Trans Air Congo [SEP] airline hub
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Trans Air Congo


Trans Air Congo is an airline based at Pointe Noire Airport in Pointe-Noire, Republic of the Congo. The company was established on 24 August 1994 by the El-Hage family and started services with a single Let 410 aircraft. Early services were largely between Brazzaville and Pointe Noire. In December 1994 an Antonov An-24 joined the fleet, followed in 1996 by a Boeing 727 and Yakovlev Yak-42D. Late 1997 saw the airline having to move temporarily to Johannesburg in South Africa to avoid a civil war. Trans Air Congo operates services
6996657
Trans States Airlines


Trans States Airlines, along with Compass Airlines and GoJet Airlines, is owned by Trans States Holdings and is headquartered in Bridgeton, Missouri. As of 2011, Trans States Airlines employed 650 people throughout North America. The airline currently operates over 240 daily flights in 70 cities as United Express for United Airlines. In total, TSA carried 3.6 million passengers in 2015. The company began operations as Resort Air in 1982. As an independent commuter air carrier, Resort Air operated Swearingen Metro propjets from a small hub located in St. Louis
20095405
Air Midwest


Continuing money problems forced Air Midwest to sell its Nashville hub and Saab 340 aircraft to American in 1987. Trans World Airlines (TWA) acquired Ozark Air Lines in 1986 and forced Air Midwest to surrender some of its St Louis routes because TWA already had a code share partner in St Louis, Resort Air (today's Trans States Airlines). At the end of 1989, Air Midwest was operating Trans World Express service on behalf of TWA at its St. Louis hub with nonstop flights to Birmingham, AL; Bloomington, IL
6195368
Trans Air Congo


to the following destinations: The Trans Air Congo fleet consists of the following aircraft (as of December 2018): The airline previously operated the following aircraft: Trans Air Congo has been delivered the IOSA certificate until 2015. MilesPlus is the frequent flyer program developed by TAC. Registration is free and open to every passengers. First company in Congo to develop a fidelity program, MilesPlus has proved to be a successful tool as the program enrolled more than 2200 members since its creation in 2012. MilesPlus offers 4 different cards (Blue
6996658
Trans States Airlines


, are from the early days when the company was operated as Resort Air and took visitors to the Lake of the Ozarks in Missouri. Trans States was operating 48-passenger ATR-42 and 19-passenger Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner (Metro III model) propjets in Trans World Express code share service for Trans World Airlines at this time from the TWA hub in St. Louis with nonstop flights to the following destinations: By 1995, Trans States had expanded its Trans World Express code sharing operations at the TWA St. Louis hub and was operating ATR-42, ATR-72, British
20095409
Brockway Air


hub located at the Dallas/Fort Worth Airport (DFW) in Texas via its wholly owned Metroflight division as well as operating a subsidiary under contract to Eastern Airlines as Eastern Metro Express with a hub located at the Atlanta Hartsfield International Airport (ATL). The airline holding company which controlled Metro Airlines and Metroflight purchased Brockway Air in the summer of 1989 and changed Brockway's name to Metro Air Northeast. That move coincided with a new codeshare relationship with Trans World Airlines (TWA) under the TWExpress banner and the airline's
7269511
McAllen Miller International Airport


Raleigh/Durham. American and regional affiliate American Eagle continue to serve the airport. Trans World Airlines (TWA) also served McAllen. In 2001 TWA McDonnell Douglas MD-80s flew nonstop to Austin and one-stop to its St. Louis hub. By the end of 2001 Trans World Airlines had merged into American Airlines. Delta Connection (Atlantic Southeast Airlines) (ASA, now ExpressJet) flew to Delta's Atlanta hub. In 2007 Delta Connection had two nonstops a day to ATL with Canadair CRJ-200s for Delta Air Lines in a
7702717
St. Louis Lambert International Airport


. In 1979, the year after airline deregulation, STL's dominant carriers were TWA (36 routes) and Ozark (25), followed by American (17) and Eastern (12). Other carriers at STL included Air Illinois, Air Indiana, Braniff, Britt, Brower, Delta, Frontier, Northwest Orient, Republic, Texas International, Trans-Mo and USAir. After airline deregulation in 1978, airlines began to realign their operations around a hub and spoke model. Trans World Airlines (TWA) was headquartered
18736622
St. Louis Lambert International Airport


as a hub for Air Choice One and Cape Air, and was formerly a hub for Ozark Air Lines, Trans World Airlines, and American Airlines. It is the largest U.S. airport classified as a medium-sized primary hub and currently the second busiest after Dallas–Love. Lambert covers 2,800 acres (1,133 ha) of land. St. Louis Lambert International Airport is the primary airport in the St. Louis area, with MidAmerica St. Louis Airport, about 37 miles (59 km) east, serving as a secondary metropolitan commercial
18736610
Texas International Airlines


, for Texas International. Texas Air then acquired Continental Airlines in 1982 and merged Continental and Texas International on October 31, 1982 with TI assuming the former's name. The last Texas International aircraft were seen in 1983. Today's successor to Trans-Texas Airways and Texas International is United Airlines, which merged with Continental in 2010. The airline has a large hub at George Bush Intercontinental Airport, a former hub for Texas International. Dallas/Fort Worth Airport was a hub for Texas International before its merger with Continental.
9132984
Trans World Express


, a wholly owned subsidiary of TWA, operated flights under the Trans World Express banner. This fully certificated airline, previously named and certificated as Ransome Airlines - Pan Am Express, was headquartered at Philadelphia Northeast Airport far from TWA's (John F. Kennedy International Airport and (STL) St Louis hubs. After that date, November 6, 1995, TWA outsourced all TWE operations to third-party "banner" airlines. Other airlines previously operating under the name and TWE "banner" included Resort Air and Metro Air Northeast
5264849
St. Pete–Clearwater International Airport


Orlando. In 1987 American Airlines started nonstops to its Raleigh-Durham hub, but by October 1989 PIE once again had no scheduled airline service. American Trans Air (ATA) and Air South began jet flights from PIE in the mid 1990s. In early 1994, American Trans Air was operating nonstop Boeing 757-200s from Chicago Midway Airport, nonstop Boeing 727-200s from Indianapolis, nonstop Boeing 727-200s from Milwaukee and weekly nonstop Lockheed L-1011 TriStars from Philadelphia. By late 1994 American Trans Air had expanded its service
23749
Transport hub


or more airlines where a single aircraft was used with the individual airlines operating it with their own flight crews on their respective portions of a direct, no change of plane multi-stop flight. In the U.S., a number of air carriers including Alaska Airlines, American Airlines, Braniff International Airways, Continental Airlines, Delta Air Lines, Eastern Airlines, Frontier Airlines (1950-1986), Hughes Airwest, National Airlines (1934-1980), Pan Am, Trans World Airlines (TWA), United Airlines and Western
405938
Air Canada


