The Bitter Tea of General Yen [SEP] based on
[{"answer": "Grace Zaring Stone", "provenance": [{"wikipedia_id": "3781605", "title": "The Bitter Tea of General Yen", "start_paragraph_id": 1, "start_character": 170, "end_paragraph_id": 1, "end_character": 400, "bleu_score": 1.0, "meta": {}, "section": "Section::::Abstract."}]}]
The Bitter Tea of General Yen


The Bitter Tea of General Yen is a 1933 American pre-Code drama film directed by Frank Capra, and starring Barbara Stanwyck, and featuring Nils Asther and Walter Connolly. Based on the 1930 novel "The Bitter Tea of General Yen" by Grace Zaring Stone, the film is about an American missionary in Shanghai during the Chinese Civil War who gets caught in a battle while trying to save a group of orphans. Knocked unconscious, she is saved by a Chinese general warlord who brings her to his palace. When the
21198917
The Bitter Tea of General Yen


an optical printer is used to superimpose images of riots over Megan's face to make her emotional confusion seem more palpable. Capra believed "The Bitter Tea of General Yen" was a "women's picture". He asked 65 stenographers at the studio to vote for their favorite actor, and by a three-to-one margin they chose Nils Asther for the lead in the film. For the role of Megan Davis, Capra cast Barbara Stanwyck. Capra considered her an outstanding actress, and "Bitter Tea" was
21198929
The Bitter Tea of General Yen


is based on Grace Zaring Stone's 1930 novel of the same name. Stone wrote the book while living in China while her husband, Captain Ellis Stone, commanded the USS "Isabel" as it patroled the Yangtze River. The novel is not about a romance between Megan and General Yen but rather concerns a philosophical contest between Megan's Judeo-Christian worldview and Yen's "elegant, educated, wise, unsentimental" philosophy. The novel's Megan claims she wants to understand Yen. But when Megan pleads for Yen to
21198926
The Bitter Tea of General Yen


, and chose Stone's "The Bitter Tea of General Yen". The film is one of the few Capra films which uses directorial flair and photographic tricks. Capra had the film shot with a silk stocking over the lens to give the picture a diffuse, romantic look. When a clearer image of an individual was needed, a cigarette was used to burn a hole in the stocking. Unlike most Capra films, it contains a surrealistic dream sequences and a notable (for being so unusual for Capra) scene in which
21198928
The Bitter Tea of General Yen


general falls in love with the naive young woman, she fights her attraction to the powerful general and resists his flirtation, yet remains at his side when his fortune turns. "The Bitter Tea of General Yen" was the first film to play at Radio City Music Hall upon its opening on January 6, 1933. It was also one of the first films to deal openly with interracial sexual attraction. The film was a box office failure upon its release and has since been overshadowed by Capra's later efforts. In recent
21198918
The Bitter Tea of General Yen


Li. When they arrive at the general's summer palace, they are greeted by a man, Jones, Yen's American financial advisor, who tells him that he has succeeded in raising six million dollars, hidden in a nearby boxcar, for General Yen's war chest. Megan is shocked by the brutality of the executions conducted outside her window. Fascinated and attracted by the young beautiful missionary, the general has his men move the executions out of earshot and assures her that he will send her back to Shanghai as soon
21198922
The Bitter Tea of General Yen


orphans. Contemptuous of Bob's missionary zeal, General Yen gives him a worthless paper that describes Bob's foolishness. Bob and Megan reach St. Andrews orphanage safely, but the pass only makes the soldiers laugh and steal their car when they try to leave with the children. The missionaries and children eventually reach the train station, but in the chaos, Bob and Megan are both knocked unconscious and are separated. Sometime later, Megan regains consciousness in the private troop train of General Yen, attended by his concubine, Mah-
21198921
The Bitter Tea of General Yen


as it is safe. One evening, Megan drifts off to sleep and has an unsettling erotic dream about the general who comes to her rescue and kisses her passionately. Soon after, she accepts the general's invitation to dinner. While they are dining, the general learns that his concubine Mah-Li has betrayed him with Captain Li, one of his soldiers. Later, after General Yen arrests Mah-Li for being a spy, Megan tries to intervene, appealing to his better nature. The general challenges her to
21198923
Nils Asther


One of his most popular films was "Our Dancing Daughters", starring Joan Crawford, Johnny Mack Brown, Anita Page, and Dorothy Sebastian. Asther was cast opposite Greta Garbo in "Wild Orchids" as the tempting Javenese Prince De Gace. With the arrival of sound in movies, Asther took diction and voice lessons to minimize his accent, and was generally cast in roles where an accent wasn't a problem, such as the Chinese General Yen in "The Bitter Tea of General Yen". Between 1935 and 1940
17507456
Walter Connolly


Broadway Bill" (1934), supporting Warner Baxter and Myrna Loy; and "Libeled Lady" (1936) with William Powell and Loy again. Other notable roles included the worthless uncle of Paul Muni's character in "The Good Earth" (1937) and one of the two con men encountered by Mickey Rooney's Huckleberry Finn in "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn" (1939). Connolly starred as General Yen's American advisor in "The Bitter Tea of General Yen" (1933). Connolly mostly played
12681906
The Bitter Tea of General Yen


prepares a cup of poisoned tea for himself. Megan returns, dressed in the fine Chinese garments he gave her. She waits on him in the gentle manner of a concubine. When she says she could never leave him, he only smiles, then drinks the poisoned tea. Sometime later, Megan and Jones are on a boat headed back to Shanghai. While discussing the beauty and tragedy of the general's life, Jones comforts Megan by saying that one day she will be with him again in another life. The film
21198925
The Bitter Tea of General Yen


missionaries have a cynical view of the Chinese people they have come to save. Shortly after Megan arrives, her fiancé Bob rushes in and postpones the wedding so he can rescue a group of orphans who are in danger from the spreading civil war. Megan insists on accompanying him on his mission. On the way they stop at the headquarters of General Yen, a powerful Chinese warlord who controls the Shanghai region. While Megan waits in the car, Bob pleads with the general for a safe passage pass so he can save the
21198920
The Bitter Tea of General Yen


