Leadbeater's possum [SEP] IUCN conservation status
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Yellingbo Nature Conservation Reserve


working towards achieving the proposed Great Forest National Park to provide security to Leadbeater's possum populations into the future, the group support projects at Yellingbo Nature Conservation Reserve. "The Leadbeater's Possum Advisory Group" Established in 2013, the aim of the Leadbeater's Possum Advisory Group is to provide recommendations that support the recovery of the possum, while maintaining a sustainable timber industry. The Advisory Group is co-convened by Zoos Victoria and the Victorian Association of Forest Industries, with representation from VicForests, Parks Victoria, and the Leadbeater
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Yellingbo Nature Conservation Reserve


patchily dense. "Leadbeater's possum" Gymnobelideus leadbeateri A small geographically isolated population of Leadbeater's possum was discovered in lowland swamp forest at Yellingbo Nature Conservation Reserve in 1986. This population is the only known extant lowland population, occurring in habitat that is very different to that of the possum's core range in Victorian Central Highlands (montane ash forests). This adds to the conservation importance of the lowland population. The Leadbeater's possum, as the faunal emblem of Victoria, is an iconic Australian species. Since European colonisation
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Yellingbo Nature Conservation Reserve


by the Leadbeater's Possum Advisory Group. The 13 recommendations and 48 resulting actions are being implemented to assist in the conservation of the Leadbeater's possum. In 2015 Greening Australia commenced a three-year project to increase habitat and improve vegetation condition to support wild populations of the helmeted honeyeater and Leadbeater's possum. Greening Australia will work with six partner agencies and two friends groups to deliver: improved habitat quality for these species and enhanced connectivity between existing populations; increased duration and availability of food resources and availability of nesting sites for
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Yellingbo Nature Conservation Reserve


's Possum Recovery Team. Ultimately, the greatest benefit of the management of Yellingbo Nature Conservation Reserve has been saving the helmeted honeyeater and the lowland Leadbeater's possum populations from extinction. Over the last 40 years, volunteer labour has positively contributed to weed and pest control, revegetation, fencing and other targeted conservation actions. After decades of effort to save the helmeted honeyeater and Leadbeater's possum, many are concerned with a lack of progress. However, it is evident that without this effort the helmeted honeyeater species, and possibly others
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Cathedral Range State Park


. Leadbeater's possum The Leadbeater's possum ("Gymnobelideus leadbeateri") is an iconic Australian species that is listed as critically endangered under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. It is found in the wet ash forests of Victoria and has become endangered due to logging, recurrent bushfires and the decline of large trees containing hollows. Although there have been no sightings of the Leadbeater's Possum at the Cathedral Range it is suspected to occur there. Sightings have been made at Tweed Spur, only 3 km south from the
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Yellingbo Nature Conservation Reserve


the helmeted honeyeater, to raise awareness about the plight of the helmeted honeyeater and to enlist broad community support for the recovery project. The Friends are active in the recovery effort, providing voluntary support and labour and restoration of habitat. The group has been instrumental in attracting political support. "Friends of the Leadbeater’s Possum Inc" Established on National Threatened Species Day, 7 September 2004, a group of volunteers established the Friends of Leadbeater’s Possum Inc to give a voice to the Leadbeater's possum population. In addition to
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Leadbeater's possum


for conserving hollow-dependent species like the Leadbeater's possum. Studies have shown that clear-felling operations, such as the logging run in state forest between the Yarra Ranges National Park and Mount Bullfight Conservation Reserve in February 2006, led to the deaths of most possums in the area—"Adult animals have a strong affinity with their home range and are reluctant to move". Salvage logging since the fires has posed a further risk to this extremely diminished population with clear-felling also approved by VicForests in the few remaining unburnt areas,
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Yellingbo Nature Conservation Reserve


major expansion of reserves are immediately needed to limit the risk of extinction of Leadbeater's possum. Since the establishment of Yellingo Nature Conservation Reserve, there have been a number of management plans in place to manage the nature reserve, the helmeted honeyeater, and the lowland Leadbeater's possum including: "Yellingbo Nature Conservation Reserve Management Plan" (2004), "Helmeted honeyeater recovery plan : 1989–1993", "National Recovery Plan for the Helmeted Honeyeater" (2008). Published in 2013, the "Yellingbo Investigation Final Report"
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Goblin flea


The goblin flea ("Stephanocircus domrowi") is a critically endangered insect endemic to the Australian state of Victoria. It is host specific, and lives only with the co-endangered Leadbeater's possum. Although it has been suggested as a good candidate species for conservation, there is presently no work directed towards its conservation. The key threat factor driving the decline of the Leadbeater's possum, and by extension the co-endangered Goblin flea, is logging in the Mountain Ash forests of the Victorian central highlands. To avoid
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Yellingbo Nature Conservation Reserve


the Leadbeater's possum population has suffered a widespread decline and has restricted distribution in its range due to a lack of mature trees with hollows that the possum requires for denning. The Leadbeater's possum is listed as ‘Threatened’ under the "Victorian Flora and Flora and Guarantee Act 1988", and ‘Endangered’ under the "Commonwealth Environment and Biodiversity Protection Act 1999". "Helmeted honeyeater" Lichenostomus melanops cassidix The helmeted honeyeater was first discovered in 1867, and its range has greatly diminished since that date. Clearing of
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Leadbeater's possum


bushfires) have been proven by the researchers to have been the greatest threat to the possums' conservation in the wild over the last three decades of the 20th century. The entire Central Highlands population distribution is confined to a 70 by 80 kilometre area. With 43% of its known Central Highlands habitat destroyed in the bushfires of February 2009 – large areas of forest around Toolangi, Marysville, Narbethong, Cambarville and Healesville – the species' status is currently in doubt. Consequently, in December 2012, David Lindenmayer and Zoos Victoria
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Leadbeater's possum