Air Canada is the flag carrier and the largest airline of Canada by fleet size and passengers carried. The airline, founded in 1937, provides scheduled and charter air transport for passengers and cargo to 207 destinations worldwide. It is a founding member of the Star Alliance. Air Canada's corporate headquarters are in Montreal, Quebec, while its largest hub is at Toronto Pearson International Airport. The airline's regional service is Air Canada Express. Canada's national airline originated from the Canadian federal government's 1936 creation of Trans-Canada
15175923
List of Air Canada destinations


Air Canada is the largest airline and flag carrier of Canada. Founded in 1936 as Trans-Canada Airlines, it provides scheduled services to 194 destinations on six continents. Its largest hub is Toronto Pearson International Airport, followed by Montreal-Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport, Vancouver International Airport and Calgary International Airport. Air Canada is the world's 10th largest passenger airline by fleet size, and the airline is a founding member of Star Alliance. In 2014, Air Canada together with its Air Canada Express regional partners carried over 38
6295264
Roswell International Air Center


service with major airlines to provide nonstop regional jet flights to a major hub. American Eagle, the feeder carrier for American Airlines responded and began service on Sep. 5, 2007 with two daily flights to Dallas/Ft. Worth on 50-seat Embraer 145s. The service did so well that a third flight was added only seven months later. Mesa Airlines then ended all of their Roswell service on the last day of 2007 which left no flights to Albuquerque. At the request of Roswell city officials, American Eagle began a westbound flight
14791219
Trans World Airlines


City, Missouri, and planned to make Kansas City International Airport its main domestic and international hub, but abandoned this plan in the 1970s. The airline later developed its largest hub at Lambert-St. Louis International Airport. Its main transatlantic hub was the TWA Flight Center at John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York City, an architectural icon designed by Eero Saarinen, and completed in 1962. TWA's corporate history dates from the July 16, 1930, and the forced merger of Transcontinental Air Transport (TAT),
19187501
Trans World Airlines


official TWA uniform was designed by Stan Herman, and from 1978–2001, the official TWA uniform was designed by Ralph Lauren. Facing the pressures of deregulation, the airline consolidated its route system around a domestic hub in St. Louis (aided by its purchase of Ozark Air Lines in 1986) and an international gateway in New York. It was able to remain profitable during this time because of its good antederegulation route positioning and the relatively low costs of adapting its operations. In 1985, Carl Icahn bought the airline operations from the Trans
19187535
Rocky Mountain Airways


serving as a Continental Express air carrier in order to provide passenger feed at this major airline's hub operation in Denver at the time. The Twin Otter and Dash 7 aircraft were painted in Continental Airlines distinctive white livery with orange, red, and gold striping and "Continental Express" titles. The Continental Express service at Denver was shared at first with Trans-Colorado Airlines and was greatly expanded in 1987 when Trans-Colorado ceased operating at Denver. The Twin Otters were later retired and new ATR-42 and Beechcraft 1900C turboprop commuter
19795157
Waterloo Regional Airport


, no change of plane flights from Waterloo to Fort Lauderdale, Fort Myers and Miami in Florida via St. Louis. Ozark successor Trans World Airlines operated DC-9 jets to its St. Louis hub with TWA's mainline Waterloo service then being discontinued by early 1988 and replaced with Trans World Express turboprop service. In 1985, regional airline Aspen Airways was operating direct Convair 580 turboprop service to Denver via a stop in Sioux City. In 1986, regional air carrier Air Wisconsin was independently operating direct one stop service to Chicago O'Hare International Airport (
55174
Reno Air


Trans World Airlines (TWA) which American subsequently acquired). By the end of 2001 (especially after 9/11) the original Reno Air route system structure had ceased to exist with American Airlines downgrading Reno to a spoke city rather than a connecting hub. In 2015 American Airlines added to its heritage livery series a Reno Air Boeing 737-800 (although Reno Air never operated 737 aircraft). The Reno Air fleet consisted of McDonnell Douglas MD-80 series (MD-81, MD-82, MD-83 and MD-87 models) and McDonnell Douglas MD-90 aircraft
21110818
Trans World Airlines


World Corporation and appointed himself as chairman of the newly independent airline. Also in 1985, TWA closed its hub at Pittsburgh International Airport after nearly 20 years as a hub. The following year, TWA acquired Ozark Air Lines, a regional carrier based at Lambert-St. Louis International Airport, for $250 million. This transaction increased TWA's share of enplanements in St. Louis from 56.6% to 82%. TWA had pilot bases in many European cities such as Berlin, Frankfurt, Zurich, Rome, and Athens.
19187536
Bravo Air Congo


Bravo Air Congo was an airline based in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo operating domestic and regional passenger services. Its main base was N'djili Airport. The airline was listed on the List of air carriers banned in the European Union. Bravo Air Congo suspended operations on 8 August 2008. Bravo Airlines was established in 2004 in Madrid, as a scheduled international and domestic passenger airline, registered in Spain. In 2006, wishing to expand their operations in the African market, Bravo Airlines became an airline group, and joined with
6506184
Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport


as a hub for Pan Am, Trans Caribbean Airways, Eastern Air Lines, and for a short period a focus city for TWA. It was also the center for Puerto Rico's international airline, Prinair, from 1966 to 1984, when Prinair went bankrupt. In 1986, American Airlines together with American Eagle established a center in Puerto Rico to compete with Eastern Air Lines. In the past, the airport has been served by Mexicana de Aviación, Lufthansa, Air France, KLM, Martinair, British Airways, British Caledonian
4113954
United Express


soon floundered. In response, WestAir formed an eastern division to serve Dulles. WestAir itself experienced turmoil; in 1991 it spun off the new division into an independent company, Atlantic Coast Airlines (ACA), which years later would go on to become Independence Air. In 1992, Great Lakes Airlines became a United Express partner, followed by Trans States Airlines the following year. In 1997, as United officially designated Los Angeles International Airport one of its hubs, SkyWest Airlines became a United Express partner as well. Great Lakes
20080010
Bravo Air Congo


