Peter and Paul Fortress [SEP] architect
[{"answer": "Domenico Trezzini", "provenance": [{"wikipedia_id": "874993", "title": "Peter and Paul Fortress", "start_paragraph_id": 1, "start_character": 0, "end_paragraph_id": 1, "end_character": 159, "bleu_score": 0.6842490521831456, "meta": {}, "section": "Section::::Abstract."}]}]
Saint Petersburg


Peter and Paul Fortress. However, Saint Petersburg soon started to be built out according to a plan. By 1716 the Swiss Italian Domenico Trezzini had elaborated a project whereby the city centre would be on Vasilyevsky Island and shaped by a rectangular grid of canals. The project was not completed but is evident in the layout of the streets. In 1716, Peter the Great appointed Frenchman Jean-Baptiste Alexandre Le Blond as the chief architect of Saint Petersburg. The style of Petrine Baroque, developed by Trezzini and other architects and exemplified
11112624
Peter and Paul Fortress


The Peter and Paul Fortress is the original citadel of St. Petersburg, Russia, founded by Peter the Great in 1703 and built to Domenico Trezzini's designs from 1706 to 1740 as a star fortress. In the early 1920s, it was still used as a prison and execution ground by the Bolshevik government. Today it has been adapted as the central and most important part of the State Museum of Saint Petersburg History. The museum has gradually become virtually the sole owner of the fortress building, except the structure occupied by the Saint
16700208
Leon Benois


Leon Benois (; 1856 in Peterhof – 1928 in Leningrad) was a Russian architect from the Benois family. He was the son of architect Nicholas Benois, the brother of artists Alexandre Benois and Albert Benois. He built the Roman Catholic cathedral of Notre-Dame in St Petersburg, the mausoleum of the Grand Dukes of Russia in the Peter and Paul Fortress, the Russian Chapel in Darmstadt, and the Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Warsaw, among many other works. Benois served as Dean of the Imperial Academy of Arts (1903–06,
8231440
Monument to Peter I (Peter and Paul Fortress)


The Monument to Peter I in the Peter and Paul Fortress in Saint Petersburg, Russia, is a bronze statue by Mihail Chemiakin. It was designed and cast in the United States in the 1980s and donated by Chemiakin to the city. It was installed on 6–7 June 1991. The monument is tall and is installed on a granite base with a height of . It depicts Peter sitting on a throne and resembles the wax figure of Peter by Carlo Bartolomeo Rastrelli (1725). Chemiakin made the head of the statue using the
2432504
Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg


The Peter and Paul Cathedral () is a Russian Orthodox cathedral located inside the Peter and Paul Fortress in St. Petersburg, Russia. It is the first and oldest landmark in St. Petersburg, built between 1712 and 1733 on Hare Island along the Neva River. Both the cathedral and the fortress were originally built under Peter the Great and designed by Domenico Trezzini. The cathedral's bell tower is the world's tallest Orthodox bell tower. Since the belfry is not standalone, but an integral part of the main building, the cathedral
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Peter and Paul Fortress


towards dissent. Writers often purposely exaggerated their experiences to garner more hatred for the government; as writer and former Peter and Paul inmate Maksim Gorky would later state, "Every Russian who [had] ever sat in jail... as a 'political' [prisoner]... [considered] it his holy duty to bestow on Russia his memoirs of how he [had] suffered". The fortress contains several notable buildings clustered around the Peter and Paul Cathedral (1712–1733), which has a bell-tower (the tallest
16700217
Alexandra Feodorovna (Alix of Hesse)


buried in the Peter and Paul Fortress in St Petersburg. Alexandra, Nicholas II and three daughters were reinterred in the St. Catherine Chapel of the Peter and Paul Cathedral at the Fortress of St. Peter and St. Paul in St. Petersburg in 1998, with much ceremony, on the eightieth anniversary of the execution. In 1981, Alexandra and her immediate family were recognised as martyrs by the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia. In 2000, Alexandra was canonized as a saint and passion bearer by the Russian Orthodox Church, together with her husband
5054748
St. Peter Armory


built in this style, which had fortress-like elements. It had been popular in armory design since the 1880s. In the 20th century, architects began moving away from the Medieval Revival style. Armories became less fortress-like and more civically oriented in their design. The St. Peter Armory has Medieval Revival, as well as civically influenced elements. It is an excellent example of the transition in armory design that was occurring at the time. The armory was designed by architect James F. Denson and built by Ole Fredricksen of
9921708
Collegium of Little Russia (1722–27)


the fortress of Peter and Paul (Saint Petersburg). After the ascension of Peter II on the Russian throne the political course of the collegium was reviewed and suspended for sometime on September 12, 1727. The collegium was not fully liquidated, but rather was incorporated it into the Hetman administration as "plenipotentiary representatives of the Government for the Hetman". The position of Hetman of Zaporizhian Host was revived and the Myrhorod Colonel Danylo Apostol was elected the hetman soon after his release from a custody at the Peter and Paul Fortress in
21430825
Shlotburg


Shlotburg (, , ) was the name given by Peter the Great to Nyenschantz, a Swedish fortress of the 17th century. The name was sometimes used to denote all the downstream settlements and villages along the Neva River (including Saint Petersburg and the Peter and Paul fortress). The first written reference about Shlotburg dates back to 1703 and can be found in the first printed newspaper Vedomosti, established by Peter the Great. The term ""slot"" is Dutch for "castle" and the fortress was often referred to
2784907
David Grimm (architect)


four symmetrical apses created by Roman Kuzmin in 1861, yet Grimm changed his proportions to create a tall, vertical silhouette. Grimm's draft, publicised in the 1860s, paved the road to numerous variations of the same single-dome layout and was perfected by Vasily Kosyakov in the 1880s. Grimm's last design, the burial vault of Grand Dukes in Peter and Paul Fortress, remained on paper: after Grimm's death, the project was taken over by Antony Tomischko, who also died soon, and the Vault was redesigned
17460070
Monument to the Fighters of the Revolution


and chapels across the city. The graves had been prepared by blasting trenches in the frozen ground, with the lowering of each coffin marked by a cannon shot from the Peter and Paul Fortress. By one estimate some 800,000 people attended the funerals. A competition for the design of the memorial was opened almost immediately after the funerals had taken place. A commission was set up to judge the entries, consisting of prominent architects, artists and writers, including: Ivan Fomin, Alexandre Benois, Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin, Mstislav Dobuzhinsky
18633386
Kazan