prove her Christian ideals by forfeiting her own life if Mah-Li proves unfaithful again. Megan naively accepts and ends up unwittingly helping Mah-Li betray the general by passing information to his enemies about the location of his hidden fortune. With the information provided by Mah-Li, the general's enemies steal his fortune, leaving him financially ruined and deserted by his soldiers and servants. General Yen is unable to take Megan's life—it is too precious to him. When she leaves his room in tears, he
21198924
The Bitter Tea of General Yen


spare Mah-Li and save his soul, Yen accuses Megan to wanting to change (not understand) him. Screenwriter Edward Paramore jettisoned the philosophical nature of the hit novel and replaced it with a tale about a sheltered white woman who succumbs to the wild, sensual nature of an exotic Asian. Director Frank Capra bluntly informed Columbia Pictures' head Harry Cohn that he wanted to win an Academy Award nomination. Cohn told him that only "arty" films were nominated. Capra cast about for a novel that fit the genre
21198927
W. Franke Harling


", "A Bill of Divorcement", "Blonde Venus", "A Farewell to Arms", "The Bitter Tea of General Yen", "Monte Carlo", "Souls at Sea", and "Penny Serenade". Harling won the Academy Award for Best Music Scoring for "Stagecoach" (1939) and was nominated for "Souls at Sea" (1937) and "Three Russian Girls" (1944). Harling's popular songs include "Beyond the Blue Horizon" (with Richard A.
1624955
Anna May Wong


favor of Helen Hayes. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer deemed her "too Chinese to play a Chinese" in the film, and the Hays Office would not have allowed her to perform romantic scenes since the film's male lead, Ramón Novarro, was not Asian. Wong was scheduled to play the role of a mistress to a corrupt Chinese general in Frank Capra's "The Bitter Tea of General Yen" (1933), but the role went instead to Toshia Mori. Again disappointed with Hollywood, Wong returned to Britain
4944058
The Bitter Tea of General Yen


of Censors required cuts before they approved the film. When Columbia Pictures sought to reissue the film in 1950, the Production Code Administration was adamant that its characterizations of Americans and Chinese and a scene in which the heroine offered herself to the general were both "very questionable", and the film was not rereleased. The film has raised different points in recent years. Kevin Lee, writing in "Senses of Cinema", notes that with changes in racial and sexual conventions, film scholars have objected to its Orientalism and white
21198933
Pre-Code Hollywood


, "Shanghai Express" (1932) and "The Bitter Tea of General Yen" (1933), explored the exoticism of the Far East — by using white actors, not Asians, in the lead roles. The white actors frequently looked absurd in yellow-face makeup next to genuine Asians, so the studios would cast all the Asian parts white. Generally, "Yellow Peril" stereotypes dominated the portrayal of Asian characters, who were almost always villains. The American scholar Huang Yunte wrote that the character of Charlie
4008345
Robert Kalloch


under the title "Sisters Under the Skin") and (with Edward Stevenson) for Barbara Stanwyck in "The Bitter Tea of General Yen". He went to Paris in June 1934 to see the latest fashion trends, and by September of that year had designed costumes for Claudette Colbert (for "It Happened One Night"), Carole Lombard, Grace Moore, and Genevieve Tobin. After his return, he designed notable costumes for Ann Sothern in "Eight Bells" and a set of clothes for Joan Bennett in
6326717
The Bitter Tea of General Yen


and attractive as a natural outcome of passions molded by tumultuous times. "The New York Times" reviewer Mordaunt Hall said it was "a handsomely mounted affair with conspicuously good portrayals by Nils Asther and Walter Connolly...It is a story that is scarcely plausible but which has the saving grace of being fairly entertaining." According to "Time" magazine, "Stanwyck is satisfactory ... but the most noteworthy female member of the cast is Toshia Mori, a sloe-eyed Japanese girl." Upon release, the British Board
21198932
The Bitter Tea of General Yen


actors portraying Asian characters. Lee grants these objections but argues that for "those who are willing to plough beyond these surface reactions, what's left is a film that weaves an elaborate web out of competing cultural perceptions, social and religious values, and sexual desires." What Lee finds of values is that the film "risks offence for the sake of constructing a dialogue, one fraught with so many perils in the realms of politics, religion, cultures and sex, that it would not be worth it if it were
21198934
Joseph Walker (cinematographer)


various studios, working for noted directors W.S. Van Dyke, Francis Ford, George B. Seitz, and others. He joined Columbia Pictures in 1927 and worked almost exclusively at the studio until he retired in 1952. Walker collaborated with director Frank Capra on 20 films, including "Ladies of Leisure" (1930), "Lady for a Day" (1933), "The Bitter Tea of General Yen" (1933), "It Happened One Night" (1934), "Lost Horizon" (1937),
5499936
Radio City Music Hall


gratify the greediest of playgoers." On January 11, 1933, after incurring a net operating loss of $180,000, the Music Hall converted to the then-familiar format of a feature film, with a spectacular stage show that Roxy had perfected. The first film shown on the giant screen was Frank Capra's "The Bitter Tea of General Yen", and the Music Hall became the premiere showcase for films from the RKO-Radio Studio, with "Topaze" the first RKO film to play there. The film
7159786
Edward E. Paramore Jr.