several Congolese private investors, to create a new airline, named Bravo Air Congo. The new airline is registered in the Democratic Republic of Congo and began operations on 11 September 2006. Bravo Air Congo operated services to eight domestic destinations, including Gemena, Kalemie, Isiro and Lubumbashi, and eight cities in West Africa, as well as Johannesburg and Nairobi. Connections with its Spanish sister company, Bravo Airlines, link Brazzaville and Kinshasa with Brussels, Paris and Madrid. The destinations of the Bravo Air Congo were (starting 11
6506185
American Eagle (airline brand)


took effect on April 15, 2014. Compass Airlines, a subsidiary of Trans States Holdings, began American Eagle operations on March 27, 2015, as part of a deal to operate 20 new Embraer E-175 aircraft on behalf of American. These aircraft are based at American's Los Angeles hub. Air Wisconsin had announced it would exclusively fly as United Express which commenced in March 2018, ending their involvement in operating flights under the American Eagle brand. In May 2018, American Airlines announced the termination of its partnerships with ExpressJet and
2661795
Pan American World Airways


1991, after Eastern Air Lines and Midway Airlines. After serving only two months as Pan Am's CEO, Ray was replaced by Peter McHugh to supervise the sale of Pan Am's remaining assets by Pan Am's Creditor's Committee. Pan Am's last remaining hub (at Miami International Airport) was split during the following years between United Airlines and American Airlines. TWA's Carl Icahn purchased Pan Am Express at a court ordered bankruptcy auction for $13 million, renaming it Trans World Express. The Pan Am brand was
3149836
Trans Caribbean Airways


Trans Caribbean Airways was a United States airline owned by O. Roy Chalk. Its hub was San Juan, Puerto Rico. Founded in 1945, it was acquired by American Airlines in 1971. Its headquarters was located in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. The main headquarters for Trans Caribbean Airways was in New York for most of the time until it was acquired by American Airlines on March 3, 1971. There was a building in San Juan that was owned by TCA and has a full wall done in tile with the TCA
4916909
Greater Pittsburgh Region


27,000 sq ft (2,500 m), 600-employees-strong Global Flight Operations Center. Since being de-hubbed the airport has seen expanded service from JetBlue, Southwest Airlines and Delta Air Lines' direct trans-Atlantic service to Paris. Arnold Palmer Regional Airport offers commercial service via Spirit Airlines to the Carolinas, Florida and Texas. Palmer has had commercially scheduled air service since the 1980s. Allegheny County Airport in suburban West Mifflin, Pennsylvania, is the area's largest general aviation airport. The historic landmark, art deco terminal
5344340
Trans World Airlines


of Joseph S. Cooper. A key element of this program was the "MarketAir Newsletter" in a number of languages targeted to American exporters and international travelers. In 1964, TWA opened its New York office. TWA was one of the first airlines, after Delta Air Lines, to embrace the spoke-hub distribution paradigm and was one of the first with the Boeing 747. It planned to use the 747 along with the supersonic transport to whisk people between the West/Midwest (via Kansas City) and New York City
19187527
Trans States Holdings


Trans States Holdings, Inc. is a privately owned holding company for three regional airlines: Compass Airlines, GoJet Airlines and Trans States Airlines. The holding company is headquartered in Bridgeton, Missouri near St. Louis Lambert International Airport. Trans States Airlines was originally formed in 1982 as Resort Air, entering into an agreement with Trans World Airlines to operate feeder services in the states of Missouri and Illinois under the Trans World Express brand name. In 1989 the company changed its name to Trans States Airlines. GoJet Airlines was formed in 2005 by
7932229
Airline hub


airline. However, as an airline expands operations at its primary hub to the point that it experiences capacity limitations, it may elect to open secondary hubs. Examples of such hubs are Turkish Airlines' Istanbul–Sabiha Gökçen hub, British Airways' hub at London-Gatwick, Air India's hub at Mumbai and Lufthansa's hub at Munich. By operating multiple hubs, airlines can expand their geographic reach. They can also better serve spoke–spoke markets, providing more itineraries with connections at different hubs. A given hub
15530814
History of non-scheduled airlines in the United States


Trans-American Airlines, Trans-National Airlines, and Hemisphere Air Transport—to bring North American Airlines' de facto fleet to 14 DC-3s and 1 DC-4, and to ensure the "3 and 8" limit would never again strangle their business. Another non-sked businessman named Irving Herman became Weiss' chief competitor through a similar scheme called Super Skycoach, which comprised Great Lakes Airlines, Currey Air Transport, and Trans Alaskan Airlines held together by the Trans Continental Airlines ticketing agency. In setting up his evasive business,
4675947
Trans East Airlines


in 1970. Trans East Airlines took over the refueling and general aviation business at Bangor International Airport after the military abandoned Dow Air Force Base in 1968. Though Trans East Airlines still had financial commitments in New Hampshire, it quickly established Bangor, Maine as a key Atlantic Coast airport for supplemental air carriers. Scheduled air carriers used Bangor International Airport as an alternate stop for refueling and other services. In 1969, the executives of Trans East Airlines were: In spring 1968, there was a need for mini-stewardesses, also
13886735
Lethbridge Airport


Lethbridge International Airshow. Originally known as Kenyon Field, this aerodrome began passenger services in October 1938, but officially opened in June 1939. Prior to this, the city operated aviation activities in areas now occupied by Exhibition Park and Lethbridge Collegiate Institute. From 1939 to 1948, Lethbridge operated as western Canada's primary airline hub. According to the Trans-Canada Air Lines (TCA) system timetable dated January 1, 1940, Lethbridge was a stop on Trans-Canada's transcontinental flights linking Montreal, Ottawa, Winnipeg, Regina
12198336
Airline hub


and Oman Air were both founded in 1993, with hubs at Doha and Muscat respectively. As the new airlines grew, their home nations relied less on Gulf Air to provide air service. Qatar withdrew its share in Gulf Air in 2002. In 2003, the UAE formed another national airline, Etihad Airways, which is based in Abu Dhabi. The country exited Gulf Air in 2006, and Oman followed in 2007. Emirates, Qatar Airways and Etihad Airways have since established large hubs at their respective home airports. The hubs
15530820
Kincheloe Air Force Base


the City of Sault Ste. Marie for a civilian airport. After the war, the airfield then served as a hub for private and commercial aviation. The city operated the airport and Capital Airlines and Trans-Canada Air Lines used it for commercial air service from 1945 to 1952. With the outbreak of the Cold War in 1948 and active combat in the Korean War in June, 1950, the United States began building up its defenses. Army troops returned to the Sault, and the World War II Kinross Auxiliary Airfield,
1682398
Trans East Airlines