Konstantin Thon, now the Palace of the President of Tatarstan. Next door, the ornate baroque Sts-Peter-and-Paul's Cathedral on Qawi Nacmi Street and Marcani Mosque on Qayum Nasiri Street date back to the 18th century. The Spasskaya Tower was built in two floors by 16th century Pskov architects Ivan Shiryai and Postnik Yakovlev. From the inside, the northern side of the fortress to the Spasskaya Tower adjoined the gate to Spasskaya Church, which has now merged with the tower. The typical Pskovian architectural elements of the
21143953
Kronverk


The Kronverk (Russian: Кронверк, from the German word for Crownwork) is a ground fortification for the Sts. Peter and Paul Fortress in Saint Petersburg, Russia. The Kronverk is situated on Petrogradsky Island, across the Kronverksky Strait from the Peter and Paul Fortress. It was built in 1705-08, with reconstructions in 1752 and 1800. On 13 July 1826, five participants of the Decembrists' conspiracy were hanged on the eastern rampart of Kronverk (in 1975, an obelisk was installed on the supposed site of execution
14186173
Caistor


was given in the "Domesday Book" as "Castre". Only a few fragments of the 4th-century walls remain; for example, the original Roman wall is visible on the southern boundary of the parish church of St Peter and St Paul. The area occupied by the fortress is now classified as a Scheduled Ancient Monument. The church of St Peter and St Paul, which is enclosed within the fortress, has an Anglo-Saxon tower. The market square lies at the heart of a conservation area which contains
18709692
Pavlovsk, Saint Petersburg


building a stone fortress on the ruins of the Swedish forts. After he became an emperor, in 1796, he hired the Italian architect Vincenzo Brenna and raised money for the project. By 1798 Brenna raised a Gothic folly, Bip fortress, which fascinated Paul so much that he listed it on the Army register of real fortresses. After the death of Catherine, Paul and Brenna expanded the Pavlovsk estate with real military barracks, officers' quarters and a hospital. Catherine the Great liked the nature in Pavlovsk area and frequently visited
19119669
Semyonovsky Regiment


1820, the senior company of the Semyonovsky regiment, at the initiative of its former commander Yakov Potyomkin, forwarded a petition seeking to cancel the harsh regime instituted under Russian statesman Aleksey Arakcheyev and to change the regiment's commander Schwartz. The company was brought to a riding academy, arrested and imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress. The remainder of the regiment interceded in favour of their comrades, but were surrounded by the garrison of Saint Petersburg and also sent to the Peter and Paul Fortress. The first battalion was court-
9164937
Saint Petersburg


. Since 1991 the Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments in Saint Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast have been listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. The ensemble of Peter and Paul Fortress with the Peter and Paul Cathedral takes a dominant position on Zayachy Island along the right bank of the Neva River. Each noon a cannon fires a blank shot from the fortress. The Saint Petersburg Mosque, the largest mosque in Europe when opened in 1913, is on the right bank nearby. The Spit of Vasilievsky Island,
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Peter and Paul Fortress


added to the site. The structure suffered heavy damage during the bombardment of the city during World War II by the Luftwaffe who were laying siege to the city. It has been faithfully restored post-war and is a prime tourist attraction. In the years before and after the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution, Peter and Paul Fortress was portrayed by Bolshevik propaganda as a hellish, torturous place, where thousands of prisoners suffered endlessly in filthy, cramped, and grossly overcrowded dungeons amid frequent torture and malnutrition. Such legends had the effect of
16700214
Second All-Russian Congress of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies' Soviets


, an ultimatum was presented to the defenders of the Winter Palace under threat of shelling from the cruiser Aurora and the Peter and Paul Fortress. "Aurora" made one single shot at 21:00, at 23:00 an unmarked shelling from the Peter and Paul Fortress was carried out. At night, most of the defenders of the palace dispersed, and he was occupied by revolutionary soldiers and sailors who tried to make a mob of law over the overthrown ministers, demanding "pin them". At 2:10 am, the ministers of the
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Peter Paul Pugin


Peter Paul Pugin (1851 – March 1904) was an English architect, son of Augustus Welby Pugin by his third wife Jane Knill. He was the half-brother of architect and designer Edward Welby Pugin. Peter Paul Pugin was only a year old when his father died. He later began practice as the junior partner in Pugin & Pugin, the family architectural firm. The senior partner was his half-brother Edward Welby Pugin. When Edward Welby Pugin died suddenly on 5 June 1875 as a result of overwork and '
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Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg


is dedicated to Saints Peter and Paul, the patron saints of the fortress (Saint Peter being the patron saint of the city). The current cathedral is the second one on the site. The first, built soon after Peter's founding of the city, was consecrated by Archbishop Iov of Novgorod the Great in April 1704. The cathedral was the cathedral church (i.e., the seat of the bishop; the term "cathedral"—"sobor" ("собор") in Russian—can mean the seat of a bishop, but
17079770
Robert Seppings


Sir Robert Seppings, FRS (11 December 176725 April 1840) was an English naval architect. Seppings was born to Robert and Lydia Seppings at Fakenham, Norfolk, on 11 December 1767 and baptised three days later. In 1782 he was apprenticed in HMNB Devonport, Plymouth. In 1800, when he had risen to be master shipwright assistant in the yard, he invented a device which greatly reduced the time required to repair the lower portions of ships in dry dock when compared with the laborious process of lifting then in vogue.
18514390
Vasily Volkov


one work. In 1901 his painting, "Peter the Great Visiting Pavlo Polubotok at Peter and Paul Fortress in 1724" was presented by the Peredvizhniki in Moscow. Peter died 41 days after visiting Polubotok, who ominously forecast that "Soon, very soon, the judgment of God will judge Peter and Paul!". Public response to the painting was immediate and positive. It was praised in "Niva" and several other periodicals, including "" (Sparks), a satirical magazine. The exhibition catalog sold out and
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Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich of Russia


driven to the St. Peter and St. Paul Fortress. Paul's three cousins, Grand Dukes Nicholas Michailovich, George Michailovich and Dimitri Constantinovich, were taken there directly from Spalernaia prison. The four Grand Dukes were then locked up in the dungeons of Troubetskoy Bastion. At 3 a.m. on the following day, the four Grand Dukes were taken outside the fortress and stripped to the waist, despite the fact that it was almost . His three cousins were each escorted, with a soldier on each side, towards a trench that had been
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Sep Ruf