Edward E. Paramore Jr. (17 September 1895 – 1 May 1956) was an American screenwriter. His 1929 play "Ringside", co-written with George Abbott and Hyatt Daab, was adapted for the movie "Night Parade" by RKO. He was a staff screenwriter at Paramount. He wrote the script for the film "The Bitter Tea of General Yen" for Columbia, "Baby Take a Bow" and "Chetniks! The Fighting Guerrillas" for 20th Century Fox, and "Man of Conquest" for Republic
8702544
Ella Hall


, then it wasn't until 1921 when she received another role. Her career had slowed considerably during this span of a two-year break, and she would only star in seven more films. Her best-known film was "The Flying Dutchman", released in 1923, which was her final silent film. She had a minor appearance, uncredited, in the 1930 Cecil B. DeMille film "Madam Satan", and had her last film appearance in 1933, in the film "The Bitter Tea of General Yen
12566456
Grace Zaring Stone


Grace Zaring Stone (January 9, 1891 – September 29, 1991) was an American novelist and short-story writer. She is perhaps best known for having three of her novels made into films: "The Bitter Tea of General Yen", "Winter Meeting", and "Escape". She also used the pseudonym Ethel Vance. Born in New York City in 1891, Grace Zaring was the great-great-granddaughter of social reformer Robert Owen. Her mother died during her childhood. She started writing in
13253813
Grace Zaring Stone


Vance to write her 1939 anti-Nazi thriller "Escape" to avoid jeopardizing her daughter, who was living in occupied Europe during the Second World War. Editions of her books after World War II sometimes credited her as "Grace Zaring Stone (Ethel Vance)", as "Escape" was her best-known book at the time of the war. Three of her novels --"The Bitter Tea of General Yen", "Escape", and "Winter Meeting"—were adapted for film. In 1955, "Escape" was
13253815
Stereotypes of East Asians in the United States


a woman's body traditionally symbolizing her "tribe's" house or country. In the 1916 film "Patria", a group of fanatical Japanese individuals invade the United States in an attempt to rape a white woman. Patria was an independent film serial funded by William Randolph Hearst (whose newspapers were known to promulgate threats of the yellow peril), in the lead up to the United States' entry into World War I. "The Bitter Tea of General Yen" portrays the way in which an "Oriental" beguiles white
15524033
Toshia Mori


an alcoholic riverboat captain Chauncey Carson (Richard Dix) for help when they are trapped at a hotel in a Mandarin town under siege. In 1932, Toshia became the only Asian and non-Caucasian actress to be selected as a WAMPAS Baby Star, an annual list of young and promising film actresses. WAMPAS may have led to the most significant film role of her career, for shortly afterwards she appeared in Frank Capra's film "The Bitter Tea of General Yen" (1933), a role which was scheduled for
18032574
The Bitter Tea of General Yen


years, the film has grown in critical opinion. In 2000, the film was chosen by British film critic Derek Malcolm as one of the hundred best films in "The Century of Films". In the late 1920s in Shanghai during the Chinese Civil War, as throngs of refugees flee the rainswept city, a couple of elderly missionaries welcome guests to their home for the wedding of Dr. Robert Strike, a fellow missionary, and Megan Davis, his childhood sweetheart whom he has not seen in three years. Some of the
21198919
The Bitter Tea of General Yen


budget of $1 million, the picture had one of the smallest budgets Capra ever worked with. In his memoir, Capra recalls that "it was chosen as the film to open Radio City Music Hall." It was scheduled for a two-week run but the theater yanked it after eight days and $80,000 in grosses, despite the certainty of a loss on its rental fee. Stanwyck blamed its poor box-office showing on racist backlash. Miscegenation, so soon to become taboo in Hollywood, is made palatable
21198931
Pre-Code Hollywood


kissing Harvey while Hui walks off into the distance alone, sadder as a result of losing her best friend to Harvey and because she was raped, but otherwise unchanged. Finally, it is Hui who saves Harvey in the climax from being blinded/raped/castrated at the hands of Chang by killing Chang; Hui explains the killing as her way of regaining the self-respect that Chang had taken away from her. Frank Capra's "The Bitter Tea of General Yen" was not quite the same type of film:
4008356
Nils Asther


Nils Anton Alfhild Asther (17 January 1897 – 19 October 1981) was a Swedish actor active in Hollywood from 1926 to the mid-1950s, known for his beautiful face and often called "the male Greta Garbo". Between 1916 and 1963 he appeared in over 70 feature films, 16 of which were produced in the silent era. He is mainly remembered today for two silent films he made with his fellow Swede, Greta Garbo, and the pre-code interracial love affair in "The Bitter Tea of General Yen".
17507451
The Bitter Tea of General Yen


the fourth film they did together. Capra also chose Stanwyck, she says, because he believed she needed to be glamourous after having played penniless or dowdy characters in all her prior films. Capra refused to rehearse Stanwyck. Having worked with her before, he believed she delivered her best performance on the first take. Therefore, Capra rehearsed his other cast together first, then had Stanwyck step in and do her scene with them before the camera. Stanwyck's wardrobe was designed by Robert Kalloch and Edward Stevenson). With a
21198930
Momordica charantia


gathered leaves. The dried leaves in tea bags are also sold commercially and readily available for sale in stores. Reported side effects include diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, hypoglycemia, urinary incontinence, and chest pain. Symptoms are generally mild, do not require treatment, and resolve with rest. Bitter melon is contraindicated in pregnant women because it can induce bleeding, contractions, and miscarriage. Bitter melon tea, also known as gohyah tea, is an herbal tea made from an infusion of dried slices of the bitter melon.
11606040
Bitter Tea


Bitter Tea is the fifth full-length album by The Fiery Furnaces, released on April 18, 2006 via Fat Possum in the U.S and Rough Trade in the UK. After it leaked onto the internet on February 22, the band immediately started selling the CD on tour. The album contains several instances of backmasking throughout. "Bitter Tea" received generally positive reviews that were less polarized than their previous two proper albums, "Blueberry Boat" and "Rehearsing My Choir". At Pitchfork Media, Mark Richardson praised the
13656897
Iced tea