Trans East Airlines was an airline that was based in Manchester, New Hampshire, and in New York City during the 1960s. It ceased its operations in 1972. Trans East Airlines was the fixed-base operator (FBO) at Bangor International Airport in Bangor, Maine, beginning in 1968. Trans East Airlines was formed in 1963 as Statewide Airlines, by two brothers, Norman Kaye (1930-2001) and Harvey Kaye. Also in 1963, this airlines was issuing stock under the name, Trans-East Air Inc.
13886732
Chicago Express Airlines


formerly known as American Trans Air). Chicago Express' principal base of operations was Chicago Midway International Airport, where the company maintained its headquarters. For several months before its liquidation, the company also operated a hub in Indianapolis, part of ATA's failed plan for intrastate flights throughout Indiana. However, following ATA Holdings' decision to codeshare flights with Southwest Airlines, a decision was made to terminate Chicago Express effective March 28, 2005, in favor of a strictly mainline operation. CSC Investment Group, Inc., headed by
17296977
Air Midwest


Omaha, and Manhattan, KS. By the end of 1985 the airline was operating five Saab 340's and 24 Metroliners. Although Air Midwest was unsuccessful in gaining a codeshare with Republic through the Scheduled Skyways merger, it was able to acquire codeshare agreements in 1985 with Eastern Airlines as Eastern Air Midwest Express at the Kansas City and Wichita hubs and later with Ozark Air Lines as Ozark Midwest at that carriers' St. Louis hub, and American Airlines as part of the American Eagle (airline brand) at their Nashville hub.
6195367
Ransome Airlines


purchased by Trans World Airlines for $28 million on 4 December 1991 and renamed Trans World Express (TWE), adopting RBD as new airline code. The European and Miami centered networks were subsequently discontinued, with John F. Kennedy International Airport becoming the sole hub for TWE. From there, 20 destinations throughout the northeastern US were served by 1993. By then, the airline had gotten rid of its Dash 7s, with the ATR 42 remaining the only aircraft type in the fleet. Due to a lack of profitability, TWA
21357406
Canadian Airlines


in debt. Canadian Airlines announced that it would support this and recommend acceptance from its shareholders. Air Canada rejected the offer. On August 31, 1999, Air Canada adopted a poison pill aimed at thwarting any takeover bid. It was later (Sep 24, 1999) revealed by Kevin Benson that merger talks had occurred between Canadian Airlines and Air Canada in early 1999 with Air Canada abandoning the talks. On October 19, 1999, Air Canada, backed by Star Alliance partners Lufthansa Airlines, United Airlines and CIBC announced a
2689868
Fairbanks International Airport


airport opened in 1951 and took over existing scheduled airline traffic to Fairbanks, which had previously used Ladd Army Airfield. Alaska Airlines used Fairbanks as its main hub in the 1950s, with service to Seattle and Portland as well as intrastate service to Anchorage, Nome and other destinations. By 1967, however, the airline shifted its Alaska hub to Anchorage; its Anchorage-Fairbanks service continues to this day. In the mid-1970s, following the development of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline, Alaska Airlines and Braniff International offered "interchange service
6125945
Vladivostok


in 1905, the rail line ran from Moscow to Vladivostok via several of Russia's main cities. Part of the railroad, known as the Chinese Eastern Line, crossed over into China, passing through Harbin, a major city in Manchuria. Today, Vladivostok serves as the main starting point for the Trans-Siberian portion of the Eurasian Land Bridge.Vladivostok is the main air hub in the Russian Far East. Vladivostok International Airport (VVO) is the home base of Aurora airline - a Russian Far East air carrier,
8824786
St. Louis Lambert International Airport


airport. The two airports are connected by the Red Line of the city's light rail mass transit system, the MetroLink. Both airports are currently served by commercial passenger airlines. Named for Albert Bond Lambert, an Olympic medalist and prominent St. Louis aviator, the airport rose to international prominence in the 20th century thanks to its association with Charles Lindbergh, its groundbreaking air traffic control, its status as the primary hub of Trans World Airlines, and its iconic terminal. Designed by Minoru Yamasaki, the building inspired terminals at John
18736611
Beirut–Rafic Hariri International Airport


destroyed 14 civilian aircraft operated by the Lebanese carriers, Middle East Airlines (Air Liban had merged with MEA by this time), Trans Mediterranean Airways, and Lebanese International Airways. This caused serious devastation to the Lebanese aviation industry. Middle East Airlines managed to rebound quickly, but Lebanese International Airways went bankrupt and its employees were transferred to MEA. The airport lost its status as one of the premier hubs of the Middle East with the start of the 15-year-long Lebanese Civil War in April 1975 and lost virtually all of
21679871
Northwest Airlines


Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport. After World War II it became dominant in the trans-Pacific market with a hub in Tokyo, Japan (initially Haneda Airport, later Narita International Airport). In response to United Airlines acquiring the Pacific routes of Pan American Airlines, Northwest paid $884 million to purchase Republic Airlines establishing fortress hubs at Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport and Memphis International Airport. With this merger, NWA established the domestic network necessary to feed its well established Pacific routes. Lacking a significant presence in Europe
15615130
Trans World Airlines


a result, American initially replaced TWA's St. Louis mainline hub with regional jet service (going from over 800 operations a day to just over 200) and downsized TWA's maintenance base in Kansas City. In September 2009, American Airlines announced its intent to shut down the St. Louis hub it inherited from TWA and, in October 2009, American Airlines announced its intent to close the Kansas City maintenance base by September 2010. On December 16, 2013, Doug Parker, CEO of American Airlines Group, announced that TWA heritage
19187557
Lina Congo