Academy of Fine Arts, Nuremberg. They were placed within a garden of 6000 m² and in the middle was a little pond. The garden was designed by the landscape architect Walter Rossow from the Deutscher Werkbund. There was a 57 m long steel-bridge with a 50 m high pylon. The newspapers of the world gave the best critics. The Times, London, wrote: "It is the most elegant pavilion of the exhibition". In 1962 Ruf, Egon Eiermann and Paul Baumgarten got the top secret order to
20990486
Appeal of Conscience Foundation


the Prime Minister of Australia, John Howard, at the 40th anniversary dinner of the Appeal of Conscience Foundation Sep 21, 2005 Jorma Ollila, Chairman and CEO, Nokia Acceptance of the Appeal of Conscience Award Jorma Ollila, Chairman and CEO, Nokia Appeal of Conscience Foundation 40th Annual Awards Dinner New York September 21, 2005 Sep 21, 2005 Peter G. Peterson, Chairman, Blackstone Group Honorable Peter G. Peterson, Chairman, Council on Foreign Relations, at the Appeal of Conscience Foundation 40th Anniversary Dinner September 21, 2005 Sep 20
1177936
Peter Dohmen


, the Dohmen family arrived with $40 in the US. A relative in ST. Paul had sponsored the family. They arrived in ST. Paul during one of the harshest winters in years. After turning down several offers from leading stained glass studios in the US to become an employee, he established the Peter Dohmen Studios in Saint Paul, Minnesota. His more modern art style was just what young architects were looking for and had not been able to find. These architects did not want the very traditional church art,
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Peter and Paul Fortress


but he was placed under house arrest. On July 4 (J) during the July Days demonstrations, the Fortress garrison of 8,000 men declared for the Bolsheviks. They surrendered to government forces without a struggle on July 6 (J). On October 25 (J), the fortress quickly fell into Bolshevik hands. Following the ultimatum from the Petrograd Soviet to the Provisional Government ministers in the Winter Palace, after the blank salvo of the Cruiser "Aurora" at 21.00, the guns of the Fortress fired 30 or so
16700212
History of Timișoara


Historian István Petrovics associates T.n.y.s.b.r with Temesvár, suggesting that Idrisi mislocated it because he had no direct information of the town. Timișoara was named after a fortress: the Hungarian name of the town, Temesvár, refers to a castle "(vár)" on the river Timiș (Temes). The fortress was first mentioned in the "Register of Arad" around 1177. The document mentioned two villages, "Sep" and "Vrman", on the royal estates attached to the fortress "Demesiensis". It was most
16667254
Diocese of Novgorod


It was separated from St. Petersburg in 1892. The new city of St. Petersburg, when it was founded in late spring 1703, was initially in the Novgorodian Eparchy, and Metropolitan Iov consecrated the first wooden Peter and Paul Cathedral in the Peter and Paul Fortress (the current cathedral is, of course, a later construction) in April 1704. Iov's vicar, Feofan Prokopovich, became one of Peter the Great's key advisors on religion and helped establish the Spiritual Regulations and the Holy Governing Synod (which governed the church
4854339
Saint Petersburg


, which was on the White Sea in the far north and closed to shipping during the winter. On , during the Great Northern War, Peter the Great captured Nyenskans and soon replaced the fortress. On , closer to the estuary inland from the gulf), on Zayachy (Hare) Island, he laid down the Peter and Paul Fortress, which became the first brick and stone building of the new city. The city was built by conscripted peasants from all over Russia; a number of Swedish prisoners of war were also
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Central Saint Petersburg


only building outside the fortress; the Admiralty building. The largest industry was ship building. The first residence of Peter the Great was a little hut (the hut hasn't been destroyed and is a museum), but he soon started to build the Summer Palace, which was located just opposite the hut, on the other side of the Neva River, and later he built a Winter Palace for himself. The central part of the city was supposed to be between the Peter and Paul Fortress and his first house. The
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Peter and Paul Fortress


Petersburg Mint (Monetniy Dvor). The fortress was established by Peter the Great on May 16 (by the Julian Calendar, hereafter indicated using "(J)"; May 27 by the Gregorian Calendar) 1703 on small Hare Island by the north bank of the Neva River, the last upstream island of the Neva delta. Built at the height of the Northern War in order to protect the projected capital from a feared Swedish counterattack, the fort never fulfilled its martial purpose. The citadel was completed with six bastions in
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Peter and Paul Fortress


earth and timber within a year, and it was rebuilt in stone from 1706 to 1740. From around 1720, the fort served as a base for the city garrison and also as a prison for high-ranking or political prisoners. The Trubetskoy Bastion, rebuilt in the 1870s, became the main prison block. The first person to escape from the fortress prison was the anarchist Prince Peter Kropotkin in 1876. Other people incarcerated in the "Russian Bastille" include Shneur Zalman of Liadi, Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich, Artemy Volynsky,
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Sep Ruf


building. 1956–1957 he built the royal picture palace am Goetheplatz in Munich, in those days one of the two picture palaces in Europe, playing Todd-AO, and Michael Todd came to the opening and they showed the German first broadcast of the musical Oklahoma!. In Berlin he was part of the historic International Building Exhibition, the Interbau 1957 in Berlin. On the area of the Hansaviertel 53 architects from 13 countries made 35 drafts, that were realized by Alvar Aalto, Paul Baumgarten, Egon Eiermann, Walter Gropius,
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Domenico Trezzini


founded, he substantially contributed to its most representative buildings. The Peter and Paul Fortress with the Peter and Paul Cathedral, the Twelve Collegia Building (now the main building of Saint Petersburg University) as well as Peter's Summer House count among his many achievements. He also helped found and design Kronstadt and the Alexander Nevsky Monastery. Domenico Trezzini was very important for another aspect of Russian architectural history: in founding a school based on the European model, he laid the foundations for the development of the Petrine Baroque. As a
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Sep Ruf


Sep Ruf (full name Franz Joseph Ruf; 9 March 1908, in Munich – 29 July 1982, in Munich) was a German architect and designer, belonging to the Bauhaus group. He was one of the representatives of modern architecture in Germany after World War II. His elegant buildings received high credits in Germany and Europe and his German pavilion of the Expo 58 in Brussels, built together with Egon Eiermann, achieved worldwide recognition. He attended the Interbau 1957 in Berlin-Hansaviertel and was one of the three architects who
20990472
Paul Strudel