. There are many variations of it, with different types of teas; fruit-flavored bubble teas are popular as well. Sometimes pudding, jelly, or chunks of fruit are put into it instead of tapioca pearls. Thai iced tea or "cha yen" () in Thailand is a drink made from strongly brewed black tea. It is sweetened with sugar and condensed milk and served chilled. Evaporated milk, coconut milk or whole milk is generally poured over the tea and ice before serving to add taste and creamy appearance
3491031
The Beeps


Sapphire Stream S2/Ep45 Apr. 29 Wash Those Socks! S2/Ep46 Dec. 12 The Bumps SEASON 3: S3/Ep1 Aug. 30 Up Down Hill S3/Ep2 Aug. 31 Caravan S3/Ep3 Sep. 6 Secret Garden S3/Ep4 Sep. 7 Bounceflower Tea S3/Ep5 Sep. 13 The Whale S3/Ep6 Sep. 14 Soggy Sockroaches S3/Ep7 Sep. 20 Stinkroots S3/Ep8 Sep. 21 Sing-a-long-a-beeps S3/Ep9 Sep. 27 History Book S3/Ep10 Sep. 28 What Goes Splat? S3
14688027
Chinese tea


. Drinking morning tea is a custom within various provinces regardless of what status or identity people are. People often go to tea house in twos to threes to relax, entertain, gather information as well while sipping the tea. For instance, old folks would rewind their joys and sorrows, youth would reveal one another their ambitions. In 1970s, Chinese tea house is also populated in HongKong, such as “Yen Yen”, “Tsui Heung Yuen”, “Pak Cheuk”, “Yin Bun Lau”, “
11926951
Xinyang Maojian tea


in the leaves is reduced, and the bitter and astringent substances such as caffeine, anthocyanin and tea polyphenol are increased. Therefore, the taste of summer tea is slightly bitter, and the aroma is not as strong as that of spring tea. The leaves are relatively large and wide. But summer tea is resistant to foam and the price is cheap. Autumn tea The tea that was harvested after August is called autumn tea, also called white dew tea. In autumn, the tea trees are harvested in spring and summer
16313980
Barley tea


Barley tea is a roasted-grain-based infusion made from barley which is a staple across East Asian regions like the Koreas, China, Japan, and Taiwan. It has a toasty flavor, with slight bitter undertones. In Korea, the tea is consumed either hot or cold, often taking the place of drinking water in many homes and restaurants. In Japan, it is usually served cold and is a popular summertime refreshment. The tea is also widely available in tea bags or bottled in Korea and Japan. In
6585787
Black tea


the tea into the water. Fannings and dusts usually have a darker colour, lack of sweetness, and stronger flavor when brewed. Generally, of tea per of water. Unlike green teas, which turn bitter when brewed at higher temperatures, black tea should be steeped in water brought up to 90–95 °C. The first brew should be 60 sec., the second brew 40 sec., and the third brew 60 sec. If the tea is of high quality, it may be brewed several times by progressively adding
20173094
History of tea


, such as the Mengding Ganlu tea, are still sought after. An unknown Chinese inventor was also the first person to invent a tea shredder. An early credible record of tea drinking dates to 220 AD, in a medical text "Shi Lun" (食论) by Hua Tuo, who stated, "to drink bitter t'u constantly makes one think better." Another possible early reference to tea is found in a letter written by the Qin dynasty general Liu Kun. However, before the mid-8th century Tang dynasty, tea
11927009
Byōdō-in


as artificial lighting to keep the exhibition halls bright and comfortable for audience’s experience. Entry to the complex grounds costs 600 yen for adults, and includes access to the gardens and the museum. An entry pass to the Phoenix Hall, which was newly restored in March 2014, costs an additional 300 yen and can be purchased near the gate. The tour is conducted in Japanese, however English paper guide book is provided. Byodoin Tea Salon Toka A tea salon to try authentic Uji green tea in the precinct of Byodoin Temple
3840612
Benghazi


down as tradition from generation to generation. The main ingredients that are used in their cuisine are olive oil, garlic, palm dates, grains, and milk. These products are natural to this area, and these ingredients are very common to much of North Africa and the Mediterranean. Another tradition of Libyan culinary culture is tea. Tea from Benghazi has a uniquely thick, bitter taste. Tea drinking is a social activity that close friends and relatives usually take part in. Benghazi is home to many distinctive dishes that can be
21717504
Senegalese tea culture


because it takes a long time to prepare properly. Senegalese-style mint tea is served in three separate stages, called "the three concoctions": One cookbook of African recipes recommends serving the tea immediately with a generous amount of sugar: The first glass of tea is quite bitter, the second is sweeter and the third is very sweet but does not have much taste because the same leaves are used to prepare all three glasses. The words used in various ethnic languages to refer to the tea, the teapot and the
19050885
Geisha


are many performances, with tickets being inexpensive, ranging from around 1500 yen to 4500 yen – top-price tickets also include an optional tea ceremony (tea and wagashi served by maiko) before the performance; see Kyoto hanamachi and Kanazawa hanamachi for a detailed listing. Other hanamachi also hold public dances, including some in Tokyo, but have fewer performances. Another notable event is that the geishas (including maikos) of the Kamishichiken district in northwest Kyoto serve tea to 3,000 guests on February 25 in an annual open-air
13511679
Korean tea ceremony


exposed a maximum surface area to aid in cooling boiled water. Hot water would be poured into the bowls, allowed to cool a bit, then poured into a teapot. The water was cooled because pouring boiling hot water over tea leaves extracts too much of the bitter taste and results in a bitter tea. With two hands, the tea would be poured into smaller matching cups with covers, placed on a rough wood or lacquer table. The tea was drunk by lifting the cup cover while drinking so as not to show
14898767
Artichoke


tea" is produced as a commercial product in the Da Lat region of Vietnam. A herbal tea called "Ceai de Anghinare" based on artichoke is made in Romania. The flower portion is put into water and consumed as a herbal tea in Mexico. It has a slightly bitter woody taste. Artichoke is the primary flavor of the 33-proof (16.5%-alcohol) Italian liqueur Cynar produced by the Campari Group. It can be served over ice as an aperitif or as a cocktail mixed with orange juice, especially popular in Switzerland.
8607144
History of tea


is famous for the making of Oolong tea and green tea, as well as many western-styled teas. Bubble Tea or "Zhen Zhu Nai Cha" (Mandarin: 珍珠奶茶) is black tea mixed with sweetened condensed milk and tapioca. Since the island was known to Westerners for many centuries as "Formosa"—short for the Portuguese "Ilha Formosa", or "beautiful island"—tea grown in Taiwan is often identified by that name. Thai tea or "cha-yen" () in Thailand, is a drink made from strongly
11927038
Momordica charantia