park would protect the area between Kinglake, Baw Baw and Eildon national parks, which is also important for Melbourne's drinking water and as a carbon sink. Since 2004, the Friends of Leadbeater's Possum community group has been active in raising the animal's profile and lobbying for its conservation. Through a joint community/government program, "Project Possum" has installed approximately 200 plastic nest boxes in the wild. Many of these nest boxes were paid for by a community fundraising campaign. The nest boxes are primarily used to
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Leadbeater's possum


and tree-holes to take refuge in during the day restricts them to mixed-age wet sclerophyll forest with a dense mid-story of "Acacia". The species was named in 1867 after John Leadbeater, the then taxidermist at the Museum Victoria. They also go by the common name of fairy possum. On 2 March 1971, the State of Victoria made the Leadbeater's possum its faunal emblem. Leadbeater's possum is thought to have evolved about 20 million years ago. It was not discovered until 1867 and was
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Leadbeater's possum


and large dead trees left still standing after the fires (for shelter and nesting) allowed the Leadbeater's possum population to expand to an estimated peak of about 7500 in the early 1980s. From its peak in the 1980s, the Leadbeater's possum population was expected to further decline rapidly, by as much as 90%, due to a habitat bottleneck. The population has dropped sharply since 1996. Particularly, the February 2009 Black Saturday bushfires destroyed 43% of Leadbeater's possums' habitat in the Central Highlands, halving the
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Leadbeater's possum


are due for installation in 2015–16. Des Hackett is credited as the first person to successfully breed the Leadbeater's possum in captivity. In May 2006, the last Australian specimen at the time, held at Healesville Sanctuary, died. In January 2010, Kasia, at the time the last captive Leadbeater's possum worldwide, died at Toronto Zoo. of the few Lake Mountain Leadbeater's possums remaining after the 2009 bushfire led to three remaining individuals being taken into captivity for their own protection. One animal has since died. There
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Leadbeater's possum


the first specimen in more than 50 years was captured later in the month. In 1961, a colony was discovered near Marysville. Extensive searches since then have found the existing population in the highlands. However, the availability of suitable habitat is critical: forest must be neither too old nor too young, with conservation efforts for Leadbeater's possum involving protection of remaining old-growth stands, and maintenance of younger stands that are allowed to attain hollow-bearing age. The combination of 40-year-old regrowth (for food)
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Leadbeater's possum


, a professor at the Australian National University, and his research assistants since 1983. Hundreds of peer reviewed scientific papers, journal articles and books have resulted from the years of data collection by the ANU team. Their findings show that the availability of suitable habitat is critical: forest must be neither too old nor too young, with conservation efforts for Leadbeater's possums involving protection of remaining old-growth stands, and maintenance of younger stands that are allowed to attain hollow-bearing age. Clearfell logging and salvage logging (after
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Yellingbo Nature Conservation Reserve


part of its ‘Fighting Extinction’ program, Zoos Victoria manage captive-bred programs for the genetically-distinct lowland population of Leadbeater's possum, and the helmeted honeyeater. The Leadbeater's possum captive breeding program at Healesville Sanctuary commenced in May 2012, to prevent extinction of this population. As at October 2015, 16 individuals were held as part of the breeding program. This captive population aims to provide insurance against the extinction of the last lowland populations at Yellingbo. Since 1989, Zoos Victoria has been involved in the helmeted
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Yellingbo Nature Conservation Reserve


's waterways through better water quality and increased protection of native vegetation. Improvements to the condition of these riparian strips supports the required habitat for both the helmeted honeyeater and the Leadbeater's possum. Partners continue to raise funds for purchase of adjacent land, a purchase of additional 3 hectares announced on 12 May 2016 by Trust for Nature. Both the Friends of Leadbeater’s Possum Inc and the Friends of the Helmeted Honeyeater Inc regularly undertake revegetation works. "Funding support" In the 2014–15 budget the Victorian Government announced a $3.2 million
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Eastern pygmy possum


excellent preservation sites. About 50 such sites form the fossil record for the eastern pygmy possum. Eastern pygmy possums are listed as least concern by the IUCN, and both subspecies are listed as lower risk by Australian Commonwealth Government legislation. At the State level within Australia, its status is defined variously. In New South Wales, it is considered vulnerable under the "Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995". In South Australia, the species is considered vulnerable under Schedule 8 of that State's "National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972"
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Leadbeater's possum


The Leadbeater's possum ("Gymnobelideus leadbeateri") is a critically endangered possum largely restricted to small pockets of alpine ash, mountain ash, and snow gum forests in the Central Highlands of Victoria, Australia, north-east of Melbourne. It is primitive, relict, and non-gliding, and, as the only species in the petaurid genus "Gymnobelideus", represents an ancestral form. Formerly, Leadbeater's possums were moderately common within the very small areas they inhabited; their requirement for year-round food supplies
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Leadbeater's possum


June 2013 the Napthine led State government passed legislative changes to allow VicForests access to Victoria's forests for the next 25 years and to be self monitoring (this follows the success of other recent cases preventing logging of remaining possum habitat). According to The Wilderness Society, "the Victorian government ... [is] virtually signing the death warrant of the remaining 500 or so Leadbeater's possums." These changes to the "Sustainable Forests (Timber) Act 2004" will have implications not only for the Leadbeater's possum but to
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Yellingbo Nature Conservation Reserve


to have low genetic diversity which makes it vulnerable to inbreeding depression, and this lowers its ability to evolve to changing environments. The conservation of the endangered Leadbeater's possum is one of Australia's most controversial forestry issues. Outside of Yellingbo Nature Conservation Reserve, one of the key threats to the possum is widespread clearfell logging, which significantly impacts on the quality of the habitat. Also clearfell logging results in fragmented habitat, long-term habitat loss, and an increased risk of fire. The cessation of clearfell logging and a
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Leadbeater's possum


