GNU Assembler [SEP] based on
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GNU lightning


GNU lightning is a free-software library for generating assembly language code at run-time. Version 2.0, released in August 2013, supports backends for SPARC (32-bit), x86 (32- and 64-bit), MIPS, ARM, ia64, HPPA and PowerPC (32-bit). The features GNU lightning provides make it useful for Just-in-Time Compilation. In comparison to libraries such as LLVM or libJIT, GNU lightning provides only a low-level interface for assembling from a standardized RISC assembly language—loosely based
20244560
GNU Assembler


The GNU Assembler, commonly known as gas or simply as, its executable name, is the assembler used by the GNU Project. It is the default back-end of GCC. It is used to assemble the GNU operating system and the Linux kernel, and various other software. It is a part of the GNU Binutils package. The GAS executable is named as, the standard name for a Unix assembler. GAS is cross-platform, and both runs on and assembles for a number of different computer architectures. Released
14704153
GNU


April 30, 2015 release of the Debian GNU/Hurd 2015 distro, GNU OS now provides the components to assemble an operating system that users can install and use on a computer. This includes the GNU Hurd kernel, that is currently in a pre-production state. The Hurd status page states that "it may not be ready for production use, as there are still some bugs and missing features. However, it should be a good base for further development and non-critical application usage." Due to Hurd
11577517
Libburnia


ISO 9660 filesystems and allows session-wise manipulation of such filesystems. It can load the management information of existing ISO images and it writes the session results to optical media or to filesystem objects. Vice versa xorriso is able to copy file objects out of ISO 9660 filesystems. It provides a command-line interface for single operations as well as GNU Readline and Dialog-based interfaces. The first public release of libburnia, libburn-0.2.2, was in September 2006. The current stable version is 1.5.0, which was released on Sep 15
8047492
Revive Adserver


Revive Adserver is an open-source advertising server that is licensed under the GNU General Public License. It features an integrated banner management interface and tracking system for gathering statistics. It used to be known under different names in the past, most recently as OpenX Source. In Sep 2013, OpenX Source was sold to Andrew Hill and rebranded Revive Adserver. The current code base for OpenX Enterprise and Revive Adserver (formerly known as OpenX Source) are completely separate. The software enables web site administrators to rotate banners from both in
15199772
GNU Assembler


assembler directives are valid regardless of the target architecture, some directives are machine dependent. GAS supports two comment styles: As in C multi-line comments start and end with mirroring slash-asterisk pairs: Single line comments have a few different formats varying on which architecture is being assembled for. Being the back-end for a popular compiler suite, namely GCC, the GNU Assembler is very widely used in compiling modern open source software. GAS is often used as the assembler on GNU/Linux operating systems in conjunction with
14704155
As (Unix)


as is a generic command name for an assembler on Unix. More than one assembler for Unix and Unix-like operating systems has been implemented with an executable called as. Users may be able to determine which implementation (if any) is present on their system by consulting the system's manuals, or by running codice_1. As of November 1971, an assembler invoked as as was available for Unix. Implemented by Bell Labs staff, it was based upon the Digital Equipment Corporation's PAL-11R assembler. Circa 1986, the GNU
15587367
GNU MIX Development Kit


The GNU MIX Development Kit (GNU MDK) is a free software package for developing, running and debugging programs written in MIXAL, an assembly-like language for programming a hypothetical computer called MIX. GNU MDK is part of the GNU Project. Both MIX and MIXAL were created by mathematician and computer scientist Donald Knuth in the first volume of his textbook "The Art of Computer Programming", published in 1968. The GNU MDK, published in book form in 2002, was written by theoretical physics PhD Jose Antonio Ortega Ruiz
8697911
Yggdrasil Linux/GNU/X


name was chosen because Yggdrasil took disparate pieces of software and assembled them into a complete product. Yggdrasil's company motto was "Free Software For The Rest of Us". Yggdrasil is compliant with the Unix Filesystem Hierarchy Standard. Yggdrasil announced their ‘bootable Linux/GNU/X-based UNIX(R) clone for PC compatibles’ on 24 November 1992 and made the first release on 8 December 1992. This alpha release contained the 0.98.1 version of the Linux kernel, the v11r5 version of the X Window System supporting up to 1024x768
16627591
GNU variants


GNU variants (also called GNU distributions or "distros" for short) are operating systems based upon the GNU operating system (the Hurd kernel, the GNU C library, system libraries and application software like GNU coreutils, bash, GNOME, the Guix package manager etc.). According to the GNU project and others, these also include most operating systems using the Linux kernel and a few others using BSD-based kernels. GNU users usually obtain their operating system by downloading GNU distributions, which are available for a wide
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GNU Binutils


The GNU Binary Utilities, or binutils, are a set of programming tools for creating and managing binary programs, object files, libraries, profile data, and assembly source code. They were originally written by programmers at Cygnus Solutions. The GNU binutils are typically used in conjunction with compilers such as the GNU Compiler Collection (gcc), build tools like make, and the GNU Debugger (gdb). Through the use of the Binary File Descriptor library (libbfd), most tools support the various object file formats supported by
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Gnus


in other mail readers. In addition, Gnus is able to use a number of web-based sources as inputs for its groups. Some Gnus features: As part of Emacs, Gnus' features can be extended indefinitely through Emacs lisp. To quote the Gnus Manual: Note that the composition of HTML email messages (as users of more WYSIWYG editors may be used to) is not included by default; the lack of this "ability" is counted as a feature by Gnus' traditional user base. Gnus is a
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GNU Portable Threads