", POJ: "khó͘-koe") is valued for its bitter flavor, typically in stir-fries (often with pork and "douchi"), soups, dim sum, and herbal teas (gohyah tea). It has also been used in place of hops as the bittering ingredient in some beers in China and Okinawa. Bitter melon is commonly eaten throughout India. In North Indian cuisine, it is often served with yogurt on the side to offset the bitterness, used in curry such as "sabzi" or
11606024
Masala chai


with a black tea base). The tea leaves steep in the hot water long enough to extract intense flavour, ideally without releasing the bitter tannins. Because of the large range of possible variations, "masala chai" can be considered a class of tea rather than a specific kind. However, all "masala chai" has four basic components: milk, sugar, cardamom, and ginger. The western adaption of chai, or chai latte, has a lighter and sweeter taste than the Indian version of a more herbal
6593764
Mud


water with vegetation on top. There are numerous dysphemisms for poor-tasting food such as "tastes like dirt". Kava tea is often described this way, as it is bitter, brown, and contains sediments. There also exist children's recipes for "mud", which is generally a chocolate or cornstarch-based sludge used more for visual appeal than actual taste. Never does this confectionery mud actually contain real mud. The practice of eating earth or soil-like substances is geophagia. A mud bath is a
5214346
Materva


Materva is a mate-based soft drink, originally produced and popularized in Cuba prior to the Cuban Revolution. It has been produced in Miami since the 1960s by Cawy Bottling Company. Materva is a carbonated drink made from yerba mate, a tea popular in Uruguay, Chile, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, and Paraguay. Unlike the somewhat bitter tea-like mate on which it is based, Materva is sweet, with a flavor described as similar to ginger ale or cream soda. Current production includes a diet version called
14718014
Pu'er tea


the last infusions. The prolonged steeping sometimes used in the west can produce dark, bitter, and unpleasant brews. Quality aged "pu'erh" can yield many more infusions, with different flavor nuances when brewed in the traditional Gong-Fu method. Because of the prolonged fermentation in ripened "pu'erh" and slow oxidization of aged raw "pu'erh", these teas often lack the bitter, astringent properties of other teas, and can be brewed much stronger and repeatedly, with some claiming 20 or more infusions of tea from one
21596172
History of tea in Japan


tea can have a positive effect on the five vital organs (a concept in traditional Chinese medicine). Eisai subscribed to a theory that the five organs each preferred foods with different flavors, and he concluded that because tea is bitter, and "the heart loves bitter things", it would especially benefit the heart. Eisai goes on to list the many purported health effects of tea, which include curing fatigue, lupus, indigestion, beriberi disease, heart disease, and so on, in addition to quenching thirst. The
7024524
Tea culture


markets have several teashops. Train journeys in Myanmar also feature hawkers who board trains to sell tea to passengers from kettles. Lahpet (pickled tea) is served in one of two ways: Thai tea (also known as Thai iced tea) or "cha-yen" () when ordered in Thailand is a drink made from strongly-brewed red tea that usually contains added anise, red and yellow food colouring, and sometimes other spices as well. This tea is sweetened with sugar and condensed milk and served chilled.
6505366
Million Yen Women


Shin Michima is an unpopular novelist. He has lived with 5 mysterious women in the same house for half a year. Minami Shirakawa loves coffee. Hitomi Tsukamoto loves black tea, yoga and reading good books. Yuki Kobayashi is a polite woman and loves roasted green tea. Midori Suzumura is a high school student and loves acerola juice. Nanaka Seki loves drinking milk. These 5 women pay Shin a million yen every month for rent and living expenses, about 30x higher than normal. They have roles in the house and questions
18720572
Doctrinal background of Zen


all". Once the dichotomy between sudden and gradual was in place, it defined its own logic and rhetorics, which are also recognizable in the distinction between Caodong (Soto) and Lin-ji (Rinzai) chán. But it also leads to a "sometimes bitter and always prolix sectarian controversy between later Chán and Hua-yen exegetes". In the Huayan classification of teachings, the sudden approach was regarded inferior to the Perfect Teaching of Hua-yen. Guifeng Zongmi, fifth patriarch of Hua-yen ànd Chán
4730204
Buddhist paths to liberation


in place, it defined its own logic and rhetorics, which are also recognizable in the distinction between Caodong (Soto) and Lin-ji (Rinzai) chán. But it also led to a "sometimes bitter and always prolix sectarian controversy between later Chán and Hua-yen exegetes". In the Huayan classification of teachings, the sudden approach was regarded inferior to the Perfect Teaching of Hua-yen. Guifeng Zongmi, fifth patriarch of Hua-yen ànd Chán-master, devised his own classification to counter this subordination
21652787
Yerba mate


consumer, consumption is . The amount of the herb used to prepare the infusion is much greater than that used for tea and other beverages, accounting for the large weight used. The flavor of brewed mate resembles an infusion of vegetables, herbs, grass and is reminiscent of some varieties of green tea. Some consider the flavor to be very agreeable, but it is generally bitter if steeped in boiling water. Flavored mate is also sold, in which the mate leaves are blended with other herbs (such as peppermint) or
4159433
Crush, tear, curl


