Danube crested newt [SEP] IUCN conservation status
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Danube crested newt


and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed its conservation status as "near threatened". The main threat is habitat destruction by humans, especially through drainage, damming, or pollution. Hybridisation with other crested newt species and a loss of breeding ponds because of decreasing spring rain in the southern range (possibly due to global warming) are also seen as threats. Like the other crested newts, "T. dobrogicus" is listed in the Berne Convention (appendix II) and the EU Habitats Directive (annexes II and
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Danube crested newt


males at breeding season is a bluish-white stripe along the tail. The Danube crested newt is found in three allopatric areas of distribution from central to eastern Europe: In addition to the northern crested newt to the north, the Danube crested newt's range borders that of the Italian crested newt ("T. carnifex") in the west, and that of the Macedonian ("T. macedonicus") and Balkan ("T. ivanbureschi") crested newts in the south. Compared to the other crested newt species, the
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Danube crested newt


The Danube crested newt or Danube newt ("Triturus dobrogicus") is a species of newt found in central and eastern Europe, along the basin of the Danube river and some of its tributaries and in the Dnieper delta. It has a smaller and more slender body than the other crested newts in genus "Triturus" but like these, males develop a conspicuous jagged seam on back and tail during breeding season. For half of the year or longer, adults live in slow-flowing river margins, lakes, or ponds
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Triturus


. Overall, the species have contiguous, parapatric ranges; only the northern crested newt and the marbled newt occur sympatrically in western France, and the southern crested newt has a disjunct, allopatric distribution in Crimea, the Caucasus, and south of the Caspian Sea. The northern crested newt is the most widespread species, while the others are confined to smaller regions, e.g. the southwestern Iberian Peninsula in the southern marbled newt, and the Danube basin and some of its tributaries in the Danube crested newt. The Italian crested newt (
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Danube crested newt


number among the crested newts. The Danube crested newt's back and sides are dark brown with black spots and white stippling. The belly is orange to red (in other crested newts, it is usually yellow or orange–yellow), with small or medium-sized black blotches that have sharp edges. Like all crested newts, "T. dobrogicus" males develop a crest on their back and tail during breeding phase, which can be quite high and jagged and usually starts between the eyes and nostrils. Another feature of
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Triturus


clearly identified as one of the two species. Nevertheless, there is introgression, occurring in both directions at some parts of the contact zone, and only in the direction of the southern marbled newt where that species had historically replaced the marbled newt (see also above, "Glacial refugia and recolonisation"). Most of the crested and marbled newts are listed as species of "least concern" by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature, but population declines have been registered in all assessed species. The Danube crested newt
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Balkan crested newt


which was described as Anatolian crested newt ("T. anatolicus") in 2016. The Balkan crested newt hybridises with the Anatolian crested newt at its eastern range end. At the western and northern borders, it hybridises with the Macedonian crested newt, the Danube crested newt ("T. dobrogicus"), and the northern crested newt ("T. cristatus"). The type specimen of ""T. arntzeni"" is in fact a hybrid between the Balkan and the Macedonian crested newt, so that this name is a
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Danube crested newt


, where reproduction takes place. Males perform a courtship display, and females lay around 200 eggs individually onto leaves of aquatic plants. Larvae develop two to four months in the water before reaching metamorphosis. For the remainder of the year, the newts live in shady land habitats, usually forests. Although not yet considered threatened, Danube crested newt populations have declined significantly, the reason being mainly habitat loss. The species is protected by law in the European Union. The Danube crested newt was described as a variety of the northern
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Danube crested newt


Danube crested newt is more adapted to life along a river system and frequently occurs in flowing water and together with fish. Typical breeding sites are slow-flowing river margins, oxbow lakes, flooded marshland, larger ponds, or ditches, provided abundant underwater vegetation is available. During land phase, the newts live in deciduous forests or groves, bushlands, or meadows. Danube crested newts have the longest aquatic phase in the genus "Triturus". Adults move to their breeding sites in February or March and usually stay there for
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Macedonian crested newt


The Macedonian crested newt ("Triturus macedonicus") is a newt species of the crested newt species complex in genus "Triturus", found in the Western Balkan peninsula (Bosnia-Herzegovina, Albania, North Macedonia, north-western Greece and south-western Bulgaria). To the North, its range borders that of the Danube crested newt and the Northern crested newt and to the East, that of the Balkan-Anatolian crested newt. It was first described as a variety of "Triturus karelinii", later considered
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Danube crested newt


crested newt ("Triturus cristatus") by C. Kiritzescu in 1903. Later, it was considered a subspecies until genetic analysis supported its recognition as a separate species in the crested newt species complex. The northern crested newt is its likely sister species according to a molecular phylogenetic study based on mitochondrial DNA; analysis of nuclear DNA gives however some conflicting results regarding this sister relationship. Separated populations from the Danube Delta and the Pannonian Basin (see "Distribution and habitats") were described as two subspecies, "T. dobrogicus dobrogicus
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Northern crested newt


British Isles and is one of only four amphibians which are protected by the UK Biodiversity Action Plan. Several closely related species were formerly considered to be subspecies of the northern crested newt: the Italian crested newt ("Triturus carnifex"), the Danube crested newt ("Triturus dobrogicus") and the southern crested newt ("Triturus karelinii"). These are now recognized as separate species of the "Triturus cristatus" species complex. Since the 1940s, populations of northern crested newts have declined in most of Europe due
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Triturus


orange-red line runs down back and tail. The crest of male marbled newts is smaller and fleshier than that of the crested newts and not indented, but marbled newt males also have a whitish tail band at breeding time. Apart from the obvious colour differences between crested and marbled newts, species in the genus also have different body forms. They range from stocky with sturdy limbs in the Anatolian, Balkan and the southern crested newt as well as the marbled newts, to very slender with short legs in the Danube crested
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Danube crested newt