Paul Strudel or Paul Strudl (circa 1648 – 20 November 1708) was an Austrian sculptor, architect, engineer, and painter, ennobled as Baron von Strudel and Vochburg. As a sculptor in the Hofburg, Paul Strudel worked creating statues with his younger brother, Peter Strudel. In 1648, Paul Strudel was born, as would be his younger brothers, Peter and Dominik, in Cles in the "Val di Non" in the County of Tyrol, where his father Jakob worked as a sculptor. Paul learned with his
18742573
Paul Stallan


Paul Stallan (born 1967, Glasgow) is an architect based in the United Kingdom. Stallan was born in Glasgow in 1967 and was educated at the University of Strathclyde, graduating in 1988 under Professor of Architecture Gordon Benson (of Benson & Forysth Architects). Stallan first worked with Glasgow architect Peter McGurn on major community and urban regeneration projects across the West of Scotland before joining architects RMJM in 1988 as International Design Principal and European Design Director. In 2012, Stallan established Stallan-Brand with architect Alistair Brand after leaving RMJM
13447086
Saints Peter and Paul Church (Petersburg, Iowa)


Saints Peter and Paul Catholic Church is a parish church in the Archdiocese of Dubuque. The church is located in the unincorporated community of Petersburg, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995. The first church building for Saints Peter and Paul parish was constructed of limestone in 1868. The present church was completed in 1906. It was constructed in cut-stone, quarried in Stone City, Iowa, in the Late Gothic Revival style. It was designed by Dubuque architect Martin Heer
21623676
Cuthbert Welby Pugin


Cuthbert Welby Pugin (2 June 1840 – 25 March 1928) was a British architect. He was the son of Augustus Welby Pugin and his second wife, Louisa Button, making him Pugin's fourth child and second son. He was the brother of Edward Welby Pugin and Peter Paul Pugin, also both architects. He is most notable for his design of St John the Evangelist, Poulton-le-Fylde and his collaborations with Peter Paul to complete St Anne's Church, Highfield Road and Heart of Jesus, Kilburn to
17246369
Tokyo International Players


: "A Lie in the Mind" by Sam Shepard, directed by Walter Roberts May 1996: "Zigger Zagger" by Peter Terson, directed by Malcolm Duff Sep 1996: "I Hate Hamlet" by Paul Rudnick, directed by Hank Roberts Nov 1996: "Deathtrap" by Ira Levin, directed by Judy Fisher Feb 1997: "The Taming of the Shrew" by William Shakespeare, directed by Malcolm Duff Apr 1997: "If We Are Women" by Joanna McClelland Glass, directed by Virginia Kouyoumdjian (workshop)
21381335
Butyrka prison


traced back to the 17th century. The current building was erected in 1879 near the Butyrsk gate (, or Butyrskaya zastava) on the site of a prison-fortress which had been built by the architect Matvei Kazakov during the reign of Catherine the Great. The towers of the old fortress once housed the rebellious Streltsy during the reign of Peter I, and later on hundreds of participants of the 1863 January Uprising in Poland. Members of Narodnaya Volya were also prisoners of the Butyrka in 1883, as were the participants in the
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Peter and Paul Fortress


first cousin once removed, Grand Duke Vladimir Cyrilovich (1992). The remains of his parents, Grand Duke Cyril Vladimirovich and his wife Viktoria Fyodorovna, were transferred to the mausoleum from Coburg in 1995. Other structures inside the fortress include the still functioning Saint Petersburg Mint building (constructed to Antonio Porta's designs under Emperor Paul), the Trubetskoy Bastion with its grim prison cells, and the city museum. According to a centuries-old tradition, a cannon is fired each noon from the Naryshkin Bastion. Annual celebrations of
16700220
History of Saint Petersburg


from the fortress under the supervision of German and Dutch engineers whom Peter had invited to Russia. Peter restricted the construction of stone buildings in all of Russia outside St Petersburg so that all stonemasons would come to help build the new city. At the same time Peter hired a large number of engineers, architects, shipbuilders, scientists and businessmen from all countries of Europe. Substantial immigration of educated professionals eventually turned St. Petersburg into a much more cosmopolitan city than Moscow and the rest of Russia. Peter's efforts to push for modernisation
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Peter and Paul Fortress


Tadeusz Kościuszko, Alexander Radishchev, the Decembrists, Grigory Danilevsky, Fyodor Dostoevsky, Maxim Gorky, Mikhail Bakunin, Nikolai Chernyshevsky, Leon Trotsky and Josip Broz Tito. During the February Revolution of 1917, it was attacked by mutinous soldiers of the Pavlovsky Regiment on February 27 (J) and the prisoners were freed. Under the Provisional Government, hundreds of Tsarist officials were held in the Fortress. The Tsar was threatened with being incarcerated at the Fortress on his return from Mogilev to Tsarskoe Selo on March 8 (J);
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Peter and Paul Fortress


turning the prison into a symbol of government oppression in the minds of the common folk. In reality, conditions in the fortress were far less brutal than believed; no more than one hundred prisoners were ever kept in the prison at a time, and most prisoners had access to such luxuries as tobacco, writing paper, and literature (including subversive books such as Karl Marx's ""). When the fortress was liberated during the early stages of the revolution in February 1917, the prison was holding only nineteen recently incarcerated prisoners
16700215
Grand Ducal Burial Vault


The Grand Ducal Burial Vault (Russian: Великокняжеская усыпальница) is the purpose-built mausoleum of the Grand Dukes and Duchesses of Russia in the Peter and Paul Fortress. The Neo-Baroque domed structure is frequently mistaken for a part of the Peter and Paul Cathedral due to architectural similarities. A covered passageway leads from the mausoleum to the cathedral, where the Russian emperors and empresses lie in state. The building was designed by David Grimm in 1896. It was constructed in order to remove the remains of some of the non
13818133
Petro Jazz