's threatened species biologist, Dan Harley, submitted an application to the federal government for a revision of the species status, providing evidence that it should be relisted as critically endangered. The then minister for the environment, Tony Burke, agreed with the nomination and forwarded the application to the scientific committee of the EPBC Act requesting urgent consideration. On 22 April 2015, it was decided to relist the species as critically endangered. The only remaining population outside the Central Highlands is located at Yellingbo Nature Conservation Reserve. Harley has estimated this
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Leadbeater's possum


—a product of Australian Paper owned by the Japanese company, Nippon Paper Group. During the case, film was recorded of a Leadbeater's possum in the contested coupe area. The case was lost by MyEnvironment due to inconsistencies in the wording of the Leadbeater's Possum Action Statement (10 years out of date) and the forestry prescriptions adhered to by VicForests. The group immediately appealed the decision by the presiding judge Justice Osborne, and the supreme court accepted there was a sound basis for an appeal to the original determination.
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Leadbeater's possum


the arthropods is essential for successful breeding. Births are usually timed for the beginning of winter (May and June) or late spring (October and November). Most litters are of one or two young, which stay in the pouch for 80 to 90 days, and first emerge from the nest following this. Young, newly independent Leadbeater's possums are very vulnerable to owls. Leadbeater's possums and their forest habitat have been the subject of the largest longitudinal study of any species in the world—conducted by David Lindenmayer
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Leadbeater's possum


the biodiversity, carbon storage and water catchments of the forests. On 22 April 2015, Greg Hunt, the Minister for the Environment, announced that the Leadbeater's possum would be listed as a “critically endangered” species under the EPBC Act. The forestry industry and Barnaby Joyce advocate for the Leadbeater's possum to be taken off the critically endangered list. Following uproar from the logging industry & the National Party it was soon placed under re-assessment. On the eve of a ABC 4 Corner episode on “Extinction”
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Leadbeater's possum


only once a year, with a maximum of two joeys being born to each pair. All members sleep together in a nest made out of shredded bark in a tree hollow, anywhere from 6 to 30 metres above ground level and roughly in the centre of a territory of 3 hectares, which they defend actively. The society of Leadbeater's possums is matriarchal: each group is dominated by only one female Leadbeater's possum that is active in expelling outsiders. Other juvenile females are weaned off before they reach sexual maturity. In
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Leadbeater's possum


addition, female Leadbeater's possums are more aggressive in nature, often engaging in frequent fights with other females, including their own daughters. Due to the constant attacks, young females are forced to leave much earlier than their male brothers, which results in the extremely high male to female ratio of 3:1. Solitary Leadbeater's possums have difficulty surviving: when young males disperse at about 15 months of age, they tend either to join another colony as a supernumerary member, or to gather together into bachelor groups while they wait to
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Leadbeater's possum


are no plans to release the remaining two animals despite a further two colonies of Leadbeater's possums having recently been located at Lake Mountain in remnant gully vegetation. These two Lake Mountain animals are now on public display in the Nocturnal House as ambassadors for the species. Healesville Sanctuary's captive breeding program for Leadbeater's possums recommenced in May 2012 and now comprises 6 individuals from the genetically distinct Yellingbo population. they are housed as pairs in large enclosures off display, but are yet to breed. On September 14, 2017, National
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Leadbeater's possum


A supreme court appeal was heard on 24 June 2013 before three judges and MyEnvironment was represented in court by Julian Burnside QC. The appeal was lost. Previously feral cats had only been considered a peripheral threat to Leadbeater's possums, but recent research has found video evidence of cats preying on possums leaving nesting boxes, and of possum remains in stomach contents of trapped feral cats. It is now considered that cats may be a more significant threat to possum populations, particularly in areas already disturbed by logging or bushfires. On 27
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Eucalyptus regnans


for centuries more on the forest floor. The majority of the endangered Leadbeater’s possum population lives in mountain ash forests ("Eucalyptus regnans", "E. delegatensis" and "E. nitens") in the Central Highlands of Victoria. The possums use hollows in old trees for nesting and shelter and forage for arboreal arthropods under bark. The vegetation structure of these forests enables the possums to travel through them. Both Leadbeaters possums and yellow-bellied gliders feed on the sap from the trunks and branches. Koalas feed on the
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Leadbeater's possum


population to be fewer than 50. As the species is endangered and occupies a restricted range, logging continues to pose a critical threat to the Leadbeater's possum. The logging in 1993 of "much of the possum's habitat, known as zone one" a five hectare reserve east of Powelltown, followed a "mapping error". Author Peter Preuss stated that the possum's population faltered in 1997 with current habitat (limited to a 50-square-kilometre area) under threat from logging. He emphasised the need to relaunch a
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Baw Baw National Park


. Fauna abounds on the foothills to Baw Baw Plateau, including Leadbeater's possum, which is highly endangered and Victoria's state fauna emblem. The critically endangered Baw Baw frog ("Philoria frosti"), listed on the IUCN Red List, is native to the region. The deciduous Baw Baw berry ("Wittsteinia vacciniacea") may be found on the plateau. The national park draws its name from Mount Baw Baw. In the Australian Aboriginal Woiwurrung language the name for the mountain was thought to be variously "bo
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Leadbeater's possum


wild population to 1,500. A study in 2014 concluded there is a 92% chance the Leadbeater's ecosystem in the Victoria central highlands will collapse within 50 years. Leadbeater's possums are rarely seen as they are nocturnal, fast-moving, and occupy the upper story of some of the tallest forest trees in the world. They have an average body length of 33 cm (13 inches) with the tail included. They live in small family colonies of up to 12 individuals, including one monogamous breeding pair. Mating occurs
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Leadbeater's possum


breeding program. Despite a joint federal and state government plan to save it, since the 1980s, the Leadbeater's possum population halved to around 2000 even before the Black Saturday fires. Many more were killed early in 2007 when the government-backed enterprise company, VicForests, bulldozed large firebreaks through Leadbeater's monitoring stations following the Christmas fires – firebreaks and clear-felling also prevent breeding with nearby colonies. David Lindenmayer (Australian National University) has argued that the need for nest boxes indicates that logging practices are not ecologically sustainable
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Cleland Conservation Park