" and "T. dobrogicus macrosoma", in 2000. Later genetic study, however, did not support the distinction of these two forms. Measuring long in total, the Danube crested newt is the smallest crested newt species. It has a more slender, elongate body than the other species, well adapted to swimming, with a narrow head and relatively short limbs. This body shape has evolved through an increase in the number of rib-bearing vertebrae: there are 16–17 of them in "T. dobrogicus", the highest
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Triturus


the alpine newt ("Ichthyosaura"). The monophyly of the genus "Triturus" in the strict sense is supported by molecular data and synapomorphies such as a genetic defect causing 50% embryo mortality (see below, "Egg deposition and development"). As of 2016, the genus contains nine accepted species. There are seven species of "crested newts": Anatolian crested newt ("Triturus anatolicus"), Balkan crested newt ("T. ivanbureschi"), Danube crested newt ("T. dobrogicus")
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Danube crested newt


reach metamorphosis and leave the water. Both in water and on land, the newts are largely nocturnal. In their aquatic habitats, they hide under vegetation, and on land, they use structures such as logs, rocks, or small animal burrows for cover. They feed mainly on different invertebrates, but in the water may also prey on tadpoles and smaller newts. Predators include herons and other birds, snakes such as the grass snake, and various carnivorous mammals. The population of the Danube crested newt has declined significantly,
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Anatolian crested newt


its two closely related species, the Anatolian crested newt is more stockily built than the other crested newts, and reaches 10–13 cm in length. It is semiaquatic, spending most of the year on land and only returning to water for breeding. The species does not seem to be immediately threatened, although a formal IUCN Red List assessment has not been conducted yet. The Anatolian crested newt was described by Ben Wielstra and Jan Willem Arntzen in 2016. Mitochondrial DNA data had already suggested that it was a separate species in a 2013
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Iskar (river)


The Iskar used to be inhabited by one of the six species of sturgeons native to Bulgaria, the sterlet. It could be found upstream as far south as the town of Lukovit but has been extinct from the river and inhabits only the Danube. The amphibians are represented by frogs, such as the European fire-bellied toad, yellow-bellied toad, European green toad, agile frog, European tree frog, common spadefoot, as wells as by two newt species—Danube crested newt and Balkan crested newt. The waters
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Triturus


"T. carnifex") has been introduced outside its native range in some European countries and the Azores. In the northern Balkans, four species of crested newt occur in close vicinity, and may sometimes even co-exist. "Triturus" species usually live at low elevation; the Danube crested newt for example is confined to lowlands up to above sea level. However, they do occur at higher altitudes towards the south of their range: the Italian crested newt is found up to in the Apennine Mountains, the southern crested
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Triturus


are ditches, channels, gravel pit lakes, garden ponds, or (in the Italian crested newt) rice paddies. The Danube crested newt is more adapted to flowing water and often breeds in river margins, oxbow lakes or flooded marshland, where it frequently co-occurs with fish. Other newts that can be found in syntopy with "Triturus" species include the smooth, the palmate, the Carpathian, and the alpine newt. Adult newts begin moving to their breeding sites in spring when temperatures stay above . This usually
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Triturus


and the southern marbled newt are considered "near threatened" because populations have declined significantly. Populations have been affected more heavily in some countries and species are listed in some national red lists. The Anatolian, Balkan and the Macedonian crested newt, recognised only recently, have not yet been evaluated separately for conservation status. The major threat for crested and marbled newts is habitat loss. This concerns especially breeding sites, which are lost through the upscaling and intensification of agriculture, drainage, urban sprawl, and artificial flooding regimes (affecting
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Triturus


newt. These types were first noted by herpetologist Willy Wolterstorff, who used the ratio of forelimb length to distance between fore- and hindlimbs to distinguish subspecies of the crested newt (now full species); this index however sometimes leads to misidentifications. The number of rib-bearing vertebrae in the skeleton was shown to be a better species indicator. It ranges from 12 in the marbled newts to 16–17 in the Danube crested newt and is usually observed through radiography on dead or sedated specimens. The two marbled newts are readily distinguished by
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Triturus


also supports the northern ("T. cristatus") and the Danube crested newt ("T. dobrogicus"), as well as the Italian ("T. carnifex") and the Macedonian crested newt ("T. macedonicus"), respectively, as sister species, but analysis of nuclear DNA gave some conflicting results regarding those divergences. A 24-million-year-old fossil belonging to "Triturus", perhaps a marbled newt, shows that the genus already existed at that time and contradicts the earlier estimate of 8.3 million years
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Newt