Petro Jazz is an international jazz festival in Saint Petersburg, Russia. It is known as the biggest open-air jazz event in north-west Russia. Established in 2003, it changed its name from Peter & Paul Jazz Festival to Jazz Q in 2005 and finally to Petro Jazz in 2008. The location of the festival is Peter & Paul Fortress, the very heart of St. Petersburg, situated on an island in the middle of Neva River. Petro Jazz introduced to the Russian public such jazz stars as Marcus Miller,
3569423
Oranienbaum, Russia


and died in exile, and the palace passed out of his family. In 1743, Oranienbaum became the summer residence of Grand Duke Peter Fedorovitch, the heir of Empress Elizabeth (the future Emperor Peter III). Over the last ten years of Elizabeth's reign, Bartolomeo Francesco Rastrelli reconstructed the Grand Palace, adding beauty to its decor. From 1756 to 1762, the architect Antonio Rinaldi built the Peterstadt Fortress ensemble on the bank of the Karost River for Grand Duke Peter Fedorovitch. In 1762, Empress Catherine II ordered the
15419453
Brady Boone


Boone was stretchered out as a part of angle that led to the teaming of Haynes and Ken Patera. The following year Boone won an additional 24 matches, and finished his run with a victory over Steve Lombardi on Sep 12, 1988 in South Bend, Indiana. Brady Boone returned to the WWF on May 4, 1990 on a house show in a loss to Paul Diamond. He wrestled in numerous house show and television matches between May and August. At a house show on September 13, 1990, Peters debuted as
3762901
Baselios Mar Thoma Paulose II


lived in an annexed room of Arthat Church. With determined efforts and cooperation of his fellow believers of his diocese he was able to construct a beautiful diocesan centre with a chapel in the vicinity of Arthat church for Kunnamkulam diocese within five years. The Holy Episcopal synod and the Managing committee nominated him as the successor to the Catholicos of the East and Malankara Metropolitan on 27 Sep 2006. Paulose Mar Milithios was enthroned as the new Catholicos of the East and Malankara Metropolitan at a solemn ceremony at the St. Paul's and St. Peter
6636032
Church of St Peter and St Paul, Wincanton


The Anglican Church of St Peter and St Paul in Wincanton within the English county of Somerset is a Grade II* listed building. The Church of St Peter and St Paul was almost totally rebuilt 1887-91 by J. D. Sedding, however parts of the tower may be remnants form an earlier church, dating from 1313, on the same site. Little of the original church remains but it is known that in 1748 Nathaniel Ireson, a local architect built and paid for a new chancel, which has been removed in subsequent
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Carlo Bartolomeo Rastrelli


refined in 1729 by an assistant of Rastrelli. After Peter's death in 1725, Rastrelli made another face mask, as well as molds of his hands and feet; he also accurately measured his body. Using all these details, by the order of Catherine I of Russia, he made a wax-and-wood figure of Peter, which is exhibited in the Hermitage. The mask and figure were later used for several statues of Peter, including the Monument to Peter I (Peter and Paul Fortress) by Mihail Chemiakin
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Monument to Peter I (Peter and Paul Fortress)


mask of Peter's face taken by Rastrelli in 1719, six years before Peter's death, and this fact is mentioned at the base of the statue. However, he enlarged his other body parts, presenting Peter in a grotesque manner. Therefore, the statue was initially criticized by locals, and had to be guarded to prevent vandalism. Later, Chemiakin's view became gradually accepted. Chemiakin worked on the statue for eight years and made three versions, two others being located in Normandy, France, and in Claverack,
2432505
Landmarks of Saint Petersburg


Construction was funded by subscriptions of the Dalai Lama and Russian and Mongolian Buddhists; the structure was inaugurated in the presence of Itigilov in 1914 and served as a valuable resource to transient Buryats, Kalmyks and other Buddhists during World War I. It did not function from 1935 to 1991, when the lamas were exiled to gulags, and the temple and its grounds were used for secular purposes. In 1991 the St. Petersburg datsan was reopened for worship. The ensemble of Peter and Paul Fortress with the Peter and Paul Cathedral takes dominant position
1084815
House of Romanov


Petersburg the remains of the imperial family were moved by a formal military honor guard cortege from the airport to the Sts. Peter and Paul Fortress where they (along with several loyal servants who were killed with them) were interred in a special chapel in the Peter and Paul Cathedral near the tombs of their ancestors. President Boris Yeltsin attended the interment service on behalf of the Russian people. In mid-2007, a Russian archaeologist announced a discovery by one of his workers. The excavation uncovered the following items in the two pits which
6653258
Botik of Peter the Great


the same year, Peter sailed the boat in a regatta of the Baltic Fleet from St. Petersburg to Kronshtadt. The boat was placed in the kronverk of the Peter and Paul Fortress on a plinth, inscribed with the words "From the amusement of the child came the triumph of the man". After the boat took part in ceremonies on the third anniversary of the Peace of Nystad, 30 August 1724, Peter ordered that it be sailed or rowed to the Alexander Nevsky Monastery every year on 30 August. The "botik
1487340
Tokyo International Players


Amadeus" by Peter Shaffer, directed by Martin McGee Sep 1991: "Good Evening" by Dudley Moore and Peter Cook, directed by Ian de Stains (Curtain Raiser) Oct 1991: "Noises Off" by Michael Frayn, directed by Ivan Woodhouse Feb 1992: "Uncle Vanya" by Anton Chekhov, directed by Boomie Pedersen Mar 1992: "Bit by Bit", compiled & directed by Susan Oliver (musical review) Apr 1992: "Steel Magnolias" by Robert Harling, directed by Shelli Place Sep 1992:
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Sts. Peter and Paul Orthodox Church


Sts. Peter and Paul Orthodox Church, also known as Sts. Peter and Paul Russian Orthodox Greek Catholic Church, is a historic church complex and national historic district located in the Lovejoy neighborhood of Buffalo, Erie County, New York. The complex was built between 1912 and 1965, and consists of the yellow brick Byzantine Revival style, roughly 2-story church (designed in 1932 by architect Joseph E. Fronczak), a 1-story parish hall (designed in 1964 by Robert Zinter), a 2-story frame house that serves as a rectory
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Colin Vaughan


-fifties to work at Page and Steele, a noted Toronto firm. There he met Peter Dickinson. In the late fifties he became one of Peter Dickinson's original associates with Dickinson's new firm. In the early sixties he, Rod Robbie, Dick Williams and Fred Ashworth set out on their own. The new firm Ashworth, Robbie, Vaughan and Williams Architects and Planners, teamed with Paul Schoeler of Schoeler, Barkham and Heaton Architects and Planning Consultants, and Matt Stankiewicz of Z. Matthew Stankiewicz Architect, to compete for
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Peter Melvin