extinct The Adelaide pygmy blue-tongue skink (Tiliqua adelaidensis) had been classified extinct until its rediscovery near Burra in South Australia in 1992. It is classified as Endangered in South Australia. Another example Chestnut-rumped heathwren status has changed from Vulnerable in 2008, to Endangered in 2016. Also, Western Pygmy Possum were listed as Vulnerable in AMRL in 2008 and became Critically Endangered in the Adelaide and Mt Lofty Ranges Region in Sep 2015. Different emerging threats and species response In 2008 wildfire was counted as the primary potential threat
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Yellingbo Nature Conservation Reserve


by privately owned properties. As an outstanding protected area for habitat and species protection, the reserve is managed by Parks Victoria which also manages adjoining freehold land along Cockatoo Creek, owned by the Victorian Trust for Nature, as if it were part of the reserve. Yellingbo Nature Conservation Reserve is the only place where all Victoria's state terrestrial emblems, helmeted honeyeater, Leadbeater's possum and pink heath, can be found in the one place. Yellingbo Nature Conservation Reserve has been assigned the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (
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Yellingbo Nature Conservation Reserve


recommendations aimed at improving management arrangements including establishing a consolidated Yellingbo Conservation Area, appointing a co-ordinating committee to promote co-operation and to phase out grazing from the area's stream frontages. The Victorian government supported all of VEAC's recommendations in full or in principle, and the government and other lead agencies are implementing the accepted recommendations. Goals for implementation are improving the conservation of the biodiversity and ecological values, including the endangered helmeted honeyeater and the lowland Leadbeater's possum. In November 2015, the establishment of the Yellingbo
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Yellingbo Nature Conservation Reserve


, several adjoining areas were acquired by Government by purchase or donation, increasing the protected area. In 1994 the Victorian Land Conservation Council recommended that most of these, as well as some other areas, should be consolidated as the Yellingbo Nature Conservation Reserve. Since then, further small parcels of land have been added to the reserve. Yellingbo Nature Conservation Reserve protects a diversity of flora and fauna including approximately 285 native flora species and 230 native vertebrate species. Significant species include the Leadbeater's possum, helmeted honeyeater, "Epacris impressa
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David Lindenmayer


on a wide range of topics associated with forestry, woodlands, wildlife and biodiversity conservation and ecologically sustainable natural resource management. His areas of expertise also include environmental management, forestry management and environment, terrestrial ecology, wildlife and habitat management, environmental monitoring, forestry fire management, natural resource management, zoology and forestry sciences, with a particular focus on the endangered Leadbeater's possum. His work on wildlife conservation and biodiversity has, for many years, led world research in this area. Lindenmayer's conservation and biodiversity research has been
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Yellingbo Nature Conservation Reserve


prepared by the Victorian Environmental Assessment Council (VEAC) outlined a number of recommendations for the response of the Victorian Government. The report states that the ‘goal of saving the helmeted honeyeater and the lowland Leadbeater's possum can be achieved in the long-term through integrated management process. Traditional conservation approaches are not relevant to Yellingbo as a large amount of remnant vegetation is on private land. A collaborative approach to managing the reserve and surrounding area is vital for the success of these species’. The report included a range of
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Leadbeater's possum


find a mate. At dusk, Leadbeater's possums emerge from the nest and spread out to forage in the sub-canopy, often making substantial leaps from tree to tree (they require continuous understory to travel). Their diet is omnivorous: feeding on a range of wattle saps and exudates, lerps, and a high proportion of arthropods which they find under the loose bark of eucalypts, including spiders, crickets, termites and beetles. Plant exudates make up 80% of their energy intake, but the protein provided by
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Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada


in Canada) and 15 wildlife species that are Extinct (X). The other category is not at risk (NAR). COSEWIC provides online updated status reports on designated species. COSEWIC bases its quantitative criteria for species' status assessment on the revised IUCN Red List, the world's most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of biological species. COSEWIC provides International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the world's main authority on the conservation status of species, with a Regional Red List. IUCN.
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Yellingbo Nature Conservation Reserve


honeyeater recovery program. Their work has included supplementing wild populations through captive breeding, and providing opportunities for visitors to connect with this iconic bird. Zoos Victoria play an important role in conducting research to improve captive breeding success and help monitor the survival of helmeted honeyeaters after release. There has been progress in phasing out stream-side cattle grazing licences in the Yellingbo Conservation Area to improve the habitat for the Leadbeater's possum, the helmeted honeyeater, and other threatened species. This will continue to improve the biodiversity values of the area
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Environmental issues in Australia


culling, which currently occurs in New South Wales and Queensland. Over a hundred species of fauna are currently under serious threat of extinction. The plight of some of these species receives more attention than others and recently the focus of many conservation organisations has been the critically endangered northern hairy-nosed wombat, the endangered Tasmanian devil, northern tiger quoll, south eastern red-tailed black cockatoo, southern cassowary, Tasmanian wedge-tailed eagle, Leadbeater's possum and southern corroboree frog. Australia has a poor record of conservation of native
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Petauridae


The family Petauridae includes 11 medium-sized possum species: four striped possums, six species of wrist-winged gliders in the genus "Petaurus" and Leadbeater's possum, which has only vestigial gliding membranes. Most of the wrist-winged gliders are native to Australia, most of the striped possums (genus "Dactylopsila") to New Guinea, but some members of each are found on both sides of the Torres Strait. All petaurids have obvious facial markings, a well-defined dorsal stripe, very large lower front
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Leadbeater's possum