While most species prefer stagnant water bodies such as ponds, ditches or flooded meadows for reproduction, some species such as the Danube crested newt can also occur in slow-flowing rivers. The European brook newts ("Calotriton") and European mountain newts ("Euproctus") have even adapted to life in cold, oxygen-rich mountain streams. During their terrestrial phase, newts live in humid habitats with abundant cover such as logs, rocks, or earth holes. Newts share many of the characteristics of their salamander kin
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Crest-tailed mulgara


up to eight young in a litter. Independent young are found in spring and early summer The following are the federal, state and international listings for the crest-tailed mulgara. The mulgara was presumed extirpated in New South Wales for more than a century, but was re-discovered in 2017 in Sturt National Park north-west of Tibooburra. Under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (the EPBC Act): Listed as Vulnerable. IUCN: Listed as Near Threatened (Global Status: IUCN Red List of Threatened
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Triturus


occurs in March for most species, but can be much earlier in the southern parts of the distribution range. Southern marbled newts mainly breed from January to early March and may already enter ponds in autumn. The time adults spend in water differs among species and correlates with body shape: while it is only about three months in the marbled newts, it is six months in the Danube crested newt, whose slender body is best adapted to swimming. "Triturus" newts in their aquatic phase are mostly nocturnal and, compared to
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Danube crested newt


six months; occasionally, they may even stay longer or return to the water in autumn. Males court females with a display of ritualised body movements. When they have gained the female's interest, they guide it over a spermatophore they deposit on the ground, which the female then takes up with her cloaca. The eggs are fertilised internally. As in other crested newts, a female lays around 200 eggs per season, which are folded individually into leaves of aquatic plants. Larvae develop over two to four months until they
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Angling records of Europe


This list is of the heaviest European freshwater fish caught using the traditional angling method of rod and line. Angling records in the UK Note 1 - European Eel (Anguilla anguilla) and European Sturgeon (Acipenser sturio) are listed as Critically Endangered species (IUCN) status by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Any of these fish caught, must be photographed, then returned to the water immediately. Note 2 - Siberian Sturgeon "(Acipenser baerii)" and Huchen (Danube salmon) "(hucho
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Newt


habitat in any way. The IUCN Red List categorises the species as ‘lower risk’ Although the other UK species, the smooth newt and palmate newt are not listed, the sale of either species is prohibited under the Wildlife and Countryside Act, 1981. In Europe, nine newts are listed as "strictly protected fauna species" under appendix II of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats: The remaining European species are listed as "protected fauna species" under appendix III. Newts, as with salamanders
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Triturus


Asia. The crested newts are listed in Berne Convention Appendix II as "strictly protected", and the marbled newts in Appendix III as "protected". They are also included in Annex II (species requiring designation of special areas of conservation; crested newts) and IV (species in need of strict protection; all species) of the EU habitats and species directive. As required by these frameworks, their capture, disturbance, killing or trade, as well as the destruction of their habitats, are prohibited in most European
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Southern crested newt


The southern crested newt ("Triturus karelinii") is a terrestrial European newt. It is similar to the northern crested newt ("Triturus cristatus") except larger and more robust. In 2013, the Balkan-Anatolian crested newt ("Triturus ivanbureschi") was separated from the southern crested newt, and in 2016, the Anatolian crested newt ("Triturus anatolicus") was separated from "T. ivanbureschi", henceforth just the Balkan crested newt. Southern crested newts are brown to gray dorsally, with darker patches
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Newt fencing


as a "strictly protected fauna species" under appendix II of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats: and consequently is protected under UK legislation through the Wildlife and Countryside Act and the Conservation (Natural Habitat) regulations 1994. Under these regulations it is an offence to intentionally disturb, injure or kill any great crested newt, or disturb or destroy its habitat. Likewise, the Habitats Regulations 2010 do not apply to all newts, and in the case of e.g. smooth newt species, they are protected differently
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Balkan crested newt


The Balkan crested newt or Buresch's crested newt ("Triturus ivanbureschi") is a newt species of the crested newt species complex in genus "Triturus", found in Southeastern Europe and Anatolia. It was originally described as a subspecies of the southern crested newt, ""Triturus karelinii arntzeni"", in 1999, and later considered a full species when genetic data showed it to be distinct. After it was suggested the type specimen of ""T. arntzeni"" belonged in fact to the Macedonian crested newt (
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Triturus


, Italian crested newt ("T. carnifex"), Macedonian crested newt ("T. macedonicus"), northern crested newt ("T. cristatus"), and southern crested newt ("T. karelinii"). "Marbled newts" have two species, the marbled newt ("T. marmoratus") and the southern marbled newt ("T. pygmaeus"). Both the crested and the marbled newts were long considered as single species, "Triturus cristatus" and "T. marmoratus", respectively. Substantial genetic differences
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Anatolian crested newt


The Anatolian crested newt ("Triturus anatolicus") is a newt species endemic to northern Anatolia in Turkey. Before its description in 2016, it was first considered to belong to the southern crested newt ("Triturus karelinii") and then the Balkan crested newt ("Triturus ivanbureschi"). The three species form a complex of morphologically indistinguishable cryptic species. Genetic data demonstrated the Anatolian crested newt to be distinct from the other two species, although it hybridises with the Balkan crested newt at its western range end. With
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List of amphibians of Europe


This is a list of amphibians of Europe. It includes all amphibians currently found in Europe. It does not include species found only in captivity or extinct in Europe, except where there is some doubt about this, nor does it currently include species introduced in recent decades. Each species is listed, with its binomial name and notes on its distribution where this is limited. Conservation status - IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Family: Salamandridae (True Salamanders and Newts) Family: Hynobiidae (Asiatic salamanders) Family: Plethodontidae
18676448
Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada


in Canada) and 15 wildlife species that are Extinct (X). The other category is not at risk (NAR). COSEWIC provides online updated status reports on designated species. COSEWIC bases its quantitative criteria for species' status assessment on the revised IUCN Red List, the world's most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of biological species. COSEWIC provides International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the world's main authority on the conservation status of species, with a Regional Red List. IUCN.
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Northern crested newt


where northern crested newts can be translocated, from an area where they are under threat. In the UK, guidance on development in relation to northern crested newts can be found in Natural England's Great Crested Newt Mitigation Guidelines which should be followed by developers. Northern crested newts normally live on land, but breed in ponds and pools. Breeding is similar to that of other newts. After performing a courtship display, the male deposits a spermatophore (a small packet of sperm) from his cloaca (reproductive and excretory opening)
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Southern crested newt