Lignes Nationales Aériennes Congolaises, also known as Lina Congo, was the national airline of the Republic of Congo. Air Congo was founded in 1961 by private investors to operate charter and feeder flights in French Equatorial Africa with Douglas DC-3s and Douglas DC-4s. Based in Pointe-Noire, in 1963 the airline saw a route expansion after taking over numerous routes which were previously operated by Air Afrique. The route network linked Brazzaville and Pointe-Noire with Moanda in Gabon. On 16 March 1964, the airline was recapitalised and reformed,
1007391
St. Louis


. It is the largest and busiest airport in the state. In 2016, when the airport had more than 255 daily departures to about 90 domestic and international locations, it served more than 15 million passengers. The airport serves as a focus hub city for Southwest Airlines; it was once a hub for Trans World Airlines and a focus-city for American Airlines and AmericanConnection. The airport has two terminals with a total of five concourses. International flights and passengers use Terminal 2, whose lower level holds the Immigration and Customs
8016454
2011 Trans Air Congo Antonov An-12 crash


On 21 March 2011, a non-airworthy Antonov An-12 transport aircraft of Trans Air Congo crashed into a densely populated neighbourhood of Pointe Noire, Republic of the Congo, while on final approach to land. All four occupants of the aircraft and 19 people on the ground were killed. Fourteen more people on the ground were injured. The Antonov An-12 was on a domestic cargo flight from Brazzaville to Pointe Noire Airport in the Republic of the Congo. At around 15:30 local time on 21 March (14:30 UTC), while on
18648362
Vilnius Airport


Airlines and a base for Wizz Air. It used to be a main hub for Star1 Airlines until their end of operations in September 2010 and Aurela until Aurela had lost its flight license. It was the hub for Small Planet Airlines and Aviavilsa until both airlines folded. The airport was a secondary hub for airBaltic, Estonian Air and Skyways Express until they closed the bases in Vilnius. On 30 June 2013 Air Lituanica also began its flights from the Vilnius Airport and established its base there serving several European cities. However, by
4921259
Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport


Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport is the major international airport serving Chengdu, the capital of Sichuan province, China. Located about southwest of downtown Chengdu to the north of Shuangliu District, Shuangliu airport is an important aviation hub for Western China. Shuangliu Airport is one of the two core hubs for Air China, together with Beijing, as well as the main hub and headquarters for Sichuan Airlines and Chengdu Airlines. China Eastern Airlines, China Southern Airlines, Shenzhen Airlines, Lucky Air and Tibet Airlines also have bases at Shuangliu Airport. Chengdu
4209276
Mesa Air Group


two jets from a Phoenix hub to Des Moines and Spokane as America West Express. As Mesa acquired air carriers or expanded by creating new airlines, it grew in a seemingly haphazard manner. From 1989 through 1995, Mesa had grown from one airline with hubs in Albuquerque, Denver, and Phoenix to six separate airlines with hubs throughout the country, though it had as many as eight airlines prior to 1995. Rather than integrating each new acquisition and airline into one integrated company, Mesa continued operating each individual airline independently, with
9262120
William P. Hobby Airport


the past as well, including Pioneer Airlines and Trans-Texas Airways ("TTa") with the latter then changing its name to Texas International Airlines. Trans-Texas followed by Texas International operated a hub at the airport as well. Both Pioneer and Texas International were subsequently merged with Continental Airlines, Pioneer in 1955 and Texas International in 1982. Continental continued to use the former Texas International aircraft maintenance base at Hobby following the merger. Previously, KLM and Pan American World Airways (Pan Am) operated international flights from
13225989
Air Kasaï


Air Kasaï is an airline with its head office on the property of N'Dolo Airport in Barumbu, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. It operates charter services within Africa. Its main base is N'Dolo Airport, Kinshasa. The airline is banned from operating in the European Union, as any other airline in the country is, and it is on the list of air carriers banned in the European Union. The airline was established in 1983 and was formerly known as TAC - Transport Aérien Congo and TAZ - Transport Aérien Zaïrois.
7556628
Palau Trans Pacific Airlines


Palau Trans Pacific (Palau Trans Pacific Airlines) was an airline based in Koror City, Palau. It was a regional airline linking Palau with key cities in East Asia, including Taipei, using wet-leased aircraft from Far Eastern Air Transport. It is not clear if the airline is still operational. The airline was established in 2002 and started operations in October 2002 using a Boeing 737-800 on a two-year wet lease contract from Mandarin Airlines. Palau Trans Pacific passenger services between Palau and Taiwan were suspended in
9834343
History of American Airlines


This is the history of United States commercial air transportation company American Airlines. American Airlines has merged with several carriers since its formation in 1930 (which itself happened by a merger of 80 carriers). These have included Trans Caribbean Airways in 1971, Air California in 1987, Reno Air in 1999, Trans World Airlines (TWA) in 2001, and US Airways in 2015. American Airlines was developed from a conglomeration of 82 small airlines through acquisitions in 1930 and reorganizations: initially, American Airways was a common brand by a
12617688
Alaska Air Group


is branded "Alaska SkyWest" to differentiate that airline's aircraft from those of Horizon Air. Through Alaska Airlines and Horizon Air, Alaska Air Group services the passenger and cargo markets of the Pacific Northwest with its extensive route network hub through Seattle/Tacoma and Portland International Airports, and the state of Alaska through Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport. After the demise of Aloha Airlines and ATA Airlines in 2008, Alaska Air Group expanded heavily centering on Hawaii and other non-airline hub secondary mainland cities and airports, including San Diego
19786813
Air Zaïre


Congo to the Republic of Zaire, and Air Congo changed its name to Air Zaïre. In the same year, the airline placed an order for three Boeing 737-200s, and occasionally operated Lockheed L-100 Hercules on lease from the Zairean government for cargo operations. The airline ordered two McDonnell Douglas DC-10s and five Boeing 737s on 3 January 1973. The DC-10s were delivered to the airline in 1973, and in February 1973, the airline announced that it was to acquire a Boeing 747-100. The 747 was operated on
18298137
Jet Age


first year that more trans-Atlantic passengers traveled by air than by ship. As the number of passengers soared, it became impractical to increase the number of aircraft flying from the major hub airports. Instead, designers created even larger widebody airliners and the engine manufacturers responded with larger, more powerful and also more fuel-efficient engines. The first "jumbo jet" was the Boeing 747, and it both increased airport passenger capacity and reduced the cost of air travel, further accelerating the social changes brought about by the Jet
2653400
Airline hub