GNU Pth (Portable Threads) is a POSIX/ANSI-C based user space thread library for UNIX platforms that provides priority-based scheduling for multithreading applications. GNU Pth targets for a high degree of portability. It is part of the GNU Project. Pth also provides API emulation for POSIX threads for backward compatibility. GNU Pth uses an , i.e., the scheduling is done completely by the GNU Pth library and the kernel itself is not aware of the N threads in user-space. Because of this there is no
3029714
GNU Assembler


under the GNU General Public License v3, GAS is free software. The first version of GAS was published c. 1986-1987. It was written by Dean Elsner, and supported the VAX architecture. GAS supports a general syntax that works for all of the supported architectures. The general syntax includes assembler directives and a method for commenting. GAS uses assembler directives (also known as pseudo ops), which are keywords beginning with a period that behave similarly to preprocessor directives in the C programming language. While most of the available
14704154
Cygnus Solutions


Cygnus Solutions, originally Cygnus Support, was founded in 1989 by John Gilmore, Michael Tiemann and David Henkel-Wallace to provide commercial support for free software. Its tagline was: "Making free software affordable". For years, employees of Cygnus Solutions were the maintainers of several key GNU software products, including the GNU Debugger and GNU Binutils (which included the GNU Assembler and Linker). It was also a major contributor to the GCC project and drove the change in the project's management from having a single gatekeeper to
20773238
Netwide Assembler


licensed under LGPL, it led to development of Yasm, a complete rewrite of the NASM under the New BSD License. Yasm offered support for x86-64 earlier than NASM. It also added support for GNU Assembler syntax. Relocatable Dynamic Object File Format (RDOFF) is used by developers to test the integrity of NASM's object file output abilities. It is based heavily on the internal structure of NASM, essentially consisting of a header containing a serialization of the output driver function calls followed by an array of sections containing executable
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GNU/Linux naming controversy


Emacs 19.31 with the Autoconf system target "linux" changed to "lignux" (shortly thereafter changed to "linux-gnu" in emacs 19.32), and included an essay "Linux and the GNU system" suggesting that people use the terms "Linux-based GNU system" (or "GNU/Linux system" or "Lignux" for short). He later used "GNU/Linux" exclusively, and the essay was superseded by Stallman's 1997 essay, "Linux and the GNU project". Modern
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GNU variants


base of GNU packages and programs and also of Linux. The most notable official use of this term for a distribution is Debian GNU/Linux. As of 2018, the only GNU variants recommended by the GNU project for regular use are Linux distributions committed to the Free System Distribution Guidelines; most of which refer to themselves as "GNU/Linux" (like Debian), and actually use a deblobbed version of Linux (like Linux-libre) and not Linux per se. Debian GNU/kFreeBSD is an operating system
802895
PicoLisp


SCO Unix. Since 1993, it was used mainly on Linux. In the mid-1990s, database functions were added. The first versions were written in a mix of C and assembly language. In 1999, a first rewrite from scratch was done, fully in C. In 2002, that version was released under a GNU General Public License (GNU GPL). In 2010, it changed to an MIT/X11 license. In 2009, the 64-bit version was released, another rewrite, this time written in generic assembly, which
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GNU lightning


on the SPARC and MIPS architectures—into the target architecture's machine language. It does not provide register allocation, data-flow or control-flow analysis, or optimization. GNU lightning's instruction set is based loosely on existing RISC architectures. When required instructions handle data with these 9 types: Racket, GNU Smalltalk, GNU Guile, and CLISP make use of GNU lightning for just-in-time compilation. GNU lightning was first developed as a tool to be used in GNU Smalltalk's dynamic translator from bytecodes to
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GNU Project


, a yacc-compatible parser generator, and a linker". The GNU system required its own C compiler and tools to be free software, so these also had to be developed. By June 1987, the project had accumulated and developed free software for an assembler, an almost finished portable optimizing C compiler (GCC), an editor (GNU Emacs), and various Unix utilities (such as codice_1, codice_2, codice_3, codice_4 and codice_5). They had an initial kernel that needed more updates. Once the
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GNU


of software, and publish their own modified versions of the software. This philosophy was later published as the GNU Manifesto in March 1985. Richard Stallman's experience with the Incompatible Timesharing System (ITS), an early operating system written in assembly language that became obsolete due to discontinuation of PDP-10, the computer architecture for which ITS was written, led to a decision that a portable system was necessary. It was thus decided that the development would be started using C and Lisp as system programming languages, and that GNU would be
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GNU Chess


included as the default engine. Initial versions of XBoard's Chess Engine Communication Protocol were based on GNU Chess's command-line interface. Version 6 also supports the Universal Chess Interface (UCI). The first version of GNU Chess was written by Stuart Cracraft. Having started in 1984 in collaboration with Richard Stallman prior to his founding of the GNU Project, GNU Chess became one of the first parts of GNU. GNU Chess has been enhanced and expanded by dozens of programmers. Versions from 2 to 4 were written by John
8903013
GNU Emacs


a central component of the GNU project, and a flagship of the free software movement. GNU Emacs is sometimes abbreviated as GNUMACS, especially to differentiate it from other EMACS variants. The tag line for GNU Emacs is "the extensible self-documenting text editor". In 1976, Stallman wrote the first Emacs (“Editor MACroS”), and in 1984, began work on GNU Emacs, to produce a free software alternative to the proprietary Gosling Emacs. GNU Emacs was initially based on Gosling Emacs, but Stallman's
16534298
Debian GNU/Hurd


Debian GNU/Hurd is a flavor of the Debian operating system based on the Hurd microkernel, instead of more common Debian kernels such as Linux or FreeBSD. Debian GNU/Hurd has been in development since 1998, and made a formal release in May 2013, with 78% of the software packaged for Debian GNU/Linux ported to the GNU Hurd. The Debian GNU/Hurd developers were hoping to be able to release it with Debian "Wheezy" in 2013. However, Hurd is not yet an official Debian release
8831819
Signal Transfer Point


