-reliant species: for example, forbidding hunting, restricting land development or creating protected areas. Population numbers, trends and species' conservation status can be found at the lists of organisms by population. The conservation status of a species indicates the likelihood that it will become extinct. Many factors are considered when assessing the status of a species; e.g., such statistics as the number remaining, the overall increase or decrease in the population over time, breeding success rates, or known threats. The IUCN Red List of
3812128
Pardiglanis tarabinii


Pardiglanis tarabinii, the Somalian giant catfish, is a species of claroteid catfish native to Kenya and Somalia. This species has uncertain taxonomic status. It has been placed by itself in the genus "Pardiglanis". However, some sources have considered this genus to be a junior synonym of "Clarotes". It lives in mud at bottom of rivers. It occurs in the Juba River, probably in the Shebelle River in Somalia and the Lower Tana River, and possibly in the Northern Ewaso Ng'iro in Kenya. Its natural habitat
14217117
Thomas sea catfish


The Thomas sea catfish (Notarius grandicassis) is a species of catfish in the family Ariidae. It was described by Achille Valenciennes in 1840, originally under the genus "Arius". It inhabits mud on the floors of brackish and marine waters between the Gulf of Venezuela and the Amazon River, at a depth range of . It reaches a maximum total length of , more commonly reaching a TL of . The Thomas sea catfish is currently ranked as Least Concern by the IUCN redlist. It spawns during the months of May and
19048910
Flathead sea catfish


The flathead sea catfish (Notarius planiceps) is a species of catfish in the family Ariidae. It was described by Franz Steindachner in 1876, originally under the genus "Arius". It inhabits rivers, estuaries, and marine waters on the Pacific coast, from Mexico to Panama, at a maximum depth of . It reaches a maximum total length of . It is currently ranked by the IUCN redlist as being of Least Concern, due to a lack of known major threats for the species. The flathead sea catfish feeds off
19503586
Passany sea catfish


The Passany sea catfish (Sciades passany) is a species of catfish in the family Ariidae. It was described by Achille Valenciennes in 1840, originally under the genus "Bagrus". It occurs in estuaries and coastal marine waters in Brazil, Venezuela, Suriname, French Guiana, Guyana, and Trinidad and Tobago. It reaches a maximum total length of , more commonly reaching a TL of . It reaches a maximum weight of . The passany sea catfish is currently ranked as Data Deficient by the IUCN redlist, but notes that
19859879
Trichogenes longipinnis


onset of rainy season. "T. longipinnis" is restricted to steep hill stream stretches, and is absent in streams on gently sloping terrain dominated by "Astyanax" characids. The catfish possibly developed, or retained, its characid-like role (diurnal, nektonic, and insectivorous) in separately with this more widespread tetra. Due to restricted distribution, specialized habitat, and differentiated populations, the vulnerable (VU B1+2bc) status in the IUCN List is proposed. However, this species is not yet listed on the
4141409
Western rosella


is as protected fauna, and of the inland subspecies is one of "likely to become extinct". In the assessment of the inland "P. icterotis xanthogenys" for the federal government's "Action Plan for Australian Birds" 2000 it was assigned the status of 'near threatened'. The 2013 assessment by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) on their IUCN redlist assigns a status of species of least concern. It notes the species has become less common and locally extinct and the population trend is declining due
9884559
Broad-snouted catfish


The broad-snouted catfish (Neoarius latirostris) is a species of catfish in the family Ariidae. It was described by William John Macleay in 1883, originally under the genus "Arius". It inhabits freshwater rivers in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. Its diet includes finfish, mollusks, prawns, terrestrial arthropods, aquatic insects, and plants. It reaches a maximum standard length of . The IUCN redlist currently lists the broad-snouted catfish as Least Concern, but makes note of a present decline in the species' population
14380803
Giant panda


Some reports also show that the number of giant pandas in the wild is on the rise. In March 2015, conservation news site Mongabay stated that the wild giant panda population had increased by 268, or 16.8%, to 1,864. In 2016, the IUCN reclassified the species from "endangered" to "vulnerable". While the dragon has often served as China's national symbol, internationally the giant panda has often filled this role. As such, it is becoming widely used within China in international contexts, for example
12534609
Nepenthes mikei


undisclosed for conservation purposes, "N. mikei" grows alongside "N. flava". The conservation status of "N. mikei" is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List, based on an assessment carried out in 2000. This agrees with an informal assessment made by Charles Clarke in 2001, who also classified the species as Vulnerable based on the IUCN criteria. However, Clarke noted that since substantial populations of "N. mikei" lie within protected areas, they "are unlikely to become threatened in the foreseeable future".
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Data deficient


A data deficient (DD) species is one which has been categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as offering insufficient information for a proper assessment of conservation status to be made. This does not necessarily indicate that the species has not been extensively studied; but it does indicate that little or no information is available on the abundance and distribution of the species. The IUCN recommends that care be taken to avoid classing species as "data deficient" when the absence of records may indicate dangerously low abundance:
11837392
List of critically endangered birds


As of May 2019, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) lists 224 critically endangered avian species, including 18 which are tagged as "possibly extinct" or "possibly extinct in the wild". 2.1% of all evaluated avian species are listed as critically endangered. No subpopulations of birds have been evaluated by the IUCN. Additionally 61 avian species (0.59% of those evaluated) are listed as "data deficient", meaning there is insufficient information for a full assessment of conservation status. As these species
1905585
List of mammals of Oman


This is a list of the mammal species recorded in Oman. There are at least 62 mammal species in Oman that have been assessed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), of these, one is critically endangered, four are endangered, eight are vulnerable, and two are near threatened. The following tags are used to highlight each species' conservation status as assessed by the IUCN: Some species were assessed using an earlier set of criteria. Species assessed using this system have the following instead of near threatened
21788905
IUCN Red List of Ecosystems


protocols, developed by national or subnational authorities differed in focus and implementation, were often incomparable, and unable of separating strict risk analysis from the process of setting conservation priorities. In 2008, during the IV World Conservation Congress (Barcelona, Spain), the process of developing criteria to estimate their risk status was activated and the IUCN laid the foundations for the creation of a Red List of Ecosystems (RLE). The initial development of the criteria for the Red List of ecosystems was based on analogies with the criteria for species
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