(24/06/19) the then Environment Minister, Sussan Ley announced that it would be re-listed as “critically endangered”. Of its ash forest habitat, about 30% is protected, while the rest is allocated to logging. In addition there is a small isolated, genetically distinct, population protected within the Yellingbo Nature Conservation Reserve. This lowland habitat consist primarily of Sedge-rich Eucalyptus camphora Swamp. In 2013 it was proposed to create the "Great Forest National Park" to protect the mountain ash forest habitat. The
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Sugar glider


if it does not have to cross large expanses of cleared land to reach them. However, several close relatives are endangered, particularly Leadbeater's possum and the mahogany glider. Sugar gliders may persist in areas that have undergone mild-moderate selective logging, as long as three to five hollow bearing trees are retained per hectare. Although not currently threatened by habitat loss, the ability of sugar gliders to forage and avoid predators successfully may be decreased in areas of high light pollution. Conservation in Australia is enacted at the federal,
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International Union for Conservation of Nature


Unlike other environmental organisations, IUCN does not itself aim to directly mobilize the general public. Education has been part of IUCN's work program since the early days but the focus is on stakeholder involvement and strategic communication rather than mass-campaigns. IUCN runs field projects for habitat and species conservation around the world. It produces the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species and the IUCN Red List of Ecosystems which in a similar way measures risks to ecosystems. The IUCN Red List of Ecosystems is a global standard to assess the conservation status
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Yellingbo Nature Conservation Reserve


, has had a positive impact on the habitat. The main issue affecting the helmeted honeyeater continues to be lack of habitat. An annual population monitoring of the last surviving lowland Leadbeater's possum population was completed in May 2015. The population was counted at 48 individuals made up of ten family groups. The numbers were considered stable in the previous 12-month period, following a population decline of 60% over previous decades. Fifteen groups have been lost since 2003 due to decline in the condition of the vegetation of the reserve. As
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Squirrel glider


from. The squirrel glider most likely evolved from a marsupial like a possum that had membranes for gliding. Other animals that have this same ancestor include Striped possum and Leadbeaters possum. Squirrel gliders are often mistaken for flying squirrels of North America. These two species are not related at all. The flying squirrel is a placental mammal and the squirrel glider is a marsupial like koalas and kangaroos. Both have an adaptation for tree living – Patagia. This is the skin that extends from their front to hind legs allowing them to glide
8387820
Conservation biology


they sustain. Aldo Leopold was a classical thinker and writer on such conservation ethics whose philosophy, ethics and writings are still valued and revisited by modern conservation biologists. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has organized a global assortment of scientists and research stations across the planet to monitor the changing state of nature in an effort to tackle the extinction crisis. The IUCN provides annual updates on the status of species conservation through its Red List. The IUCN Red List serves as an international conservation tool to identify those
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Mark Burgman


Burgman works on applying model-based risk assessment to problems in conservation biology. His research has included models of a broad range of species including giant kelp, orange-bellied parrots, Leadbeater's possums, bandicoots, and banksias. He has worked in a range of environments including marine fisheries, forestry, irrigation, electrical power utilities, mining, and national park planning. Latterly he has worked on expert scientific judgements. He has published four authored books, two edited books, and 185 research papers (as of April 2017
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Conservation status


use. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species is the best known worldwide conservation status listing and ranking system. Species are classified by the IUCN Red List into nine groups set through criteria such as rate of decline, population size, area of geographic distribution, and degree of population and distribution fragmentation. Also included are species that have gone extinct since 500 CE. When discussing the IUCN Red List, the official term "threatened" is a grouping of three categories: critically endangered, endangered, and vulnerable. The Convention on
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Nepenthes bicalcarata


level. The conservation status of "N. bicalcarata" is listed as Vulnerable on the 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species based on an assessment carried out in 2000. In 1997, Charles Clarke informally classified the species as Near Threatened based on the IUCN criteria. This agrees with the conservation status assigned to "N. bicalcarata" by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre. The two thorns that give "N. bicalcarata" its name are unique to this species and bear some of the largest nectaries in the plant kingdom. The purpose of
21530642
Atalaya (plant)


underground woody rootstocks. In South Africa three species grow naturally. The scarcity of "A. natalensis" trees and their restricted range has received the global conservation status (IUCN) of "vulnerable D2". "A. capensis" has a global conservation status (IUCN) listing also, of "Lower Risk / conservation dependent" . In Papua New Guinea "A. papuana" grows naturally in coast monsoon dune scrub (coastal rainforests on dune soils that become seasonally dry, with deciduous trees), tropical savanna forests and in regenerating
21745346
World Commission on Protected Areas


The World Commission on Protected Areas (WCPA) is one of six commissions of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN). In 1948, the IUCN established a Committee on National Parks. Two decades later the IUCN had been asked by the international community to take responsibility for preparing a world list of national parks in keeping with its role as a network to share the world’s knowledge on nature conservation, and in 1960, the IUCN raised the status of the Committee to that of a permanent Commission, with
9410113
IUCN Red List of Ecosystems


The IUCN Red List of Ecosystems (RLE) is a global framework for monitoring and documenting the status of ecosystems. It was developed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as part of the growing toolkit for biodiversity risk assessment. Its main objective is to support conservation, resource use, and management decisions by evaluating all the world's ecosystems by 2025. The Red List of Ecosystem was developed by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the world's leading authority on the subject and the same entity
4416626
Camas pocket gopher


lupines. Citing concerns of urbanization, habitat loss and active attempts at eradication, NatureServe assesses the camas pocket gophers' conservation status as vulnerable. The conservation status of the camas pocket gopher is classified as "least concern" by the IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Species Programme, with a stable population trend. The IUCN notes that the gopher is common in its range; studies indicate that populations can recover rapidly after traps are removed from an area, and the species may adapt well to environmental changes. The
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IUCN Red List