A Signal Transfer Point (STP) is a router that relays SS7 messages between "signaling end-points" (SEPs) and other signaling transfer points (STPs). Typical SEPs include "service switching points" (SSPs) and "service control points" (SCPs). The STP is connected to adjacent SEPs and STPs via signaling links. Based on the address fields of the SS7 messages, the STP routes the messages to the appropriate outgoing signaling link. Edge STPs can also route based upon message body content using
21819466
MinGW


MinGW ("Minimalist GNU for Windows"), formerly mingw32, is a free and open source software development environment to create Microsoft Windows applications. The development of the MinGW project has slowed down since the creation in 2013 of an alternative project called MinGW-w64 by a different author. MinGW includes a port of the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC), GNU Binutils for Windows (assembler, linker, archive manager), a set of freely distributable Windows specific header files and static import libraries which enable the use of the
5171766
TIGCC


TIGCC (from "TI" and "GCC") is a software development environment which allows developers to program and compile A68K assembly, GNU assembly, and C code for the Motorola 68000 series Texas Instruments graphing calculators (TI-89 (Titanium), TI-92 Plus and Voyage 200, as well as experimental support for the TI-92 with the Fargo shell). TIGCC is licensed under the GNU General Public License. The TIGCC project includes many things that help developers create and manage projects. Development of the TIGCC project has decreased drastically
6633695
GNU Go


play online on Go servers (through the use of bridge programs), and copies can be found running on NNGS, KGS, and probably others. The current (stable) version of GNU Go is 3.8. The latest experimental release was 3.9.1. There is also an experimental feature for using Monte Carlo methods for 9×9 board play. A version called Pocket GNU Go, based on GNU Go 2.6, is available for the Windows CE operating system (Pocket PC). Versions based on the much weaker 1.2 engine also exist
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GNU/Linux naming controversy


free software and Open-source software systems are composed of software by many different authors, including the Linux kernel developers, the GNU project, and other vendors such as those behind the X Window System. Desktop- and server-based distributions use GNU components such as the GNU C Library (glibc), GNU Core Utilities (Coreutils), and bash. In a 2002 analysis of the source code for Red Hat Linux 7.1, a typical Linux distribution, the total size of the packages from the GNU project was found to
19370612
AWK


of the Single UNIX Specification, and is required by the Linux Standard Base specification. AWK was significantly revised and expanded in 1985–88, resulting in the GNU AWK implementation written by Paul Rubin, Jay Fenlason, and Richard Stallman, released in 1988. GNU AWK may be the most widely deployed version because it is included with GNU-based Linux packages. GNU AWK has been maintained solely by Arnold Robbins since 1994. Brian Kernighan's nawk (New AWK) source was first released in 1993 unpublicized, and publicly since the late
1342637
Ispell


Ispell is a spelling checker for Unix that supports most Western languages. It offers several interfaces, including a programmatic interface for use by editors such as emacs. Unlike GNU Aspell, ispell will only suggest corrections that are based on a Damerau–Levenshtein distance of 1; it will not attempt to guess more distant corrections based on English pronunciation rules. Ispell has a very long history that can be traced back to a program that was originally written in 1971 in PDP-10 Assembly language by R. E. Gorin, and later ported to the
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Source code


an approach taken for example by the GNU Emacs text editor. The code base of a computer programming project is the larger collection of all the source code of all the computer programs which make up the project. It has become common practice to maintain code bases in version control systems. Moderately complex software customarily requires the compilation or assembly of several, sometimes dozens or maybe even hundreds, of different source code files. In these cases, instructions for compilations, such as a Makefile, are included with the source code. These
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GNU Manifesto


taken its name and full form in 1985 and was updated in minor ways in 1987. The "GNU Manifesto" opens with an explanation of what the GNU Project is, and what is the current, at the time, progress in creation of the GNU operating system. The system, although based on, and compatible with Unix, is meant by the author to have many improvements over it, which are listed in detail in the manifesto. One of the major driving points behind the GNU project, according to Stallman,
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GNU Affero General Public License


The GNU Affero General Public License is a free, copyleft license published by the Free Software Foundation in November 2007, and based on the GNU General Public License, version 3 and the Affero General Public License. The Free Software Foundation has recommended that the GNU AGPLv3 be considered for any software that will commonly be run over a network. The Open Source Initiative approved the GNU AGPLv3 as an open source license in March 2008 after the company Funambol submitted it for consideration through its CEO Fabrizio Capobianco. GNU AGPLv3 and GPLv3 licenses each
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SWF


-level language called Adobe Graphics Assembly Language (AGAL). Adobe makes available plugins, such as Adobe Flash Player and Adobe Integrated Runtime, to play SWF files in web browsers on many desktop operating systems, including Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux on the x86 architecture and ARM architecture (Google Chrome OS only). GNU has started developing a free software SWF player called Gnash under the GNU General Public License (GPL). Despite being a declared high-priority GNU project, funding for Gnash was fairly
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Concurrent Versions System


distributed the program, labelling it "GNU package" on one page and "other GPL-licensed project" on another. In 2008, when development of CVS was transferred from the old website (cvshome.org) to the GNU Savannah hosting platform, it was placed in the "non-GNU" section. Further, on GNU's FTP download server, CVS is distributed in the "non-gnu" directory. Over time, developers have created new version control systems based on CVS in order to add features, alter
17000032
GNU General Public License


to choose between the original terms or the terms in new versions as updated by the FSF. Developers can omit it when licensing their software; for instance the Linux kernel is licensed under GPLv2 without the "any later version" clause. The GPL was written by Richard Stallman in 1989, for use with programs released as part of the GNU project. The original GPL was based on a unification of similar licenses used for early versions of GNU Emacs (1985), the GNU Debugger and the GNU C Compiler. These licenses
21567899
List of GNU packages