Peter Anthony Paul Melvin, "RIBA" (19 September 1933 – 17 November 2009), was an English architect. His work over a period of fifty years evolved from large-scale Brutalist projects to small-scale made-to-measure designs. He was a vice-president for education at the Royal Institute of British Architects. Peter Melvin was born in Harrow in the London Borough of Harrow, the only child of Thomas and Elsie Melvin. He attended St Marylebone Grammar School in the City of Westminster and studied
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Vasily Bazhenov


stable job of an architect of Kronstadt admiralty; in his spare time he translated the complete works of Vitruvius. In April 1792 Bazhenov was impicated in the Nikolay Novikov affair; police found Bazhenov's letter to Novikov about supplying masonic books to Paul. Novikov spent four years in Schlisselburg fortress jail while Bazhenov escaped free. Masonic influence over Bazhenov's life and art led to him being called "the Russian Christopher Wren" and the theory that he was a long-term agent of martinists tasked with winning Paul's support. Paul
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Saint Petersburg


the Peter and Paul Fortress, while St. Peter at the same time became the eponym of the whole city. In June 1703 Peter the Great gave the site the name "Sankt Pieter Burkh" (an emulation of Dutch topografical suffix "-burg", which refers to fortified towns and places, as Peter was a Neerlandophile) which was subsequently russified. A 14- to 15-letter-long name, composed of the three roots proved too cumbersome, and many shortened versions were used. The first General Governor of the city Menshikov is
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Summer Palace of Peter the Great


The Summer Palace of Peter the Great was built between 1710–1714 in the northeast corner of the Summer Garden, located on an island formed by the Fontanka river, Moyka river, and the Swan Canal. Its northern perimeter runs along the left bank of the Neva river across from the Cabin of Peter the Great and Peter and Paul Fortress and was the first palace built in Saint Petersburg, the second largest city in Russia. It was the first palace built in Saint Petersburg and the city's first building which had piped water.
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Cabin of Peter the Great


Inside, the wooden walls were painted with red oil to resemble brick, and the rooms came to be known as the "red chambers" ("krasnyie khoromtsy"). There are no fires or chimneys, as it was intended to be used only in the warmer summer months. It was occupied by the Tsar between 1703 and 1708, while Peter supervised the construction of the new imperial city and the Peter and Paul Fortress. The cabin was moved to its present location, 6 Petrovskaia Naberezhnaia, in 1711 from its
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Peter Andreas Blix


), for which government agency he researched the possibility of a canal in Tyrifjorden. Blix also periodically maintained a private practice as an architect and designed several villas and hotels. His work for the railroad industry included construction of Østfold Line through Old Town Oslo. Blix, who considered himself an engineer as well as an architect, also worked with Stadsingeniør in Bergen. In 1880 he became head of the restoration of the Bergen Cathedral and Håkonshallen. In 1895 Blix was commissioned to create restoration plans for Akershus Fortress. Blix was also
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Basilica of St. Peter and St. Paul, Prague


The Basilica of St Peter and St Paul is a neo-Gothic church in Vyšehrad fortress in Prague, Czech Republic. Founded in 1070-1080 by the Czech King Vratislav II, the Romanesque basilica suffered a fire in the year 1249 and has been rebuilt in Gothic and later in neo-Gothic style. The basilica features an impressive stone mosaic above its entry, and its twin 58 m towers can be seen atop a hill to the south from along the Vltava River in central Prague. Behind the church is located large
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Saints Peter and Paul Parish Church (Calasiao)


" with the miraculous statue of a crucified Jesus Christ (believed to grow in size). As one of the Baroque Churches of the Philippines, the Parish Church of Saints Peter and Paul has been at the forefront of Philippine history-Spanish colonial rule. Its unique architectural design reflects the Spanish and Latin American architecture integration of indigenous Philippines works of art with Chinese style fusion. Its massive bricks or ladrillo had been designed to withstand revolts and rebellions, due to its fortresses facade. Its massive retablo mayor is massive and complex
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Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich of Russia


to Tsar Nicholas II and his wife, Alexandra Feodorovna. It fell upon Grand Duke Paul to inform Alexandra of Nicholas II's abdication. After the fall of the Russian monarchy, Grand Duke Paul initially remained at his palace in Tsarskoe Selo during the period of the provisional government. With the Bolsheviks ascending to power, his palace was expropriated, and eventually he was arrested and sent to prison. In declining health, he was shot by the Bolsheviks with other Romanov relatives in the courtyard of the Peter and Paul Fortress in January
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Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich of Russia


. On , Grand Duke Paul's house was ransacked and his firearms collection was taken away. Paul was arrested and held for two weeks at the Bolshevik's headquarters in the Smolny Institute. He was going to be incarcerated at the Peter and Paul Fortress, but the Grand Duke protested. He was treated well by his captors, who addressed him as "Comrade Highness". Due to his frail health, he was released and returned to live in Tsarskoe Selo with his family. The Bolshevik Government confiscated all property held by
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Mihail Chemiakin


as can be seen in the 2010 two-volume book on his art, Mihail Chemiakin (Azbooka publishers, St. Petersburg). He has illustrated books for Mikhail Yupp. In 2001, commissioned by the City of Moscow, Chemiakin created a monument "Children Are the Victims of Adult Vices", a group of sculptures in a park 2000 feet south of the Kremlin, behind the British Ambassador's residence. Other sculptures by Chemiakin include Peter the Great in St. Petersburg's Peter and Paul Fortress, Peter the Great in London
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Petrogradsky District


Petrogradsky District () is a district of the federal city of St. Petersburg, Russia. It borders the Bolshaya Nevka River in the north and in the east, the Neva River in the south, and areas around the Malaya Neva River in the west. District's population: Petrogradsky District comprises the following municipal okrugs: Development of what would become the Petrogradsky District began in May 1703 when Peter the Great began construction of the Peter and Paul fortress on Zayachy Island. Under Peter the Great, Petrogradsky district became the commercial and
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St Peter and St Paul's Church, Wolverhampton


St Peter and St Paul Church is a Roman Catholic Parish church in Wolverhampton, West Midlands, England. It was built from 1826 to 1828, with extensions being built in 1901 and 1928. It was designed by Joseph Ireland and the architect for the extension in 1901 was Edward Goldie. It is built as part of Giffard House, which is now a presbytery for the church. It is situated on Paternoster Row, between Wolverhampton City Council and the Ring Road St Peters. Both the church and Giffard House are a Grade
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Cathedral of Saint James and Saint Christopher