passengers. However, with the term's expanded usage, a focus city may also function as a small-scale or total hub. Allegiant Air, JetBlue and Southwest Airlines are examples of US-based airlines that consider some of their focus cities run like a hub. The hub-and-spoke system allows an airline to serve fewer routes, so fewer aircraft are needed. The system also increases passenger loads; a flight from a hub to a spoke carries not just passengers originating at the hub, but also passengers
15530806
Trans World Airlines


officially became listed as American Airlines flights. Some aircraft carried hybrid American/TWA livery during the transition, with American's tricolor stripe on the fuselage and TWA titles on the tail and forward fuselage. Signage still bears the TWA logo in portions of Concourse D at Lambert St. Louis International Airport. American Airlines acquired some Ambassadors Clubs; other Ambassadors Clubs closed on December 2, 2001. TWA's St. Louis hub shrank after the acquisition, due to its proximity to American's larger hub at Chicago's O'Hare International Airport. As
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Mesa Airlines


hub for America West Express. The FloridaGulf Airlines division was formed in 1991 after Mesa's acquisition of Air Midwest. Air Midwest's CEO, Robert Priddy, was chosen to start up the operation. It operated under a code share agreement with USAir and was a USAir Express carrier. It started with a Tampa hub, providing service to Florida and the southeast United States using Beechcraft 1900 aircraft. Additional hubs in Orlando and New Orleans were established. In 1993, the airline expanded into the Northeast, with a hub in Boston
6195332
Transport in Penang


-based Tiger Airways, Jetstar Asia Airways, Lion Air, Sriwijaya Air, Wings Air, Thai Airways International, Hong Kong-based Cathay Dragon, Taiwan-based China Airlines, and China Southern Airlines and Citilink Indonesia. In addition, the airport serves as one of the main hubs of the Malaysian low-cost airline, Firefly, and one of the secondary hubs of its domestic rival, AirAsia. The airport also serves as an important cargo hub due to the presence of several multinational factories in the Bayan Lepas Free
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Trans Island Air 2000


Trans Island Air 2000 (abbreviated TIA) is an airline from Barbados, with headquarters is in St.Phillip and operates regional charter flights (including cargo) out of its base at Grantley Adams International Airport. The airline was founded in 1982 as Trans Island Air and rebranded as Trans Island Air 2000 in 2000, and at this time operated a mixed fleet including Pilatus Britten-Norman Islanders, Rockwell Aero Commanders, a DHC-6 Twin Otter and an Embraer EMB-110 Bandeirante. TIA2000 has now been approved by all necessary government agencies (
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Air Zaïre


Air Zaïre was the national airline of Zaire. Its head office was located on the grounds of N'djili Airport in Kinshasa. "Air Congo" was originally formed in June 1961 as the national airline of the Congolese Republic, with Sabena providing both technical assistance and equipment. Initially, the Congo government had a 65% participation in the airline, Sabena had a 30% holding, and Air Brousse and Sobelair held the balance. Services to Belgium were inaugurated in early 1963, linking Léopoldville with Brussels via Rome, using Boeing 707
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Pride Air


Pride Air was a United States airline that operated for three months during 1985. Pride Air was based out of New Orleans International Airport. Pride Air was managed by several people who participated in an unsuccessful attempt to acquire Continental Airlines. Many of the investors were former Continental pilots who left the airline after Continental's first bankruptcy. They chose New Orleans (MSY) as a hub because there was no one dominant airline operating from the airport at that time. Pride Air management had previously considered Kansas City as possible hub but then
20347851
Columbia Regional Airport


(Trans States Airlines) Jetstream 41s flew to St. Louis. After Trans World merged with American, American Connection (Trans States Airlines) Jetstream 41s flew to St. Louis until 2006. US Airways Express (Air Midwest) Beechcraft 1900s replaced American Connection, flying to Kansas City and St. Louis. Service to St. Louis was later dropped in favor of additional frequencies to Kansas City. In 2008 Northwest Airlink (Mesaba Airlines) replaced US Airways Express, flying Saab 340s to Memphis. Later that year Northwest Airlines merged with Delta Air
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Trans States Holdings


Trans States Holdings to operate feeder service for United Airlines under the United Express brand name using a fleet of Bombardier CRJ700 70–seat regional jets. In July 2010, Delta Air Lines sold Compass Airlines to Trans States Holdings as part of a cost reduction scheme, which included the sale of Mesaba Airlines to the Pinnacle Airlines Corp. at the same time. Trans States Holdings operates an all narrow-body regional jet fleet, totaling 152 aircraft, with 100 additional on order, as of January 2019. Trans States Holdings has operated a number
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Lina Congo


and the name was changed to Air Congo (Brazzaville). In August 1965, the airline was renamed Lina Congo in an attempt to lessen confusion with it and the airline of the same name from Zaire. By this time, the airline was 66% owned by the Congolese government. The fleet of the airline in the early 1970s comprised one Douglas DC-4, two Douglas DC-3s, one Fokker F27 and two light aircraft, and the route network took in Brazzaville, Fort Rousset, Dolisie, Impfondo, Jacob, Makabana,
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Equatorial Congo Airlines


Equatorial Congo Airlines SA, operating as ECAir, was an airline headquartered in Brazzaville; it was the flag carrier of the Republic of the Congo. The airline suspended all operations on 10 October 2016. ECAir was created with the support of the Congolese Government to serve as a locomotive for the modernization of the aviation sector in the region. Crews and technical support for ECAir were provided by Geneva-based VIP business carrier PrivatAir. and thus ECAir avoided being included in the list of air carriers banned in the European Union, which
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Research Triangle


, Paris and London. In 1996, American Airlines ceased its hub operations at RDU due to Pan Am and Eastern Airlines. Pan Am and Eastern were Miami's main tenants until 1991, when both carriers went bankrupt. Their hubs at MIA were taken over by United Airlines and American Airlines. This created a difficulty in competing with US Airways' hub in Charlotte and Delta Air Lines' hub in Atlanta, Georgia for passengers traveling between smaller cities in the North and South. Midway Airlines entered the market, starting service in
19271873
Hamilton Airport (New Zealand)


company hub until parent company Air New Zealand closed the airline down on 30 March 2008 operating its own full service instead. By then, the Airbus A320 was being operated. When passenger numbers dropped to an unsustainable level in August 2010, Air New Zealand ceased services to Australia. Virgin Australia attempted to fill the need for a trans Tasman service later that year with twice-weekly Boeing 737-800 flights to Brisbane; however, passenger numbers remained low and Virgin Australia ended flights on 27 October 2012. No further international flights
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Airline hub


connection times are longer at a rolling hub. American Airlines was the first to depeak its hubs, trying to improve profitability following the September 11 attacks. It rebanked its hubs in 2015, however, feeling the gain in connecting passengers would outweigh the rise in costs. The hub-and-spoke system is also used by some cargo airlines. FedEx Express established its main hub in Memphis in 1973, prior to the deregulation of the air cargo industry in the United States. The system has created an efficient delivery system for
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Aloha Airlines