A number of notable software packages were developed for, or are maintained by, the Free Software Foundation as part of the GNU Project. Summarising the situation in 2013, Richard Stallman identified nine aspects which generally apply to being a GNU package, but he noted that exceptions and flexibility are possible when there are good reasons: There is no official "base system" of the GNU operating system. GNU was designed to be a replacement for Unix operating systems of the 1980s and used the POSIX standards as a guide, but either
3774549
United States hydrogen policy


programs. Each states energy office gets SEP funding and manages all SEP funded projects. For more information about the SEP, including project descriptions, visit the SEP website. Clean Ports USA is an incentive-based program designed to help reduce emissions by encouraging port authorities to redesign and replace older diesel engines with new technologies and cleaner fuels. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's National Clean Diesel Campaign offers funding to port authorities to help them overcome the obstacles that prevent the adoption of cleaner diesel technologies. Clean Construction USA promotes the reduction
8426000
Uruk GNU/Linux


Uruk GNU/Linux-libre is a Trisquel-based GNU system. The name Uruk is an Iraqi city that states its Iraqi origin. Uruk GNU/Linux 1.0 was released on 13 April 2016 and it ships with the most common software for popular tasks. Uruk uses Linux-libre kernel for the system and MATE desktop environment for its graphical interfaces. One of the special features of Uruk is the ability to run various types of package managers at ease (including GNU Guix, urpmi, pacman, dnf). It
16370028
GNU MPFR


GNU MPFR (GNU Multiple Precision Floating-Point Reliably) is a GNU portable C library for arbitrary-precision binary floating-point computation with correct rounding, based on GNU Multi-Precision Library. The computation is both efficient and has a well-defined semantics: the functions are completely specified on all the possible operands and the results do not depend on the platform. This is done by copying the ideas from the ANSI/IEEE-754 standard for fixed-precision floating-point arithmetic (correct rounding and exceptions, in particular
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GNU Guile


GNU Extension Language (GEL), which was based on Aubrey Jaffer's Scheme implementation SCM (which in turn was based on George Carrette's SIOD). Lord convinced Richard Stallman to make GEL the official extension language of the GNU project, based on the argument that Scheme was a cleaner Lisp dialect than Emacs Lisp, and that GEL could evolve to implement other languages on the same runtime, namely Emacs Lisp. After Lord discovered GEL had a naming conflict with another programming language, he solicited suggestions for a new name.
3564887
GNU Guix


wait a few minutes, when trying to update via "guix pull". The GNU Project announced in November 2012 the first release of GNU Guix, a functional package manager based on Nix that provides, among other things, Guile Scheme APIs. The project was started on June 2012 by Ludovic Courtès, one of the GNU Guile hackers. On August 20, 2015, it was announced that Guix had been ported to GNU Hurd. The project has no fixed release schedule and has until now released approximately every 6 months.
11969140
GNU Classpath


GNU Classpath is a free software implementation of the standard class library for the Java programming language. Most classes from J2SE 1.4 and 5.0 are implemented. Classpath can thus be used to run Java-based applications. GNU Classpath is a part of the GNU Project. It was originally developed in parallel with libgcj due to license incompatibilities, but later the two projects merged. GNU Classpath was deemed a high priority project by the Free Software Foundation. When the Classpath project began, the license for the official Java implementation from Sun Microsystems
12621526
Socialist Equality Party (UK)


the attempts to extradite Julian Assange. Robert Stevens spoke in defence of Assange, characterising the legal proceedings as "a manhunt". NHS Fightback was launched on 21 January 2013. The SEP held a series of meetings in October 2013 to oppose imperialist intervention in Syria and raise the danger of world war. The SEP ran candidates in the 2007 Scottish Parliament elections and the 2007 Welsh Assembly elections, but failed to gain any seats. The party ran a candidate, Chris Talbot, in the Haltemprice and Howden by-election who
6444902
George Platt (politician)


George Platt (01 Sep 1774 in Saratoga, New York, USA – died 09 Sep 1818 in Quebec, Canada) was a blacksmith and political figure in Lower Canada. He represented Montreal East in the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada from 1814 to 1816. Platt established himself in business in Montreal, dealing in hardware. He was a freemason. Platt served as a captain in the Royal Montreal Cavalry during the War of 1812. He married Elizabeth Mittleberger on 19 Dec 1805 in Montréal, Quebec, Canada. The engine for
7048237
World Qualification Series (2009)


18 - Aug 23" 30th Anniversary of the Lacanau Pro and good conditions this year. Surf, concerts, events scheduled. Check out the video for a summary of the event http://vimeo.com/6994555 "Aug 25 - Aug 30" "Sep 01 - Sep 06" "Sep 01 - Sep 06" "Sep 04 - Sep 06" "Sep 09 - Sep 12" "Sep 10 - Sep 13" "Sep 08 - Sep 13" "Sep 15 - Sep 20" "Sep 16 - Sep 22" "Sep
1986943
List of 1982–83 NBA season transactions


1982 Oct 2, 1982 Oct 1, 1982 Sep 30, 1982 Sep 29, 1982 Sep 28, 1982 Sep 27, 1982 Sep 24, 1982 Sep 22, 1982 Sep 20, 1982 Sep 19, 1982 Sep 18, 1982 Sep 17, 1982 Sep 15, 1982 Sep 14, 1982 Sep 13, 1982 Sep 10, 1982 Sep 9, 1982 Sep 7, 1982 Sep 2, 1982 Sep 1, 1982 Aug 31, 1982 Aug 27, 1982 Aug 26, 1982 Aug 16, 1982 Aug 8,
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GNU Oleo


GNU Oleo is a lightweight free software spreadsheet originally designed as a text-based spreadsheet using the curses library. The last development version of Oleo, 1.99.16, was released in 2001. The project was started in 1992 by Tom Lord, and became part of the GNU initiative around 1994. At the time, the only open source alternative was the older text-based sc, both products having similar functionality to early versions of Lotus 123 or Microsoft Excel. Oleo's key bindings however were inspired from the Unix world, and
18814584
GNU/Linux naming controversy


some embedded systems, such as handheld devices and smartphones (like Google's Android), residential gateways (routers), and Voice over IP devices, are engineered with space efficiency in mind and use a Linux kernel with few or no components of GNU. A system running μClinux is likely to substitute uClibc for glibc and BusyBox for Coreutils. Google's Linux-based Android operating system does not use any GNU components or libraries, replacing glibc with Google's own BSD-based Bionic C library. The FSF agrees that "
19370614
VSXu