The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (also known as the IUCN Red List or Red Data List), founded in 1964, is the world's most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of biological species. It uses a set of criteria to evaluate the extinction risk of thousands of species and subspecies. These criteria are relevant to all species and all regions of the world. With its strong scientific base, the IUCN Red List is recognized as the most authoritative guide to the status of biological diversity. A series of
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International Union for Conservation of Nature


its focus beyond conservation ecology and now incorporates issues related to sustainable development in its projects. Unlike many other international environmental organisations, IUCN does not itself aim to mobilize the public in support of nature conservation. It tries to influence the actions of governments, business and other stakeholders by providing information and advice, and through building partnerships. The organization is best known to the wider public for compiling and publishing the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, which assesses the conservation status of species worldwide. IUCN has a membership of over 1400
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Leadbeater's possum


such as the Kalatha Creek area of Toolangi State Forest in 2010, a move opposed by the Yarra Ranges Shire Council. In 2012 MyEnvironment challenged VicForests' operations in three planned coupes in the Toolangi forest in the supreme court. The basis of their claim being that "VicForests did not undertake adequate pre-logging surveys prior to logging in an area that we claim meets Leadbeater’s habitat and therefore should not have been logged." The proposed logging is to supply (taxpayer subsidised) pulp to manufacture 'Reflex' copy paper
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International Union for Conservation of Nature


governmental and non-governmental organizations. Some 16,000 scientists and experts participate in the work of IUCN commissions on a voluntary basis. It employs approximately 1000 full-time staff in more than 50 countries. Its headquarters are in Gland, Switzerland. IUCN has observer and consultative status at the United Nations, and plays a role in the implementation of several international conventions on nature conservation and biodiversity. It was involved in establishing the World Wide Fund for Nature and the World Conservation Monitoring Centre. In the past, IUCN has been criticized
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International Union for Conservation of Nature


Council of Europe. In 1961, at the request of United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), the United Nations Economic and Social Council, IUCN published the first global list of national parks and protected areas which it has updated ever since. IUCN's best known publication, the Red Data Book on the conservation status of species, was first published in 1964. IUCN began to play a part in the development of international treaties and conventions, starting with the African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.
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Common brushtail possum


forests and pine plantations, possums are less common. Overall, brushtail possums are more densely populated in New Zealand than in their native Australia. This may be because Australia has more fragmented eucalypt forests and more predators. In Australia, brushtail possums are threatened by humans, tiger quolls, dogs, foxes, cats, goannas, carpet snakes, and powerful owls. In New Zealand, brushtail possums are threatened only by humans and cats. The IUCN highlight the population trend in Australia as decreasing. The common brushtail possum can adapt
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Barnaby Joyce


that the Commonwealth would not intervene regarding accusations of water theft in the basin. In March 2017, Joyce called for Leadbeater's possum to be taken off the critically endangered species list in order to boost the logging of forest to maintain employment. Environmentalists believe that such action would be devastating for the possum and countered that Joyce was prepared to kill two dogs but not ensure the preservation of an entire species. Joyce identifies as a Roman Catholic. Joyce met Natalie Abberfield at university. They were married in 1993, and together had
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Nepenthes spathulata


. It is somewhat reminiscent of the highland heath forests around Bareo in Sarawak, Borneo. Due to the patchy distribution of "N. spathulata", its conservation status is listed as Vulnerable on the 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. However, Charles Clarke suggests a revised status of Conservation Dependent based on the IUCN criteria. The closest relative of "N. spathulata" appears to be "N. singalana". It differs from this species in having a peristome that is contracted towards the front and very wide at the sides.
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Regional Red List


A Regional Red List (RRL) is a report of the threatened status of species within a certain country or region. It is based on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, an inventory of the conservation status of species on a global scale. Regional Red Lists assess the risk of extinction to species within a political management unit and therefore may feed directly into national and regional planning. This project is coordinated by the Zoological Society of London (ZSL), the World Conservation Union (IUCN) and partners in national governments
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Regional Red List


, universities and organizations throughout the world. Regional Red Lists may assist countries or regions in: The IUCN Categories and Criteria were initially designed to assess the conservation status of species globally, however there was a demand for guidelines to apply the system at the regional level. In 2003, IUCN developed a set of transparent, quantitative criteria to assess the conservation status of species at the regional and national level. This approach is now being applied in many countries throughout the world. Recently, Regional Red Lists have been completed for Mongolian
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Endangered species


An endangered species is a species which has been categorized as very likely to become extinct in the near future. Endangered (EN), as categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List, is the second most severe conservation status for wild populations in the IUCN's schema after  (CR). In 2012, the IUCN Red List featured 3,079 animal and 2,655 plant species as endangered (EN) worldwide. The figures for 1998 were, respectively, 1,102 and 1,197. Many nations have laws that
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List of critically endangered mammals


a full assessment of conservation status. As these species typically have small distributions and/or populations, they are intrinsically likely to be threatened, according to the IUCN. While the category of "data deficient" indicates that no assessment of extinction risk has been made for the taxa, the IUCN notes that it may be appropriate to give them "the same degree of attention as threatened taxa, at least until their status can be assessed." This is a complete list of critically endangered mammalian species and subspecies evaluated by the IUCN.
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Lane Cove Bushland Park


trees such as cheese tree, lilly pilly, ironwood and pittosporum. Other interesting rainforest plants include tree heath, native crabapple, milk vine, orange bark, jungle brake and brittlewood. The prickly tree fern was recorded here. Ring-tail possums, brushtail possums and grey-headed flying foxes are common. Birds such as rainbow lorikeets, Australian king parrots, crimson rosellas, currawongs, koel, tawny frogmouth and powerful owl are some of the many found here. This area has a high conservation status, and conservation work
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List of critically endangered arthropods


As of July 2016, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) lists 394 critically endangered arthropod species, including 86 which are tagged as "possibly extinct". 4.1% of all evaluated arthropod species are listed as critically endangered. The IUCN also lists three arthropod subspecies as critically endangered. No subpopulations of arthropods have been evaluated by the IUCN. Additionally 2875 arthropod species (30% of those evaluated) are listed as "data deficient", meaning there is insufficient information for a full assessment of conservation status.
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List of critically endangered molluscs