% to 20% are secondary grades which trade at a discount to the primary grades. The convenience, low price, strong liquor, generic flavor, and mild bitterness all have contributed to the near-monopoly that CTC-type teas now enjoy in South Asia. In the Indian domestic market, this type of manufacture is by far the most popular – over 80% of tea production is of the CTC type. In the export market, particularly in the C.I.S., the Middle East, United Kingdom and Ireland, CTC
19370816
SEP-IRA


deducted from the net profit. The result is then multiplied by 20% to arrive at the maximum SEP deduction, $9,293. SEP contributions and earnings are held in SEP-IRAs and can be withdrawn at any time, subject to the general limitations imposed on Traditional IRA. A withdrawal is taxable in the year received. If a participant makes a withdrawal before age 59½, generally a 10% additional tax applies. SEP contributions and earnings may be rolled over tax-free to other Individual retirement account and retirement plans.
13754349
Cold brew tea


Cold brew tea is tea steeped in cold or room temperature water for an extended period of time. The process brews the tea leaves slowly, using time rather than temperature to release the flavors. Cold brewing tea is a practice which comes from Japan. In Japan it is believed to gently extract flavors from the tea itself. Hotter brewing can scorch the tea, destroying any natural benefits as well as creating a bitter tasting tea. The ratio of tea to water is typically 40% tea to 60% water depending on the
9406340
Shoumei tea


this tea, being a fourth grade tea, is a by-product of Baihao Yinzhen tea production and uses "Da Bai" or Large White leaves. The tea can be brewed very differently and there are many combinations that yield interesting results, but it is important to use good mineral water to bring out the sweetness and aroma of the tea and not to over brew or make a bitter and very strong brew. Typically, white teas are brewed at a lower temperature than black teas. Often temperatures such as 70 degrees
17941794
Fermented tea


as dark tea, not be confused with black tea. The most famous fermented tea is pu-erh, produced in Yunnan Province, and the Anhua dark tea produced in Anhua County of Hunan Province. The fermentation of tea leaves alters their chemistry, affecting the organoleptic qualities of the tea made from them. Fermentation affects the smell of the tea and typically mellows its taste, reducing astringency and bitterness while improving mouthfeel and aftertaste. The microbes may also produce metabolites with health benefits. The fermentation is carried out primarily by molds
10010148
Tea in the United Kingdom


also masks tea’s bitterness, so it simply made tea more desirable because it tasted better. As the supply of both tea and sugar grew during the early eighteenth century, the combination of the two commodities became more universal and increased the popularity and demand for both products. Black tea overtook green tea in popularity in the 1720s when sugar and milk were added to tea, a practice that was not done in China. Because tea began in Britain as a luxury for the super-rich, it had a reputation in the
7218984
Canned tea


where it is known simply as "tea". "Oolong" () is a traditional Chinese type of tea somewhere between green and black in oxidation. Although it has a taste more akin to green tea than to black tea, it does not have the stridently grassy vegetal notes that typify green tea. The best Oolong has a nuanced flavor profile. It is commonly brewed to be strong and bitter, yet leaving a faintly sweet aftertaste. The first commercially canned Oolong tea was available in Japan in 1981. "Green
10979129
Chinese tea


is used for Chinese medicine. It cannot release its aroma and has a bitter taste if it is not baked right. The inherent quality of this tea is considered quite good. This type of tea is especially suitable for people who are suffering from gastric problems. Lu'an tea is still produced in China, Anhui Province, China. The Lu'an tea from the Bat Cave of Jinzhai County is considered of superior quality, as thousand of bats in the cave can provide an ideal fertilizer for the tea plants. Songluo tea is
11926932
French press


the tea remaining in the press to become bitter. It might thus be advisable to decant the tea into a serving vessel after preparation. The same French press should not be used for both tea and coffee unless thoroughly cleaned, as coffee residue may spoil the flavor of the tea. However, this method is more suitable for light teas and is not suitable for Indian Chai (which requires to be boiled) or Chinese tea (which tends to be diffused for a long time, with tea leaves reused as a rule)
770678
Tea


diverged from Assam tea around 22,000 years ago while Chinese Assam tea and Indian Assam tea diverged 2,800 years ago. The divergence of Chinese small leaf tea and Assam tea would correspond to the last glacial maximum. Tea drinking may have begun in the region of Yunnan region, when it was used for medicinal purposes. It is also believed that in Sichuan, "people began to boil tea leaves for consumption into a concentrated liquid without the addition of other leaves or herbs, thereby using tea as a bitter yet stimulating drink, rather
10558089
Dianhong


Dianhong tea (; pronounced ) is a type of relatively high-end, gourmet Chinese black tea sometimes used in various tea blends and grown in Yunnan Province, China. The main difference between Dianhong and other Chinese black teas is the amount of fine leaf buds, or "golden tips," present in the dried tea. Dianhong tea produces a brew that is brassy golden orange in colour with a sweet, gentle aroma and no astringency. Cheaper varieties of Dianhong produce a darker brownish brew that can be very bitter. Teas
16772899
Black tea


surface area and need less brewing time than whole leaves. Whole-leaf black teas, and black teas to be served with milk or lemon, should be steeped 4 to 5 minutes. Longer steeping times makes the tea bitter (at this point, it is referred to as being "stewed" in the UK). When the tea has brewed long enough to suit the drinker's taste, it should be strained before serving. The ISO Standard 3103 defines how to brew tea for tasting. Plain black tea without sweeteners
20173096
American tea culture


has adapted to the customs of the United States of America. In the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam, now known as New York, tea was served with the best silver strainers, the finest porcelain cups and pots, and wooden tea caddies. Tea became a very popular drink in the colonies, and tea ceremonies were common among all classes. In Salem, MA, tea leaves were boiled to create a bitter brew, then served as a vegetable side dish with butter. By the time of the American Revolution, tea
4421729
Bittering agent