VSXu (VSX Ultra) is an OpenGL-based (hardware-accelerated), modular programming environment with its main purpose to visualize music/audio data and create 3D effects in real-time. Available for Windows and GNU/Linux. It is currently released as free software under terms of the GNU General Public License v3, with some parts of the source code being released under GNU Lesser General Public License and maintained by Vovoid Media Technologies AB. "VSXu" is built on a modular plug-in-based architecture
19524795
Fiwix


Fiwix is an operating system kernel based on the UNIX architecture and fully focused on being POSIX compatible. It is designed and developed mainly as a hobby OS, but it also serves for educational purposes. It runs on the 32-bit x86 hardware platform and is compatible with a good base of existing GNU applications. It follows the System V Application Binary Interface and is also Linux 2.0 System Call ABI mostly compatible The GNU/Fiwix operating system uses the Fiwix kernel, includes a GNU toolchain (GCC, Binutils, Make) and uses
8365910
GNU Project


, "everything useful that normally comes with a Unix system so that one could get along without any software that is not free." Stallman decided to call this operating system "GNU" (a recursive acronym meaning ""GNU's not Unix!""), basing its design on that of Unix, a proprietary operating system. Development was initiated in January 1984. In 1991, the Linux kernel appeared, developed outside the GNU project by Linus Torvalds, and in December 1992 it was made available under version 2
1262182
XEmacs


XEmacs is a graphical- and console-based text editor which runs on almost any Unix-like operating system as well as Microsoft Windows. XEmacs is a fork, based on a version of GNU Emacs from the late 1980s. Any user can download, use, and modify XEmacs as free software available under the GNU General Public License version 2 or any later version. Between 1987 and 1993 significant delays occurred in bringing out a new version of GNU Emacs (presumed to be version 19). In the late 1980s, Richard
15393622
Rome Laboratory


1 Acft Assembly Sq" (21 Aug 45-6 Nov 45). Renamed Griffiss Air Force Base on 23 Jan 1948, the World War II installation's buildings were used as post-war offices and laboratories, e.g., for testing units that arrived beginning in 1948 from Pennsylvania's Middletown Air Depot (Griffiss had the "2 Msl Trpt Sq" 26 Jan 48-3 Sep 48.) The 3171st Electronics Research Group activated on 12 January 1949 under the 2751st Experimental Wing formed during World War II, and the
7005372
Free software movement


may be seen as representatives of the value based versus apolitical philosophies, as well as the GNU versus Linux coding styles. In the GNU/Linux naming controversy the FSF argues for the term GNU/Linux because GNU is a longstanding project to develop a free operating system, of which they assert the kernel was the last missing piece. Eric Raymond criticises the speed at which the free software movement is progressing, suggesting that temporary compromises should be made for long-term gains. Raymond argues that this could raise awareness of the
10376490
Integrated development environment


, and PHP, which are selected between automatically based on file extension, environment or project settings. Unix programmers can combine command-line POSIX tools into a complete development environment, capable of developing large programs such as the Linux kernel and its environment. In this sense, the entire Unix system functions as an IDE. The free software GNU tools (GNU Compiler Collection (GCC), GNU Debugger (gdb), and GNU make) are available on many platforms, including Windows. The pervasive Unix philosophy of "everything
15463652
Hyperbola GNU/Linux-libre


Hyperbola GNU/Linux-libre is an operating system for the i686 and x86-64 architectures. It is based on Arch snapshots and Debian development. It includes the GNU operating system components and the Linux-libre kernel instead of the generic Linux kernel. Hyperbola GNU/Linux-libre is listed by the Free Software Foundation as a completely free operating system, true to their Free System Distribution Guidelines. Hyperbola was born at the 17th annual "Fórum Internacional Software Livre" (Porto Alegre, Brazil). On 5 August
16984177
Emacs


, Gosling Emacs was written in C and used Mocklisp, a language with Lisp-like syntax, as an extension language. Richard Stallman began work on GNU Emacs in 1984 to produce a free software alternative to the proprietary Gosling Emacs. GNU Emacs was initially based on Gosling Emacs, but Stallman's replacement of its Mocklisp interpreter with a true Lisp interpreter required that nearly all of its code be rewritten. This became the first program released by the nascent GNU Project. GNU Emacs is written in C and provides Emacs Lisp,
21177266
GNU Parted


GNU/Hurd. nparted is the newt-based frontend to GNU Parted. Projects have started for an ncurses frontend, that also could be used in Windows (with GNUWin32 Ncurses). fatresize offers a command-line interface for FAT16/FAT32 non-destructive resize and uses the GNU Parted library. GParted and KDE Partition Manager are graphical programs using the parted libraries. They are adapted for GNOME and KDE respectively; two major desktop environments for Unix-like installations. They are often included as utilities on many live CD
21206717
Filesystem in Userspace


Public License and the GNU Lesser General Public License. The FUSE system was originally part of "AVFS" ("A Virtual Filesystem"), a filesystem implementation heavily influenced by the translator concept of the GNU Hurd. FUSE was originally released under the terms of the GNU General Public License and the GNU Lesser General Public License, later also reimplemented as part of the FreeBSD base system and released under the terms of Simplified BSD license. An ISC-licensed re-implementation by Sylvestre Gallon was released in March 2013, and
712142
GNU variants


combines the GNU userland (with the exception of libc; OpenSolaris' libc is used) and Debian's packaging and organisation with the OpenSolaris kernel. Nexenta OS is available for IA-32 and x86-64 based systems. Nexenta Systems, Inc initiated the project and sponsors its continued development. Nexenta OS is not considered a GNU variant, due to the use of OpenSolaris libc. Multiple Illumos distributions use GNU userland by default. The Cygwin project is an actively-developed compatibility layer in the form of a C library providing a substantial
802897
GNU Gatekeeper