As of September 2016, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) lists 581 critically endangered mollusc species, including 117 which are tagged as "possibly extinct". 8.0% of all evaluated mollusc species are listed as critically endangered. The IUCN also lists 11 mollusc subspecies as critically endangered. No subpopulations of molluscs have been evaluated by the IUCN. Additionally 1988 mollusc species (27% of those evaluated) are listed as "data deficient", meaning there is insufficient information for a full assessment of conservation status.
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List of critically endangered insects


As of July 2016, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) lists 195 critically endangered insect species, including 46 which are tagged as "possibly extinct". 3.2% of all evaluated insect species are listed as critically endangered. The IUCN also lists two insect subspecies as critically endangered. No subpopulations of insects have been evaluated by the IUCN. Additionally 1702 insect species (28% of those evaluated) are listed as "data deficient", meaning there is insufficient information for a full assessment of conservation status.
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List of critically endangered invertebrates


As of July 2016, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) lists 987 critically endangered invertebrate species, including 206 which are tagged as "possibly extinct". 5.5% of all evaluated invertebrate species are listed as critically endangered. The IUCN also lists 14 invertebrate subspecies as critically endangered. No subpopulations of invertebrates have been evaluated by the IUCN. Additionally 5278 invertebrate species (29% of those evaluated) are listed as "data deficient", meaning there is insufficient information for a full assessment of conservation status.
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International Union for Conservation of Nature


1974) and its formal standing and influence increased. A grant from the Ford Foundation in 1969 enabled it to boost its secretariat and expand operations. During the 1960s, IUCN lobbied the UN General Assembly to create a new status for NGOs. Resolution 1296, adopted in 1968, granted 'consultative' status to NGOs. IUCN itself was eventually accredited with six UN organizations. IUCN was one of the few environmental organisations formally involved in the preparations of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm, 1972). The
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Livingstone National Park


species conservation Act 1995). Along with international recognition under the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN 2004). Identifying the habitat of, and monitoring its condition, is an important conservation action in the National recovery plan for the Swift Parrot. The protection status of Livingstone National Park means management is consistent with and intends to deliver the actions in recovery plans for conserving the Swift Parrots overwintering ground, when it leaves breeding grounds in Tasmania and disperses widely over the mainland, from
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Toolangi State Forest


2013 to provide Leadbeater's possum with a chance at avoiding extinction. Hannah pledged to remain in the 14-square-metre home until the Victorian state government announces plans for protecting the endangered possum. Hannah moved out for personal reasons and was replaced by Beee Mallia, another young conservationist. Beee has endured all climatic variations since 1 December 2013 and is sacrificing creature comforts in an act of Non-Violent Direct Action to bring attention to the need to protect this unique and globally significant forest. The Toolangi treehouse is also currently functioning as
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Leadbeater's possum


assist with ongoing population monitoring and supplement the declining forest habitat. Project Possum has targeted two forest types: montane ash forest (i.e. Mt Ritchie, Dowey Spur, Ben Cairn) and sub-alpine woodland (i.e. Mount Baw Baw, Lake Mountain, and Mount Bullfight). The nest boxes are routinely checked for habitation every one or two years. Nest boxes located in the sub-alpine woodland tend to have a high uptake, while those located in montane ash forest have very limited uptake. An additional 50 nest boxes
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Southern brown kiwi


-tropical forests, grassland, and shrubland, the denser the better. They are widespread throughout Stewart Island where they also live on the sand dunes. In 2000, after being recognised by IUCN, they were placed in the Vulnerable status group. They have an occurrence range of and population of 27,000 was estimated in 1996. Brush-tailed possums, "Trichosurus vulpecula", and stoats, "Mustela erminea", will eat the eggs, while stoats and cats will eat chicks and juveniles. Adults are also under threat
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Cleland Conservation Park


, mentioned Western pygmy possum (Cercartetus concinnus) as "Least concern, Lower risk" in IUCN list. At the time of his work, the species was not recognized to be endangered in the national or state level in Victoria, Western Australia or South Australia. However, at the same time, New South Wales listed this species as endangered since their distribution was threatened by massive vegetation clearing, the reduction of food sources (by overgrazing of livestock), fire regimes and introduced predators (like red fox and domestic cats
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Pethia cumingii


and Flora of Sri Lanka, IUCN Sri Lanka. IUCN, (2000); The 1999 list of threatened fauna and flora of Sri Lanka, IUCN Sri Lanka. IUCN, (2000); The Fauna of Sri Lanka Status of Taxonomy, Research and Conservation, IUCN Sri Lanka. Perera, N., (2002); Preliminary Survey of Upper Attanagalu River basin in South West Ichthyological Zone of Sri Lanka, SRI LANKA NATURALIST, JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY AND NATURE, Young Zoologist’s Association of Sri Lanka. Pethiyagoda, R.
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Frederick Yeh


sea turtle conservation efforts in Hawaii. According to the global authority on nature conservation, International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the sea turtles of the Hawaiian Islands were also once under the threat of near extinction, but are now thriving and their conservation status reclassified as "Least Concern" according to the IUCN Red List. Thus, Yeh established Sea Turtles 911 under Hawaiian jurisdiction, and changed the course of his life by moving to China to save the sea turtles he had hopelessly witnessed being sold, earning
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Rodrigues flying fox


a few hundred in total in the wild, and the bat is classified as endangered by the IUCN. The Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust has undertaken a successful captive breeding program, and there are now colonies in several zoos. Due to its imperiled status, it is identified by the Alliance for Zero Extinction as a species in danger of imminent extinction. In 2013, Bat Conservation International listed this species as one of the 35 species of its worldwide priority list of conservation. In 2017, the IUCN determined that this species now has
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Whale conservation