scattered about. Their bellies and throats are orange, with small black dots. They grow up to 7.1 in (18 cm). Males have a large jagged crest from behind their necks down to their tails. Southern crested newts occur on Crimea, and in the Caucasus and south of the Caspian Sea, whereas the populations on the southeast Balkan peninsula and western Anatolia belong to the Balkan crested newt while those of northern Anatolia belong to the Anatolian crested newt. The southern crested newt lives in a variety of mountain habitats,
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Antilles catshark


and blotches, as well as a crest of enlarge dermal denticles along the front part of its dorsal caudal fin margin. It feeds on shrimp and may have schooling habits. Reproduction is oviparous. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) does not have enough data to assess the conservation status of this species. Shark expert Stewart Springer first described the Antilles catshark as an island subspecies of "G. arae" in a 1979 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Technical Report. The type specimen was collected off Saint
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Northern crested newt


a yellow-orange stripe along the lower edge of their tails and often a marked orange stripe along the top of their lower backs and tails. The great crested newt is known for the long jagged crest on its back. Great crested newts are a protected and endangered species. The range of the northern crested newt extends from Great Britain and Brittany in the west, across much of Europe north of the Alps, and southeast to the Black Sea. It is the biggest and least common of the three newts found in the
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Danube-Auen National Park


27, 1996, a State Treaty between the Republic of Austria and the federal states of Vienna and Lower Austria was signed. With that treaty, Donau-Auen National Park was officially opened. In the National Park area there are more than 700 species of higher plants, more than 30 mammals, 100 species of breeding birds, 8 reptiles, 13 amphibian species, and around 50 species of fish. Among the most characteristic inhabitants of the wetlands of the National Park are the Danube crested newt, European pond turtle, European
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Hampton Nature Reserve


Hampton Nature Reserve, to the south of Peterborough, England is home to Europe's largest population of great crested newts. The site is a Special Area of Conservation as well as being a Site of Special Scientific Interest. Hampton Nature Reserve is a 300-acre site that is home to the largest population of great crested newts in Europe. The site is owned be O&H Hampton and managed by Froglife. The reserve is diverse and includes 200-year-old woodland, 340 ponds, and areas of grassland. Volunteers help Froglife with the active
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Triturus


in particular the Danube crested newt). Especially in the southern ranges, exploitation of groundwater and decreasing spring rain, possibly caused by global warming, threaten breeding ponds. Aquatic habitats are also degraded through pollution with agricultural pesticides and fertiliser. Introduction of crayfish and predatory fish threatens larval development; the Chinese sleeper has been a major concern in Eastern Europe. Exotic plants can also degrade habitats: the swamp stonecrop replaces natural vegetation and overshadows waterbodies in the United Kingdom, and its hard leaves are unsuitable for egg-laying to crested
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Maes y Grug


Maes y Grug is a Site of Special Scientific Interest at Alltami in the preserved county of Clwyd, north Wales. The site was a former colliery and consists of a large pond surrounded by deciduous woodland along with smaller ponds, marshland and grassland surrounded by farmland used for grazing. The site has SSSI status due mainly to the presence of the Great Crested Newt and is a Special area of Conservation (SAC). Access to the site is by footpath from the car park. North East Wales Wildlife and Flintshire County Council own
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Triturus


the northern crested newt in its eastern range. The possibility of hybridisation, especially in the crested newts, means that native species can be genetically polluted through the introduction of close species, as it is the case with the Italian crested newt introduced in the range of the northern crested newt. Warmer and wetter winters due to global warming may increase newt mortality by disturbing their hibernation and forcing them to expend more energy. Finally, the genus is potentially susceptible to the highly pathogenic fungus "Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans", introduced to Europe from
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Northern crested newt


The northern crested newt, also known as the great crested newt or warty newt ("Triturus cristatus") is a newt in the family Salamandridae, found across Europe and parts of Asia. It is a relatively large species for its genus, As females can measure up to 16 cm and are larger than males, which measure 14 to 15 cm long. These newts have dark grey-brown backs and flanks, and are covered with darker-coloured spots so they appear almost black. Their undersides are either yellow- or
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Anatolian crested newt


study, but the authors had preferred to await a more detailed analysis before formal species description and temporarily included it in the Balkan crested newt ("Triturus ivanbureschi"), which had been split from the southern crested newt ("T. karelinii"). Nuclear DNA analysis then confirmed that its populations form a distinct gene pool, although it detected a hybrid zone where the species' range borders that of its sister species, the Balkan crested newt, in western Anatolia. No morphological criteria are known to distinguish the Anatolian crested
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Triturus


running down their back and tail. During breeding phase, crested newts change in appearance, most markedly the males. These develop a skin seam running along their back and tail; this crest is the namesake feature of the crested newts and can be up to 1.5 cm high and very jagged in the northern crested newt. Another feature of males at breeding time is a silvery-white band along the sides of the tail. Marbled newts owe their name to their green–black, marbled colour pattern. In females, an
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Hibernaculum (zoology)


newts show high loyalty to over-wintering locations, returning to such established areas year after year, artificial hibernacula could be important in future years to conserve newts and other amphibians. Although, monitoring in the vicinity of these hibernacula in autumn using felt roofing tiles did not reveal the presence of any great crested newts even though they are known to breed in nearby ponds. Common toads and frogs did surround the area however. Therefore, further studies need to be conducted in order to create species-appropriate artificial hibernacula. Many reptiles
14776606
International Union for Conservation of Nature