Aloha Airlines was an American airline headquartered in Honolulu, Oahu, Hawaii, operating from a hub at Honolulu International Airport. Operations began on July 26, 1946, and ceased on March 31, 2008. The airline was founded as charter carrier Trans-Pacific Airlines by publisher Ruddy F. Tongg, Sr. as a competitor to Hawaiian Airlines, commencing operations on July 26, 1946, with a single World War II-surplus Douglas C-47 (DC-3) on a flight from Honolulu to Maui and Hilo. The name reflected Tongg
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Boise, Idaho


underground public transportation hub (UPT Hub) in Boise in the parking lot site near the intersection of W Main Street and N 8th Street was completed in 2016. Commercial air service is provided at the Boise Airport. The terminal was recently renovated to accommodate the growing number of passengers flying in and out of Boise. It is served by Allegiant Air, Alaska Airlines, American Airlines, Delta Air Lines, Southwest Airlines, and United Airlines. The airport's east end is home to the National Interagency Fire Center. The Gowen
16637221
Miami International Airport


domestic hub for its regional affiliate American Eagle in the U.S.A. It also serves as a focus city for Avianca, Frontier Airlines, and LATAM, both for passengers and cargo operations. In the past, it has been a hub for Braniff International Airways, Eastern Air Lines, Air Florida, the original National Airlines, the original Pan American World Airways ("Pan Am"), United Airlines, Iberia Airlines and Fine Air. The first airport on the site of MIA opened in the 1920s and was known as Miami City
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Air Namibia


Air Namibia (Pty) Limited, which trades as Air Namibia, is the national airline of Namibia, headquartered in Windhoek. It operates scheduled domestic, regional, and international passenger and cargo services, having its international hub in Windhoek Hosea Kutako International Airport and a domestic hub at the smaller Windhoek Eros Airport. , the carrier is wholly owned by the Namibian government. Air Namibia is a member of both the International Air Transport Association and the African Airlines Association. The origins of the airline trace back to , when "South
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Sichuan Airlines


Sichuan Airlines Co., Ltd. Group became the major shareholder (40%). The other shareholders are China Southern Airlines (39%), China Eastern Airlines (10%), Air China Group (10%) and Chengdu Gingko Restaurant Co. (1%). Sichuan Airlines' corporate headquarters is located in its hub Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport in Chengdu, Sichuan and its secondary hubs are at Chongqing Jiangbei International Airport and Kunming Changshui International Airport. Sichuan Airlines owns Chengdu Airlines as its subsidiary, which also has its hub
20104171
Long Island MacArthur Airport


Continental Express was operating ATR-42 turboprop service nonstop between the airport and the Continental Airlines hub located at Newark Airport. By 1999 Atlantic Southeast Airlines (ASA) flying as Delta Connection was operating Canadair CRJ-200 regional jet service nonstop to the Delta Air Lines hub in Atlanta while Comair, also flying as Delta Connection, was operating Canadair CRJ-200 regional jet service nonstop to the Delta Air Lines hub in Cincinnati. Also in 1999, Continental Express was flying Embraer ERJ-145 regional jets nonstop to the Continental Airlines hub in Cleveland. In later years,
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China Southwest Airlines


China Southwest Airlines (CSWA, ) was an airline with its head office on the property of Shuangliu Airport in Shuangliu County, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China. On 28 October 2002, China Southwest Airlines was merged into Air China. China Southwest Airlines' main hub was at Chengdu Shuangliu, Sichuan Province and its secondary hub was in Chongqing. It was the only airline flying to Lhasa until 2002. Although most routes from its hubs Chengdu and Chongqing were domestic, it also flew to Bangkok, Chiangmai,
5332360
Queen Beatrix International Airport


Aruba, which was for many years an international airline. Before Aruba's separation from the Netherlands Antilles in 1986 it was also one of three hubs for Air ALM as well as a home base for Tiara Air until 2016. Since 2013 the airport is home to Aruba Airlines, a local airliner. The airline has 3 Airbus A320 family aircraft and 2 Bombardier CRJ200. The main focus of Aruba Airlines is connecting the region through its hub. The airport helps much by providing US Border Pre-clearance and in return the airline
21415174
Chongqing


as an important aviation hub for south-western China. Jiangbei airport is a hub for China Southern Airlines, Chongqing Airlines, Sichuan Airlines, China Express Airlines, Shandong Airlines and Hainan Airlines's new China West Air. Chongqing also is a focus city of Air China, therefore it is very well connected with Star Alliance and Skyteam's international network. The airport currently has three parallel runways in operation. It serves domestic routes to most other Chinese cities, as well as international routes to Auckland, New York City, London
7792752
Transportation in Memphis, Tennessee


regional system. Memphis is served by Memphis International Airport, which handles more cargo than any other airport in the world . The airport is the international cargo hub for FedEx and became a passenger hub for Delta Air Lines after their merger with Northwest Airlines in 2008. Currently, only domestic flights are available for passengers. International flights are only available for cargo. Other passenger airlines providing service to the airport are Air Canada Jazz, AirTran Airways, American Airlines, Continental Airlines, SeaPort Airlines, United Airlines and US Airways. The
8792166
Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport


daily) and 950,119 flights. In 2017, it remained the busiest airport in the world with 104 million passengers. Hartsfield–Jackson is the primary hub of Delta Air Lines, and is a focus city for low-cost carriers Frontier Airlines, Southwest Airlines, and Spirit Airlines. With just over 1,000 flights a day to 225 domestic and international destinations, the Delta hub is the world's largest hub. Delta Air Lines flew 75.4% of the airport's passengers in February 2016, Southwest flew 9.2%, and American
13225604
Grand Canyon National Park Airport