A bittering agent is a flavoring agent added to a food or beverage to impart a bitter taste, possibly in addition to other effects. While many substances are bitter to a greater or lesser degree, a few substances are used specifically for their bitterness, especially to balance other flavors, such as sweetness. Notable beverage examples include caffeine, found naturally in tea and coffee and added to many soft drinks, hops in beer, and quinine in tonic water. Food examples include bitter melon, which may be mixed into a stir
20794598
Tea


Among the tasks listed to be undertaken by the youth, the contract states that "he shall boil tea and fill the utensils" and "he shall buy tea at Wuyang". The first record of tea cultivation is also dated to this period (the reign of Emperor Xuan of Han), during which tea was cultivated on Meng Mountain (蒙山) near Chengdu. Another early credible record of tea drinking dates to the third century AD, in a medical text by Hua Tuo, who stated, "to drink bitter
10558093
Tea


use in sensory tests"), primarily intended for standardizing preparation for comparison and rating purposes. In regions of the world that prefer mild beverages, such as the Far East, green tea is steeped in water around . Regions such as North Africa or Central Asia prefer a bitter tea, and hotter water is used. In Morocco, green tea is steeped in boiling water for 15 minutes. The container in which green tea is steeped is often warmed beforehand to prevent premature cooling. High-quality green and white teas can
10558123
History of tea


be home to the world's oldest cultivated tea tree, some 3,200 years old. According to "The Story of Tea", tea drinking likely began in Yunnan province during the Shang Dynasty (1500 BC–1046 BC), as a medicinal drink. From there, the drink spread to Sichuan, and it is believed that there "for the first time, people began to boil tea leaves for consumption into a concentrated liquid without the addition of other leaves or herbs, thereby using tea as a bitter yet stimulating drink, rather
11927000
Barley tea


machines and in heated cabinets in convenience stores. In Korea, roasted barley is also often combined with roasted corn, as the corn's sweetness offsets the slightly bitter flavor of the barley. The tea made from roasted corn is called "oksusu-cha" (corn tea), and the tea made from roasted corn and roasted barley is called "oksusu-bori-cha" (corn barley tea). Several similar drinks made from roasted grains include: "hyeonmi-cha" (brown rice tea), "
6585791
Etymology of tea


to be the ultimate origin of the Chinese words for tea. The Chinese character for tea is 茶, originally written with an extra horizontal stroke as 荼 (pronounced "tu", used as a word for a bitter herb), and acquired its current form in the Tang Dynasty first used in the eighth-century treatise on tea "The Classic of Tea". The word is pronounced differently in the different varieties of Chinese, such as "chá" in Mandarin, "zo" and "dzo" in Wu
17200802
Tea culture


a foam builds on top of the tea. Sahelian tea is a social occasion and three infusions, the first one very bitter, the second in between and the last one rather sweet are taken in the course of several hours. See also Dastarkhān, Kazakh cuisine, Silk Way, Kyrgyz cuisine, Tajik cuisine, Uzbek cuisine Tea in Central Asia is known since foundation of Silk Way. In Kazakhstan traditional tea is black traditionally with milk, in Uzbekistan traditional tea is green. Specific tea culture has developed in the Czech Republic
6505390
Chinese tea culture


as "chayi" ("the art of drinking tea"), or "cha wenhua" ("tea culture"). The word "cha" (茶) denotes the beverage that is derived from "Camellia sinensis", the tea plant. Prior to the 8th century BCE, tea was known collectively under the term 荼 (pinyin: tú) along with a great number of other bitter plants. These two Chinese characters are identical, with the exception of an additional horizontal stroke in the Chinese lettering 荼
20321731
General Union


based English conversation school Gaba. On 6 September 2007, a union of Gaba's instructors was formed. Union representatives had many discussions with the company around 2007. In 2007, Gaba raised its base lesson rate pay from 1,400 yen per lesson to 1,500 yen per lesson for unbelted instructors, and also raised the lesson rates for belted instructors. In addition, contract lengths were increased from four to six months, but no other changes were forthcoming. The General Union has long claimed that these changes were due to union pressure,
17348140
Korean tea ceremony


the five different tastes: bitterness, sweetness, astringency, saltiness and "sourness". Aging is rare and most teas are consumed as fresh as possible, with particular note to new harvests. Tea regions were famous for producing teas with characteristic compositions of the five taste elements: Jeju Island, contemporarily, has teas with more salt in them due to ocean winds; other elements are brought out by different means of cooking the leaves, or hardness of water. Teas also evoke four kinds of thought for Korean Buddhists: peacefulness
14898778
Tea culture


mint leaves. Adding milk is also common. Koshary tea is usually light, with less than a half teaspoonful per cup considered to be near the high end. Saiidi tea is common in Upper (Southern) Egypt. It is prepared by boiling black tea with water for as long as 5 minutes over a strong flame. Saiidi tea is extremely heavy, with 2 teaspoonfuls per cup being the norm. It is sweetened with copious amounts of cane sugar (a necessity since the formula and method yield a very bitter tea)
6505385
Darjeeling tea


also be done in machine: withered in trough, lightly rolled in a rolling machine and fired at 220 °C in a quality dryer with faster run-through, depending on the leaves used. A green tea variant is produced by several estates in Darjeeling. Green tea is not fermented, but is steamed to stop oxidation starting, which preserves most of the polyphenols. It has 60% more antioxidant polyphenol content than black tea, and tastes less bitter. The following list of tea terms describes Darjeeling loose leaf teas in
7834943
History of tea in China


southern part of China, tea leaves were sun dried and then half fermented, producing Oolong or "black dragon tea." However, this method was not common in the rest of China. Tea was used for medical purposes, and salt was often added to alter its bitter taste. The syllable 'tu' (荼) later developed into 'te' in the Fujian dialect, and later 'tea', 'te'. The syllable 'she' (蔎) later became 'soh' in Jiangsu province
11926786
Inchcape plc


resources. The service businesses consisted of buying, insurance, inspection and testing, and shipping. The marketing and distribution businesses covered business machines, consumer and industrial services, and motors. The resource-based businesses covered tea and timber. A combination of factors plunged Inchcape into its two most difficult years ever, 1994 and 1995. Difficult economic conditions in some of the company's key markets – particularly in Western Europe and Hong Kong – dampened consumer spending, while the strength of the yen made Inchcape's Japanese products, notably
8079667
Yaoi