Unlike other environmental organisations, IUCN does not itself aim to directly mobilize the general public. Education has been part of IUCN's work program since the early days but the focus is on stakeholder involvement and strategic communication rather than mass-campaigns. IUCN runs field projects for habitat and species conservation around the world. It produces the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species and the IUCN Red List of Ecosystems which in a similar way measures risks to ecosystems. The IUCN Red List of Ecosystems is a global standard to assess the conservation status
13568881
Triturus


Triturus is a genus of newts comprising the crested and the marbled newts, which are found from Great Britain through most of continental Europe to westernmost Siberia, Anatolia, and the Caspian Sea region. Their English names refer to their appearance: marbled newts have a green–black colour pattern, while the males of crested newts, which are dark brown with a yellow or orange underside, develop a conspicuous jagged seam on their back and tail during their breeding phase. Crested and marbled newts live and breed in vegetation-rich ponds
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Triturus


for the northern crested newt, which is comparable to other newts. In unfavourable conditions, larvae may delay their development and overwinter in water, although this seems to be less common than in the small-bodied newts. Paedomophic adults, retaining their gills and staying aquatic, have occasionally been observed in several crested newt species. Crested and marbled newts are found in Eurasia, from Great Britain and the Iberian Peninsula in the west to West Siberia and the southern Caspian Sea region in the east, and reach north to central Fennoscandia
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Triturus


have split off the alpine newts ("Ichthyosaura"), the small-bodied newts ("Lissotriton") and the banded newts ("Ommatotriton") as separate genera. The closest relatives of "Triturus" are the European brook newts ("Calotriton"). Two species of marbled newts and seven species of crested newts are accepted, of which the Anatolian crested newt was only described in 2016. Their ranges are largely contiguous but where they do overlap, hybridisation may take place. Although not immediately threatened,
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Conservation biology


they sustain. Aldo Leopold was a classical thinker and writer on such conservation ethics whose philosophy, ethics and writings are still valued and revisited by modern conservation biologists. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has organized a global assortment of scientists and research stations across the planet to monitor the changing state of nature in an effort to tackle the extinction crisis. The IUCN provides annual updates on the status of species conservation through its Red List. The IUCN Red List serves as an international conservation tool to identify those
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Triturus


between subspecies were, however, noted and eventually led to their recognition as full species, with the crested newts often collectively referred to as ""T. cristatus" superspecies". The Balkan and the Anatolian crested newt, the most recent species formally described (2013 and 2016, respectively), were only recognised through genetic data; together with the Southern crested newt, they form a cryptic species complex with no morphological differences known. "Triturus" is a genus of rather large-bodied newts. They typically have a total
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Triturus


size and colouration. In contrast, separating crested newt species based on appearance is not straightforward, but most can be determined by a combination of body form, coloration, and male crest shape. The Anatolian, Balkan, and southern crested newt however are cryptic, morphologically indistinguishable species. "Triturus" newts occupy distinct geographical regions (see "Distribution"), but hybrid forms occur at range borders between some species and have intermediate characteristics (see "Hybridisation and introgression"). Like other newts, "Triturus" species
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Newt fencing


translocation. It may be used in conjunction with pitfall traps placed at the foot of the fence. It is most commonly used in connection with building projects, to minimise harm to protected species. The great crested newt "Triturus cristatus" is an amphibian native to the UK but also widespread across Northern Europe. Whilst it is relatively widespread in the UK (in fact the UK hosts one of the great crested newt's most significant populations), it is rare on a European wide basis. The great crested newt is listed
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Conservation status


use. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species is the best known worldwide conservation status listing and ranking system. Species are classified by the IUCN Red List into nine groups set through criteria such as rate of decline, population size, area of geographic distribution, and degree of population and distribution fragmentation. Also included are species that have gone extinct since 500 CE. When discussing the IUCN Red List, the official term "threatened" is a grouping of three categories: critically endangered, endangered, and vulnerable. The Convention on
12047334
Malagasy pond heron


include features such as aerial chases, duets, and crest raising. The incubation period is similar across all the breeding ranges and lasts anywhere from 21–25 days. Normal young possess a green down which can be observed about 2 weeks after hatching, which is when they leave the nest for the first time. The conservation status of the Malagasy pond heron has changed dramatically over the last 30 years. In 1988, this species was classified as near threatened according to IUCNs red list but changes to their habitat resulted in a move to
8277366
Anatolian crested newt


newt from the Balkan and the southern crested newt; the three are cryptic species. Like the other two closely related species, it is a rather stout newt which measures and has 12–13 rib-bearing vertebrae. Its back and sides are brown–black with darker spots; the underside is orange with black blotches whose pattern is variable among individuals. Females do not develop a crest and swollen cloaca, and have a smaller tail fin during the aquatic phase. The species is endemic to northern Anatolia on the Black Sea coast,
16139584
Anatolian crested newt


where its range extends roughly from the Bosphorus and Bursa in the west to Trabzon in the east, reaching no more than inland. Like other "Triturus" species, the Anatolian crested newt initially develops in the water, but spends most of the year in shady habitats on land as an adult. It returns to breeding ponds every year, where males develop a conspicuous dorsal crests and court the females. Eggs are folded in leaves of water plants. The Anatolian and the Balkan crested newt, split only recently from the southern
16139585
Nepenthes bicalcarata


level. The conservation status of "N. bicalcarata" is listed as Vulnerable on the 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species based on an assessment carried out in 2000. In 1997, Charles Clarke informally classified the species as Near Threatened based on the IUCN criteria. This agrees with the conservation status assigned to "N. bicalcarata" by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre. The two thorns that give "N. bicalcarata" its name are unique to this species and bear some of the largest nectaries in the plant kingdom. The purpose of
21530642
Atalaya (plant)