GNU Gatekeeper (abbreviated as GnuGk) is an open-source project that implements an H.323 Gatekeeper based on the OpenH323 or H323Plus stack. A gatekeeper provides address translation, admissions control, call routing, authorization and accounting services to an H.323 system defined on the H.323 standard by ITU-T. GnuGk's set of features include: It is covered by the GNU General Public License version 2. Besides, the authors explicitly grant the right to link it to the OpenH323 and OpenSSL libraries. This is necessary, since GNU GPL is
9211067
GNU LibreJS


GNU LibreJS, or simply LibreJS, is a free software web browser extension for Mozilla Firefox-based browsers, created by the GNU Project. Its purpose is to block nonfree nontrivial JavaScript programs and allow free or trivial JS in a user's web browser. The add-on was created to address the so-called "JavaScript Trap" first described by Richard Stallman in 2009, a situation in which many users unknowingly run proprietary software in their web browsers. GNU LibreJS aims to block nonfree JavaScript programs that are present in
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Inline assembler


inline assembler. The following C code example shows a system call wrapper in AT&T assembler syntax, using the GNU Assembler. Such calls are normally written with the aid of macros; the full code is included for clarity. The format of basic inline assembly is very straightforward: Example: or Both codice_1 and codice_2 are valid. codice_2 can be used if the keyword codice_1 conflicts with something else in the program. This example of inline assembly from the D programming language shows code that computes the tangent of x using the x86's
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Richard Mattern Montgomery


staff. Sep 1956-Aug 1959 In 1956 he was assigned as deputy commander of the 2d Air Force (SAC). Following this two-year tour, he became commander of the 3d Air Division at Guam, with responsibility for SAC Forces West of the 180th meridian. Sep 1952-Sep 1956 The assignment which did most to shape his subsequent career was that of chief of staff, Headquarters, Strategic Air Command, Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska, in September 1952, a post he held until September 1956. As a principal staff
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Hanthana Linux (operating system)


based on packages from Fedora's: both distributions use RedHat's rpm package format and package management tools Yum (PackageKit). Hanthana is composed of many software packages, of which the majority are distributed under a free software license, making an exception only for some proprietary hardware drivers. The main license used is the GNU General Public License (GNU GPL) which, along with the GNU Lesser General Public License (GNU LGPL), explicitly declares that users are free to run, copy, distribute, study, change,
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GNU Emacs


. GNU Emacs runs both on text terminals and in graphical user interface (GUI) environments. On Unix-like operating systems, GNU Emacs can use the X Window System to produce its GUI either directly using Athena widgets or by using a "widget toolkit" such as Motif, LessTif, or GTK+. GNU Emacs can also use the graphics systems native to macOS and Windows to provide menubars, toolbars, scrollbars and context menus conforming more closely to each platform's look and feel. Lucid Emacs, based on an early
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GNU Build System


, and Libtool. Other related tools frequently used alongside it include GNU's make program, GNU gettext, pkg-config, and the GNU Compiler Collection, also called GCC. Autoconf generates a codice_2 script based on the contents of a codice_3 file which characterizes a particular body of source code. The codice_2 script, when run, scans the build environment and generates a subordinate codice_5 script which, in turn, converts other input files and most commonly codice_6 into output files (codice_7) which are appropriate for that build environment.
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EnSilica


allows for otherwise unobtainable performance to be reached for many software inner loops. Instructions are encoded in either 16 or 32-bits, depending upon the size of the operands and the type of instruction. All of the commonly used instructions can be encoded in 16-bits. This ensures that high code density is achieved, while minimizing memory accesses to help conserve power. The toolchain for eSi-RISC is based upon the industry standard GNU toolchain, which includes an optimizing C and C++ compiler, assembler, linker, debugger, simulator and binary utilities
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Intermediate representation


been designed to provide C's features as a portable assembly language, including C-- and the C Intermediate Language. Any language targeting a virtual machine or p-code machine can be considered an intermediate language: The GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) uses several intermediate languages internally to simplify portability and cross-compilation. Among these languages are The LLVM compiler framework is based on the LLVM IR intermediate language, of which the compact, binary serialized representation is also referred to as "bitcode" and has been productized by Apple. The
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2015 Malay Dignity rally


, 14 Sep, KL Mayor Mohd Amin Nordin Abdul Aziz confirmed that KL City Hall had approved the permit application submitted by PESAKA on 8 Sep to use Padang Merbok as the rally venue. Inspector-General of Police Tan Sri Khalid Abu Bakar also declared the gathering as legal under the Peaceful Assembly Act 2012. He said the police would deploy enough manpower to help secure the safety and security of everyone in Kuala Lumpur. In the run-up to the “red shirt” rally, Kota Bharu UMNO division chief Mohd Fatmi
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Organisation of the League of Nations


time to time at its discretion. The number of nonpermanent members of the Council was increased from four to six by Assembly resolution of 25 Sep 1922. In 1926 the membership was further increased to nine. In 1933 the number of nonpermanent seats on the Council was provisionally increased from nine to ten. A further increase to eleven was approved by the assembly in 1936. Unanimity was required for the decisions of both the Assembly and the Council, except in matters of procedure and some other specific cases, such as the admission of
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Musix GNU+Linux


Musix GNU+Linux is a live CD and DVD Linux distribution for the IA-32 processor family based on Debian. It contains a collection of software for audio production, graphic design, video editing and general purpose applications. The initiator and co-director of the project is Marcos Germán Guglielmetti. Musix GNU+Linux is one of the few GNU/Linux distributions recognized by the Free Software Foundation as being primarily available on sites distributing free software and excluding any non-free information for practical use. Musix is developed by a team from Argentina, Spain
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Government of National Unity (South Africa)