12 billion yen annually, with novel sales generating 250 million yen per month, manga generating 400 million yen per month, CDs generating 180 million yen per month, and video games generating 160 million yen per month. As of this time, magazines for BL included BE-BOY, GUSH, CHARA and CIEL. A 2010 report estimated that the yaoi market was worth approximately 21.3 billion yen in both 2009 and 2010. Besides manga and anime, there are also Boys' Love (BL) games (also known as yaoi
10280443
Egyptian cuisine


very bitter tea). "Sa‘idi" tea is often black even in liquid form. Tea is a vital part of daily life and folk etiquette in Egypt. It typically accompanies breakfast in most households, and drinking tea after lunch is a common practice. Visiting another person's household, regardless of socioeconomic level or the purpose of the visit, entails a compulsory cup of tea; similar hospitality might be required for a business visit to the private office of someone wealthy enough to maintain one, depending on the nature of the
14445584
Chaozhou


' of Chinese teas with a formidable kick, which was first sipped in the Song Dynasty, is still flourishing and remains an important part of social etiquette in Chaozhou. Visitors to local families can be sure of at least one round of Ganghu tea. Though it tastes bitter when it first reaches the mouth, it is the lingering aftertaste that marks Ganghu tea. Drinking Ganghu tea is a process of aesthetics rather than a solution to thirst. At the local teahouse, tea service is often accompanied by Chaozhou music. String music
16470843
Pu'er tea


pot of leaves. On the other hand, young raw "pu'erh" is known and expected to be strong and aromatic, yet very bitter and somewhat astringent when brewed, since these characteristics are believed to produce better aged raw "pu'erh". Quality of the tea can be determined through inspecting the dried leaves, the tea liquor, or the spent tea leaves. The "true" quality of a specific batch of "pu'erh" can ultimately only be revealed when the tea is brewed and tasted. Although not concrete and
21596173
Tea culture


than bitter variations. Tea is cultivated extensively in the north of the country, making Vietnam one of the world's largest exporters. The word in the Vietnamese language is trà (pronounced cha/ja) or chè. It is served unsweetened and unaccompanied by milk, cream, or lemon. Traditionally tea is frequently consumed as green tea (trà xanh). Variants of black tea (chè tàu) is also widely used although frequently scented with "Jasminum sambac" blossoms (chè nhài, trà lài). Huế is
6505369
Etymology of tea


to sound shift through the centuries. Other ancient words for tea include "jia" (檟, defined as "bitter "tu"" during the Han Dynasty), "she" (蔎), "ming" (茗, meaning "fine, special tender tea") and "chuan" (荈), with "ming" the only other word still in use for tea. Most Chinese languages, such as Mandarin and Cantonese, pronounce it along the lines of "cha", but Hokkien varieties
17200804
Green tea


but usually multiple times (2-3 typically). Higher-quality teas like gyokuro use more tea leaves and are steeped multiple times for short durations. Steeping too hot or too long results in the release of excessive amounts of tannins, leading to a bitter, astringent brew, regardless of initial quality. The brew's taste is also affected by the steeping technique; two important ones are to warm the steeping container beforehand to prevent the tea from immediately cooling down, and to leave the tea leaf in the pot and
18408471
Coca tea


Coca tea, also called mate de coca, is an herbal tea (infusion) made using the raw or dried leaves of the coca plant, which is native to South America. It is made either by submerging the coca leaf or dipping a tea bag in hot water. The tea is most commonly consumed in the Andes mountain range, particularly Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia and especially in Peru, where it is consumed all around the country. It is greenish yellow in color and has a mild bitter flavor similar to green
5261833
Sencha


, the leaves are rolled, shaped, and dried. This step creates the customary thin cylindrical shape of the tea. Finally, the leaves are sorted and divided into differing quality groups. The initial steaming step imparts a difference in the flavour between Chinese and Japanese green tea, with Japanese green tea having a more vegetal, almost grassy flavour (some taste seaweed-like). Infusions from sencha and other green teas that are steamed (like most common Japanese green teas) are also greener in colour and slightly more bitter
8809610
Foreign commerce and shipping of the Empire of Japan


based manufacturing industry was not very active in 1918 exports, but porcelain, paper and matches were sold, and sugar and tea were exported from Formosa. In imports raw materials represented around 60%, as raw cotton, unfinished metals and machinery, and foodstuffs at 14%. For more numbers, see the following statistics from 1890 to 1927: In 1925, external trade was equivalent of 404 French francs per inhabitant (the nominal monetary value of the Yen at the time was 12.72 Frs., with exchange variations between 13.60
17209954
History of tea


10th century BC. Note however that the current word for tea in Chinese only came into use in the 8th century AD, there are therefore uncertainties as to whether the older words used are the same as tea. The word "tu" 荼 appears in "Shijing" and other ancient texts to signify a kind of "bitter vegetable" (苦菜), and it is possible that it referred to a number of different plants, such as sowthistle, chicory, or smartweed, including tea. In the "Chronicles of
11927006
Phenolic content in tea


tea, EGCG is the main subject of scientific study with regard to its potential health effects. 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (protocatechuic acid), 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-hippuric acid and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxybenzoic acid (vanillic acid) are the main catechins metabolites found in humans after consumption of green tea infusions. Catechin monomer structures are metabolized into dimers theaflavins and oligomers thearubigins with increasing degrees of oxidation of tea leaves. Theaflavins directly contribute to the bitterness and astringency of steeped black tea. The mean amount of theaflavins in a cup of black tea (200
10729298