underground woody rootstocks. In South Africa three species grow naturally. The scarcity of "A. natalensis" trees and their restricted range has received the global conservation status (IUCN) of "vulnerable D2". "A. capensis" has a global conservation status (IUCN) listing also, of "Lower Risk / conservation dependent" . In Papua New Guinea "A. papuana" grows naturally in coast monsoon dune scrub (coastal rainforests on dune soils that become seasonally dry, with deciduous trees), tropical savanna forests and in regenerating
21745346
Triturus


countries. The EU habitats directive is also the basis for the Natura 2000 protected areas, several of which have been designated for the crested newts. Habitat protection and management is seen as the most important element for the conservation of "Triturus" newts. This includes preservation of natural water bodies, reduction of fertiliser and pesticide use, control or eradication of introduced predatory fish, and the connection of habitats through sufficiently wide corridors of uncultivated land. A network of aquatic habitats in proximity is important to sustain populations, and the creation
12899427
Dew's Ponds


Dew's Ponds is a 6.7 hectare biological Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) south of Halesworth in Suffolk. It is a Special Area of Conservation. This site has a variety of types of grassland, hedges and ditches, on chalk overlain by boulder clay. However, it has been designated an SSSI primarily because it has twelve ponds with one of the largest breeding populations of great crested newts in Britain. There are also grass snakes, smooth newts and slowworms. The site is private land with no public access.
6047462
World Commission on Protected Areas


The World Commission on Protected Areas (WCPA) is one of six commissions of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN). In 1948, the IUCN established a Committee on National Parks. Two decades later the IUCN had been asked by the international community to take responsibility for preparing a world list of national parks in keeping with its role as a network to share the world’s knowledge on nature conservation, and in 1960, the IUCN raised the status of the Committee to that of a permanent Commission, with
9410113
IUCN Red List of Ecosystems


The IUCN Red List of Ecosystems (RLE) is a global framework for monitoring and documenting the status of ecosystems. It was developed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as part of the growing toolkit for biodiversity risk assessment. Its main objective is to support conservation, resource use, and management decisions by evaluating all the world's ecosystems by 2025. The Red List of Ecosystem was developed by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the world's leading authority on the subject and the same entity
4416626
Zasavica (bog)


the wels catfish has been reintroduced into Zasavica. Zasavica hosts 27 species of reptiles and amphibians, of which all 12 amphibian and 4 reptilian species are protected and some of them are on the preliminary list to be included into the Red Book. Six amphibian and seven reptilian species are also classified as the endangered species by the Bern Convention. Two endemic Balkan species live in Zasavica: Danube crested newt and eastern sub-species of the sand lizard, "Lacerta agilis bosnica", which is European Protected Species. There are 185
706312
Corfu


and 31 species of reptiles live or have been recorded on and around Corfu. The Greek newt, the Macedonian crested newt, the common toad, the European green toad, the European tree frog, the agile frog, the Epirus water frog and the Greek marsh frog are the representatives of the Amphibia Class. Loggerhead sea turtles nest on the sandy beaches. On land, the Hermann's tortoise is widespread while the marginated tortoise's status is unclear. In freshwater wetlands European pond terrapins and Balkan terrapins are common but the last
1713318
Triturus


newts. Land habitats, equally important for newt populations, are lost through the replacement of natural forests by plantations or clear-cutting (especially in the northern range), and the conversion of structure-rich landscapes into uniform farmland. Their limited dispersal makes the newts especially vulnerable to fragmentation, i.e. the loss of connections for exchange between suitable habitats. High concentrations of road salt have been found to be lethal to crested newts. Other threats include illegal collection for pet trade, which concerns mainly the southern crested newt, and
12899424
Camas pocket gopher


lupines. Citing concerns of urbanization, habitat loss and active attempts at eradication, NatureServe assesses the camas pocket gophers' conservation status as vulnerable. The conservation status of the camas pocket gopher is classified as "least concern" by the IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Species Programme, with a stable population trend. The IUCN notes that the gopher is common in its range; studies indicate that populations can recover rapidly after traps are removed from an area, and the species may adapt well to environmental changes. The
11628281
IUCN Red List


The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (also known as the IUCN Red List or Red Data List), founded in 1964, is the world's most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of biological species. It uses a set of criteria to evaluate the extinction risk of thousands of species and subspecies. These criteria are relevant to all species and all regions of the world. With its strong scientific base, the IUCN Red List is recognized as the most authoritative guide to the status of biological diversity. A series of
19930289
Portlethen


1920s. The Webb and its related breeds are popular choices with free range farmers due to their natural disinclination to roost in trees and shrubs. Much of modern-day Portlethen has been built over the Portlethen Moss Nature Reserve, formerly home to the northern crested newt and the Red-spotted newt. The remainder of Portlethen Moss is approximately one quarter of the size it was twenty years ago. Groups such as the Portlethen Moss Conservation Group were created specifically to maintain the area for the use of future generations. Portlethen has four
2787976
International Union for Conservation of Nature


its focus beyond conservation ecology and now incorporates issues related to sustainable development in its projects. Unlike many other international environmental organisations, IUCN does not itself aim to mobilize the public in support of nature conservation. It tries to influence the actions of governments, business and other stakeholders by providing information and advice, and through building partnerships. The organization is best known to the wider public for compiling and publishing the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, which assesses the conservation status of species worldwide. IUCN has a membership of over 1400
13568847
Newt