to Las Vegas and Phoenix. A 1966 Bonanza Air Lines print ad announced the air carrier's new service at the airport stating that Bonanza was "The only airline serving Grand Canyon" at the time. The airport was also served in the past by America West Airlines operating de Havilland Canada DHC-8 Dash 8 turboprop aircraft to Las Vegas and Phoenix. Alpha Air, a commuter airline based in California that operated as Trans World Express (TWE) flying Beechcraft 1900C turboprops via a code sharing agreement with Trans World Airlines (TWA)
15789518
Air Zaïre


on 21 June 1961. Whilst the airline was granted exclusive rights to operate scheduled domestic and international flights, it also received subsidies from the government in Léopoldville for any shortfall in loans which had been approved by the government. Part of the contract with Sabena saw the Belgian airline train Air Congo personnel for a six-year period, and by the end of 1962 Air Congo had 2,400 employees, of which some 1,100 were seconded from Sabena. By this time the airlines' destinations included Entebbe, Lagos, Nairobi, Ndola,
18298129
Trans-Florida Airlines


. During this time, a Vickers Viscount 745D was acquired, but was too expensive to operate and was sold off as scrap. The DC-3 fleet was sold off one at a time. In 1977 the airline purchased its first Convair and eventually increased its fleet to eight, two of which were operated as passenger airliners as late as 1993. Currently, two Convairs are in continuous service as Air Freighters. As of January 2005, the Trans-Florida Airlines fleet included: Aircraft previously operated by Trans-Florida Airlines include:
2785391
Korean Air


Korean Air's other hubs are at Jeju International Airport, Jeju and Gimhae International Airport, Busan. The maintenance facilities are located in Gimhae International Airport. The airline had approximately 20,540 employees as of December 2014. Korean Air serves 123 international destinations in 50 countries on 5 continents, excluding codeshares. The airline's international hub is Incheon International Airport. The airline also flies 13 domestic destinations within South Korea. KAL operates between Incheon and 22 cities in mainland China, and along with Asiana Airlines, it is one of the two
12845104
History of American Airlines


strike. Pilots settled for wages lower than their demands. The three new hubs were abandoned in the 1990s: some San Jose facilities were sold to Reno Air, and at Raleigh/Durham to Midway Airlines. Midway went out of business in 2003. American Airlines purchased Reno Air in February 1999 and integrated its operations on 31 August 1999, but did not resume hub operations in San Jose. American discontinued most of Reno Air's routes, and sold most of the Reno Air aircraft, as it did with Air California 12
12617699
Transport hub


Airlines previously operated such cooperative "through plane" interchange flights on both domestic and/or international services in the past with these schedules appearing in their respective system timetables. Delta Air Lines pioneered the hub and spoke system for aviation in 1955 from its hub in Atlanta, Georgia, United States, in an effort to compete with Eastern Air Lines. FedEx adopted the hub and spoke model for overnight package delivery during the 1970s. When the United States airline industry was deregulated in 1978, Delta's hub and spoke paradigm was annexed by several
405939
UPS Airlines


Airport, the airline has several secondary hubs across the United States and international hubs in Germany, China, and Hong Kong. The pilots of UPS Airlines are represented by the Independent Pilots Association. The origin of transporting packages by air for UPS (then United Parcel Service) dates to 1929; much like the US Postal Service, UPS packages were transported as baggage on commercial airline flights. Many packages were shipped by the Ford Trimotors of United Airlines. After Black Tuesday and the beginning of the Great Depression, the air service
4268939
Chengdu


, Shanghai and Guangzhou were regarded as the Tier One Cities in terms of real estate market in mainland China. Chengdu is served by the Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport located in Shuangliu County southwest of downtown. Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport is the busiest airport in Central and Western China and the . Shuangliu Airport is one of the two core hubs for Air China, together with Beijing, as well as the main hub and headquarters for Sichuan Airlines. Chengdu Airlines, China Eastern Airlines, China Southern Airlines, Shenzhen Airlines, Lucky Air and
6986147
Trans World Airlines


The focus of the airline became domestic with a few international routes through its St. Louis hub and smaller New York (JFK) and San Juan, Puerto Rico hubs. Domestically, the carrier improved services with redesigned aircraft and new services, including "Pay in Coach, Fly in First", whereby coach passengers could be upgraded to first class when flying through St. Louis. Internationally, services were cut. European destinations eventually were limited to London and Paris; and in the Middle East, to Cairo, Riyadh and Tel Aviv
19187552
Haïti Trans Air


Haïti Trans Air was an airline based in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, which was operational from 1986 to 1995. Haïti Trans Air began operations in 1987 with a single Boeing 727-247 with flights mainly to Miami. A second Boeing 727 was received in 1988 configured in a combi layout. The airline expanded operations to include San Juan and Kingston, Jamaica. In December 1990 a Boeing 737-222 was added for a brief period of time, then in 1992 a Douglas DC-8-61 was added to the
13691637
Trans States Airlines


(STL) with service to Carbondale, Illinois; Columbia, Missouri; Fort Leonard Wood, MO; Joplin, MO; Lake of the Ozarks, MO; Springfield, IL; and Springfield, MO. In 1985, the company entered into an agreement with Trans World Airlines (TWA) to operate as Trans World Express serving six cities in Missouri and Illinois. Resort Air changed its name to Trans States Airlines in 1989. That same year, TSA began operations on the west coast as USAir Express at Los Angeles (
20095406
King Abdulaziz Air Base


Additionally, Trans World Airlines began using Dhahran as a hub for increasing transport to and from Asia and Europe. The Dhahran airfield and the emerging support facilities became the Dhahran International Airport in 1961, shortly before the United States relinquished control in 1962. The airport terminal building is one of the architectural works of Minoru Yamasaki and was completed in 1961. The architecture is a blending of traditional Islamic forms with modern technology. For example, the flight control tower has the appearance of a minaret. Images of the terminal have been used
10499857
Beirut–Rafic Hariri International Airport


The airport grew to become a premier hub in the Middle East, thanks to limited competition from neighbours, with fast and steady growth by the country's four carriers at the time, Middle East Airlines (MEA), Air Liban, Trans Mediterranean Airways (TMA), and Lebanese International Airways (LIA), and numerous other foreign carriers. In response to an attack on El Al Flight 253 two days earlier in Athens, on the night of 28 December 1968, Israeli commandos mounted a surprise attack on the airport and
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