The constitution was essentially a two-step process. During the CODESA talks – started in 1991 – the NP (National Party) and ANC (African National Congress) agreed to create an interim constitution, which would be the basis for a final constitution. The final constitution was to be drawn up by the two chambers of parliament – the Senate and National Assembly. However, it was important to the GNU that the opinions of ordinary South Africans be included into the constitution. From 1994 to 1996 the GNU organised large media
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High Level Assembly


a "back-end" assembler such as MASM, TASM, flat assembler (FASM), Netwide Assembler (NASM), or GNU Assembler (Gas) would translate into the low-level object code file. As of HLA v2.0, HLA included its own "HLA Back Engine" (HLABE) that provided the low-level object code translation. However, via various command-line parameters, HLA v2.x still has the ability to translate an HLA source file into a source file that is compatible with one of
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GNU Emacs


implemented, because the loading and interpreting of its Lisp-based code incurs a performance overhead. Modern computers are powerful enough to run GNU Emacs without slowdowns, but versions prior to 19.29 (released in 1995) couldn't edit files larger than 8 MB. The file size limit was raised in successive versions, and 32 bit versions after GNU Emacs 23.2 can edit files up to 512 MB in size. Emacs compiled on a 64-bit machine can handle much larger buffers. GNU Emacs has become one of the most-ported non
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Free software in Kerala


KSEB. Initial consultations and trainings were provided by SPACE. The Kerala Khadi and Village Industries Board moved to a Free software platform built by Keltron. The Kerala Public Works Department moved to a Free software platform built by InApp Technologies In 2014 the Kerala Legislative Assembly moved all of their IT operations into GNU/Linux based systems with the assistance of Zyxware Technologies. ICFOSS is an autonomous agency set up by the Government of Kerala in 2011 with the mandate of popularizing Free and Open Source Software for universal use; consolidating the early FOSS
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Opcode


be compiled (translated into assembly language), or run through other compiled programs. Opcodes can also be found in so-called byte codes and other representations intended for a software interpreter rather than a hardware device. These software-based instruction sets often employ slightly higher-level data types and operations than most hardware counterparts, but are nevertheless constructed along similar lines. Examples include the byte code found in Java class files which are then interpreted by the Java Virtual Machine (JVM), the byte code used in GNU Emacs
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M4 (computer language)


Most users require m4 as a dependency of GNU autoconf. Macro processors became popular when programmers commonly used assembly language. In those early days of programming, programmers noted that much of their programs consisted of repeated text, and they invented simple means for reusing this text. Programmers soon discovered the advantages not only of reusing entire blocks of text, but also of substituting different values for similar parameters. This defined the usage range of macro processors. Kernighan and Ritchie developed m4 in 1977, basing it on the ideas of Christopher Strachey
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September 1941 lunar eclipse


A partial lunar eclipse took place on Friday, September 5, 1941. It was a shallow partial lunar eclipse, with less than 10% of the Moon covered in Earth's shadow. Aug 31, 1941 = Sunday Sep 1, 1941 = Monday Sep 2, 1941 = Tuesday Sep 3, 1941 = Wednesday Sep 4, 1941 = Thursday Sep 5, 1941 = Friday Sep 6, 1941 = Saturday Sep 7, 1941 = Sunday Sep 8, 1941 = Monday Sep 9, 1941 = Tuesday Sep 10, 1941
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Government of National Unity (South Africa)


own. The two chief parties who made use of the provision for a GNU were the National Party and the Inkatha Freedom Party, both of which obtained cabinet portfolios for their leaders and other members of parliament. President Nelson Mandela also invited other parties to join the cabinet, even though they did not obtain the minimum twenty seats in the National Assembly. The aims of the GNU centred on correcting social and economic injustices left by the legacy of Apartheid. The main aim, however, was that of creating a final constitution.
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Politics of South Africa


at the national, provincial and local levels. Following the 1994 elections, South Africa was governed under an interim constitution. This constitution required the Constituent Assembly (CA) to draft and approve a permanent constitution by 9 May 1996. The Government of National Unity (GNU) established under the interim constitution ostensibly remained in effect until the 1999 national elections. The parties originally comprising the GNU – the African National Congress (ANC), the National Party (NP), and the Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) – shared executive
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19th Air Refueling Squadron


The 19th Air Refueling Squadron (19 ARS) is an inactive unit of the United States Air Force. At the time of its inactivation, it was based at Otis Air Force Base. On 19 Sep 1985 the 19th Air Refueling Squadron,(Medium), was consolidated with the 19th Ferrying Squadron, a unit that was last active 31 Mar 1944. This action was directed by Department of the Air Force Letter DAF/MPM 662q Attachment 2 (Inactive Units), 19 Sep 1985. The Consolidated Unit will retain the Designation of 19th
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OpenThinClient


openThinClient is an open-source thin client solution. It includes a Java-based management software and a Java-based server component. The software can be downloaded from the internet free of charge and is licensed under the GNU General Public License (GNU-GPL). openThinClient is being developed to administrate medium to large numbers of thin clients. The openThinClient OS is based on an Ubuntu (operating system) Linux distribution which has been optimized for devices without hard disks. Booting and configuration are based on protocols like LDAP,
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List of Linux-supported computer architectures