or the smooth newt ("Lissotriton vulgaris") in Europe, are still relatively common, populations of newts throughout their distribution range suffer from habitat loss, fragmentation, and pollution. This affects especially the aquatic breeding sites they depend on, but also their land habitats. Several species, such as the Edough ribbed newt ("Pleurodeles poireti"), Kaiser's spotted newt ("Neurergus kaiseri"), or the Montseny brook newt ("Calotriton arnoldi") are considerered threatened by the IUCN, and the Yunnan
9304136
Triturus


length of between , with some crested newts of up to described. Size depends on sex and the environment: females are slightly larger and have a proportionally longer tail than males in most species, and the Italian crested newt seems to be larger in colder parts of its range. Crested newts are dark brown, with black spots on the sides, and white stippling in some species. Their belly is yellow to orange with black blotches, forming a pattern characteristic for individuals. Females and juveniles of some species have a yellow line
12899386
International Union for Conservation of Nature


governmental and non-governmental organizations. Some 16,000 scientists and experts participate in the work of IUCN commissions on a voluntary basis. It employs approximately 1000 full-time staff in more than 50 countries. Its headquarters are in Gland, Switzerland. IUCN has observer and consultative status at the United Nations, and plays a role in the implementation of several international conventions on nature conservation and biodiversity. It was involved in establishing the World Wide Fund for Nature and the World Conservation Monitoring Centre. In the past, IUCN has been criticized
13568848
International Union for Conservation of Nature


Council of Europe. In 1961, at the request of United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), the United Nations Economic and Social Council, IUCN published the first global list of national parks and protected areas which it has updated ever since. IUCN's best known publication, the Red Data Book on the conservation status of species, was first published in 1964. IUCN began to play a part in the development of international treaties and conventions, starting with the African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.
13568854
Northern crested newt


orange-coloured and are covered in large, black blotches, which have a unique pattern in each individual. Males can be distinguished from females by the presence of a jagged crest during the breeding season. This runs along their backs, then a separate smoother-edged crest runs above and below their tails (in some other species of newts, the crest along the back is continuous with the tail crest). They also have a silver-grey stripe that runs along the tail. Females lack a crest, but have
9730412
Triturus


been separated for 4.7–6.8 million years. The crested newts are believed to have originated in the Balkans and radiated in a brief time interval between 11.5 and 8 mya: First, the Balkan–Asian group (the Anatolian, Balkan and southern crested newt) branched off from the other crested newts, probably in a vicariance event caused by the separation of the Balkan and Anatolian land masses. The origin of current-day species is not fully understood so far, but one hypothesis suggests that ecological differences, notably in the adaptation to
12899415
Triturus


the smaller newts of "Lissotriton" and "Ichthyosaura", usually prefer the deeper parts of a water body, where they hide under vegetation. As with other newts, they occasionally have to move to the surface to breathe air. The aquatic phase serves not only for reproduction, but also offers the animals more abundant prey, and immature crested newts frequently return to the water in spring even if they do not breed. During their terrestrial phase, crested and marbled newts depend on a landscape that offers cover, invertebrate prey
12899395
Triturus


newt up to in the southern Caucasus, and the marbled newt up to around in central Spain. Molecular phylogenetic data helped clarify relationships within the genus "Triturus". A 2011 phylogeny based on complete mitochondrial DNA resolved all divergences with high statistical support. The crested and the marbled newts are sister groups, and within the crested newts, the Balkan–Asian group with "T. anatolicus", "T. karelinii" and "T. ivanbureschi" is sister to the remaining species, results consistent with other studies. The mitochondrial analysis
12899412
Triturus


ago (mya) for the split between the crested and marbled newts and their sister genus, the European brook newts ("Calotriton"). An age calibration study based on this and other fossils places that divergence much earlier, at around 39 mya in the Eocene, with an uncertainty range of 47 to 34 mya. Based on this estimation, authors have investigated diversification within the genus and related it to paleogeography: The crested and marbled newts split between 30 and 24 mya, and the two species of marbled newts have
12899414
Italian crested newt


. The internal temperature of the newt will affect the rate of the chemical reactions that take place inside and within the animal’s physiology. A larger body size will be the result of colder temperatures; the Italian crested newt can actually increase its body size in response to a decrease in temperature. There have been studies that show that there will be a greater increase in body size in females. "T. carnifex" are ectotherms. This means that the internal forces of this newt that control the body temperature have almost no importance
20850466
Triturus


stages passed, adult newts usually attain an age of seven to nine years, although individuals of the northern crested newts have reached 17 years in the wild. The aquatic habitats preferred by the newts are stagnant, mid- to large-sized, unshaded water bodies with abundant underwater vegetation but without fish, which prey on larvae. Typical examples are larger ponds, which need not be of natural origin; indeed, most ponds inhabited by the northern crested newt in the UK are human-made. Examples of other suitable secondary habitats
12899392
Triturus


from there expanded its range north-, east- and westwards when the climate rewarmed. The northern crested newt and the marbled newt are the only species in the genus with a considerable range overlap (in western France). In that area, they have patchy, mosaic-like distributions and in general prefer different habitats. When they do occur in the same breeding ponds, they can form hybrids, which have intermediate characteristics. Individuals resulting from the cross of a crested newt male with a marbled newt female had mistakenly been described as
12899418
Italian crested newt