the North Atlantic Ocean around Greenland, Iceland, and Norway. There is no information about fin whales in areas outside of the Northern Atlantic, where they still hold the status of being endangered. A complete list of whale conservation statuses as listed by the IUCN is given below. Note that, in the case of the blue and gray whales, the IUCN distinguishes the statuses of various populations. These populations, while not regarded as separate species, are considered sufficiently important in terms of conservation. *Atlantic population of gray whale
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Mountain pygmy possum


on the IUCN Redlist. In 2016 the first national recovery plan (under the "Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999") for this species was prepared, to counter the threats caused by habitat loss and fragmentation, predators (cats and foxes) and climate change, in particular the tiny Mt Buller population. The plan detailed its distribution, habitat, threats, recovery objectives and actions necessary to ensure its long-term survival. Scientists observed a catastrophic drop in bogong moth numbers in the summer of 2018-2019
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Western pygmy possum


and the mammary glands reverting to production of colostrum. The young are still blind when they leave the pouch at around 25 days of age; they initially remain within the nest, and are fully weaned at around 50 days. Females reach sexual maturity at 12 to 15 months old. The species is currently classified as Least Concern by the IUCN. However, several Australian states (New South Wales and South Australia) and individual parks and conservation regions have nationally listed it as Vulnerable, Endangered or Critically Endangered due to the pressure
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Plains rat


' by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the IUCN conservation status for the species is 'vulnerable'. The name "Pseudomys" comes from the combined form of the Greek word "pseudes" (meaning "false") and the Latin word "mys" (meaning "mouse"), presumably because of the plains rat's puzzling similarities and differences to "true mice" in the genus "mus". The name "australis" comes from the Latin word "australis" (
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Stenogomphurus consanguis


Stenogomphurus consanguis, the Cherokee clubtail, is a species of clubtail dragonfly in the family Gomphidae. It is endemic to the southeastern United States, found in small rivers and streams. The IUCN conservation status of "Stenogomphurus consanguis" is "LC", least concern, with no immediate threat to the species' survival. The IUCN status was reviewed in 2018. The species had a Red List assessment of "rare" from 1986 to 1994, "vulnerable" in 1996, and "endangered" in 2007. There are
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Phanogomphus sandrius


Phanogomphus sandrius, the Tennessee clubtail, is a species of clubtail dragonflies in the family Gomphidae. It is found in the United States, in nine locations of central Tennessee. The IUCN conservation status of "Phanogomphus sandrius" is "VU", vulnerable. The species faces a high risk of endangerment in the medium term, with a decreasing population. The IUCN status was reviewed in 2018. "Phanogomphus sandrius" was assessed as "endangered" in 1996 and "vulnerable" in 2007. "Phanogomphus sandrius" was recently
16664709
Gomphurus septima


Gomphurus septima, or Septima's clubtail, is a species of clubtail dragonflies in the family Gomphidae. The IUCN conservation status of "Gomphurus septima" is "LC", least concern, with no immediate threat to the species' survival. The population is stable. The IUCN status was reviewed in 2018. "Gomphurus septima" was recently considered a member of the genus "Gomphus", but in 2017 it became a member of the genus "Gomphurus" when "Gomphurus" was elevated from subgenus to genus rank.
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Regional Red List


this regional network there will be opportunities to learn from each other’s experiences in applying the IUCN Categories and Criteria and in using this information for conservation planning and priority setting. Two public bodies in Britain, Natural England and the Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC), have produced British Red Data Books and other reviews of different plants and animals assigning their conservation status according to IUCN Red Data Book criteria. In 2016 the JNCC produced a spreadsheet which incorporated these reviews and lists of threatened species based on other crieteria such as Biodiversity
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Endangered species


protect conservation-reliant species: for example, forbidding hunting, restricting land development or creating protected areas. Population numbers, trends and species' conservation status can be found at the lists of organisms by population. The conservation status of a species indicates the likelihood that it will become extinct. Many factors are considered when assessing the status of a species; e.g., such statistics as the number remaining, the overall increase or decrease in the population over time, breeding success rates, or known threats. The IUCN Red List of
3812128
Western rosella


is as protected fauna, and of the inland subspecies is one of "likely to become extinct". In the assessment of the inland "P. icterotis xanthogenys" for the federal government's "Action Plan for Australian Birds" 2000 it was assigned the status of 'near threatened'. The 2013 assessment by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) on their IUCN redlist assigns a status of species of least concern. It notes the species has become less common and locally extinct and the population trend is declining due
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Nepenthes mikei


undisclosed for conservation purposes, "N. mikei" grows alongside "N. flava". The conservation status of "N. mikei" is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List, based on an assessment carried out in 2000. This agrees with an informal assessment made by Charles Clarke in 2001, who also classified the species as Vulnerable based on the IUCN criteria. However, Clarke noted that since substantial populations of "N. mikei" lie within protected areas, they "are unlikely to become threatened in the foreseeable future".
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Data deficient


A data deficient (DD) species is one which has been categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as offering insufficient information for a proper assessment of conservation status to be made. This does not necessarily indicate that the species has not been extensively studied; but it does indicate that little or no information is available on the abundance and distribution of the species. The IUCN recommends that care be taken to avoid classing species as "data deficient" when the absence of records may indicate dangerously low abundance:
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List of critically endangered birds


As of May 2019, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) lists 224 critically endangered avian species, including 18 which are tagged as "possibly extinct" or "possibly extinct in the wild". 2.1% of all evaluated avian species are listed as critically endangered. No subpopulations of birds have been evaluated by the IUCN. Additionally 61 avian species (0.59% of those evaluated) are listed as "data deficient", meaning there is insufficient information for a full assessment of conservation status. As these species
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List of mammals of Oman


This is a list of the mammal species recorded in Oman. There are at least 62 mammal species in Oman that have been assessed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), of these, one is critically endangered, four are endangered, eight are vulnerable, and two are near threatened. The following tags are used to highlight each species' conservation status as assessed by the IUCN: Some species were assessed using an earlier set of criteria. Species assessed using this system have the following instead of near threatened
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