Cathedral of Saint Jacob and Saint Christopher is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Corfu, Zakynthos and Cephalonia. The old cathedral was located in the Old Fortress of Corfu and was dedicated to the apostles Peter and Paul. This temple was one of the oldest monuments of the old fortress and was originally an Orthodox Cathedral which from the 13th to the 17th century was the cathedral of the city's Catholics. Originally the church was a basilica and beside it was a chapel dedicated to Saint Arsenius, first bishop of Corfu (
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Ivan Yuvachov


Ivan Pavlovich Yuvachev (1860–1940) was a "narodovolets", i.e., a member of The People's Will ("Narodnaya Volya") revolutionary organization that assassinated Tsar Alexander II, after seven failed assassination attempts. He was a defendant at the Trial of the Fourteen in 1884, where he was found guilty of "terrorist activities". Yuvachev served four years at Peter and Paul Fortress on the Neva River, and at the Schlusselburg Fortress. He was imprisoned with fellow "narodovolets" Alexander Ulyanov, brother of Vladimir Lenin
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Pavlovsk, Voronezh Oblast


Pavlovsk () is a town and the administrative center of Pavlovsky District in Voronezh Oblast, Russia, located on the left bank of the Don River at its confluence with the Osered), southeast of Voronezh, the administrative center of the oblast. Population: In 1709, Peter the Great moved the ship docks from Voronezh to the new location and started the construction of a new fortress, which at different times was called Sereda, Osered, and Oseredskaya. In 1711, a garrison was moved here from the St. Paul Fortress
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St. Peter and St. Paul's Church, Tbilisi


The St. Peter and St. Paul's Church () is a Roman Catholic church in Tbilisi, the Georgian capital. Pope John Paul II celebrated Mass there during his visit to Georgia in October 1999. The church was built between 1870 and 1877 on the initiative of Konstantine Zubalashvili, an important member of the Catholic community in Georgia. The project was entrusted to the architect Albert Zaltsman. The architecture of the church is characterized by a marked baroque style. The church entrance is west. Above the wooden front door there is a
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Nikolay Bauman


the "Petersburg Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class." Arrested on 22 March 1897, Bauman was arrested and imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress, where he was kept in solitary confinement for 19 months. During his stay in the fortress, he was astonishingly allowed to read Karl Marx's "Das Kapital". In 1899 he was exiled to Vyatka Governorate, but he managed to escape abroad the same year. In April 1900, he took part of the second congress of the Emancipation of Labour
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Peter and Paul Fortress


shells at the Winter Palace. Just two hit, inflicting only minor damage, and the defenders refused to surrender at that time. At 02.10 on the morning of October 26 (J), the Winter Palace was taken by forces under Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko; the captured ministers were taken to the Fortress as prisoners. Between 1918 and 1921 at least 112 persons, including 4 grand dukes, were killed here. In 1924, most of the site was converted to a museum. In 1931, the Gas Dynamics Laboratory was
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Vera Figner


months before her trial in solitary confinement at the Peter and Paul Fortress. In 1884 Figner was sentenced to death, during the Trial of the Fourteen. This sentence was commuted through the intercession of Niko Nikoladze to perpetual penal servitude in Siberia. She was instead imprisoned for 20 years in the fortress at Schlüsselburg. In 1904, Figner was sent into internal exile to the Arkhangelsk guberniya, then Kazan guberniya, and finally Nizhny Novgorod. In 1906 she was allowed to go abroad, where she organized a campaign for political prisoners in
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Mikayel Nalbandian


որպէս ուղիղ ճանապարհ, 1862). In May 1862 he returned to Petersburg, where he participated in the activities of Land and Liberty along with Nikolay Chernyshevsky and Nikolai Serno-Solovyevich. His contacts with Russian radicals lead to his arrest on 14 June 1862 in New Nakhichevan. He was initially taken to Ekaterinoslav, subsequently to Moscow, and eventually to the Peter and Paul Fortress in Petersburg on 27 July 1862. He was held at the ravelin of the fortress with Nikolay Chernyshevsky, Nikolai Serno-Solovyevich, and others. In
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Church of Saints Peter and Paul, Nikopol


locals as "The Little Monastery" (Манастирчето, "Manastircheto"), possibly because it once belonged to a now-ruined medieval monastery. Located beneath the northeastern part of Nikopol's medieval fortress, the church has been conclusively dated to the 13th–14th century, that is, the time of the Second Bulgarian Empire (1185–1396/1422). During this period, Nikopol evolved into a major Bulgarian fortress on the Danube and a cultural centre of its region. The church is of the crossed-dome style and its cella is almost
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Józef Łukaszewicz


of Poland Józef Piłsudski and Tytus Paszkowski) were also sentenced to death, but their sentence was later exchanged to that of katorga, or forced resettlement to a prison camp. According to trial records, Łukasiewicz appealed for the tsar's mercy. Łukaszewicz was sent to the Peter and Paul Fortress and then, on May 17, 1887, to the Shlisselburg Fortress. There he started working on his first geological maps and studies on mineralogy. According to his long-time friend Vera Figner, for his first sketches Łukaszewicz used the
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Petrogradsky Island


and Swedish farms added to a large Russian settlement, continuing to develop the island in the 17th century. In 1703 Tsar Peter the Great of Russia laid the foundation of the Peter and Paul Fortress on nearby Zayachy Island. During this time, he resided near the present-day site of Troitsky Square near the southeastern tip of island, known at that time as Gorodskoy Island. It was renamed Peterburgsky Island or Sankt-Peterburgsky Island after Peter's death in 1725. The administrative center of Saint Petersburg moved to Vasilievsky Island in
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Peter and Paul Fortress


in the city centre) and a gilded angel-topped cupola. The cathedral is the burial place of all Russian tsars from Peter I to Alexander III, with the exception of Peter II and Ivan VI. The remains of Nicholas II and his family and entourage were re-interred there, in the side chapel of St. Catherine, on July 17, 1998, the 80th anniversary of their deaths. Toward the end of 2006, the remains of Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna were brought from Roskilde Cathedral outside Copenhagen and reinterred next
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Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg


to rest in July 1998. Among the emperors and empresses buried here was Catherine the Great, Empress of Russia for 34 years. Of the post-Petrine rulers, only Peter II and Ivan VI are not buried here. Peter II is buried in the Cathedral of Michael the Archangel in the Moscow Kremlin; Ivan VI was executed and buried in the fortress of Shlisselburg or Kholmogory (alleged discovery at Kholmogory in 2010 currently under forensic investigation). On September 28, 2006, 78 years after her death, Maria Feodorovna,
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Ivan Nikitin (painter)