Because "T. carnifex" osmoregulates mostly through transepithelial movement of water and solutes, this is probably the largest physiological challenge faced by the newt. Nonylphenol is a large issue for "T. carnifex" because it is a very common toxin found in leakage from sewers into the habitat of the Italian crested newt. Newts are amphibians, and make their habitats in aquatic environments. These environments have been known to sometimes receive the previously discussed sewage leaking. The compounds nonylphenol as well as ethoxylate surfactants can be found in polluted rivers, where
20850419
Italian crested newt


the ribs are more developed allowing for water transport in areas of the skin that does not come in contact with water. This adaptation appears to be more favourable when the newt is living in a terrestrial environment because the newt needs to take advantage of all the water possible in order to maintain a healthy ionic balance. This permeability is controlled by hormones from the pituitary gland, which include vasotocin, prolactin, and thyroidal, which all help in sustaining life in a terrestrial environment. This is especially helpful since the crested newt goes
20850446
Nepenthes spathulata


. It is somewhat reminiscent of the highland heath forests around Bareo in Sarawak, Borneo. Due to the patchy distribution of "N. spathulata", its conservation status is listed as Vulnerable on the 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. However, Charles Clarke suggests a revised status of Conservation Dependent based on the IUCN criteria. The closest relative of "N. spathulata" appears to be "N. singalana". It differs from this species in having a peristome that is contracted towards the front and very wide at the sides.
21531150
Regional Red List


A Regional Red List (RRL) is a report of the threatened status of species within a certain country or region. It is based on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, an inventory of the conservation status of species on a global scale. Regional Red Lists assess the risk of extinction to species within a political management unit and therefore may feed directly into national and regional planning. This project is coordinated by the Zoological Society of London (ZSL), the World Conservation Union (IUCN) and partners in national governments
544308
Indian crested porcupine


maturity around 2 years of age. The Indian crested porcupine is usually monogamous, and both parents live in the den with their offspring throughout the year. Due to its adaptability to a wide range of habitats and food types, the Indian crested porcupine is listed by the IUCN as Least Concern as of 2008. Populations are stable and not severely fragmented, and while population status varies across its range, in many places it is common enough to be considered a pest. However, as a result of urbanization, infrastructure development,
20012464
Triturus


that during the Last Glacial Maximum, around 21,000 years ago, crested and marbled newts likely survived in warmer refugia mainly in southern Europe. From there, they recolonised the northern parts after glacial retreat. The study also showed that species range boundaries shifted, with some species replacing others during recolonisation, for example the southern marbled newt which expanded northwards and replaced the marbled newt. Today's most widespread species, the northern crested newt, was likely confined to a small refugial region in the Carpathian Basin during the last glaciation, and
12899417
Regional Red List


, universities and organizations throughout the world. Regional Red Lists may assist countries or regions in: The IUCN Categories and Criteria were initially designed to assess the conservation status of species globally, however there was a demand for guidelines to apply the system at the regional level. In 2003, IUCN developed a set of transparent, quantitative criteria to assess the conservation status of species at the regional and national level. This approach is now being applied in many countries throughout the world. Recently, Regional Red Lists have been completed for Mongolian
544309
Endangered species


An endangered species is a species which has been categorized as very likely to become extinct in the near future. Endangered (EN), as categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List, is the second most severe conservation status for wild populations in the IUCN's schema after  (CR). In 2012, the IUCN Red List featured 3,079 animal and 2,655 plant species as endangered (EN) worldwide. The figures for 1998 were, respectively, 1,102 and 1,197. Many nations have laws that
3812127
List of critically endangered mammals


a full assessment of conservation status. As these species typically have small distributions and/or populations, they are intrinsically likely to be threatened, according to the IUCN. While the category of "data deficient" indicates that no assessment of extinction risk has been made for the taxa, the IUCN notes that it may be appropriate to give them "the same degree of attention as threatened taxa, at least until their status can be assessed." This is a complete list of critically endangered mammalian species and subspecies evaluated by the IUCN.
3524211
Northern crested newt


to loss of habitat. In England, Wales, and Scotland, it is a protected species under Schedule 5 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981, and under equivalent legislation in Northern Ireland. It is also a European Protected Species and as such it has additional protection in the UK under Regulation 39 of the Conservation (Natural Habitats etc.) Regulations 1994 (the Habitats Regulations), as amended by the Conservation (Natural Habitats, &c.) (Amendment) Regulations 2007. It is an offence to: Other EU
9730415
List of critically endangered arthropods


As of July 2016, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) lists 394 critically endangered arthropod species, including 86 which are tagged as "possibly extinct". 4.1% of all evaluated arthropod species are listed as critically endangered. The IUCN also lists three arthropod subspecies as critically endangered. No subpopulations of arthropods have been evaluated by the IUCN. Additionally 2875 arthropod species (30% of those evaluated) are listed as "data deficient", meaning there is insufficient information for a full assessment of conservation status.
18760593
List of critically endangered molluscs


As of September 2016, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) lists 581 critically endangered mollusc species, including 117 which are tagged as "possibly extinct". 8.0% of all evaluated mollusc species are listed as critically endangered. The IUCN also lists 11 mollusc subspecies as critically endangered. No subpopulations of molluscs have been evaluated by the IUCN. Additionally 1988 mollusc species (27% of those evaluated) are listed as "data deficient", meaning there is insufficient information for a full assessment of conservation status.
2441326
List of critically endangered insects


As of July 2016, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) lists 195 critically endangered insect species, including 46 which are tagged as "possibly extinct". 3.2% of all evaluated insect species are listed as critically endangered. The IUCN also lists two insect subspecies as critically endangered. No subpopulations of insects have been evaluated by the IUCN. Additionally 1702 insect species (28% of those evaluated) are listed as "data deficient", meaning there is insufficient information for a full assessment of conservation status.
2441517