The basic components of the Linux family of operating systems, which are based on the Linux kernel, the GNU C Library, BusyBox or forks thereof like μClinux and uClibc, have been programmed with a certain level of abstraction in mind. Also, there are distinct code paths in the assembly language or C source code which support certain hardware. Therefore, the source code can be successfully compiled onor cross-compiled fora great number of computer architectures. Furthermore, the required free and open-source software has also been developed to
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Binary File Descriptor library


processor and file format. Its key services include handling byte order differences, such as between a little-endian host and big-endian target, correct conversion between 32-bit and 64-bit data, and details of address arithmetic specified by relocation entries. Although BFD was originally designed to be a generic library usable by a wide variety of tools, the frequent need to tinker with the API to accommodate new systems' capabilities has tended to limit its use; BFD's main clients are the GNU Assembler (GAS), GNU Linker (
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Linux


. The Free Software Foundation (FSF) prefers "GNU/Linux" as the name when referring to the operating system as a whole, because it considers Linux distributions to be variants of the GNU operating system initiated in 1983 by Richard Stallman, president of the FSF. They explicitly take no issue over the name Android for the Android OS, which is also an operating system based on the Linux kernel, as GNU is not a part of it. A minority of public figures and software projects other than Stallman and the
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Mobile operating system


. Other open source mobile operating systems under active development include LuneOS, based on webOS; postmarketOS, based on the Alpine Linux GNU/Linux distribution; Maemo Leste; Meizu PRO 5 Ubuntu Edition and Meizu MX4 Ubuntu Edition running Ubuntu Touch; and Necuno using a GNU/Linux distribution and the Plasma Mobile desktop from KDE. The proprietary version of Amazfit OS that are develop by Xiaomi backed Huami for their Amazfit Bip smartwatch, however instead of based on Android, it was based on proprietary operating system, thus it is not
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GNU Project


The GNU Project () is a free-software, mass-collaboration project, first announced on September 27, 1983 by Richard Stallman at MIT. Its aim is to give computer users freedom and control in their use of their computers and computing devices, by collaboratively developing and providing software that is based on the following freedom rights: users are free to run the software, share it (copy and distribute), study it, and modify it. GNU software guarantees these freedom-rights legally (via its license)
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UseModWiki


UseModWiki is a wiki engine written in the Perl programming language. It is licensed under the GNU General Public License. Pages in UseModWiki are stored in ordinary files, not in a relational database. Clifford Adams based UseModWiki on the code of AtisWiki by Markus Denker. AtisWiki was based on CvWiki by Peter Merel. CvWiki was the first GNU-licensed wiki based on WikiBase, the wiki engine of the original WikiWikiWeb by Ward Cunningham. The first installation of UseModWiki was Adams's usemod.com wiki, the basis of the "Use"net "
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9965 GNU


-based taxonomy. It is also an assumed S-type asteroid, the most common type in the inner asteroid belt. In September and October 2012, two rotational lightcurves of "GNU" were obtained from photometric observations by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 39.720 and 39.745 hours, with a brightness amplitude of 0.36 and 0.42 magnitude in the R- and S-band, respectively (). While not being a slow rotator, "GNU" period is significantly longer than
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GNU Manifesto


GNU Project posted by Richard Stallman on September 27, 1983 in form of email on Usenet newsgroups. The project's aim was to give computer users freedom and control over their computers by collaboratively developing and providing software that is based on Stallman's idea of software freedom (although the written definition has not existed until February 1986). The manifesto was written as a way to familiarize more people with these concepts, and to find more support in form of work, money, programs and hardware. The "GNU Manifesto" has
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APL (programming language)


-platform dialect of APL, based on APL2 and with several extensions, which was first released by British company MicroAPL in 2002. Although no longer in development or on commercial sale it is now available free of charge from Dyalog. GNU APL is a free implementation of Extended APL as specified in ISO/IEC 13751:2001 and is thus similar to APL2. It runs on GNU/Linux and on Windows using Cygwin, and uses Unicode internally. It was written by Jürgen Sauermann. Richard Stallman, founder of the GNU Project,
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XEmacs


always supported text-based terminals and windowing systems other than X11. Installers can compile both XEmacs and GNU Emacs with and without X support. For a period of time XEmacs even had some terminal-specific features, such as coloring, that GNU Emacs lacked. The software community generally refers to GNU Emacs, XEmacs (and a number of other similar editors) collectively or individually as "emacsen" (by analogy with boxen) or as "emacs", since they both take their inspiration from the original TECO Emacs.
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LibreCMC


LibreCMC is a GNU/Linux-libre distribution for computers with minimal resources, such as the Ben NanoNote, ath9k-based Wi-Fi routers, and other hardware with emphasis on free software. The project's current goal is to aim for compliance with the GNU Free System Distribution Guidelines (GNU FSDG) and ensure that the project continues to meet these requirements set forth by the Free Software Foundation (FSF). Another project named LibreWRT was listed by the website prism-break.org as one of the alternatives to proprietary firmware. Initially
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GNU/Linux naming controversy


(author of BitKeeper, once used to manage Linux kernel development) opined that "claiming credit only makes one look foolish and greedy". Many users and vendors who prefer the name "Linux," such as Jim Gettys, one of the original developers of the X Window System, point to the inclusion of non-GNU, non-kernel tools, such as KDE, LibreOffice, and Firefox, in end-user operating systems based on the Linux kernel: Although "GNU/Linux" is often pronounced without
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Huayra GNU/Linux


Huayra GNU/Linux is a Linux distribution developed by the Argentine government from the ANSES and "Conectar Igualdad". It's based on the Debian architecture. Having been released in the GNU GPL license, Huayra is free software. The Huayra team develops educational applications designed for students and teachers. There are also other applications that, while not educational, are designed for young kids. “Share files easily between Netbooks without the need of an internet connection". “Use stopmotion to create your own animated shorts". “
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Linux


Linux ( ) is a family of open source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released on September 17, 1991 by Linus Torvalds. Linux is typically packaged in a Linux distribution. Distributions include the Linux kernel and supporting system software and libraries, many of which are provided by the GNU Project. Many Linux distributions use the word "Linux" in their name, but the Free Software Foundation uses the name "GNU/Linux" to emphasize the importance of GNU software,
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