Russia Nikitin became the favorite court painter of Peter the Great. He worked in Moscow and Saint Petersburg. After Peter's death in 1725 Nikitin continued to work at the court until 1732, when he and his brothers Roman and Rodion (the dean of the Cathedral of the Annunciation in Moscow Kremlin) were arrested for the distribution of pamphlets against vice-Procurator of Synod Feofan Prokopovich. Ivan was tortured, for five years imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress, then whipped and exiled to Tobolsk. In 1740 Anna of Russia
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Stern


called for "fashioning" the after part of the ship. This frame is designed to support the various beams that make up the stern. In 1817 the British naval architect Sir Robert Seppings first introduced the concept of the round or "circular" stern. The square stern had been an easy target for enemy cannon, and could not support the weight of heavy stern chase guns. But Seppings' design left the rudder head exposed, and was regarded by many as simply ugly—no American warships were designed with such sterns
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Monument to Peter I (Azov)


military figure. Peter the Great commanded his army during the Azov campaigns of 1695–96 at that age. His head is looking towards the Azov Fortress. The idea of building the monument was being proposed by Azov architects in 1947. At that time they was developing a general plan of Azov under which the monument should have been erected on Rynochnaya square currently known as Petrovskaya square (former square of the 3rd International). This project was embodied 49 years later on Petrovsky boulevard. Honored Artist of Russia, academician Oleg Komov created the
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Brandevoort


the architects Paul van Beek (Paul van Beek landschappen BNT Amsterdam), Rob Krier and Christoph Kohl (K·K Gesellschaft von Architekten mbH, Berlin, now Christoph Kohl Stadtplaner Architekten GmbH), and Maarten Ouwens (Wissing Stedenbouw bv Barendrecht), in collaboration with Grontmij (with Jan Nijhof and Mariëlle Kok). Construction started around 1997 and is scheduled to finish in 2017. The neighbourhood will then have a population of approximately 18,000 and a total of 6.000 houses and apartments. Brandevoort is built around a central “fortress” called
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Pavlovsk, Saint Petersburg


by Russians on the place of Pavlovsk and was known from at least 13th century as part of an Administrative division of Novgorod Land. The fortress and the entire region were later captured by the Swedes. On 13 August 1702, the Russian army led by Peter the Great and Fyodor Apraksin met Swedes at the Izhora River and pushed them to the fortress. For several days, the Swedish Army was reinforcing their positions but were expelled upon a surprise frontal attack. Paul I, an avid fan of military, had long dreamed of
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Princess Tarakanova


Catherine II to retrieve her. Orlov seduced her, then lured her aboard a Russian ship and took her to Russia in February 1775. She was imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress, where she died of tuberculosis that December. She was buried in the graveyard of the fortress. A popular theory postulated that her death was faked and that she was secretly forced to take the veil under the name Dosifea. The mysterious nun of this name is recorded as having lived in the Ivanovsky Convent from 1785 until her death in 1810
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St. Paul's Church Rectory


Urban Retreat House" on the first floor, and as the "Parish Offices" on the second floor. Lauren Myatt and Peter Schwab, from Murphy & Dittenhafer Architects, provided the designs for the 2019 renovation. A.R. Marani Inc. General Contractors managed the nine month construction. On May 18, 2019, clergy, church leaders, architects, and contractors gathered at the Historic Rectory for a "House Blessing" to mark the beginning of a new season for this building that was once a home for the clergy of St. Paul
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Catherine I of Russia


to see Catherine take over. The real power, however, lay with Menshikov, Peter Tolstoy and with other members of the Supreme Privy Council. She died two years after Peter, at age 43, in St. Petersburg, where she was buried at St. Peter and St. Paul Fortress. Tuberculosis, diagnosed as an abscess of the lungs, caused her early demise. Catherine was the first woman to rule Imperial Russia, opening the legal path for a century almost entirely dominated by women, including her daughter Elizabeth and granddaughter-
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Theophilus P. Chandler Jr.


Theophilus Parsons Chandler Jr. (Sep 7, 1845– August 16, 1928) was an American architect of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He spent his career at Philadelphia, and is best remembered for his churches and country houses. He founded the Department of Architecture at the University of Pennsylvania (1890), and served as its first head. Born in Boston on 7 Sep 1845, the son of Theophilus Parsons Chandler and his wife Elizabeth J Schlatter, Chandler was educated at Harvard University and in the atelier of
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Killinierin


Kilanerin (), is a village in north County Wexford, Ireland, 4 kilometres west of the N11 road near the village of Inch and approximately 12 kilometres from the town of Gorey. It is nestling in the foothills of Croghan Mountain, the site of a once famous gold rush. St. Peter and Paul's Church The church in the village is a Catholic Church and is a Gothic style structure built in 1863. It is known as Ss. Peter and Paul's church and it seats almost 400 people. The architects
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Stanisław Szostak


revolutionary Junker mutiny of 29 October 1917 he was imprisoned in the Fortress of Peter and Paul in Petrograd. On 18 December 1917, after his release was negotiated by the Polish Military Committee in Petrograd, Stanisław Szostak joined the Junkers company of the 1st Knights Legion of the 1st Polish Corps. Later, he served with the Officer Cadet Legion within the 1st Corps until 6 June 1918. At the beginning of his tour of service, in January 1918 he took part in the capture of the Bobrujsk fortress occupied by the Bolshevik forces
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Raffaello da Montelupo


, thus lending the fortress its present name). Raffaello's St. Michael was later replaced by a bronze statue of the same subject, executed by Flemish sculptor Peter Anton von Verschaffelt in 1753. His version may still be seen in an open court in the interior of the fortress. Under Pope Paul III, Raffaello was commissioned to create fourteen angels to adorn Ponte Sant'Angelo, the bridge connecting Rome's center to the Castel Sant'Angelo. Those sculptures were later replaced under a commission by Pope Clement IX in 1669 for new angels by
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